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-3098976541115711955 | Commonwealth of Nations | Commonwealth of Nations - wikipedia Commonwealth of Nations `` The Commonwealth '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with the Commonwealth of Independent States . For other uses , see Commonwealth ( disambiguation ) . The Commonwealth Flag Logo Member states of the Commonwealth Headquarters Marlborough House London , SW1 United Kingdom Working language English Type Intergovernmental organisation Member states 53 states ( show ) Antigua and Barbuda Australia The Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Fiji The Gambia Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia Leaders Head Elizabeth II Secretary - General Patricia Scotland Chair - in - Office Theresa May Establishment Balfour Declaration 19 November 1926 Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931 London Declaration 28 April 1949 Area Total 29,958,050 km ( 11,566,870 sq mi ) Population 2016 estimate 2,418,964,000 Density 75 / km ( 194.2 / sq mi ) Website thecommonwealth.org The Commonwealth of Nations , normally known as the Commonwealth , is an intergovernmental organisation of 53 member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire . The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat , which focuses on intergovernmental aspects , and the Commonwealth Foundation , which focuses on non-governmental relations between member states . The Commonwealth dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the decolonisation of the British Empire through increased self - governance of its territories . It was originally created as the British Commonwealth of Nations through the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference , and formalised by the United Kingdom through the Statute of Westminster in 1931 . The current Commonwealth of Nations was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949 , which modernised the community , and established the member states as `` free and equal '' . The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II , who is the Head of the Commonwealth . The Queen is head of state of 16 member states , known as the Commonwealth realms , while 32 other members are republics and five others have different monarchs . Member states have no legal obligations to one another . Instead , they are united by language , history , culture and their shared values of democracy , human rights and the rule of law . These values are enshrined in the Commonwealth Charter and promoted by the quadrennial Commonwealth Games . The countries of the Commonwealth covers more than 29,958,050 km ( 11,566,870 sq mi ) , equivalent to 20 % of the world 's land area and spans all six inhabited continents . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins of the concept and establishment of the term 1.2 Adoption and formalisation of the Commonwealth 1.3 Decolonisation and self - governance 1.4 Declining roles 1.5 Republics 1.6 New Commonwealth 1.7 Plan G and inviting Europe to join 2 Structure 2.1 Head of the Commonwealth 2.2 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2.3 Commonwealth Secretariat 2.4 Commonwealth citizenship and high commissioners 3 Membership 3.1 Criteria 3.2 Members 3.3 Applicants 3.4 Suspension 3.5 Termination 4 Politics 4.1 Objectives and activities 4.2 Competence 4.3 Proposed free movement policy 5 Economy 5.1 Economic data by member 5.2 Postwar 5.2. 1 UK joins the European Economic Community 5.3 Trade 6 Commonwealth Family 6.1 Commonwealth Foundation 6.2 Commonwealth Games 6.3 Commonwealth War Graves Commission 6.4 Commonwealth of Learning 6.5 The Commonwealth Local Government Forum 7 Culture 7.1 Sport 7.2 Literature 7.2. 1 English as official language 7.3 Political system 7.4 Symbols 7.5 Recognition 7.6 Commonwealth Anthem 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links History ( edit ) Origins of the concept and establishment of the term ( edit ) Main articles : British Empire and Historiography of the British Empire The prime ministers of five members at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference . ( L-R ) Mackenzie King ( Canada ) , Jan Smuts ( South Africa ) , Winston Churchill ( United Kingdom ) , Peter Fraser ( New Zealand ) and John Curtin ( Australia ) Queen Elizabeth II , in her address to Canada on Dominion Day in 1959 , pointed out that the confederation of Canada on 1 July 1867 had been the birth of the `` first independent country within the British Empire '' . She declared : `` So , it also marks the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations . '' As long ago as 1884 Lord Rosebery had described , while visiting Australia , the changing British Empire , as some of its colonies became more independent , as a `` Commonwealth of Nations '' . Conferences of British and colonial prime ministers occurred periodically from the first one in 1887 , leading to the creation of the Imperial Conferences in 1911 . The Commonwealth developed from the imperial conferences . A specific proposal was presented by Jan Smuts in 1917 when he coined the term `` the British Commonwealth of Nations '' and envisioned the `` future constitutional relations and readjustments in essence '' at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 by delegates from the Dominions as well as Britain . The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the Anglo - Irish Treaty of 1921 , when the term British Commonwealth of Nations was substituted for British Empire in the wording of the oath taken by members of parliament of the Irish Free State . Adoption and formalisation of the Commonwealth ( edit ) In the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference , Britain and its dominions agreed they were `` equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs , though united by common allegiance to the Crown , and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations . '' The term `` Commonwealth '' was officially adopted to describe the community . These aspects to the relationship were formalised by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , which applied to Canada without the need for ratification , but Australia , New Zealand , and Newfoundland had to ratify the statute for it to take effect . Newfoundland never did , as on 16 February 1934 , with the consent of its parliament , the government of Newfoundland voluntarily ended and governance reverted to direct control from London . Newfoundland later joined Canada as its 10th province in 1949 . Australia and New Zealand ratified the Statute in 1942 and 1947 respectively . Although the Union of South Africa was not among the Dominions that needed to adopt the Statute of Westminster for it to take effect , two laws -- the Status of the Union Act , 1934 , and the Royal Executive Functions and Seals Act of 1934 -- were passed to confirm South Africa 's status as a sovereign state . Decolonisation and self - governance ( edit ) Main article : List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom After World War II ended , the British Empire was gradually dismantled . Most of its components have become independent countries , whether Commonwealth realms or republics , and members of the Commonwealth . There remain the 14 mainly self - governing British overseas territories which retain some political association with the United Kingdom . In April 1949 , following the London Declaration , the word `` British '' was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth to reflect its changing nature . Burma ( also known as Myanmar , 1948 ) and Aden ( 1967 ) are the only states that were British colonies at the time of the war not to have joined the Commonwealth upon independence . Former British protectorates and mandates that did not become members of the Commonwealth are Egypt ( independent in 1922 ) , Iraq ( 1932 ) , Transjordan ( 1946 ) , British Palestine ( part of which became the state of Israel in 1948 ) , Sudan ( 1956 ) , British Somaliland ( which united with the former Italian Somaliland in 1960 to form the Somali Republic ) , Kuwait ( 1961 ) , Bahrain ( 1971 ) , Oman ( 1971 ) , Qatar ( 1971 ) , and the United Arab Emirates ( 1971 ) . Declining roles ( edit ) The postwar Commonwealth was given a fresh mission by Queen Elizabeth in her Christmas Day 1953 broadcast , where she envisioned the Commonwealth as `` an entirely new conception -- built on the highest qualities of the Spirit of Man : friendship , loyalty , and the desire for freedom and peace . '' Hoped for success was reinforced by such achievements as climbing Mount Everest in 1953 , breaking the four minute mile in 1954 , and in 1966 a solo circumnavigation of the globe . However , the humiliation of the Suez Crisis of 1956 badly hurt morale of Britain and the Commonwealth as a whole . More broadly , there was the loss of a central role of the British Empire : the defence of the Empire . That role was no longer militarily or financially feasible , as Britain 's withdrawal from Greece in 1947 had painfully demonstrated . Britain itself was now just one part of the NATO military alliance in which the Commonwealth had no role apart from Canada . The ANZUS treaty of 1955 linked Australia , New Zealand , and the United States in a defensive alliance , with Britain and the Commonwealth left out . The second major function of the Empire made London the financial centre of the system . After the Second World War , the British treasury was so weak that it could not operate independently of the United States . The loss of defence and financial roles , furthermore , undermined Joseph Chamberlain 's early 20th century vision of a world empire that could combine Imperial preference , mutual defence , and social growth arm . Furthermore , Britain 's cosmopolitan role in world affairs became increasingly limited , especially with the losses of India and Singapore . While British elites at first hoped the Commonwealth would preserve and project British influence , they gradually lost their enthusiasm , argues Krishnan Srinivasan . Early enthusiasm waned as British policies came under fire in Commonwealth meetings . Public opinion became troubled as immigration from non-white member states became large - scale . Republics ( edit ) On 18 April 1949 , Ireland formally became a republic in accordance with the Irish Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Because it did this , it was automatically excluded from the Commonwealth . While Ireland had not actively participated in the Commonwealth since the early 1930s and was content to leave the Commonwealth , other dominions wished to become republics without losing Commonwealth ties . The issue came to a head in April 1949 at a Commonwealth prime ministers ' meeting in London . Under the London Declaration , India agreed that , when it became a republic in January 1950 , it would accept the British Sovereign as a `` symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth '' . Upon hearing this , King George VI told the Indian politician Krishna Menon : `` So , I 've become ' as such ' '' . The other Commonwealth countries recognised India 's continuing membership of the association . At Pakistan 's insistence , India was not regarded as an exceptional case and it was assumed that other states would be accorded the same treatment as India . The London Declaration is often seen as marking the beginning of the modern Commonwealth . Following India 's precedent , other nations became republics , or constitutional monarchies with their own monarchs , while some countries retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom , but their monarchies developed differently and soon became fully independent of the British monarchy . The monarch is regarded as a separate legal personality in each realm , even though the same person is monarch of each realm . New Commonwealth ( edit ) Planners in the interwar period , like Lord Davies , who had also taken `` a prominent part in building up the League of Nations Union '' in the United Kingdom , in 1932 founded the New Commonwealth Society , of which British section Winston Churchill became the president . This new society was aimed at the creation of an international air force to be the arm of the League of Nations , to allow nations to disarm and safeguard the peace . The term New Commonwealth has been used in the UK ( especially in the 1960s and 1970s ) to refer to recently decolonised countries , predominantly non-white and developing . It was often used in debates about immigration from these countries . Britain and the pre-1945 dominions became informally known as the Old Commonwealth , or more pointedly as the white Commonwealth . Plan G and inviting Europe to join ( edit ) At a time when Germany and France , together with Belgium , Italy , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands , were planning for what later became the European Union , and newly independent African countries were joining the Commonwealth , new ideas were floated to prevent Britain from becoming isolated in economic affairs . British trade with the Commonwealth was four times larger than trade with Europe . The British government under Prime Minister Anthony Eden considered in 1956 and 1957 a `` plan G '' to create a European free trade zone while also protecting the favoured status of the Commonwealth . Britain also considered inviting Scandinavian and other European countries to join the Commonwealth so it would become a major economic common market . At one point in October 1956 Eden and French Prime Minister Guy Mollet discussed having France join the Commonwealth . Nothing came of any of the proposals . Structure ( edit ) Head of the Commonwealth ( edit ) Main article : Head of the Commonwealth Queen Elizabeth II , Head of the Commonwealth Under the formula of the London Declaration , Queen Elizabeth II is the Head of the Commonwealth , a title that is by law a part of Elizabeth 's royal titles in each of the Commonwealth realms , the 16 members of the Commonwealth that recognise the Queen as their monarch . However , when the monarch dies , the successor to the crown does not automatically become Head of the Commonwealth . The position is symbolic , representing the free association of independent members , the majority of which ( 31 ) are republics , and five have monarchs of different royal houses ( Brunei , Lesotho , Malaysia , Swaziland , and Tonga ) . Commonwealth Heads of government meeting ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting The main decision - making forum of the organisation is the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting ( CHOGM ) , where Commonwealth heads of government , including ( amongst others ) prime ministers and presidents , assemble for several days to discuss matters of mutual interest . CHOGM is the successor to the Meetings of Commonwealth Prime Ministers and , earlier , the Imperial Conferences and Colonial Conferences , dating back to 1887 . There are also regular meetings of finance ministers , law ministers , health ministers , etc . Members in arrears , as special members before them , are not invited to send representatives to either ministerial meetings or CHOGMs . The head of government hosting the CHOGM is called the Commonwealth Chairperson - in - Office and retains the position until the following CHOGM . After the most recent CHOGM , in London , UK , from 18 to 20 April 2018 the UK 's prime minister , Theresa May , became the Chairperson - in - Office and will continue to hold the title until the next CHOGM , scheduled to take place in Rwanda in 2020 . Commonwealth Secretariat ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Secretariat Marlborough House , London , the headquarters of the Commonwealth Secretariat , the Commonwealth 's principal intergovernmental institution The Commonwealth Secretariat , established in 1965 , is the main intergovernmental agency of the Commonwealth , facilitating consultation and co-operation among member governments and countries . It is responsible to member governments collectively . The Commonwealth of Nations is represented in the United Nations General Assembly by the secretariat as an observer . The secretariat organises Commonwealth summits , meetings of ministers , consultative meetings and technical discussions ; it assists policy development and provides policy advice , and facilitates multilateral communication among the member governments . It also provides technical assistance to help governments in the social and economic development of their countries and in support of the Commonwealth 's fundamental political values . The secretariat is headed by the Commonwealth Secretary - General who is elected by Commonwealth heads of government for no more than two four - year terms . The secretary - general and two deputy secretaries - general direct the divisions of the Secretariat . The present secretary - general is Patricia Scotland , Baroness Scotland of Asthal , from Dominica , who took office on 1 April 2016 , succeeding Kamalesh Sharma of India ( 2008 -- 2016 ) . The first secretary - general was Arnold Smith of Canada ( 1965 -- 75 ) , followed by Sir Shridath Ramphal of Guyana ( 1975 -- 90 ) , Chief Emeka Anyaoku of Nigeria ( 1990 -- 99 ) , and Don McKinnon of New Zealand ( 2000 -- 2008 ) . Commonwealth citizenship and High commissioners ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth citizen In recognition of their shared heritage and culture , Commonwealth countries are not considered to be `` foreign '' to each other , although the technical extent of this concept varies in different countries . For example , in Australia , for the purpose of considering certain constitutional and legal provisions no distinction is made between Commonwealth and foreign countries : in the High Court case of Sue v Hill , other Commonwealth countries were held to be foreign powers ; similarly , in Nolan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs , the nationals of other Commonwealth realms were held to be ' aliens ' . Nevertheless , the closer association amongst Commonwealth countries is reflected at least in the diplomatic protocols of the Commonwealth countries . For example , when engaging bilaterally with one another , Commonwealth governments exchange high commissioners instead of ambassadors . Between two Commonwealth realms , they represent the head of government rather than the head of state . In addition , some members treat resident citizens of other Commonwealth countries preferentially to citizens of non-Commonwealth countries . Britain and several others , mostly in the Caribbean , grant the right to vote to Commonwealth citizens who reside in those countries . In non-Commonwealth countries in which their own country is not represented , Commonwealth citizens may seek consular assistance at the British embassy . Other alternatives can also occur such as an emergency consular services agreement between Canada and Australia that began in 1986 . Membership ( edit ) Criteria ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria The criteria for membership of the Commonwealth of Nations have developed over time from a series of separate documents . The Statute of Westminster 1931 , as a fundamental founding document of the organisation , laid out that membership required dominionhood . The 1949 London Declaration ended this , allowing republican and indigenous monarchic members on the condition that they recognised the British monarch as the `` Head of the Commonwealth '' . In the wake of the wave of decolonisation in the 1960s , these constitutional principles were augmented by political , economic , and social principles . The first of these was set out in 1961 , when it was decided that respect for racial equality would be a requirement for membership , leading directly to the withdrawal of South Africa 's re-application ( which they were required to make under the formula of the London Declaration upon becoming a republic ) . The 14 points of the 1971 Singapore Declaration dedicated all members to the principles of world peace , liberty , human rights , equality , and free trade . These criteria were unenforceable for two decades , until , in 1991 , the Harare Declaration was issued , dedicating the leaders to applying the Singapore principles to the completion of decolonisation , the end of the Cold War , and the end of apartheid in South Africa . The mechanisms by which these principles would be applied were created , and the manner clarified , by the 1995 Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme , which created the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group ( CMAG ) , which has the power to rule on whether members meet the requirements for membership under the Harare Declaration . Also in 1995 , an Inter-Governmental Group was created to finalise and codify the full requirements for membership . Upon reporting in 1997 , as adopted under the Edinburgh Declaration , the Inter-Governmental Group ruled that any future members would have to have a direct constitutional link with an existing member . In addition to this new rule , the former rules were consolidated into a single document . These requirements are that members must accept and comply with the Harare principles , be fully sovereign states , recognise the monarch of the Commonwealth realms as the Head of the Commonwealth , accept the English language as the means of Commonwealth communication , and respect the wishes of the general population with regard to Commonwealth membership . These requirements had undergone review , and a report on potential amendments was presented by the Committee on Commonwealth Membership at the 2007 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting . New members were not admitted at this meeting , though applications for admission were considered at the 2009 CHOGM . New members must `` as a general rule '' have a direct constitutional link to an existing member . In most cases , this is due to being a former colony of the United Kingdom , but some have links to other countries , either exclusively or more directly ( e.g. Samoa to New Zealand , Papua New Guinea to Australia , and Namibia to South Africa ) . The first member to be admitted without having any constitutional link to the British Empire or a Commonwealth member was Mozambique , a former Portuguese colony , in 1995 following its first democratic elections and South Africa 's re-admission in 1994 . Mozambique 's controversial entry led to the Edinburgh Declaration and the current membership guidelines . In 2009 , Rwanda became the second Commonwealth member admitted not to have any such constitutional links . It was a Belgian trust territory that had been a German colony until World War I. Consideration for its admission was considered an `` exceptional circumstance '' by the Commonwealth Secretariat . Members ( edit ) Main article : Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Flags of the members of the Commonwealth in Parliament Square , London The Commonwealth flag flying at the Parliament of Canada in Ottawa The Commonwealth comprises 53 countries , across all continents . The members have a combined population of 2.3 billion people , almost a third of the world population , of which 1.26 billion live in India and 94 % live in Asia and Africa combined . After India , the next - largest Commonwealth countries by population are Pakistan ( 180 million ) , Nigeria ( 170 million ) , Bangladesh ( 156 million ) , the United Kingdom ( 65 million ) , South Africa ( 55 million ) Canada ( 36 million ) , Ghana ( 27 million ) and Australia ( 24 million ) . Tuvalu is the smallest member , with about 10,000 people . The land area of the Commonwealth nations is about 31,500,000 km ( 12,200,000 sq mi ) , or about 21 % of the total world land area . The three largest Commonwealth nations by area are Canada at 9,984,670 km ( 3,855,100 sq mi ) , Australia at 7,617,930 km ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) , and India at 3,287,263 km ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) . In 2016 , the Commonwealth members had a combined gross domestic product of over $9 trillion , 78 % of which is accounted for by the four largest economies : United Kingdom ( $2.629 trillion ) , India ( $2.256 trillion ) , Canada ( $1.529 trillion ) , and Australia ( $1.258 trillion ) . The status of `` Member in Arrears '' is used to denote those that are in arrears in paying subscription dues . The status was originally known as `` special membership '' , but was renamed on the Committee on Commonwealth Membership 's recommendation . There are currently no Members in Arrears . The most recent Member in Arrears , Nauru , returned to full membership in June 2011 . Nauru has alternated between special and full membership since joining the Commonwealth , depending on its financial situation . Applicants ( edit ) See also : Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria § Prospective members In 1997 the Commonwealth Heads of Government agreed that , to become a member of the Commonwealth , an applicant country should , as a rule , have had a constitutional association with an existing Commonwealth member ; that it should comply with Commonwealth values , principles and priorities as set out in the Harare Declaration ; and that it should accept Commonwealth norms and conventions . South Sudanese politicians have expressed interest in joining the Commonwealth . A senior Commonwealth source stated in 2006 that `` many people have assumed an interest from Israel , but there has been no formal approach '' . The State of Palestine is also a potential candidate for membership . President Yahya Jammeh unilaterally withdrew The Gambia from the Commonwealth in October 2013 . However , newly elected president Adama Barrow returned the country to the organisation in February 2018 . Other eligible applicants could be any of the remaining inhabited British overseas territories , Crown dependencies , Australian external territories and the Associated States of New Zealand if they become fully independent . Many such jurisdictions are already directly represented within the Commonwealth , particularly through the Commonwealth Family . There are also former British possessions that have not become independent , for example , Hong Kong , which still participates in some of the institutions within the Commonwealth Family . All three Crown dependencies regard the existing situation as unsatisfactory and have lobbied for change . The States of Jersey have called on the UK Foreign Secretary to request that the Commonwealth Heads of Government `` consider granting associate membership to Jersey and the other Crown Dependencies as well as any other territories at a similarly advanced stage of autonomy '' . Jersey has proposed that it be accorded `` self - representation in all Commonwealth meetings ; full participation in debates and procedures , with a right to speak where relevant and the opportunity to enter into discussions with those who are full members ; and no right to vote in the Ministerial or Heads of Government meetings , which is reserved for full members '' . The States of Guernsey and the Government of the Isle of Man have made calls of a similar nature for a more integrated relationship with the Commonwealth , including more direct representation and enhanced participation in Commonwealth organisations and meetings , including Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings . The Chief Minister of the Isle of Man has said : `` A closer connection with the Commonwealth itself would be a welcome further development of the Island 's international relationships '' . At the time of the Suez Crisis in 1956 , in the face of colonial unrest and international tensions , French Premier Guy Mollet proposed to British Prime Minister Anthony Eden that their two countries be joined in a `` union '' . When that proposal was turned down , Mollet suggested that France join the Commonwealth , possibly with `` a common citizenship arrangement on the Irish basis . '' Talks regarding a form of union faded away with the end of the Suez crisis . Suspension ( edit ) Main article : Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations In recent years , the Commonwealth has suspended several members `` from the Councils of the Commonwealth '' for `` serious or persistent violations '' of the Harare Declaration , particularly in abrogating their responsibility to have democratic government . This is done by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group ( CMAG ) , which meets regularly to address potential breaches of the Harare Declaration . Suspended members are not represented at meetings of Commonwealth leaders and ministers , although they remain members of the organisation . Currently , there are no suspended members . Nigeria was suspended between 11 November 1995 and 29 May 1999 , following its execution of Ken Saro - Wiwa on the eve of the 1995 CHOGM . Pakistan was the second country to be suspended , on 18 October 1999 , following the military coup by Pervez Musharraf . The Commonwealth 's longest suspension came to an end on 22 May 2004 , when Pakistan 's suspension was lifted following the restoration of the country 's constitution . Pakistan was suspended for a second time , far more briefly , for six months from 22 November 2007 , when Musharraf called a state of emergency . Zimbabwe was suspended in 2002 over concerns regarding the electoral and land reform policies of Robert Mugabe 's ZANU - PF government , before it withdrew from the organisation in 2003 . On 15 May 2018 , Zimbabwe applied to rejoin the Commonwealth . The declaration of a Republic in Fiji in 1987 , after military coups designed to deny Indo - Fijians political power , was not accompanied by an application to remain . Commonwealth membership was held to have lapsed until 1997 , after discriminatory provisions in the republican constitution were repealed and reapplication for membership made . Fiji has since been suspended twice , with the first imposed from 6 June 2000 to 20 December 2001 after another coup . Fiji was suspended yet again in December 2006 , following the most recent coup . At first , the suspension applied only to membership on the Councils of the Commonwealth . After failing to meet a Commonwealth deadline for setting a date for national elections by 2010 , Fiji was `` fully suspended '' on 1 September 2009 . The Secretary - General of the Commonwealth , Kamalesh Sharma , confirmed that full suspension meant that Fiji would be excluded from Commonwealth meetings , sporting events and the technical assistance programme ( with an exception for assistance in re-establishing democracy ) . Sharma stated that Fiji would remain a member of the Commonwealth during its suspension , but would be excluded from emblematic representation by the secretariat . On 19 March 2014 Fiji 's full suspension was amended to a suspension from councils of the Commonwealth by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group , permitting Fiji to join a number of Commonwealth activities , including the Commonwealth Games . Fiji 's suspension was lifted in September 2014 . The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group fully reinstated Fiji as a member following elections in September 2014 . Most recently , during 2013 and 2014 , international pressure mounted to suspend Sri Lanka from the Commonwealth , citing grave human rights violations by the government of President Mahinda Rajapaksa . There were also calls to change the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2013 from Sri Lanka to another member country . Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper threatened to boycott the event , but was instead represented at the meeting by Deepak Obhrai . UK Prime Minister David Cameron also chose to attend . These concerns were rendered moot by the election of opposition leader Maithripala Sirisena as President in 2015 . Termination ( edit ) As membership is purely voluntary , member governments can choose at any time to leave the Commonwealth . Pakistan left on 30 January 1972 in protest at the Commonwealth 's recognition of breakaway Bangladesh , but rejoined on 2 August 1989 . Zimbabwe 's membership was suspended in 2002 on the grounds of alleged human rights violations and deliberate misgovernment , and Zimbabwe 's government terminated its membership in 2003 . The Gambia left the Commonwealth on 3 October 2013 , and rejoined on 8 February 2018 . The Maldives withdrew from the Commonwealth on 13 October 2016 . The Maldivian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that `` the Commonwealth has not recognised ( ... ) the progress and achievements that the Maldives accomplished in cultivating a culture of democracy in the country and in building and strengthening democratic institutions '' . The Ministry also cited the Commonwealth 's `` punitive actions against the Maldives since 2012 '' after the allegedly forced resignation of Maldivian President Mohamed Nasheed among the reasons for withdrawal . The Ministry characterized the decision to withdraw as `` difficult , but inevitable '' . Although heads of government have the power to suspend member states from active participation , the Commonwealth has no provision for the expulsion of members . Until 2007 , Commonwealth realms that became republics automatically ceased to be members , until ( like India in 1950 ) they obtained the permission of other members to remain in the organisation . This policy has been changed , so if any current Commonwealth realms were to become republics , they would not have to go through this process . Ireland had withdrawn its participation in the Commonwealth in the 1930s , attending its last Commonwealth governmental heads ' meeting in 1932 . However it continued to be regarded by the Commonwealth as a Commonwealth member until it declared itself a republic , on 18 April 1949 . It is the only country whose membership terminated without any declaration withdrawing from the organisation . Instead , it was ( with its own tacit support ) excluded from the organisation under the rules then applicable . South Africa was barred from continuing as a member after it became a republic in 1961 , due to hostility from many members , particularly those in Africa and Asia as well as Canada , to its policy of racial apartheid . The South African government withdrew its application to remain in the organisation as a republic when it became clear at the 1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference that any such application would be rejected . South Africa was re-admitted to the Commonwealth in 1994 , following its first multiracial elections that year . The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 ended the colony 's ties to the Commonwealth through the United Kingdom . The government of Hong Kong , as a special administrative region of China , did not pursue membership . Hong Kong has nevertheless continued to participate in some of the organisations of the Commonwealth family , such as the Commonwealth Lawyers Association ( hosted the Commonwealth Lawyers Conference in 1983 and 2009 ) , the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association ( and the Westminster Seminar on Parliamentary Practice and Procedures ) , the Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Commonwealth Association of Legislative Counsel . Politics ( edit ) Objectives and activities ( edit ) The Commonwealth 's objectives were first outlined in the 1971 Singapore Declaration , which committed the Commonwealth to the institution of world peace ; promotion of representative democracy and individual liberty ; the pursuit of equality and opposition to racism ; the fight against poverty , ignorance , and disease ; and free trade . To these were added opposition to discrimination on the basis of gender by the Lusaka Declaration of 1979 , and environmental sustainability by the Langkawi Declaration of 1989 . These objectives were reinforced by the Harare Declaration in 1991 . The Commonwealth 's current highest - priority aims are on the promotion of democracy and development , as outlined in the 2003 Aso Rock Declaration , which built on those in Singapore and Harare and clarified their terms of reference , stating , `` We are committed to democracy , good governance , human rights , gender equality , and a more equitable sharing of the benefits of globalisation . '' The Commonwealth website lists its areas of work as : democracy , economics , education , gender , governance , human rights , law , small states , sport , sustainability , and youth . Through a separate voluntary fund , Commonwealth governments support the Commonwealth Youth Programme , a division of the Secretariat with offices in Gulu ( Uganda ) , Lusaka ( Zambia ) , Chandigarh ( India ) , Georgetown ( Guyana ) and Honiara ( Solomon Islands ) . Competence ( edit ) In recent years , the Commonwealth has been accused of not being vocal enough on its core values . Allegations of a leaked memo from the Secretary General instructing staff not to speak out on human rights were published in October 2010 . The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 considered a report by a Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group ( EPG ) panel which asserted that the organisation had lost its relevance and was decaying due to the lack of a mechanism to censure member countries when they violated human rights or democratic norms . The panel made 106 `` urgent '' recommendations including the adoption of a Charter of the Commonwealth , the creation of a new commissioner on the rule of law , democracy and human rights to track persistent human rights abuses and allegations of political repression by Commonwealth member states , recommendations for the repeal of laws against homosexuality in 41 Commonwealth states and a ban on forced marriage . The failure to release the report , or accept its recommendations for reforms in the area of human rights , democracy and the rule of law , was decried as a `` disgrace '' by former British Foreign Secretary Sir Malcolm Rifkind , a member of the EPG , who told a press conference : `` The Commonwealth faces a very significant problem . It 's not a problem of hostility or antagonism , it 's more of a problem of indifference . Its purpose is being questioned , its relevance is being questioned and part of that is because its commitment to enforce the values for which it stands is becoming ambiguous in the eyes of many member states . The Commonwealth is not a private club of the governments or the secretariat . It belongs to the people of the Commonwealth . '' In the end , two - thirds of the EPG 's 106 urgently recommended reforms were referred to study groups , an act described by one EPG member as having them `` kicked into the long grass '' . There was no agreement to create the recommended position of human rights commissioner , instead a ministerial management group was empowered with enforcement : the group includes alleged human rights offenders . It was agreed to develop a charter of values for the Commonwealth without any decision on how compliance with its principles would be enforced . The result of the effort was that a new Charter of the Commonwealth was signed by Queen Elizabeth on 11 March 2013 at Marlborough House , which opposes `` all forms of discrimination , whether rooted in gender , race , colour , creed , political belief or other grounds '' . Proposed free movement policy ( edit ) In March 2015 , the Commonwealth Freedom of Movement Organisation proposed that the national governments of the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand and Canada should advocate for freedom of movement between citizens of their countries , similar to the current arrangement existing between Australia and New Zealand through the Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement . In May 2016 , Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Alexander Downer expressed support for `` freer movement '' between Australia and the United Kingdom , stating : `` Over time we would like to continue to talk to the British government about arrangements we could make to liberalise movement between Australia and the UK , if not have completely free movement ... '' . Economy ( edit ) Economic data by member ( edit ) show Economies of the Commonwealth of Nations 2012 Member states Population ( 2016 ) GDP ( nominal ) ( millions ) GDP ( nominal ) per capita GDP ( PPP ) ( millions ) GDP ( PPP ) per capita Realm Antigua and Barbuda 100,963 1,176 12,480 1,778 18,492 Yes Australia 24,125,848 1,520,608 61,789 1,008,547 41,974 Yes Bahamas , The 391,232 8,149 22,431 11,765 31,978 Yes Bangladesh 162,951,560 115,610 743 291,299 1,777 No Barbados 284,996 3,685 13,453 -- -- Yes Belize 366,954 1,448 4,059 2,381 6,672 Yes Botswana 2,250,260 14,411 8,533 34,038 14,746 No Brunei 423,196 16,954 40,301 21,992 51,760 No Cameroon 23,439,189 24,984 1,260 50,820 2,359 No Canada 36,289,822 1,821,424 50,344 1,489,165 40,420 Yes Cyprus 1,170,125 22,981 30,670 26,720 32,254 No Dominica 73,543 480 7,154 906 13,288 No Ghana 28,206,728 40,710 1,570 51,943 1,871 No Grenada 107,317 790 7,780 1,142 10,837 Yes Guyana 773,303 2,851 3,408 2,704 -- No India 1,324,171,354 2,281,717 1,509 8,027,000 6,209 No Jamaica 2,881,355 14,840 5,335 -- -- Yes Kenya 48,461,567 37,229 808 76,016 1,710 No Kiribati 114,395 176 1,649 248 2,337 No Lesotho 2,203,821 2,448 1,106 4,027 1,691 No Malawi 18,091,575 4,264 365 14,344 893 No Malaysia 31,187,265 303,526 9,977 501,249 16,051 No Maldives 427,756 2,222 6,405 3,070 8,871 No Malta 429,362 8,722 21,380 12,138 27,504 No Mauritius 1,262,132 10,492 8,755 20,210 14,420 No Mozambique 28,829,476 14,588 533 25,805 975 No Namibia 2,479,713 12,807 5,383 16,918 6,801 No Nauru 11,347 -- -- -- -- No New Zealand 4,660,833 139,768 36,254 139,640 31,082 Yes Nigeria 185,989,640 262,606 1,502 449,289 2,533 No Pakistan 193,203,476 231,182 1,189 517,873 2,745 No Papua New Guinea 8,084,991 15,654 1,845 20,771 2,676 Yes Rwanda 11,917,508 7,103 8,874 15,517 1,282 No Saint Kitts and Nevis 54,821 748 13,144 966 17,226 Yes Saint Lucia 178,015 1,186 7,154 2,016 11,597 Yes Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 109,643 713 6,291 1,202 10,715 Yes Samoa 195,125 677 3,485 853 4,475 No Seychelles 94,228 1,032 12,321 2,371 25,788 No Sierra Leone 7,396,190 3,796 496 8,125 1,131 No Singapore 5,622,455 274,701 46,241 328,323 60,688 No Solomon Islands 599,419 1,008 1,517 1,718 2,923 Yes South Africa 56,015,473 384,313 8,070 585,625 10,960 No Sri Lanka 20,798,492 59,421 2,835 126,993 5,582 No Swaziland 1,343,098 3,747 3,831 6,458 6,053 No Tanzania 55,572,201 28,249 532 74,269 1,512 No Tonga 107,122 472 4,152 527 4,886 No Trinidad and Tobago 1,364,962 23,986 16,699 35,638 25,074 No Tuvalu 11,097 37 3,636 -- -- Yes Uganda 41,487,965 19,881 487 49,130 1,345 No United Kingdom 65,788,574 2,835,174 38,974 2,264,751 35,598 Yes Vanuatu 270,402 785 3,094 1,139 4,379 No Zambia 16,591,390 20,678 1,425 24,096 1,621 No Commonwealth 2,418,964,000 9,766,209 3,844 13,119,929 4,035 -- Commonwealth ( realms ) 144,033,000 5,966,408 43,493 4,945,842 36,053 -- Note : Figures are in US dollars . Postwar ( edit ) During the Second World War , the Commonwealth played a major role in helping British finances . Foreign exchange reserves were pooled in London , to be used to fight the war . In effect Britain borrowed £ 2.3 billion , of which £ 1.3 billion was from India . The debt was held in the form of British government securities and became known as `` sterling balances . '' By 1950 , India , Pakistan and Ceylon had spent much of their sterling , while other countries accumulated more . The sterling area that included all of the Commonwealth except for Canada , together with some smaller countries especially in the Persian Gulf . They held their foreign - exchange in sterling , protecting that currency from runs , and facilitating trade and investment inside the Commonwealth . It was a formal relationship with fixed exchange rates , and periodic meetings at Commonwealth summits to coordinate trade policy , and domestic economic policies . Britain ran a trade surplus , and the other countries were mostly producers of raw materials sold to Britain . However the British economy was sluggish , compared to Western Europe , by the 1960s , and the commercial rationale was gradually less attractive to the Commonwealth . Access to the growing London capital market , however , remained an important advantage to the newly independent nations . As Britain moved increasingly close to Europe , however , the long - term ties began to be in doubt . UK Joins the European economic community ( edit ) Britain had focused on the Commonwealth after the war , and largely ignored links with Europe . By the 1960s with a sluggish economy Britain tried repeatedly to join the European Economic Community , but this was repeatedly vetoed by Charles de Gaulle . After his death , entry was finally achieved in 1972 . Queen Elizabeth was one of the few remaining links between the UK and the Commonwealth . She tried to reassure the other countries that the Commonwealth family was joining forces with the Europeans , and that the new links would not replace the old Commonwealth ties based on historical attachments , which were too sacred to break . Historian Ben Pimlott argues that she was mistaken , for joining Europe , `` constituted the most decisive step yet in the progress of severance of familial ties between Britain and its former Empire ... It reduced the remaining links to sentimental and cultural ones , and legal niceties . '' The newly independent countries of Africa and Asia concentrated on their own internal political and economic development , and sometimes with their role in the Cold War . The United States , international agencies , and the Soviet Union became important players , and the British role receded . Indeed , the British considered them burdensome and were themselves alienated from traditional imperialism . The former colonies would rather have a prosperous Britain linked to a prosperous Europe , rather than a declining loner . The dominions saw that their historic ties with Britain were rapidly fraying . The Canadian economy was increasingly integrated with the United States , and had less and less to do with Britain or other Commonwealth nations . Internal Canadian disputes revolved around the growing American cultural economic presence , and the strong force of Québec nationalism and even independence . In 1964 the Maple Leaf flag replaced the old Union Jack to the sorrow of many Anglophiles -- it was `` the last gasp of empire . '' Australia and New Zealand were in deep shock but kept a low profile not wanting to alienate London . Nevertheless , the implications of British entry into Europe : seemed shattering to most Australians , particularly to older people and conservatives . In fact the United Kingdom , as Australia 's chief trading partner , was being very rapidly replaced just at this time by the United States and an economically resurgent Japan , but most people were scarcely aware of this ... It was feared that British entry into the Common Market was bound to mean abolition , or at least scaling down , of preferential tariff arrangements for Australians goods . Trade ( edit ) Further information : Commonwealth free trade Although the Commonwealth does not have a multilateral trade agreement , research by the Royal Commonwealth Society has shown that trade with another Commonwealth member is up to 50 % more than with a non-member on average , with smaller and less wealthy states having a higher propensity to trade within the Commonwealth . At the 2005 Summit in Malta , the heads of government endorsed pursuing free trade among Commonwealth members on a bilateral basis . There have been various proposals for a Commonwealth free trade zone , however none have so far come to pass . Following its vote in June 2016 to leave the EU , some politicians in the United Kingdom have suggested the idea as an alternative to its membership in the European Union , however it is far from clear that this would either offer sufficient economic benefit to replace the impact of leaving the EU or be acceptable to other member states Although the EU is already in the process of negotiating free trade agreements with many Commonwealth countries such as India and Canada , it took the EU almost ten years to come to an agreement with Canada , due to the challenge associated with achieving the necessary EU - wide approvals . Commonwealth family ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Family Commonwealth countries share many links outside government , with over a hundred Commonwealth - wide non-governmental organisations , notably for sport , culture , education , law and charity . The Association of Commonwealth Universities is an important vehicle for academic links , particularly through scholarships , principally the Commonwealth Scholarship , for students to study in universities in other Commonwealth countries . There are also many non-official associations that bring together individuals who work within the spheres of law and government , such as the Commonwealth Lawyers Association and the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association . Commonwealth Foundation ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Foundation The Commonwealth Foundation is an intergovernmental organisation , resourced by and reporting to Commonwealth governments , and guided by Commonwealth values and priorities . Its mandate is to strengthen civil society in the achievement of Commonwealth priorities : democracy and good governance , respect for human rights and gender equality , poverty eradication , people - centred and sustainable development , and to promote arts and culture . The Foundation was established in 1965 by the Heads of Government . Admittance is open to all members of the Commonwealth , and in December 2008 , stood at 46 out of the 53 member countries . Associate Membership , which is open to associated states or overseas territories of member governments , has been granted to Gibraltar. 2005 saw celebrations for the Foundation 's 40th Anniversary . The Foundation is headquartered in Marlborough House , Pall Mall , London . Regular liaison and co-operation between the Secretariat and the Foundation is in place . The Foundation continues to serve the broad purposes for which it was established as written in the Memorandum of Understanding . Commonwealth Games ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Games The Commonwealth Games are the third - largest multi-sport event in the world , bringing together globally popular sports and peculiarly `` Commonwealth '' sports , such as rugby sevens , shown here at the 2006 Games . The Commonwealth Games , a multi-sport event , is held every four years ; the 2014 Commonwealth Games were held in Glasgow , Scotland , and the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast , Australia . Birmingham is set to be the host for 2022 Commonwealth Games . As well as the usual athletic disciplines , as at the Summer Olympic Games , the games include sports particularly popular in the Commonwealth , such as bowls , netball , and rugby sevens . Started in 1930 as the Empire Games , the games were founded on the Olympic model of amateurism , but were deliberately designed to be `` the Friendly Games '' , with the goal of promoting relations between Commonwealth countries and celebrating their shared sporting and cultural heritage . The games are the Commonwealth 's most visible activity and interest in the operation of the Commonwealth increases greatly when the Games are held . There is controversy over whether the games -- and sport generally -- should be involved in the Commonwealth 's wider political concerns . The 1977 Gleneagles Agreement was signed to commit Commonwealth countries to combat apartheid through discouraging sporting contact with South Africa ( which was not then a member ) , whilst the 1986 games were boycotted by most African , Asian , and Caribbean countries for the failure of other countries to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement . Commonwealth War graves Commission ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth War Graves Commission The Commonwealth War Graves Commission serves to commemorate 1.7 million Commonwealth war dead and maintains 2,500 war cemeteries around the world , including this one in Gallipoli . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) is responsible for maintaining the war graves of 1.7 million service personnel that died in the First and Second World Wars fighting for Commonwealth member states . Founded in 1917 ( as the Imperial War Graves Commission ) , the Commission has constructed 2,500 war cemeteries , and maintains individual graves at another 20,000 sites around the world . The vast majority of the latter are civilian cemeteries in Great Britain . In 1998 , the CWGC made the records of its buried online to facilitate easier searching . Commonwealth war cemeteries often feature similar horticulture and architecture , with larger cemeteries being home to a Cross of Sacrifice and Stone of Remembrance . The CWGC is notable for marking the graves identically , regardless of the rank , country of origin , race , or religion of the buried . It is funded by voluntary agreement by six Commonwealth members , in proportion to the nationality of the casualties in the graves maintained , with 75 % of the funding coming from Britain . Commonwealth of learning ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth of Learning The Commonwealth of Learning ( COL ) is an intergovernmental organisation created by the Heads of Government to encourage the development and sharing of open learning / distance education knowledge , resources and technologies . COL is helping developing nations improve access to quality education and training . The Commonwealth local government Forum ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Local Government Forum The Commonwealth Local Government Forum ( CLGF ) is a global local government organisation , bringing together local authorities , their national associations and the ministries responsible for local government in the member countries of the Commonwealth . CLGF works with national and local governments to support the development of democratic values and good local governance and is the associated organisation officially recognised by Commonwealth Heads of Government as the representative body for local government in the Commonwealth . CLGF is unique in bringing together central , provincial and local spheres of government involved in local government policy and decision - making . CLGF members include local government associations , individual local authorities , ministries dealing with local government , and research and professional organisations who work with local government . Practitioner to practitioner support is at the core of CLGF 's work across the Commonwealth and within the region , using CLGF 's own members to support others both within and between regions . CLGF is a member of the Global Taskforce of Local and Regional Governments , the formal partner of the UN Major Group of Local Authorities . Culture ( edit ) Many Commonwealth nations possess traditions and customs that are elements of a shared Commonwealth culture . Examples include common sports such as cricket and rugby , driving on the left , the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy , common law , widespread use of the English language , designation of English as an official language , military and naval ranks , and the use of British rather than American spelling conventions ( see English in the Commonwealth of Nations ) . Sport ( edit ) Many Commonwealth nations play similar sports that are considered quintessentially British in character , rooted in and developed under British rule or hegemony , including football , cricket , rugby , and netball . This has led to the development of friendly national rivalries between the main sporting nations that have often defined their relations with each another . Indeed , said rivalries preserved close ties by providing a constant in international relationships , even as the Empire transformed into the Commonwealth . Externally , playing these sports is seen to be a sign of sharing a certain Commonwealth culture ; the adoption of cricket at schools in Rwanda is seen as symbolic of the country 's move towards Commonwealth membership . Besides the Commonwealth Games , other sporting competitions are organised on a Commonwealth basis , through championship tournaments such as the Commonwealth Taekwondo Championships , Commonwealth Fencing Championships , Commonwealth Judo Championships , Commonwealth Rowing Championships , Commonwealth Sailing Championships , Commonwealth Shooting Championships and Commonwealth Pool Lifesaving Championships . The Commonwealth Boxing Council has long maintained Commonwealth titles for the best boxers in the Commonwealth . Literature ( edit ) See also : Postcolonial literature and Migrant literature The shared history of British presence has produced a substantial body of writing in many languages , known as Commonwealth literature . The Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies , with nine chapters worldwide and an international conference is held every three years . English as official language ( edit ) In 1987 , the Commonwealth Foundation established the annual Commonwealth Writers ' Prize `` to encourage and reward the upsurge of new Commonwealth fiction and ensure that works of merit reach a wider audience outside their country of origin '' . Prizes are awarded for the best book and best first book in the Commonwealth , as well as regional prizes for the best book and best first book from each of four regions . Although not officially affiliated with the Commonwealth , the prestigious annual Man Booker Prize , one of the highest honours in literature , used to be awarded only to authors from Commonwealth countries or former members such as Ireland and Zimbabwe . Since 2014 , however , writers of any nationality have been eligible for the prize providing that they write originally in English and their novels are published by established publishers in the United Kingdom From 1950 on a significant number of writers from the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations began gaining international recognition , including some who migrated to the United Kingdom . There had been a few important works in English prior to 1950 from the then British Empire . The South African writer Olive Schreiner 's famous novel The Story of an African Farm was published in 1883 and New Zealander Katherine Mansfield published her first collection of short stories , In a German Pension , in 1911 . The first major novelist , writing in English , from the Indian sub-continent , R.K. Narayan , began publishing in England in the 1930s , thanks to the encouragement of English novelist Graham Greene . Caribbean writer Jean Rhys 's writing career began as early as 1928 , though her most famous work , Wide Sargasso Sea , was not published until 1966 . South Africa 's Alan Paton 's famous Cry , the Beloved Country dates from 1948 . Doris Lessing from Southern Rhodesia , now Zimbabwe , was a dominant presence in the English literary scene , frequently publishing from 1950 on throughout the 20th century . She won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2007 . Salman Rushdie is another post Second World War writer from the former British colonies who permanently settled in Britain . Rushdie achieved fame with Midnight 's Children 1981 . His most controversial novel The Satanic Verses 1989 , was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad . V.S. Naipaul ( born 1932 ) , born in Trinidad , was another immigrant , who wrote among other things A Bend in the River ( 1979 ) . Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature . Many other Commonwealth writers have achieved an international reputation for works in English , including Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe , and playwright Wole Soyinka . Soyinka won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986 , as did South African novelist Nadine Gordimer in 1995 . Other South African writers in English are novelist J.M. Coetzee ( Nobel Prize 2003 ) and playwright Athol Fugard . Kenya 's most internationally renowned author is Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o who has written novels , plays and short stories in English . Poet Derek Walcott , from Saint Lucia in the Caribbean , was another Nobel Prize winner in 1992 . An Australian Patrick White , a major novelist in this period , whose first work was published in 1939 , won in 1973 . Other noteworthy Australian writers at the end of this period are poet Les Murray , and novelist Peter Carey , who is one of only four writers to have won the Booker Prize twice . Political system ( edit ) Due to their shared constitutional histories , several countries in the Commonwealth have similar legal and political systems . The Commonwealth requires its members to be functioning democracies that respect human rights and the rule of law . Most Commonwealth countries have the bicameral Westminster system of parliamentary democracy . The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association facilitates co-operation between legislatures across the Commonwealth , and the Commonwealth Local Government Forum promotes good governance amongst local government officials . Most Commonwealth members use common law , modelled on English law . The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the supreme court of 14 Commonwealth members . Symbols ( edit ) The Commonwealth has adopted a number of symbols that represent the association of its members . The English language is recognised as a symbol of the members ' heritage ; as well as being considered a symbol of the Commonwealth , recognition of it as `` the means of Commonwealth communication '' is a prerequisite for Commonwealth membership . The flag of the Commonwealth consists of the symbol of the Commonwealth Secretariat , a gold globe surrounded by emanating rays , on a dark blue field ; it was designed for the second CHOGM in 1973 , and officially adopted on 26 March 1976 . 1976 also saw the organisation agree to a common date on which to commemorate Commonwealth Day , the second Monday in March , having developed separately on different dates from Empire Day celebrations . Recognition ( edit ) In 2009 , to mark the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Commonwealth , the Royal Commonwealth Society commissioned a poll of public opinion in seven of the member states : Australia , Canada , India , Jamaica , Malaysia , South Africa and the United Kingdom . It found that most people in these countries were largely ignorant of the Commonwealth 's activities , aside from the Commonwealth Games , and indifferent toward its future . Support for the Commonwealth was twice as high in developing countries as in developed countries ; it was lowest in Great Britain . Commonwealth Anthem ( edit ) Also to mark the 60th anniversary ( Diamond Jubilee ) of the Commonwealth in 2009 , the Commonwealth Secretariat commissioned Paul Carroll to compose `` The Commonwealth Anthem '' . The lyrics of the Anthem are taken from the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The Commonwealth has published the Anthem , performed by the Commonwealth Youth Orchestra , with and without an introductory narrative . See also ( edit ) Commonwealth realms portal Anglosphere Commonwealth Special Relationship , the common name for the relations between the United Kingdom and the United States Commonwealth of Independent States , a grouping of Post-Soviet states outside the European Union Community of Portuguese Language Countries , an equivalent grouping of Portuguese - speaking countries and territories English - speaking world List of country groupings List of multilateral free - trade agreements List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP Representatives of the Commonwealth of Nations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Annex B -- Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth '' ( PDF ) . Her Majesty 's Civil Service . September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Commonwealth website confirms Zimbabwe `` terminated '' its membership with effect from 7 December 2003 Archived 5 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Commonwealth Secretariat '' . 2016 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Maldives decides to leave the Commonwealth ; commits to continue with its international engagement '' . Maldivian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 13 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Membership of the Commonwealth : Report of the Committee on Commonwealth Membership '' . Commonwealth Secretariat. 2007 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2008 . Retrieved 2 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Observer Group ( 1999 ) . The National and Provincial Elections in South Africa , 2 June 1999 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Parliamentary Counsel -- CALC -- Constitution & Membership '' . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` OPC.gov.au '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 11 March 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Singapore Declaration of Commonwealth Principles 1971 '' ( PDF ) . thecommonwealth.org . Commonwealth Secretariat. 22 January 1971 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Langkawi Declaration on the Environment '' . USM Regional Center of Expertise in Education for Sustainable Development . 21 October 1989 . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Hasu Patel , `` Southern Africa and democracy , in the light of the Harare declaration . '' The Round Table 89.357 ( 2000 ) : 585 -- 592 . Jump up ^ `` Our Work '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 20 August 2006 . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aso Rock Commonwealth Declaration '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Secretariat. 8 December 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 June 2006 . 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Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth charter to focus on gay rights '' . The Times of India . 11 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Skinner , James ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` Free movement proposed between Canada , U.K , Australia , New Zealand '' . CBC News . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bourke , Latika ( 21 May 2016 ) . `` Alexander Downer flags ' freer movement ' for Australians emigrating to Britain '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product 2012 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita ( current US $ ) '' . World Bank . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product 2012 , PPP '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ Hill , Douglas ( 1 October 1988 ) . `` A report on stories from the outposts of Commonwealth literature '' . The Globe and Mail . p. 21 . Jump up ^ McCrum , Robert ( 13 October 2003 ) . `` English Is a World Language -- and That 's to Be Prized '' . The Los Angeles Times . p . B15 . Jump up ^ Iyer , Pico ( 12 February 1993 ) . `` The Empire Writes Back '' . The Straits Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Man Booker Prize 2014 Judges '' . The Man Booker Prizes. 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Drabble , Margaret , ed. ( 1996 ) , The Oxford Companion to English Literature , Oxford : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Laureates '' . Literature . The Nobel prize . Jump up ^ Man Booker official site : J.G. Farrell ; Hilary Mantel : J.M. Coetzee Archived 17 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ The Statesman 's Yearbook 2017 : The Politics , Cultures and Economies of the World . Palgrave Macmillan UK . 2017 . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Flags of All Nations : Flags of the British Commonwealth of Nations ( Brown , Son & Ferguson , 1952 ) Jump up ^ Royal Commonwealth Society , An Uncommon Association , a Wealth of Potential : Final Report of the Commonwealth Conversation ( London , Royal Commonwealth Society , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah . `` Canada , Commonwealth and the key to relevance '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Renzetti . `` Commonwealth : quaint historical relic or meaningful bloc ? '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Queen marks Commonwealth launch '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Celebration of Her Majesty 's Sapphire Jubilee '' . Commonwealth Music Council . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Anthem ( with introductory narrative ) '' . 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Suite Commonwealth Anthem '' . 20 March 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Ashton , Sarah R. `` British government perspectives on the Commonwealth , 1964 -- 71 : An asset or a liability ? . '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 35.1 ( 2007 ) : 73 -- 94 . Bloomfield , Valerie . Commonwealth Elections 1945 -- 1970 ( 1976 ) . Cook , Chris and John Paxton . Commonwealth Political Facts ( Macmillan , 1978 ) . Lloyd , Lorna . Diplomacy with a difference : the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner , 1880 -- 2006 ( Brill , 2007 ) . McIntyre , W. David . The commonwealth of nations : Origins and impact , 1869 -- 1971 ( U of Minnesota Press , 1977 ) ; Comprehensive coverage giving London 's perspective on political and constitutional relations with each possession . McIntyre , W. David . A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth , Palgrave , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 96310 - 5 . McIntyre , W. David . `` The Unofficial Commonwealth Relations Conferences , 1933 -- 59 : Precursors of the Tri-sector Commonwealth . '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 36.4 ( 2008 ) : 591 -- 614 . Madden , Frederick and John Darwin , eds . The Dependent Empire , 1900 -- 1948 : Colonies , Protectorates , and the Mandates ( 1994 ) 908 pp online Maitland , Donald . ed . Britain , the Commonwealth and Europe ( Palgrave Macmillan UK , 2001 ) online Mansergh , Nicholas The Commonwealth in the World , University of Toronto Press , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2492 - 0 . Moore , R.J. Making the New Commonwealth , Clarendon Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820112 - 5 . Murphy , Philip . Monarchy and the End of Empire : The House of Windsor , the British Government , and the Postwar Commonwealth ( Oxford UP 2013 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199214235.001. 0001 Perkin , Harold . `` Teaching the nations how to play : sport and society in the British empire and Commonwealth . '' International Journal of the History of Sport 6.2 ( 1989 ) : 145 -- 155 . Shaw , Timothy M. Commonwealth : Inter - and Non-State Contributions to Global Governance , Routledge , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35120 - 1 Srinivasan , Krishnan . The rise , decline and future of the British Commonwealth . ( Springer , 2005 ) . Wheare , K.C. The Constitutional Structure of the Commonwealth , Clarendon Press , 1960 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 23624 - 0 . Williams , Paul D. `` Blair 's Britain and the Commonwealth . '' The Round Table 94.380 ( 2005 ) : 381 -- 391 . Winks , Robin , ed . The Historiography of the British Empire - Commonwealth : Trends , Interpretations and Resources ( 1966 ) online Primary sources ( edit ) Madden , Frederick , ed . The End of Empire : Dependencies since 1948 : Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth : The West Indies , British Honduras , Hong Kong , Fiji , Cyprus , Gibraltar , and the Falklands ( 2000 ) online 596pp Madden , Frederick , and John Darwin , ed . The Dependent Empire : 1900 -- 1948 : Colonies , Protectorates , and Mandates ( 1963 ) 908pp online Mansergh , Nicholas , ed . Documents and Speeches on Commonwealth Affairs , 1952 -- 1962 ( 1963 ) 804pp online External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : British Nationality Act ( 1981 c 61 ) Annex B -- The territories forming part of the Commonwealth Wikinews has related news : Fiji fully suspended from the Commonwealth after failure to call election Media related to Commonwealth of Nations at Wikimedia Commons Commonwealth of Nations travel guide from Wikivoyage Commonwealth Secretariat The Commonwealth of Nations Network Commonwealth Foundation Key documents of the Commonwealth of Nations Balfour Declaration ( 1926 ) Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 ( 1927 ) Statute of Westminster ( 1931 ) London Declaration ( 1949 ) Singapore Declaration ( 1971 ) Lusaka Declaration ( 1979 ) Langkawi Declaration ( 1989 ) Harare Declaration ( 1991 ) Millbrook Action Programme ( 1995 ) Edinburgh Declaration ( 1997 ) Perth Agreement ( 2011 ) Charter of the Commonwealth ( 2013 ) Commonwealth of Nations topics History British Empire Key documents Timeline Governance Head of the Commonwealth ( Elizabeth II ) Secretariat Secretary - General ( Patricia Scotland ) Deputy Secretaries - General Marlborough House Commonwealth Youth Programme Heads of government Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Chair - in - Office ( Theresa May ) Ministerial Action Group Commonwealth Family Association of Commonwealth Universities Commonwealth Business Council Commonwealth Foundation Commonwealth Games Federation Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Commonwealth War Graves Commission BECM CAP CBA CET CHRI CJIA CoL CLA CLGF CPSU CPU CSFP ESU ICS RCEL RCS ROSL SSI Members Membership criteria Special membership Suspension Commonwealth realm Commonwealth republic High Commissioner Culture English language Commonwealth Games Symbols Commonwealth Flag Commonwealth Day Commonwealth Writers ' Prize Round Table movement The Round Table Journal Commonwealth citizenship LGBT rights Queen 's Baton Relay Lists Extreme points Prime ministers Tallest structures Visits by Queen Elizabeth II Articles related to the Commonwealth of Nations Members of the Commonwealth of Nations Sovereign states ( Members ) Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Fiji Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Tanzania The Gambia Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia Dependencies of Members Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency Tokelau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Montserrat Pitcairn Islands St. Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Source : Commonwealth Secretariat - Member States British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . 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-4590794794543477129 | Radical (chemistry) | Radical ( chemistry ) - wikipedia Radical ( chemistry ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Free radical '' redirects here . For other uses , see Free radical ( disambiguation ) . This article is about free radicals . For radicals within larger molecules , see Moiety ( chemistry ) . The hydroxyl radical , Lewis structure shown , contains one unpaired electron In chemistry , a radical ( more precisely , a free radical ) is an atom , molecule , or ion that has an unpaired valence electron . With some exceptions , these unpaired electrons make free radicals highly chemically reactive towards other substances , or even towards themselves : their molecules will often spontaneously dimerize or polymerize if they come in contact with each other . Most radicals are reasonably stable only at very low concentrations in inert media or in a vacuum . A notable example of a free radical is the hydroxyl radical ( HO ) , a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom . Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene ( : CH 2 ) which have two unpaired electrons . In contrast , the hydroxyl anion ( HO − ) is not a radical , since the unpaired electron is resolved by the addition of an electron ; singlet oxygen and singlet carbene are not radicals as the two electrons are paired . Free radicals may be created in a number of ways , including synthesis with very dilute or rarefied reagents , reactions at very low temperatures , or breakup of larger molecules . The latter can be affected by any process that puts enough energy into the parent molecule , such as ionizing radiation , heat , electrical discharges , electrolysis , and chemical reactions . Radicals are intermediate stages in many chemical reactions . Free radicals play an important role in combustion , atmospheric chemistry , polymerization , plasma chemistry , biochemistry , and many other chemical processes . In living organisms , the free radicals superoxide and nitric oxide and their reaction products regulate many processes , such as control of vascular tone and thus blood pressure . They also play a key role in the intermediary metabolism of various biological compounds . Such radicals can even be messengers in a process dubbed redox signaling . A radical may be trapped within a solvent cage or be otherwise bound . Until late in the 20th century the word `` radical '' was used in chemistry to indicate any connected group of atoms , such as a methyl group or a carboxyl , whether it was part of a larger molecule or a molecule on its own . The qualifier `` free '' was then needed to specify the unbound case . Following recent nomenclature revisions , a part of a larger molecule is now called a functional group or substituent , and `` radical '' now implies `` free '' . However , the old nomenclature may still appear in some books . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Depiction in chemical reactions 3 Formation 4 Persistence and stability 4.1 Stable radicals 4.2 Persistent radicals 4.3 Diradicals 5 Reactivity 6 Combustion 7 Polymerization 8 Atmospheric radicals 9 In biology 9.1 Reactive oxygen species 10 Loose definition of radicals 11 Diagnostics 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Moses Gomberg ( 1866 -- 1947 ) , the founder of radical chemistry The term radical was already in use when the now obsolete radical theory was developed . Louis - Bernard Guyton de Morveau introduced the phrase `` radical '' in 1785 and the phrase was employed by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 in his Traité Élémentaire de Chimie . A radical was then identified as the root base of certain acids ( the Latin word `` radix '' meaning `` root '' ) . Historically , the term radical in radical theory was also used for bound parts of the molecule , especially when they remain unchanged in reactions . These are now called functional groups . For example , methyl alcohol was described as consisting of a methyl `` radical '' and a hydroxyl `` radical '' . Neither are radicals in the modern chemical sense , as they are permanently bound to each other , and have no unpaired , reactive electrons ; however , they can be observed as radicals in mass spectrometry when broken apart by irradiation with energetic electrons . In a modern context the first organic ( carbon -- containing ) free radical identified was triphenylmethyl radical , ( C H ) C . This species was discovered by Moses Gomberg in 1900 at the University of Michigan USA . In 1933 Morris Kharash and Frank Mayo proposed that free radicals were responsible for anti-Markovnikov addition of hydrogen bromide to allyl bromide . Depiction in chemical reactions ( edit ) In chemical equations , free radicals are frequently denoted by a dot placed immediately to the right of the atomic symbol or molecular formula as follows : C l 2 → U V C l ⋅ + C l ⋅ ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Cl ) _ ( 2 ) \ ; ( \ xrightarrow ( UV ) ) \ ; ( \ mathrm ( Cl ) \ cdot ) + ( \ mathrm ( Cl ) \ cdot ) ) Chlorine gas can be broken down by ultraviolet light to form atomic chlorine radicals . Radical reaction mechanisms use single - headed arrows to depict the movement of single electrons : The homolytic cleavage of the breaking bond is drawn with a ' fish - hook ' arrow to distinguish from the usual movement of two electrons depicted by a standard curly arrow . It should be noted that the second electron of the breaking bond also moves to pair up with the attacking radical electron ; this is not explicitly indicated in this case . Free radicals also take part in radical addition and radical substitution as reactive intermediates . Chain reactions involving free radicals can usually be divided into three distinct processes . These are initiation , propagation , and termination . Initiation reactions are those that result in a net increase in the number of free radicals . They may involve the formation of free radicals from stable species as in Reaction 1 above or they may involve reactions of free radicals with stable species to form more free radicals . Propagation reactions are those reactions involving free radicals in which the total number of free radicals remains the same . Termination reactions are those reactions resulting in a net decrease in the number of free radicals . Typically two free radicals combine to form a more stable species , for example : 2Cl → Cl Formation ( edit ) The formation of radicals may involve the breaking of covalent bonds by homolysis , a process that requires significant amounts of energy . Such energies are known as homolytic bond dissociation energies , usually abbreviated as `` ΔH ° '' . Splitting H into 2H , for example , requires a ΔH ° of + 435 k J mol , while splitting Cl into 2Cl requires a ΔH ° of + 243 kJ mol . The energy needed to break a specific bond ( generally covalent ) between two atoms known as bond energy is a result of all the relative attractions and repulsions between the atoms of the molecule , however the most relevant are the bond 's atoms and the immediate neighbors . As an approximation the most important parameters that influence the bonding between two atoms in a molecule are the mutual energy match and overlap of covalent orbitals and the repulsion between nonbonding orbitals . Likewise , radicals requiring more energy to form are less stable than those requiring less energy . An additional barrier can be the selection rule . Propagation , however , is very exothermic . Radical formation through homolytic bond cleavage most often happens between two atoms of similar electronegativity ; in organic chemistry , this is often between the O -- O bond in peroxide species or between O -- N bonds . Radicals may also be formed by single - electron oxidation or reduction of an atom or molecule : an example is the production of superoxide by the electron transport chain . Early studies in organometallic chemistry -- especially F.A. Paneth and K. Hahnfeld 's studies of tetra - alkyl lead species during the 1930s -- supported the heterolytic fission of bonds and a radical - based mechanism . Although radical ions do exist , most species are electrically neutral . Persistence and stability ( edit ) The radical derived from α - tocopherol Although radicals are generally short - lived due to their reactivity , there are long - lived radicals . These are categorized as follows : Stable radicals ( edit ) The prime example of a stable radical is molecular dioxygen ( O ) . Another common example is nitric oxide ( NO ) . Organic radicals can be long lived if they occur in a conjugated π system , such as the radical derived from α - tocopherol ( vitamin E ) . There are also hundreds of examples of thiazyl radicals , which show low reactivity and remarkable thermodynamic stability with only a very limited extent of π resonance stabilization . Persistent radicals ( edit ) Persistent radical compounds are those whose longevity is due to steric crowding around the radical center , which makes it physically difficult for the radical to react with another molecule . Examples of these include Gomberg 's triphenylmethyl radical , Fremy 's salt ( Potassium nitrosodisulfonate , ( KSO ) NO ) , aminoxyls , ( general formula R NO ) such as TEMPO , TEMPOL , nitronyl nitroxides , and azephenylenyls and radicals derived from PTM ( perchlorophenylmethyl radical ) and TTM ( tris ( 2 , 4 , 6 - trichlorophenyl ) methyl radical ) . Persistent radicals are generated in great quantity during combustion , and `` may be responsible for the oxidative stress resulting in cardiopulmonary disease and probably cancer that has been attributed to exposure to airborne fine particles . '' Diradicals ( edit ) Diradicals are molecules containing two radical centers . Multiple radical centers can exist in a molecule . Atmospheric oxygen naturally exists as a diradical in its ground state as triplet oxygen . The low reactivity of atmospheric oxygen is due to its diradical state . Non-radical states of dioxygen are actually less stable than the diradical . The relative stability of the oxygen diradical is primarily due to the spin - forbidden nature of the triplet - singlet transition required for it to grab electrons , i.e. , `` oxidize '' . The diradical state of oxygen also results in its paramagnetic character , which is demonstrated by its attraction to an external magnet . Diradicals can also occur in metal - oxo complexes , lending themselves for studies of spin forbidden reactions in transition metal chemistry . Reactivity ( edit ) Main article : Free radical reaction Radical alkyl intermediates are stabilized by similar physical processes to carbocations : as a general rule , the more substituted the radical center is , the more stable it is . This directs their reactions . Thus , formation of a tertiary radical ( R C ) is favored over secondary ( R HC ) , which is favored over primary ( RH C ) . Likewise , radicals next to functional groups such as carbonyl , nitrile , and ether are more stable than tertiary alkyl radicals . Radicals attack double bonds . However , unlike similar ions , such radical reactions are not as much directed by electrostatic interactions . For example , the reactivity of nucleophilic ions with α , β - unsaturated compounds ( C = C -- C = O ) is directed by the electron - withdrawing effect of the oxygen , resulting in a partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon . There are two reactions that are observed in the ionic case : the carbonyl is attacked in a direct addition to carbonyl , or the vinyl is attacked in conjugate addition , and in either case , the charge on the nucleophile is taken by the oxygen . Radicals add rapidly to the double bond , and the resulting α - radical carbonyl is relatively stable ; it can couple with another molecule or be oxidized . Nonetheless , the electrophilic / neutrophilic character of radicals has been shown in a variety of instances . One example is the alternating tendency of the copolymerization of maleic anhydride ( electrophilic ) and styrene ( slightly nucleophilic ) . In intramolecular reactions , precise control can be achieved despite the extreme reactivity of radicals . In general , radicals attack the closest reactive site the most readily . Therefore , when there is a choice , a preference for five - membered rings is observed : four - membered rings are too strained , and collisions with carbons six or more atoms away in the chain are infrequent . Triplet carbenes and nitrenes , which are diradicals , have distinctive chemistry . Combustion ( edit ) Spectrum of the blue flame from a butane torch showing excited molecular radical band emission and Swan bands Main article : Combustion § Reaction mechanism A familiar free - radical reaction is combustion . The oxygen molecule is a stable diradical , best represented by O-O . Because spins of the electrons are parallel , this molecule is stable . While the ground state of oxygen is this unreactive spin - unpaired ( triplet ) diradical , an extremely reactive spin - paired ( singlet ) state is available . For combustion to occur , the energy barrier between these must be overcome . This barrier can be overcome by heat , requiring high temperatures . The triplet - singlet transition is also `` forbidden '' . This presents an additional barrier to the reaction . It also means molecular oxygen is relatively unreactive at room temperature except in the presence of a catalytic heavy atom such as iron or copper . Combustion consists of various radical chain reactions that the singlet radical can initiate . The flammability of a given material strongly depends on the concentration of free radicals that must be obtained before initiation and propagation reactions dominate leading to combustion of the material . Once the combustible material has been consumed , termination reactions again dominate and the flame dies out . As indicated , promotion of propagation or termination reactions alters flammability . For example , because lead itself deactivates free radicals in the gasoline - air mixture , tetraethyl lead was once commonly added to gasoline . This prevents the combustion from initiating in an uncontrolled manner or in unburnt residues ( engine knocking ) or premature ignition ( preignition ) . When a hydrocarbon is burned , a large number of different oxygen radicals are involved . Initially , hydroperoxyl radical ( HOO ) are formed . These then react further to give organic hydroperoxides that break up into hydroxyl radicals ( HO ) . Polymerization ( edit ) In addition to combustion , many polymerization reactions involve free radicals . As a result , many plastics , enamels , and other polymers are formed through radical polymerization . For instance , drying oils and alkyd paints harden due to radical crosslinking by oxygen from the atmosphere . Recent advances in radical polymerization methods , known as living radical polymerization , include : Reversible addition - fragmentation chain transfer ( RAFT ) Atom transfer radical polymerization ( ATRP ) Nitroxide mediated polymerization ( NMP ) These methods produce polymers with a much narrower distribution of molecular weights . Atmospheric radicals ( edit ) See also : Oxygen cycle and Ozone - oxygen cycle The most common radical in the lower atmosphere is molecular dioxygen . Photodissociation of source molecules produces other free radicals . In the lower atmosphere , the most important examples of free radical production are the photodissociation of nitrogen dioxide to give an oxygen atom and nitric oxide ( see eq. 1 . 1 below ) , which plays a key role in smog formation -- and the photodissociation of ozone to give the excited oxygen atom O ( 1D ) ( see eq. 1 . 2 below ) . The net and return reactions are also shown ( eq. 1 . 3 and eq. 1 . 4 , respectively ) . NO 2 → h ν NO + O ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( NO2 ) - > ( h \ nu ) ( NO ) + ( O ) ) ) ) ( eq. 1 . 1 ) O + O 2 ⟶ O 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( O ) + ( O2 ) - > ( O3 ) ) ) ) ( eq. 1 . 2 ) NO 2 + O 2 → h ν NO + O 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( NO2 ) + ( O2 ) - > ( h \ nu ) ( NO ) + ( O3 ) ) ) ) ( eq. 1 . 3 ) NO + O 3 ⟶ NO 2 + O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( NO ) + ( O3 ) - > ( NO2 ) + ( O2 ) ) ) ) ( eq. 1 . 4 ) In the upper atmosphere , a particularly important source of radicals is the photodissociation of normally unreactive chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) by solar ultraviolet radiation , or by reactions with other stratospheric constituents ( see eq. 1 below ) . These reactions give off the chlorine radical , Cl , which reacts with ozone in a catalytic chain reaction ending in Ozone depletion and regeneration of the chlorine radical , allowing it to reparticipate in the reaction ( see eq. 2 . 2 -- eq. 2 . 4 below ) . Such reactions are believed to be the primary cause of depletion of the ozone layer ( the net result is shown in eq. 2 . 5 below ) , and this is why the use of chlorofluorocarbons as refrigerants has been restricted . CFCS → h ν Cl ⋅ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( CFCS ) - > ( h \ nu ) ( Cl . ) ) ) ) ( eq. 2 . 1 ) Cl ⋅ + O 3 ⟶ ClO ⋅ + O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( Cl . ) + ( O3 ) - > ( ClO . ) + ( O2 ) ) ) ) ( eq. 2 . 2 ) O 3 → h ν O + O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( O3 ) - > ( h \ nu ) ( O ) + ( O2 ) ) ) ) ( eq. 2 . 3 ) O + ClO ⋅ ⟶ Cl ⋅ + O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( O ) + ( ClO . ) - > ( Cl . ) + ( O2 ) ) ) ) ( eq. 2 . 4 ) 2 O 3 → h ν 3 O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( 2O3 ) - > ( h \ nu ) 3O2 ) ) ) ( eq. 2 . 5 ) In biology ( edit ) See also : Dioxygen in biological reactions Free radicals play an important role in a number of biological processes . Many of these are necessary for life , such as the intracellular killing of bacteria by phagocytic cells such as granulocytes and macrophages . Researchers have also implicated free radicals in certain cell signalling processes , known as redox signaling . Some of these signaling molecules involve the free radical - induce peroxidation of tissue stores of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid , arachidonic acid , and docosahexaenoic acid . For example , free radical attack of linoleic acid produces a series of 13 - Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids and 9 - Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids which may act to regulate localized tissue inflammatory and / or healing responses , pain perception , and the proliferation of malignant cells . Free radical attacks on arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid produce a similar but broader array of signaling products . By a DPPH method on free radical inhibitor abilities of the methanolic extracts of plant sample of Cannabis sativa , were found to be 52.98 % , where those of ascorbic acid is 80.76 % and quercetin 72.13 % , respectively . Cannabis sativa showed that extracts have the proton donating ability and could serve as free radical inhibitor or scavengers , acting possibly as primary antioxidants . The two most important oxygen - centered free radicals are superoxide and hydroxyl radical . They derive from molecular oxygen under reducing conditions . However , because of their reactivity , these same free radicals can participate in unwanted side reactions resulting in cell damage . Excessive amounts of these free radicals can lead to cell injury and death , which may contribute to many diseases such as cancer , stroke , myocardial infarction , diabetes and major disorders . Many forms of cancer are thought to be the result of reactions between free radicals and DNA , potentially resulting in mutations that can adversely affect the cell cycle and potentially lead to malignancy . Some of the symptoms of aging such as atherosclerosis are also attributed to free - radical induced oxidation of cholesterol to 7 - ketocholesterol . In addition free radicals contribute to alcohol - induced liver damage , perhaps more than alcohol itself . Free radicals produced by cigarette smoke are implicated in inactivation of alpha 1 - antitrypsin in the lung . This process promotes the development of emphysema . Free radicals may also be involved in Parkinson 's disease , senile and drug - induced deafness , schizophrenia , and Alzheimer 's . The classic free - radical syndrome , the iron - storage disease hemochromatosis , is typically associated with a constellation of free - radical - related symptoms including movement disorder , psychosis , skin pigmentary melanin abnormalities , deafness , arthritis , and diabetes mellitus . The free - radical theory of aging proposes that free radicals underlie the aging process itself . Similarly , the process of mito hormesis suggests that repeated exposure to free radicals may extend life span . Because free radicals are necessary for life , the body has a number of mechanisms to minimize free - radical - induced damage and to repair damage that occurs , such as the enzymes superoxide dismutase , catalase , glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase . In addition , antioxidants play a key role in these defense mechanisms . These are often the three vitamins , vitamin A , vitamin C and vitamin E and polyphenol antioxidants . Furthermore , there is good evidence indicating that bilirubin and uric acid can act as antioxidants to help neutralize certain free radicals . Bilirubin comes from the breakdown of red blood cells ' contents , while uric acid is a breakdown product of purines . Too much bilirubin , though , can lead to jaundice , which could eventually damage the central nervous system , while too much uric acid causes gout . Reactive oxygen species ( edit ) Play media An explanation of cellular injury caused by reactive oxygen species . Reactive oxygen species or ROS are species such as superoxide , hydrogen peroxide , and hydroxyl radical , commonly associated with cell damage . ROS form as a natural by - product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling . Oxybenzone has been found to form free radicals in sunlight , and therefore may be associated with cell damage as well . This only occurred when it was combined with other ingredients commonly found in sunscreens , like titanium oxide and octyl methoxycinnamate . ROS attack the polyunsaturated fatty acid , linoleic acid , to form a series of 13 - Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 9 - Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid products that serve as signaling molecules that may trigger responses that counter the tissue injury which caused their formation . ROS attacks other polyunsaturated fatty acids , e.g. arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid , to produce a similar series of signaling products . Loose definition of radicals ( edit ) In most fields of chemistry , the historical definition of radicals contends that the molecules have nonzero spin . However , in fields including spectroscopy , chemical reaction , and astrochemistry , the definition is slightly different . Gerhard Herzberg , who won the Nobel prize for his research into the electron structure and geometry of radicals , suggested a looser definition of free radicals : `` any transient ( chemically unstable ) species ( atom , molecule , or ion ) '' . The main point of his suggestion is that there are many chemically unstable molecules that have zero spin , such as C , C , CH and so on . This definition is more convenient for discussions of transient chemical processes and astrochemistry ; therefore researchers in these fields prefer to use this loose definition . Diagnostics ( edit ) Free radical diagnostic techniques include : Electron spin resonance A widely used technique for studying free radicals , and other paramagnetic species , is electron spin resonance spectroscopy ( ESR ) . This is alternately referred to as `` electron paramagnetic resonance '' ( EPR ) spectroscopy . It is conceptually related to nuclear magnetic resonance , though electrons resonate with higher - frequency fields at a given fixed magnetic field than do most nuclei . Nuclear magnetic resonance using a phenomenon called CIDNP Chemical labeling Chemical labeling by quenching with free radicals , e.g. with nitric oxide ( NO ) or DPPH ( 2 , 2 - diphenyl - 1 - picrylhydrazyl ) , followed by spectroscopic methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS ) or absorption spectroscopy , respectively . Use of free radical markers Stable , specific or non-specific derivates of physiological substances can be measured e.g. lipid peroxidation products ( isoprostanes , TBARS ) , amino acid oxidation products ( meta - tyrosine , ortho - tyrosine , hydroxy - Leu , di tyrosine etc . ) , peptide oxidation products ( oxidized glutathione -- GSSG ) 2 , 2 ' - Azobis ( 2 - amidinopropane ) dihydrochloride ( AAPH ) is a chemical compound used to study the chemistry of the oxidation of drugs . It is a free radical - generating azo compound . It is gaining prominence as a model oxidant in small molecule and protein therapeutics for its ability to initiate oxidation reactions via both nucleophilic and free radical mechanisms . Indirect method Measurement of the decrease in the amount of antioxidants ( e.g. TAS , reduced glutathione -- GSH ) Trapping agents Using a chemical species that reacts with free radicals to form a stable product that can then be readily measured ( Hydroxyl radical and salicylic acid ) See also ( edit ) - yl Electron pair Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals Hofmann -- Löffler reaction Free radical research ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IUPAC Gold Book radical ( free radical ) PDF Jump up ^ Hayyan , M. ; Hashim , M.A. ; AlNashef , I.M. ( 2016 ) . `` Superoxide Ion : Generation and Chemical Implications '' . Chem. Rev. 116 ( 5 ) : 3029 -- 3085 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. chemrev. 5b00407 . Jump up ^ The Peroxide Effect in the Addition of Reagents to Unsaturated Compounds . I . The Addition of Hydrogen Bromide to Allyl Bromide M.S. Kharasch , Frank R. Mayo J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1933 , 55 ( 6 ) , pp 2468 -- 2496 doi : 10.1021 / ja01333a041 Jump up ^ Radicals : Reactive Intermediates with Translational Potential Ming Yan , Julian C. Lo , Jacob T. Edwards , and Phil S. Baran J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2016 , 138 ( 39 ) , pp 12692 -- 12714 doi : 10.1021 / jacs. 6b08856 Jump up ^ Oakley , Richard T. ( 1988 ) . `` Progress in Inorganic Chemistry '' ( PDF ) . Cyclic and Heterocyclic Thiazenes ( section ) . Progress in Inorganic Chemistry . 36 : 299 -- 391 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470166376. ch4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 16637 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rawson , J ; Banister , A ; Lavender , I ( 1995 ) . `` Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry '' . The Chemistry of Dithiadiazolylium and Dithiadiazolyl Rings ( section ) = . Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry . 62 : 137 -- 247 . doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 2725 ( 08 ) 60422 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 020762 - 6 . Jump up ^ Griller , David ; Ingold , Keith U. ( 1976 ) . `` Persistent carbon - centered radicals '' . Accounts of Chemical Research . 9 : 13 -- 19 . doi : 10.1021 / ar50097a003 . Jump up ^ Lomnicki S. ; Truong H. ; Vejerano E. ; Dellinger B. ( 2008 ) . `` Copper oxide - based model of persistent free radical formation on combustion - derived particulate matter '' . Environ . Sci. Technol. 42 ( 13 ) : 4982 -- 4988 . Bibcode : 2008EnST ... 42.4982 L . doi : 10.1021 / es071708h . PMID 18678037 . Jump up ^ However , paramagnetism does not necessarily imply radical character . Jump up ^ Svensson , Mats ( 1999 ) . `` Timing is Critical : Effect of Spin Changes on the Diastereoselectivity in Mn ( Salen ) - Catalyzed Epoxidation '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 121 : 5083 -- 4 . doi : 10.1021 / ja9809915 . Jump up ^ Pacher P , Beckman JS , Liaudet L ( 2007 ) . `` Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease '' . Physiol. Rev. 87 ( 1 ) : 315 -- 424 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00029.2006 . PMC 2248324 . PMID 17237348 . Jump up ^ `` Lipid peroxidation : pathophysiological and pharmacological implications in the eye '' . Frontiers in Physiology. 4 . doi : 10.3389 / fphys. 2013.00366 . Jump up ^ JOURNAL , PHARMANEST . `` PHYTOCHEMICAL STANDARDIZATION , HEAVY METALS ESTIMATION AND ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION ON CANNABIS SATIVA '' . Jump up ^ Rajamani Karthikeyan ; Manivasagam T ; Anantharaman P ; Balasubramanian T ; Somasundaram ST ( 2011 ) . `` Chemopreventive effect of Padina boergesenii extracts on ferric nitrilotriacetate ( Fe - NTA ) - induced oxidative damage in Wistar rats '' . J. Appl . Phycol. 23 , Issue 2 , Page 257 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 263 . doi : 10.1007 / s10811 - 010 - 9564 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , P.K. ; Marcheselli , V.L. ; Serhan , C.N. ; Bazan , N.G. ( 2004 ) . `` Neuroprotecin D1 : A docosahexanoic acid - derived docosatriene protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA . 101 ( 22 ) : 8491 -- 8496 . Bibcode : 2004PNAS ... 101.8491 M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0402531101 . PMC 420421 . PMID 15152078 . Jump up ^ Lyons , MA ; Brown , AJ ( 1999 ) . `` 7 - Ketocholesterol '' . Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 31 : 369 -- 75 . doi : 10.1016 / s1357 - 2725 ( 98 ) 00123 - x . PMID 10224662 . Jump up ^ Floyd , R.A. ( 1999 ) . `` Neuroinflammatory processes are important in neurodegenerative diseases : An hypothesis to explain the increased formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as major factors involved in neurodegenerative disease development '' . Free Radical Biology and Medicine . 26 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 1346 -- 1355 . doi : 10.1016 / S0891 - 5849 ( 98 ) 002937 . Jump up ^ An overview of the role of free radicals in biology and of the use of electron spin resonance in their detection may be found in Rhodes C.J. ( 2000 ) . Toxicology of the Human Environment -- the critical role of free radicals . London : Taylor and Francis . ISBN 0 - 7484 - 0916 - 5 . Jump up ^ Serpone , N ; Salinaro , A ; Emeline , AV ; Horikoshi , S ; Hidaka , H ; Zhao , JC ( 2002 ) . `` An in vitro systematic spectroscopic examination of the photostabilities of a random set of commercial sunscreen lotions and their chemical UVB / UVA active agents '' . Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences . 1 ( 12 ) : 970 -- 981 . doi : 10.1039 / b206338g . Jump up ^ `` Lipid peroxidation : pathophysiological and pharmacological implications in the eye '' . Frontiers in Physiology. 4 . doi : 10.3389 / fphys. 2013.00366 . Jump up ^ G. Herzberg ( 1971 ) , `` The spectra and structures of simple free radicals '' , ISBN 0 - 486 - 65821 - X . Jump up ^ 28th International Symposium on Free Radicals . Jump up ^ Betigeri , Seema ; Thakur , Ajit ; Raghavan , Krishnaswamy ( 2005 ) . `` Use of 2 , 2 ? - Azobis ( 2 - Amidinopropane ) Dihydrochloride as a Reagent Tool for Evaluation of Oxidative Stability of Drugs '' . Pharmaceutical Research . 22 ( 2 ) : 310 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / s11095 - 004 - 1199 - x . PMID 15783080 . Jump up ^ Werber , Jay ; Wang , Y. John ; Milligan , Michael ; Li , Xiaohua ; Ji , Junyan A. ( 2011 ) . `` Analysis of 2 , 2 ′ - azobis ( 2 - amidinopropane ) dihydrochloride degradation and hydrolysis in aqueous solutions '' . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . 100 ( 8 ) : 3307 -- 15 . doi : 10.1002 / jps. 22578 . PMID 21560126 . External links ( edit ) `` Cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants '' . Washington , D.C. : Department of Health and Human Services GND : 4076475 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radical_(chemistry)&oldid=814243938 '' Categories : Free radicals Biological processes Biomolecules Chemical bonding Environmental chemistry Senescence Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 17 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is an example of a radical in chemistry | [
"A notable example of a free radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO•), a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom. Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene (:CH\n2) which have two unpaired electrons. In contrast, the hydroxyl anion (HO−) is not a radical, since the unpaired electron is resolved by the addition of an electron; singlet oxygen and singlet carbene are not radicals as the two electrons are paired."
] | [
"hydroxyl radical (HO•)"
] |
5097585796616659193 | Anderson family | Anderson family - wikipedia Anderson family This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Anderson family is a group of professional wrestlers , a fictional extended family largely consisting of brothers and cousins . It started in the Minnesota area in the late 1960s with a tag team called The Minnesota Wrecking Crew , consisting of `` brothers '' Lars Anderson and Gene Anderson ( the only actual ' Anderson ' of the original group ) . Later versions of the Crew included `` brother '' Ole Anderson and `` cousin '' Arn Anderson ( Arn at other times was a nephew and a brother ) in various combinations with the original two . In total , the four original Andersons won over 11 different tag team championships together across the country . Several modern tag teams have taken names similar to the Minnesota Wrecking Crew as an homage to the group . In the 1980s , Ole and Arn allied themselves with Ric Flair , a Minnesota native who they claimed was another cousin of the family , and formed the famous wrestling stable The Four Horsemen . The stable was a major influence on professional wrestling in North America , creating the blueprint for future groups such as the New World Order , Triple Threat , and Evolution . Flair 's sons David and Reid ( the latter now deceased ) , as well as his daughter Ashley who wrestles in WWE as Charlotte Flair , can be counted as part of the family by extension . Ole and Gene ran tryout camps for prospective wrestlers in the late 1970s and early 1980s , `` stretching '' several future stars , including Al Snow . Other wrestlers claiming the Anderson heritage popped up on the independent circuit in the 1990s . These include Pat Anderson , Rocky Anderson , Extreme Championship Wrestling alumnus C.W. Anderson , and former New Japan Pro Wrestling star Karl Anderson . Gene Anderson had a son , Brad , who began wrestling in 1988 . Ole Anderson had a son who wrestles under the name Bryant Anderson . When wrestler Ken Anderson joined WWE he used the last name Kennedy to avoid confusion with the Anderson family ( as well as the former Cincinnati Bengals quarterback of the same name ) , despite Anderson being his actual last name . He subsequently wrestled under his real name or `` Mr. Anderson '' for other promotions , though he remained unrelated to any member of the Anderson family in either reality or kayfabe . Another WWE star was born Steven James Anderson , but his family name changed to Williams when he was adopted by his stepfather in early childhood ; he would achieve fame as Stone Cold Steve Austin . He also is not related to any member of the kayfabe Anderson family . Anderson family members ( edit ) Brothers : Gene Anderson Ole Anderson ( Al Rogowski ) Lars Anderson ( Larry Heiniemi ) Arn Anderson ( Marty Lunde ) Cousins : Ric Flair ( Richard Fliehr ) Children : Brad Anderson ( son of Gene Anderson ) Bryant Anderson ( Brian Rogowski ) ( son of Ole Anderson ) David Flair ( David Fliehr ) ( son of Ric Flair ) Reid Flair ( Reid Fliehr ) ( son of Ric Flair , deceased ) Charlotte Flair ( Ashley Fliehr ) ( daughter of Ric Flair ) Others : Rocky Anderson Pat Anderson ( Pat Conner ) C.W. Anderson ( Chris Wright ) Karl Anderson ( Chad Allegra ) TC Anderson Ed Anderson See also ( edit ) Four Horsemen Minnesota Wrecking Crew External links ( edit ) Glory Days - Classic Anderson Brothers page Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson_family&oldid=824044969 '' Categories : Anderson family Professional wrestling families American families Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2007 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 00 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was portrayed as the anderson brothers cousin | [
"In the 1980s, Ole and Arn allied themselves with Ric Flair, a Minnesota native who they claimed was another cousin of the family, and formed the famous wrestling stable The Four Horsemen. The stable was a major influence on professional wrestling in North America, creating the blueprint for future groups such as the New World Order, Triple Threat, and Evolution. Flair's sons David and Reid (the latter now deceased), as well as his daughter Ashley who wrestles in WWE as Charlotte Flair, can be counted as part of the family by extension.\n"
] | [
"Ric Flair"
] |
5112902645089792609 | Hemostasis | Hemostasis - wikipedia Hemostasis Not to be confused with homeostasis . Hemostasis or haemostasis is a process which causes bleeding to stop , meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel ( the opposite of hemostasis is hemorrhage ) . It is the first stage of wound healing . This involves coagulation , blood changing from a liquid to a gel . Intact blood vessels are central to moderating blood 's tendency to form clots . The endothelial cells of intact vessels prevent blood clotting with a heparin - like molecule and thrombomodulin and prevent platelet aggregation with nitric oxide and prostacyclin . When endothelial injury occurs , the endothelial cells stop secretion of coagulation and aggregation inhibitors and instead secrete von Willebrand factor which initiate the maintenance of hemostasis after injury . Hemostasis has three major steps : 1 ) vasoconstriction , 2 ) temporary blockage of a break by a platelet plug , and 3 ) blood coagulation , or formation of a fibrin clot . These processes seal the hole until tissues are repaired . Contents 1 Etymology and pronunciation 2 Steps of mechanism 3 Types 4 In emergency medicine 5 Disorders 6 History of artificial hemostasis 7 Research 8 References 9 External links Etymology and pronunciation ( edit ) The word hemostasis ( / ˌhiːmoʊˈsteɪsɪs / , sometimes / ˌhiːˈmɒstəsɪs / ) uses the combining forms hemo - and - stasis , New Latin from Ancient Greek αἱμο - haimo - ( akin to αἷμα haîma ) , `` blood '' , and στάσις stásis , `` stasis '' , yielding `` motionlessness or stopping of blood '' . Steps of mechanism ( edit ) Further information : Coagulation Aggregation of thrombocytes ( platelets ) . Platelet - rich human blood plasma ( left vial ) is a turbid liquid . Upon addition of ADP , platelets are activated and start to aggregate , forming white flakes ( right vial ) Hemostasis occurs when blood is present outside of the body or blood vessels . It is the innate response for the body to stop bleeding and loss of blood . During hemostasis three steps occur in a rapid sequence . Vascular spasm is the first response as the blood vessels constrict to allow less blood to be lost . In the second step , platelet plug formation , platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall . The third and last step is called coagulation or blood clotting . Coagulation reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a `` molecular glue '' . Platelets are a large factor in the hemostatic process . They allow for the creation of the `` platelet plug '' that forms almost directly after a blood vessel has been ruptured . Within seconds of a blood vessel 's epithelial wall being disrupted platelets begin to adhere to the sub-endothelium surface . It takes approximately sixty seconds until the first fibrin strands begin to intersperse among the wound . After several minutes the platelet plug is completely formed by fibrin . Hemostasis is maintained in the body via three mechanisms : Vascular spasm ( Vasoconstriction ) - Vasoconstriction is produced by vascular smooth muscle cells , and is the blood vessel 's first response to injury . The smooth muscle cells are controlled by vascular endothelium , which releases intravascular signals to control the contracting properties . When a blood vessel is damaged , there is an immediate reflex , initiated by local sympathetic pain receptors , which helps promote vasoconstriction . The damaged vessels will constrict ( vasoconstrict ) which reduces the amount of blood flow through the area and limits the amount of blood loss . Collagen is exposed at the site of injury , the collagen promotes platelets to adhere to the injury site . Platelets release cytoplasmic granules which contain serotonin , ADP and thromboxane A2 , all of which increase the effect of vasoconstriction . The spasm response becomes more effective as the amount of damage is increased . Vascular spasm is much more effective in smaller blood vessels . Platelet plug formation - Platelets adhere to damaged endothelium to form a platelet plug ( primary hemostasis ) and then degranulate . This process is regulated through thromboregulation . Plug formation is activated by a glycoprotein called Von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) , which is found in plasma . Platelets play one of major roles in the hemostatic process . When platelets come across the injured endothelium cells , they change shape , release granules and ultimately become ' sticky ' . Platelets express certain receptors , some of which are used for the adhesion of platelets to collagen . When platelets are activated , they express glycoprotein receptors that interact with other platelets , producing aggregation and adhesion . Platelets release cytoplasmic granules such as adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , serotonin and thromboxane A2 . Adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) attracts more platelets to the affected area , serotonin is a vasoconstrictor and thromboxane A2 assists in platelet aggregation , vasoconstriction and degranulation . As more chemicals are released more platelets stick and release their chemicals ; creating a platelet plug and continuing the process in a positive feedback loop . Platelets alone are responsible for stopping the bleeding of unnoticed wear and tear of our skin on a daily basis . This is referred to as primary hemostasis . Clot formation - Once the platelet plug has been formed by the platelets , the clotting factors ( a dozen proteins that travel along the blood plasma in an inactive state ) are activated in a sequence of events known as ' coagulation cascade ' which leads to the formation of Fibrin from inactive fibrinogen plasma protein . Thus , a Fibrin mesh is produced all around the platelet plug to hold it in place ; this step is called `` Secondary Hemostasis '' . During this process some red and white blood cells are trapped in the mesh which causes the primary hemostasis plug to become harder : the resultant plug is called as ' thrombus ' or ' Clot ' . Therefore ' blood clot ' contains secondary hemostasis plug with blood cells trapped in it . Though this is often a good step for wound healing , it has the ability to cause severe health problems if the thrombus becomes detached from the vessel wall and travels through the circulatory system ; If it reaches the brain , heart or lungs it could lead to stroke , heart attack , or pulmonary embolism respectively . However , without this process the healing of a wound would not be possible . Types ( edit ) Hemostasis can be achieved in various other ways if the body can not do it naturally ( or needs help ) during surgery or medical treatment . When the body is under shock and stress , hemostasis is harder to achieve . Though natural hemostasis is most desired , having other means of achieving this is vital for survival in many emergency settings . Without the ability to stimulate hemostasis the risk of hemorrhaging is great . During surgical procedures the types of hemostasis listed below can be used to control bleeding while avoiding and reducing the risk of tissue destruction . Hemostasis can be achieved by chemical agent as well as mechanical or physical agents . Which hemostasis type used is determined based on the situation . Developmental Haemostasis refers to the differences in the haemostatic system between children and adults . In emergency Medicine ( edit ) Debates by physicians and medical practitioners still continue to arise on the subject of hemostasis and how to handle situations with large injuries . If an individual acquires a large injury resulting in extreme blood loss , then a hemostatic agent alone would not be very effective . Medical professionals continue to debate on what the best ways are to assist a patient in a chronic state ; however , it is universally accepted that hemostatic agents are the primary tool for smaller bleeding injuries . Some main types of hemostasis used in emergency medicine include : Chemical / topical - This is a topical agent often used in surgery settings to stop bleeding . Microfibrillar collagen is the most popular choice among surgeons ( recent source ? ) because it attracts the patient 's natural platelets and starts the blood clotting process when it comes in contact with the platelets . This topical agent requires the normal hemostatic pathway to be properly functional . Direct pressure or pressure dressing - This type of hemostasis approach is most commonly used in situations where proper medical attention is not available . Putting pressure and / or dressing to a bleeding wound slows the process of blood loss , allowing for more time to get to an emergency medical setting . Soldiers use this skill during combat when someone has been injured because this process allows for blood loss to be decreased , giving the system time to start coagulation . Sutures and ties - Sutures are often used to close an open wound , allowing for the injured area to stay free of pathogens and other unwanted debris to enter the site ; however , it is also essential to the process of hemostasis . Sutures and ties allow for skin to be joined back together allowing for platelets to start the process of hemostasis at a quicker pace . Using sutures results in a quicker recovery period because the surface area of the wound has been decreased . Physical agents ( gelatin sponge ) - Gelatin sponges have been indicated as great hemostatic devices . Once applied to a bleeding area , a gelatin sponge quickly stops or reduces the amount of bleeding present . These physical agents are mostly used in surgical settings as well as after surgery treatments . These sponges absorb blood , allow for coagulation to occur faster , and give off chemical responses that decrease the time it takes for the hemostasis pathway to start . Disorders ( edit ) The body 's hemostasis system requires careful regulation in order to work properly . If the blood does not clot sufficiently , it may be due to bleeding disorders such as hemophilia or immune thrombocytopenia ; this requires careful investigation . Over-active clotting can also cause problems ; thrombosis , where blood clots form abnormally , can potentially cause embolisms , where blood clots break off and subsequently become lodged in a vein or artery . Hemostasis disorders can develop for many different reasons . They may be congenital , due to a deficiency or defect in an individual 's platelets or clotting factors . A number of disorders can be acquired as well , such as in HELLP syndrome , which is due to pregnancy , or Hemolytic - uremic syndrome ( HUS ) , which is due to E. coli toxins . History of artificial hemostasis ( edit ) The process of preventing blood loss from a vessel or organ of the body is referred to as hemostasis . The term comes from the Ancient Greek roots `` heme '' meaning blood , and `` stasis '' meaning halting ; Put together means the `` halting of the blood '' . The origin of hemostasis dates back as far as ancient Greece ; first referenced to being used in the Battle of Troy . It started with the realization that excessive bleeding inevitably equaled death . Vegetable and mineral styptics were used on large wounds by the Greeks and Romans until the takeover of Egypt around 332BC by Greece . At this time many more advances in the general medical field were developed based off the study of Egyptian mummification practice , which led to greater knowledge of the hemostatic process . It was during this time that many of the veins and arteries running throughout the human body were found and the directions in which they traveled . Doctors of this time realized if these were plugged , blood could not continue to flow out of the body . Nevertheless , it took until the invention of the printing press during the fifteenth century for medical notes and ideas to travel westward , allowing for the idea and practice of hemostasis to be expanded . Research ( edit ) There is currently a great deal of research being conducted on hemostasis . The most current research is based on genetic factors of hemostasis and how it can be altered to reduce the cause of genetic disorders that alter the natural process hemostasis . Von Willebrand disease is associated with a defect in the ability of the body to create the platelet plug and the fibrin mesh that ultimately stops the bleeding . New research is concluding that the von Willebrand disease is much more common in adolescence . This disease negatively hinders the natural process of Hemostasis causing excessive bleeding to be a concern in patients with this disease . There are complex treatments that can be done including a combination of therapies , estrogen - progesterone preparations , desmopressin , and Von Willebrand factor concentrates . Current research is trying to find better ways to deal with this disease ; however , much more research is needed in order to find out the effectiveness of the current treatments and if there are more operative ways to treat this disease . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hemostasis '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` hemostasis '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Marieb , Elaine Nicpon ; Hoehn , Katja ( 2010 ) . Human Anatomy & Physiology ( 8th ed . ) . San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings . pp. 649 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Boon , G.D. `` An Overview of Hemostasis . '' Toxicologic Pathology 21.2 ( 1993 ) : 170 - 79 . ^ Jump up to : Alturi , Pavan ( 2005 ) . The Surgical Review : An Integrated Basic and Clinical Science Study Guide . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Zdanowicz , M ( 2003 ) . Essentials of pathophysiology for pharmacy . Florida : CRC Press . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Li , Zhenyu ( 11 Nov 2010 ) . `` Signaling during platelet adhesion and activation '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . 30 : 2341 -- 2349 . doi : 10.1161 / ATVBAHA. 110.207522 . PMC 3085271 . ^ Jump up to : Kulkarni Roshni ( 2004 ) . `` Alternative and Topical Approaches to Treating the Massicely Bleeding Patient '' ( PDF ) . Advances in Hematology. 2 ( 7 ) : 428 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Aldo Moraci , et al . `` The Use Of Local Agents : Bone Wax , Gelatin , Collagen , Oxidized Cellulose . '' European Spine Journal 2004 ; 13. : S89 - S96 . Jump up ^ Smith Shondra L. ; Belmont John M. ; Casparian J. Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Analysis Of Pressure Achieved By Various Materials Used For Pressure Dressings '' . Dermatologic Surgery . 25 ( 12 ) : 931 -- 934 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1524 - 4725.1999. 99151. x . Jump up ^ Kozak Orhan ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` A New Method For Hepatic Resection And Hemostasis : Absorbable Plaque And Suture '' . Eurasian Journal of Medicine . 41 : 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Tahriri Mohammadreza ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Preparation And Characterization Of Absorbable Hemostat Crosslinked Gelatin Sponges For Surgical Applications '' . Current Applied Physics. 11 ( 3 ) : 457 -- 461 . Jump up ^ `` Wies , C.H. `` The History of Hemostasis . '' Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 2 `` . 1929 : 167 -- 68 . PMC 2606227 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Elliot D. ; Xuei , Xiaoling ; Suckow , Mark ; Edenberg , Howard ( 2006 ) . `` Searching for hemostatic modifier genes affecting the phenotype of mice with very low levels of FVII '' . Blood Cells , Molecules and Diseases . 36 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 134 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bcmd. 2005.12. 037 . Jump up ^ Mikhail , Sameh ; Kouides , Peter ( December 2010 ) . `` von Willebrand Disease in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population '' . Journal of Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology. 23 ( 6 ) : S3 -- S10 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpag. 2010.08. 005 . External links ( edit ) Hemostasis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Myeloid physiology Hematopoiesis Myelopoiesis ( CFU - GEMM ) CFU - GM Granulopoiesis Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Band cell Monocytopoiesis Monoblast Promonocyte MEP Thrombopoiesis Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Erythropoiesis Proerythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte General Extramedullary hematopoiesis Hemostasis Coagulation Fibrinolysis Clot retraction Platelet adhesiveness Other Erythrocyte aggregation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemostasis&oldid=860284613 '' Categories : Hematology Coagulation system Healing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2018 , at 16 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the stimulus for the formation of a platelet plug or a blood clot is | [
"Hemostasis or haemostasis is a process which causes bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel (the opposite of hemostasis is hemorrhage). It is the first stage of wound healing. This involves coagulation, blood changing from a liquid to a gel. Intact blood vessels are central to moderating blood's tendency to form clots. The endothelial cells of intact vessels prevent blood clotting with a heparin-like molecule and thrombomodulin and prevent platelet aggregation with nitric oxide and prostacyclin. When endothelial injury occurs, the endothelial cells stop secretion of coagulation and aggregation inhibitors and instead secrete von Willebrand factor which initiate the maintenance of hemostasis after injury. Hemostasis has three major steps: 1) vasoconstriction, 2) temporary blockage of a break by a platelet plug, and 3) blood coagulation, or formation of a fibrin clot. These processes seal the hole until tissues are repaired.\n"
] | [
"endothelial injury"
] |
-604679928340691787 | List of popes | List of popes - wikipedia List of popes This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Catholic Church . For popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church , see List of Coptic Orthodox Popes of Alexandria . For popes of the Legio Maria , see List of Legio Maria Popes . For Palmarian popes , see Palmarian Catholic Church § Popes . For a graphical representation of this list , see List of Popes ( graphical ) . Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St Peter 's ( their names in Latin and the year of their burial ) This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading `` I Sommi Pontefici Romani '' ( The Supreme Pontiffs of Rome ) , excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes . Published every year by the Roman Curia , the Annuario Pontificio attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes , stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession , in particular regarding Pope Leo VIII , Pope Benedict V and some mid-11th - century popes . The 2001 edition of the Annuario Pontificio introduced `` almost 200 corrections to its existing biographies of the popes , from St Peter to John Paul II '' . The corrections concerned dates , especially in the first two centuries , birthplaces and the family name of one pope . The term pope ( Latin : papa `` father '' ) is used in several Churches to denote their high spiritual leaders ( for example Coptic Pope ) . This title in English usage usually refers to the head of the Catholic Church . The Catholic pope uses various titles by tradition , including Summus Pontifex , Pontifex Maximus , and Servus servorum Dei . Each title has been added by unique historical events and unlike other papal prerogatives , is not incapable of modification . Hermannus Contractus may have been the first historian to number the popes continuously . His list ends in 1049 with Pope Leo IX as number 154 . Several changes were made to the list during the 20th century . Antipope Christopher was considered legitimate for a long time . Pope - elect Stephen was considered legitimate under the name Stephen II until the 1961 edition , when his name was erased . Although these changes are no longer controversial , a number of modern lists still include this `` first Pope Stephen II '' . It is probable that this is because they are based on the 1913 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia , which is in the public domain . A significant number of these popes have been recognized as saints , including 48 out of the first 50 consecutive popes , and others are in the sainthood process . Of the first 31 popes , 28 died as martyrs ( see List of murdered popes ) . Contents 1 Chronological list 1.1 1st millennium 1.1. 1 1st century 1.1. 2 2nd century 1.1. 3 3rd century 1.1. 4 4th century 1.1. 5 5th century 1.1. 6 6th century 1.1. 7 7th century 1.1. 8 8th century 1.1. 9 9th century 1.1. 10 10th century 1.2 2nd millennium 1.2. 1 11th century 1.2. 2 12th century 1.2. 3 13th century 1.2. 4 14th century 1.2. 5 15th century 1.2. 6 16th century 1.2. 7 17th century 1.2. 8 18th century 1.2. 9 19th century 1.2. 10 20th century 1.3 3rd millennium 1.3. 1 21st century 1.4 Notes 1.5 Religious orders 2 Notes on numbering of popes 3 See also 3.1 Lists 3.2 Related topics 4 References 4.1 Specific 4.2 General 5 External links Chronological list 1st Millennium 1st century Popes of the 1st century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 30 / 33 - 64 / 68 St Peter PETRUS Šimon Kêpâ ( Simon Peter ) AD 1 Bethsaida , Galilea , Roman Empire ( Now Bethsaida , Galilee , Israel ) 29 - 32 / 63 - 67 Converted Jew . Apostle of Jesus . According to Catholic tradition he received the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven ( Matthew 16 : 18 -- 19 ) . Feast day ( Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ) 29 June , ( Chair of Saint Peter ) 22 February . He is recognized by the Catholic Church as the first Bishop of Rome appointed by Christ . Also revered as saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 29 June . The St. Peter 's Basilica in Vatican City is named after him . 64 / 68 - 76 / 79 St Linus Papa LINUS Linus ( Lin ) 10 AD Volterra , Italia , Roman Empire ( Now Volterra , Italy ) 54 - 58 / 66 - 69 First Roman pope . Feast day 23 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 7 June . 76 / 79 - 88 / 91 St Anacletus ( Cletus ) Papa ANACLETUS ( Cletus ) Anáklētos ( Klḗtos ) ( Anaclet or Clet ) 25 AD Athens , Achaea , Roman Empire 51 - 54 / 63 - 66 Historicity not proven . First Greek pope . Feast day 26 April . Once erroneously split into Cletus and Anacletus . 26 April 88 -- 23 Nov 99 ( 11 years , 211 days ) ( 4228 ) St Clement I Papa CLEMENS Clemens ( Clement ) c. 35 AD Rome , Roman Empire 53 / 64 ( † 66 ) Roman . Feast day 23 November . Issued 1 Clement which is said to be the basis of apostolic authority for the clergy . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 25 November . First Pope to abdicate 5 23 Nov 99 -- 27 Oct 105 ( 5 years , 338 days ) ( 2164 ) St Evaristus Papa EVARISTUS Eváristos ( Evarist ) c. 30 AD Bethlehem , Judea , Roman Empire ( now Bethlehem , West Bank , Palestine ) 69 / 75 Converted Jew . Said to have divided Rome into parishes , assigning a priest to each . Feast day of 26 October . 2nd century Popes of the 2nd century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 6 27 Oct 105 -- 3 May 115 ( 9 years , 188 days ) ( 3475 ) St Alexander I Papa ALEXANDER Alexander c. 75 AD Rome , Roman Empire 30 / 40 Roman . Inaugurated the custom of blessing houses with holy water . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 18 March . 7 3 May 115 -- 3 April 125 ( 9 years , 335 days ) ( 3623 ) St Sixtus I Papa XYSTUS Xystus ( Sixt ) 42 AD Rome , Roman Empire 73 / 83 Roman . Feast day of 6 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 10 August . 8 3 April 125 -- 5 Jan 136 ( 10 years , 277 days ) ( 3929 ) St Telesphorus Papa TELESPHORUS Telesfóros ( Telespher ) c. 67 AD Terranova da Sibari , Italia , Roman Empire 58 / 69 Greek . Feast day of 5 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 22 February . Church Father St. Irenaeus called him a great martyr . 9 5 Jan 136 -- 11 Jan 140 ( 4 years , 6 days ) ( 1467 ) St Hyginus Papa HYGINUS Ygínos ( Hygin ) c. 74 Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 58 / 62 Greek . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 11 January . 10 11 Jan 140 -- 11 July 155 ( 15 years , 181 days ) ( 5660 ) St Pius I Papa PIUS Pius ( Pie ) c. 81 AD Aquileia , Italia , Roman Empire 59 / 74 Roman . Martyred by sword ; feast day 11 July . Decreed that Easter should only be celebrated on a Sunday . 11 11 July 155 -- 20 April 166 ( 10 years , 283 days ) ( 3936 ) St Anicetus Papa ANICETUS Aníkētos ( Anicet ) c. 92 AD Emesa , Syria , Roman Empire ( now Homs , Syria ) 63 / 74 Greek . First pope from Syria . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 17 April . Decreed that priests are not allowed to have long hair . 12 20 April 166 -- 22 April 174 ( 8 years , 2 days ) ( 2924 ) St Soter Papa SOTERIUS Soterius ( Soter ) c. 119 AD Fondi , Aquileia , Roman Empire 46 / 55 Roman . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 22 April . Declared that marriage was valid as a sacrament blessed by a priest ; formally inaugurated Easter as an annual festival in Rome . 13 22 April 174 -- 26 May 189 ( 15 years , 34 days ) ( 5513 ) St Eleuterus Papa ELEUTHERIUS Eleútheros ( Eleuter ) c. 130 AD Nicopolis , Epirus , Roman Empire 45 / 59 Greek . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 6 May . 14 26 May 189 -- 28 July 199 ( 10 years , 63 days ) ( 3715 ) St Victor I Papa VICTOR Victor Africa , Roman Empire Roman . Known for excommunicating Theodotus of Byzantium . Quartodecimanism controversy . 15 28 July 199 -- 20 Dec 217 ( 18 years , 145 days ) ( 6719 ) St Zephyrinus Papa ZEPHYRINUS Zephyrinus ( Zephyrin ) c. 160 AD Rome , Roman Empire 39 / 57 Roman . Combated against the adoptionist heresies of the followers of Theodotus the Byzantium who were ruled by Theodotus , the Money Changer and Asclepiodotus . Although not physically martyred ( murdered ) , he is called a martyr for the suffering he endured . - c. 199 -- c. 200 ( 1 year , 0 days ) ( 365 ) Natalius Antipapa NATALIUS Natalius ( Natal ) Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to pope Zephyrinus . Later reconciled ( see above ) . 3rd century Popes of the 3rd century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 16 20 Dec 217 -- 14 Oct 222 ( 4 years , 298 days ) ( 1759 ) St Callixtus I Papa CALLIXTUS Callixtus ( Callixt ) c. 155 AD Rome , Roman Empire 62 / 67 Roman . Martyred ; feast day 14 October . - 217 -- 235 ( 18 years , 0 days ) ( 6574 ) St Hippolytus Antipapa HIPPOLYTUS Ippólytos ( Hippolyt ) c. 170 AD Rome , Roman Empire 47 / 65 Greek Roman . In opposition to Pope Callistus I , Urban I and Pontian . Later reconciled with Pope Pontian ( see above ) . 17 14 Oct 222 -- 23 May 230 ( 7 years , 221 days ) St Urban I Papa URBANUS Urbanus ( Urban ) c. 175 AD Rome , Roman Empire 47 / 55 Roman . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 25 May . 18 21 Aug 230 -- 28 Sept 235 ( 5 years , 38 days ) St Pontian Papa PONTIANUS Pontianus ( Pontian ) c. 175 AD Rome , Roman Empire 55 / 60 Roman . First to abdicate after exile to Sardinia by Emperor Maximinus Thrax . The Liberian Catalogue records his death on 28 Sept 235 , the earliest exact date in papal history . 19 21 Nov 235 -- 3 Jan 236 ( 43 days ) ( 43 ) St Anterus Papa ANTERUS Anthērós ( Anter ) c. 180 AD Petilia , Italia , Roman Empire 55 / 56 Greek . Feast day 3 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 5 August . 20 10 Jan 236 -- 20 Jan 250 ( 14 years , 10 days ) ( 5124 ) St Fabian Papa FABIANUS Fabianus ( Fabian ) c. 200 AD Rome , Roman Empire 36 / 50 Roman . Divided the communities of Rome into seven districts , each supervised by a deacon . Feast day 20 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 5 August . 21 6 March 251 -- 25 June 253 ( 2 years , 111 days ) ( 842 ) St Cornelius Papa CORNELIUS Cornelius ( Cornel ) c. 180 AD Rome , Roman Empire 71 / 73 Roman . Died as a martyr through extreme hardship ; feast day 16 September . - March 251 -- 258 ( 7 years , 0 days ) ( 2557 ) Novatian Antipapa NOVATIANUS Novatianus ( Novatian ) c. 200 / 20 AD Rome , Roman Empire 31 ( 51 ) / 38 ( 58 ) Roman . Founder of Novatianism . In opposition to Pope Cornelius , Lucius I , Stephen I and Sixtus II . 22 25 June 253 -- 5 March 254 ( 253 days ) ( 253 ) St Lucius I Papa LUCIUS Lucius ( Luce ) c. 200 AD Rome , Roman Empire 48 / 49 Roman . Feast day 5 March . 23 12 March 254 -- 2 Aug 257 ( 3 years , 143 days ) ( 1239 ) St Stephen I Papa STEPHANUS Stéfanos ( Stephen ) c. 205 AD Rome , Roman Empire 54 / 57 Greek Roman . Martyred by beheading ; feast day 2 August . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with the same feast day . 24 30 Aug 257 -- 6 Aug 258 ( 341 days ) ( 341 ) St Sixtus II Papa XYSTUS Secundus Síxtos ( Sixt ) c. 215 AD Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 42 / 43 Greek . Martyred by beheading . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 10 August . 25 22 July 259 -- 26 Dec 268 ( 9 years , 157 days ) ( 3445 ) St Dionysius Papa DIONYSIUS Dionýsios ( Denis ) c. 200 AD Terranova da Sibari , Italia , Roman Empire 59 / 68 Greek . Feast day 26 December . 26 5 Jan 269 -- 30 Dec 274 ( 5 years , 359 days ) ( 2185 ) St Felix I Papa FELIX Felix c. 206 AD Rome , Roman Empire 63 / 68 Roman . 27 4 Jan 275 -- 7 Dec 283 ( 8 years , 337 days ) ( 3259 ) St Eutychian Papa EUTYCHIANUS Eutychianus ( Eutychian ) c. 240 AD Luni , Italia , Roman Empire ( Now Luni , Italy ) 35 / 43 Roman . 28 17 Dec 283 -- 22 April 296 ( 12 years , 127 days ) ( 4510 ) St Caius Papa CAIUS Gáios ( Cay or Gay ) c. 245 AD Salona , Dalmatia , Roman Empire 38 / 51 Greek . First pope from Croatia . Martyred by beheading ( according to legend ) . Feast day 22 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 11 August . 29 30 June 296 -- 26 April 304 ( 7 years , 301 days ) ( 2856 ) St Marcellinus Papa MARCELLINUS Marcellinus ( Marcellin ) c. 250 AD Rome , Roman Empire 46 / 54 Roman . Feast day 26 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 7 June . 4th century Popes of the 4th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 30 27 May 308 -- 16 Jan 309 ( 234 days ) ( 234 days ) St Marcellus I Papa MARCELLUS Marcellus ( Marcel ) c. 255 AD Rome , Roman Empire 53 / 54 Roman . Banished from Rome under Maxentius ( 309 ) . 31 18 April 309 -- 17 Aug 310 ( 1 year , 121 days ) ( 486 ) St Eusebius Papa EUSEBIUS Eusébios ( Eusebe ) c. 255 AD Sardinia , Roman Empire 54 / 54 ( † 55 ) Greek . Banished by the emperor Maxentius , and died in exile . 32 2 July 311 -- 10 Jan 314 ( 2 years , 192 days ) ( 923 ) St Miltiades ( Melchiades ) Papa MILTIADES Miltiades ( or Melchiades ) ( Miltiade or Melchiade ) c. 270 AD Africa , Roman Empire 41 / 44 Roman . First pope after the end of the persecution of Christians through the Edict of Milan ( 313 AD ) issued by Constantine the Great . Presided over the Lateran council of 313 . 33 31 Jan 314 -- 31 Dec 335 ( 21 years , 334 days ) ( 8004 ) St Sylvester I Papa SILVESTER Silvester ( Sylvester ) c. 285 AD Sant'Angelo a Scala , Apulia et Calabria , Roman Empire 29 / 50 Roman . Feast day 31 December . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 2 January . First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) . Under him was built : the Basilica of St. John Lateran , Santa Croce in Gerusalemme and Old St. Peter 's Basilica . Stated to be the recipient of the Donation of Constantine , which was later shown to be a forgery . 34 18 Jan 336 -- 7 Oct 336 ( 263 days ) ( 263 ) St Mark Papa MARCUS Marcus ( Mark ) c. 290 AD Rome , Roman Empire 46 / 46 Roman . One of Mark 's undertakings was to compile stories of the lives of martyrs and bishops before his time . There is some reason to believe he founded two churches in the area of Rome . One of them is still known to this day as the Church of San Marco , although it is greatly changed since his time . The other church was at the Catacomb of Balbina , a cemetery . Emperor Constantine gave gifts of land and furnishing for both buildings . Feast day 7 October . 35 6 Feb 337 -- 12 April 352 ( 15 years , 66 days ) ( 5544 ) St Julius I Papa IULIUS Iulius ( Jules ) c. 280 AD Rome , Roman Empire 57 / 72 Roman . Arian controversy . Credited with splitting the birth of Christ into two distinct celebrations : The Epiphany stayed on the traditional date , and the Nativity was added on 25 December . 36 17 May 352 -- 24 Sept 366 ( 14 years , 130 days ) ( 5243 ) Liberius Papa LIBERIUS Liberius ( Liber ) c. 310 AD Rome , Roman Empire 42 / 56 Roman . Earliest pope not canonized by the Roman Catholic Church . Revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 27 August . - 355 -- 22 Nov 365 ( 10 years , 0 days ) ( 3653 ) St Felix II Antipapa FELIX secundus Felix Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to Pope Liberius . Installed by Roman Emperor Constantius II . 37 1 Oct 366 -- 11 Dec 384 ( 18 years , 71 days ) ( 6646 ) St Damasus I Papa DAMASUS Damasus ( Damase ) c. 305 AD Egitania , Lusitania , Roman Empire 60 / 78 Roman . And the first pope from Portugal . Patron of Jerome , commissioned the Vulgate translation of the Bible . Council of Rome ( 382 ) . First pope to be the official head of the church after the Emperor Gratian abdicates the title of `` Pontifex Maximus '' . - 1 Oct 366 -- 16 Nov 367 ( 1 year , 46 days ) ( 411 ) Ursicinus Antipapa URSICINUS Ursinus ( or Ursicinus ) ( Ursin or Ursicin ) Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to Pope Damasus I. Banished to Gallia by the emperor Valentinian II after a war between two sects and died after 384 . 38 17 Dec 384 -- 26 Nov 399 ( 14 years , 344 days ) ( 5457 ) St Siricius Papa SIRICIUS Sicirius ( Sirice ) c. 334 AD Rome , Roman Empire 50 / 65 Roman . His famous letters -- the earliest surviving texts of papal decretals -- focus particularly on religious discipline and include decisions on baptism , consecration , ordination , penance , and continence . Siricius ' important decretal of 386 ( written to Bishop Himerius of Tarragona ) , commanding celibacy for priests , was the first decree on this subject . 39 27 Nov 399 -- 19 Dec 401 ( 2 years , 22 days ) ( 753 ) St Anastasius I Papa ANASTASIUS Anastasius Maximus ( Anastase Maxime ) c. 340 AD Rome , Roman Empire 59 / 61 Roman . Instructed priests to stand and bow their heads as they read from the Gospels . 5th century Popes of the 5th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 40 21 Dec 401 -- 12 March 417 ( 15 years , 81 days ) ( 5560 ) St Innocent I Papa INNOCENTIUS Innocentius ( Innocent ) c. 378 AD Albano , Latium et Campania , Roman Empire 41 / 57 Roman . Visigoth Sack of Rome ( 410 ) under Alaric . 41 18 March 417 -- 26 Dec 418 ( 1 year , 283 days ) ( 648 ) St Zosimus Papa ZOSIMUS Zṓsimos ( Zosime ) c. 370 AD Mesoraca , Lucania et Bruttii , Roman Empire 47 / 48 Greek . - 27 Dec 418 -- 3 April 419 ( 97 days ) ( 97 ) Eulalius Antipapa EULALIUS Eulalius ( Eulal ) c. 380 AD Rome , Roman Empire 38 / 39 ( † 42 ) Roman . In opposition to Pope Boniface I. Elected on the eve of the election of Boniface , first benefited from the support of the emperor Honorius , but lost it quickly . Exiled in Campania , and died in 423 . 42 28 Dec 418 -- 4 Sept 422 ( 3 years , 250 days ) St Boniface I Papa BONIFACIUS Bonifacius ( Boniface ) c. 377 AD Rome , Roman Empire 43 / 47 Roman . 43 10 Sept 422 -- 27 July 432 ( 9 years , 321 days ) ( 3608 ) St Celestine I Papa CAELESTINUS Caelestinus ( Celestine ) c. 380 AD Campania , Roman Empire 42 / 52 Roman . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 8 April . 44 31 July 432 -- 18 Aug 440 ( 8 years , 18 days ) ( 2940 ) St Sixtus III Papa XYXTUS Tertius Xystus ( Sixt ) c. 390 AD Rome , Roman Empire 42 / 50 Roman . 45 29 Sept 440 -- 10 Nov 461 ( 21 years , 42 days ) ( 7712 ) St Leo I ( Leo the Great ) Papa LEO MAGNUS Leo ( Leon ) c. 390 AD Etruria , Roman Empire 50 / 71 Roman . Convinced Attila the Hun to turn back his invasion of Italy . Wrote the Tome which was instrumental in the Council of Chalcedon and in defining the hypostatic union . Feast day 10 November . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 18 February . 46 19 Nov 461 -- 29 Feb 468 ( 6 years , 102 days ) ( 2293 ) St Hilarius Papa HILARIUS Ilários ( Hilar ) c. 400 AD Sardinia , Western Roman Empire 46 / 53 Greek . 47 3 March 468 -- 10 March 483 ( 15 years , 7 days ) ( 5485 ) St Simplicius Papa SIMPLICIUS Simplicius ( Simplice ) c. 430 AD Tivoli , Western Roman Empire 38 / 53 Roman . Papacy during the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent overtaking of Rome and Italy in general by Odoacer . 48 13 March 483 -- 1 March 492 ( 8 years , 354 days ) ( 3276 ) St Felix III ( Felix II ) Papa FELIX Tertius ( Secundus ) Anicius Felix ( Anice Felix ) c. 440 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 43 / 52 Imperial Roman pope . Sometimes called Felix II . Great - great - grandfather of pope Gregory I . 49 1 March 492 -- 21 Nov 496 ( 4 years , 265 days ) ( 1726 ) St Gelasius I Papa GELASIUS Gelasius ( Gelase ) c. 410 AD Kabylie , Africa , Western Roman Empire 82 / 86 Roman . The last pope to have been born on the continent of Africa . The first pope called the `` Vicar of Christ '' . 50 24 Nov 496 -- 19 Nov 498 ( 1 year , 360 days ) ( 725 ) Anastasius II Papa ANASTASIUS Secundus Anastasius ( Anastase ) c. 445 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 51 / 53 Roman . Tried to end the Acacian schism but it resulted in the Laurentian schism . 51 22 Nov 498 -- 19 July 514 ( 15 years , 239 days ) St Symmachus Papa SYMMACHUS Sýmmakhos ( Symmach ) c. 460 AD Sardinia , Western Roman Empire 38 / 54 Greek . - 22 Nov 498 -- Aug 506 / 8 ( 7 years , 252 days ) ( 2808 ) Laurence Antipapa LAURENTIUS Lauréntios ( Laurence ) c. 460 AD Eastern Roman Empire 38 / 46 ( † 48 ) Greek . In opposition to Pope Symmachus . Elected on the same day as Symachus , King Theodoric settled in favor of his adversary . Took control of Rome in 501 and remained pope in fact until 506 / 08 , year of his death . 6th century Popes of the 6th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 52 20 July 514 -- 6 Aug 523 ( 9 years , 17 days ) ( 3304 ) St Hormisdas Papa HORMISDAS Hormisdas ( Hormisde ) c. 450 AD Frosinone , Latium et Campania , Western Roman Empire 64 / 73 Roman . Father of Pope Silverius . Acacian schism . 53 13 Aug 523 -- 18 May 526 ( 2 years , 278 days ) ( 1009 ) St John I Papa IOANNES Ioannes ( John ) c. 470 AD Siena , Etruria , Western Roman Empire 53 / 56 Roman . 54 12 July 526 -- 22 Sept 530 ( 4 years , 72 days ) ( 1533 ) St Felix IV ( Felix III ) Papa FELIX Quartus ( Tertius ) Felix c. 490 AD Samnium , Kingdom of Odoacer 36 / 40 Roman . Sometimes called Felix III . Built Santi Cosma e Damiano . 55 22 Sept 530 -- 17 Oct 532 ( 2 years , 25 days ) ( 756 ) Boniface II Papa BONIFACIUS Secundus Bonifacius ( Boniface ) c. 490 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 40 / 42 First Germanic pope . Changed the numbering of the years in the Julian Calendar from Ab Urbe Condita to Anno Domini . - 22 Sept 530 -- 14 Oct 530 ( 22 days ) ( 22 ) Dioscore Antipapa DIOSCORUS Dióskoros ( Dioscore ) Alexandria , Aegyptus , Eastern Roman Empire - Greek . In opposition to Pope Boniface II . Candidate of the Byzantine party , elected by the majority of the cardinals and recognized by Constantinople , he died less than a month after his election . 56 2 Jan 533 -- 8 May 535 ( 2 years , 126 days ) ( 856 ) John II Papa IOANNES Secundus Mercurius ( Mercury ) c. 473 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 63 / 65 Roman . First pope not to use his personal name . This was because of the Roman god , Mercury . 57 13 May 535 -- 22 April 536 ( 356 days ) ( 356 ) St Agapetus I Papa AGAPETUS Agapetus ( Agapet ) c. 570 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 45 / 46 Roman . Feast days 22 April and 20 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 17 April . 58 8 June 536 -- 11 March 537 ( 276 days ) ( 276 ) St Silverius Papa SILVERIUS Silverius ( Silvery ) c. 480 AD Ceccano , Ostrogothic Kingdom 56 / 57 Roman . Exiled ; feast day 20 June , son of Pope Hormisdas . 59 29 March 537 -- 7 June 555 ( 18 years , 70 days ) ( 6644 ) Vigilius Papa VIGILIUS Vigilius ( Vigil ) c. 500 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 37 / 55 Roman . 60 16 April 556 -- 4 March 561 ( 4 years , 322 days ) ( 1783 ) Pelagius I Papa PELAGIUS Pelagius ( Pelage ) c. 505 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 51 / 56 Roman . Credited with the construction of the basilica of Santi Apostoli . 61 17 July 561 -- 13 July 574 ( 12 years , 361 days ) ( 4744 ) John III Papa IOANNES Tertius Ioannes Catelinus ( John Catelin ) c. 520 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 41 / 54 Roman . 62 2 June 575 -- 30 July 579 ( 4 years , 58 days ) ( 1519 ) Benedict I Papa BENEDICTUS Benedictus ( Benedict ) c. 525 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 50 / 54 Roman . 63 26 Nov 579 -- 7 Feb 590 ( 10 years , 73 days ) ( 3726 ) Pelagius II Papa PELAGIUS Secundus Pelagius ( Pelage ) c. 520 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 59 / 70 Roman ( probably of Ostrogothic descent ) . Ordered the construction of the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura . 64 3 Sept 590 -- 12 March 604 ( 13 years , 191 days ) ( 4938 ) St Gregory I ( Gregory the Great ) Papa GREGORIUS MAGNUS Anicius Gregorius ( Anice Gregory ) O.S.B. c. 540 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 50 / 64 Last imperial Roman Pope . Great - great - grandson of pope Felix III . The first formally to employ the titles Servus servorum Dei and Pontifex Maximus . Established the Gregorian chant . Feast day 3 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 12 March . Known as `` the Father of Christian Worship '' . Known as `` St. Gregory the Dialogist '' in Eastern Orthodoxy . 7th century Popes of the 7th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 65 13 Sept 604 -- 22 Feb 606 ( 1 year , 162 days ) ( 527 ) Sabinian Papa SABINIANUS Sabinianós ( Sabinian ) c. 530 AD Blera , Eastern Roman Empire 74 / 76 Greek . For the next two centuries the Roman popes were all controlled by the Eastern Roman Empire . 66 19 Feb 607 -- 12 Nov 607 ( 266 days ) ( 266 ) Boniface III Papa BONIFACIUS Tertius Bonifátios Kataadiókēs ( Boniface Cataadioce ) c. 540 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 67 / 67 Greek Roman . 67 15 Sept 608 -- 8 May 615 ( 6 years , 235 days ) ( 2426 ) St Boniface IV Papa BONIFACIUS Quartus Bonifacius ( Boniface ) O.S.B. c. 550 AD Marsica , Eastern Roman Empire 58 / 65 Roman . First pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 68 13 Nov 615 -- 8 Nov 618 ( 2 years , 360 days ) ( 1091 ) St Adeodatus I ( Deusdedit ) Papa ADEODATUS sive DEUSDEDIT Adeodatus ( or Deusdedit ) ( Adeodat or Deusdedit ) c. 570 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 58 Roman . Sometimes called Deusdedit , as a result Pope Adeodatus II is sometimes called Pope Adeodatus without a number . The first pope to use lead seals on papal documents , which in time came to be called Papal bulls . 69 23 Dec 619 -- 25 Oct 625 ( 5 years , 306 days ) ( 2133 ) Boniface V Papa BONIFACIUS Quintus Bonifátios Foummínēs ( Boniface Fummin ) c. 575 AD Neapolis , Eastern Roman Empire 44 / 50 Greek . 70 27 Oct 625 -- 12 Oct 638 ( 12 years , 350 days ) ( 4733 ) Honorius I Papa HONORIUS Honorius ( Honore ) c. 585 AD Campania , Eastern Roman Empire 40 / 53 Roman . Named a heretic and anathematized by the Third Council of Constantinople. ( 680 ) 71 28 May 640 -- 2 Aug 640 ( 66 days ) ( 66 ) Severinus Papa SEVERINUS Severinus ( Severin ) c. 585 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 55 Roman . 72 24 Dec 640 -- 12 Oct 642 ( 1 year , 292 days ) ( 657 ) John IV Papa IOANNES Quartus Iōánnēs ( John ) c. 587 AD Iadera , Dalmatia , Eastern Roman Empire 40 / 42 Greek . Second pope from Croatia . 73 24 Nov 642 -- 14 May 649 ( 6 years , 171 days ) ( 2363 ) Theodore I Papa THEODORUS Theódōros ( Theodore ) c. 610 AD Hierosolyma , Eastern Roman Empire 32 / 39 Greek . The last pope from Palestine . Planned the Lateran Council of 649 , but died before it could open . 74 5 July 649 -- 12 Nov 655 ( 6 years , 130 days ) ( 2321 ) St Martin I Papa MARTINUS Martinus ( Martin ) c. 590 AD Near Todi , Umbria , Eastern Roman Empire 59 / 65 Roman . Last pope recognized as a martyr . Feast day of 12 November . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 14 April . 75 10 Aug 654 -- 2 June 657 ( 2 years , 296 days ) ( 1027 ) St Eugene I Papa EUGENIUS Eugenius ( Eugene ) c. 615 AD Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 39 / 42 Roman . 76 30 July 657 -- 27 Jan 672 ( 14 years , 181 days ) ( 5294 ) St Vitalian Papa VITALIANUS Vitalianus ( Vitalian ) c. 600 Segni , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 57 / 72 Roman . 77 11 April 672 -- 17 June 676 ( 4 years , 67 days ) ( 1528 ) Adeodatus II Papa ADEODATUS Secundus Adeodatus ( Adeodat ) O.S.B. c. 621 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 51 / 55 Roman . Sometimes called Pope Adeodatus ( without a number ) in reference to Pope Adeodatus I sometimes being called Pope Deusdedit . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 78 2 Nov 676 -- 11 April 678 ( 1 year , 160 days ) ( 525 ) Donus Papa DONUS Donus ( Don ) c. 610 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 66 / 68 Roman . 79 27 June 678 -- 10 Jan 681 ( 2 years , 197 days ) ( 928 ) St Agatho Papa AGATHO Agáthōn ( Agaton ) c. 577 Panormus , Sicilia , Eastern Roman Empire 101 / 104 Greek . The oldest pope in history . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 20 February . 80 17 Aug 682 -- 3 July 683 ( 320 days ) ( 320 ) St Leo II Papa LEO Secundus Léōn ( Leon ) c. 611 Aidone , Sicilia ( Sicily ) , Eastern Roman Empire 71 / 72 Greek . Feast day 3 July . 81 26 June 684 -- 8 May 685 ( 316 days ) ( 316 ) St Benedict II Papa BENEDICTUS Secundus Benedictus Sabellus ( Benedict Savel ) c. 635 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 49 / 50 Roman . Feast day 7 May . 82 23 July 685 -- 2 Aug 686 ( 1 year , 10 days ) ( 375 ) John V Papa IOANNES Quintus Iōánnēs ( John ) c. 635 Antiochia , Syria , Eastern Roman Empire 50 / 51 Greek . 83 21 Oct 686 -- 21 Sept 687 ( 335 days ) ( 335 ) Conon Papa CONON Kónōn ( Conon ) c. 630 Thracia , Eastern Roman Empire 56 / 57 Greek . 84 15 Dec 687 -- 8 Sept 701 ( 13 years , 267 days ) ( 5015 ) St Sergius I Papa SERGIUS Sérgios ( Serge ) c. 650 Panormus ( Palermo ) , Sicilia , Eastern Roman Empire 37 / 51 Greek . Introduced the singing of the Lamb of God at mass . 8th century Popes of the 8th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 85 30 Oct 701 -- 11 Jan 705 ( 3 years , 73 days ) ( 1169 ) John VI Papa IOANNES Sextus Iōánnēs ( John ) c. 650 Ephesus , Eastern Roman Empire 46 / 50 Greek . The only pope came from Asia Minor . 86 1 March 705 -- 18 Oct 707 ( 2 years , 231 days ) ( 961 ) John VII Papa IOANNES Septimus Iōánnēs ( John ) c. 655 Rossano , Calabria , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 57 Greek . The second pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . 87 15 Jan 708 -- 4 Feb 708 ( 20 days ) ( 20 ) Sisinnius Papa SISINNIUS Sisínios ( Sisinny ) c. 650 Syria , Rashidun Caliphate 58 / 58 Greco - Syrian . 88 25 March 708 -- 9 April 715 ( 7 years , 15 days ) ( 2571 ) Constantine Papa COSTANTINUS sive CONSTANTINUS Kōnstantínos ( Constantine ) c. 664 Syria , Umayyad Caliphate 44 / 51 Greco - Syrian . Last pope to visit Greece while in office , until John Paul II in 2001 . 89 19 May 715 -- 11 Feb 731 ( 15 years , 268 days ) ( 5747 ) St Gregory II Papa GREGORIUS Secundus Gregorius Sabellus ( Gregory Savel ) c. 669 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 46 / 62 Roman . Feast day 11 February . Held the Synod of Rome ( 721 ) . 90 18 March 731 -- 28 Nov 741 ( 10 years , 255 days ) ( 3908 ) St Gregory III Papa GREGORIUS Tertius Grēgórios ( Gregory ) c. 669 Syria , Umayyad Caliphate 41 / 51 Greco - Syrian . The last pope from Syria . The third pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . Was previously the last pope to have been born outside Europe until the election of Francis in 2013 . 91 3 Dec 741 -- 22 March 752 ( 10 years , 110 days ) ( 3762 ) St Zachary Papa ZACHARIAS Zakharías ( Zachary ) c. 679 Santa Severina , Calabria , Eastern Roman Empire 62 / 73 Greek . Feast day 15 March . Built the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva . ( never consecrated ) 22 March 752 -- 25 March 752 ( 3 ) ( Never took office as pope ) Pope - elect Stephen ( Stephen II ) Papa Electus STEPHANUS ( STEPHANUS Secundus ) Stephanus ( Stephen ) c. 700 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 52 / 52 Roman . Sometimes known as Stephen II . Died three days after his election ; never receiving episcopal consecration . Some lists still include him . The Vatican sanctioned his addition in the sixteenth century ; removed in 1961 . He is no longer considered a pope by the Catholic Church . 92 26 March 752 -- 26 April 757 ( 5 years , 31 days ) ( 1857 ) Stephen II ( Stephen III ) Papa STEPHANUS Secundus ( Tertius ) Stephanus ( Stephen ) c. 714 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 38 / 43 Roman . Sometimes called Stephen III . The Donation of Pepin . Brother of Paul I . 93 29 May 757 -- 28 June 767 ( 10 years , 30 days ) ( 3682 ) St Paul I Papa PAULUS Paulus ( Paul ) c. 700 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 57 / 67 Roman . Brother of Stephen II . 94 7 Aug 768 -- 24 Jan 772 ( 3 years , 170 days ) ( 1265 ) Stephen III ( Stephen IV ) Papa STEPHANUS Tertius ( Quartus ) Stéfanos ( Stephen ) c. 723 Syracuse , Thema Sicelias , Eastern Roman Empire 45 / 49 Greek . Sometimes called Stephen IV . The Lateran Council ( 769 ) . 95 1 Feb 772 -- 26 Dec 795 ( 23 years , 328 days ) ( 8729 ) Adrian I Papa HADRIANUS Hadrianus ( Adrian ) a . 700 / 12 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 60 ( 72 ) / 83 ( 95 ) Roman . 96 26 Dec 795 -- 12 June 816 ( 20 years , 169 days ) ( 7474 ) St Leo III Papa LEO Tertius Léōn ( Leon ) c. 750 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 45 / 66 Greek ( From a modest family from southern Italy ) . Crowned Charlemagne Imperator Augus on Christmas Day , 800 , thereby initiating what would become the office of Holy Roman Emperor requiring the imprimatur of the pope for its legitimacy . 9th century Popes of the 9th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 97 22 June 816 -- 24 Jan 817 ( 216 days ) ( 216 ) Stephen IV ( Stephen V ) Papa STEPHANUS Quartus ( Quintus ) Stefano ( Stephen ) c. 770 Rome , Papal States 46 / 47 Early Italian . Sometimes called Stephen V . 98 25 Jan 817 -- 11 Feb 824 ( 7 years , 17 days ) ( 2573 ) St Paschal I Papa PASCHALIS Pasquale dei Massimi ( Paschal Maxime ) c. 775 Rome , Papal States 42 / 49 Italian . Credited with finding the body of Saint Cecilia in the Catacomb of Callixtus , building the basilica of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere and the church of Santa Maria in Domnica . 99 8 May 824 -- 27 Aug 827 ( 3 years , 111 days ) ( 1206 ) Eugene II Papa EUGENIUS Secundus Eugenio Savelli ( Eugene Savel ) c. 780 Rome , Papal States 44 / 47 Italian . 100 31 Aug 827 -- 10 Oct 827 ( 40 days ) ( 40 ) Valentine Papa VALENTINUS Valentino Leone ( Valentine Leon ) c. 780 Rome , Papal States 47 / 47 Italian . 101 20 Dec 827 -- 25 Jan 844 ( 16 years , 36 days ) ( 5880 ) Gregory IV Papa GREGORIUS Quartus Gregorio ( Gregory ) c. 790 Rome , Papal States 37 / 54 Italian . Rebuilt the atrium of St. Peter 's Basilica and in the newly decorated chapel transferred the body of Gregory I . 102 25 Jan 844 -- 27 Jan 847 ( 3 years , 2 days ) ( 1098 ) Sergius II Papa SERGIUS Secundus Sergio ( Serge ) c. 790 Rome , Papal States 54 / 57 Italian . 103 10 April 847 -- 17 July 855 ( 8 years , 98 days ) ( 3020 ) St Leo IV Papa LEO Quartus Leone ( Leon ) O.S.B. c. 790 Rome , Papal States 57 / 65 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 104 29 Sept 855 -- 7 April 858 ( 2 years , 190 days ) ( 921 ) Benedict III Papa BENEDICTUS Tertius Benedetto ( Benedict ) c. 810 Rome , Papal States 45 / 48 Italian . 105 24 April 858 -- 13 Nov 867 ( 9 years , 203 days ) ( 3490 ) St Nicholas I ( Nicholas the Great ) Papa NICOLAUS MAGNUS Niccolò ( Nicholas ) c. 800 Rome , Papal States 39 / 48 Italian . Encouraged missionary activity . 106 14 Dec 867 -- 14 Dec 872 ( 5 years , 0 days ) ( 1827 ) Adrian II Papa HADRIANUS Secundus Adriano ( Adrian ) c. 792 Rome , Papal States 75 / 80 Italian . 107 14 Dec 872 -- 16 Dec 882 ( 10 years , 2 days ) ( 3654 ) John VIII Papa IOANNES Octavus Giovanni ( John ) c. 820 Rome , Papal States 52 / 62 Italian . First pope to be assassinated . 108 16 Dec 882 -- 15 May 884 ( 1 year , 151 days ) ( 516 ) Marinus I Papa MARINUS Marino ( Marin ) c. 830 Gallese , Papal States 52 / 54 Italian . Sometimes also known as and called `` Martin II . '' 109 17 May 884 -- 15 Sept 885 ( 1 year , 121 days ) ( 486 ) St Adrian III Papa HADRIANUS Tertius Adriano ( Adrian ) c. 830 Rome , Papal States 49 / 50 Italian . Feast day 8 July . Maybe the pope Adrian I was his ancestor . 110 14 Sept 885 -- 4 Sept 891 ( 5 years , 355 days ) ( 2181 ) Stephen V ( Stephen VI ) Papa STEPHANUS Quintus ( Sextus ) Stefano ( Stephen ) c. 840 Rome , Papal States 45 / 51 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VI . 111 6 Oct 891 -- 4 April 896 ( 4 years , 181 days ) ( 1642 ) Formosus Papa FORMOSUS Formoso ( Formose ) c. 805 / 16 Ostia , Papal States 75 ( 85 ) / 80 ( 91 ) Italian . Posthumously ritually executed following the Cadaver Synod . 112 11 April 896 -- 26 April 896 ( 15 days ) ( 15 ) Boniface VI Papa BONIFATIUS Sextus Bonifacio ( Boniface ) c. 806 Rome , Papal States 90 / 90 Italian . 113 22 May 896 -- 14 Aug 897 ( 1 year , 84 days ) ( 449 ) Stephen VI ( Stephen VII ) Papa STEPHANUS Sextus ( Septimus ) Stefano ( Stephen ) c. 850 Rome , Papal States 46 / 47 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VII . Held the infamous Cadaver Synod . 114 14 Aug 897 -- Nov 897 ( 92 days ) 7 ( 92 ) Romanus Papa ROMANUS Romano Marino ( Roman Marin ) c. 850 Gallese , Papal States 47 / 47 Italian . 115 Dec 897 -- 20 Dec 897 ( 19 days ) ( 19 ) Theodore II Papa THEODORUS Secundus Teodoro ( Theodore ) c. 840 Rome , Papal States 57 / 57 Italian . 116 18 Jan 898 -- 5 Jan 900 ( 1 year , 352 days ) ( 717 ) John IX Papa IOANNES Nonus Giovanni ( John ) O.S.B. c. 840 Tivoli , Papal States 58 / 60 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 117 1 Feb 900 -- 30 July 903 ( 3 years , 179 days ) ( 1274 ) Benedict IV Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Benedetto c. 840 Rome , Papal States 60 / 63 Italian . 10th century Popes of the 10th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 118 30 July 903 -- Dec 903 ( 124 days ) ( 124 ) Leo V Papa LEO Quintus Leone ( Leon ) c. 845 Ardea , Papal States 58 / 58 ( † 59 ) Italian . Deposed and murdered . - Oct 903 -- Jan. 904 ( 92 days ) ( 92 ) Christopher Antipapa CHRISTOFORO Cristoforo ( Christopher ) Rome , Papal States Italian . In opposition to Pope Leo V and Pope Sergius III 119 29 Jan 904 -- 14 April 911 ( 7 years , 75 days ) ( 2632 ) Sergius III Papa SERGIUS Tertius Sergio di Tuscolo ( Serge Tuscul ) c. 860 Rome , Papal States 44 / 51 Italian . `` Saeculum obscurum '' begins . The first pope to be depicted with the Papal Tiara . 120 14 April 911 -- June 913 ( 2 years , 48 days ) ( 779 ) Anastasius III Papa ANASTASIUS Tertius Anastasio ( Anastase ) c. 865 Rome , Papal States 46 / 48 Italian . 121 7 July 913 -- 5 Feb 914 ( 213 days ) ( 213 ) Lando Papa LANDO Lando ( Landon ) c. 865 Sabina , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . 122 March 914 -- 28 May 928 ( 14 years , 88 days ) ( 5202 ) John X Papa IOANNES Decimus Giovanni Cenci ( John Cence ) c. 860 Tossignano , Romagna ( formally part of the Papal States ) 54 / 68 Italian . 123 28 May 928 -- Dec 928 ( 187 days ) ( 187 ) Leo VI Papa LEO Sextus Leone Sanguini ( Leon Sanguin ) c. 880 Rome , Papal States 48 / 48 Italian . 124 3 Feb 929 -- 13 Feb 931 ( 2 years , 10 days ) ( 740 ) Stephen VII ( Stephen VIII ) Papa STEPHANUS Septimus ( Octavus ) Stefano Gabrielli ( Stephen Gabriel ) c. 880 Rome , Papal States 49 / 51 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VIII . 125 15 March 931 -- Dec 935 ( 4 years , 261 days ) ( 1722 ) John XI Papa IOANNES Undecimus Giovanni di Tuscolo ( John Tuscul ) c. 910 Rome , Papal States 21 / 25 Italian . Probably , according to the Liber Pontificalis and Liutprand of Cremona , the son of Pope Sergius III , and not of Alberic I of Spoleto , who was Marozia 's husband . 126 3 Jan 936 -- 13 July 939 ( 3 years , 191 days ) ( 1287 ) Leo VII Papa LEO Septimus Leone ( Leon ) O.S.B. c. 885 Rome , Papal States 41 / 44 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 127 14 July 939 -- 30 Oct 942 ( 3 years , 108 days ) ( 1204 ) Stephen VIII ( Stephen IX ) Papa STEPHANUS Octavus ( Nonus ) Stefano ( Stephen ) c. 900 Rome , Papal States 39 / 42 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen IX . 128 30 Oct 942 -- 1 May 946 ( 3 years , 183 days ) ( 1279 ) Marinus II Papa MARINUS Secundus Marino ( Marin ) c. 900 Rome , Papal States 42 / 46 Italian . 129 10 May 946 -- 8 Nov 955 ( 9 years , 182 days ) ( 3469 ) Agapetus II Papa AGAPETUS Secundus Agapito ( Agapet ) c. 905 Rome , Papal States 41 / 50 Italian . 130 16 Dec 955 -- 6 Dec 963 ( 8 years , 356 days ) ( 3278 ) John XII Papa IOANNES Duodecimus Ottaviano di Tuscolo ( Octavian Tuscul ) Rome , Papal States 18 / 26 Italian . Third Pope not to use his personal name , after John II and John III . Deposed in 963 by Emperor Otto invalidly ; end of the `` Saeculum obscurum '' . - 6 Dec 963 -- 26 Feb 964 ( 82 days ) ( 82 ) Leo VIII Antipapa LEO Octavus Leone ( Leon ) c. 915 Rome , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . Appointed antipope by Emperor Otto in 963 in opposition to John XII and Benedict V. He became the true pope after Benedict V was deposed . 130 26 Feb 964 -- 14 May 964 ( 78 days ) ( 78 ) John XII Papa IOANNES Duodecimus Ottaviano di Tuscolo ( Octavian Tuscul ) c. 937 Rome , Papal States 27 / 27 Italian . Murdered in 964 . 131 22 May 964 -- 23 June 964 ( 32 days ) ( 32 ) Benedict V Papa BENEDICTUS Quintus Benedetto ( Benedict ) c. 915 Rome , Papal States 49 / 49 ( † 50 ) Italian . Elected by the people of Rome , in opposition to the Antipope Leo VIII who was appointed by Emperor Otto ; he accepted his own deposition in 964 leaving Leo VIII as the sole pope . 132 23 June 964 -- 1 March 965 ( 251 days ) ( 251 ) Leo VIII Papa LEO Octavus Leone ( Leon ) c. 915 Rome , Papal States 49 / 50 Italian . Became the true pope after Benedict V was deposed , after being antipope from 963 to 964 , in opposition to Pope John XII and Pope Benedict V. An appointee of the Holy Roman Emperor , Otto I , his pontificate occurred during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum . 133 1 Oct 965 -- 6 Sept 972 ( 6 years , 341 days ) ( 2532 ) John XIII Papa IOANNES Tertius Decimus Giovanni dei Crescenzi ( John of Crescence ) c. 930 Rome , Papal States 45 / 52 Italian . Chronicled after his death as `` the Good '' . 134 19 Jan 973 -- 8 June 974 ( 1 year , 140 days ) ( 505 ) Benedict VI Papa BENEDICTUS Sextus Benedikt ( Benedict ) c. 925 Rome , Papal States 48 / 49 German Italian . Deposed and murdered . - July 974 -- July 974 ( 30 days ) ( 30 ) Boniface VII Antipapa BONFATIUS Septinus Francone Ferucci ( Francon Feruce ) Rome , Roman Empire Italian . In opposition to Pope Benedict VI and Pope Benedict VII 135 Oct 974 -- 10 July 983 ( 8 years , 282 days ) ( 3204 ) Benedict VII Papa BENEDICTUS Septimus Benedetto di Spoleto ( Benedict of Spolet ) c. 930 Rome , Papal States 44 / 53 Italian . . 136 Dec 983 -- 20 Aug 984 ( 263 days ) ( 263 ) John XIV Papa IOANNES Quartus Decimus Pietro Canepanora ( Peter Canepanore ) c. 940 Pavia , Kingdom of Italy , Holy Roman Empire 43 / 44 Italian . Fourth Pope not to use his personal name , after John II , John III and John XII . - 20 Aug. 984 -- 20 July 985 ( 334 days ) ( 334 ) Boniface VII Antipapa BONFATIUS Septinus Francone Ferucci ( Francon Feruce ) Rome , Roman Empire Italian . In opposition to Pope John XIV and Pope John XV 137 20 Aug 985 -- 1 April 996 ( 10 years , 225 days ) ( 3877 ) John XV Papa IOANNES Quintus Decimus Giovanni di Gallina Alba ( John of Great Gallina ) c. 950 Rome , Papal States 35 / 46 Italian . The first pope to formally canonize a saint . 138 3 May 996 -- 18 Feb 999 ( 2 years , 291 days ) ( 2 years , 291 days ) Gregory V Papa GREGORIUS Quintus Bruno von Kärnten ( Brune of Carinthia ) c. 972 Duchy of Saxony , Holy Roman Empire 24 / 27 The first German Pope and fifth not to use his personal name . Henceforth , this decision became tradition among future popes . - April 997 -- Feb 985 ( 306 days ) ( 306 ) John XVI Antipapa IOANNES Sextus Decimus Iōánnēs Filágathos ( John Philagath ) O.S.B. ca . 941 Rossano , Calabria , Italy , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 56 ( † 60 ) Greek . In opposition to Pope Gregory V 139 2 April 999 -- 12 May 1003 ( 4 years , 40 days ) ( 1500 ) Sylvester II Papa SILVESTER Secundus Gerbert d'Aurillac ( Gerbert Daurillac ) O.S.B. c. 940 / 42 Belliac , France 52 ( 54 ) / 56 ( 58 ) The first French pope . 2nd Millennium 11th century Popes of the 11th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 140 16 May 1003 -- 6 Nov 1003 ( 174 days ) ( 174 ) John XVII Papa IOANNES Septimus Decimus Siccone Secchi ( Siccon Secch ) c. 955 Rome , Papal States 48 / 48 Italian . 141 25 Dec 1003 -- 18 July 1009 ( 5 years , 205 days ) ( 2032 ) John XVIII Papa IOANNES Duodevi - cesimus Giovanni Fasano ( John Fasan ) c. 965 Rapagnano , Papal States 43 / 49 Italian . 142 31 July 1009 -- 12 May 1012 ( 2 years , 286 days ) ( 1016 ) Sergius IV Papa SERGIUS Quartus Pietro Martino Boccadiporco ( Peter Martin Bucca Porca ) O.S.B. c. 970 Rome , Papal States 39 / 42 Italian . - 12 June 1012 -- 31 Dec. 1012 ( 202 days ) ( 202 ) Gregory VI Antipapa GREGORIUS Sextus Gregorio ( Gregory ) Rome , Papal States Italian . In opposition to Pope Benedict VIII , 143 18 May 1012 -- 9 April 1024 ( 11 years , 327 days ) ( 4344 ) Benedict VIII Papa BENEDICTUS Octavus Teofilatto di Tuscolo ( Theophylact Tuscul ) c. 980 Rome , Papal States 32 / 44 Italian . 144 14 May 1024 -- 6 Oct 1032 ( 8 years , 145 days ) ( 3067 ) John XIX Papa IOANNES Undevices - imus Romano di Tuscolo ( Roman Tuscul ) c. 975 Rome , Papal States 49 / 57 Italian . Brother of Benedict VIII . 145 21 Oct 1032 -- 31 Dec 1044 ( 12 years , 71 days ) ( 4454 ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto di Tuscolo ( Theophylact Tuscul ) Rome , Papal States 20 / 32 ( † 43 ) Italian ; 1st Term . 146 13 Jan 1045 -- 10 March 1045 ( 56 days ) ( 56 ) Sylvester III Papa SILVESTER Tertius Giovanni dei Crescenzi Ottaviani ( John of Crecence Octavian ) c. 1000 Rome , Papal States 45 / 45 ( † 63 ) Italian . Validity of election questioned ; considered Anti-Pope ; deposed at the Council of Sutri . 147 10 March 1045 -- 1 May 1045 ( 52 days ) ( 52 ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto di Tuscolo ( Theophylact Tuscul ) Rome , Papal States 33 / 33 ( † 43 ) Italian . 2nd Term ; deposed at the Council of Sutri . 148 5 May 1045 -- 20 Dec 1046 ( 1 year , 229 days ) ( 594 ) Gregory VI Papa GREGORIUS Sextus Giovanni Graziano Pierleoni ( John Gratian Perleon ) c. 1000 Rome , Papal States 45 / 46 ( † 48 ) Italian . Deposed at the Council of Sutri . 149 24 Dec 1046 -- 9 Oct 1047 ( 289 days ) ( 289 ) Clement II Papa CLEMENS Secundus Suidger von Morsleben - Hornburg ( Suidger Morsleben - Hornbourg ) c. 967 Hornburg , Duchy of Saxony , Holy Roman Empire 79 / 80 German . Appointed by Henry III at the Council of Sutri ; crowned Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor . 150 8 Nov 1047 -- 17 July 1048 ( 252 days ) ( 252 ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto di Tuscolo ( Theophylact Tuscul ) 1012 Rome , Papal States 35 / 36 ( † 43 ) Italian . 3rd Term ; deposed and excommunicated . 151 16 July 1048 -- 9 Aug 1048 ( 24 days ) ( 24 ) Damasus II Papa DAMASUS Secundus Poppo de Curagnoni ( Popp Curanon ) c. 1000 Pildenau , Duchy of Bavaria , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 48 German . 152 12 Feb 1049 -- 19 April 1054 ( 5 years , 66 days ) ( 1892 ) St Leo IX Papa LEO Nonus Bruno von Egisheim - Dagsburg ( Brune Egishine - Dagsbourg ) 21 July 1002 Eguisheim , Duchy of Swabia , Holy Roman Empire 47 / 51 German . In 1054 , mutual excommunications of Leo IX and Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius began the East -- West Schism . The anathematizations were rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras in 1965 . 153 13 April 1055 -- 28 July 1057 ( 2 years , 106 days ) ( 837 ) Victor II Papa VICTOR Secundus Gebhard II von Calw - Dollnstein - Hirschberg ( Gebhard II Calw - Dollnstein - Hirsberg ) c. 1018 Duchy of Swabia , Holy Roman Empire 37 / 39 German . 154 2 Aug 1057 -- 29 March 1058 ( 239 days ) ( 239 ) Stephen IX ( Stephen X ) Papa STEPHANUS Nonus ( Decimus ) Frederich , Herzog von Lothringen ( Frederick of Lorraine ) O.S.B. c. 1020 Duchy of Lorraine , Holy Roman Empire 37 / 38 German . Sometimes called Stephen X . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . - 4 April 1058 -- 24 Jan 1059 ( 295 days ) ( 295 ) Benedict X Antipapa BENEDICTUS Decimus Giovanni Mincio di Tuscolo ( John Mince Tuscul ) Rome , Papal States Italian . In opposition to Pope Paschal II , 155 6 Dec 1058 -- 27 July 1061 ( 2 years , 233 days ) ( 964 ) Nicholas II Papa NICOLAUS Secundus Gerald de Bourgogne ( Gerald Bourgon ) c. 980 Château de Chevron , County of Savoy , Holy Roman Empire 78 / 81 French . In 1059 the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of pope electors in the document In nomine Domini . ( Papal conclave ) . - 30 Sept 1061 -- 1072 ( 1,010 years , 185 days ) ( 369079 ) Honorius II Antipapa HONORIUS Secundus Pietro Cadalus ( Peter Candal ) 1010 Verona , Holy Roman Empire 61 / 72 Italian . In opposition to Pope Alexander II 156 30 Sept 1061 -- 21 April 1073 ( 11 years , 203 days ) ( 4221 ) Alexander II Papa ALEXANDER Secundus Anselmo da Baggio ( Anselm of Bagge ) c. 1018 Baggio , Milan , Holy Roman Empire 46 / 58 Italian . Authorised the Norman conquest of England in 1066 . 157 22 April 1073 -- 25 May 1085 ( 12 years , 33 days ) ( 4416 ) St Gregory VII Papa GREGORIUS Septimus Ildebrando Aldobrandeschi di Soana ( Hildebrand Aldobrandeschi of Soana ) O.S.B. c. 1015 Sovana , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 60 Italian . Initiated the Gregorian Reforms . Restricted the use of the title `` Papa '' to the Bishop of Rome . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Political struggle with German Emperor Henry IV , who had to go to Canossa ( 1077 ) . - 25 Jun. 1080 -- 8 Sept. 1100 ( 20 years , 75 days ) ( 7379 ) Clement III Antipapa CLEMENS Tertius Pietro Cadalus ( Peter Candal ) 1010 Verona , Holy Roman Empire 61 / 72 Italian . In opposition to Pope Gregory VII , Pope Victor III , Pope Urban II and Pope Paschal II 158 24 May 1086 -- 16 Sept 1087 ( 1 year , 115 days ) ( 480 ) Bl . Victor III Papa VICTOR Tertius Dauferio Epifanio ( Dauphery Epiphen ) O.S.B. c. 1026 Benevento , Duchy of Benevento 60 / 61 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Called the Synod of Benevento ( 1087 ) condemning lay investiture . 159 12 March 1088 -- 29 July 1099 ( 11 years , 139 days ) ( 4156 ) Bl . Urban II Papa URBANUS Secundus Odon de Lagery ( Oton of Lagery ) O.S.B. c. 1042 Châtillon - sur - Marne , County of Champagne , France 46 / 57 French . Preached and started the First Crusade . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 160 13 Aug 1099 -- 21 Jan 1118 ( 18 years , 161 days ) ( 6735 ) Paschal II Papa PASCHALIS Secundus Rainero Ranieri ( Rainer Raniery ) O.S.B. c. 1050 Bleda , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 49 / 68 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Ordered the building of the basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati . 12th century Popes of the 12th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes - Jan 1101 -- Feb 1102 ( 1 year , 31 days ) ( 396 ) Adalbert Antipapa ADALBERTUS Adalbert O.S.B. Rome , Papal States Roman Greek . In opposition to Pope Paschal II - 08 Nov 1105 -- 11 April 1111 ( 5 years , 154 days ) ( 1980 ) Sylvester IV Antipapa SILVESTER quartus Maguinulf 1050 Rome , Papal States 49 / 55 ( † 56 ) Italian . In Opposition to Pope Paschal II 161 24 Jan 1118 -- 29 Jan 1119 ( 1 year , 5 days ) ( 370 ) Gelasius II Papa GELASIUS Secundus Giovanni dei Caetani , O.S.B. c. 1061 Gaeta , Duchy of Gaeta 57 / 58 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . - 10 Mar 1118 -- 20 April 1121 ( 3 years , 41 days ) ( 1980 ) Gregory VIII Antipapa GREGORIUS octavus Maurice Baurdain France French . In Opposition to Pope Gelasius II and Pope Callixtus II 162 2 Feb 1119 -- 13 Dec 1124 ( 5 years , 315 days ) ( 2141 ) Callixtus II Papa CALLISTUS Secundus Gui de Bourgogne , Comte de Bourgogne c. 1060 Quingey , Franche - Comté 59 / 64 French . Opened the First Council of the Lateran in 1123 - 16 Dec. 1124 -- 16 Dec. 1124 ( 0 days ) ( 0 ) Celestine II Antipapa COELESTINUS secundus Teobaldo Boccapecci 1050 Rome , Papal States 74 / 74 ( † 76 ) French . In Opposition to Pope Honorius II 163 21 Dec 1124 -- 13 Feb 1130 ( 5 years , 54 days ) ( 1880 ) Honorius II Papa HONORIUS Secundus Lamberto Scannabecchi da Fiagnano , Can. Reg . 9 Feb 1060 Fiagnano , Romagna , Holy Roman Empire 64 / 70 Italian . Canon Regular of S. Maria di San Reno . Approved the new military order of the Knights Templar in 1128 . 164 14 Feb 1130 -- 24 Sept 1143 ( 13 years , 222 days ) ( 4970 ) Innocent II Antipapa INNOCENTIUS Secundus Gregorio Papareschi , Can. Reg . c. 1082 Rome , Papal States 48 / 61 Italian . Canon Regular of Lateran ; Convened the Second Council of the Lateran , 1139 - 14 Feb. 1130 -- 25 Jan. 1138 ( 7 years , 345 days ) ( 2902 ) Anacletus II Antipapa ANACLETUS secundus Pietro Pierleoni O.S.B. 1090 Rome , Papal States 40 / 48 Italian . In Opposition to Pope Innocent II - 23 Mar. 1138 -- 25 Mar. 1138 ( 2 days ) ( 2 ) Victor IV Antipapa VICTOR Quartus Gregorio Conti Rome , Papal States Italian . In Opposition to Pope Innocent II 165 26 Sept 1143 -- 8 March 1144 ( 164 days ) ( 164 ) Celestine II Papa COELESTINUS Secundus Guido Guelfuccio de Castello c. 1085 Città di Castello , Papal States 58 / 59 Italian . 166 12 March 1144 -- 15 Feb 1145 ( 340 days ) ( 340 ) Lucius II Papa LUCIUS Secundus Gherardo Caccianemici dall'Orso , Can. Reg . c. 1095 Bologna , Holy Roman Empire 49 / 50 Italian . Canon Regular of S. Frediano di Lucca . 167 15 Feb 1145 -- 8 July 1153 ( 8 years , 143 days ) ( 3065 ) Bl . Eugene III Papa EUGENIUS Tertius Pietro dei Paganelli di Montemagno , O. Cist . c. 1080 Montemagno , Republic of Pisa 44 / 52 Italian . Member of the Order of Cistercians . Announced the Second Crusade . 168 12 July 1153 -- 3 Dec 1154 ( 1 year , 144 days ) ( 509 ) Anastasius IV Papa ANASTASIUS Quartus Corrado Demitri della Suburra c. 1073 Rome , Papal States 80 / 81 Italian . 169 4 Dec 1154 -- 1 Sept 1159 ( 4 years , 271 days ) ( 1732 ) Adrian IV Papa HADRIANUS Quartus Nicholas Breakspear , Can. Reg . c. 1100 Abbots Langley , Hertfordshire , Kingdom of England 54 / 59 First and only English pope ; purportedly granted Ireland to Henry II , King of England . Canon Regular of St. Rufus Monastery . 170 7 Sept 1159 -- 30 Aug 1181 ( 21 years , 357 days ) ( 8028 ) Alexander III Papa ALEXANDER Tertius Rolando Bandinelli c. 1100 Siena , Republic of Siena 59 / 81 Italian . Convened the Third Council of the Lateran , 1179 . - 7 Sept. 1159 -- 20 Apr. 1164 ( 4 years , 226 days ) ( 1687 ) Victor IV Antipapa VICTOR Quartus Ottaviano dei Crescenzi Ottaviabi di Monticelli 1095 Rome , Papal States 64 / 69 Italian . In Opposition to Pope Alexander III - 28 Apr 1164 -- 22 Sept. 1168 ( 4 years , 147 days ) ( 1608 ) Paschal III Antipapa PASCALIS Tertius Ottaviano dei Crescenzi Ottaviabi di Monticelli 1110 Rome , Papal States 54 / 58 Italian . In Opposition to Pope Alexander III - 30 Sept. 1168 -- 29 Aug. 1178 ( 9 years , 333 days ) ( 3620 ) ) Callixtus III Antipapa CALLIXTUS Tertius Giovanni of Struma O.S.B. 1090 Rome , Papal States 78 / 88 ( † 90 ) Italian . In Opposition to Pope Alexander III - 29 Sept. 1179 -- Jan. 1180 ( 124 days ) ( 124 ) ) Innocent III Antipapa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Lanzo ( Lando ) of Sezze 1120 Sezze , Papal States 59 / 60 ( † 63 ) Italian . In Opposition to Pope Alexander III 171 1 Sept 1181 -- 25 Nov 1185 ( 4 years , 85 days ) ( 1546 ) Lucius III Papa LUCIUS Tertius Ubaldo Allucignoli c. 1097 Lucca , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 84 / 88 Italian . 172 25 Nov 1185 -- 20 Oct 1187 ( 1 year , 329 days ) ( 694 ) Urban III Papa URBANUS Tertius Uberto Crivelli c. 1100 / 05 Cuggiono , Holy Roman Empire 67 / 67 Italian . 173 21 Oct 1187 -- 17 Dec 1187 ( 57 days ) ( 57 ) Gregory VIII Papa GREGORIUS Octavus Alberto de Morra , Can. Reg . c. 1105 / 08 Benevento , Papal States 79 ( 82 ) / 79 ( 82 ) Italian . Canon Regular Premostratense . Proposed the Third Crusade . 174 19 Dec 1187 -- 20 March 1191 ( 3 years , 91 days ) ( 1187 ) Clement III Papa CLEMENS Tertius Paolo Scolari c. 1130 Rome , Papal States 57 / 61 Italian . 175 30 March 1191 -- 8 Jan 1198 ( 6 years , 284 days ) ( 2476 ) Celestine III Papa COELESTINUS Tertius Giacinto Bobone Orsini c. 1106 Rome , Papal States 85 / 92 Motto : Perfice gressus meos in semitis tuis ( `` Going in Thy path '' ) Italian . 176 8 Jan 1198 -- 16 July 1216 ( 18 years , 190 days ) ( 6764 ) Innocent III Papa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Lotario dei Conti di Segni 1161 Gavignano , Papal States 37 / 55 Italian . Convened the Fourth Council of the Lateran , 1215 . Initiated the Fourth Crusade but later distanced himself from it and threatened participants with excommunication when it became clear that the leadership abandoned a focus on conquest of the Holy Land and instead intended to sack Christian cities. Endorsed the Franciscan Order . 13th century Popes of the 13th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 177 18 July 1216 -- 18 March 1227 ( 10 years , 243 days ) ( 3895 ) Honorius III Papa HONORIUS Tertius Cencio Savelli c. 1148 / 50 Rome , Papal States 66 ( 68 ) / 77 ( 79 ) Italian . Initiated the Fifth Crusade . Approved several religious and tertiary orders . 178 19 March 1227 -- 22 Aug 1241 ( 14 years , 156 days ) ( 5270 ) Gregory IX Papa GREGORIUS Nonus Ugolino dei Conti di Segni , O.F.S c. 1145 / 70 Anagni , Papal States 57 ( 82 ) / 71 ( 96 ) Italian . Canonized Elisabeth of Hungary ( 1235 ) . Initiated the Inquisition in France and endorsed the Northern Crusades . 179 25 Oct 1241 -- 10 Nov 1241 ( 16 days ) ( 16 ) Celestine IV Papa COELESTINUS Quartus Goffredo Castiglioni c. 1180 / 87 Milan , Italy , Holy Roman Empire 54 ( 61 ) / 54 ( 61 ) Italian . Died before coronation . 180 25 June 1243 -- 7 Dec 1254 ( 11 years , 165 days ) ( 4183 ) Innocent IV Papa INNOCENTIUS Quartus Sinibaldo Fieschi c. 1195 Genoa , Republic of Genoa , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 60 Italian . Convened the First Council of Lyons ( 1245 ) . Issued the bull Ad extirpanda that permitted the torture of heretics ( 1252 ) . 181 12 Dec 1254 -- 25 May 1261 ( 6 years , 164 days ) ( 2356 ) Alexander IV Papa ALEXANDER Quartus Rinaldo dei Conti di Jenne c. 1199 Jenne , Papal States 55 / 62 Italian . Established an Inquisition in France . 182 29 Aug 1261 -- 2 Oct 1264 ( 3 years , 34 days ) ( 1130 ) Urban IV Papa URBANUS Quartus Jacques Pantaléon c. 1195 Troyes , County of Champagne , France 66 / 69 French . Instituted the feast of Corpus Christi ( 1264 ) . 183 5 Feb 1265 -- 29 Nov 1268 ( 3 years , 298 days ) ( 1393 ) Clement IV Papa CLEMENS Quartus Gui Faucoi 23 Nov 1190 Saint - Gilles , Languedoc , France 62 / 66 French . -- 29 Nov 1268 -- 1 Sept 1271 ( 2 years , 275 days ) Interregnum Almost three - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 184 1 Sept 1271 -- 10 Jan 1276 ( 4 years , 131 days ) ( 1592 ) Bl . Gregory X Papa GREGORIUS Decimus Tebaldo Visconti , O.F.S c. 1210 Piacenza , Italy , Holy Roman Empire 51 / 66 Italian . Convened the Second Council of Lyons ( 1274 ) . Responsible for regulation all papal conclaves until the 20th century . 185 21 Jan 1276 -- 22 June 1276 ( 153 days ) ( 153 ) Bl . Innocent V Papa INNOCENTIUS Quintus Pierre de Tarentaise , O.P. c. 1224 / 5 County of Savoy , Holy Roman Empire 52 / 52 French . Member of the Dominican Order . 186 11 July 1276 -- 18 Aug 1276 ( 38 days ) ( 38 days ) Adrian V Papa HADRIANUS Quintus Ottobuono Fieschi c. 1216 Genoa , Republic of Genoa , Holy Roman Empire 60 / 60 Italian . Annulled Gregory X 's papal bull on the regulations of papal conclaves . 187 8 Sept 1276 -- 20 May 1277 ( 254 days ) ( 254 ) John XXI Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Primus Pedro Julião ( a.k.a. Petrus Hispanus and Pedro Hispano ) c. 1215 Lisbon , Portugal 60 / 70 Portuguese . Due to a confusion over the numbering of popes named John in the 13th century , there was no John XX . There has never been a John XX , because the 20th pope of this name formerly when elected , decided to skip the number XX and be counted as John XXI instead . He wanted to correct what in his time was believed to be an error in the counting of his predecessors John XV to XIX 188 25 Nov 1277 -- 22 Aug 1280 ( 2 years , 271 days ) ( 1001 ) Nicholas III Papa NICOLAUS Tertius Giovanni Gaetano Orsini c. 1216 Rome , Papal States 61 / 64 Italian . Planned the Sicilian Vespers . 189 22 Feb 1281 -- 28 March 1285 ( 4 years , 34 days ) ( 1495 ) Martin IV Papa MARTINUS Quartus Simon de Brion c. 1210 Meinpicien , Touraine , France 71 / 75 French . 190 2 April 1285 -- 3 April 1287 ( 2 years , 1 day ) ( 731 ) Honorius IV Papa HONORIUS Quartus Giacomo Savelli c. 1210 Rome , Papal States 75 / 77 Italian . 191 22 Feb 1288 -- 4 April 1292 ( 4 years , 42 days ) ( 1503 ) Nicholas IV Papa NICOLAUS Quartus Girolamo Masci , O.F.M. 30 Sept 1227 Lisciano , Papal States 60 / 64 Italian . Member of the Franciscan Order . -- 4 April 1292 -- 5 July 1294 ( 2 years , 94 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 192 5 July 1294 -- 13 Dec 1294 ( 161 days ) St Celestine V Papa COELESTINUS Quintus Pietro Angelerio , O.S.B. c. 1207 / 09 Sant'Angelo Limosano , Kingdom of Sicily 85 ( 87 ) / ( 85 ) 87 ( † 87 / 9 ) Italian . One of the few popes who resigned voluntarily . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Founded the Celestines . Resigned from office and rumored to have been murdered in prison by Boniface VIII . 193 24 Dec 1294 -- 11 Oct 1303 ( 8 years , 291 days ) Boniface VIII Papa BONIFATIUS Octavus Benedetto Caetani c. 1230 / 36 Anagni , Papal States 59 ( 64 ) / 68 ( 73 ) Italian . Formalized the Jubilee in 1300 . Issued Unam Sanctam ( 1302 ) which proclaimed papal supremacy and pushing it to its historical extreme . 14th century Popes of the 14th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 194 22 Oct 1303 -- 7 July 1304 ( 259 days ) ( 259 ) Bl . Benedict XI Papa BENEDICTUS Undecimus Niccolò Boccasini , O.P. c. 1240 Treviso , Papal States 63 / 64 Motto : Illustra faciem Tuam super servum Tuum ( `` Let Your Face shine upon Your servant '' ) Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Reverted Boniface VIII 's Unam Sanctam . 195 5 June 1305 -- 20 April 1314 ( 8 years , 319 days ) ( 3241 ) Clement V Papa CLEMENS Quintus Raymond Bertrand de Gouth / de Goth / de Got c. 1264 Villandraut , Gascony , France 41 / 50 French . Pope at Avignon . Convened the Council of Vienne ( 1311 -- 1312 ) . Initiated the persecution of the Knights Templar with the bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae under pressure from King Philip IV of France . -- 20 April 1314 -- 7 Aug 1316 ( 2 years , 111 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 196 7 Aug 1316 -- 4 Dec 1334 ( 18 years , 119 days ) ( 6693 ) John XXII Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Secundus Jacques d'Euse ; Jacques Duèse c. 1244 / 49 Cahors , Quercy , France 67 ( 72 ) / 85 ( 90 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Controversial for his views on the Beatific Vision . - 12 May 1328 -- 25 July 1330 ( 2 years , 74 days ) ( 804 ) `` Nicholas V '' Papa Nicolaus Quintus Pietro Rainalducci , O.F.M. 1260 Corvaro , Papal States 68 / 70 ( † 73 ) Italian . In Opposition to John XXII 197 20 Dec 1334 -- 25 April 1342 ( 7 years , 126 days ) ( 2683 ) Benedict XII Papa BENEDICTUS Duodecimus Jacques Fournier , O. Cist . c. 1280 / 85 Saverdun , County of Foix , France 49 ( 54 ) / 57 ( 62 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Member of the Order of Cistercians . Known for issuing the Apostolic constitution Benedictus Deus ( 1336 ) . 198 7 May 1342 -- 6 Dec 1352 ( 10 years , 213 days ) ( 3866 ) Clement VI Papa CLEMENS Sextus Pierre Roger , O.S.B. c. 1291 Maumont , Limousin , France 51 / 61 French . Pope at Avignon . Reigned during the Black Death and absolved those who died of it of their sins . 199 18 Dec 1352 -- 12 Sept 1362 ( 9 years , 268 days ) ( 3555 ) Innocent VI Papa INNOCENTIUS Sextus Étienne Aubert c. 1282 Les Monts , Limousin , France 70 / 80 French . Pope at Avignon . Through his exertions the Treaty of Brétigny ( 1360 ) was brought about . 200 28 Sept 1362 -- 19 Dec 1370 ( 8 years , 82 days ) ( 3004 ) Bl . Urban V Papa URBANUS Quintus Guillaume ( de ) Grimoard , O.S.B. c. 1309 / 10 Grizac , Languedoc , France 52 ( 53 ) / 60 ( 61 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Reformed areas of education and sent missionary movements across Europe and Asia . His pontificate witnessed the Alexandrian and Savoyard crusades . 201 30 Dec 1370 -- 27 March 1378 ( 7 years , 87 days ) 8 ( 2644 ) Gregory XI Papa GREGORIUS Undecimus Pierre Roger de Beaufort c. 1329 Maumont , Limousin , France 41 / 49 French . Pope at Avignon ; returns to Rome . The last French pope . 202 8 April 1378 -- 15 Oct 1389 ( 11 years , 190 days ) ( 4208 ) Urban VI Papa URBANUS Sextus Bartolomeo Prignano c. 1318 Naples , Kingdom of Naples 60 / 71 Italian . Western Schism . Last pontiff to be elected outside the College of Cardinals . - 20 September 1378 -- 16 September 1394 ( 15 years , 353 days ) ( 5832 days ) Clement VII Papa CLEMENS Septinus Robert of Geneva 1342 Chateau d'Annecy , County of Savoy , H.R.E. 36 / 52 French . In Opposition to Urban VI ( 1378 - 89 ) and Boniface IX ( 1389 - 1404 ) - 28 September 1394 -- 23 May 1423 ( 28 years , 237 days ) ( 10463 days ) Benedict XIII Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Decimus Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor 25 November 1328 Chateau d'Annecy , County of Savoy , H.R.E. 66 / 94 French . In Opposition to Popes Boniface IX ( 1389 - 1404 ) , Innocent VII ( 1404 - 06 ) , Gregory XII ( 1406 - 15 ) , Martin V ( 1417 - 31 ) and Pisan Antipopes Alexander V ( 1409 - 10 ) and John XXIII ( 1410 - 15 ) 203 2 Nov 1389 -- 1 Oct 1404 ( 14 years , 334 days ) ( 5446 days ) Boniface IX Papa BONIFATIUS Nonus Pietro Tomacelli Cybo c. 1348 / 50 Naples , Kingdom of Naples 33 ( 35 ) / 48 ( 50 ) Italian . Western Schism . 15th century This pope resigned his office . The exact birth date of Innocent VIII and almost all popes prior to Eugene IV is unknown , therefore the lowest probable age has been assumed for this table . Popes of the 15th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 204 17 Oct 1404 -- 6 Nov 1406 ( 2 years , 20 days ) ( 750 ) Innocent VII Papa INNOCENTIUS Septimus Cosimo Gentile Migliorati 1336 / 39 Sulmona , Kingdom of Naples 65 ( 68 ) / 67 ( 71 ) Italian . Western Schism . 205 30 Nov 1406 -- 4 July 1415 ( 8 years , 216 days ) ( 3138 ) Gregory XII Papa Gregorius Duodecimus Angelo Correr 14 May 1324 Venice , Republic of Venice 82 / 91 ( † 91 ) Italian . Western Schism . Last Pope to abdicate during the Second Millennium CE . Died 18 October 1417 . - 30 June 1409 -- 3 May 1410 ( 307 days ) ( 307 ) Alexander V Antipapa Alexandaer Quintus Petros Philargos , O.F.M. 1339 Candia Lomellina , Lombardy , Duchy of Milan 70 / 71 Greek . Western Schism ; In Opposition to Gregory XII considered a legitimate Pope until 1963 and is numbered as such to this day . - 25 May 1410 -- 30 May 1415 ( 5 years , 5 days ) ( 1831 ) John XXIII Antipapa Alexandaer Quintus Baldassarre Cossa 1365 Procida , Naples 45 / 50 ( † 54 ) Italian . Western Schism ; In Opposition to Gregory XII , Abdicated , later Became The Dean of the College of Cardinals in 1417 . Was considered a legitimate Pope until 1963 . Convened Council of Constance . -- 4 July 1415 -- 11 Nov 1417 ( 2 years , 136 days ) ( 867days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . Council of Constance collectively exercised Papal power until all popes were dead . 206 11 Nov 1417 -- 20 Feb 1431 ( 13 years , 101 days ) ( 4849 ) Martin V Papa MARTINUS Quintus Oddone Colonna , O.F.S Jan / Feb 1369 Genazzano , Papal States 48 / 62 Italian . Convened the Council of Basel ( 1431 ) . Initiated the Hussite Wars . - 12 November 1425 -- 26 July 1429 ( 6 years , 49 days ) ( 2241 ) Clement VIII Antipapa Clemens Octavus Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón 1369 Teruel , Aragon 54 / 60 ( † 77 ) Italian . Western Schism ; In Opposition to Martin V - 5 November 1439 -- 7 April 1449 ( 9 years , 153 days ) ( 3441 ) Felix V Antipapa Felix Quintus Amadeus VIII of Savoy 4 September 1383 Chambéry , France 56 / 65 ( † 67 ) French . In Opposition to Martin V and Eugene IV ' 207 3 March 1431 -- 23 Feb 1447 ( 15 years , 357 days ) ( 5836 ) Eugene IV Papa EUGENIUS Quartus Gabriele Condulmer , O.S.A. 1383 Venice , Republic of Venice 47 / 63 Italian . Member of the Augustinian Order . Nephew of Martin V. Crowned Sigismund emperor at Rome in 1433 . Transferred the Council of Basel to Ferrara . It was later transferred again , to Florence , because of the Bubonic plague . 208 6 March 1447 -- 24 March 1455 ( 8 years , 18 days ) ( 2940 ) Nicholas V Papa NICOLAUS Quintus Tommaso Parentucelli , O.P. 13 Nov 1397 Sarzana , Republic of Genoa 49 / 57 Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Held the Jubilee of 1450 . Crowned Frederick III emperor at Rome ( 1452 ) . Issued the Papal Bull Dum Diversas allowing Portugal 's right to conquer and subjugate Saracens and pagans ( 1452 ) . Created a library in the Vatican which would eventually become the Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana . 209 8 April 1455 -- 6 Aug 1458 ( 3 years , 120 days ) ( 1216 ) Callixtus III Papa CALLISTUS Tertius Alfonso de Borja 31 Dec 1378 Xàtiva , Kingdom of Valencia , Crown of Aragon 76 / 79 The first Spanish pope . Ordered the Feast of the Transfiguration to be celebrated on 6 August . Ordered the retrial of Joan of Arc , in which she was vindicated . 210 19 Aug 1458 -- 15 Aug 1464 ( 5 years , 362 days ) ( 5 years , 362 days ) Pius II Papa PIUS Secundus Enea Silvio Piccolomini 18 Oct 1405 Corsignano , Republic of Siena 52 / 58 Italian . Displayed a great interest in urban planning . Founded Pienza near Siena as the ideal city in 1462 . Known for his work on the Commentaries . 211 30 Aug 1464 -- 26 July 1471 ( 6 years , 330 days ) ( 2521 ) Paul II Papa PAULUS Secundus Pietro Barbo 23 Feb 1417 Venice , Republic of Venice 47 / 54 Italian . The nephew of Eugene IV . Built the Palazzo San Marco ( now Palazzo Venezia ) . Approved the introduction of printing in the Papal States . 212 9 Aug 1471 -- 12 Aug 1484 ( 13 years , 3 days ) Sixtus IV Papa XYSTUS Quartus Francesco della Rovere , O.F.M. 21 July 1414 Celle Ligure , Republic of Genoa 57 / 70 Italian . Member of the Franciscan Order . Commissioned the Sistine Chapel . Authorized an Inquisition targeting converted Jewish Christians in Spain at the request of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand . 213 29 Aug 1484 -- 25 July 1492 ( 7 years , 331 days ) ( 2887 ) Innocent VIII Papa INNOCENTIUS Octavus Giovanni Battista Cybo 1432 Genoa , Republic of Genoa 51 / 59 Italian . Appointed Tomás de Torquemada . Endorsed the prosecution of witchcraft in the bull Summis desiderantes affectibus ( 1484 ) . 214 11 Aug 1492 -- 18 Aug 1503 ( 11 years , 7 days ) ( 4023 ) Alexander VI Papa ALEXANDER Sextus Roderic Llançol i de Borja 1 Jan 1431 Xàtiva , Kingdom of Valencia , Crown of Aragon 61 / 72 Spanish ; Nephew of Callixtus III ; father to Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia . Divided the extra-European world between Spain and Portugal in the bull Inter caetera ( 1493 ) . No Alexander V due to the antipope . 16th century Popes of the 16th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 215 22 Sept 1503 -- 18 Oct 1503 ( 26 days ) ( 26 ) Pius III Papa PIUS Tertius Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini 29 May 1439 Siena , Republic of Siena 64 / 64 Italian . Nephew of Pius II . Founded the Piccolomini Library adjoining the Siena Cathedral . 216 31 Oct 1503 -- 21 Feb 1513 ( 9 years , 113 days ) ( 3401 ) Julius II Papa IULIUS Secundus Giuliano della Rovere , O.F.M. 5 Dec 1443 Albisola , Republic of Genoa 59 / 69 Italian . Nephew of Sixtus IV ; convened the Fifth Council of the Lateran ( 1512 ) . Took control of all the Papal States for the first time . Commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling . Proposed plans for rebuilding St Peter 's Basilica . 217 9 March 1513 -- 1 Dec 1521 ( 8 years , 267 days ) ( 3189 ) Leo X Papa LEO Decimus Giovanni di Lorenzo de ' Medici 11 Dec 1475 Florence , Republic of Florence 37 / 45 Italian . Son of Lorenzo the Magnificent . Closed the Fifth Council of the Lateran . Remembered for granting indulgences to those who donated to rebuild St. Peter 's Basilica ; excommunicated Martin Luther ( 1521 ) . Extended the Spanish Inquisition into Portugal . 218 9 Jan 1522 -- 14 Sept 1523 ( 1 year , 248 days ) ( 613 ) Adrian VI Papa HADRIANUS Sextus Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens 2 March 1459 Utrecht , Bishopric of Utrecht , Holy Roman Empire ( now Netherlands ) 62 / 64 Motto : Patere et sustine ( `` Respect and wait '' ) The only Dutch pope ; last non-Italian to be elected pope until John Paul II in 1978 . Tutor of Emperor Charles V. Retained his baptismal name as his regnal name . 219 26 Nov 1523 -- 25 Sept 1534 ( 10 years , 303 days ) ( 3956 ) Clement VII Papa CLEMENS Septimus Giulio di Giuliano de ' Medici 26 May 1478 Florence , Republic of Florence 45 / 56 Motto : Candor illæsus ( `` Unharmed candor '' ) Italian ; Cousin of Leo X . Rome plundered by imperial troops ( 1527 ) . Forbade the divorce of Henry VIII ; crowned Charles V as emperor at Bologna ( 1530 ) . His niece was married to the future Henry II of France . Ordered Michelangelo 's painting of The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel . 220 13 Oct 1534 -- 10 Nov 1549 ( 15 years , 28 days ) ( 5507 ) Paul III Papa PAULUS Tertius Alessandro Farnese 29 Feb 1468 Canino , Lazio , Papal States 66 / 81 Italian . Opened the Council of Trent ( 1545 ) . His illegitimate son became the first Duke of Parma . Decreed the second and final excommunication of Henry VIII . Appointed Michelangelo to supervise construction of St. Peter 's Basilica ( 1546 ) . 221 7 Feb 1550 -- 29 March 1555 ( 5 years , 50 days ) ( 1876 ) Julius III Papa IULIUS Tertius Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte 10 Sept 1487 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 62 / 67 Italian . Established the Collegium Germanicum ( 1552 ) . Reconvened the Council of Trent . The Innocenzo Scandal . 222 9 April 1555 -- 1 May 1555 ( 22 days ) ( 22 days ) Marcellus II Papa MARCELLUS Secundus Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi 6 May 1501 Montefano , Marche , Papal States 53 / 53 Italian . The last to use his birth name as the regnal name . Instituted immediate economies in Vatican expenditures . The Missa Papae Marcelli composed in his honour . 223 23 May 1555 -- 18 Aug 1559 ( 4 years , 87 days ) ( 1548 ) Paul IV Papa PAULUS Quartus Giovanni Pietro Carafa , C.R. 28 Jun 1476 Capriglia Irpina , Campania , Kingdom of Naples 78 / 83 Motto : Dominus mihi adjutor ( `` The Lord is my helper '' ) Italian . Member of the Theatines . Established the Roman Ghetto in Cum Nimis Absurdum ( 1555 ) and established the Index of Forbidden Books . Ordered Michelangelo to repaint the nudes of The Last Judgment modestly . 224 26 Dec 1559 -- 9 Dec 1565 ( 5 years , 348 days ) ( 2175 ) Pius IV Papa PIUS Quartus Giovanni Angelo Medici 31 Mar 1499 Milan , Duchy of Milan 60 / 66 Italian . Reopened and closed the Council of Trent . Ordered public construction to improve the water supply of Rome . Instituted the Tridentine Creed . 225 7 Jan 1566 -- 1 May 1572 ( 6 years , 115 days ) ( 2306 ) St Pius V Papa PIUS Quintus Antonio Ghislieri , O.P. 17 Jan 1504 Bosco , Piedmont , Duchy of Milan 61 / 68 Motto : Utinam dirigantur viæ meæ ad custodiendas ( `` It binds us to keep '' ) Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Excommunicated Elizabeth I ( 1570 ) . Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) ; instituted the feast of Our Lady of Victory . Issued the 1570 Roman Missal . 226 13 May 1572 -- 10 April 1585 ( 12 years , 332 days ) ( 4715 ) Gregory XIII Papa GREGORIUS Tertius Decimus Ugo Boncompagni 7 Jan 1502 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 70 / 83 Motto : Aperuit et clausit ( `` Opened and closed '' ) Italian . Reformed the calendar ( 1582 ) ; built the Gregorian Chapel in the Vatican . The first pope to bestow the Immaculate Conception as Patroness to the Philippine Islands through the bull Ilius Fulti Præsido ( 1579 ) . Strengthened diplomatic ties with Asian nations . 227 24 April 1585 -- 27 Aug 1590 ( 5 years , 125 days ) ( 1951 ) Sixtus V Papa XYSTUS Quintus Felice Peretti di Montalto , O.F.M. Conv . 13 Dec 1521 Grottammare , Marche , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Member of the Conventual Franciscan Order . Known for fixing and completing building works to major basilicas in Rome . Limited the College of Cardinals to 70 in number ; doubled the number of curial congregations . 228 15 Sept 1590 -- 27 Sept 1590 ( 12 days ) Urban VII Papa URBANUS Septimus Giovanni Battista Castagna 4 Aug 1521 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 69 / 69 Italian ; Supported by the Spanish . Shortest - reigning pope ; died before coronation . Set the first known worldwide smoking ban , banning smoking in and near all churches . 229 5 Dec 1590 -- 16 Oct 1591 ( 315 days ) ( 315 ) Gregory XIV Papa GREGORIUS Quartus Decimus Niccolò Sfondrati 11 Feb 1535 Somma Lombardo , Lombardy , Duchy of Milan 55 / 56 Italian . Modified the constitution Effraenatam of Sixtus V so that the penalty for abortion did not apply until the foetus became animated ( 1591 ) . Made gambling on papal elections punishable by excommunication . 230 29 Oct 1591 -- 30 Dec 1591 ( 62 days ) ( 62 ) Innocent IX Papa INNOCENTIUS Nonus Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti 20 July 1519 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 72 / 72 Italian . Supported the cause of Philip II and the Catholic League against Henry IV in the French Wars of Religion . Prohibited the alienation of church property . 231 30 Jan 1592 -- 3 March 1605 ( 13 years , 32 days ) ( 4781 ) Clement VIII Papa CLEMENS Octavus Ippolito Aldobrandini 24 Feb 1536 Fano , Marche , Papal States 55 / 69 Italian . Initiated an alliance of European Christian powers to partake in the war with the Ottoman Empire known as The Long War ( 1595 ) . Convened the Congregatio de Auxiliis which addressed doctrinal disputes between the Dominicans and Jesuits regarding free will and divine grace . 17th century Popes of the 17th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 232 1 April 1605 -- 27 April 1605 ( 26 days ) ( 26 ) Leo XI Papa LEO Undecimus Alessandro Ottaviano de ' Medici 2 June 1535 Florence , Duchy of Florence 69 / 69 Italian . The nephew of Leo X . Called `` Papa Lampo '' ( Lightning Pope ) for his brief pontificate . 233 16 May 1605 -- 28 Jan 1621 ( 15 years , 257 days ) ( 5736 ) Paul V Papa PAULUS Quintus Camillo Borghese 17 Sept 1550 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 52 / 68 Motto : Absit nisi in te gloriari ( `` May it be absent , except to glory in you '' ) Italian . Known for various building projects which included the facade of St Peter 's Basilica . Established the Bank of the Holy Spirit ( 1605 ) ; restored the Aqua Traiana . 234 9 Feb 1621 -- 8 July 1623 ( 2 years , 149 days ) ( 879 ) Gregory XV Papa GREGORIUS Quintus Decimus Alessandro Ludovisi 9 Jan 1554 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 67 / 69 Italian . Established the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith ( 1622 ) . Issued the bull Aeterni Patris ( 1621 ) which imposed conclaves to be by secret ballot . Issued the constitution Omnipotentis Dei against magicians and witches ( 1623 ) . 235 6 Aug 1623 -- 29 July 1644 ( 20 years , 358 days ) ( 7663 ) Urban VIII Papa URBANUS Octavus Maffeo Barberini 5 April 1568 Florence , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 55 / 76 Italian . Trial against Galileo Galilei . The last pope to expand papal territory by force of arms . Issued a 1624 bull that made the use of tobacco in holy places punishable by excommunication . 236 15 Sept 1644 -- 7 Jan 1655 ( 10 years , 114 days ) ( 3766 ) Innocent X Papa INNOCENTIUS Decimus Giovanni Battista Pamphilj 6 May 1574 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 70 / 80 Motto : Alleviatæ sunt aquæ super terram ( `` Water on earth '' ) Italian . The great - great - great - grandson of Alexander VI . Erected the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi in Piazza Navona . Promulgated the apostolic constitution Cum occasione ( 1653 ) which condemned five doctrines of Jansenism as heresy . 237 7 April 1655 -- 22 May 1667 ( 12 years , 45 days ) ( 4428 ) Alexander VII Papa ALEXANDER Septimus Fabio Chigi 13 Feb 1599 Siena , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 56 / 68 Italian . Great - nephew of Paul V. Commissioned St. Peter 's Square . Issued the constitution Sollicitudo Omnium Ecclesiarum that set the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception almost identical to that of Pius IX centuries later . 238 20 June 1667 -- 9 Dec 1669 ( 2 years , 172 days ) ( 903 ) Clement IX Papa CLEMENS Nonus Giulio Rospigliosi 28 Jan 1600 Pistoia , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 67 / 69 Motto : Aliis non sibi Clemens ( `` Clement to others , not to himself '' ) Italian . Commissioned the colonnade of St. Peter 's Square . Mediated in the peace of Aachen ( 1668 ) . 239 29 April 1670 -- 22 July 1676 ( 6 years , 84 days ) ( 2276 ) Clement X Papa CLEMENS Decimus Emilio Bonaventura Altieri 13 July 1590 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 79 / 86 Bonum auget malum minuit ( `` He increases good and diminishes evil '' ) Italian . Canonized the first saint from the Americas : St. Rose of Lima ( 1671 ) . Decorated the bridge of Sant ' Angelo with the ten statues of angels and the two fountains that adorn the piazza of St. Peter 's . Established regulations for the removal of relics of saints from cemeteries . 240 21 Sept 1676 -- 12 Aug 1689 ( 12 years , 325 days ) ( 4708 ) ) Bl . Innocent XI Papa INNOCENTIUS Undecimus Benedetto Odescalchi 16 May 1611 Como , Lombardy , Duchy of Milan 65 / 78 Motto : Avarus non Implebitur ( `` The covetous man is not satisfied '' ) Italian . Condemned the doctrine of mental reservation ( 1679 ) and initiated the Holy League . Extended the Holy Name of Mary as a universal feast ( 1684 ) . Admired for positive contributions to catechesis . 241 6 Oct 1689 -- 1 Feb 1691 ( 1 year , 118 days ) ( 483 ) Alexander VIII Papa ALEXANDER Octavus Pietro Vito Ottoboni 22 April 1610 Venice , Republic of Venice 79 / 80 Italian . Condemned the so - called philosophical sin ( 1690 ) . 242 12 July 1691 -- 27 Sept 1700 ( 9 years , 77 days ) ( 3364 ) Innocent XII Papa INNOCENTIUS Duodecimus Antonio Pignatelli , O.F.S 13 March 1615 Spinazzola , Apulia , Kingdom of Naples 76 / 85 Italian . Issued the bull Romanum decet Pontificem to stop nepotism ( 1692 ) . Erected various charitable and educational institutions . 18th century Popes of the 18th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 243 23 Nov 1700 -- 19 March 1721 ( 20 years , 116 days ) ( 7421 ) Clement XI Papa CLEMENS Undecimus Giovanni Francesco Albani 23 July 1649 Urbino , Marche , Papal States 51 / 71 Italian . The `` Chinese Rites '' controversy . Patronized the first archaeological excavations in the Roman catacombs and made the feast of the Immaculate Conception universal . 244 8 May 1721 -- 7 March 1724 ( 2 years , 304 days ) ( 1034 ) Innocent XIII Papa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Decimus Michelangelo dei Conti 13 May 1655 Poli , Lazio , Papal States 65 / 68 Italian . Prohibited the Jesuits from prosecuting their mission in China ordering that no new members should be received into the order . 245 29 May 1724 -- 21 Feb 1730 ( 5 years , 268 days ) ( 2094 ) S.D. Benedict XIII Papa BENEDICTUS Tertius Decimus Pietro Francesco Orsini , O.P. 2 Feb 1649 Gravina in Puglia , Bari , Kingdom of Naples 75 / 81 Italian . Member of the Dominican Order ; third and last member of the Orsini family to be pope . Originally called Benedict XIV due to the antipope but reverted to XIII . Repealed the worldwide tobacco smoking ban set by Urban VII and Urban VIII . 246 12 July 1730 -- 6 Feb 1740 ( 9 years , 209 days ) ( 3496 ) Clement XII Papa CLEMENS Duodecimus Lorenzo Corsini , O.F.S 7 April 1652 Florence , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 78 / 87 Motto : Dabis discernere inter malum et bonum ( `` You shall deign to distinguish between good and evil '' ) Italian . ( Completed the new façade of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran ( 1735 ) . Commissioned the Trevi Fountain in Rome ( 1732 ) . Condemned Freemasonry in In eminenti apostolatus ( 1738 ) . Last pope to be elected at an old age until Pope Benedict XVI in 2005 . 247 17 Aug 1740 -- 3 May 1758 ( 17 years , 259 days ) ( 6468 ) Benedict XIV Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Decimus Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini 31 March 1675 Bologna , Papal States 65 / 83 Motto : Curabuntur omnes ( `` All will be healed '' ) Italian . Reformed the education of priests and the calendar of feasts . Completed the Trevi Fountain and affirmed the teachings of Thomas Aquinas ; founded academies of art , religion and science . 248 6 July 1758 -- 2 Feb 1769 ( 10 years , 211 days ) ( 3864 ) Clement XIII Papa CLEMENS Tertius Decimus Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico 7 March 1693 Venice , Republic of Venice 65 / 75 Italian . Provided the famous fig leaves on nude male statues in the Vatican . Defended the Society of Jesus in `` Apostolicum pascendi '' ( 1765 ) . 249 19 May 1769 -- 22 Sept 1774 ( 5 years , 126 days ) ( 1952 ) Clement XIV Papa CLEMENS Quartus Decimus Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli , O.F.M. Conv . 31 Oct 1705 Sant ' Arcangelo di Romagna , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Member of the Conventual Franciscan Order . Suppressed the Society of Jesus in the brief `` Dominus ac Redemptor '' ( 1773 ) . 250 15 Feb 1775 -- 29 Aug 1799 ( 24 years , 195 days ) ( 8961 ) Pius VI Papa PIUS Sextus Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi 25 Dec 1717 Cesena , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 57 / 81 Motto : Floret in domo domini ( `` It blossoms in the house of God '' ) Italian . Condemned the French Revolution ; expelled from the Papal States by French troops from 1798 until his death . The last pope to be a patron of Renaissance art . -- 29 Aug 1799 -- 14 March 1800 ( 228 days ) Interregnum Six - month period without a valid pope elected . This was due to unique logistical problems ( the old pope died a prisoner and the conclave was in Venice ) and a deadlock among cardinals voting . 19th century Popes of the 19th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 251 14 March 1800 -- 20 Aug 1823 ( 23 years , 159 days ) ( 8559 ) S.D. Pius VII Papa PIUS Septimus Count Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti , O.S.B. 14 Aug 1742 Cesena , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 57 / 81 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Present at Napoleon 's coronation as Emperor of the French . Expelled from the Papal States by the French between 1809 and 1814 . 252 28 Sept 1823 -- 10 Feb 1829 ( 5 years , 135 days ) ( 1962 ) Leo XII Papa LEO Duodecimus Count Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola Sermattei della Genga 22 Aug 1760 Genga , Marche , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Placed the Catholic educational system under the control of the Jesuits through Quod divina sapientia ( 1824 ) . Condemned the Bible societies . 253 31 March 1829 -- 30 Nov 1830 ( 1 year , 244 days ) ( 609 ) Pius VIII Papa PIUS Octavus Francesco Saverio Castiglioni 20 Nov 1761 Cingoli , Marche , Papal States 67 / 69 Italian . Accepted Louis Philippe I as King of the French . Condemned the masonic secret societies and modernist biblical translations in the brief Litteris altero ( 1830 ) . 254 2 Feb 1831 -- 1 June 1846 ( 15 years , 119 days ) ( 5598 ) Gregory XVI Papa GREGORIUS Sextus Decimus Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari , O.S.B. Cam . 18 Sept 1765 Belluno , Veneto , Republic of Venice 65 / 80 Italian . Member of the Camaldolese Order ; last non-bishop to be elected to the papacy . Opposed democratic and modernising reforms in the Papal States . 255 16 June 1846 -- 7 Feb 1878 ( 31 years , 236 days ) ( 11559 ) Bl . Pius IX Papa PIUS Nonus Count Giovanni Maria Mastai - Ferretti , O.F.S. 13 May 1792 Senigallia , Marche , Papal States 54 / 85 Italian . Opened the First Vatican Council ; lost the Papal States to Italy . Defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception and defined papal infallibility . Issued the controversial Syllabus of Errors . Second longest serving pope in history after Saint Peter . 256 20 Feb 1878 -- 20 July 1903 ( 25 years , 150 days ) ( 9280 ) Leo XIII Papa LEO Tertius Decimus Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci , O.F.S. 2 March 1810 Carpineto Romano , Lazio , Italy 67 / 93 Italian . Issued the encyclical Rerum novarum ; supported Christian democracy against Communism . Had the fourth - longest reign after Pius IX , Saint Peter and John Paul II . Promoted the rosary and the scapular and approved two new Marian scapulars ; first pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as mediatrix . 20th century Popes of the 20th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 257 4 Aug 1903 -- 20 Aug 1914 ( 11 years , 16 days ) ( 4034 ) St Pius X Papa PIUS Decimus Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto , O.F.S. 2 June 1835 Riese , Treviso , Kingdom of Lombardy -- Venetia 68 / 79 Motto : Instaurare Omnia in Christo ( `` Restore all things in Christ '' ) Italian . Encouraged and expanded reception of the Eucharist . Combatted Modernism ; issued the oath against it . Advocated the Gregorian Chant and reformed the Roman Breviary . 258 3 Sept 1914 -- 22 Jan 1922 ( 7 years , 141 days ) ( 2698 ) Benedict XV Papa BENEDICTUS Quintus Decimus Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista Della Chiesa , O.F.S. 21 Nov 1854 Pegli , Genoa , Kingdom of Sardinia 59 / 67 Motto : In te , Domine , speravi : non confundar in aeternum . ( `` In thee , o Lord , have I trusted : let me not be confounded for evermore . '' ) Italian . Credited for intervening for peace during World War I. Issued the 1917 Code of Canon Law ; supported the missionaries in Maximum Illud . Remembered by Benedict XVI as a `` prophet of peace '' . 259 6 Feb 1922 -- 10 Feb 1939 ( 17 years , 4 days ) ( 6213 ) Pius XI Papa PIUS Undecimus Achille Ambrogio Damiano Ratti , O.F.S. 31 May 1857 Desio , Milan , Kingdom of Lombardy -- Venetia 64 / 81 Motto : Pax Christi in Regno Christi ( `` The Peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ '' ) Italian . Signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy ( 1929 ) establishing Vatican City as a sovereign state . Inaugurated Vatican Radio ( 1931 ) . Re-founded the Pontifical Academy of Sciences ( 1936 ) . Created the feast of Christ the King . Opposed Communism and Nazism . 260 2 March 1939 -- 9 Oct 1958 ( 19 years , 221 days ) ( 7161 ) Ven . Pius XII Papa PIUS Duodecimus Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli , O.F.S. 2 March 1876 Rome , Italy 63 / 82 Motto : Opus Justitiae Pax ( `` The work of justice ( shall be ) peace '' ) Italian . Invoked papal infallibility in the encyclical Munificentissimus Deus ; defined the dogma of the Assumption . Eliminated the Italian majority of cardinals . Credited with intervening for peace during World War II ; controversial for his reactions to the Holocaust . 261 28 Oct 1958 -- 3 June 1963 ( 4 years , 218 days ) ( 1679 ) St John XXIII Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Tertius Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli , O.F.S. 25 Nov 1881 Sotto il Monte , Bergamo , Italy 76 / 81 Motto : Obedientia et Pax ( `` Obedience and peace '' ) Italian . Opened the Second Vatican Council ; called `` Good Pope John '' . Issued the encyclical Pacem in terris ( 1963 ) on peace and nuclear disarmament ; intervened for peace during the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) . 262 21 June 1963 -- 6 Aug 1978 ( 15 years , 46 days ) ( 5525 ) Bl . Paul VI Papa PAULUS Sextus Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini 26 Sept 1897 Concesio , Brescia , Italy 65 / 80 Motto : Cum Ipso in Monte ( `` With Him on the mount '' ) Italian . Last pope to be crowned in a coronation with the tiara . First pope to travel to the United States and Australia ; first pope since 1809 to travel outside Italy . Closed the Second Vatican Council . Issued the encyclical Humanae vitae ( 1968 ) condemning artificial contraception . 263 26 Aug 1978 -- 28 Sept 1978 ( 33 days ) ( 33 ) Ven . John Paul I Papa IOANNES PAULUS Primus Albino Luciani 17 Oct 1912 Forno di Canale , Belluno , Italy 65 / 65 Motto : Humilitas ( `` Humility '' ) Italian . Abolished the coronation opting for the Papal Inauguration . First pope to use ' the First ' in papal name ; first with two names for two immediate predecessors . Last pope to use the Sedia Gestatoria . 264 16 Oct 1978 -- 2 April 2005 ( 26 years , 168 days ) ( 9665 ) St John Paul II ( John Paul the Great ) Papa IOANNES PAULUS Secundus Karol Józef Wojtyła 20 May 1920 Wadowice , Poland 58 / 84 Motto : Totus Tuus ( `` Totally yours '' ) First Polish pope and first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI ( 1522 -- 1523 ) . Traveled extensively , visiting 129 countries during his pontificate . Third longest reign after Pius IX and Saint Peter . Founded World Youth Day ( 1984 ) and the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences ( 1994 ) . Canonized more saints than all his predecessors . Youngest individual to start his papacy since Pius IX ( 1846 ) . 3rd Millennium 21st century Popes of the 21st century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 265 19 April 2005 -- 28 Feb 2013 ( 7 years , 315 days ) ( 2872 ) Benedict XVI Papa BENEDICTUS Decimus Sextus Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger 16 April 1927 ( age 90 ) Marktl am Inn , Bavaria , Germany 78 / 85 Motto : Cooperatores Veritatis ( `` Cooperators of the truth '' ) German . Oldest to become pope since Clement XII ( 1730 ) . Elevated the Tridentine Mass to a more prominent position and promoted the use of Latin ; re-introduced several disused papal garments . Established the Anglican Ordinariate ( 2009 ) . First pope to renounce the papacy on his own initiative since Celestine V ( 1294 ) , retaining regnal name with title of Pope Emeritus . 266 13 March 2013 -- present ( 5 years , 78 days ) ( 1904 ) Francis Papa FRANCISCUS Jorge Mario Bergoglio , S.J. 17 Dec 1936 ( age 81 ) Flores , Buenos Aires , Argentina 76 / - Motto : Miserando atque Eligendo ( `` Lowly but chosen '' , literally ' by having mercy , by choosing him ' ) Argentinian . First pope to be born outside Europe since Gregory III ( 731 -- 741 ) and the first from the Americas ; first pope from the Southern Hemisphere . First pope from a religious institute since Gregory XVI ( 1831 -- 1846 ) ; first Jesuit pope . First to use a new and non-composed regnal name since Lando ( 913 -- 914 ) . Notes ^ Now Athens , Greece ^ Now Rome , Italy ^ Now Aquileia , Italy ^ Nicopolis is now a Roman ruin near the city of Preveza , Greece ^ It is not clear when Pope Victor I was born , and where he was born , although some suggest he was born in Leptis Magna , now a part of Libya . Religious orders 51 popes and 6 Antipopes have been members of religious orders , including 12 members of third orders . They are listed by order as follows : Family Order Number Popes Total Augustinians Order of Saint Augustine Eugene IV 6 Canons Regular Honorius II , Innocent II , Lucius II , Adrian IV Premonstratense Gregory VIII Benedictines Order of Saint Benedict 22 Gregory I , Boniface IV , Adeodatus II , Leo IV , John IX , Leo VII , John XVI , Sylvester II , Sergius IV , Stephen IX , Gregory VII , Victor III , Urban II , Paschal II , Adalbert , Gelasius II , Anacletus II , Callixtus III , Celestine V , Clement VI , Urban V , Pius VII 23 Camaldolese Gregory XVI Cistercians Eugene III , Benedict XII Dominicans 5 Innocent V , Benedict XI , Nicholas V , Pius V , Benedict XIII 5 Franciscans Order of Friars Minor 5 Nicholas IV , Nicholas V , Alexander V , Sixtus IV , Julius II 19 Order of Friars Minor Conventual Sixtus V , Clement XIV Secular Franciscan Order 12 Gregory IX , Gregory X , Martin V , Innocent XII , Clement XII , Pius IX , Leo XIII , Pius X , Benedict XV , Pius XI , Pius XII , John XXIII Theatines Paul IV Jesuits Francis Notes on numbering of popes A number of anomalies in the list given above need further explanation : Felix II ( 356 -- 357 ) , Boniface VII ( 974 , 984 -- 985 ) , John XVI ( 997 -- 998 ) , Benedict X ( 1058 -- 1059 ) and Alexander V ( 1409 -- 1410 ) are not listed because they are all considered antipopes . The numbering of popes named Felix has been amended to omit antipope Felix II ; however , most lists still call the last two Felixes Felix III and Felix IV . Additionally , there was an antipope Felix V . There has never been a pope John XX as a result of confusion of the numbering system in the 11th century . Pope - elect Stephen , who died before being consecrated , has not been on the Vatican 's official list of popes since 1961 , but appears on lists dating from before 1960 . The numbering of following popes called Stephen are nowadays given as Pope Stephen II ( 752 -- 757 ) to Pope Stephen IX ( 1057 -- 1058 ) , rather than Stephen III to Stephen X . When Simon de Brion became pope in 1281 , he chose to be called Martin . At that time , Marinus I and Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and Martin III respectively , and so , erroneously , Simon de Brion became Pope Martin IV . Pope Donus II , said to have reigned about 974 , never existed . The belief resulted from the confusion of the title dominus ( lord ) with a proper name . Pope Joan also never existed ; however , legends about her may have originated from stories about the pornocracy . The status of Antipope John XXIII was uncertain for hundreds of years , and was finally settled in 1958 when Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli announced his own name as John XXIII . Baldassare Cossa , who was Antipope John XXIII , served as a Cardinal of the reunited church before his death in 1419 and his remains are found in the Florence Baptistery . Those who believe in Sedevacantism say that there have been no legitimate popes since Pius XII or John XXIII . This is because they consider all popes since the Second Vatican Council to be heretics . See also Lists List of canonised popes List of murdered popes List of popes by length of reign List of popes by nationality List of popes from the Borgia family List of popes from the Conti family List of popes from the Medici family List of popes sorted alphabetically List of sexually active popes List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State Related topics Annuario Pontificio History of the papacy Index of Vatican City - related articles Legends surrounding the papacy Liber Pontificalis Oldest popes Papal name Pope John ( numbering ) Prophecy of the Popes References Specific ^ Annuario Pontificio 2012 ( Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 ISBN 978 - 88 - 209 - 8722 - 0 ) , p. 12 * ^ `` Corrections Made to Official List of Popes '' . ZENIT. 5 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 21 October 2008 . ^ `` Papal Primacy of honour : titles and insignia '' . Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . ^ Fahlbusch , Erwin ( et al . ) ; Bromiley ( English translation ) , Geoffrey William , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Pope , Papacy '' . Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon ( The encyclopedia of Christianity ) . 4 . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 272 -- 282 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2416 - 1 . Retrieved 7 Sep 2011 . ^ Against Heresies 3 : 3.3 ^ The fourth pope Discussed in the article on Clement I ^ Fisher , Max ( 13 March 2013 ) . `` WorldViews Sorry , Jorge Mario Bergoglio is not the first non-European pope '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 Nov 2017 . ^ Mcbrien , Richard P. ( 31 Oct 2006 ) . The Pocket Guide to the Popes . HarperCollins . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113773 - 0 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . ^ `` The Chronography of 354 AD . Part 13 : Bishops of Rome '' . pp. from Theosodr Mommsen , MGH Chronica Minora I ( 1892 ) , pp. 73 -- 6 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . ^ `` OCA - St Liberius the Pope of Rome '' . Ocafs.oca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . ^ `` Saint Siricius '' . ^ Member of Massimo family . ^ `` Papal Timeline '' . 2005 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Member of Savelli family . ^ Member of Savelli family . ^ Member of Massimo family . ^ Mamber of Savelli family . ^ Probably a member of Garbielli family . ^ Deno John Geanakoplos ( 15 Sep 1989 ) . Constantinople and the West : essays on the late Byzantine ( Palaeologan ) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches . Univ of Wisconsin Press . pp. 263 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11884 - 6 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . ^ `` Blessed Eugene III '' . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . ^ For the dates of death of Clement III and the election of Celestine III see Katrin Baaken : Zu Wahl , Weihe und Krönung Papst Cölestins III . Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Volume 41 / 1985 , pp. 203 -- 211 ^ Philip Hughes , `` Innocent III & the Latin East , '' History of the Church , vol. 2 , p. 371 , Sheed & Ward , 1948 . ^ `` Pope Adrian VI ( 1522 - 1523 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement VII ( 1523 - 1534 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Paul IV ( 1555 - 1559 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Pius V ( 1566 - 1572 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Gregory XIII ( 1572 - 1585 ) '' . Retrieved 3 Aug 2014 . ^ John Henry Blunt ( 1874 ) . `` Jansenists '' . Dictionary of Sects , Heresies , Ecclesiastical Parties , and Schools of Religious Thought . Rivingtons . pp. 234 -- 240 . Retrieved 11 Aug 2012 . ^ `` Pope Alexander VII ( 1655 - 1667 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Innocent X ( 1644 - 1655 ) '' . Retrieved 3 Aug 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement IX ( 1667 - 1669 ) '' . Retrieved 3 Aug 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement X ( 1670 - 1676 ) '' . Retrieved 3 Aug 2014 . ^ `` Pope Innocent XI ( 1676 - 1689 ) '' . Retrieved 3 Aug 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement XII ( 1730 - 1740 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 14 Aug 2014 . ^ `` Pope Benedict XIV ( 1740 - 1758 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 14 Aug 2014 . ^ `` The Wind was too Strong '' . Rome Art Lover . Retrieved 12 Feb 2014 . ^ Bottum , Joseph ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` John Paul the Great '' . The Weekly Standard . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 1 Jan 2009 . ^ Brown , Andrew ( 11 Feb 2013 ) . `` Benedict , the placeholder pope who leaves a battered , weakened church '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 Feb 2013 . ^ Pianigiani , Gaia ; Povoledo , Elisabetta ( 27 Feb 2013 ) . `` Benedict XVI to Keep His Name and Become Pope Emeritus '' . The New York Times . ^ Scarisbrick , Veronica ( 22 March 2013 ) . `` Pope Francis : `` Miserando atque eligendo '' ... '' Vatican Radio . The Holy See . Vatican Radio . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Antipope '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Chronological Lists of Popes '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Pope Martin IV '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Popess Joan '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Weaver , MJ. , and Appleby , RS. , Being Right : Conservative Catholics in America , Indiana University Press , 1 Jan 1995 , p. 257 . ^ Flinn , FK. , Encyclopedia of Catholicism , 2007 , p. 566 . General The Early Papacy : To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451 , Adrian Fortescue , Ignatius Press , 2008 . The Oxford Dictionary of Popes , John N.D. Kelly , Oxford University Press , 1986 . Catholicism , Henri de Lubac , Ignatius Press , 1988 . Rome and the Eastern Churches , Aidan Nichols , Ignatius Press , 2010 . I Papi . Venti secoli di storia , Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo , Libreria Editrice Vaticana , 2002 . Rome Sweet Home , Scott Hahn , Ignatius Press , 1993 . Enciclopedia dei Papi , AA. VV. , Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana , 2000 . External links Catholic Encyclopedia GCatholic.org Popes & Anti-Popes Orthodox Church in America , The Lives of Saints ( Eastern Christian ) Popes of the Catholic Church List of popes graphical canonised Papal names Tombs extant non-extant Antipope Pope emeritus Papal resignation Pope - elect 1st -- 4th centuries During the Roman Empire ( until 493 ) including under Constantine ( 312 -- 337 ) Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleutherius Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I 5th -- 8th centuries Ostrogothic Papacy ( 493 -- 537 ) Byzantine Papacy ( 537 -- 752 ) Frankish Papacy ( 756 -- 857 ) Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory II Gregory III Zachary Stephen II Paul I Stephen III Adrian I Leo III 9th -- 12th centuries Papal selection before 1059 Saeculum obscurum ( 904 -- 964 ) Crescentii era ( 974 -- 1012 ) Tusculan Papacy ( 1012 -- 1044 / 1048 ) Imperial Papacy ( 1048 -- 1257 ) Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Benedict V Leo VIII John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Benedict IX Gregory VI Clement II Benedict IX Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III 13th -- 16th centuries Viterbo ( 1257 -- 1281 ) Orvieto ( 1262 -- 1297 ) Perugia ( 1228 -- 1304 ) Avignon Papacy ( 1309 -- 1378 ) Western Schism ( 1378 -- 1417 ) Renaissance Papacy ( 1417 -- 1534 ) Reformation Papacy ( 1534 -- 1585 ) Baroque Papacy ( 1585 -- 1689 ) Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict XI Clement V John XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Urban V Gregory XI Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Martin V Eugene IV Nicholas V Callixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII 17th -- 20th centuries Revolutionary Papacy ( 1775 -- 1848 ) Roman Question ( 1870 -- 1929 ) Vatican City ( 1929 -- present ) World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Cold War ( 1945 -- 1991 ) Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul II 21st century Benedict XVI Francis History of the papacy Antiquity and Early Middle Ages During the Roman 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"\nPopes of the 1st century\n\nPontiff\nnumber\nPontificate\nPortrait\nName: English\n· Latin\nPersonal name\nPlace of birth\nAge at start/\nend of papacy\nNotes\n\n\n1\n30/33 - 64/68\n\nSt Peter\nPETRUS\nŠimon Kêpâ\n(Simon Peter)\nAD 1 Bethsaida, Galilea, Roman Empire (Now Bethsaida, Galilee, Israel)\n29-32 / 63-67\nConverted Jew. Apostle of Jesus. According to Catholic tradition he received the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven (Matthew 16:18–19). Feast day (Feast of Saints Peter and Paul) 29 June, (Chair of Saint Peter) 22 February. He is recognized by the Catholic Church as the first Bishop of Rome appointed by Christ. Also revered as saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 29 June.[4] The St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City is named after him.\n\n\n2\n64/68 - 76/79\n\nSt Linus\nPapa LINUS\nLinus\n(Lin)\n10 AD Volterra, Italia, Roman Empire (Now Volterra, Italy)\n54-58 / 66-69\nFirst Roman pope.[5] Feast day 23 September. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 7 June.\n\n\n3\n76/79 - 88/91\n\nSt Anacletus\n(Cletus)\nPapa ANACLETUS (Cletus)\nAnáklētos\n(Klḗtos)\n(Anaclet or Clet)\n25 AD Athens, Achaea, Roman Empire[birth 1]\n51-54 / 63-66\nHistoricity not proven. First Greek pope. Feast day 26 April. Once erroneously split into Cletus and Anacletus.[6]\n\n\n4\n26 April 88 –\n23 Nov 99\n(11 years, 211 days)\n(4228)\n\nSt Clement I\nPapa CLEMENS\nClemens\n(Clement)\nc.35 AD Rome, Roman Empire[birth 2]\n53 / 64 (†66)\nRoman. Feast day 23 November. Issued 1 Clement which is said to be the basis of apostolic authority for the clergy. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 25 November. First Pope to abdicate\n\n\n5\n23 Nov 99 –\n27 Oct 105\n(5 years, 338 days)\n(2164)\n\nSt Evaristus\nPapa EVARISTUS\nEváristos\n(Evarist)\nc.30 AD Bethlehem, Judea, Roman Empire (now Bethlehem, West Bank, Palestine)\n69 / 75\nConverted Jew. Said to have divided Rome into parishes, assigning a priest to each. Feast day of 26 October.\n\n"
] | [
"St Peter"
] |
-5253898808413566433 | We Belong Together | We Belong Together - wikipedia We Belong Together For other uses , see We Belong Together ( disambiguation ) . `` We Belong Together '' Single by Mariah Carey from the album The Emancipation of Mimi B - side `` It 's Like That '' Released March 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 29 ) Format CD digital download Recorded Studio Right Track Studios ( New York City , New York ) Southside Studios ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Genre R&B Length 3 : 21 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Mariah Carey Jermaine Dupri Manuel Seal Johntá Austin Darnell Bristol Kenneth Edmonds Sidney DeWayne Bobby Womack Patrick Moten Sandra Sully Producer ( s ) Jermaine Dupri Mariah Carey Manuel Seal Mariah Carey singles chronology `` It 's Like That '' ( 2005 ) `` We Belong Together '' ( 2005 ) `` Shake It Off '' ( 2005 ) `` We Belong Together '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released on March 29 , 2005 , by Island Records as the second single from her tenth studio album The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . The song was written by Carey , Jermaine Dupri , Manuel Seal and Johntá Austin , and produced by the former three . As the song samples lyrics from `` If You Think You 're Lonely Now '' by Bobby Womack and `` Two Occasions '' by The Deele , several other songwriters are credited . `` We Belong Together '' is built on a simple piano arrangement with an understated backbeat . The lyrics chronicle a woman 's desperation for her former lover to return . Following her decline in popularity between 2001 and 2004 , critics dubbed the song her musical comeback , as many had considered her career over . `` We Belong Together '' earned her several music industry awards and nominations throughout 2005 and 2006 . The song broke chart records in the United States and became Carey 's sixteenth topper on the US Billboard Hot 100 . After staying at number one for fourteen non-consecutive weeks , it joined four other songs in a tie as the second longest running number - one song in US chart history , behind Carey 's own `` One Sweet Day '' . Billboard listed it as the `` song of the decade '' and the ninth most popular song of all - time . Additionally , it broke several airplay records , gathering both the largest one - day and one - week audiences in history . `` We Belong Together '' also topped the charts in Australia and the top - five in Canada , Denmark , Hungary , Ireland , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Scotland , Spain , and the United Kingdom . The accompanying music video for `` We Belong Together '' was filmed as a two - part story with `` It 's Like That '' , which featured Carey at her bachelorette party . The video for `` We Belong Together '' is a continuation focusing on Carey 's wedding to an older and powerful man and ends with the singer eloping with her ex-lover . Rumors arose of the video 's connection to her 1993 marriage to Tommy Mottola . Carey performed the song on several award shows and television appearances around the world , namely MTV Movie Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , Macy 's Fourth of July Parade , The Oprah Winfrey Show , and the 48th Grammy Awards . In Europe the song was performed at the Live 8 charity concert , the Fashion Rocks in Monaco , and the German Bambi Awards . Carey performed the song on both her Adventures of Mimi and Angels Advocate Tours . Contents 1 Background 2 Music and structure 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Awards and nominations 6 Remixes 7 Music video 7.1 Background 7.2 Synopsis 8 Live performances 9 Formats and track listings 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 Decade - end charts 11.4 All - time charts 12 Certifications 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) Carey had produced back - to - back commercially and critically unsuccessful albums , Glitter ( 2001 ) and Charmbracelet ( 2002 ) . Though fueled by strong media attention regarding Carey 's return to music , as well as her new deal with Island Records , the albums failed to deliver the type of success she had been accustomed to throughout the 1990s , and only managed sales of 3 million copies globally . After the album 's release , and its succeeding tour , Carey began conceptualizing and working on a new project , eventually titled The Emancipation of Mimi , her tenth studio effort . `` We Belong Together '' became a song that critics considered Carey 's `` return to form '' and `` the return of The Voice '' , after several questioned her vocal abilities following the release of Charmbracelet . By November 2004 , Carey had already recorded several songs for The Emancipation of Mimi . Island Records chairman L.A. Reid suggested Carey that she compose a few more strong singles to ensure the project 's commercial success . Noting that she had written some of her best work with Jermaine Dupri , Reid recommended her to meet with Dupri for a brief studio session . Carey headed to Atlanta to collaborate with Dupri where the duo wrote and produced `` Shake It Off '' and `` Get Your Number '' , which were eventually released as the album 's third and fourth singles . ( Following this recording session , `` Shake It Off '' was briefly selected as the album 's lead single , replacing the originally planned `` Say Somethin ' '' . ) Carey returned to Atlanta for a second meeting with Dupri ; during this trip , Carey and Dupri penned the last two songs to be included on the album , `` We Belong Together '' and `` It 's Like That '' . In an interview with Billboard , Carey described her sentiments regarding the song during the production stage : I had the chills . I had a great feeling about it when we finished writing the song , and I was flying back from Atlanta at some crazy hour of the morning ... But we were listening to it on the plane ride on the way home , and even from the demo version , I really felt something very special . Carey and her management then decided to release `` It 's Like That '' , which Carey called `` the right fire - starter '' , as the album 's lead single . She later reminisced about her experience with Dupri : `` I am so grateful I went to Atlanta , '' she said . `` And I have to say , we wrote some of my favorite songs on the album . I 'm so proud of Jermaine -- he 's so focused , and he knew what had to be done . '' Music and structure ( edit ) `` We Belong Together '' is an R&B ballad . Rolling Stone called it `` soulful . '' The song is propelled by a programmed Roland TR - 808 - styled kick and hi - hat , which is prominently utilized in hip hop music . Reviewer Jennifer Vineyard from MTV News commented that Carey 's spare and understated singing approach gave the song more power , which would not have been achieved if she had belted . The song also incorporates 1980s retro - soul music by `` cleverly '' referencing Bobby Womack 's `` If You Think You 're Lonely Now '' ( 1981 ) and the Deele 's `` Two Occasions '' ( 1987 ) , with Babyface . In the second verse of `` We Belong Together '' , Carey sings : `` Bobby Womack 's on the radio / Singing to me , ' If you think you 're lonely now ' . '' She then flips across a radio dial : `` So I turn the dial , tryin ' to catch a break / And then I hear Babyface / ' I only think of you ... ' . '' The line `` If you think you 're lonely now '' is from the song of the same name and `` I only think of you '' is from the chorus of `` Two Occasions . '' In the remix she also says `` I only think of you / On two occasions / That 's day and night ... '' Due to the inclusion of the lyrics from both songs , the songwriters were given co-writing credits on the song . `` We Belong Together '' follows the common verse - chorus form and is structured into three distinct sections , with each section presenting the protagonist in different emotions . The first section chronicles the break - up of the couple , and a sorrowful tone is established as she laments her former mistakes . In the second section , the narrative switches to the present , and the protagonist becomes increasingly agitated and feels `` all out of her element '' when she attempts to distract herself by listening to the radio , but fails . `` We Belong Together '' does not have a bridge ; instead , Carey transitions into the third section by raising the pitch an octave , which emphasizes the sheer frustration and desperation of the protagonist . Metro Times writer Johnny Loftus described the song 's production , lyrics and vocals in detail : It 's straightforward , heartfelt and classy . Mariah pleads with her departed lover -- ' When you left I lost a part of me / It 's still so hard to believe ' -- and the song 's gentle R&B roll is perfectly understated , built from a few piano chords and a slowed - down So So Def rhythm . It has a homebody quality , almost like an autumn song would -- you can imagine a split - up couple singing it quietly , separately , as the world goes on around them . She 's on a porch with tea ; he 's stuck in traffic when he finds Mariah on the radio . It even cleverly references that feel , with Mariah finding the Bobby Womack and Babyface songs on her radio just too tough to hear . There 's no tired ' I tried to 2 - way you ' retorts , no trash - technology love affair ' I was at the grocery store and this guy had the same ring tone as you , and I cried . ' No , there 's a classic sensibility to the lyrics and sound of ' We Belong Together ' that makes for perfect -- and perfectly universal -- pop / R&B songwriting . In other words , it 's the jam . And there 's probably a happy ending , too : Mariah 's triumphant octave shift finale makes the song 's title an emphatic . `` We Belong Together '' is a simple , understated musical arrangement set in F lydian and composed in 4 / 4 time . Similarly , within the song , Carey 's voice spans from G to the high note of A. Carey 's vocal range is demonstrated with a greater emphasis in the ending chorus , where the chorus is raised an octave higher , lying from G to A. As such , Carey ends with an anticipated coda , completing both the chorus and the song with a potent , belted note of C for approximately four semibreves ( around 17 seconds ) . It follows the common verse - chorus form and is structured into three sections that portray the protagonist in a range of emotions ; from doleful and resigned in the first section , to desperate and agitated in the second . In the last section the song climaxes with an octave raise , which not only emphasizes the protagonist 's heightened desperation , but her determination to be with her lover . The song is written in the key of C major with a slow tempo of 70 beats per minute . Carey 's vocals span from G to A , and the song follows a chord progression of Am -- G -- Em -- F . Critical reception ( edit ) `` We Belong Together '' became a `` career re-defining '' song for Carey , at a point when many critics had considered her career over . Unlike most of Carey 's recent singles at that time , `` We Belong Together '' received generally positive reviews from critics , most of whom hailed the song as her `` return to form '' , following reviews for Charmbracelet ( 2002 ) , that suggested Carey had lost her signature vocal range and power . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote `` the ... diva ( keeps ) cool with breathy , rapid - fire verses until the final full strong - voiced climax that ... proves that ' The Voice ' has indeed returned . '' Additionally , he said that `` The song is as ' innovative ' as Mariah has been in years . '' Other critics commended Carey on her novel singing style which , according to Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times , gave the song its propulsion , writing `` This style is part of the reason why she has been able to turn a ballad into a summer smash . ' We Belong Together ' does n't have a guest rapper , or a hard - hitting beat , but Ms. Carey 's tricky vocal lines give the song more propulsion than you 'd expect , with tightly coiled counter-rhythms that tug against the beat . '' Johnny Loftus from Metro Times called it a `` summer hit '' and wrote `` We all know it 's the intangibles that make a summer single anyway , those untraceable currents that grab the heart and feet , and despite not being an anthem , ' We Belong Together ' is that rousing . '' Writing for Vibe , Michael Ehrlich claimed the song would `` cut across generations '' , while Cinquemani felt it would revive `` faith in Mariah the balladeer '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic chose `` We Belong Together '' as a `` top Pick '' from the album , while Todd Burns from Stylus Magazine described it as `` beautifully cadenced '' . Echoing Cinquemani 's comments about the song and Carey 's past as a balladeer , Jozen Cummings from PopMatters wrote `` Carey makes the song her own , reminding fans of her ' Hero ' days with full , throaty vocals and a crashing climax at the end . The dichotomy between ' The Emancipation of Mimi 's ' first two tracks is the album 's bread and butter . '' Since first hearing the song on the radio , Sherri Winston from South Florida Sun - Sentinel claimed she `` knew it would be a smash '' , complimenting its understated beat and Carey 's vocals . Billboard 's Michael Paoletta described `` We Belong Together '' as one of the album 's strongest cuts , claiming that it highlighted the strongest focal point on the song : Carey 's voice . Slant Magazine ranked it 2nd on their best songs of 2005 list . Chart performance ( edit ) Carey performing `` We Belong Together '' on Good Morning America Between 2001 and 2004 , Carey 's popularity had substantially declined and many had considered her career as over . The song spent fourteen non-consecutive weeks at number one on both the US Billboard Hot 100 -- after making its debut at number 81 -- and on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . It had major cross-over success , becoming the first song to simultaneously occupy the number one position on nine Billboard charts on the week ending August 6 , 2005 : the Hot 100 , Billboard Hot 100 Airplay , Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs , Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay , Pop 100 Airplay , Top 40 Mainstream , Rhythmic Airplay Chart , Hot Dance Club Songs , and the Hot Ringtones charts . Spending fourteen weeks atop the Hot 100 , `` We Belong Together '' became the one of the second longest running number one songs in US chart history , behind only Carey 's 1995 collaboration with Boyz II Men , `` One Sweet Day '' , which spent sixteen weeks at number one . Aside from its chart success , the song broke several airplay records , and according to Mediabase and Nielsen BDS , gathered both the largest one - day and one - week audiences in BDS history , reaching 32.8 million and 223 million impressions respectively . This record was held until it was broken by Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' in 2013 , with 234.65 million listeners on July 28 . During the week of September 25 , 2005 , Carey set another record , becoming the first female to occupy the first two spots atop the Hot 100 , as `` We Belong Together '' remained at number one , and her next single , `` Shake It Off '' , held the number two spot . Additionally , the song held the top position on the official Hot 100 Airplay chart for sixteen weeks , tying for the second all time spot with No Doubt 's `` Do n't Speak '' ( 1996 ) . `` We Belong Together '' was certified 3хPlatinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of a 3 million copies throughout the United States . On the Billboard Hot 100 Year - end Chart of 2005 , the song was declared the number one song , a career first for Carey . Billboard listed `` We Belong Together '' ninth on The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs and second on Top Billboard Hot 100 R&B / Hip - Hop Songs . The song was also declared the most popular song of the 2000s decade by Billboard , which makes Carey the first artist to have more than one song being the most popular of a decade , as `` One Sweet Day '' was the most popular song of the 1990s . Besides its success in the United States , `` We Belong Together '' achieved strong charting throughout Europe and Australia . On the ARIA Charts , the song debuted atop the singles chart in Australia during the week dated July 3 , 2005 . The following week , it held the number one spot for a second week , and stayed on the chart for a total of eleven weeks . To date , `` We Belong Together '' was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of 70,000 units . The song finished at number seventeen on the 2005 Australian Year - End Chart . In both Flemish and Wallonian territories in Belgium , `` We Belong Together '' peaked at numbers twelve and twenty - four , spending a total of fifteen and fourteen weeks fluctuating in the singles chart , respectively . The song finished at number forty - seven on the Flemish Year - End Chart of 2005 . `` We Belong Together '' made its debut at number fifteen on the Danish Tracklisten chart during the week of August 7 , 2005 , eventually peaking at number three . In France , the song peaked at number twelve , and spent nineteen weeks fluctuating within the French singles chart . On the Dutch Top 40 chart , `` We Belong Together '' reached number one in its fourth week , and spent a total of sixteen weeks in the chart , four of which were at the number two position . The song finished at number forty - one on the Dutch Year - End Chart of 2005 . In New Zealand , the song spend three weeks at number two on the singles chart , and a total of twelve before making its exit on October 3 , 2005 . At the end of 2005 , `` We Belong Together '' finished at number thirty - six , and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . In both Norway and Spain , the song peaked at number nine and three , and spent nine and seven weeks within the charts . In Switzerland , the song peaked at number four on the official singles chart , and charted for thirteen weeks . During mid-week predictions in the United Kingdom , `` We Belong Together '' was positioned to become Carey 's third UK number one single . However , it wound up debuting at number two on the UK Singles Chart . In its second week , the song dropped to number three , before re-surfacing to number two in its third week , this time blocked by James Blunt 's `` You 're Beautiful '' . The song spent a total of eighteen weeks within the singles chart , and has estimated sales of over 240,000 units in the United Kingdom . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) `` We Belong Together '' was awarded several prestigious music industry awards throughout 2005 and 2006 . At the 2005 Billboard Music Awards ceremony , Carey won five awards , with the song receiving awards in the `` Rhythmic Top 40 Title of the Year '' , `` Hot 100 song of the Year '' and `` Hot 100 Airplay of the Year '' categories . On November 6 , 2005 , Carey earned two awards for `` We Belong Together '' at the Radio Music Awards ceremony , in the `` Song of the Year / Mainstream Hit Radio '' and `` Song of the Year / Urban and Rhythmic Radio '' categories . Similarly , `` We Belong Together '' won the `` Best R&B / Soul Single '' and `` Best R&B / Soul Single , Female '' awards at the 20th annual Soul Train Music Awards , `` Choice Love Song '' at the Teen Choice Awards , `` Best R&B Song '' at the Vibe Awards , and `` World 's Most - Played Single '' at the 2005 World Music Awards . At the 48th annual Grammy Awards , held at the Shrine Auditorium on February 8 , 2006 , Carey was nominated for eight awards , the most she had received in one night throughout her career . `` We Belong Together '' was nominated for Song of the Year and Record of the Year ; however , it won two awards : `` Best R&B Song '' and `` Best Female R&B Vocal Performance '' . The song was named `` Song of the Year '' at the ASCAP Awards , and `` Song of the Year '' , `` Most Performed Song '' and `` Number - one Billboard Song '' at the BMI Awards . Towards the summer of 2006 , Carey took home `` Song of the Year '' , `` Best Pop Female Song Performance '' and `` Best R&B / Soul Female Song Performance '' at the GrooveVolt Music & Fashion Awards . Remixes ( edit ) Carey recorded an official remix version for `` We Belong Together '' , which she produced with DJ Clue . The remix features vocals from rappers Jadakiss and Styles P , two - thirds of the hip - hop trio the LOX . The remix is fundamentally different from the original , described as having `` a faster , springier backbeat '' by Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times . Lyrically , the song is similar to the album version of the song , in which both rappers ' verses contemplate on past memories . Styles P raps `` Past is the past , just let it be bygones / Matter of fact I know a fly song that we could vibe on '' , which Sanneh writes `` Cheerfully out of place , he sounds like a man who has wandered into the wrong summertime party , but so what ? He figures he might as well stick around and enjoy it . '' In two separate reviews of The Emancipation of Mimi , Sanneh referred to the song as both `` great '' and `` excellent '' , in regards to the remix . Aside from the album version 's main remix , several others were commissioned and released , although none contained new vocals from Carey . Peter Rauhofer created the `` Reconstruction Mix / Atlantic Soul Vocal Mix '' and `` Atlantic Soul Vocal Mix '' , which both feature a synthetic bass line , a piano and guitar line , and distinctive hi - hats that produce a more up - tempo , hard - hitting beat . Music video ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The song 's music video premiered worldwide on April 11 , 2005 , although MSN offered an exclusive look at the music video on April 9 . Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' is Yahoo ! Music 's most watched video of 2005 with 7.5 million streamed performances . The video was shot by film director Brett Ratner in Los Angeles alongside the video for Carey 's previous single , `` It 's Like That '' . Carey had collaborated with Ratner several times in the past , having worked on the video for `` Heartbreaker '' , which became one of the most expensive of all time , costing an estimated $2.5 million . The video was filmed through February 9 to February 10 , 2005 , in conjunction with `` It 's Like That '' and serves as the second half to the two - part story . The music video for `` It 's Like That '' features Carey at her bachelorette party set to wed an older and powerful man , played by Eric Roberts . Towards the end of the video , her ex-lover and past flame , played by Wentworth Miller , arrives at the event , and the video concludes with them staring into each other 's eyes as Carey 's soon - to - be husband watches from a balcony . The video for `` We Belong Together '' finishes their tale of love , and features Carey on her wedding day . For the scenes of Carey 's wedding to the older man , she wore her Vera Wang gown she originally wore during her nuptials to Tommy Mottola in 1993 . In an interview with MSNBC , when asked if there was a connection to the use of the dress in the video and reality , Carey responded : The wedding dress was a Vera Wang original dress from a while ago that I actually wore on a certain occasion and had it in storage and when we came up with the concept for the video that had the element of a wedding in it , I said , ' well , I do have my old wedding dress , ' . ' It 's still worth ( sic ) for me ' cause I ca n't believe I was ever married but whatever , end of story . And I knew that we would n't be able to get a fabulous dress like in two days so I just took that dress out of the storage -- it has a 27 - foot train and it was just all hand - beaded and stuff and so I figured we might as well get a use out of it . ' Synopsis ( edit ) In the music video , Carey wore her wedding dress from her nuptials to Tommy Mottola in 1993 . She is seen running from the altar , alongside her lover ( Wentworth Miller ) , in the video 's climactic scene . The video features Carey readying for her wedding , and follows her to the altar , as well as her escape from the reception . Many of the actors featured in Carey 's `` It 's Like That '' video were in that of `` We Belong Together '' , which was shot as a continuation from the `` It 's Like That '' video . It begins with a scene of a large mansion , apparently owned by the older man who she is to marry . Carey is seen walking barefoot in a room , shedding a black sheer robe and laying down on a bed draped with white linens . Dressed in lingerie , Carey 's face is shown close - up , as scenes of her tossing in the bed are shown . As the song begins , Carey is seen sitting in front of a large mirror , preparing for her wedding by putting on earrings and shoes , and staring at the ring on her finger . Additional scenes of Carey sitting on a small blue sofa , wearing a purple dress , and Carey staring at the camera during a shower moment are interspersed . The wedding is then shown , with Miller approaching the reception through a stairwell in the back . Small children as seen throwing flowers on the white carpet , followed by Roberts and Carey walking down the aisle . As Carey , now dry and clothed , is shown in another scenario following the dressing scene , a still of Carey and Miller in the video for `` It 's like That '' is shown , during the lyrics `` I ca n't sleep at night / When you are on my mind '' . After several other scenes of Carey dressed in the purple gown and white shirt are interspersed , the altar is displayed , where before being ordained by the minister , Carey looks into her ex-lover's eyes once more . She turns to Roberts , and begins running towards Miller , leaving the reception . As the song 's climax is reached , Carey and Miller are shown running from the reception , as the guests stand up in awe , and watch the pair leave . Carey , dressed in the white shirt , is shown with growing anticipation , crying to the camera and moving her hands and hair . Back at the wedding scene , Carey and her lover get into his vehicle , and drive away as her 27 - foot train hangs behind the car . The video was nominated for `` Best R&B Video '' and `` Best Female Video '' at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards . Live performances ( edit ) Due to its continued chart success , Carey performed `` We Belong Together '' on several live televised performances and included it on the set - lists of all of her tours following its release . In the United Kingdom , Carey filmed a two - part appearance on the British music program Top of the Pops , performing `` It 's Like That '' , `` We Belong Together '' , and `` Shake It Off '' . Additional European and Asian appearances included an interview on the French talk show Le Grand Journal , and a performance of `` We Belong Together '' on both Music Station and Riponggi Hills in Japan . After returning to the United States for a string of televised performances , Carey launched the release of the album on Good Morning America , in the form of a five - piece outdoor concert . The concert , taking place in Times Square and featuring the largest crowd in the plaza since the 2004 New Year 's Eve celebration , featured the first three singles from the album , as well as `` Fly Like a Bird '' and `` Make It Happen '' ( 1991 ) . The following week , she performed `` We Belong Together '' at the 2005 BET Awards , with an additional appearance at the annual VH1 Save the Music special , filmed live on April 17 from the Beacon Theatre . Throughout May , Carey appeared on several US television programs , performing `` We Belong Together '' on the Late Show with David Letterman ( May 5 ) , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( May 11 ) , and The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( May 13 ) , which included a performance of `` It 's Like That '' . As June approached , Carey made an appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show ( May 24 ) , featuring a live rendition of `` We Belong Together '' . She appeared on stage wearing a long blue evening gown , and featured a four piece band , as well as three background vocalists . Eleven days later on June 4 , she performed at the annual Macy 's Fourth of July Parade , singing `` America the Beautiful '' and `` We Belong Together '' . Carey performing `` We Belong Together '' on her Angels Advocate Tour The following week , Carey made a live appearance at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards . The recital aired on television in black and white format , with Carey wearing a red Armani Privé and sporting a retro curled hairstyle , appearing in color . She performed `` We Belong Together '' on a white runway - styled stage with four male and female dancers . Following the stateside promotion of the album , Carey traveled to the United Kingdom on July 2 , 2005 for a benefit concert held in Hyde Park , London titled Live 8 . The televised event was watched by over 9.6 million British citizens and held a live audience of over 200,000 . Carey performed a three song set - list , opening with `` Make It Happen '' and `` Hero '' , which featured a live choir of African children , and followed by `` We Belong Together '' . On August 3 , USA Today announced that Carey would be added to the roster of performers at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards , held on the 28th of the month . The ceremony was held at the American Airlines Arena in downtown Miami Beach Florida , with Carey 's performance taking place at the National Hotel in South Beach . Apart from the Killers , she was the only performer to tape their appearance from an undisclosed location in Miami . After being introduced by Eva Longoria , Carey appeared on a long stage in the hotel 's courtyard , with Dupri opening the song in a nearby cabana . After performing `` Shake It Off '' and the official remix version of `` We Belong Together '' , Carey made her way into the shallow pool , followed by Dupri and the back - up dancers . Following the awards ceremony , Carey once again took to Europe , being featured as a head - lining performer at the 2005 Fashion Rocks , held in Monaco . Following her introduction by Donatella Versace , Carey performed the Peter Rauhofer Remix for `` We Belong Together '' on a suspended rafter , while wearing a metallic Versace gown . Carey played a similarly - choreographed performance of the song 's Peter Rauhofer Remix at the German Bambi Awards , held in October 2005 . Two months later , she celebrated the new year on television , placing as the featured performer at the Times Square Ball drop on New Year 's Eve in New York . The special , titled Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest , aired on ABC at 10 pm on December 31 , and featured Carey on stage wearing a short sparkling dress , and performing a selection of the album 's singles . At the 48th Grammy Awards , held on February 8 , 2006 , Carey was nominated for eight awards -- the most she had ever received in one night . That night , Carey returned to the Grammy stage for the first time since 1996 . Her performance opened with a pre-taped video in which she discussed the importance of God and religion in her life . Carey then came to the stage , dressed in a white Chanel gown , and sang a shortened version of `` We Belong Together '' . Next , Carey 's pastor Clarence Keaton read a Bible passage to open Carey 's performance of `` Fly Like a Bird '' , as he did in the studio recording of the song . Midway through the song , a black temporary wall was removed , revealing a large choir who joined Carey for the song 's gospel climax . The performance earned the night 's only standing ovation , prompting Teri Hatcher , who was presenting the next award , to exclaim , `` It 's like we 've all just been saved ! '' Carey 's performance earned rave reviews from critics . Gary Susman from Entertainment Weekly called Carey the `` comeback queen '' , noting that her voice `` soar ( ed ) into the rafters like only Carey 's can . '' Carey included `` We Belong Together '' on both succeeding tours following its release , the Adventures of Mimi and Angels Advocate Tours . On the former , the song was featured as the encore number , with Carey re-entering the arenas in a form fitting beige evening gown . Backed by three background vocalists , Trey Lorenz , Sherry Tatum , and MaryAnn Tatum , Carey began the song as confetti dropped the arena rafters . According to Jennifer Vineyard from MTV News , the performance was `` a major accomplishment '' , and the highlight of the show , and found Carey re-connect with the audience in ways that she was unable throughout most of the show . Similarly , during her Angel 's Advocate Tour , the song was placed as one of the final numbers on the set - list . Dressed in a black Herve Leger gown , Carey introduced the song as the Billboard 's `` song of the decade '' , and thanked the audience for making it her 16th number - one single in the United States . Following the song 's completion , Carey exited the arena for a few moments , before returning to perform `` Hero '' as the encore . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Australian CD single `` We Belong Together '' -- 3 : 22 `` We Belong Together '' ( Reconstruction Radio Mix ) -- 4 : 05 `` It 's Like That ( Remix ) '' ( feat . Fat Joe ) -- 3 : 32 `` We Belong Together '' ( Video ) Danish maxi - single ( Promo ) `` We Belong Together ( Remix ) '' -- 4 : 30 `` We Belong Together ( Reconstruction Radio Mix ) '' -- 4 : 04 `` We Belong Together ( Reconstruction Club Mix ) '' -- 9 : 25 `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Radio Edit ) '' -- 4 : 22 `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Vocal ) '' -- 7 : 23 `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Instrumental ) '' -- 7 : 22 European CD single `` We Belong Together '' -- 3 : 22 `` We Belong Together ( Remix ) '' ( feat . Jadakiss and Styles P ) -- 4 : 30 Japanese CD single `` We Belong Together '' -- 3 : 22 `` We Belong Together '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 22 UK CD single `` We Belong Together '' -- 3 : 23 `` We Belong Together '' ( Remix ) -- 4 : 06 UK CD maxi - single `` We Belong Together ( Remix ) '' -- 4 : 30 `` We Belong Together ( Reconstruction Radio Mix ) '' -- 4 : 04 `` We Belong Together ( Reconstruction Club Mix ) '' -- 9 : 25 `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Radio Edit ) '' -- 4 : 22 `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Vocal ) '' -- 7 : 23 `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Instrumental ) '' -- 7 : 22 US CD single ( Promo ) `` We Belong Together '' -- 4 : 27 `` We Belong Together ( Instrumental ) '' -- 4 : 28 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits for The Emancipation of Mimi adapted from the album 's liner notes . Mariah Carey -- songwriting , producer , lead vocals , background vocals Jermaine Dupri -- songwriting , producer Manuel Seal -- songwriting , producer Johntá Austin -- songwriting Bobby Womack -- songwriting ( interpolation ) Patrick Moten -- songwriting ( interpolation ) Kenneth Edmonds -- songwriting ( interpolation ) Darnell Bristol -- songwriting ( interpolation ) Sandra Sully -- songwriting ( interpolation ) Brian Frye -- engineer Herb Power -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 24 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 11 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) France ( SNEP ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 50 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 34 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 47 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 45 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 92 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 41 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 41 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 36 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 57 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 20 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 09 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard Hot 100 ( 2013 ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 ( 2018 ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,700,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2005 ( Australia ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2005 List of number - one R&B singles of 2005 ( U.S. ) List of number - one dance singles of 2005 ( U.S. ) List of number - one dance airplay hits of 2005 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Joan ( February 6 , 2006 ) . `` Carey , On ! 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Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( European CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . 0602498833209 . Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( Japanese CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . UICL - 5019 . Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( Japanese CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . 9883481 . Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( UK CD maxi - single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . 988 348 - 3 . Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( US CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . B0005162 - 11 . Jump up ^ Carey , Mariah ( 2005 ) . The Emancipation of Mimi ( Liner Notes ) ( Compact Disc ) . Mariah Carey . New York City , New York : Island Records . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the world '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . July 30 , 2005 . p. 57 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- We Belong Together '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 31 , 2005 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . 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Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Tropical Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Year End European Hot 100 Singles Chart 2005 01 -- 2005 52 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2005 '' ( in Dutch ) . GfK Dutch Charts . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 2005 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official UK Singles Chart 2005 '' ( PDF ) . OCC . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 All Time Top Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 All Time Top Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2005 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2013 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter We Belong Together in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Katy Perry Regains No. 1 Momentum '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Works cited Scapolo , Dean ( 2006 ) , The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 , St. Martin 's Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Mariah Carey songs Singles discography 1990s songs `` Vision of Love '' `` Love Takes Time '' `` Someday '' `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' `` There 's Got to Be a Way '' `` Emotions '' `` Ca n't Let Go '' `` Make It Happen '' `` If It 's Over '' `` I 'll Be There '' `` Dreamlover '' `` Hero '' `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' `` Without You '' `` Never Forget You '' `` Endless Love '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Fantasy '' `` Underneath the Stars '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Open Arms '' `` Always Be My Baby '' `` Forever '' `` Honey '' `` My All '' `` Butterfly '' `` The Roof '' `` Breakdown '' `` Close My Eyes '' `` The Beautiful Ones '' `` Sweetheart '' `` When You Believe '' `` I Still Believe '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Thank God I Found You '' `` Ca n't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Crybaby '' 2000s songs `` Loverboy '' `` Do n't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) '' `` Reflections ( Care Enough ) '' `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life '' `` Never Too Far '' `` Never Too Far / Hero Medley '' `` Through the Rain '' `` Boy ( I Need You ) '' `` Bringin ' On the Heartbreak '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` It 's Like That '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Mine Again '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Get Your Number '' `` Fly Like a Bird '' `` Do n't Forget About Us '' `` So Lonely '' `` Migrate '' `` Touch My Body '' `` I Stay in Love '' `` Side Effects '' `` I 'm That Chick '' `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' `` Bye Bye '' `` Hero '' ( 2008 version ) `` Betcha Gon ' Know ( The Prologue ) '' `` Obsessed '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` H.A.T.E.U. '' 2010s songs `` Up Out My Face '' `` Angels Cry '' `` Oh Santa ! '' `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` One Child '' `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' `` # Beautiful '' `` Thirsty '' `` You 're Mine ( Eternal ) '' `` You Do n't Know What to Do '' `` Meteorite '' `` The Art of Letting Go '' `` Infinity '' `` I Do n't '' Other releases `` 100 % '' `` Almost Home '' `` Every Time I Close My Eyes '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` My Love '' `` Right to Dream '' `` So Lonely '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' `` U Make Me Wanna '' `` What More Can I Give '' Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Belong_Together&oldid=854759455 '' Categories : 2005 singles Mariah Carey songs Contemporary R&B ballads Pop ballads 2005 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Music videos directed by Brett Ratner Songs written by Jermaine Dupri Songs written by Mariah Carey Songs written by Johntá Austin Songs written by Manuel Seal Songs written by Babyface ( musician ) Songs written by Bobby Womack Song recordings produced by Jermaine Dupri Songs written by Sandra Sully ( songwriter ) Songs written by Patrick Moten Songs written by Darnell Bristol Songs about betrayal UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles 2000s ballads Island Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 CS1 errors : dates Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardlatintropical Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 15 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the song we belong together about | [
"\"We Belong Together\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on March 29, 2005, by Island Records as the second single from her tenth studio album The Emancipation of Mimi (2005). The song was written by Carey, Jermaine Dupri, Manuel Seal and Johntá Austin, and produced by the former three. As the song samples lyrics from \"If You Think You're Lonely Now\" by Bobby Womack and \"Two Occasions\" by The Deele, several other songwriters are credited. \"We Belong Together\" is built on a simple piano arrangement with an understated backbeat. The lyrics chronicle a woman's desperation for her former lover to return.\n"
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"a woman's desperation for her former lover to return"
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-8966761388418885570 | Scramble for Africa | Scramble for Africa - wikipedia Scramble for Africa Jump to : navigation , search For information on the colonisation of Africa prior to the 1880s , including Carthaginian and early European colonisation , see Colonisation of Africa . For the book by Thomas Pakenham , see The Scramble for Africa . Areas of Africa controlled by European colonial powers in 1913 , shown along with current national boundaries Belgian Italian British Portuguese French Spanish German Independent Part of a series on the New Imperialism History Western imperialism in Asia `` The Great Game '' The `` Scramble for Africa '' Historiography of the British Empire Theory The Expansion of England Gentlemanly capitalism The Imperialism of Free Trade Imperialism : A Study Imperialism , the Highest Stage of Capitalism Porter -- MacKenzie debate See also Imperialism Colonialism Decolonization Scramble for Africa Boer War ( 1880 ) Tunisia ( 1881 ) Sudan ( 1881 ) Egypt ( 1882 ) Wassoulou ( 1883 ) Eritrea ( 1887 ) Dahomey ( 1890 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Dahomey ( 1892 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 ) Wassoulou ( 1894 ) Ashanti ( 1895 ) Ethiopia ( 1895 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 ) Zanzibar ( 1896 ) Benin ( 1897 ) Wassoulou ( 1898 ) Chad ( 1898 ) ( Kousséri ) Fashoda ( 1898 ) South Africa ( 1899 ) Namibia ( 1904 ) Tanganyika ( 1905 ) Morocco ( 1905 ) South Africa ( 1906 ) Ouaddai ( 1909 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Tripolitania ( 1911 ) South Africa ( 1914 ) Exploration of Africa Nero expedition Roman expeditions The search for the source of the Nile First Zambesi expedition Second Zambesi expedition First trans - Africa exploration Scramble for Africa Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913 The Scramble for Africa was the occupation , division , and colonisation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism , between 1881 and 1914 . It is also called the Partition of Africa and by some the Conquest of Africa . In 1870 , only 10 percent of Africa was under European control ; by 1914 it had increased to almost 90 percent of the continent , with only Ethiopia ( Abyssinia ) , the Dervish state ( a portion of present - day Somalia ) and Liberia still being independent . The Berlin Conference of 1884 , which regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa , is usually referred to as the starting point of the scramble for Africa . Consequent to the political and economic rivalries among the European empires in the last quarter of the 19th century , the partitioning , or splitting up of Africa was how the Europeans avoided warring amongst themselves over Africa . The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from `` informal imperialism '' ( hegemony ) , by military influence and economic dominance , to direct rule , bringing about colonial imperialism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Causes 2.1 Africa and global markets 2.2 Strategic rivalry 2.2. 1 Germany 's Weltpolitik 2.2. 2 Italy 's expansion 3 Crises prior to World War I 3.1 Colonisation of the Congo 3.2 Suez Canal 3.3 Berlin Conference ( 1884 -- 85 ) 3.4 Britain 's administration of Egypt and South Africa 3.5 Moroccan Crisis 3.6 Dervish resistance 3.7 Herero Wars and the Maji - Maji Rebellion 4 Colonial encounter 4.1 Colonial consciousness and exhibitions 4.1. 1 Colonial lobby 4.1. 2 Colonial propaganda and jingoism 4.1. 2.1 Colonial exhibitions 4.2 Countering disease 5 Colonialism leading to World War I 6 African colonies listed by colonising power 6.1 Belgium 6.2 France 6.3 Germany 6.4 Italy 6.5 Portugal 6.6 Spain 6.7 United Kingdom 6.8 Independent states 6.9 Modern Scramble for Africa 6.10 Petro - states 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) David Livingstone , early explorer of the interior of Africa and fighter against the slave trade The Portuguese established the first firm post-Middle Ages European settlements , trade posts , permanent fortifications and ports of call along the coast of the African continent , from the beginning of the Age of Discovery during the 15th century . But Europeans showed comparatively little interest in ( and less knowledge of ) the interior for some two centuries thereafter . European exploration of the African interior began in earnest at the end of the 18th century . By 1835 , Europeans had mapped most of northwestern Africa . In the middle decades of the 19th century , famous European explorers included David Livingstone and H.M. Stanley , each of whom mapped vast areas of Southern Africa and Central Africa . Arduous expeditions in the 1850s and 1860s by Richard Burton , John Speke and James Grant located the great central lakes and the source of the Nile . By the end of the 19th century Europeans had charted the Nile from its source , traced the courses of the Niger , Congo and Zambezi Rivers , and realised the vast resources of Africa . Even as late as the 1870s , European states still controlled only ten percent of the African continent , with all their territories located near the coast . The most important holdings were Angola and Mozambique , held by Portugal ; the Cape Colony , held by the United Kingdom ; and Algeria , held by France . By 1914 , only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control . Technological advances facilitated European expansion overseas . Industrialisation brought about rapid advancements in transportation and communication , especially in the forms of steam navigation , railways and telegraphs . Medical advances also played an important role , especially medicines for tropical diseases . The development of quinine , an effective treatment for malaria , made vast expanses of the tropics more accessible for Europeans . Causes ( edit ) Africa and global markets ( edit ) Sub-Saharan Africa , one of the last regions of the world largely untouched by `` informal imperialism '' , was also attractive to Europe 's ruling elites for economic , political and social reasons . During a time when Britain 's balance of trade showed a growing deficit , with shrinking and increasingly protectionist continental markets due to the Long Depression ( 1873 -- 96 ) , Africa offered Britain , Germany , France , and other countries an open market that would garner them a trade surplus : a market that bought more from the colonial power than it sold overall . In addition , surplus capital was often more profitably invested overseas , where cheap materials , limited competition , and abundant raw materials made a greater premium possible . Another inducement for imperialism arose from the demand for raw materials unavailable in Europe , especially copper , cotton , rubber , palm oil , cocoa , diamonds , tea , and tin , to which European consumers had grown accustomed and upon which European industry had grown dependent . Additionally , Britain wanted the southern and eastern coasts of Africa for stopover ports on the route to Asia and its empire in India . However , in Africa -- excluding the area which became the Union of South Africa in 1910 -- the amount of capital investment by Europeans was relatively small , compared to other continents . Consequently , the companies involved in tropical African commerce were relatively small , apart from Cecil Rhodes 's De Beers Mining Company . Rhodes had carved out Rhodesia for himself ; Léopold II of Belgium later , and with considerable brutality , exploited the Congo Free State . These events might detract from the pro-imperialist arguments of colonial lobbyists such as the Alldeutscher Verband , Francesco Crispi and Jules Ferry , who argued that sheltered overseas markets in Africa would solve the problems of low prices and over-production caused by shrinking continental markets . John A. Hobson argued in Imperialism that this shrinking of continental markets was a key factor of the global `` New Imperialism '' period . William Easterly of New York University , however , disagrees with the link made between capitalism and imperialism , arguing that colonialism is used mostly to promote state - led development rather than `` corporate '' development . He has stated that `` imperialism is not so clearly linked to capitalism and the free markets ... historically there has been a closer link between colonialism / imperialism and state - led approaches to development . '' Strategic rivalry ( edit ) Contemporary illustration of Major Marchand 's trek across Africa in 1898 The rivalry between Britain , France , Germany , and the other European powers accounts for a large part of the colonization . While tropical Africa was not a large zone of investment , other overseas regions were . The vast interior between Egypt and the gold and diamond - rich southern Africa had strategic value in securing the flow of overseas trade . Britain was under political pressure to secure lucrative markets against encroaching rivals in China and its eastern colonies , most notably India , Malaya , Australia and New Zealand . Thus , it was crucial to secure the key waterway between East and West -- the Suez Canal . However , a theory that Britain sought to annex East Africa during the 1880 onwards , out of geostrategic concerns connected to Egypt ( especially the Suez Canal ) , has been challenged by historians such as John Darwin ( 1997 ) and Jonas F. Gjersø ( 2015 ) . The scramble for African territory also reflected concern for the acquisition of military and naval bases , for strategic purposes and the exercise of power . The growing navies , and new ships driven by steam power , required coaling stations and ports for maintenance . Defense bases were also needed for the protection of sea routes and communication lines , particularly of expensive and vital international waterways such as the Suez Canal . Colonies were also seen as assets in `` balance of power '' negotiations , useful as items of exchange at times of international bargaining . Colonies with large native populations were also a source of military power ; Britain and France used large numbers of British Indian and North African soldiers , respectively , in many of their colonial wars ( and would again be utilised in the coming World Wars ) . In the age of nationalism there was pressure for a nation to acquire an empire as a status symbol ; the idea of `` greatness '' became linked with the sense of duty underlying many nations ' strategies . In the early 1880s , Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza was exploring the Kingdom of Kongo for France , at the same time Henry Morton Stanley explored it on behalf of Léopold II of Belgium , who would have it as his personal Congo Free State ( see section below ) . France occupied Tunisia in May 1881 , which may have convinced Italy to join the German - Austrian Dual Alliance in 1882 , thus forming the Triple Alliance . The same year , Britain occupied Egypt ( hitherto an autonomous state owing nominal fealty to the Ottoman Empire ) , which ruled over Sudan and parts of Chad , Eritrea , and Somalia . In 1884 , Germany declared Togoland , the Cameroons and South West Africa to be under its protection ; and France occupied Guinea . French West Africa ( AOF ) was founded in 1895 , and French Equatorial Africa in 1910 . Germany 's weltpolitik ( edit ) The Askari colonial troops in German East Africa , circa 1906 Germany was hardly a colonial power before the New Imperialism period , but would eagerly participate in this race . Fragmented in various states , Germany was only unified under Prussia 's rule after the 1866 Battle of Königgrätz and the 1870 Franco - Prussian War . A rising industrial power close on the heels of Britain , Germany began its world expansion in the 1880s . After isolating France by the Dual Alliance with Austria - Hungary and then the 1882 Triple Alliance with Italy , Chancellor Otto von Bismarck proposed the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference , which set the rules of effective control of a foreign territory . Weltpolitik ( world policy ) was the foreign policy adopted by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890 , with the aim of transforming Germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy , the acquisition of overseas colonies , and the development of a large navy . Some Germans , claiming themselves of Friedrich List 's thought , advocated expansion in the Philippines and Timor ; others proposed to set themselves up in Formosa ( modern Taiwan ) , etc . At the end of the 1870s , these isolated voices began to be relayed by a real imperialist policy , backed by mercantilist thesis . In 1881 , Hübbe - Schleiden , a lawyer , published Deutsche Kolonisation , according to which the `` development of national consciousness demanded an independent overseas policy '' . Pan-Germanism was thus linked to the young nation 's imperialist drives . In the beginning of the 1880s , the Deutscher Kolonialverein was created , and got its own magazine in 1884 , the Kolonialzeitung . This colonial lobby was also relayed by the nationalist Alldeutscher Verband . Generally , Bismarck was opposed to widespread German colonialism , but he had to resign at the insistence of the new German Emperor Wilhelm II on 18 March 1890 . Wilhelm II instead adopted a very aggressive policy of colonisation and colonial expansion . Germany 's expansionism would lead to the Tirpitz Plan , implemented by Admiral von Tirpitz , who would also champion the various Fleet Acts starting in 1898 , thus engaging in an arms race with Britain . By 1914 , they had given Germany the second - largest naval force in the world ( roughly three - fifths the size of the Royal Navy ) . According to von Tirpitz , this aggressive naval policy was supported by the National Liberal Party rather than by the conservatives , implying that imperialism was supported by the rising middle classes . Germany became the third - largest colonial power in Africa . Nearly all of its overall empire of 2.6 million square kilometres and 14 million colonial subjects in 1914 was found in its African possessions of Southwest Africa , Togoland , the Cameroons , and Tanganyika . Following the 1904 Entente cordiale between France and the British Empire , Germany tried to isolate France in 1905 with the First Moroccan Crisis . This led to the 1905 Algeciras Conference , in which France 's influence on Morocco was compensated by the exchange of other territories , and then to the Agadir Crisis in 1911 . Along with the 1898 Fashoda Incident between France and Britain , this succession of international crises reveals the bitterness of the struggle between the various imperialist nations , which ultimately led to World War I . Italy 's expansion ( edit ) Tapestry depicting the Battle of Adwa between Ethiopian and Italian forces . Italy took possession of parts of Eritrea in 1870 and 1882 . Following its defeat in the First Italo -- Ethiopian War ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , it acquired Italian Somaliland in 1889 -- 90 and the whole of Eritrea ( 1899 ) . In 1911 , it engaged in a war with the Ottoman Empire , in which it acquired Tripolitania and Cyrenaica ( modern Libya ) . In 1919 Enrico Corradini -- who fully supported the war , and later merged his group in the early fascist party ( PNF ) -- developed the concept of Proletarian Nationalism , supposed to legitimise Italy 's imperialism by a mixture of socialism with nationalism : We must start by recognizing the fact that there are proletarian nations as well as proletarian classes ; that is to say , there are nations whose living conditions are subject ... to the way of life of other nations , just as classes are . Once this is realised , nationalism must insist firmly on this truth : Italy is , materially and morally , a proletarian nation . The Second Italo - Abyssinian War ( 1935 -- 36 ) , ordered by the Fascist Benito Mussolini , would actually be one of the last colonial wars ( that is , intended to colonise a foreign country , as opposed to wars of national liberation ) , occupying Ethiopia -- which had remained the last independent African territory , apart from Liberia . Crises prior to World War I ( edit ) Colonisation of the Congo ( edit ) Henry Morton Stanley David Livingstone 's explorations , carried on by Henry Morton Stanley , excited imaginations with Stanley 's grandiose ideas for colonisation ; but these found little support owing to the problems and scale of action required , except from Léopold II of Belgium , who in 1876 had organised the International African Association ( the Congo Society ) . From 1869 to 1874 , Stanley was secretly sent by Léopold II to the Congo region , where he made treaties with several African chiefs along the Congo River and by 1882 had sufficient territory to form the basis of the Congo Free State . Léopold II personally owned the colony from 1885 and used it as a source of ivory and rubber . Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza in his version of `` native '' dress , photographed by Félix Nadar While Stanley was exploring Congo on behalf of Léopold II of Belgium , the Franco - Italian marine officer Pierre de Brazza travelled into the western Congo basin and raised the French flag over the newly founded Brazzaville in 1881 , thus occupying today 's Republic of the Congo . Portugal , which also claimed the area due to old treaties with the native Kongo Empire , made a treaty with Britain on 26 February 1884 to block off the Congo Society 's access to the Atlantic . By 1890 the Congo Free State had consolidated its control of its territory between Leopoldville and Stanleyville , and was looking to push south down the Lualaba River from Stanleyville . At the same time , the British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes was expanding north from the Limpopo River , sending the Pioneer Column ( guided by Frederick Selous ) through Matabeleland , and starting a colony in Mashonaland . To the west , in the land where their expansions would meet , was Katanga , site of the Yeke Kingdom of Msiri . Msiri was the most militarily powerful ruler in the area , and traded large quantities of copper , ivory and slaves -- and rumors of gold reached European ears . The scramble for Katanga was a prime example of the period . Rhodes and the BSAC sent two expeditions to Msiri in 1890 led by Alfred Sharpe , who was rebuffed , and Joseph Thomson , who failed to reach Katanga . Leopold sent four CFS expeditions . First , the Le Marinel Expedition could only extract a vaguely worded letter . The Delcommune Expedition was rebuffed . The well - armed Stairs Expedition was given orders to take Katanga with or without Msiri 's consent . Msiri refused , was shot , and the expedition cut off his head and stuck it on a pole as a `` barbaric lesson '' to the people . The Bia Expedition finished the job of establishing an administration of sorts and a `` police presence '' in Katanga . Native Congo Free State laborers who failed to meet rubber collection quotas were often punished by having their hands cut off Thus , the half million square kilometers of Katanga came into Leopold 's possession and brought his African realm up to 2,300,000 square kilometres ( 890,000 sq mi ) , about 75 times larger than Belgium . The Congo Free State imposed such a terror regime on the colonised people , including mass killings and forced labour , that Belgium , under pressure from the Congo Reform Association , ended Leopold II 's rule and annexed it in 1908 as a colony of Belgium , known as the Belgian Congo . The brutality of King Leopold II of Belgium in his former colony of the Congo Free State , now the Democratic Republic of the Congo , was well documented ; up to 8 million of the estimated 16 million native inhabitants died between 1885 and 1908 . According to the former British diplomat Roger Casement , this depopulation had four main causes : `` indiscriminate war '' , starvation , reduction of births and diseases . Sleeping sickness ravaged the country and must also be taken into account for the dramatic decrease in population ; it has been estimated that sleeping sickness and smallpox killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower Congo River . Estimates of the total death toll vary considerably . As the first census did not take place until 1924 , it is difficult to quantify the population loss of the period . Casement 's report set it at three million . William Rubinstein wrote : `` More basically , it appears almost certain that the population figures given by Hochschild are inaccurate . There is , of course , no way of ascertaining the population of the Congo before the twentieth century , and estimates like 20 million are purely guesses . Most of the interior of the Congo was literally unexplored if not inaccessible . '' See Congo Free State for further details including numbers of victims . A similar situation occurred in the neighbouring French Congo . Most of the resource extraction was run by concession companies , whose brutal methods , along with the introduction of disease , resulted in the loss of up to 50 percent of the indigenous population . The French government appointed a commission , headed by de Brazza , in 1905 to investigate the rumoured abuses in the colony . However , de Brazza died on the return trip , and his `` searingly critical '' report was neither acted upon nor released to the public . In the 1920s , about 20,000 forced labourers died building a railroad through the French territory . Suez Canal ( edit ) Main article : Suez Canal Port Said entrance to Suez Canal , showing De Lesseps ' statue French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha , the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan , in 1854 -- 56 , to build the Suez Canal . Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000 , but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition , fatigue and disease , especially cholera . Shortly before its completion in 1869 , Khedive Isma'il borrowed enormous sums from British and French bankers at high rates of interest . By 1875 , he was facing financial difficulties and was forced to sell his block of shares in the Suez Canal . The shares were snapped up by Britain , under its Prime Minister , Benjamin Disraeli , who sought to give his country practical control in the management of this strategic waterway . When Isma'il repudiated Egypt 's foreign debt in 1879 , Britain and France seized joint financial control over the country , forcing the Egyptian ruler to abdicate , and installing his eldest son Tewfik Pasha in his place . The Egyptian and Sudanese ruling classes did not relish foreign intervention . During the 1870s , European initiatives against the slave trade caused an economic crisis in northern Sudan , precipitating the rise of Mahdist forces . In 1881 , the Mahdist revolt erupted in Sudan under Muhammad Ahmad , severing Tewfik 's authority in Sudan . The same year , Tewfik suffered an even more perilous rebellion by his own Egyptian army in the form of the Urabi Revolt . In 1882 , Tewfik appealed for direct British military assistance , commencing Britain 's administration of Egypt . A joint British - Egyptian military force ultimately defeated the Mahdist forces in Sudan in 1898 . Thereafter , Britain ( rather than Egypt ) seized effective control of Sudan . Berlin Conference ( 1884 -- 85 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Berlin Conference Otto von Bismarck at the Berlin Conference , 1884 The occupation of Egypt , and the acquisition of the Congo were the first major moves in what came to be a precipitous scramble for African territory . In 1884 , Otto von Bismarck convened the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference to discuss the African problem . The diplomats put on a humanitarian façade by condemning the slave trade , prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages and firearms in certain regions , and by expressing concern for missionary activities . More importantly , the diplomats in Berlin laid down the rules of competition by which the great powers were to be guided in seeking colonies . They also agreed that the area along the Congo River was to be administered by Léopold II of Belgium as a neutral area , known as the Congo Free State , in which trade and navigation were to be free . No nation was to stake claims in Africa without notifying other powers of its intentions . No territory could be formally claimed prior to being effectively occupied . However , the competitors ignored the rules when convenient and on several occasions war was only narrowly avoided . Britain 's administration of Egypt and South Africa ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Boer child in a British concentration camp during the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Britain 's administration of Egypt and the Cape Colony contributed to a preoccupation over securing the source of the Nile River . Egypt was overrun by British forces in 1882 ( although not formally declared a protectorate until 1914 , and never an actual colony ) ; Sudan , Nigeria , Kenya and Uganda were subjugated in the 1890s and early 20th century ; and in the south , the Cape Colony ( first acquired in 1795 ) provided a base for the subjugation of neighboring African states and the Dutch Afrikaner settlers who had left the Cape to avoid the British and then founded their own republics . Theophilus Shepstone annexed the South African Republic ( or Transvaal ) in 1877 for the British Empire , after it had been independent for twenty years . In 1879 , after the Anglo - Zulu War , Britain consolidated its control of most of the territories of South Africa . The Boers protested , and in December 1880 they revolted , leading to the First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) . British Prime Minister William Gladstone signed a peace treaty on 23 March 1881 , giving self - government to the Boers in the Transvaal . The Jameson Raid of 1895 was a failed attempt by the British South Africa Company and the Johannesburg Reform Committee to overthrow the Boer government in the Transvaal . The Second Boer War , fought between 1899 and 1902 , was about control of the gold and diamond industries ; the independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic ( or Transvaal ) were this time defeated and absorbed into the British Empire . The French thrust into the African interior was mainly from the coasts of West Africa ( modern day Senegal ) eastward , through the Sahel along the southern border of the Sahara , a huge desert covering most of present - day Senegal , Mali , Niger , and Chad . Their ultimate aim was to have an uninterrupted colonial empire from the Niger River to the Nile , thus controlling all trade to and from the Sahel region , by virtue of their existing control over the Caravan routes through the Sahara . The British , on the other hand , wanted to link their possessions in Southern Africa ( modern South Africa , Botswana , Zimbabwe , Lesotho , Swaziland , and Zambia ) , with their territories in East Africa ( modern Kenya ) , and these two areas with the Nile basin . Muhammad Ahmad , leader of the Mahdists . This fundamentalist group of Muslim dervishes over-ran much of Sudan and fought British forces . The Sudan ( which in those days included most of present - day Uganda ) was the key to the fulfillment of these ambitions , especially since Egypt was already under British control . This `` red line '' through Africa is made most famous by Cecil Rhodes . Along with Lord Milner , the British colonial minister in South Africa , Rhodes advocated such a `` Cape to Cairo '' empire , linking the Suez Canal to the mineral - rich Southern part of the continent by rail . Though hampered by German occupation of Tanganyika until the end of World War I , Rhodes successfully lobbied on behalf of such a sprawling African empire . If one draws a line from Cape Town to Cairo ( Rhodes 's dream ) , and one from Dakar to the Horn of Africa ( now Ethiopia , Eritrea , Djibouti and Somalia ) , ( the French ambition ) , these two lines intersect somewhere in eastern Sudan near Fashoda , explaining its strategic importance . In short , Britain had sought to extend its East African empire contiguously from Cairo to the Cape of Good Hope , while France had sought to extend its own holdings from Dakar to the Sudan , which would enable its empire to span the entire continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea . A French force under Jean - Baptiste Marchand arrived first at the strategically located fort at Fashoda , soon followed by a British force under Lord Kitchener , commander in chief of the British Army since 1892 . The French withdrew after a standoff and continued to press claims to other posts in the region . In March 1899 , the French and British agreed that the source of the Nile and Congo Rivers should mark the frontier between their spheres of influence . Moroccan Crisis ( edit ) Main articles : First Moroccan Crisis and Second Moroccan Crisis The Moroccan Sultan Abdelhafid , who led the resistance to French expansionism during the Agadir Crisis Although the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference had set the rules for the Scramble for Africa , it had not weakened the rival imperialists . The 1898 Fashoda Incident , which had seen France and the British Empire on the brink of war , ultimately led to the signature of the Entente Cordiale of 1904 , which countered the influence of the European powers of the Triple Alliance . As a result , the new German Empire decided to test the solidity of such influence , using the contested territory of Morocco as a battlefield . Thus , Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Tangiers on 31 March 1905 and made a speech in favor of Moroccan independence , challenging French influence in Morocco . France 's influence in Morocco had been reaffirmed by Britain and Spain in 1904 . The Kaiser 's speech bolstered French nationalism , and with British support the French foreign minister , Théophile Delcassé , took a defiant line . The crisis peaked in mid-June 1905 , when Delcassé was forced out of the ministry by the more conciliation - minded premier Maurice Rouvier . But by July 1905 Germany was becoming isolated and the French agreed to a conference to solve the crisis . Both France and Germany continued to posture up until the conference , with Germany mobilizing reserve army units in late December and France actually moving troops to the border in January 1906 . The 1906 Algeciras Conference was called to settle the dispute . Of the thirteen nations present , the German representatives found their only supporter was Austria - Hungary . France had firm support from Britain , the US , Russia , Italy and Spain . The Germans eventually accepted an agreement , signed on 31 May 1906 , whereby France yielded certain domestic changes in Morocco but retained control of key areas . However , five years later the Second Moroccan Crisis ( or Agadir Crisis ) was sparked by the deployment of the German gunboat Panther to the port of Agadir on 1 July 1911 . Germany had started to attempt to surpass Britain 's naval supremacy -- the British navy had a policy of remaining larger than the next two naval fleets in the world combined . When the British heard of the Panther 's arrival in Morocco , they wrongly believed that the Germans meant to turn Agadir into a naval base on the Atlantic . The German move was aimed at reinforcing claims for compensation for acceptance of effective French control of the North African kingdom , where France 's pre-eminence had been upheld by the 1906 Algeciras Conference . In November 1911 a convention was signed under which Germany accepted France 's position in Morocco in return for territory in the French Equatorial African colony of Middle Congo ( now the Republic of the Congo ) . France and Spain subsequently established a full protectorate over Morocco ( 30 March 1912 ) , ending what remained of the country 's formal independence . Furthermore , British backing for France during the two Moroccan crises reinforced the Entente between the two countries and added to Anglo - German estrangement , deepening the divisions that would culminate in the First World War . Dervish resistance ( edit ) Statue of Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ( the `` Mad Mullah '' ) , leader of the Dervish State . Following the Berlin Conference at the end of the 19th century , the British , Italians , and Ethiopians sought to claim lands owned by the Somalis such as the Warsangali Sultanate , the Ajuran Sultanate and the Gobroon Dynasty . The Dervish State was a state established by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , a Somali religious leader who gathered Muslim soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and united them into a loyal army known as the Dervishes . This Dervish army enabled Hassan to carve out a powerful state through conquest of lands sought after by the Ethiopians and the European powers . The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region . Due to these successful expeditions , the Dervish State was recognised as an ally by the Ottoman and German empires . The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation , and the Germans promised to officially recognise any territories the Dervishes were to acquire . After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay , the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 as a direct consequence of Britain 's use of aircraft . Herero wars and the Maji - Maji rebellion ( edit ) Main articles : Herero Wars and Maji - Maji Rebellion Between 1904 and 1908 , Germany 's colonies in German South - West Africa and German East Africa were rocked by separate , contemporaneous native revolts against their rule . In both territories the threat to German rule was quickly defeated once large - scale reinforcements from Germany arrived , with the Herero rebels in German South - West Africa being defeated at the Battle of Waterberg and the Maji - Maji rebels in German East Africa being steadily crushed by German forces slowly advancing through the countryside , with the natives resorting to guerrilla warfare . German efforts to clear the bush of civilians in German South - West Africa then resulted in a genocide of the population . Surviving Herero , emaciated , after their escape through the Omaheke desert . In total , as many as 65,000 Herero ( 80 % of the total Herero population ) , and 10,000 Namaqua ( 50 % of the total Namaqua population ) either starved , died of thirst , or were worked to death in camps such as Shark Island Concentration Camp between 1904 and 1908 . Characteristic of this genocide was death by starvation and the poisoning of the population 's wells whilst they were trapped in the Namib Desert . Colonial encounter ( edit ) Colonial consciousness and exhibitions ( edit ) Pygmies and a European . Some pygmies would be exposed in human zoos , such as Ota Benga displayed by eugenicist Madison Grant in the Bronx Zoo . Colonial lobby ( edit ) In its earlier stages , imperialism was generally the act of individual explorers as well as some adventurous merchantmen . The colonial powers were a long way from approving without any dissent the expensive adventures carried out abroad . Various important political leaders , such as Gladstone , opposed colonisation in its first years . However , during his second premiership between 1880 and 1885 he could not resist the colonial lobby in his cabinet , and thus did not execute his electoral promise to disengage from Egypt . Although Gladstone was personally opposed to imperialism , the social tensions caused by the Long Depression pushed him to favor jingoism : the imperialists had become the `` parasites of patriotism '' ( John A. Hobson ) . In France , then Radical politician Georges Clemenceau also adamantly opposed himself to it : he thought colonisation was a diversion from the `` blue line of the Vosges '' mountains , that is revanchism and the patriotic urge to reclaim the Alsace - Lorraine region which had been annexed by the German Empire with the 1871 Treaty of Frankfurt . Clemenceau actually made Jules Ferry 's cabinet fall after the 1885 Tonkin disaster . According to Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism ( 1951 ) , this expansion of national sovereignty on overseas territories contradicted the unity of the nation state which provided citizenship to its population . Thus , a tension between the universalist will to respect human rights of the colonised people , as they may be considered as `` citizens '' of the nation state , and the imperialist drive to cynically exploit populations deemed inferior began to surface . Some , in colonising countries , opposed what they saw as unnecessary evils of the colonial administration when left to itself ; as described in Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness ( 1899 ) -- published around the same time as Kipling 's The White Man 's Burden -- or in Louis - Ferdinand Céline 's Journey to the End of the Night ( 1932 ) . Colonial lobbies emerged to legitimise the Scramble for Africa and other expensive overseas adventures . In Germany , France , and Britain , the middle class often sought strong overseas policies to ensure the market 's growth . Even in lesser powers , voices like Enrico Corradini claimed a `` place in the sun '' for so - called `` proletarian nations '' , bolstering nationalism and militarism in an early prototype of fascism . Colonial propaganda and jingoism ( edit ) Colonial exhibitions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Poster for the 1906 Colonial Exhibition in Marseilles ( France ) However , by the end of World War I the colonial empires had become very popular almost everywhere in Europe : public opinion had been convinced of the needs of a colonial empire , although most of the metropolitans would never see a piece of it . Colonial exhibitions had been instrumental in this change of popular mentalities brought about by the colonial propaganda , supported by the colonial lobby and by various scientists . Thus , the conquest of territories were inevitably followed by public displays of the indigenous people for scientific and leisure purposes . Karl Hagenbeck , a German merchant in wild animals and a future entrepreneur of most Europeans zoos , thus decided in 1874 to exhibit Samoa and Sami people as `` purely natural '' populations . In 1876 , he sent one of his collaborators to the newly conquered Egyptian Sudan to bring back some wild beasts and Nubians . Presented in Paris , London , and Berlin these Nubians were very successful . Such `` human zoos '' could be found in Hamburg , Antwerp , Barcelona , London , Milan , New York City , Paris , etc. , with 200,000 to 300,000 visitors attending each exhibition . Tuaregs were exhibited after the French conquest of Timbuktu ( visited by René Caillié , disguised as a Muslim , in 1828 , thereby winning the prize offered by the French Société de Géographie ) ; Malagasy after the occupation of Madagascar ; Amazons of Abomey after Behanzin 's mediatic defeat against the French in 1894 . Not used to the climatic conditions , some of the indigenous exposed died , such as some Galibis in Paris in 1892 . Geoffroy de Saint - Hilaire , director of the Parisian Jardin d'acclimatation , decided in 1877 to organise two `` ethnological spectacles '' , presenting Nubians and Inuit . The public of the Jardin d'acclimatation doubled , with a million paying entrances that year , a huge success for these times . Between 1877 and 1912 , approximately thirty `` ethnological exhibitions '' were presented at the Jardin zoologique d'acclimatation . `` Negro villages '' would be presented in Paris ' 1878 and 1879 World 's Fair ; the 1900 World 's Fair presented the famous diorama `` living '' in Madagascar , while the Colonial Exhibitions in Marseilles ( 1906 and 1922 ) and in Paris ( 1907 and 1931 ) would also display human beings in cages , often nudes or quasi-nudes . Nomadic `` Senegalese villages '' were also created , thus displaying the power of the colonial empire to all the population . In the US , Madison Grant , head of the New York Zoological Society , exposed Pygmy Ota Benga in the Bronx Zoo alongside the apes and others in 1906 . At the behest of Grant , a prominent scientific racist and eugenicist , zoo director Hornaday placed Ota Benga in a cage with an orangutan and labeled him `` The Missing Link '' in an attempt to illustrate Darwinism , and in particular that Africans like Ota Benga are closer to apes than were Europeans . Other colonial exhibitions included the 1924 British Empire Exhibition and the successful 1931 Paris `` Exposition coloniale '' . Countering disease ( edit ) From the beginning of the 20th century onward , the elimination or control of disease in tropical countries became a driving force for all colonial powers . The sleeping sickness epidemic in Africa was arrested due to mobile teams systematically screening millions of people at risk . In the 20th century , Africa saw the biggest increase in its population due to lessening of the mortality rate in many countries due to peace , famine relief , medicine , and above all , the end or decline of the slave trade . Africa 's population has grown from 120 million in 1900 to over 1 billion today . Colonialism leading to World War I ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) German Cameroon , painting by R. Hellgrewe , 1908 During the New Imperialism period , by the end of the 19th century , Europe added almost 9,000,000 square miles ( 23,000,000 km ) -- one - fifth of the land area of the globe -- to its overseas colonial possessions . Europe 's formal holdings now included the entire African continent except Ethiopia , Liberia , and Saguia el - Hamra , the latter of which would be integrated into Spanish Sahara . Between 1885 and 1914 , Britain took nearly 30 % of Africa 's population under its control ; 15 % for France , 11 % for Portugal , 9 % for Germany , 7 % for Belgium and 1 % for Italy . Nigeria alone contributed 15 million subjects , more than in the whole of French West Africa or the entire German colonial empire . It was paradoxical that Britain , the staunch advocate of free trade , emerged in 1914 with not only the largest overseas empire thanks to its long - standing presence in India , but also the greatest gains in the `` scramble for Africa '' , reflecting its advantageous position at its inception . In terms of surface area occupied , the French were the marginal victors but much of their territory consisted of the sparsely populated Sahara . The political imperialism followed the economic expansion , with the `` colonial lobbies '' bolstering chauvinism and jingoism at each crisis in order to legitimise the colonial enterprise . The tensions between the imperial powers led to a succession of crises , which finally exploded in August 1914 , when previous rivalries and alliances created a domino situation that drew the major European nations into World War I. Austria - Hungary attacked Serbia to avenge the murder by Serbian agents of Austrian crown prince Francis Ferdinand , Russia would mobilise to assist allied Serbia , Germany would intervene to support Austria - Hungary against Russia . Since Russia had a military alliance with France against Germany , the German General Staff , led by General von Moltke decided to realise the well prepared Schlieffen Plan to invade and quickly knock France out of the war before turning against Russia in what was expected to be a long campaign . This required an invasion of Belgium which brought Britain into the war against Germany , Austria - Hungary and their allies . German U-Boat campaigns against ships bound for Britain eventually drew the United States into what had become World War I . Moreover , using the Anglo - Japanese Alliance as an excuse , Japan leaped onto this opportunity to conquer German interests in China and the Pacific to become the dominating power in the Western Pacific , setting the stage for the Second Sino - Japanese War ( starting in 1937 ) and eventually World War II . African colonies listed by colonising power ( edit ) Belgium ( edit ) Congo Free State and Belgian Congo ( today 's Democratic Republic of the Congo ) Ruanda - Urundi ( comprising modern Rwanda and Burundi , 1922 -- 62 ) France ( edit ) Further information : List of French possessions and colonies § In Africa French West Africa : Mauritania Senegal Albreda ( 1681 -- 1857 , now part of Gambia ) French Sudan ( now Mali ) French Guinea ( now Guinea ) Ivory Coast Niger French Upper Volta ( now Burkina Faso ) French Dahomey ( now Benin ) French Togoland ( 1916 -- 60 , now Togo ) Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo ( in modern Nigeria ) French Equatorial Africa : Gabon French Cameroun ( 1922 -- 60 ) French Congo ( now Republic of the Congo ) Oubangui - Chari ( now Central African Republic ) Chad French North Africa : French Algeria French Protectorate of Tunisia French Morocco Fezzan - Ghadames ( 1943 -- 1951 ) ( administration given by the UNO after its conquest by Charles de Gaulle ) Egypt ( ownership ( 1798 -- 1801 ) ) ( Condominium of France and the United Kingdom ) ( 1876 -- 1882 ) French East Africa : French Madagascar Comoros Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean French Somaliland ( now Djibouti ) Isle de France ( 1715 - 1810 ) ( now Mauritius ) The Senegalese Tirailleurs , led by Colonel Alfred - Amédée Dodds , conquered Dahomey ( present - day Benin ) in 1892 Germany ( edit ) German Kamerun ( now Cameroon and part of Nigeria , 1884 -- 1916 ) German East Africa ( now Rwanda , Burundi and most of Tanzania , 1885 -- 1919 ) German South - West Africa ( now Namibia , 1884 -- 1915 ) German Togoland ( now Togo and eastern part of Ghana , 1884 -- 1914 ) After the First World War , Germany 's possessions were partitioned among Britain ( which took a sliver of western Cameroon , Tanzania , western Togo , and Namibia ) , France ( which took most of Cameroon and eastern Togo ) and Belgium ( which took Rwanda and Burundi ) . Italy ( edit ) Italian Libya Italian Eritrea Italian Somaliland Later , during the Interwar period , with the Second Italo - Ethiopian War Italy would annex Ethiopia , which formed together with Eritrea and Italian Somaliland the Italian East Africa ( A.O.I. , `` Africa Orientale Italiana '' , also defined by the fascist government as L'Impero ) . Portugal ( edit ) Marracuene in Portuguese Mozambique was the site of a decisive battle between Portuguese and Gaza king Gungunhana in 1895 Portuguese West Africa ( now Angola ) Mainland Angola Portuguese Congo ( now Cabinda Province of Angola ) Portuguese East Africa ( now Mozambique ) Portuguese Guinea ( now Guinea - Bissau ) Portuguese Cape Verde Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Island Príncipe Island Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá ( now Ouidah , in Benin ) Spain ( edit ) Spanish North Africa Northern Spanish Morocco Chefchaouen ( Chauen ) Jebala ( Yebala ) Kert Loukkos ( Lucus ) Rif Spanish West Africa Southern Spanish Morocco Cape Juby Ifni Spanish Sahara ( now Western Sahara ) Río de Oro Saguia el - Hamra Spanish Guinea ( now Equatorial Guinea ) Fernando Pó Río Muni Annobón United Kingdom ( edit ) Opening of the railway in Rhodesia , 1899 Following the Fourth Anglo - Ashanti War in 1896 , the British proclaimed a protectorate over the Ashanti Kingdom . The British were primarily interested in maintaining secure communication lines to India , which led to initial interest in Egypt and South Africa . Once these two areas were secure , it was the intent of British colonialists such as Cecil Rhodes to establish a Cape - Cairo railway and to exploit mineral and agricultural resources . Control of the Nile was viewed as a strategic and commercial advantage . Egypt Anglo - Egyptian Sudan ( 1899 -- 1956 ) British Somaliland ( now part of Somalia ) British East Africa : Kenya Colony Uganda Protectorate Tanzania : Tanganyika Territory ( 1919 -- 61 ) Zanzibar British Mauritius Bechuanaland ( now Botswana ) Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) British Seychelles British South Africa South Africa : Transvaal Colony Cape Colony Colony of Natal Orange River Colony South - West Africa ( from 1915 , now Namibia ) British West Africa Gambia Colony and Protectorate Sierra Leone Nigeria British Togoland ( 1916 -- 56 , today part of Ghana ) Cameroons ( 1922 -- 61 , now parts of Cameroon and Nigeria ) Gold Coast ( British colony ) ( now Ghana ) Nyasaland ( now Malawi ) Basutoland ( now Lesotho ) Swaziland Independent states ( edit ) Liberia was the only nation in Africa that was a colony and a protectorate of the United States . Liberia was founded , colonised , established and controlled by the American Colonization Society , a private organisation established in order to relocate freed African - American and Caribbean slaves from the United States and the Caribbean islands in 1821 . Liberia declared its independence from the American Colonization Society on July 26 , 1847 . Liberia is Africa 's oldest democratic republic , and the second - oldest black republic in the world ( after Haiti ) . Ethiopia maintained its independence from Italy after the Battle of Adwa which resulted in the Treaty of Addis Ababa . With the exception of the occupation between 1936 and 1941 by Benito Mussolini 's military forces , Ethiopia is Africa 's oldest independent nation . Modern Scramble for Africa ( edit ) Oil and gas concessions in Sudan -- 2004 The new scramble for Africa began with the emergence of the Afro - Neo-Liberal capitalist movement in Post-Colonial Africa . When African nations began to gain independence during the Post World War II Era , their post colonial economic structures remained undiversified and linear . In most cases , the bulk of a nation 's economy relied on cash crops or natural resources . The decolonisation process kept independent African nations at the mercy of colonial powers due to structurally - dependent economic relations . Structural Adjustment Programs led to the privatization and liberalization of many African political and economic systems , forcefully pushing Africa into the global capitalist market . The economic decline in the 1990s fostered democratization by the World Bank intervening in the political and economic affairs of Africa once again . All of these factors led to Africa 's forced development under Western ideological systems of economics and politics . Petro - states ( edit ) In the era of globalization , many African countries have emerged as petro - states ( for example Sudan , Cameroon , Nigeria , Angola ) . These are nations with an economic and political partnership between transnational oil companies and the ruling elite class in oil - rich African nations . Numerous countries have entered into a neo-imperial relationship with Africa during this time period . Mary Gilmartin notes that `` material and symbolic appropriation of space ( is ) central to imperial expansion and control '' ; nations in the globalization era who invest in controlling land internationally are engaging in neo-imperialism . Chinese ( and other Asian countries ) state oil companies have entered Africa 's highly competitive oil sector . China National Petroleum Corporation purchased 40 % of Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company . Furthermore , Sudan exports 50 -- 60 % of its domestically produced oil to China , making up 7 % of China 's imports . China has also been purchasing equity shares in African oil fields , invested in industry related infrastructure development and acquired continental oil concessions throughout Africa . See also ( edit ) Chronology of colonialism Civilizing mission Decolonisation of Africa Economic history of Africa French colonial empire Historiography of the British Empire Impact and evaluation of colonialism and colonisation International relations ( 1814 -- 1919 ) List of French possessions and colonies List of former sovereign states # Pre-colonial Africa Scientific racism White African References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jihad in the Arabian Sea 2011 , Camille Pecastaing , In the land of the Mad Mullah : Somalia Jump up ^ Brantlinger , Patrick ( 1985 ) . `` Victorians and Africans : The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent '' . Critical Inquiry. 12 ( 1 ) : 166 -- 203 . doi : 10.1086 / 448326 . JSTOR 1343467 . Jump up ^ R. Robinson , J. Gallagher and A. 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Jump up ^ Robert Aldrich , Greater France : A history of French overseas expansion ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ German colonial imperialism : a late and short - term phenomenon ( PDF ) by Bernard Poloni , in `` Imperialism , hegemony , leadership '' , 26 March 2004 Conference in the Sorbonne University , Paris ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Alfred von Tirpitz , Erinnerungen ( 1919 ) , quoted by Hannah Arendt , The Origins of Totalitarianism , section on Imperialism , chapter I , part 3 . Jump up ^ Ullendorff , Edward . The Ethiopians : An Introduction to Country and People 2nd ed. , p. 90 . Oxford University Press ( London ) , 1965 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285061 - X . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Eritrea '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 747 . Jump up ^ Enrico Corradini , Report to the First Nationalist Congress , Florence , 3 December 1919 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Henry Richard Fox ( 1903 ) . Civilisation in Congoland : A Story of International Wrong - doing . London : P.S. King & Son . p. 253 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Forbath , Peter ( 1977 ) . The River Congo : The Discovery , Exploration and Exploitation of the World 's Most Dramatic Rivers. ( Harper & Row ) . p. 374 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 122490 - 1 . Jump up ^ Michiko Kakutani ( 30 August 1998 ) . `` '' King Leopold 's Ghost `` : Genocide With Spin Control '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hochschild 2006 , pp. 226 -- 32 . Jump up ^ John D. Fage , The Cambridge History of Africa : From the earliest times to c. 500 BC , Cambridge University Press , 1982 , p. 748 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22803 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Report of the British Consul , Roger Casement , on the Administration of the Congo Free State '' . Jump up ^ Rubinstein , W.D. ( 2004 ) . Genocide : a history . Pearson Education . pp. 98 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 50601 - 8 Jump up ^ Vansina , Jan ( 1966 ) . Paths in the Rainforest . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hochschild 2006 , pp. 280 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Coquéry - Vidrovitch , Catherine ( 1971 ) . Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies concessionaires 1898 -- 1930 . Paris : Mouton . p. 195 . Jump up ^ L'Aventure Humaine : Le canal de Suez , Article de l'historien Uwe Oster Archived 2011 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ BBC News website : The Suez Crisis -- Key maps . Jump up ^ Domke , D. Michelle ( November 1997 ) . `` ICE Case Studies ; Case Number : 3 ; Case Identifier : Sudan ; Case Name : Civil War in the Sudan : Resources or Religion ? '' . Inventory of Conflict and Environment ( via the School of International Service at the American University ) . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ch. 18 : Colonial Encounters , Indian Responses & the Scramble for Africa '' . Reflections on World History . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kevin Shillington , Encyclopedia of African History ( CRC Press , 2005 ) , p. 1406 . Jump up ^ I.M. Lewis , The Modern History of Somaliland : from nation to state ( Weidenfeld & Nicolson : 1965 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Thomas P. Ofcansky , Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia ( The Scarecrow Press , Inc. : 2004 ) , p. 405 . Jump up ^ Samatar , Said Sheikh ( 1982 ) . Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism . Cambridge University Press . pp. 131 & 135 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 23833 - 1 . Jump up ^ John A. Hobson , Imperialism , 1902 , p. 61 ( quoted by Arendt ) . Jump up ^ Pascal Blanchard , Nicolas Bancel , and Sandrine Lemaire , `` From human zoos to colonial apotheoses : the era of exhibiting the Other '' . Jump up ^ `` These human zoos of the Colonial Republic '' , Le Monde diplomatique , August 2000 ( in French ) . ( Translation ( in English ) ) Jump up ^ `` February 2003 , the end of an era '' . Discoverparis.net . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Conquest and Disease or Colonialism and Health ? Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Gresham College Lectures and Events . Jump up ^ WHO Media centre ( 2001 ) . `` Fact sheet N ° 259 : African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness '' . Jump up ^ John Iliffe , `` The Origins of African Population Growth '' , The Journal of African History , Vol. 30 , No. 1 ( 1989 ) , pp. 165 -- 169 . Jump up ^ R. Cameron , Concise Economic History of the World ( New York : OUP , 1993 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` Africa 's population now 1 billion '' Archived 2011 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... AfricaNews . August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 40 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 41 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 42 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 43 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 45 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 46 / 47 Jump up ^ Gallaher , Carolyn et al. `` Key Concepts in Political Geography , '' London : Sage Printing Press , 2009 : 123 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 192 Further reading ( edit ) Aldrich , Robert . Greater France : A History of French Overseas Expansion ( 1996 ) Atkinson , David . `` Constructing Italian Africa : Geography and Geopolitics . '' Italian colonialism ( 2005 ) : 15 -- 26 . Axelson , Eric . Portugal and the Scramble for Africa : 1875 -- 1891 ( Johannesburg , Witwatersrand UP , 1967 ) Boddy - Evans , Alistair . `` What Caused the Scramble for Africa ? '' African History ( 2012 ) . online Brantlinger , Patrick . `` Victorians and Africans : The genealogy of the myth of the dark continent . '' Critical Inquiry ( 1985 ) : 166 -- 203 . online Chamberlain , Muriel Evelyn . The scramble for Africa ( 4th ed . Routledge , 2014 ) excerpt and text search Curtin , Philip D. Disease and empire : The health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) Darwin , John . `` Imperialism and the Victorians : The dynamics of territorial expansion . '' English Historical Review ( 1997 ) 112 # 447 pp : 614 -- 642 . Finaldi , Giuseppe . Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa : Italy 's African Wars in the Era of Nation - building , 1870 -- 1900 ( Peter Lang , 2009 ) Gjersø , Jonas Fossli ( 2015 ) . `` The Scramble for East Africa : British Motives Reconsidered , 1884 - 95 '' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . Taylor & Francis . 43 ( 5 ) : 831 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086534.2015. 1026131 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Hammond , Richard James . Portugal and Africa , 1815 -- 1910 : a study in uneconomic imperialism ( Stanford University Press , 1966 ) Henderson , W.O. The German Colonial Empire , 1884 -- 1919 ( London : Frank Cass , 1993 ) Hinsley , F.H. ed . The New Cambridge Modern History , Vol. 11 : Material Progress and World - Wide Problems , 1870 - 98 ( 1962 ) contents pp 593 - 40 . Hochschild , Adam ( 2006 ) ( 1998 ) . King Leopold 's Ghost : A Story of Greed , Terror , and Heroism in Colonial Africa . London : Pan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 44198 - 8 . Klein , Martin A. Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) Lovejoy , Paul E. Transformations in slavery : a history of slavery in Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 2011 ) Lloyd , Trevor Owen . Empire : the history of the British Empire ( 2001 ) . Mackenzie J.M. The Partition of Africa , 1880 -- 1900 , and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century ( London 1983 ) . Oliver , Roland , Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa ( 1959 ) online Pakenham , Thomas ( 1992 ) ( 1991 ) . The Scramble for Africa . London : Abacus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 10449 - 2 . Penrose E.F. , ed . European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa ( London 1975 ) . Perraudin , Michael , and Jürgen Zimmerer , eds . German colonialism and national identity ( London : Taylor & Francis , 2010 ) Robinson R ,. and J. Gallagher , `` The partition of Africa '' , in The New Cambridge Modern History vol XI , pp 593 -- 640 ( Cambridge , 1962 ) . Rotberg , Robert I . The Founder : Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search ; online Sanderson G.N. , `` The European partition of Africa : Coincidence or conjuncture ? '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History ( 1974 ) 3 # 1 pp 1 -- 54 . Sparrow - Niang , J. , Bath and the Nile Explorers : In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Burton and Speke 's encounter in Bath , September 1864 , and their ' Nile Duel ' which never happened ( Bath : Bath Royal Literary & Scientific Institution , 2014 ) Stoecker , Helmut . German imperialism in Africa : From the beginnings until the Second World War ( Hurst & Co. , 1986 . ) Thomas , Antony . Rhodes : The Race for Africa ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Thompson , Virginia , and Richard Adloff . French West Africa ( Stanford University Press , 1958 ) Wesseling , H.L. and Arnold J. Pomerans . Divide and rule : The partition of Africa , 1880 -- 1914 ( Praeger , 1996 . ) online External links ( edit ) `` Belgium exhumes its colonial demons '' . The Guardian . 13 July 2002 . Gülstorff , Torben ( 2016 ) . `` Trade follows Hallstein ? Deutsche Aktivitäten im zentralafrikanischen Raum des Second Scramble '' . Berlin . Africa articles History Chronology Antiquity North Africa Archaeology Pre-colonial kingdoms Bantu expansion Arab conquest Exploration European colonisation Slavery Atlantic Arab Scramble for Africa Decolonisation By topic Economy Empires Historiography Military conflicts By region Central East North South West Geography Countries and territories Highest points Impact craters Islands Natural history Regions Central East North South West Rivers Politics African Union Elections Heads of government Heads of state Human rights LGBT rights Linguistic rights Religious rights Women 's rights International organisations Pan-African Parliament Pan-Africanism Politics parties United States of Africa Economy Central banks and currencies Countries by GDP ( nominal ) Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Education Internet Millionaires Natural resources Poverty Renewable energy Stock exchanges Society Caste systems Etiquette Health Circumcision Infrastructure Languages Philosophy Culture Architecture Art contemporary Cinema films film festivals Cuisine Literature writers by country Media Newspapers Radio TV Music musicians guitarists Religion Irreligion World Heritage Sites Sport African Cricket Association African Games Afro - Asian Games Australian - rules football Confederation of African Football Africa Cup of Nations FIBA Africa Rugby Africa Africa Cup Stadiums by capacity Tour d'Afrique Demographics Countries by population density Emigration Ethnic groups HIV / AIDS Urbanization cities metropolitan areas By year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Outline Index Book Category Portal Diplomacy of the Great Powers 1871 -- 1913 Great powers Austria -- Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Alliances Triple Alliance Dual Alliance Triple Entente Franco - Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo - Russian Entente Anglo - Japanese Alliance Trends Ottoman Decline Eastern Question Revanchism New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Pan-Slavism The Great Game The Great Rapprochement Treaties and agreements Treaty of Frankfurt League of the Three Emperors Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Björkö Taft -- Katsura Agreement Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement Events Congress of Berlin Berlin Conference Weltpolitik German Naval Laws Anglo - German naval arms race Dreadnought Fashoda Incident Annexation of Hawaii First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Agadir Crisis Bosnian crisis Wars Russo - Turkish First Sino - Japanese Spanish -- American Banana Wars Philippine -- American Boxer Rebellion Second Boer Russo - Japanese Italo - Turkish Balkan Wars World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scramble_for_Africa&oldid=824726264 '' Categories : 19th century in Africa 19th century in international relations 20th century in international relations European colonisation in Africa Geopolitical rivalry Partition ( politics ) Political geography History of Africa History of international relations New Imperialism David Livingstone 20th century in Africa Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Ladino Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oromoo ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Xitsonga Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 02 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | dividing up africa among european countries was the goal of the | [
"The Berlin Conference of 1884, which regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa, is usually referred to as the starting point of the scramble for Africa.[2] Consequent to the political and economic rivalries among the European empires in the last quarter of the 19th century, the partitioning, or splitting up of Africa was how the Europeans avoided warring amongst themselves over Africa.[3] The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from \"informal imperialism\" (hegemony), by military influence and economic dominance, to direct rule, bringing about colonial imperialism.[4]"
] | [
"Berlin Conference of 1884"
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-428299785592380492 | Super Bowl ring | Super Bowl ring - wikipedia Super Bowl ring Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Steelers Super Bowl XL ring Joe Theismann 's Super Bowl ring ( right ) The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league 's annual championship game , the Super Bowl . Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team ( ownership ) itself , the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Value and resale 3 Most Super Bowl rings 4 Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Details ( edit ) These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds . They usually include the team name , team logo , and Super Bowl number ( usually indicated in Roman numerals ) . The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team ; any additional costs are borne by the team . Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens . In 2015 , the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each , making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced . The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose , including usually , but not limited to : players ( active roster or injured ) , coaches , trainers , executives , personnel , and general staff . Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season , despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself . Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle . Teams can distribute any number of rings . A recent trend over the last 15 -- 20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff . These are commonly called `` B '' and `` C '' level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds . The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones ( which resemble diamonds ) . When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII , the players and coaches received rings with a diamond - centered Lombardi trophy . Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the `` C '' level ring did not contain any diamonds . Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football . Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo . Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won . Also , the rings are customized with the player 's name and uniform number . The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring contained more than 100 diamonds . The Packer logo , in the center of the ring , made up 13 diamonds , one for each title the team has won , dating back to 1929 . In a break from tradition , this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum , not gold . The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds , to commemorate their comeback from being down 28 - 3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter . Value and resale ( edit ) Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles , along with genuine rings . Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay . Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008 . Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia . Tight end Shannon Sharpe , meanwhile , gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling , who had his career cut short by injury . In 2011 , a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright , a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s , sold for over $73,000 at auction . Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders ' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction . In 2012 , Lawrence Taylor 's son sold his father 's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000 . Most Super Bowl rings ( edit ) Seven : two people . Bill Belichick : two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots Neal Dahlen : five with San Francisco 49ers ( staff and player personnel ) and two with Denver Broncos ( general manager ) Six : six people . Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II : each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers Chuck Noll : four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers Bill Nunn : each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers `` Mean Joe '' Greene : four as a defensive tackle , two as a special assistant for player personnel , all with the Pittsburgh Steelers Conditioning coach Mike Woicik : three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots Five : twenty people . Charles Haley , five ( two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys ) Tom Brady , five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots ; he has the most rings of any active player ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) , he is the only player to win five playing for one team , and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history . Robert Kraft , five as owner of New England Patriots Edward J. DeBartolo , Jr. , five as owner of San Francisco 49ers Keith Simon : five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers Bobb McKittrick : five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Ray Rhodes : five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers Bill McPherson : five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Dick Hoak : each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers Romeo Crennel : two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots George Seifert : three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers Dwight Clark : two as a player and three as a member of the front office , all with San Francisco 49ers Pepper Johnson : two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots Monsignor Peter Armstrong : five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers Markus Paul : three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots , and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants Tim Rooney : Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants ( as Pro Personnel Director / Scout ) Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant , second as defensive coaching assistant , third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator . Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach . Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots , one as a defensive coaching assistant , two as wide receivers coach , and two as tight ends coach Four : at least 39 players , many coaches and staff . The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight - end Marv Fleming , who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967 , and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973 . Twenty - two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s : Terry Bradshaw , Franco Harris , Lynn Swann , John Stallworth , Mel Blount , Jack Lambert , Jack Ham , Mike Webster , Donnie Shell , L.C. Greenwood , Rocky Bleier , Gerry Mullins , Larry Brown , Mike Wagner , J.T. Thomas , Loren Toews , Jon Kolb , Sam Davis , Steve Furness , Dwight White , Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene ( who later added two more rings ) . At least five coaches were with the team all four years : George Perles , Louis Riecke , Woody Widenhofer and ( as noted above ) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak . The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley . Tom Flores : First person to have rings as a player ( Kansas City Chiefs ) , assistant coach and head coach ( Oakland Raiders ) Joe Montana , Keena Turner , Jesse Sapolu , Eric Wright , Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers . Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams , one with Oakland Raiders , one with Los Angeles Raiders , one with San Francisco 49ers , and one with Washington Redskins ( only player to earn a ring with four different cities ) Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers Willie Davis Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers : two as a player , one as a member of the team 's board of directors , and one as an emeritus director . He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay 's Super Bowl rings . Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961 , 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams , bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven , as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants Ken Norton , Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl - winning teams in a row as a player , and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots , and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach , two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator , and one as the head coach of the Broncos Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach , along with being assistant head coach for three of them Brian Pariani has won four rings . One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos Three : many players , coaches and staff Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh , John Elway , Mike Ditka , Mike Shanahan , Art Shell , Jerry Rice , Steve Young , Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , Jay Novacek , Michael Irvin , Larry Brown , Eric Mangini , Joe Gibbs , Dave Dalby , Cliff Branch , Roger Craig , Shannon Sharpe , Ed McCaffrey , Mark Schlereth , Forrest Gregg , Herb Adderley , Tom Coughlin , LeGarrette Blount , and Matt Cavanaugh . Twenty - two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s : Troy Brown , Willie McGinest , Richard Seymour , Ty Law , Mike Vrabel , Tedy Bruschi , Kevin Faulk , Matt Light , Patrick Pass , Ted Johnson , Lonie Paxton , Stephen Neal , Joe Andruzzi , David Patten , Roman Phifer , Tom Ashworth , Adrian Klemm , Je'Rod Cherry , Matt Chatham , the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri ( who later added a fourth ring with the Colts ) , the aforementioned Tom Brady ( who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots ) , and the aforementioned Larry Izzo ( who won a fourth with the Giants ) . Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings ( edit ) As of 2017 , ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada 's equivalent Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . O.J. Brigance ( linebacker ) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL 's Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens . He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city . Brandon Browner ( cornerback ) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks , although he did not play in that game due to a suspension . He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year 's Super Bowl , when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots . Terry Greer ( wide receiver ) was the first person to win both championships ; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983 , and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989 . Harald Hasselbach ( defensive end ) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos . Bobby Singh ( guard ) is the only player to win a Super Bowl ( 1999 with the St. Louis Rams ) , and a Grey Cup ( 2006 with the BC Lions ) , and the XFL Championship ( 2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme ) . Alvin Walton ( safety ) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL 's Washington Redskins ( 1987 and 1991 seasons , but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory ) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 . Barry Wilburn ( cornerback ) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions . Tyrone Williams ( wide receiver ) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993 , although he did not participate in either game . He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996 . Andre Rison ( wide receiver ) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996 , and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004 . Josh Miller ( punter ) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 , and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004 . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal Championship ring World Series ring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How much does a Super Bowl ring cost ? It depends '' . Christian Science Monitor. 2015 - 01 - 26 . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How much does each Patriots Super Bowl ring cost ? '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Week 15 : Winter Leaves its Mark : Playoff Picture Remains Muddled '' . Last Call . ESPN . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jeff ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Former New Orleans Saints Player Steve Gleason Gets a Super Bowl Ring at an Emotional Party '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . Jump up ^ d'Estries , Michael ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints Raffle Super Bowl Ring for Gulf Spill Charities '' . Mother Nature Network . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Packers Marvel at Super Bowl Ring 's Might '' . In My Opinion . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Familiar ring : Pats ' SB bling has 283 diamonds '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Super Bowl Rings Sold In Online Auction '' . Pittsburgh : WTAE - TV . July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Je'Rod Cherry Super Bowl XXXVI Ring Raffle '' . Celebrities for Charities . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . This ring is currently in the possession of a sports collector in Ottawa , Canada Jump up ^ Garber , Greg . `` Super Bowl Ring ' a Symbol of Excellence ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Edholm , Eric ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Lord of the Rings '' . Pro Football Weekly . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Delozier , Dave ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` 7 Super Bowl Rings for a Coloradan '' . Denvery : KUSA - TV . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Long - Time Scout Bill Nunn Is a Man who Made a Difference '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Steelers Scout Nunn Receives Honor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Greene one of few with six rings '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Former Bears Safety Boasts Five Super Bowl Rings '' ( Press release ) . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spofford , Mike ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` One man has all four rings '' ( Press release ) . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Images of the first 45 Super Bowl Rings at ESPN.com Images of all of the Super Bowl Rings , photos of presentation boxes & conference rings at sports-rings.com ( hide ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_ring&oldid=832728083 '' Categories : Super Bowl trophies and awards Rings Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what player in the nfl has the most rings | [
"\nSeven: two people.\n\nBill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots\nNeal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)\n\n\nSix: six people.\n\nDan Rooney and Art Rooney II: each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers\nChuck Noll: four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers\nBill Nunn: each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers[13][14]\n\"Mean Joe\" Greene: four as a defensive tackle, two as a special assistant for player personnel, all with the Pittsburgh Steelers[15]\nConditioning coach Mike Woicik: three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots\n\n\nFive: twenty people.\n\nCharles Haley, five (two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys)\nTom Brady, five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots; he has the most rings of any active player (as of the end of the 2017–18 season), he is the only player to win five playing for one team, and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history.\nRobert Kraft, five as owner of New England Patriots\nEdward J. DeBartolo, Jr., five as owner of San Francisco 49ers\nKeith Simon: five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers\nBobb McKittrick: five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers\nRay Rhodes: five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers\nBill McPherson: five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers\nDick Hoak: each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers\nRomeo Crennel: two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots\nGeorge Seifert: three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers\nDwight Clark: two as a player and three as a member of the front office, all with San Francisco 49ers\nPepper Johnson: two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots\nMonsignor Peter Armstrong: five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers\nMarkus Paul: three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots, and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants[16]\nTim Rooney: Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants (as Pro Personnel Director/Scout)\nJosh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant, second as defensive coaching assistant, third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator.\nIvan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach.\nErnie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director\nBrian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots, one as a defensive coaching assistant, two as wide receivers coach, and two as tight ends coach\n\n\nFour: at least 39 players, many coaches and staff.\n\nThe first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight-end Marv Fleming, who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967, and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973.\nTwenty-two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Mel Blount, Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Mike Webster, Donnie Shell, L. C. Greenwood, Rocky Bleier, Gerry Mullins, Larry Brown, Mike Wagner, J.T. Thomas, Loren Toews, Jon Kolb, Sam Davis, Steve Furness, Dwight White, Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene (who later added two more rings). At least five coaches were with the team all four years: George Perles, Louis Riecke, Woody Widenhofer and (as noted above) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak. The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley.\nTom Flores: First person to have rings as a player (Kansas City Chiefs), assistant coach and head coach (Oakland Raiders)\nJoe Montana, Keena Turner, Jesse Sapolu, Eric Wright, Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers.\nKicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts\nRuss Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers\nTed Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders\nBill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos\nCoach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots\nMatt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams, one with Oakland Raiders, one with Los Angeles Raiders, one with San Francisco 49ers, and one with Washington Redskins (only player to earn a ring with four different cities)\nSherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers\nWillie Davis[17] Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers: two as a player, one as a member of the team's board of directors, and one as an emeritus director. He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay's Super Bowl rings. Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961, 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams, bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven, as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.\nMike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants\nKen Norton, Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl-winning teams in a row as a player, and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks\nLarry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots, and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants\nCoach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach, two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator, and one as the head coach of the Broncos\nDante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach, along with being assistant head coach for three of them\nBrian Pariani has won four rings. One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos\n\n\nThree: many players, coaches and staff\n\nAmong the many figures with three are Bill Walsh, John Elway, Mike Ditka, Mike Shanahan, Art Shell, Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, Jay Novacek, Michael Irvin, Larry Brown, Eric Mangini, Joe Gibbs, Dave Dalby, Cliff Branch, Roger Craig, Shannon Sharpe, Ed McCaffrey, Mark Schlereth, Forrest Gregg, Herb Adderley, Tom Coughlin, LeGarrette Blount, and Matt Cavanaugh.\nTwenty-two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s: Troy Brown, Willie McGinest, Richard Seymour, Ty Law, Mike Vrabel, Tedy Bruschi, Kevin Faulk, Matt Light, Patrick Pass, Ted Johnson, Lonie Paxton, Stephen Neal, Joe Andruzzi, David Patten, Roman Phifer, Tom Ashworth, Adrian Klemm, Je'Rod Cherry, Matt Chatham, the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri (who later added a fourth ring with the Colts), the aforementioned Tom Brady (who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots), and the aforementioned Larry Izzo (who won a fourth with the Giants).\n\n\n",
"\nSeven: two people.\n\nBill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots\nNeal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)\n\n\nSix: six people.\n\nDan Rooney and Art Rooney II: each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers\nChuck Noll: four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers\nBill Nunn: each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers[13][14]\n\"Mean Joe\" Greene: four as a defensive tackle, two as a special assistant for player personnel, all with the Pittsburgh Steelers[15]\nConditioning coach Mike Woicik: three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots\n\n\nFive: twenty people.\n\nCharles Haley, five (two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys)\nTom Brady, five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots; he has the most rings of any active player (as of the end of the 2017–18 season), he is the only player to win five playing for one team, and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history.\nRobert Kraft, five as owner of New England Patriots\nEdward J. DeBartolo, Jr., five as owner of San Francisco 49ers\nKeith Simon: five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers\nBobb McKittrick: five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers\nRay Rhodes: five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers\nBill McPherson: five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers\nDick Hoak: each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers\nRomeo Crennel: two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots\nGeorge Seifert: three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers\nDwight Clark: two as a player and three as a member of the front office, all with San Francisco 49ers\nPepper Johnson: two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots\nMonsignor Peter Armstrong: five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers\nMarkus Paul: three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots, and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants[16]\nTim Rooney: Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants (as Pro Personnel Director/Scout)\nJosh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant, second as defensive coaching assistant, third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator.\nIvan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach.\nErnie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director\nBrian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots, one as a defensive coaching assistant, two as wide receivers coach, and two as tight ends coach\n\n\nFour: at least 39 players, many coaches and staff.\n\nThe first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight-end Marv Fleming, who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967, and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973.\nTwenty-two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Mel Blount, Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Mike Webster, Donnie Shell, L. C. Greenwood, Rocky Bleier, Gerry Mullins, Larry Brown, Mike Wagner, J.T. Thomas, Loren Toews, Jon Kolb, Sam Davis, Steve Furness, Dwight White, Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene (who later added two more rings). At least five coaches were with the team all four years: George Perles, Louis Riecke, Woody Widenhofer and (as noted above) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak. The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley.\nTom Flores: First person to have rings as a player (Kansas City Chiefs), assistant coach and head coach (Oakland Raiders)\nJoe Montana, Keena Turner, Jesse Sapolu, Eric Wright, Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers.\nKicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts\nRuss Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers\nTed Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders\nBill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos\nCoach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots\nMatt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams, one with Oakland Raiders, one with Los Angeles Raiders, one with San Francisco 49ers, and one with Washington Redskins (only player to earn a ring with four different cities)\nSherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers\nWillie Davis[17] Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers: two as a player, one as a member of the team's board of directors, and one as an emeritus director. He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay's Super Bowl rings. Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961, 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams, bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven, as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.\nMike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants\nKen Norton, Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl-winning teams in a row as a player, and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks\nLarry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots, and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants\nCoach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach, two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator, and one as the head coach of the Broncos\nDante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach, along with being assistant head coach for three of them\nBrian Pariani has won four rings. One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos\n\n\nThree: many players, coaches and staff\n\nAmong the many figures with three are Bill Walsh, John Elway, Mike Ditka, Mike Shanahan, Art Shell, Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, Jay Novacek, Michael Irvin, Larry Brown, Eric Mangini, Joe Gibbs, Dave Dalby, Cliff Branch, Roger Craig, Shannon Sharpe, Ed McCaffrey, Mark Schlereth, Forrest Gregg, Herb Adderley, Tom Coughlin, LeGarrette Blount, and Matt Cavanaugh.\nTwenty-two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s: Troy Brown, Willie McGinest, Richard Seymour, Ty Law, Mike Vrabel, Tedy Bruschi, Kevin Faulk, Matt Light, Patrick Pass, Ted Johnson, Lonie Paxton, Stephen Neal, Joe Andruzzi, David Patten, Roman Phifer, Tom Ashworth, Adrian Klemm, Je'Rod Cherry, Matt Chatham, the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri (who later added a fourth ring with the Colts), the aforementioned Tom Brady (who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots), and the aforementioned Larry Izzo (who won a fourth with the Giants).\n\n\n"
] | [
"Bill Belichick",
"Neal Dahlen"
] |
-300942041988428912 | 2018 NBA All-Star Game | 2018 NBA All - Star Game - wikipedia 2018 NBA All - Star Game Jump to : navigation , search 2018 NBA All Star Game Total Team LeBron 31 45 33 39 148 Team Stephen 42 36 34 33 145 Date February 18 , 2018 Arena Staples Center City Los Angeles , California MVP LeBron James ( Team LeBron ) National anthem Fergie ( American ) Barenaked Ladies ( Canadian ) Halftime show Kevin Hart , Pharrell Williams , N.E.R.D Network TNT TBS Announcers Marv Albert , Reggie Miller and Chris Webber Brent Barry , Reggie Miller , Chris Webber , Kenny Smith and Zach LaVine ( All - Star Saturday Night ) Kevin Harlan , Grant Hill and Chris Webber ( Rising Stars Challenge ) NBA All - Star Game < 2017 2019 > The 2018 NBA All - Star Game was the 67th edition of an exhibition basketball game that was played on February 18 , 2018 . It was held at Staples Center in Los Angeles , home of the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers . It was the sixth time that Los Angeles had hosted the All - Star Game and the first time since 2011 . Team LeBron won against Team Stephen 148 - 145 . The MVP of the game was LeBron James , scoring 29 points , 10 rebounds , 8 assists , winning his third NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award . The game was televised nationally by TNT for the 16th consecutive year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format change 2 All - Star Game 2.1 Coaches 2.2 Rosters 2.3 Draft 2.4 Game 2.5 National anthem 3 All - Star Weekend 3.1 Celebrity Game 3.2 Mountain Dew KickStart Rising Stars Challenge 3.3 Skills Challenge 3.4 Three - Point Contest 3.5 Slam Dunk Contest 4 References 5 External links Format change ( edit ) On October 3 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the format would change from the traditional Eastern Conference versus Western Conference format , and would instead switch to a draft - style format , similar to the format used by the NHL All - Star Game from 2011 through 2015 and the NFL Pro Bowl from 2014 through 2016 . The team captains were determined by the most votes received in their respective conference . Each team will pick a charity to play for , and the winning team will have money donated to their charity . The winning team will receive $100,000 for each player and the losing team $25,000 each . All - Star Game ( edit ) Coaches ( edit ) Dwane Casey ( left ) and Mike D'Antoni ( right ) were selected as head coach for Team LeBron and Team Stephen , respectively . The two teams were coached from their respected conference . Mike D'Antoni , coach of the Houston Rockets , was named as the head coach for Team Stephen . Dwane Casey , coach of the Toronto Raptors , was named as the head coach for Team LeBron . Rosters ( edit ) The rosters for the All - Star Game were selected through a voting process . The starters were chosen by the fans , media , and current NBA players . Fans make up 50 % of the vote , and NBA players and media each comprise 25 % of the vote . The two guards and three frontcourt players who receive the highest cumulative vote totals are named the All - Star starters . NBA head coaches vote for the reserves for their respective conferences , none of which can be players on their own team . Each coach selects two guards , three frontcourt players and two wild cards , with each selected player ranked in order of preference within each category . If a multi-position player is to be selected , coaches are encouraged to vote for the player at the position that was `` most advantageous for the All - Star team '' , regardless of where the player was listed on the All - Star ballot or the position he was listed in box scores . The All - Star Game starters were announced on January 18 , 2018 . Kyrie Irving of the Boston Celtics and DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors were named the backcourt starters in the East , earning their fifth and fourth all - star appearances , respectively . LeBron James was named a starter to his 14th career all - star game , breaking Dirk Nowitzki 's record for most selections among active players . Joining James in the East frontcourt was Joel Embiid of the Philadelphia 76ers , his first selection , and Giannis Antetokounmpo of the Milwaukee Bucks , his second selection . Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors and James Harden of the Houston Rockets were named to the starting backcourt in the West , earning their fifth and sixth all - star appearances , respectively . In the frontcourt , Kevin Durant of the Golden State Warriors was named to his ninth career all - star game , along with DeMarcus Cousins and Anthony Davis of the New Orleans Pelicans , their fourth and fifth all - star selections , respectively . The All - Star Game reserves were announced on January 23 , 2018 . The West reserves include Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder , his seventh selection , Klay Thompson and Draymond Green of the Golden State Warriors , their fourth and third all - star selections , respectively , LaMarcus Aldridge of the San Antonio Spurs , his sixth selection , Damian Lillard of the Portland Trailblazers , his third selection , and Karl - Anthony Towns and Jimmy Butler of the Minnesota Timberwolves , their first and fourth all - star selections , respectively . The East reserves include Kyle Lowry of the Toronto Raptors , his fourth selection , Al Horford of the Boston Celtics , his fifth selection , John Wall and Bradley Beal of the Washington Wizards , their fifth and first all - star selections , respectively , Victor Oladipo of the Indiana Pacers , his first selection , Kevin Love of the Cleveland Cavaliers , his fifth selection , and Kristaps Porzingis of the New York Knicks , his first selection . Eastern Conference All - Stars Pos Player Team No. of selections Starters Kyrie Irving Boston Celtics 5 DeMar DeRozan Toronto Raptors LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 14 Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers F / G Giannis Antetokounmpo Milwaukee Bucks Reserves Bradley Beal Washington Wizards Goran Dragić Miami Heat C / F Al Horford Boston Celtics 5 F / C Kevin Love Cleveland Cavaliers 5 Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors Victor Oladipo Indiana Pacers F / C Kristaps Porziņģis New York Knicks John Wall Washington Wizards 5 Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons Kemba Walker Charlotte Hornets Western Conference All - Stars Pos Player Team No. of selections Starters Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 5 James Harden Houston Rockets 6 Kevin Durant Golden State Warriors 9 DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans F / C Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans 5 Reserves Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 7 Damian Lillard Portland Trail Blazers Draymond Green Golden State Warriors Karl - Anthony Towns Minnesota Timberwolves F / C LaMarcus Aldridge San Antonio Spurs 6 Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors G / F Jimmy Butler Minnesota Timberwolves Paul George Oklahoma City Thunder 5 Draft ( edit ) LeBron James and Stephen Curry were named as captains due to being the leading vote getter from the East and West , respectively . James had the first pick in the draft as the leading vote getter overall , while Curry has first choice of jersey color , due to the Western Conference having home team status for the game . The draft pool consisted of the eight other starters , with no regard to conference designation , and 14 reserves ( seven from each conference ) , chosen by NBA head coaches . On January 25 , 2018 , LeBron James and Stephen Curry created their rosters via a draft , which would not be televised for various reasons . NBA Commissioner Adam Silver will select the replacement for any player unable to participate in the All - Star Game , choosing a player from the same conference as the player who is being replaced . Silver 's selection would join the team that drafted the replaced player . If a replaced player is a starter , the head coach of that team will choose a new starter from his cast of players instead . Team LeBron Pos Player Team Starters Kevin Durant Golden State Warriors F / C Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans Kyrie Irving Boston Celtics Reserves F / C LaMarcus Aldridge San Antonio Spurs Bradley Beal Washington Wizards F / C Kevin Love Cleveland Cavaliers Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder Victor Oladipo Indiana Pacers F / C Kristaps Porziņģis New York Knicks John Wall Washington Wizards Paul George Oklahoma City Thunder Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons Goran Dragić Miami Heat Kemba Walker Charlotte Hornets Head coach : Dwane Casey ( Toronto Raptors ) Team Stephen Pos Player Team Starters James Harden Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan Toronto Raptors Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors G / F Giannis Antetokounmpo Milwaukee Bucks Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers Reserves Damian Lillard Portland Trail Blazers G / F Jimmy Butler Minnesota Timberwolves Draymond Green Golden State Warriors Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors Karl - Anthony Towns Minnesota Timberwolves F / C Al Horford Boston Celtics Head coach : Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) ^ INJ1 DeMarcus Cousins was unable to play due to an Achilles injury . ^ REP1 Paul George was selected as DeMarcus Cousins ' replacement . ^ INJ2 John Wall was unable to participate due to a knee injury . ^ REP2 Andre Drummond was selected as John Wall 's replacement . ^ INJ3 Kevin Love was unable to participate due to a hand injury . ^ REP3 Goran Dragić was selected as Kevin Love 's replacement . ^ INJ4 Kristaps Porziņģis was unable to participate due to a torn ACL . ^ REP4 Kemba Walker was named as Kristaps Porziņģis ' replacement . ^ ST Russell Westbrook was selected to start in place of Cousins . Game ( edit ) TNT , TBS February 18 , 2018 8 : 30 pm ET Recap Team LeBron 148 , Team Stephen 145 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 42 , 45 -- 36 , 33 -- 34 , 39 -- 33 Pts : LeBron James 29 Rebs : LeBron James 10 Asts : Kyrie Irving 9 Pts : DeRozan , Lillard 21 each Rebs : Karl - Anthony Towns 10 Asts : Kyle Lowry 11 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 17,801 Referees : James Capers Gary Zielinski Tony Brown National anthem ( edit ) Fergie 's performance of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' prior to the game received heavy negative criticism and mockery online . The rendition -- described as `` unusual '' and `` bizarre '' -- was met with laughter from the arena crowd , and All - Star Draymond Green was shown chuckling on the television broadcast . The following day , Fergie said she `` wanted to try something special for the NBA , '' but it `` did n't strike the intended tone . '' All - Star Weekend ( edit ) Celebrity Game ( edit ) Further information : NBA All - Star Weekend Celebrity Game The 2018 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game presented by Ruffles will be played on Friday , February 16 , 2018 at the Los Angeles Convention Center . Since the All - Star Weekend was held in Los Angeles , the competition would be represented by the two NBA teams in the city with the Los Angeles Lakers ( Team Lakers ) and the Los Angeles Clippers ( Team Clippers ) instead of the typical West Vs. East affair like in previous years . ESPN February 16 , 2018 7 : 00 pm ET Team Lakers 66 , Team Clippers 75 Scoring by quarter : 13 -- 19 , 17 -- 18 , 19 -- 17 , 17 -- 21 Los Angeles Convention Center , Los Angeles , California Team Lakers Player Background Justin Bieber ( 2 ) Singer / songwriter Sterling Brim TV personality / Host / Actor Nick Cannon ( 10 ) TV personality / Actor / Rapper Terence Crawford Boxer Rachel DeMita ( 2 ) NBA 2KTV personality Jerry Ferrara Actor Flea Musician Michael B. Jordan Actor Marc Lasry ( 3 ) Milwaukee Bucks owner Tracy McGrady ( 2 ) former NBA player Caleb McLaughlin ( 2 ) Actor Candace Parker ( 2 ) WNBA player Nate Robinson former NBA player Drew Scott ( 3 ) Actor Kris Wu ( 3 ) Actor / Singer Head Coach : Rachel Nichols ( ESPN host ) Assistant Coach : Tracy McGrady ( former NBA player , ESPN analyst ) Assistant Coach : Michael B. Jordan ( Actor ) Team Clippers Player Background Anthony Anderson ( 4 ) Actor Brandon Armstrong ( 2 ) Social media star , former NBA D - League player Miles Brown Actor Win Butler ( 4 ) Musician Common ( 7 ) Rapper / Actor Andre De Grasse Olympic sprinter Stefanie Dolson WNBA player Jamie Foxx ( 3 ) Actor / Comedian / Singer Paul Pierce former NBA player Dascha Polanco Actress Quavo Rapper Offset Rapper Bubba Watson Golfer Jason Williams ( 2 ) former NBA player Head Coach : Katie Nolan ( ESPN host ) Assistant Coach : Paul Pierce ( former NBA player , ESPN analyst ) Assistant Coach : Common ( Rapper / actor ) Mountain Dew Kickstart Rising Stars Challenge ( edit ) Further information : Rising Stars Challenge Team World Pos . Nationality Player Team R / S Serbia Bogdan Bogdanović Sacramento Kings Rookie G / F Canada Dillon Brooks Memphis Grizzlies Rookie Cameroon Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers Sophomore Bahamas Buddy Hield Sacramento Kings Sophomore Finland Lauri Markkanen Chicago Bulls Rookie Canada Jamal Murray Denver Nuggets Sophomore France Frank Ntilikina New York Knicks Rookie F / C Lithuania Domantas Sabonis Indiana Pacers Sophomore Croatia Dario Šarić Philadelphia 76ers Sophomore G / F Australia Ben Simmons Philadelphia 76ers Rookie Head Coach : Rex Kalamian ( Toronto Raptors ) Team USA Pos . Player Team R / S Lonzo Ball Los Angeles Lakers Rookie Malcolm Brogdon Milwaukee Bucks Sophomore G / F Jaylen Brown Boston Celtics Sophomore F / C John Collins Atlanta Hawks Rookie Kris Dunn Chicago Bulls Sophomore G / F Brandon Ingram Los Angeles Lakers Sophomore Kyle Kuzma Los Angeles Lakers Rookie Donovan Mitchell Utah Jazz Rookie Dennis Smith Jr . Dallas Mavericks Rookie Jayson Tatum Boston Celtics Rookie Taurean Prince Atlanta Hawks Sophomore De'Aaron Fox Sacramento Kings Rookie Head Coach : Roy Rogers ( Houston Rockets ) ^ INJ1 Malcolm Brogdon is unable to participate due to a leg injury . ^ REP1 Taurean Prince was selected as Malcolm Brogdon 's replacement . ^ INJ2 Lonzo Ball is unable to participate due to a knee injury . ^ REP2 De'Aaron Fox was selected as Lonzo Ball 's replacement . TNT February 16 9 : 00 pm ET Boxscore Team World 155 , Team USA 124 Scoring by half : 78 -- 59 , 77 -- 65 Pts : Buddy Hield 29 Rebs : Domantas Sabonis 11 Asts : Ben Simmons 13 Pts : Jaylen Brown 35 Rebs : Jaylen Brown 10 Asts : Donovan Mitchell 7 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,060 Referees : # 21 Dedric Taylor # 7 Lauren Holtkamp # 39 Tyler Ford Team World won against Team USA 155 - 124 . Skills Challenge ( edit ) Further information : Skills Challenge Contestants Pos . Player Team Height Weight Spencer Dinwiddie Brooklyn Nets 6 -- 6 200 Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers 7 -- 0 250 F / C Al Horford Boston Celtics 6 -- 10 245 Lauri Markkanen Chicago Bulls 7 -- 0 230 Donovan Mitchell Utah Jazz 6 -- 3 215 Jamal Murray Denver Nuggets 6 -- 4 207 F / C Kristaps Porziņģis New York Knicks 7 -- 3 240 Lou Williams Los Angeles Clippers 6 -- 1 175 Buddy Hield Sacramento Kings 6 -- 4 214 Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons 6 -- 11 279 ^ OUT Donovan Mitchell was removed due to replacing Aaron Gordon in the Slam Dunk Contest . ^ ALT Buddy Hield was named as Donovan Mitchell 's replacement . ^ INJ Kristaps Porziņģis unable to participate due to a torn ACL . ^ REP Andre Drummond was named as Kristaps Porziņģis ' replacement . Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Spencer Dinwiddie ( Brooklyn ) O Buddy Hield ( Sacramento ) X Spencer Dinwiddie ( Brooklyn ) O Jamal Murray ( Denver ) X Jamal Murray ( Denver ) O Lou Williams ( LA Clippers ) X Spencer Dinwiddie ( Brooklyn ) O Lauri Makkanen ( Chicago ) X Al Horford ( Boston ) X Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia ) O Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia ) X Lauri Makkanen ( Chicago ) O Lauri Markkanen ( Chicago ) O Andre Drummond ( Detroit ) X Three - Point Contest ( edit ) Further information : Three - Point Contest Contestants Pos . Player Team Height Weight First round Final round Devin Booker Phoenix Suns 6 -- 6 210 19 28 Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors 6 -- 7 215 19 25 Tobias Harris Los Angeles Clippers 6 -- 9 235 18 17 Wayne Ellington Miami Heat 6 -- 5 200 17 -- Bradley Beal Washington Wizards 6 -- 5 207 15 -- Eric Gordon Houston Rockets 6 -- 4 215 12 -- Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors 6 -- 0 205 11 -- Paul George Oklahoma City Thunder 6 -- 9 220 9 -- Slam Dunk Contest ( edit ) Further information : Slam Dunk Contest Contestants Pos . Player Team Height Weight First round Final round Donovan Mitchell Utah Jazz 6 -- 3 215 98 ( 48 + 50 ) 98 ( 50 + 48 ) Larry Nance , Jr . Cleveland Cavaliers 6 -- 9 230 93 ( 44 + 49 ) 96 ( 46 + 50 ) Dennis Smith Jr . Dallas Mavericks 6 -- 3 195 89 ( 39 + 50 ) -- Victor Oladipo Indiana Pacers 6 -- 4 210 71 ( 31 + 40 ) -- Aaron Gordon Orlando Magic 6 -- 9 220 -- -- ^ INJ Aaron Gordon was unable to participate due to a hip injury . ^ REP Donovan Mitchell was named as Aaron Gordon 's replacement . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Hart , Pharrell Williams and N.E.R.D. to headline 2018 NBA All - Star Game entertainment '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles To Host NBA All - Star 2018 '' . NBA . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All - Star Game format '' . NBA.com . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report : All - Stars will get $100,000 each if their team wins 2018 NBA All - Star Game '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Choosing sides : James , Curry draft rosters for Team LeBron vs. Team Stephen '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Houston Rockets ' coach Mike D'Antoni to coach Team Stephen in All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto Raptors ' Dwane Casey to coach Team LeBron in All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA makes major changes to All - Star voting format '' . USA Today . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Sekou . `` LeBron James , Steph Curry named captains as All - Star starters are revealed '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Sekou . `` Warriors nab four spots , while Wizards , Raptors backcourts selected as All - Star reserves are revealed '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans center DeMarcus Cousins ( Achilles ) out for season '' . NBA.com . January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paul George to replace Demarcus Cousins on Team LeBron in 2018 NBA All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards ' John Wall to have left knee surgery '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons ' Andre Drummond to replace Washington Wizards ' John Wall in 2018 NBA All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love suffers broken left hand , reportedly could miss 6 - 8 weeks '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat 's Goran Dragic selected as All - Star replacement '' . ESPN.com . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Knicks ' Kristaps Porzingis suffers torn ACL in left knee '' . NBA.com . February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets ' Kemba Walker replaces Kristaps Porzingis on Team LeBron for All - Star 2018 '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook replaces DeMarcus Cousins as All - Star starter '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Where does Fergie 's national anthem rank ? Right near the worst of the worst '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Creg ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fergie 's NBA All - Star Game national anthem confuses , amuses '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Joseph ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Draymond Green laughed at Fergie 's bizarre anthem performance '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fergie 's ' sexy ' NBA All - Star anthem rendition leaves America chuckling '' . The Guardian . February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fergie admits national anthem performance was kind of a mess '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 2018 presented by Ruffles '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 2018 All - Star Events Tickets '' . Los Angeles Lakers . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN , NBA announce 2018 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game Presented By Ruffles players and coaches '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Los Angeles Lakers ' Lonzo Ball highlight 2018 Mtn Dew Kickstart Rising Stars rosters '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Update on Malcolm Brogdon '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Named To 2018 Mtn Dew Kickstart Rising Stars '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ball Out Through All - Star Break '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` De'Aaron Fox to Participate in 2018 Rising Stars '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah Jazz rookie Donovan Mitchell to replace Aaron Gordon in 2018 Verizon Slam Dunk '' . NBA.com . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Andre Drummond will replace Kristaps Porzingis in Taco Bell Skills Challenge '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) 2018 NBA All - Star Game at nba.com NBA All - Star Games All - Star Weekend Rising Stars Challenge Shooting Stars Competition Skills Challenge Three - Point Contest Slam Dunk Contest H-O-R-S-E Competition Celebrity Game Legends Classic All - Star Game MVP Award Records List of NBA All - Stars Vote leaders Head coaches Broadcasters TV ratings G League All - Star Game WNBA All - Star Game 1950s 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 NBA on TNT Related programs Inside the NBA Shaqtin ' a Fool NBA on TBS NBA All - Star Weekend NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship commentators NBA Awards Related articles Ratings NBA TV NBA 07 Commentators Play - by - play Marv Albert Brian Anderson Gary Bender Tim Brando Mike Breen Kevin Calabro Skip Caray Matt Devlin Jim Durham Kevin Harlan Jim Huber Verne Lundquist Bob Neal Mel Proctor Dick Stockton Pete Van Wieren Color commentators Danny Ainge Brent Barry Rick Barry Hubie Brown P.J. Carlesimo Rex Chapman Doug Collins Chuck Daly Mike Dunleavy Sr . Mike Fratello Jack Givens Grant Hill Steve Kerr Kevin McHale Reggie Miller Doc Rivers Steve Smith John Thompson Jeff Van Gundy Dick Versace Chris Webber Sideline reporters David Aldridge Rosalyn Gold - Onwude Lewis Johnson Allie LaForce Kristen Ledlow Cheryl Miller Pam Oliver Craig Sager Marty Snider Tracy Wolfson Studio hosts Vince Cellini Marc Fein Ernie Johnson Jr . Bob Lorenz Casey Stern Matt Winer Studio analysts Charles Barkley Magic Johnson Lisa Leslie Kevin McHale Shaquille O'Neal Gary Payton Kenny Smith Reggie Theus Isiah Thomas NBA Drafts 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 All - Star Game 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Lore Music Christmas Day NBA outdoor games Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen 2017 -- 18 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NBA_All-Star_Game&oldid=832762841 '' Categories : National Basketball Association All - Star Game 2018 in Los Angeles Basketball in Los Angeles 2017 -- 18 NBA season 2018 in sports in California February 2018 sports events in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 21 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when will the 2018 nba all stars be announced | [
"The All-Star Game starters were announced on January 18, 2018.[9] Kyrie Irving of the Boston Celtics and DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors were named the backcourt starters in the East, earning their fifth and fourth all-star appearances, respectively. LeBron James was named a starter to his 14th career all-star game, breaking Dirk Nowitzki's record for most selections among active players. Joining James in the East frontcourt was Joel Embiid of the Philadelphia 76ers, his first selection, and Giannis Antetokounmpo of the Milwaukee Bucks, his second selection."
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8619959498668231040 | Highland Rim | Highland Rim - wikipedia Highland Rim Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Highland Rim is a geographic term for the area in Tennessee surrounding the Central Basin . Nashville is largely surrounded by higher terrain in all directions . Geologically , the Central Basin is a dome . The Highland Rim is a cuesta surrounding the basin , and the border where the difference in elevation is sharply pronounced is an escarpment . Nashville is located in the northwestern corner of the basin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology and physiography 1.1 Western Highland Rim 1.2 Eastern Highland Rim 1.3 Northern Highland Rim 1.4 Southern Highland Rim 2 References Geology and Physiography ( edit ) The Highland Rim is a physiographic section of the larger Interior Low Plateaus province , which in turn is part of the larger Interior Plains physiographic division . Most of the Highland Rim is located in U.S. EPA Ecoregion 71 , Interior Plateau , which is a part of the Eastern Temperate Forest . The sections of the Highland Rim are referred to the four cardinal directions , e.g. , `` Northern Highland Rim '' , etc . The Highland Rim is rather continuous and any division of it , including the ones made below , are somewhat arbitrary . The term `` highland '' here is relative : it is certainly higher than the basin it surrounds , but it nonetheless is seldom at an elevation above 1,100 feet ( 340 m ) above sea level and never more than about 1,400 feet ( 430 m ) above sea level except where interrupted , primarily to the southeast , by outliers of the Cumberland Plateau . With the exception of a few broad stream bottoms , the land is characterized by ridges and valleys with a few fairly low hills . The entire region is well watered with many perennial streams . There are occasional waterfalls which sometimes delineate the Highland Rim from the Central Basin which it surrounds . Western Highland Rim ( edit ) The Western Highland Rim is encountered a few miles west of Nashville and extends to the western valley of the Tennessee River . The area is a hilly area that is bisected by the Tennessee River and the Cumberland River valleys . Underlying bedrock of the region is chiefly Mississippian limestone , chert , shale , and sandstone with exposures of Devonian , Silurian , Ordovician , and Cambrian limestone , chert , and shale . In the northern part of the Western Highland Rim , sinkholes readily occur in an area with a southern extension of the Pennyroyal plateau of Kentucky , where the karst is best developed on the Mississippian St. Louis Limestone and the Ste . Genevieve Limestone . Eastern Highland Rim ( edit ) The Eastern Rim rises approximately fifty miles east of Nashville and is bordered to its east by even higher terrain , the Cumberland Plateau . Erosion has exposed carbonate bedrock of Late Paleozoic age . These carbonate rocks contain variable amounts of chert and are often interbedded with fine grained clastic rocks . As a result , these rocks are more resistant to erosion than the underlying purer limestones of the Lower ( Early ) Paleozoic . The geology is diverse and is typically limestone at valley floors ( around 500 feet ( 150 m ) elevation ) and sandstone on ridges ( to around 1,000 feet ) . The constituent bedrock is composed primarily of Mississippian aged St. Louis , and Warsaw limestones with Fort Payne chert underlain by Chattanooga Shale that forms a large part of the escarpment . This area is mostly undulating plains , hills , and karst . Northern Highland Rim ( edit ) The Northern Highland Rim is encountered a few miles north of Nashville and extends to the Kentucky border , and the region of Kentucky adjacent to it called the Pennyroyal is in fact largely a continuation of it under another name . Southern Highland Rim ( edit ) For the most part the Southern Rim is the farthest from Nashville , rising at some points just a few miles north of the border with Alabama . The landforms are continuous with those in adjacent portions of Alabama , although perhaps the most spectacular landforms of any portion of the Rim are to be found there . The stratigraphy of the Southern Highland Rim is primarily composed of flat - lying limestones , dolomites , and shales , and to a much lesser extent , of cherts , siltstones , mudstones , and very fine grained to conglomeratic sandstones . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U.S. '' U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Physiography of Tennessee '' . Tennessee Archaeology Net . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Shofner , Gregory A. ; Hugh H. Mills ; Jason E. Duke ( 2001 ) . `` A Simple Map Index of Karstification and its Relationship to Sinkhole and Cave Distribution in Tennessee '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Cave and Karst Studies . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy '' ( PDF ) . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . 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and - Valley Tennessee Valley Western Coal Fields 25 largest cities Louisville Lexington Bowling Green Owensboro Covington Richmond Georgetown Florence Hopkinsville Nicholasville Elizabethtown Henderson Frankfort Jeffersontown Independence Paducah Radcliff Ashland Madisonville Murray Erlanger Winchester St. Matthews Danville Fort Thomas Metropolitan areas Ashland Bowling Green Clarksville , TN Elizabethtown Evansville Lexington -- Fayette Louisville / Jefferson County Northern Kentucky Owensboro Counties Adair Allen Anderson Ballard Barren Bath Bell Boone Bourbon Boyd Boyle Bracken Breathitt Breckinridge Bullitt Butler Caldwell Calloway Campbell Carlisle Carroll Carter Casey Christian Clark Clay Clinton Crittenden Cumberland Daviess Edmonson Elliott Estill Fayette Fleming Floyd Franklin Fulton Gallatin Garrard Grant Graves Grayson Green Greenup Hancock Hardin Harlan Harrison Hart Henderson Henry Hickman Hopkins Jackson Jefferson Jessamine Johnson Kenton Knott Knox LaRue Laurel Lawrence Lee Leslie Letcher Lewis Lincoln Livingston Logan Lyon Madison Magoffin Marion Marshall Martin Mason McCracken McCreary McLean Meade Menifee Mercer Metcalfe Monroe Montgomery Morgan Muhlenberg Nelson Nicholas Ohio Oldham Owen Owsley Pendleton Perry Pike Powell Pulaski Robertson Rockcastle Rowan Russell Scott Shelby Simpson Spencer Taylor Todd Trigg Trimble Union Warren Washington Wayne Webster Whitley Wolfe Woodford Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highland_Rim&oldid=794618108 '' Categories : Regions of Tennessee Plateaus of the United States Landforms of Tennessee Physiographic sections Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Tennessee articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 01 : 46 . About Wikipedia | where is the northern highland rim in tennessee | [
"The Northern Highland Rim is encountered a few miles north of Nashville and extends to the Kentucky border, and the region of Kentucky adjacent to it called the Pennyroyal is in fact largely a continuation of it under another name."
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"encountered a few miles north of Nashville and extends to the Kentucky border"
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4104761406361900826 | Moomba | Moomba - wikipedia Moomba For the town in South Australia , see Moomba , South Australia . Moomba Waterskiing events at Moomba Genre Carnival Begins Labour day long weekend ( second Monday in March ) Frequency annual Location ( s ) Melbourne , Australia Years active 63 Inaugurated 1955 Attendance 1.7 million ( record - 1996 ) Organised by City of Melbourne Moomba ( also known as the Moomba Festival ) is held annually in Melbourne , Australia . Run by the City of Melbourne , it is Australia 's largest free community festival . The Melbournian tradition is celebrated over four days , incorporating the Labour Day long weekend , from Friday to the second Monday in March . Moomba is culturally important to Melbourne , having been celebrated since 1955 , and regularly attracts up to a million people , with a record attendance of 1.7 million set in 1996 . In 2003 , the event was renamed Melbourne Moomba Waterfest and is centred on the Yarra River . Traditional events include the Moomba parade , crowning of Moomba monarchs , fireworks displays , carnivals in the gardens along the river , river activities including watersports , water floats and the birdman rally , as well as live music and bands . Contents 1 Origins 2 Etymology 3 Event history 4 Events 4.1 Parade and floats 4.2 Moomba monarchs 4.3 Fireworks 4.4 Carnival 4.5 River activities 4.5. 1 Waterskiing 4.5. 2 River floats 4.5. 3 Birdman rally 4.6 Music and live bands 5 In popular culture 5.1 Citations 6 References 7 Other reading 8 External links Origins ( edit ) In 1951 , Australia celebrated fifty years of Federation with a parade and the staging of the theatre production `` An Aboriginal Moomba : Out of the Dark '' . In 1954 , Queen Elizabeth II visited the city for the first time as reigning monarch , and the City Development Association and the Melbourne City Council proposed an autumn carnival to be known as `` Moomba '' . A committee was formed in July , 1954 to organise and fund the event , successfully allocating £ 10,000 to its inaugural running . Before the event 's first year , controversy was created when Labor Councillor Frank Williams resigned from the committee , branding the planned carnival as a `` Bourke street joke for the benefit of shopkeepers '' . A promotional theme song `` Come to Melbourne for the Moomba '' was written by Jack O'Hagan . Etymology ( edit ) The festival was originally named Moomba by organizers in the belief it was a native word meaning ' let 's get together and have fun . ' Credit is usually given to Bill Onus , a unionist and member of the Australian Aborigines ' League for proposing the term , which he used in a play , Aboriginal Moomba in 1951 . In 1969 Luise Hercus glossed the word mum ( rhyming with ' vroom ' ) as meaning ' bottom , rump ' , and suggested mum - ba meant something like ' bottom and ... ' , and had been introduced from Healesville usage as a joke . In 1981 Barry Blake analysed the word as combining as mum ( anus ) and -- ba , a locative suffix meaning ' at , in , on ' . This would give the sense of ' up your bum / arse ' . Onus himself , according to his daughter - in - law , who said she had heard the story from Onus 's wife Mary , had picked up the word from a word list of indigenous terms . Some say he did it to get back at the city council for having deliberately upstaged the traditional Labour Day march with a popular carnival . Lin Onus , his son , stated that indeed his father had intended to play a prank in passing on the word with this sense . Event history ( edit ) The first Moomba was a 15 - day festival officially opened on 12 March 1955 by the State Governor , Sir Dallas Brooks . The inaugural programme included a fireworks display , parade , vintage car display , Henley rowing regatta , river floats including a `` Lord Mayor 's houseboat '' , cycling race , tennis at Kooyong , concerts including performances by the Victorian Symphony Orchestra and Royal Philharmonic choir , crowning of the Queen of Moomba and riverside carnival . 25,000 turned out to watch the inaugural Moomba parade down Swanston Street . The first Moomba was heavily criticised by Melbourne 's conservative establishment , including the Anglican Church , which at the time claimed it was hedonistic and embodying social decay . Council responded to the criticism citing that Moomba was intended to be a festival for families and as such is reinforcing family values in society . After the 2016 Moomba festival fireworks there was a large - scale brawl in and around Federation Square in Melbourne 's Central Business District , largely between members of two gangs , Apex and Islander 23 . Events ( edit ) Parade and floats ( edit ) A parade ( or `` procession '' ) and floats through the streets of Melbourne have been a key part of the Moomba festival since its beginning . Each year it attracts over 100,000 people to Melbourne 's city centre as well as being shown on free - to - air television in Melbourne . The first Moomba procession was held in 1955 . It was first televised in 1957 , the year after the Melbourne 1956 Olympics . Snuff Puppets float Moomba Parade 2001 The floats have an annual theme , usually an elaboration on `` Let 's get together and have fun '' , the avowed mission and vision statement of Moomba and are usually from sister cities ( of which Melbourne has six ) , schools and community groups . They also promote some aspect of the arts , like singing , dancing , or design . Swanston Street is the traditional home of the floats and spine of the city and horse - or tractor - drawn floats use the tram tracks . Decorated trams are sometimes also featured . In 2001 , the parade came under media controversy when a French Troupe and Melbourne 's Snuff Puppets had floats with naked people covered in body paint . Moomba monarchs ( edit ) 2014 Moomba monarchs -- Lucy Durack and Bert Newton The Moomba monarchy has been one of the most celebrated and controversial components of the festival over the years . Queen of Moomba ( 1955 to 1987 ) from Beverley Stewart to Marita Jones . Won by a beauty pageant competition . 1966 Moomba Queen Erica McMillan was killed in a car accident seven weeks after the festival , in the car which she had received as a prize for being voted Queen . Queen of the Pacific ( 1967 -- 1977 ) from Betty Lim Saw Yim ( as Princess of Malaysia ) to Lei Maa ( Princess of Hawaii ) . King of Moomba ( 1967 to 1987 ) : British actor Robert Morley ( 1967 ) , British actor Alfred Marks ( 1968 ) , Italian opera singer Tito Gobbi ( 1969 ) , featherweight boxing champion Johnny Famechon ( 1970 ) , Russian clown Oleg Popov ( 1971 ) , pop singer Johnny Farnham ( 1972 ) with Collingwood footballer Lou Richards as his Jester , indigenous Pastor Sir Douglas Nicholls ( 1973 ) , ballet dancer Sir Robert Helpmann ( 1974 ) , entertainer Rolf Harris ( 1975 ) , entertainer Barry Crocker ( 1976 ) , Disney character Mickey Mouse as King of Moomba and TV Personality Ugly Dave Gray as a Jester ( 1977 ) , first Melbourne born king , entertainer Bert Newton ( 1978 ) , entertainer Graham Kennedy ( 1979 ) , TV actor Paul Cronin ( 1980 ) , Lou Richards again but this time as King ( 1981 ) , film , TV and stage actor Frank Thring ( 1982 ) , TV Personality Daryl Somers ( 1983 ) , footballer Kevin Bartlett ( 1984 ) , TV Personality Ian `` Molly '' Meldrum ( 1985 ) , motor racing driver Peter Brock ( 1986 ) and champion doubles tennis player Paul McNamee ( 1987 ) . Another source lists Gobbi ( 1968 ) , Marks ( 1969 ) and Richards as Jester ( 1971 ) . Moomba Monarch ( 1988 -- 1999 ) ( 2010 -- present ) : Jo Pearson , Con the Fruiterer , David Hanison , Tony Shaw , Keith Dunstan , The Oarsome Foursome , Andrew Gaze , Cathy Freeman , Marina Prior , Kevin Sheedy , Trevor Marmalade , Lano and Woodley , and Denise Drysdale . Female Monarchs were also called Queen of Moomba and male Monarchs were called King of Moomba . In 1999 the tradition ended when clowns Zig and Zag were appointed . After it was revealed that , years before , Zig ( Jack Perry ) had pleaded guilty to child molestation they were dethroned . In 2010 the tradition was finally restored after 11 years with Molly Meldrum and Kate Ceberano being named King and Queen of Moomba ( 2011 ) : Mick Malthouse and Ruby Rose . ( 2012 ) : Harry Kewell and Natalie Bassingthwaighte. ( 2013 ) : Ambulance Victoria and St John 's Ambulance ( one combined representative ) , MFB , CFA , Salvation Army , the Department of Sustainability and Environment , SES and Victoria Police , made up the Seven Kings and Queens Young Ambassador ( 2003 -- 2009 ) : Carrie Stoney , Sam Quinn , Alan Wu , Natalie Bassingthwaighte. 2007 : Trisha Broadbridge . The Moomba Monarch crowns for 2010 and 2011 were handcrafted by Paris Kyne Master Milliner. 1989 also had a time where Moomba also included a Prince and Princess of Moomba which were two children who applied through a radio competition on radio station 3KZ with resumes and auditions to perform paid work with the Life . Be in it . dancers in the Alexander Gardens every day . These two winners were Mark Monroe & Katherine . Fireworks ( edit ) Fireworks are a big part of the Moomba festival and large displays occur on every night of the festival . The fireworks are above the Yarra river . Carnival ( edit ) A traditional carnival including a ferris wheel are held in the Alexandra Gardens along the river bank . In recent years , the carnival has extended to Birrarung Marr across the river . It is popular with children , and dagwood dogs and doughnut stands line the paths . River activities ( edit ) Moomba particularly celebrates the Yarra River , which has been much maligned during the history of the city until the last few decades . Waterskiing ( edit ) Water stunts Water skiing in the Yarra was introduced to Moomba in 1959 . River floats ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The festival has featured Chinese dragon boats and the Moomba Showboat . Birdman rally ( edit ) Among the more popular events is the Birdman Rally , begun in 1976 , which adds colour to the festival , and is traditionally held at the Swan Street bridge over the Yarra River . However it has been held only intermittently during Moomba 's history . It was stopped for a number of years due to high levels of E. coli contamination of the Yarra . Subsequent clean - ups reduced pollution to acceptable levels and 2004 saw its return . In 2005 the rally was held in the new inner city park , Birrarung Marr , close to its traditional location . Music and live bands ( edit ) Kimbra performing at Moomba in 2011 Moomba 's performers have included international musical acts such as ABBA , Neil Diamond and AC / DC as well as a number of smaller local acts . In 2012 , performers included Tex Perkins and Daryl Braithwaite . In popular culture ( edit ) Do - Re-Mi released a single `` King of Moomba '' in 1987 in reference to the crowning element of the festival . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Powley 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Moomba ' gala next year '' . The Argus. 1954 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ pg4 . The Argus Wednesday 1 December 1954 ^ Jump up to : Dubecki 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly 2011 . Jump up ^ Hercus 1969 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Moore 2001 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Blake 1981 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a gay day today '' . The Argus. 1955 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` With the Churchmen : ' Moomba spirit leading us to decay '' . The Argus. 1955 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Councillor defends Moomba '' . The Argus. 1955 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Melbourne street brawl blamed on Apex gang after Moomba festival Sunday March 13 , 2016 . The Guardian Retrieved May 18 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Craig Bellamy , Gordon Chisholm , Hilary Eriksen ( 17 Feb 2006 ) Moomba : A festival for the people. : http://www.craigbellamy.net/images/moomba.pdf PDF pp 17 - 22 ^ Jump up to : Moomba Monarchs : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K6BWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IOcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3799%2C4757067 Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/molly-meldrum-and-kate-ceberano-the-new-king-and-queen-of-moomba/story-e6frf7jo-1225830688779 Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/royal-coach-delivers-king-mick-of-moomba/story-fn6bfkm6-1226010325960 Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/moomba-honours-for-natalie-and-harry-stars-who-love-our-lifestyle/story-e6frf96f-1226271262575 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Mary Bolling & Matthew Schulz , ( 12 Mar 2007 ) Moomba thrills young and old : http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,21366832-421,00.html article from Herald Sun References ( edit ) Dubecki , Larissa ( 8 March 2008 ) . `` Let 's have fun , said some , and name a festival ' Up Your Bum ' '' . The Age . Kelly , Piers ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Does ' Moomba ' really mean ' up your bum ' ? '' . Crikey . Moore , Bruce ( 2001 ) . `` Australian English and Indigenous Voices '' . In Blair , David ; Collins , Peter . English in Australia . John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 133 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 9 - 027 - 29799 - 0 . Hercus , Luise A. ( 1969 ) . The Languages of Victoria : A Late Survey , Issue 6 , Part 2 . Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies . Powley , Kathryn ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Moomba 2017 guide : Melbourne 's ' free community festival ' has arrived '' . Herald Sun . Other reading ( edit ) Eckersley , M. 2012 . ' Australian Indigenous Drama ' . Tasman Press . Altona . External links ( edit ) Melbourne City Council 's Moomba page Social history of Moomba , on Culture Victoria Snopes.com entry on the word `` Moomba '' Also see the official Moomba history book written by Dr Craig Bellamy et al. ( 2006 ) Events in the Melbourne City Centre Note : this includes events held in the Melbourne City Centre and its immediate surrounds , not the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area Summer All : Summer Fun in the City of Melbourne December : Australian Dancesport Championships Boxing Day Test Carols by Candlelight Myer Christmas Parade January : Australian Open Midsumma Festival Melbourne International Boat Show One Day International Cricket February : St Kilda Festival Herald Sun Tour White Night festivals Autumn March : Australian Grand Prix Melbourne 400 Melbourne Fashion Festival Melbourne Food and Wine Festival Moomba Waterfest Melbourne Queer Film Festival April : Anzac Day parade AFL Anzac Day match Melbourne International Comedy Festival Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show May : Melbourne Jazz Fringe Festival Winter All : Melbourne Winter Masterpieces series June : AFL Queen 's Birthday match Melbourne International Animation Festival Australian International Motor Show Melbourne International Jazz Festival July : State of Design Festival Melbourne International Film Festival Open House Melbourne Run Melbourne August : Melbourne Day Melbourne Underground Film Festival Melbourne Writers Festival Craft Cubed Spring September : AFL Grand Final Melbourne Fringe Festival Melbourne International Festival of Brass Melbourne Spring Fashion Week Royal Melbourne Show Sandown 500 Kerryn Wildes Birthday October : Around the Bay in a Day Melbourne International Arts Festival Melbourne Marathon Festival Spring Racing Carnival November : Head of the Yarra Melbourne Cup Carnival City2Sea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moomba&oldid=865400633 '' Categories : Recurring events established in 1955 Festivals in Melbourne 1955 establishments in Australia Music festivals established in 1955 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from October 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 18 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which english comedian became the first moomba king in 1967 | [
"King of Moomba (1967 to 1987): British actor Robert Morley (1967), British actor Alfred Marks (1968), Italian opera singer Tito Gobbi (1969), featherweight boxing champion Johnny Famechon (1970), Russian clown Oleg Popov (1971), pop singer Johnny Farnham (1972) with Collingwood footballer Lou Richards as his Jester, indigenous Pastor Sir Douglas Nicholls (1973), ballet dancer Sir Robert Helpmann (1974), entertainer Rolf Harris (1975), entertainer Barry Crocker (1976), Disney character Mickey Mouse as King of Moomba and TV Personality Ugly Dave Gray as a Jester (1977), first Melbourne born king, entertainer Bert Newton (1978), entertainer Graham Kennedy (1979), TV actor Paul Cronin (1980), Lou Richards again but this time as King (1981), film, TV and stage actor Frank Thring (1982), TV Personality Daryl Somers (1983), footballer Kevin Bartlett (1984), TV Personality Ian \"Molly\" Meldrum (1985), motor racing driver Peter Brock (1986) and champion doubles tennis player Paul McNamee (1987).[13] Another source lists Gobbi (1968), Marks (1969) and Richards as Jester (1971).[14]"
] | [
"Robert Morley"
] |
5697338021428965679 | Bring Me to Life | Bring Me to Life - wikipedia Bring Me to Life Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bring Me to Life ( disambiguation ) . `` Bring Me to Life '' Single by Evanescence featuring Paul McCoy from the album Fallen B - side `` Farther Away '' `` Missing '' Released April 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 22 ) Format CD DVD digital download Recorded 2002 ( 2002 ) ( Ocean Studios , Burbank , California , USA ) Genre Nu metal gothic metal rap rock Length 3 : 56 ( album version ) Label Wind - up Songwriter ( s ) Amy Lee Benjamin Moody David Hodges Producer ( s ) Dave Fortman Evanescence singles chronology `` Bring Me to Life '' ( 2003 ) `` Going Under '' ( 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' ( 2003 ) `` Going Under '' ( 2003 ) Music video `` Bring Me to Life '' on YouTube `` Bring Me to Life '' is a song by American rock band Evanescence recorded for their debut studio album Fallen ( 2003 ) . Wind - up released it as the lead single from the album on April 22 , 2003 . The track was written by group members Amy Lee , Ben Moody , and David Hodges and produced by Dave Fortman . It also features uncredited guest vocals from Paul McCoy of the band 12 Stones . `` Bring Me to Life '' is a nu metal , gothic metal and rap rock song . According to Lee , `` Bring Me to Life '' has several meanings and inspirations ; its subjects are an incident in a restaurant , open - mindedness , and waking up to the things which are missing in the protagonist 's life . Lee later revealed that the song was inspired by her long - time friend and husband Josh Hartzler . Critical response to the song was mostly positive , with critics praising the melody of the song , Lee 's vocals and their accompaniment by McCoy . Following the inclusion of `` Bring Me to Life '' on the Daredevil soundtrack the song became a commercial and critical success , topping the charts in Australia , the United Kingdom and Italy . It charted in the top ten in more than fifteen countries including the United States , Argentina , Germany and New Zealand . `` Bring Me to Life '' was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and twice platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . The lyrics of the song have been interpreted as a call for new life in Jesus Christ , which helped the song to chart on the Christian rock charts . The band won in the category for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 46th Grammy Awards where the song was also nominated for Best Rock Song . The accompanying music video was directed by Philipp Stölzl ; it shows Lee singing and climbing on a skyscraper while having nightmares in her bedroom . `` Bring Me to Life '' was part of the set list during the Fallen and The Open Door Tour . Many artists recorded cover versions of the song , including the classical singer Katherine Jenkins and American pianist , John Tesh . The song was also used on several television shows . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Recording and composition 3 Reception and accolades 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 2017 re-work 8 Cover versions and usage in media 8.1 Katherine Jenkins version 9 Credits and personnel 10 Track listing 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 Decade - end charts 12 Certifications 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background and release ( edit ) `` Since we released ( the song ) on Daredevil it went all over the world , whether they wanted it to or not , so we had fans in countries we had never been to because they had the soundtrack and they heard it on the radio . So , it started blowing up all over the world and then we had a reason to tour all over the world . And that 's how the whole international thing happened this early . Which is awesome . '' -- Amy Lee talking about the release and the worldwide success of the song . According to Amy Lee , the song has several meanings , the first being an incident at a restaurant . During an interview from a tour stop in Tulsa she told The Boston Phoenix : `` I was inspired to write it when someone said something to me -- I did n't know him , and I thought he might be clairvoyant. ( ... ) I was in a relationship and I was completely unhappy . But I was hiding it . I was being completely abused and I was trying to cover it up ; I would n't even admit it to myself . So then I had spoken maybe 10 or 15 words to this guy , who was a friend of a friend . We were waiting for everyone else to show up , and we went into a restaurant and got a table . And he looked at me and said , ' Are you happy ? ' And I felt my heart leap , and I was like , he totally knows what I 'm thinking . And I lied , I said I was fine . Anyway , he 's not really clairvoyant . But he is a sociology major . '' Lee said in a VH1 interview : `` Open - mindedness . It 's about waking up to all the things you 've been missing for so long . One day someone said something that made my heart race for a second and I realized that for months I 'd been numb , just going through the motions of life . '' During an interview with Blender , Lee claimed that she wrote `` Bring Me to Life '' about her longtime friend , Josh Hartzler , whom she married in 2007 . `` Bring Me to Life '' was released on April 22 , 2003 ; it was the first single from the band 's debut album , Fallen . Wind - up Entertainment president / CEO Ed Vetri , revealed that when the label was pushing the song to the radio , owners stated `` We do n't play pianos and chicks on rock radio . '' However , when `` Bring Me to Life '' was released on the Daredevil soundtrack , listeners demanded air play for the song . The single includes `` Farther Away '' as a B - side . The first pressing of the Australian single contained the track `` Missing '' as a B - side , but this was omitted from later pressings and later released as a bonus track on the band 's first live album , Anywhere but Home . An acoustic version was recorded and released on the `` Bring Me to Life '' DVD . Several other versions of the track have been released , such as remixes , acoustic and altered versions . Recording and composition ( edit ) Critics noted that `` Bring Me to Life '' had a sound similar to songs by American rock band Linkin Park . `` Bring Me to Life '' was written by Amy Lee , Ben Moody and David Hodges for their first studio album Fallen . Recording work for Fallen started at Ocean Studios in Burbank , California , where most of `` Bring Me to Life '' was recorded , prior to full album production . The song was mixed by Jay Baumgardner in his studio , NRG Recording Studios in North Hollywood , on an SSL 9000 J. A 22 - piece string section was recorded in Seattle by Mark Curry . `` Bring Me to Life '' was mixed at the Newman Scoring Stage and Bolero Studios , both in Los Angeles . The orchestra parts were arranged by David Hodges and David Campbell . During an interview , Lee recalled that during the recording process of the song it was said to her that the song must feature male vocals : `` It was presented to me as , ' You 're a girl singing in a rock band , there 's nothing else like that out there , nobody 's going to listen to you . You need a guy to come in and sing back - up for it to be successful . ' '' According to the sheet music published by Alfred Music Publishing on the website Musicnotes.com , `` Bring Me to Life '' is set in common time and performed in a moderate tempo of 95 beats per minute . It is written in the key of E minor and Lee 's vocal range for the song runs from the low note of A to the high note of D. In the song , 12 Stones vocalist Paul McCoy sings the lines `` Wake me up / I ca n't wake up / Save me ! '' in a rap style . The St. Petersburg Times ' Brian Orloff called the song a `` boffo hit '' in which Lee sang the lines `` ' Call my name and save me from the dark ' over surging guitars . '' Ann Powers from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote : `` ' Bring Me to Life , ' with its lyrical drama and crunchy guitars , branded the band as overdone nu - metal . '' Blender writer Nick Catucci called the song a `` crossover goth - metal smash '' . Kristi Turnquist of The Oregonian called the song a power ballad . Rolling Stone 's Kirk Miller wrote that : `` ... thanks to the song 's digital beats , clean metal - guitar riffs , scattered piano lines and all - too - familiar mix of rapping and singing '' , `` it was similar to Linkin Park 's material . Nick Catucci of The Village Voice found `` ... piano tinkles , Lee 's breathless keen , dramatic pauses , guitars like clouds of locusts , ( and ) 12 Stones singer Paul McCoy 's passing - 12 - kidney - stones guest vocals . '' Vik Bansal of musicOMH compared Evanescence 's own song `` Going Under '' with `` Bring Me to Life '' , noting their similarity to Linkin Park 's material . Lee said , during an interview with MTV News : `` Basically , we go through life every day , kind of doing the same thing , going through the motions , and nothing fazes us for the most part . Then one day something happens that wakes ( you ) up and makes ( you ) realize that there 's more to life than just feeling nothing , feeling numb . It 's as if ( you 've ) never felt before and just realized there 's this whole world of emotion or meaning that ( you 've ) never seen before . It 's just like , ' Wow , I 've been asleep all this time . ' '' Reception and accolades ( edit ) AllMusic 's Johnny Loftus called the song `` flawless '' . According to Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe , the song `` ... is a mix of Lee 's ethereal soprano , piano interludes , and layers of serrated guitar crunch that conjure visions of Sarah McLachlan fronting Godsmack . '' In his review of Evanescence 's second studio album , The Open Door , Brendan Butler of Cinema Blend compared `` Sweet Sacrifice '' ( 2007 ) with `` Bring Me to Life '' calling them `` ... radio - friendly songs . '' Jason Nahrung of The Courier - Mail called the song `` ... an ear - grabber '' . Adrien Bengrad of the website PopMatters said that Lee and McCoy made `` Bring Me to Life '' sound `` ... like a love song between a Lilith Fair girl and an Ozzfest dude . '' Blair R. Fischer from MTV News called the song a `` ... ubiquitous rap - rock confection '' . Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times said that `` Bring Me to Life '' `` ... floats like a butterfly , stings like a bee and then hits like a brick . '' Richard Harrington from The Washington Post called `` Bring Me to Life '' a `` ... crunching metallic '' song which helped the band to win a Grammy Award . Joe D'Angelo called it an `` ... unrelenting paean that begins as hauntingly delicate '' and that `` Lee 's vocals soar above the whole sludgy mixture to keep it from sinking into tired mediocrity . '' Ann Powers from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel called the song a `` ... mix of voluptuous singing and metallic guitar ( the latter enhanced by guest vocalist Paul McCoy 's rap - rock declamations ) '' . Bryan Reeseman of Mix wrote that the song was a `` ... grandiose and moody single '' which features a `` ... dramatic trade - off '' between Lee and McCoy . While reviewing Evanescence 's second studio album , Don Kaye of Blabbermouth.net praised the songs on The Open Door saying that they lacked `` ... the annoying faux - rapping that was a key component of the band 's first big hit , ' Bring Me To Life ' ( here 's hoping that more rock bands feel less pressure to include some sort of hip - hop nod on their records ) . '' David Peschek of The Guardian said : `` Take away the identikit rock riffs and Bring Me to Life could be a Britney Spears song , or one of those cheesily portentous techno - pop mini-symphonies for the Gatecrasher kids . '' Nick Catucci of The Village Voice compared the song with works by American rock band Creed , and said that it sounds like `` church - burning , brain - eating European dark metal . '' John Hood of the Miami New Times called `` Bring Me to Life '' a `` ... huge , heavy , and mightily histrionic '' song while complimenting McCoy 's `` ... rap - infused gruff '' and Lee 's soaring voice . `` Bring Me to Life '' won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 46th Grammy Awards . The song was nominated in the category for Best Rock Song at the same event but lost to `` Seven Nation Army '' by The White Stripes . `` Bring Me to Life '' won an award for Choice Music Rock Track at the Teen Choice Awards in 2004 . At the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards the band was nominated in the category for Best New Artist for `` Bring Me to Life '' . The song was nominated at the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards for Best Song . At the 14th annual Billboard Music Awards , it won the award for Soundtrack Single of the Year . The song ranked number 69 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 2000s . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Bring Me to Life '' peaked within the top 10 of more than 15 countries , and within the top 20 of several other countries , making it the band 's most successful single to date . It was certified Platinum in 2003 for selling more than one million copies in the United States . It topped the Billboard Alternative Songs and Pop 100 charts and peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also peaked at number four on the Adult Pop Songs chart . The song initially peaked within the Christian rock charts as well , because its lyrics were interpreted as a call for new life in Jesus Christ by several listeners . `` Bring Me To Life '' charted at number 73 on Billboard 's Best of the 2000s Rock Songs Chart , the only song by a female - led band on that chart . The song topped the charts of Australia , Belgium , Italy and the United Kingdom . It peaked within the top 5 of Austria , Canada , France , Ireland , Germany , New Zealand , Norway , Netherlands , and Sweden . On the ARIA Singles Chart , `` Bring Me to Life '' peaked at number one where it stayed for six weeks . `` Bring Me to Life '' charted within the top 20 of every other country of its release . In the United Kingdom , the song spent four weeks at the top of the in the UK Singles Chart , which in turn helped Fallen peak at the top of the UK Albums Chart . The song also topped the European Hot 100 chart . On June 4 , 2011 , the song returned to the top of the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart , eight years after its original release , remaining at number one for two weeks , on June 11 , 2011 to June 25 , 2011 . It fell to number two , remaining there for three weeks , and on July 17 , 2011 , `` Bring Me to Life '' returned to number one again and remained there for three weeks . The song remained within the top 10 into October 2011 . As of June 2013 , the song has sold more than 615,500 copies in the United Kingdom . Music video ( edit ) The accompanying music video for `` Bring Me to Life '' was directed by Philipp Stölzl . After the success of the video , Lee received some film offers . Talking about the video , Stölzl said : `` On the one hand , it brings out the most catchy part of the song , the bridge , the duet with the male and female vocals . On the other hand , it reflects the ( ' Daredevil ' ) soundtrack background of the song . I did not know if I would have to use a stunt double for most of the angles , which would have restricted me a lot , but then it turned out that Amy did everything herself , hanging on Paul 's arm for hours without getting tired . In the end , she is the one who made that shot strong . '' The video begins with Amy Lee dressed in a grey nightgown , barefoot and asleep in a bed within a building , dreaming of falling through the air below a skyscraper . As the chorus begins , the band and Paul McCoy are performing in another room as Lee awakens and makes her way to the window . Lee exits the room out of the window and proceeds to climb up the side of the building with the wind blowing her hair and dress until she reaches the window of the room where the band is performing . During the bridge , McCoy notices Lee and opens the window , which causes her to lose her balance , and she grabs the ledge she was previously standing on . Throughout the bridge and final chorus , McCoy unsuccessfully attempts to pull Lee up , and she falls from his grasp down the building . However , she is then shown asleep in her bed again . Ann Powers from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote : `` You might not immediately recognize Amy Lee 's name , but you would know her if she plummeted past you from the top floor of a tenement building '' and : `` That 's how anyone with basic cable first saw the singer for the band Evanescence , in the video for the song `` Bring Me to Life '' : falling backward in slow motion , her hair unfolding like a long black veil as she headed for hard pavement below . '' According to Joe D'Angelo of MTV News , Lee 's `` ... teetering on a ledge '' in the video shows a `` ... distressed and emotionally wrought heroine . '' Corey Moss of MTV wrote : `` ... certainly as intense as a superhero movie , the sequence also gives a nice visual to the song 's most memorable lyric , ' Save me . ' '' MTV 's Gil Kaufman wrote that `` ... singer Amy Lee dreams that she has super Spidey powers , climbs up the outside of a building , spies on her creepy neighbors , then plunges into the abyss '' and added , `` ... even if your boyfriend is a buff rap - rocker guy , he might not be able to save you from falling off a 20 - story building to your death . And do n't play on ledges in a billowy dress on windy days . '' John Hood of Miami New Times wrote that the `` gothopolis backdrop '' used in the video `` would make Tim Burton green with envy '' . The music video for `` Bring Me to Life '' was nominated at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Rock Video . Live performances ( edit ) During the live performances of `` Bring Me to Life '' , McCoy was replaced by John LeCompt . Evanescence performed `` Bring Me to Life '' as part of the set - lists of the Fallen and The Open Door tours . The band performed the song on August 13 , 2003 in Chicago during their Nintendo Fusion Tour . During the performance , former Evanescence guitarist John LeCompt replaced McCoy during the song . According to Blair R. Fischer : `` The guitarist did an adequate job imitating McCoy while he laid down the song 's fiery , Iron Maiden-esque riff . '' The band performed `` Bring Me to Life '' in Wantagh , New York on July 23 , 2004 . According to Joe D'Angelo from MTV News : `` the massive popularity of the song was a smart set - list assembly that helped the crowd respond in kind . '' A live performance from the tour filmed at Le Zénith in Paris is included on the band 's live album Anywhere but Home . The live recording contains a piano and vocal solo before the song 's intro and features John LeCompt performing guest vocals . The song was performed on November 21 , 2007 at WaMu Theater . Evanescence performed `` Bring Me to Life '' at the Webster Hall in New York City in September 2003 . During the performance , Lee wore an Alice in Wonderland dress covered with scrawled words , including the words Dirty , Useless , Psycho and Slut . She explained her reasons for wearing the dress . On her previous visit to New York City , Lee had met a DJ from the radio station K - Rock , who had made what she called horrible comments about the pleasure he had derived from the picture of her face on the cover of Fallen . She had felt too ashamed to say anything , so she decided to respond through the dress , which represented something innocent that had been tainted . The band performed `` Bring Me to Life '' during their concert at The Great Saltair on October 25 , 2006 . Lee wore red and black , with a skirt . She was called a magnet of the night by the Deseret News ' reviewer Larry D. Curtis . Other performances of the song were in Magna , Utah in October 2006 , and the Air Canada Centre in January 2007 . The band also played the song at a secret gig in New York City on November 4 , 2009 . During their concert at War Memorial Auditorium in Nashville , Tennessee on August 17 , 2011 , Evanescence performed `` Bring Me to Life '' to promote their third album , Evanescence . They also performed the song during the 2011 Rock in Rio festival on October 2 , 2011 . While reviewing a concert by the band , Caroline Sullivan wrote `` Slowly raising her arms during Bring Me to Life 's thunderous , strobe - lit fade - out , she 's missing only a chariot . '' 2017 re-work ( edit ) `` Bring Me to Life ( Synthesis ) '' Single by Evanescence from the album Synthesis Released August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Format digital download Genre Orchestral Electronica In 2017 , a rearranged version of the song was recorded for the band 's fourth studio album Synthesis . The new version was made available for digital download and streaming on August 18 , 2017 ; it was also made available for instant download for concertgoers who purchased tickets for the band 's Synthesis Tour . The Synthesis version of `` Bring Me to Life '' is a stripped - down one , as it replaces the drums and the guitars from the original version with a strings arrangement accompanied by crashing cymbals , `` tension - building '' timpani drums and various electronic elements throughout . Several critics have described its new arrangement as `` dramatic '' , with Billboard 's Sadie Bell calling it `` just as rich '' as the original and Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos calling it a `` cinematic take '' . Lee has described the song as `` new '' to her again due to the fact that she incorporated musical elements and vocals which she had `` heard in ( her ) head '' since its release . Cover versions and usage in Media ( edit ) Mixtery used up - beat samplings of the song in a hit also titled `` Bring Me to Life '' featuring Nigerian Eurodance artist Eddy Wata . American pianist John Tesh released an instrumental version of the song on his albums A Deeper Faith , Vol. 2 ( 2003 ) and A Passionate Life ( 2007 ) . In 2003 , Kidz Bop Kids covered the song on their fourth studio album , Kidz Bop 4 . In 2008 , black metal band Wykked Wytch covered the song and produced an accompanying music video . Their version was digitally released in October of that year on iTunes Store . In 2010 , German band Gregorian released a cover version of the song on their album Dark Side of the Chant . `` Bring Me to Life '' was included in the games Rock Band , Rock Band Unplugged , Band Hero , DLC for SingStar , and Fight Girl Battle World . The song was used during the Calgary Flames ' run in the 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs . The song served as the official theme song of the WWE pay - per - view event No Way Out ( 2003 ) . Katherine Jenkins version ( edit ) `` Bring Me to Life '' Single by Katherine Jenkins from the album Believe Released October 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 23 ) Format Digital download Length 3 : 46 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Lee Moody Hodges Producer ( s ) David Foster Katherine Jenkins singles chronology `` I Believe '' ( 2009 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' ( 2009 ) `` Angel '' ( 2009 ) `` I Believe '' ( 2009 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' ( 2009 ) `` Angel '' ( 2009 ) Welsh classical singer Katherine Jenkins recorded a cover version of `` Bring Me to Life '' on her 2009 album Believe . Jenkins said : `` I 'd mentioned that I wanted to try Evanescence 's Bring Me to Life and David ( Foster ) said ' you ca n't sing that ' . I came out there questioning my vocal abilities . I 'm just not used to being told that . I went home that night and I just thought to myself ' you have to pull yourself together , he 's worked with so many incredible artists you have to step up the plate . ' I did talk myself round and I went in there the next day on a mission . It 's good to be pushed sometimes -- and I proved him wrong ! '' Jenkins decided to change the guitar - led and percussive original version and instead , `` make it more orchestral with the percussion coming from the strings . '' Alfred Hickling of The Guardian gave a mixed review of Jenkins ' cover , calling it `` histrionic . '' However , a writer of BBC Online chose her version of the song as a highlight on the album . On October 23 , 2009 , the song was available for digital download as the second single from Believe . On November 23 , 2011 , Jenkins sang the song live at the Leicester Square station in London . Track listing Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Bring Me to Life '' 3 : 46 2 . `` Bring Me to Life ( Almighty Club Mix ) '' 7 : 03 3 . `` Bring Me to Life ( Almighty Club Radio Mix ) '' 3 : 07 Weekly charts Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 74 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from Fallen liner notes . Amy Lee -- writing , keyboards , vocals Ben Moody -- writing , producing , guitars , percussion David Hodges -- writing , keyboards , string arrangements Josh Freese -- drums Dave Fortman -- producing Francesco DiCosmo -- bass guitar David Campbell -- additional string arrangements Graeme Revell -- string arrangements , orchestral conduction Track listing ( edit ) International CD single ( April 7 , 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 International CD Maxi ( April 14 , 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 `` Farther Away '' -- 3 : 58 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( music video ) -- 4 : 14 Australian CD Single `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 `` Farther Away '' -- 3 : 58 `` Missing '' -- 4 : 15 French CD single `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 Subsequent pressings single ( June 24 , 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 `` Farther Away '' -- 3 : 58 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( music video ) -- 4 : 14 International DVD ( June 2 , 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' ( video ) `` Bring Me to Life '' `` Bring Me to Life '' ( live acoustic version ) `` My Immortal '' ( Live acoustic version ) `` Interview footage UK cassette single `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Farther Away '' -- 3 : 58 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Charts ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 11 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Rock ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 11 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2004 -- 06 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 35 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 6 Australian Rock Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 22 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 30 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 11 Dutch Top 40 52 Irish Singles Chart 20 Italian Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart 22 Swedish Singles Chart 5 Swiss Singles Chart 13 UK Singles Chart 11 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Alternative Songs 8 US Mainstream Rock Tracks 39 US Mainstream Top 40 5 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 09 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 59 US Alternative Songs 26 US Rock Songs 73 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 300,000 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Gold 10,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 615,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Book : Fallen List of number - one singles of 2003 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2003 ( Italy ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2000s List of Billboard number - one alternative singles of the 2000s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2003 List of UK Rock Chart number - one singles of 2003 List of UK Rock Chart number - one singles of 2011 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Orloff , Brian ( May 13 , 2004 ) . `` Weekend : ' Music is my therapy ' '' . 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Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Rock Songs -- Decade Year End Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2003 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Evanescence ; ' Bring Me to Life ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Evanescence ; ' Bring Me to Life ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Enter Bring Me to Life in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Evanescence -- Bring Me to Life '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Evanescence Amy Lee Tim McCord Will Hunt Troy McLawhorn Jen Majura Ben Moody David Hodges Will Boyd John LeCompt Rocky Gray Terry Balsamo Albums Studio Fallen The Open Door Evanescence Synthesis Live Anywhere but Home Others Origin Lost Whispers Singles `` Bring Me to Life '' `` Going Under '' `` My Immortal '' `` Everybody 's Fool '' `` Call Me When You 're Sober '' `` Lithium '' `` Sweet Sacrifice '' `` Good Enough '' `` What You Want '' `` My Heart Is Broken '' `` Lost in Paradise '' Promotional singles `` Weight of the World '' Other songs `` Lacrymosa '' Tours Evanescence Tour Synthesis Tour Lindsey Stirling + Evanescence 2018 Tour Related articles Band members Discography Songs Awards and nominations Francesco DiCosmo Josh Freese Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_Me_to_Life&oldid=842267884 '' Categories : 2000s ballads Evanescence songs 2003 singles 2003 songs Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Debut singles Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Spain UK Singles Chart number - one singles Rock ballads Songs written by Ben Moody Songs written by David Hodges Songs written by Amy Lee Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance Gothic metal songs Rap rock songs Wind - up Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using deprecated image syntax Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norwegian Singlechart usages for Swedish Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Greece Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 10 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings bring me back to life with evanescence | [
"\"Bring Me to Life\" is a song by American rock band Evanescence recorded for their debut studio album Fallen (2003). Wind-up released it as the lead single from the album on April 22, 2003. The track was written by group members Amy Lee, Ben Moody, and David Hodges and produced by Dave Fortman. It also features uncredited guest vocals from Paul McCoy of the band 12 Stones. \"Bring Me to Life\" is a nu metal, gothic metal and rap rock song. According to Lee, \"Bring Me to Life\" has several meanings and inspirations; its subjects are an incident in a restaurant, open-mindedness, and waking up to the things which are missing in the protagonist's life. Lee later revealed that the song was inspired by her long-time friend and husband Josh Hartzler."
] | [
"Paul McCoy of the band 12 Stones"
] |
6387361363540323747 | Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series) | Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the celebrity edition . For the regular edition , see Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) . For other uses , see Celebrity Big Brother . Celebrity Big Brother Season 1 ( 2018 ) Legend Not in house Celebrity Big Brother also known as Big Brother : Celebrity Edition is a spin - off series of the American reality television series Big Brother . This season will air during the winter of the 2017 -- 18 network television season on CBS and will be the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season , the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008 . Julie Chen will return as host , with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers . The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America . CBS announced that the series is set to premiere on February 7 , 2018 and conclude on February 25 , 2018 . The promotional logo was released on December 20 , 2017 . The logo is similar to the Big Brother 19 promotional logo , however has the word ' celebrity ' added . The first teaser was also released the same day . In January 2018 official photos of the house and backyard were released through a press release and an Instagram livestream with Julie Chen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production 2.1 Broadcasts 2.2 Viewing Figures 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) After the first season of the British version of Big Brother proved to be a success in the ratings for Channel 4 , the network collaborated with the BBC for the first British season of Celebrity Big Brother in aid of Comic Relief . The season ran for a condensed run of eight days and featured six British celebrities moving into the house used for the first British season . Due to the success of the first celebrity edition , a second season was ordered and shown exclusively on Channel 4 in November 2002 . The celebrity version took a two year break before returning for its third season in 2005 , and became a regular staple alongside the regular British version . Starting with the third season , the show began to feature celebrities outside the United Kingdom alongside well known British celebrities . Many notable American celebrities have since taken part in the British version of Celebrity Big Brother . American actor Gary Busey took part in the fourteenth season in the summer of 2014 and became the first American celebrity to win Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom . An American version of Celebrity Big Brother has been speculated since 2002 , along with a celebrity version of Survivor . In an interview , Julie Chen and CBS CEO Leslie Moonves revealed talks of a celebrity edition of Big Brother as far back as Big Brother 2 . It was rumored that CBS was looking to air a celebrity edition in the fall after Big Brother 3 with radio personality Howard Stern speculated as a possible houseguest . Chen revealed that Paris Hilton had agreed to do it and Roseanne Barr initially agreed to take part , but then backed out . Barr would later take part in another celebrity spin - off of Big Brother called Big Brother : Celebrity Hijack in the United Kingdom in 2008 , where she watched over a group of non-celebrity housemates for a day , set tasks and talked to them in the Diary Room . Julie Chen announced on September 7 , 2017 , during a live double eviction episode of Big Brother 19 that Celebrity Big Brother would air sometime during winter 2018 , before the twentieth season of Big Brother in the summer of 2018 . CBS later confirmed via a press release that Julie Chen would return to host the new season , and Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan will be executive producers . The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America . On September 13 , 2017 , it was revealed by Chen that her husband , CBS chief executive Leslie Moonves , forced her to take a pay cut for the celebrity edition to happen . Moonves stated , `` You should n't be expected to be paid as if it 's a full series . It 's a condensed version . '' Production ( edit ) The format of the show is expected to remain similar to the American version of Big Brother . Competitions for Head of Household and Power of Veto have been confirmed to return for this edition along with live evictions . This series will be shown over a condensed run and will not last as long as a regular season of Big Brother . On December 1 , 2017 , CBS revealed that the series would premiere on February 7 , 2018 and wrap on February 25 , 2018 . Broadcasts ( edit ) The main television coverage of Celebrity Big Brother will be screened on CBS during the winter of the 2017 -- 18 network television season . Episodes will air on Sundays , Mondays , Wednesdays , and Fridays with two special episodes on Thursday , February 8 and Saturday , February 24 . All episodes are one hour and will air from 8 - 9 p.m. EST with the exception of Friday episodes , and the season finale which are two hours each and will air from 8 - 10 p.m. EST . The live Internet feeds will return for the American version of Celebrity Big Brother as part of CBS All Access . Alongside the weekly shows on CBS the companion series Big Brother : After Dark will return on Pop providing live coverage nightly from the House . Viewing Figures ( edit ) # Air Date United States Source 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Wednesday , February 7 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA Thursday , February 8 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA Friday , February 9 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA Sunday , February 11 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 5 Monday , February 12 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 6 Wednesday , February 14 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 7 Friday , February 16 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 8 Sunday , February 18 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 9 Monday , February 19 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 10 Wednesday , February 21 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 11 Friday , February 23 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 12 Saturday , February 24 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 13 Sunday , February 25 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chen , Julie ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` JULIE LIVE FROM THE HOUSE # BBCelebrity # CBBUS Clues throughout the day ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Pits Celeb Big Brother vs. Olympics , Sets Date for 30th Amazing Race '' . TV Line . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matthew ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Gets Its First CBS Teaser ( VIDEO ) '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother - Celebrity Big Brother ( Preview ) '' . Youtube . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother House Photos & Julie Chen Tour '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Sneak Peek : First Look At New Backyard ( PICS ) '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother launched '' . BBC News . February 15 , 2001 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother USA Announced by CBS For Winter 2018 '' . Global Television Network . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Adrienne ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Is Coming To CBS '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Gary Busey becomes first American winner of Celebrity Big Brother '' . Mail Online . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big - Name Hunting for Celeb ' Big Bro ' '' . New York Post . February 27 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2003 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Team Reveals Celebrity Winter Edition ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mainelli , John ( February 28 , 2002 ) . `` Stern 's a Go for ' Big Bro ' '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2002 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Big Brother : Celebrity Hijack quietly leaves the room '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking News -- CBS to Broadcast Its First Celebrity Edition of Reality Hit `` Big Brother '' '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Julie Chen Took a Pay Cut to Make Celebrity Big Brother Happen '' . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Will Air a Lot of ' Big Brother ' During the Olympics '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother to air opposite the Winter Olympics '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Cody ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother coming to CBS this winter for first time ever '' . Hidden Remote . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Main edition Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Spin - offs Over the Top houseguests Celebrity Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Josh Martinez Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Companion shows House Calls After Dark Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Québec Colombia Ecuador Mexico Pacific Panama Peru United States Celebrity Over the Top Spanish Asia - Pacific Arab States Australia China India Hindi Kannada Bangla Tamil Telugu Indonesia Israel Celebrity Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Belgium Bulgaria Celebrity Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Celebrity Greece Hungary TV2 RTL II Italy Celebrity Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Celebrity Sweden Sweden and Norway Switzerland United Kingdom Celebrity Ukraine Turkey Virtual Second Life CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) 9JKL ( since 2017 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Me , Myself & I ( since 2017 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. ( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 , since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 , since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Thursday Night Football ( since 2014 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming Celebrity Big Brother ( 2018 ) F.B.I. ( TBA ) Living Biblically ( 2018 ) Instinct ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebrity_Big_Brother_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=821693886 '' Categories : 2018 in American television Big Brother ( U.S. ) Celebrity Big Brother Upcoming television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 02 : 01 . About Wikipedia | when is celebrity big brother coming to cbs | [
"Celebrity Big Brother also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition[1] is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season will air during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season on CBS and will be the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen will return as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. CBS announced that the series is set to premiere on February 7, 2018 and conclude on February 25, 2018.[2]"
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"February 7, 2018"
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-8851004993639469397 | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes | List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterward , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and new threats to the Future Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later on , Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , Krillin , Android 17 , Android 18 , Piccolo , Tien , Master Roshi , and a temporarily revived Frieza participate in a universal tournament held by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament then Universe Seven will be erased . Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' . Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty . The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixcel . The first series set was released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons overview 2 Episode list 2.1 God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( 2015 ) 2.2 Golden Frieza Saga ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2.3 Universe 6 Saga ( 2016 ) 2.4 `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 2.5 Universe Survival Saga ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Seasons overview ( edit ) Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates God of Destruction Beerus 14 ( 1 -- 14 ) July 5 , 2015 -- October 11 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 -- April 15 , 2017 Golden Frieza 13 ( 15 -- 27 ) October 18 , 2015 -- January 17 , 2016 April 22 , 2017 -- July 29 , 2017 Universe 6 19 ( 28 -- 46 ) January 24 , 2016 -- June 5 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 -- January 13 , 2018 `` Future '' Trunks 30 ( 47 -- 76 ) June 12 , 2016 -- January 29 , 2017 January 20 , 2018 -- TBA 5 Universe Survival 55 ( 77 -- 131 ) February 5 , 2017 -- March 25 , 2018 TBA 6 Nueva TBA ( 1 -- TBA ) December 14 , 2018 -- TBA TBA ) Episode list ( edit ) God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward -- Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū -- ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up , and heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Golden Frieza Saga ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can -- but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him -- but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed -- with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear . Universe 6 Saga ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 -- His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin -- Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' -- Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai -- Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Master Zunō ( ズノー 様 , Zunō - sama ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Master Zunō 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Master Zunō 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Master Zunō 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto -- Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons -- And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū -- soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu -- Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot - au - feu ; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta -- `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One is Going to Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potage , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out . Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates . Potage reseals Commeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Po - tau - feu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` SOS from the Future : A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Grand Zenō , who is the `` King of all Universes '' . Beerus says that Grand Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Grand Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! Redux Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi -- Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future -- Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` A Message From the Future -- The Incursion of Goku Black ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji -- Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 February 3 , 2018 Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell , and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Goku vs. Black ! A Closed - Off Road to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 February 10 , 2018 Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Future Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time -- Trunks and Mai '' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time : Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi -- Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 February 17 , 2018 Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited -- Son Gohan and Future Trunks '' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited Gohan and Future Trunks ! '' `` Shitei saikai -- Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 February 24 , 2018 Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at Gohan 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly afterwards , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to another universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! Off to the 10th Universe 's World of the Kai 's ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 March 3 , 2018 Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive on Universe Ten 's Sacred World of the Kais . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , who is an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , who is the Supreme Kai and Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows himself to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by Gowasu . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . On Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood -- Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` He Who is of Saiyan Blood Trunks 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono -- Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 March 10 , 2018 Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Grand Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku -- Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` I 'd Like to See Goku , You See A Summons from Grand Zeno ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne -- Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 March 17 , 2018 Whis and Beerus are worried over Grand Zenō 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Grand Zenō out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Grand Zenō 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . Beerus instructs Whis to let nothing happen to the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven . It is revealed that if a Supreme Kai dies then the God of Destruction from the same universe dies as well . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku , Whis , and Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai arrive at Grand Zenō 's palace . Grand Zenō says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find a better friend for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Grand Zenō gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku , Beerus , and Whis leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Rematch with Goku Black ! Enter Super Saiyan Rosé '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 March 24 , 2018 Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of the Future Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rosé ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body -- Zamasu Descends '' / `` A God with an Invincible Body -- The Advent of Zamasu '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami -- Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 March 31 , 2018 Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves Goku and Future Trunks . Vegeta is badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black -- The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu and Black -- The Duo 's Mystery Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku -- Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 April 7 , 2018 Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Master Zuno 's planet . Under duress , Master Zuno explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with the Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis suggests a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . After losing to Goku , Whis believes Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive at the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Protect The Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore -- Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 April 14 , 2018 Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . Shortly afterwards , they leave Universe Ten 's Supreme Kai Realm . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to destroy Goku . Beerus saves Goku and destroys Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu destroyed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future -- Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Into the Future Once Again -- Goku Black 's True Identity Revealed ! '' `` Futatabi mirai e -- Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 April 21 , 2018 With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . Shortly afterwards , the two groups meet . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully destroyed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers . Goku Black had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of Goku 's timeline with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition -- The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu 's Ambition The Storied `` Project 0 Mortals '' of Terror '' `` Zamasu no yabō -- Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 April 28 , 2018 Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Goku is enraged and fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` I Will Defend the World ! Trunks ' Furious Burst of Super Power ! '' `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 May 5 , 2018 While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using the Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Do n't You Disgrace Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Fierce Battle Commences ! '' `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 May 12 , 2018 Before Goku Black and Future Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Future Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Future Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Future Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven arrive from the past to stop Future Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline . During the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta fights Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Future Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of all Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Worship Me ! Give Praise Unto Me ! The Explosive Birth of a Merged Zamasu ! '' `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 May 19 , 2018 Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potara earrings to fuse into an immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God ! '' `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 June 2 , 2018 Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` One Last Great Comeback ! Here Comes Vegito ! `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 June 9 , 2018 Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potara Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potara fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , dubbing himself `` Vegito Blue '' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends , due to strain from his immense power . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth , creating a Spirit Bomb , which he then channels into his sword . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts -- Farewell , Trunks '' / `` With New Hope ! In Our Hearts - So Long , Trunks '' `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni -- saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 June 16 , 2018 Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Grand Zenō gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Grand Zenō appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Grand Zenō decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Grand Zenō erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Grand Zenō and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Grand Zenō to meet the present Grand Zenō , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Grand Zenō with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Grand Minister ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn -- Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love with could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Universe Survival Saga ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' / `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Grand Minister arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' / `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' / `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' / `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' / `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' / `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' / `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' / `` Sukautoman Son Gokū -- Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' / `` Ugokidasu uchū -- sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 -- それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' / `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' / `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' / `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' / `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' / `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' / `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' / `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' / `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' / `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' / `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Grand Minister introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' / `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' / `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' / `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' / `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' / `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' / `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' / `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' / `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' / `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' / `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' / `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' / `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Grand Zenō erases him , explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' / `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' / `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Grand Minister rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes that the clash between the Spirit Bomb and Goku 's powers enabled him to break through his limits and trigered an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails , and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' / `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' / `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' / `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' / `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' / `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' / `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' / `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' / `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避 不能 ! ? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him . Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' / `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' / `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力 戦 ! 究極 の 4 体 合体 VS 第 7 宇宙 総 攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements . Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' / `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己 の 誇り を かけ て ! ベジータ 最強 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him . Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' / `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身 全霊 全力 解放 ! 悟空 と ベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body , and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form , the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks . 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' / `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! '' ( 疾風 怒涛 の 猛襲 ! 悟 飯 背水 の 陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched , until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament . 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' / `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風 堂々 ! 破壊 神 トッポ 降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning . Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up , using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , which is why he can wield the same kind of power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 . 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' / `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神 を も 超えろ ! ベジータ 捨て身 の 一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks . Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo , which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead . Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks : Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack overwhelms Toppo 's attack , blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage , and eliminates him from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is almost completely drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power . 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' / `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 障壁 ! 希望 を 託 した 最後 の バリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain . However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them , before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' / `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い 誇り 最後 まで ! ベジータ 散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament . Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . Even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . He is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him . Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle . 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' / `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界 超絶 突破 ! 身勝手 の 極意 極まる ! ! ) March 4 , 2018 TBA Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches . Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct . 130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' / `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前 絶後 の 超 決戦 ! 究極 の サバイバル バトル ! ! ) March 18 , 2018 TBA Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza . No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren 's blast . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain . 131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' / `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡 の 決着 ! さらば 悟空 ! また 会う 日 まで ! ! ) March 25 , 2018 TBA With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power , and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons , as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Whis restores Frieza to life . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again . Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength . They race towards each other to fight . ) Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) 132 TBA `` TBA '' / `` TBA '' ( TBA ) December 14 , 2018 TBA TBA Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 1 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Part Four June 19 , 2018 40 -- 52 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 -- 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 -- 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . 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Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . January 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 4 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . 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"\n\nOverall No.\nSaga No.\nEnglish translation[a]\nOriginal Japanese title\nOriginal airdate[27]\nAmerican airdate\n\n\n77\n1\n\"Let's Do It, Zen-Oh Sama! The All-Universe Martial Arts Tournament!!\" /\n\"Yarou ze Zenō-sama! Uchū ichi Budō-kai!!\" (やろうぜ全王様! 宇宙一武道会!!) \nFebruary 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm, but both have become bored with their monotonous routine. Meanwhile, Goku heads to a local farmer's market to sell his produce and get Chi-Chi off his back about making money. On the way home, he is ambushed by some robbers. Goku defeats them, but he is injured in the process. Deciding that he has grown rusty, Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis. They head to the Capsule Corporation building, where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta's second child. Goten remains behind to train with Trunks. Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth. Goku heads to Beerus' planet alone. While training with Whis, Goku remembers Grand Zenō's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament. Heedless of Beerus and Whis' warnings, Goku uses Grand Zenō's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament. When he returns to Beerus' planet, Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse. Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again. Goku, Beerus, and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais, where the Grand Minister arrives. He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the \"Tournament of Power\" (力の大会, Chikara no Taikai). \n\n\n78\n2\n\"The Gods of Every Universe in Shock?! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power\" /\n\"Zen uchū no kami-sama mo don hiki!? Maketara shōmetsu \"Chikara no taikai\"\" (全宇宙の神様もドン引き!? 負けたら消滅「力の大会」) \nFebruary 12, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Grand Minister explains the details of the \"Tournament of Power\" and states that it will be held on \"the World of Void\". It is a place of \"infinite nothingness\", where the competitors can fight without limits. The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls, while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence. Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty. Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it, but Whis advises against this. Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous. Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place. Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces. The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō's benefit. Each universe is to name three fighters. Goku sets off to recruit teammates. After Vegeta refuses, Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu, who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7. Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan. Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic. Back at Grand Zenō's and Future Grand Zenō's palace, all the gods from all 12 universes gather. The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match. He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament. In the first round, Majin Buu is to fight Basil (バジル, Bajiru), a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9. \n\n\n79\n3\n\"Universe 9's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7's Majin Buu!!\" /\n\"Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū!!\" (第9宇宙蹴りのバジルVS第7宇宙魔人ブウ!!) \nFebruary 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBasil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu, who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game. Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu's attention, which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack. As Roh (ロウ, Rō), the Supreme Kai of Universe 9, claims victory, Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach, but he is otherwise unmoved. Basil and Roh are shocked to see this. Mr. Satan is injured during the attack. He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious. This enrages Majin Buu to the point, where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring. However, since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight, Basil is allowed to get back into the ring. Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful. Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue. The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along. Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him, which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9. However, Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil. This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory. As the Universe 9 team laments Basil's loss, Basil's second oldest brother Lavender (ラベンダ, Rabenda) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent, which Bergamo gives him permission to do, he can win his match. Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender. \n\n\n80\n4\n\"Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit! Son Gohan's Fight!!\" /\n\"Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase! Son Gohan no tatakai!!\" (眠った闘志を呼び覚ませ! 孫悟飯の闘い!!) \nFebruary 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs their battle begins, Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan's eyes and blinds him. Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison, but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone. Unable to see, Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows. Lavender counters by levitating, which eliminates the sound of his footsteps. Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender's body, which uses it as a kind of active radar. Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan's body. Lavender mounts a comeback. In desperation, Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack. He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed. Lavender is knocked out, but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he cannot continue. With both fighters down, the match is declared a tie. After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean, the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well. However, Universes 1, 5, 8, and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong. Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes. He was planning to erase most of them anyway, but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared. With the announcement concluded, the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo (ベルガモ, Berugamo), Basil's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine. \n\n\n81\n5\n\"Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku! Which One Wields the Limitless Power?!\" /\n\"Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida! ?\" (潰しのベルガモVS孫悟空! 青天井の強さはどっちだ!?) \nMarch 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBefore their battle begins, Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods. Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased. Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle. Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes. Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms. When the fight begins, Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed. Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times, but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku's attacks. He grows stronger and physically larger. Goku continues to attack, which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight. Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue, which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha. Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure, but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge. The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin. The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner. Suddenly, a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo (トッポ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle. Goku, who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo, agrees to fight Toppo. \n\n\n82\n6\n\"Never Forgive Son Goku! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes!!\" /\n\"Son Gokū yurusumaji! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū!!!\" (孫悟空許すまじ! 正義の戦士トッポ乱入!!) \nMarch 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAfter obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed, Goku and Toppo begin their battle. Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku's shoulder. Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows, but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug. He begins squeezing the life out of Goku, which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape. Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha. Just as the two power up even more, the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight. As Toppo leaves, he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren (ジレン). The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power. In the Sacred World of the Kais, Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku's constant relaxed and negligent attitude, which Whis breaks up. The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy. \n\n\n83\n7\n\"Form the Universe 7 Representing Team! Who are the Strongest Ten?!\" /\n\"Dai-7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo! Saikyō no 10-ri wa dareda?\" (第7宇宙代表チームを結成せよ! 最強の10人は誰だ!?) \nMarch 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation. They discuss who should be on the team. Goku immediately suggests Monaka, but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and cannot participate. Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta, Piccolo, Krillin, Master Roshi, No. 18, and No. 17, which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine. Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience. They proceed to ask Vegeta, who has been thinking of a name for his second child. Vegeta refuses to participate. He says he will not fight, while Bulma is pregnant. Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight. Everyone celebrates the baby's birth. Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother. As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta, he develops an attachment to her. Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot. However, Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla's name. Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin's house. \n\n\n84\n8\n\"Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18\" /\n\"Sukautoman Son Gokū – Kuririn to 18-gō o izanau\" (スカウトマン孫悟空 クリリンと18号を誘う) \nApril 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and Gohan arrive at Krillin's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power. No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use. No. 18 is reluctant to join herself. She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them, but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward, which convinces her to participate. Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast. After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat, Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea. Goku is excited by Krillin's new power. He challenges him to a sparring match as well. They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan, where Krillin's strategies make up for the gap in power, forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan. Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form, and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash. As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin, No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku's Kamehameha, just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion. She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku cannot expect to fight one-on-one all the time. Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power. No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve, but she does not know where. Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17. \n\n\n85\n9\n\"The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives\" /\n\"Ugokidasu uchū – sorezore no omowaku\" (動き出す宇宙 – それぞれの思惑) \nApril 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGohan leaves to recruit Piccolo, while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout. He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training. Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance. The two spar together. Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage. Meanwhile, Khai (カイ), the Supreme Kai of Universe 11, gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7's, who is ostracized due to Goku's involvement with the creation of the tournament. Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes, but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so. Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai's meeting, and they discuss Goku. Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral (カーセラル, Kāseraru) and Dyspo (ディスポ, Disupo). Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans. Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17's location. Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo. \n\n\n86\n10\n\"Fist Cross for the First Time! Android #17 VS Son Goku!!\" /\n\"Hajimete majiwaru kobushi! Jinzōningen Jūnana-gō VS Son Gokū!!\" (初めて交わる拳! 人造人間17号VS孫悟空!!) \nApril 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nOn their way to the island where No. 17 is working, Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games, No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger. Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough. They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers. As they introduce themselves to each other, a large army of poachers arrive. Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all. Afterwards, No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns. The two decide to have a sparring match. No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku, which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue. Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17, who easily deflects it with an energy shield. The two go toe-to-toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire. Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight. Afterwards, Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power, but No. 17 is uninterested. He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased. Meanwhile, alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus. \n\n\n87\n11\n\"Hunt the Poachers! Goku and No. 17's United Front!!\" /\n\"Mitsuryō-dan o kare! Gokū to Jūnana-gō no kyōtō!!\" (密漁団を狩れ! 悟空と１７号の共闘!!) \nApril 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls. As he begins to consider Goku's offer, the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island's animals. Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape. After defeating some of the poachers, No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader, while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers. No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader. Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self-destruct if he is not released immediately. No. 17 smashes him out of a window, which vents both of them into deep space. Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai's world. Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader's threat was a bluff. Afterwards, Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes. Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers. No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power. He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family. \n\n\n88\n12\n\"Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training!\" /\n\"Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō!\" (悟飯とピッコロ 師弟激突の限界修業！) \nApril 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGohan and Piccolo engage in intense training. Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power. He points out that Gohan's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless. Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan, and the two continue to spar. Meanwhile, Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor, Renso (レンソウ). Cabba asks him to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power, but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg. Renso suggests his sister, Caulifla (カリフラ, Karifura), instead, who he claims is even stronger than him. Back in Universe 7, Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan. Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle. After being encouraged by Piccolo, Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu. The two fight again, and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo's arm. However, Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan, which proves Piccolo's point about Gohan's overconfidence. That night, Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power. They both agree to work on combination moves. \n\n\n89\n13\n\"An Unknown Beauty Appears! The Tenshin-Style Dojo's Mystery?!\" /\n\"Arawareta nazo no bijo! Tenshin-ryū Dōjō no kai!?\" (現れた謎の美女! 天津流道場の怪!?) \nMay 7, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku heads to Master Roshi's island, where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo, and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor. Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team, and heads off to recruit him and Roshi. At Tien's dojo, a woman named Yurin (ユーリン, Yūrin) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo. Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo, Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her. Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power, but, even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni, Tien refuses. Yurin escapes Roshi's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien's students on a rampage throughout town. Goku, Tien, Chiaotzu, and Roshi arrive at the village, where Yurin confronts them. Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her. Meanwhile, Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. Back on Earth, while Goku, Chiaotzu, and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing, Roshi battles Yurin. He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin's panties, which allows her to brainwash him. The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien, but Goku intervenes. While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin, Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing. Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo. Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village. After hearing about the 10 million Zeni, Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well. \n\n\n90\n14\n\"See The Wall That Must Be Passed! Goku vs Gohan\" /\n\"Koerubeki kabe o misuete! Gokū bāsasu Gohan\" (超えるべき壁を見据えて! 悟空VS悟飯) \nMay 14, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Gohan finishes training with Piccolo, they go to meet with Goku, Master Roshi, and Tien. At Gohan's request, Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament. Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone, Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously. As Gohan fights both his father and Tien, Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique, which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched. Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed. Although Goku agrees, Gohan requests to have a one-on-one fight against his father. Goku accepts, and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2. Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight, Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku. Gohan begs Goku to use his full power. Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio-Ken technique, then defeats Gohan with a single blow. Impressed with his son's improvement, Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team. Meanwhile, Rumsshi (ラムーシ, Ramūshi) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim (ムリチム, Murichimu) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament. \n\n\n91\n15\n\"Which Universe Will Survive?! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering!!\" /\n\"Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da!? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi-tachi!!\" (勝ち残るのはどの宇宙だ!? 続々と集う最強の戦士たち!!) \nMay 21, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGrand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again. They decide to observe the universes' progress in assembling their strongest warriors. In Universe 7, Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training. Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta's gravity chamber. Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi's weakness to seduction techniques, which fails miserably. In Universe 9, word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe. The populace has descended into anarchy. The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters. In Universe 6, Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power, while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process. In Universe 11, Toppo's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree. In Universe 2, a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau (ブリアン・デ・シャトー, Burian de Shatō) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne (リブリアン, Riburian) and auditions for a spot in the tournament. In Universe 10, Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit. Back in Universe 7, Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and cannot join the tournament, which horrifies everyone. \n\n\n92\n16\n\"Emergency Development! The Incomplete Ten Members!!\" /\n\"Kinkyū jitai hassei! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā!!\" (緊急事態発生! そろわない10人のメンバー!!) \nMay 28, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku races to Mr. Satan's house, where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation. Meanwhile, all of Universe 7's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation. After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him, Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin, No. 18, and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose. When Goku returns, Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18. After Goku fails to convince them otherwise, Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying, while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward. In Universe 6, Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. As Caulifla's protégée, Kale (ケール, Kēru), observes them, Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform. When that fails, he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back. Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan. Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power. She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself. In Universe 11, Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters, where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees' hands so they can participate in the tournament. In Universe 3, two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi (ニグリシ, Nigrisshi) and Narirama (ナリラマ, Narirāma) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3's God of Destruction Mosco (モスコ, Mosuko), Supreme Kai Ea (エア), and Angel Campari (カンパーリ, Kanpāri). Back in Universe 7, Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu. When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force, Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza, which shocks everyone. \n\n\n93\n17\n\"You're The Tenth Warrior! Goku Goes To See Frieza!!\" /\n\"Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da! Gokū Furīza no moto e!!\" (10人目の戦士はおめえだ! 悟空 フリーザのもとへ!!) \nJune 4, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades. He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament. If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him. Goku's friends reluctantly agree, and he sets out to the afterlife. The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them. In Universe 6, Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail. Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness, and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan. Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba. Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba's perceived relationship. She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba. Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla's arms. Cabba, who is impressed by Kale's power, decides to add her to Universe 6's team. Back in Universe 7, Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma's permission to visit Frieza. He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them. Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth's Dragon Balls. When Goku hesitates to agree, Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become. Goku accepts his terms. In Universe 4, Ganos (ガノス, Ganosu) reports Universe 7's latest actions to Universe 4's God of Destruction Quitela (キテラ, Kitera) and Supreme Kai Kuru (クル). Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus. \n\n\n94\n18\n\"The Emperor of Evil Returns! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins?!\" /\n\"Aku no Teiō fukkatsu! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku-tachi!?\" (悪の帝王復活! 出迎える謎の刺客たち!?) \nJune 11, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nQuitela contacts Universe 9's God of Destruction Sidra (シドラ, Shidora) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first. Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed. Meanwhile, Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success. As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin's tower, Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17's island to pick him up and drop off Goten, Trunks, and Marron. Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba's home, where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza. As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart, an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads. Despite the time pressure, Frieza wounds the assassins' leader, transforms into his Golden form, and prepares for battle. \n\n\n95\n19\n\"The Worst! The Most Evil! Frieza's Rampage!!\" /\n\"Saikyō! Saiaku! Furīza Ōabare!!\" (最凶! 最悪! フリーザ大暴れ!!) \nJune 18, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFrieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z-Fighters. He quickly slaughters most of the assassins, which horrifies Goku. The assassins' leader, who has been directly empowered by Sidra, attacks Frieza with Sidra's power, but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack. Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him. Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them. Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector. Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him. Roh fears Frieza's psychopathic and treasonous nature, while Sidra wants his power. Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line. Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku. Frieza cuts the connection. He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends. Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match, which ends in a draw. Goku, Frieza, Beerus, and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation. The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power. \n\n\n96\n20\n\"The Time Is Here! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe!!\" /\n\"Toki wa kita! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e!!\" (時はきた! 宇宙の命運をかけ無の界へ!!) \nJune 25, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nIn the World of Void, Universes 1, 5, and 8's Gods of Destruction Iwne (イワン, Iwan), Arack (アラク, Araku), and Liquiir (リキュール, Rikīru) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power's fighting stage. Afterwards, the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage. In Universe 7, Gohan and Shin's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them. This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta's Saiyan pride. Whis transports the team to the World of Void. All of the other universes arrive. Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together, while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power. As the Grand Minister introduces each team, Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team, which confuses most of Universe 7, except for Tien, who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence. After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō, the 80 warriors prepare for battle. \n\n\n97\n21\n\"Survive! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last!!\" /\n\"Ikinokore! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai!!\" (生き残れ! ついに開幕「力の大会」!!) \nJuly 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament. A massive free-for-all ensues. Goku targets Toppo, but he is intercepted by Ganos. Disregarding Gohan's plan as well, No. 17, No. 18, Vegeta, and Frieza all jump into the fray. Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage, but Hit and Basil disable it. Universe 10's Lilibeu (リリベウ, Ririberu) attacks Basil, but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage. Meanwhile, the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes, but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off. Basil nearly defeats Universe 10's Napapa, but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment. As Goku is pursuing Toppo, he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4's Nink (ニンク, Ninku) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage. As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy, Basil, Lavender, Bergamo, and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament. \n\n\n98\n22\n\"Oh, Uncertainty! A Universe Despairs!!\" /\n\"Ā mujou! Zetsubō suru Uchū!!\" (あぁ無常! 絶望する宇宙!!) \nJuly 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nRoh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match. Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament. He fights Team Universe 9, where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork. Vegeta notices Goku's plight and reinforces him. Roh sends over three more fighters. Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop (ソレル, Hoppu) into accidentally hitting each other. Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors. No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel (ソレル, Soreru) and Roselle. Only Basil, Lavender, and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9. Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage. The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort, but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha. With all 10 members defeated, Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament. As a result, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9, Roh, Sidra, and all of their fighters. This amuses Universe 9's angel Mojito (モヒイト, Mohi'ito) and horrifies everyone else. \n\n\n99\n23\n\"Show Them! Krillin's True Power!!\" /\n\"Misetsukero! Kuririn no sokojikara!!\" (見せつけろ! クリリンの底力!!) \nJuly 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9's erasure, No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back. Vegeta tries to fight Hit, but he is blocked by Botamo, who is immune to damage. Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage, but Magetta stops him at the last moment. Meanwhile, Universe 10's Jium (ジウム, Jiumu) attacks Gohan and his friends. Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi. Universe 4's Shosa (ショイサ, Shōsa) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts. Krillin rescues No. 18, and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack. They are challenged by Universe 4's Majora (マジョラ), who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle. Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin, Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage. Krillin boasts about his victory, which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow. Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament. \n\n\n100\n24\n\"Out Of Control! The Savage Berserker Awakens!!\" /\n\"Daibōsō! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi!!\" (大暴走! 目覚め荒ぶる狂戦士!!) \nJuly 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Universe 7 recovers from Krillin's defeat, Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10's Murisam (ムリサーム) and confronts Vegeta. Hit blows off Narirama's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack. He flicks him off the stage. Meanwhile, Kale is disabled by Universe 10's Napapa and Methiop (メチオープ). They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage, but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa. The two confront Goku, and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2's Jimeze (ジーミズ, Jimizu) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue. Goku refuses, and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan. However, her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack. With Goku's aid, Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2, and the two resume their fight. As Kale watches them, she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form. Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire. Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her. Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue. He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha, but Kale powers through it unharmed. As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power, Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop. When Universe 11's Vuon (ブーオン, Būon) attempts to stop her, Kale defeats him as well. Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast. As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale, Goku challenges Jiren. \n\n\n101\n25\n\"The Impending Warriors of Justice! The Pride Troopers!!\" /\n\"Semari kuru seigi no senshi! Puraido Torūpāsu!!\" (迫りくる正義の戦士！プライド・トルーパス！！) \nJuly 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku prepares to fight Jiren, Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts. Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina. This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper (タッパー, Tappā), Zoiray (ゾイレー, Zoirē), Cocotte (ココット, Kokotto), and Kettol. The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon's defeat. The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku. Meanwhile, Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3's The Preecho (ザ・プリーチョ). They regroup with Gohan, Piccolo, Vegeta, and Frieza, where he has defeated Murichim. The Pride Troopers push Goku, Caulifla, and Kale to the brink, but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them. No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper, while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral. The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale. Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 do not interfere. As the four beat Caulifla, Kale's self-hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form, but she remains in control of herself this time. Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral, Zoiray, and Kettol. Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast, but No. 18 simply throws it off, eliminating Cocotte. Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest. The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them. \n\n\n102\n26\n\"The Power of Love Explodes?! Universe 2's Little Witch Warriors!!\" /\n\"Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu!? dai ni uchu majo-kko senshi!!\" (愛の力が大爆発！？ 第２宇宙の魔女っ子戦士！！) \nAugust 6, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBrianne and her companions Sanka Ku (サンカ・クー, Sanka Kū) and Su Roas (スー・ロース, Sū Rōsu) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter-egos. No. 17 blasts them before they can transform, but Brianne, Goku, and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform, much to Beerus' dismay. They assume their alter-egos Ribrianne, Kakunsa (カクンサ, Kakunsa), and Rozie (ロージィ, Rōjī) and barrage the arena with a powerful love-based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters. Universe 7's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects. Gohan's group elects to split up and fight independently. Vegeta attacks Ribrianne, who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10's Jirasen (ジラセン). Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up, while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style. No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier. He attempts to knock her out of the stage, but her teammate Vikal (ビカル, Bikaru) rescues her. No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal. He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast. Enraged by his actions, Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17. \n\n\n103\n27\n\"Gohan, Show No Mercy! Showdown With Universe 10!!\" /\n\"Gohan yo hijōnare! Dai ju uchu to no kessen!!\" (悟飯よ非情なれ！第10宇宙との決戦!!) \nAugust 13, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nRibrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other, while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku's defenses. She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up, but No. 17 protects him with a barrier. Goku, who has studied Rozie's techniques, hits her with a powerful ki blast. As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne, Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission. Elsewhere, Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa's orders. As Piccolo and Goku observe, Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows, which apparently have no effect. However, Gohan's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself, allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage. Universe 10's Obuni (オブニ) and Rubalt (ルバルト, Rubaruto) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo. Jimeze defeats Universe 10's Jilcol (ジルコル Jirukoru). With 8 warriors eliminated, Gowasu accepts his imminent demise, while Rumsshi remains defiant. Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan. Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo, but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt, leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni. Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan, which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again. Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni's punches. He counterattacks Obuni's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit. Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan, but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10. Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha. All of Universe 10's fighters have been eliminated. Right before Universe 10 is annihilated, Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child. Gohan and Universe 10's angel, Cus (クス, Kusu), mourn Universe 10's erasure. \n\n\n104\n28\n\"The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins! Goku and Hit Join Forces!!\" /\n\"Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen!!\" (超絶光速バトル勃発! 悟空とヒットの共同戦線!!) \nAugust 20, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nDyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit's Time Skip. Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip. Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally, but he is pushed to the edge of the stage. Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo's fighting style and is luring him into a trap. Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi (クンシー, Kunshī) to back him up. Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow, Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge. However, Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated. The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner. Before they can finish him off, Goku interferes and rescues Hit. Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo's speed, while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi. The two switch places. Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him, while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form. Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo, but Kunshi rescues him again. Kunshi charges Hit, who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage. Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies. Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival. Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand. Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament. \n\n\n105\n29\n\"A Desperate Battle! Master Roshi's Sacrifice!!\" /\n\"Funsen! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu!!\" (奮戦！ 武天老師命を燃やす！！) \nAugust 27, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nMaster Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar. He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4, Caway (キャウェイ, Kyauei), who attempts to seduce him. However, Caway's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses. Roshi destroys her energy weapon, powers up, and drives her to jump off the stage. Roshi is next challenged by Dercori (ダーコリ, Dākori), who is a talisman-wielding warrior from Universe 4. She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot. Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena. Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move, which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi's favor. Ganos, who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends, challenges him and powers up into an avian form. Initially, Roshi is able to use his experience to predict, evade, and counter Ganos' attacks. However, Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on. He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi. Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep, but he attacks himself to wake himself up. Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up, but Roshi refuses. He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos. However, the effort is too much for Roshi's body to handle, and he collapses. Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki. Goku escorts Roshi to safety. \n\n\n106\n30\n\"Find Him! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker!!\" /\n\"Mikiwamero! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō!!\" (見極めろ！ 姿なきアタッカーとの死闘!!) \nSeptember 3, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request. Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6's Dr. Rota (Dr.ロタ, Dokutā Rota), but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability. Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground. It is revealed that the sniper, Universe 2's Prum (プラン, Puran), can see through these orbs. The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret. Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision, but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures. Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms, which forces him to painfully regenerate them. Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures. Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area. Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding. Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive. Vegeta berates Tien, who warns them about Prum, but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum's blasts. As Goku and Tien observe Prum, they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts. Vegeta and Goku go after Prum, while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo. Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum, but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body. Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper, Prum's teammate Hermila (ハーミラ, Hāmira). Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks, Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him. Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila, but three of his clones are shot down. The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila. Just as Tien is about to eliminate him, Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien's feet and knocks him off the stage. However, Tien's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them. Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament. Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw, Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated. As Prum is confronted by Vegeta, Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him. Shortly after, Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament. \n\n\n107\n31\n\"Revenge \"F\" The Cunning Trap?!\" /\n\"Fukushū no Efu! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana!?\" (復讐の「F」！ しかけられた狡猾な罠！？) \nSeptember 17, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFrost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7. Elsewhere, Universe 3's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11's remaining warriors. He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body, but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow. As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights, Frost corners and attacks him. Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid, but he is confronted by Ribrianne. Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave, but the strain proves too much for him. He flubs the attack. Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta, which provokes him. Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi. Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost, and the two battle Vegeta. Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself. When Roshi falls for it, Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle. With the last of his strength, Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta. Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue, and Frost flees. Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention. Roshi jumps off the stage, and he is given a Senzu Bean. Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect. \n\n\n108\n32\n\"Frieza and Frost! Conjoined Malice?!\" /\n\"Furīza to Furosuto! Majiwaru Akui!?\" (フリーザとフロスト！交わる悪意！？) \nSeptember 24, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku battles Ribrianne, the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament. Meanwhile, Gohan is confronted by Jimeze. Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan. As he prepares to finish him, Frieza intervenes. When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze, Universe 7's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself. Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan. Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him, but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast. Enraged, Jimeze attacks Frieza, who swiftly tortures and eliminates him. Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan, and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans. Frieza battles Gohan, who counterattacks. Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan. However, instead of eliminating him, he double-crosses and eliminates Frost. Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza's plan and played along with him. An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands, but Grand Zenō erases him, explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence. Meanwhile, Goku continues to battle Ribrianne. \n\n\n109\n33\n\"The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku! Now, Let Loose! The Killer Spirit Bomb!!\" /\n\"Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki! Ima Koso Hanate! Hisassu no Genki-Dama!!\" (悟空に迫る最強の敵！今こそ放て！必殺の元気玉！！) \nOctober 8, 2017[n 1]\nTBA\n\n\nRibrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls. Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent. Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne. She attacks Goku with several ki blasts, and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away. Ribrianne lands near Jiren, and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him. Universe 11's God of Destruction, Belmod, telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku. Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20, but that proves to be no match for Jiren's overwhelming power. Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb, and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy. Despite the time it takes to charge the attack, Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it. Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind, but she is stopped by Vegeta. Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it, but Jiren deflects it. The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb. This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up. However, Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack. \n\n\n110\n34\n\"Son Goku Wakes! New Level of the Awakened!!\" /\n\"Son Gokū kakusei! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui!!\" (孫悟空覚醒！目覚めし者の新たなる極意！！) \nOctober 8, 2017[n 1]\nTBA\n\n\nGoku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren, which locks him in a stalemate. Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction. As the two struggle to overpower each other, the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole, which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish. The Grand Minister rules that since Goku's own attack apparently vaporized him, Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him. As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku, he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power. Goku resumes the fight, and he is able to go toe-to-toe with Jiren. Whis theorizes that the clash between the Spirit Bomb and Goku's powers enabled him to break through his limits and trigered an ability called Ultra Instinct (身勝手の極意”兆”, Migatte no Gokui). Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren, but he fails, and exhausts his newfound power. Jiren knocks him away, and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren. Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne, while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him. \n\n\n111\n35\n\"The Surreal Supreme Battle! Hit vs Jiren!!\" /\n\"I jigen no kyokuchi batoru! Hitto basasu Jiren!!\" (異次元の極致バトル! ヒットVSジレン!!) \nOctober 15, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nInstead of killing the defenseless Goku, Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek. Meanwhile, Hit uses his time-skip powers against Jiren, but his attacks fail to connect. Goku spectates the battle, but he is ambushed by Saonel (サオネル, Saoneru) and Pirina (ピリナ, Pirina), Namekians from Universe 6, who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo. Elsewhere, Vegeta fights Ribrianne, and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne. Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power, but Rozie motivates her. Meanwhile, Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail, but he is able to react and block most of Jiren's punches. After being knocked back, Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart. He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle. Hit uses his own time-skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement. Realizing that he cannot hold Jiren for long, Hit urges Cabba, Caulifla, and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6. Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him, but Jiren stops Hit's attack only with his glare. Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit. As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point, Jiren begins to meditate. He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him. Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo. Viara (ビアラ, Biara) and Katopesla (カトペスラ, Katopesura) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating, but Jiren's energy alone is enough to push them back. \n\n\n112\n36\n\"A Saiyan's Vow! Vegeta's Resolution!!\" /\n\"Saiya-jin no chikai! Bejīta no kakugo!!\" (サイヤ人の誓い！ ベジータの覚悟！！) \nOctober 22, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nDespite his exhaustion and low energy, Goku is determined to keep fighting. However, he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai (コイツカイ, Koitukai), Panchia (パンチア, Panchia), and Bollarator (ボラレータ, Borarēta) of Universe 3. Gohan and Piccolo want to help him, but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina. Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren, when they are confronted by Monna (モンナ, Monna), a female warrior from Universe 4. Caulifla faces off against Monna, but Cabba appears and takes her place. He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now. Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna, but he is initially overpowered. Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage, but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall. Vegeta and Cabba both promise that, if either of them wins the tournament, the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other's erased universe and its inhabitants. Newly inspired, Cabba fights Monna again, but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2. With his new power, Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna. However, Frieza appears, fights Cabba, and easily eliminates him as well. Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods. Meanwhile, Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren, but he is intercepted by Toppo. The two battle each other. Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku, who is still having difficulty with his three opponents. However, Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai, Borareta, and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself. \n\n\n113\n37\n\"With Great Joy! The Repeat Battle-Crazy Saiyan Fight!!\" /\n\"Kiki to Shite! Sentō-kyō Saiya-jin Batoru Futatabi!!\" (嬉々として! 戦闘狂サイヤ人バトル再び!!) \nOctober 29, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nCaulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament. She begins fighting Goku, who does not initially power up beyond his base form. However, Goku's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form. Eventually, she is able to adapt to his moves, which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself. The two of them fight evenly for some time. Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle. His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once, but they are able to match him by working together. They land a massive combined attack on him, but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks. However, Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2. Kale's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again. \n\n\n114\n38\n\"Intimidating Passion! The Birth of a New Super Warrior!!\" /\n\"Kiki semaru! Aratana chō sen-shi no bakutan!!\" (鬼気せまる! 新たな超戦士の爆誕!!) \nNovember 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta continues his battle with Toppo, while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form. Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off. Meanwhile, Frieza is confronted by Katopesla, but they are interrupted by Goku's battle with Caulifla and Kale. Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale, but Goku insists that he will fight them himself. Frieza backs down and watches the fight. The three Saiyans resume their battle. After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy, Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them. As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha, it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa, Universe 6's Supreme Kai. They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power, who takes the name Kefla (ケフラ, Kefura). \n\n\n115\n39\n\"Goku VS Kefla! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated?!\" /\n\"Gokū vāsasu Kefura! Sūpāsaiya-jin Burū Yabureru!?\" (悟空VSケフラ! 超サイヤ人ブルー敗れる!?) \nNovember 12, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Vegeta continues to fight Toppo, Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina. No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla, but she is saved by No. 17. Meanwhile, Goku continues his fight with Kefla. The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla's use of the Potara earrings. The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well. Pell (ペル, Peru), the Supreme Kai of Universe 2, gives his Potara to Rabanra (ラバンラ, Rabanra) and Zarbuto (ザーブト, Zābuto), but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku. The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue, but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan. However, Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage. He appears to be winning, but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue. She prepares to eliminate him, but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks. \n\n\n116\n40\n\"The Sign of a Comeback! Ultra Instinct's Huge Explosion!!\" /\n\"Gyakuten no kizashi! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu!!\" (逆転の兆し！ 身勝手の極意が大爆発！！) \nNovember 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n\nTo counter Goku's increase in power, Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2, and the two of them face off. Goku still easily dodges Kefla's attacks, but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down. Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks, it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential. Jiren senses the energy from the battle, which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo. Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain, and decides that he must reach it too. Goku begins running low on stamina, so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack. Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams. Her ultimate attack devastates the ring, but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha. Goku jumps into the air, so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him, taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge. However, he backflips and uses the charged-up energy to slide over her attack, and launches his Kamehameha at point-blank range, blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her. Her Potara earrings shatter, and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla. With both of them eliminated, Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6.\n\nNOTE: This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru, who passed away on November 16, 2017. \n\n\n117\n41\n\"Showdown of Love! Androids VS Universe 2!!\" /\n\"Ai no daikessen! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū!!\" (愛の大決戦！人造人間VS第２宇宙！！) \nNovember 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla. He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2. Gohan and Piccolo try to help him, but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina. Elsewhere, Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him. However, he is unsuccessful, and resorts to his normal fighting style. Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla. Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku, but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it. The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne. No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie, while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered-up transformation. This causes her to revert into Brianne. Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap, while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her. This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form. No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne's trap. With No. 17's help, No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne's giant form and eliminates her. Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18's strong love for Krillin, while Goku faces off against Zirloin (ザーロイン, Zāroin), Zarbuto, and Rabanra of Universe 2. \n\n\n118\n42\n\"Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes...\" /\n\"Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū...\" (加速する悲劇消えゆく宇宙...) \nDecember 3, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku battles against Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra from Universe 2, while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina. Saonel and Pirina's power suddenly increases, and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament, which greatly increased their own powers. No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors. It is revealed that Universe 2's angel, Sour (サワア, Sawaa), has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe. Universe 2's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne, Rozie, and Kakunsa's transformed states. Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 battle Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina. The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique, the Pretty Black Hole, which traps and threatens to sink Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 through the fighting stage. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well. With all of their fighters eliminated, both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased. Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure, while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck. Champa taunts Beerus before being erased. Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother's erasure. Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood. \n\n\n119\n43\n\"Unavoidable?! The Fierce Stealth Attack!!\" /\n\"Kaihi funō!? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi!!\" (回避不能!? ステルス攻撃の猛威!!) \nDecember 10, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring. Katopesla is able to catch himself, but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force. Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force, but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge, while Piccolo catches Gohan. No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter, who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters, Gamisaras (ガミサラス, Gamisarasu). Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras, which allows Piccolo to see him. Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras. Undaunted, Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game. Shantza (シャンツァ, Shantsa) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes. However, Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring, which eliminates him and destroys the illusions. Universe 4's last fighter, Damon (ダモン, Damon), is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him. Piccolo is able to sense Damon's attacks, but he proves unable to hit Damon, who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him. No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug-like creature rather than an invisible person, which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him. To solve this problem, Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air, which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts. No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him. With all of their fighters eliminated, Universe 4 is promptly erased. \n\n\n120\n44\n\"The Perfect Survival Tactic! Universe 3's Menacing Assassin!!\" /\n\"Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku!!\" (完璧なる生存戦略! 第３宇宙脅威の刺客!!) \nDecember 17, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFollowing the elimination of Universe 4, the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7. While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18's combined efforts, Paparoni (パパロニ, Paparoni) sends Panchia, Koitsukai, and Bollarator to attack Goku, Gohan, and Vegeta. To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11, Gohan decides to face the three robots alone. He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator (コイチアレータ, Koichiarēta). Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in. The two distract the enemy, while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it. With his robots defeated, Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7. \n\n\n121\n45\n\"All-Out War! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7's Full-Scale Attack!!\" /\n\"Sōryokusen! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki!!\" (総力戦！究極の4体合体VS第7宇宙総攻撃！！) \nDecember 24, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nPaparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza (アニラーザ, Anirāza), the most powerful warrior from Universe 3. Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans, which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them. The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off-guard, but he deflects them all. It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents' movements. Anilaza begins teleporting his punches, and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage. Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat, Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18, who is rescued by Goku. Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him. He knocks him off the fighting stage, but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage. She is eliminated from the tournament. With no other options, the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza. They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza's attack and damage his energy reactor. This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza. With all of their warriors eliminated, Universe 3 is erased. As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate, the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them. \n\n\n122\n46\n\"For One's Own Pride! Vegeta's Challenge to Be The Strongest!!\" /\n\"Onore no Hokori wo Kakete! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen!!\" (己の誇りをかけて！ベジータ最強への挑戦！！) \nJanuary 7, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith only two universes remaining, the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together. The final warriors begin their battle: Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo, Frieza fights Dyspo, and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren. Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches, but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren's attack patterns and dodges his attacks. He lands a solid blow to Jiren's midsection, but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out. Meanwhile, Frieza blocks one of Dyspo's attacks with his tail, but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him. Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self-righteousness, but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength. He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head-on. However, the attack fails to damage Jiren, who acknowledges the power of Vegeta's attack before incapacitating him. \n\n\n123\n47\n\"Body and Soul, Full Power Release! Goku and Vegeta!!\" /\n\"Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō! Gokū to Bejīta!!\" (全身全霊全力解放！悟空とベジータ！！) \nJanuary 14, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith Vegeta down, Goku faces off against Jiren. Meanwhile, the other battles continue. Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously, while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo. Outmatched in power, Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren, but it has no effect. Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc. This causes Jiren to fall, but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage. Angered by his near-elimination, Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches. Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue. Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations, while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body, and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form, the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form. Fully powered up, Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team, and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks. \n\n\n124\n48\n\"The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault! Gohan's Last Stand!!\" /\n\"Shippū-Dotō no Mōshū! Gohan Haisui no Jin!!\" (疾風怒涛の猛襲！悟飯背水の陣!!) \nJanuary 21, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren, the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies. The two seem evenly matched, until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls. Dyspo refuses the offer, so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight. Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique, the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode, which increases his power and speed even further, and overwhelms Frieza. Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage, so No. 17 distracts Toppo, while Gohan goes to Frieza's aid. Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team, but they have little success. Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo, which prevents him from using his high-speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand. Unfortunately, Frieza runs out of energy, and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow. However, Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place, while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament. \n\n\n125\n49\n\"With Imposing Presence! God of Destruction Toppo Descends!!\" /\n\"Ifu-Dōdō! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin!\" (威風堂々! 破壊神トッポ降臨！！) \nJanuary 28, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren, while No. 17 and Toppo fight. No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash, which Toppo is winning. Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind, which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo's blast. In the wake of the explosion, Toppo appears to have been defeated. However, he gets back up and powers up, using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction. Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11's next God of Destruction, which is why he can wield the same kind of power. Toppo unleashes his new power, which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it. No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly, but his power is now far superior to theirs. Toppo easily defeats them both. Fortunately, they are able to stay on the fighting stage, but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17. \n\n\n126\n50\n\"Surpass Even a God! Vegeta's Desperate Blow!!\" /\n\"Kami wo mo Koero! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki!!\" (神をも超えろ！ベジータ捨て身の一撃！！) \nFebruary 4, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nToppo easily overpowers No. 17's blast. No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage, but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17's attacks. Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast. Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo's attack. Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo, which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks, but none of them have any effect. Toppo is about to eliminate them both, when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta, who are still fighting Jiren. Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren's attacks, which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead. Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament. However, Vegeta is inspired by his family, his promise to Cabba, and his Saiyan pride. He refuses to cast anything aside. Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo. Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks: Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction, while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu. Vegeta's attack overwhelms Toppo's attack, blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage, and eliminates him from the tournament. This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage. Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique, he survives the blast, but his energy is almost completely drained. No. 17 also reappears, but he has been injured by Jiren's attack. Goku, Vegeta, and No. 17 all face off against Jiren, who begins to unleash his full power. \n\n\n127\n51\n\"The Approaching Wall! The Final Barrier of Hope!!\" /\n\"Semari-kuru Shōheki! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria!!\" (迫りくる障壁！希望を託した最後のバリア！！) \nFebruary 11, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nJiren powers up to his maximum. Goku, Vegeta, and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously, but he easily overpowers them. However, No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren. Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta, while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form. However, Frieza is easily defeated as well. No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be, and Belmod explains that Jiren's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents, most of his comrades, and mentor were killed by a powerful villain. However, his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship, and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength. No. 17 admires Jiren's human qualities, but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe's team for his own ends. Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17, Goku, and Vegeta. No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them, before self-destructing to destroy Jiren's blast. Despite his exhausted state, Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him. \n\n\n128\n52\n\"Noble Pride to the End! Vegeta Falls!!\" /\n\"Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made! Bejīta Chiru!!\" (気高い誇り最後まで！ベジータ散る！！) \nFebruary 18, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren. Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan, he still decides to take on Jiren. Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta. Jiren injures Vegeta's left eye in the process. Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination, and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most. He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren, who is impressed by Vegeta's pride. Vegeta nearly rings out again. His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble, which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage. Vegeta hears Bulma's voice urging him to fight on, and he returns to fight Jiren once again. Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him. Vegeta fires off a Final Flash, but Jiren is unfazed. Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament. Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end, he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power. Even with Vegeta's energy, Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren. He is knocked back into his base form. When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat, Vegeta shouts at Goku. Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him. As Jiren delivers the final blow, Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack. With his new power, Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him. Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle. \n\n\n129\n53\n\"Limits Super Surpassed! Ultra Instinct Mastered!!\" /\n\"Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru!!\" (限界超絶突破！身勝手の極意極まる！！) \nMarch 4, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWhis points out that, since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct, this will be his last chance to end the battle. Goku and Jiren resume their battle, but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla, and is unable to attack at his full potential. Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren, but Jiren is able to punch through the blast. Belmod is confident that Goku's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win, but Vegeta points out that, throughout the tournament, all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power. Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out, but Goku begins blocking Jiren's attacks with his own punches. Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku, but Goku suddenly powers up immensely. He easily blocks Jiren's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage. Jiren attacks again, but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches. Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension. Goku's hair and eyes have turned silver, and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct. \n\n\n130\n54\n\"The Greatest Showdown of All Time! The Ultimate Survival Battle!!\" /\n\"Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru!!\" (空前絶後の超決戦！究極のサバイバルバトル！！) \nMarch 18, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nHaving mastered Ultra Instinct, Goku overpowers and corners Jiren, which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further. The two exchange attacks continuously. Despite almost being defeated twice, Goku stands up and recovers. When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender, his friends claim that the source of Goku's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions. Refusing to accept it, an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku, who finally defeats him. However, just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out, his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long. Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage, but Goku is saved by Frieza. No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren's blast. As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren, Goku writhes in pain. \n\n\n131\n55\n\"The Miraculous Conclusion! Farewell, Goku! Until We Meet Again!\" /\n\"Kiseki no ketchaku! Saraba Goku! Mataauhimade!!\" (奇跡の決着! さらば悟空! また会う日まで!!) \nMarch 25, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith Goku down, Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren. No. 17 manages to injure Jiren, who collapses from exhaustion. Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren, who accepts his impending defeat, but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries. Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17. They form a barrier to shield themselves, but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form. Before Jiren can overpower them, Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others. Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren's blast. Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together, while No. 17 provides cover fire. Working together, Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring. All three of them are eliminated from the tournament. With all of their fighters gone, Universe 11 is erased. As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage, No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power, and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls. After some consideration, No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased, which brings all their inhabitants back to life. As the erased universes are restored, the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls. He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons, as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing. As a reward for doing well in the tournament, Whis restores Frieza to life. In Universe 11, Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday. The group from Universe 7 return home. Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire. Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again. Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought. Goku reveals that he cannot use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament. Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength. They race towards each other to fight. \n\n"
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"March 18, 2018"
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-2844708009105670382 | Upwelling | Upwelling - wikipedia Upwelling The replacement by deep water moving upwards of surface water driven offshore by wind If the wind blows parallel to the coast in the southern hemisphere ( such as along the coast of Peru , where the wind blows North ) , then Ekman transport can produce a net movement of surface water 90 ° to the left . This may result in coastal upwelling . If the wind blows parallel to the coast in the northern hemisphere ( such as the coast of California , where the wind blows South ) , then Ekman transport can produce a net movement of surface water 90 ° to the right . This may result in coastal upwelling . Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind - driven motion of dense , cooler , and usually nutrient - rich water towards the ocean surface , replacing the warmer , usually nutrient - depleted surface water . The nutrient - rich upwelled water stimulates the growth and reproduction of primary producers such as phytoplankton . Due to the biomass of phytoplankton and presence of cool water in these regions , upwelling zones can be identified by cool sea surface temperatures ( SST ) and high concentrations of chlorophyll - a . The increased availability of nutrients in upwelling regions results in high levels of primary production and thus fishery production . Approximately 25 % of the total global marine fish catches come from five upwellings that occupy only 5 % of the total ocean area . Upwellings that are driven by coastal currents or diverging open ocean have the greatest impact on nutrient - enriched waters and global fishery yields . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanisms 2 Types 2.1 Coastal 2.1. 1 Equatorial 2.1. 2 Southern Ocean 2.1. 3 Other sources 3 Variations 4 High productivity 5 Threats to upwelling ecosystems 6 References 7 External links Mechanisms ( edit ) The three main drivers that work together to cause upwelling are wind , Coriolis effect , and Ekman transport . They operate differently for different types of upwelling , but the general effects are the same . In the overall process of upwelling , winds blow across the sea surface at a particular direction , which causes a wind - water interaction . As a result of the wind , the water is transported a net of 90 degrees from the direction of the wind due to Coriolis forces and Ekman transport . Ekman transport causes the surface layer of water to move at about a 45 degree angle from the direction of the wind , and the friction between that layer and the layer beneath it causes the successive layers to move in the same direction . This results in a spiral of water movement down the water column . Then , it is the Coriolis forces that dictate which way the water will move ; in the Northern hemisphere , the water is transported to the right of the direction of the wind . In the Southern Hemisphere , the water is transported to the left of the wind . If this net movement of water is divergent , then upwelling of deep water occurs to replace the water that was lost . Types ( edit ) Areas of upwelling in red The major upwellings in the ocean are associated with the divergence of currents that bring deeper , colder , nutrient rich waters to the surface . There are at least five types of upwelling : coastal upwelling , large - scale wind - driven upwelling in the ocean interior , upwelling associated with eddies , topographically - associated upwelling , and broad - diffusive upwelling in the ocean interior . Coastal ( edit ) Coastal upwelling is the best known type of upwelling , and the most closely related to human activities as it supports some of the most productive fisheries in the world . Wind - driven currents are diverted to the right of the winds in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect . The result is a net movement of surface water at right angles to the direction of the wind , known as the Ekman transport ( See also Ekman Spiral ) . When Ekman transport is occurring away from the coast , surface waters moving away are replaced by deeper , colder , and denser water . Normally , this upwelling process occurs at a rate of about 5 -- 10 meters per day , but the rate and proximity of upwelling to the coast can be changed due to the strength and distance of the wind . Deep waters are rich in nutrients , including nitrate , phosphate and silicic acid , themselves the result of decomposition of sinking organic matter ( dead / detrital plankton ) from surface waters . When brought to the surface , these nutrients are utilized by phytoplankton , along with dissolved CO ( carbon dioxide ) and light energy from the sun , to produce organic compounds , through the process of photosynthesis . Upwelling regions therefore result in very high levels of primary production ( the amount of carbon fixed by phytoplankton ) in comparison to other areas of the ocean . They account for about 50 % of global marine productivity . High primary production propagates up the food chain because phytoplankton are at the base of the oceanic food chain . The food chain follows the course of : Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Predatory zooplankton → Filter feeders → Predatory fish → Marine birds , marine mammals Worldwide , there are five major coastal currents associated with upwelling areas : the Canary Current ( off Northwest Africa ) , the Benguela Current ( off southern Africa ) , the California Current ( off California and Oregon ) , the Humboldt Current ( off Peru and Chile ) , and the Somali Current ( off Somalia and Oman ) . All of these currents support major fisheries . The four major eastern boundary currents in which coastal upwelling primarily occurs are the Canary Current , Benguela Current , California Current , and Humboldt Current . The Benguela Current is the eastern boundary of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre and can be divided into a northern and southern sub-system with upwelling occurring in both areas . The subsystems are divided by an area of permanent upwelling off of Luderitz , which is the strongest upwelling zone in the world . The California Current System ( CCS ) is an eastern boundary current of the North Pacific that is also characterized by a north and south split . The split in this system occurs at Point Conception , California due to weak upwelling in the South and strong upwelling in the north . The Canary Current is an eastern boundary current of the North Atlantic Gyre and is also separated due to the presence of the Canary Islands . Finally , the Humboldt Current or the Peru Current flows west along the coast of South America from Peru to Chile and extends up to 1,000 kilometers offshore . These four eastern boundary currents comprise the majority of coastal upwelling zones in the oceans . Equatorial ( edit ) Effects of equatorial upwelling on surface chlorophyll concentrations in the Pacific ocean Upwelling at the equator is associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) which actually moves , and consequently , is often located just north or south of the equator . Easterly ( westward ) trade winds blow from the Northeast and Southeast and converge along the equator blowing West to form the ITCZ . Although there are no Coriolis forces present along the equator , upwelling still occurs just north and south of the equator . This results in a divergence , with denser , nutrient - rich water being upwelled from below , and results in the remarkable fact that the equatorial region in the Pacific can be detected from space as a broad line of high phytoplankton concentration . Southern ocean ( edit ) Upwelling in the Southern Ocean Large - scale upwelling is also found in the Southern Ocean . Here , strong westerly ( eastward ) winds blow around Antarctica , driving a significant flow of water northwards . This is actually a type of coastal upwelling . Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between South America and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , some of this water is drawn up from great depths . In many numerical models and observational syntheses , the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface . In some regions of Antarctica , wind - driven upwelling near the coast pulls relatively warm Circumpolar deep water onto the continental shelf , where it can enhance ice shelf melt and influence ice sheet stability . Shallower , wind - driven upwelling is also found in off the west coasts of North and South America , northwest and southwest Africa , and southwest and south Australia , all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations ( see coastal upwelling above ) . Some models of the ocean circulation suggest that broad - scale upwelling occurs in the tropics , as pressure driven flows converge water toward the low latitudes where it is diffusively warmed from above . The required diffusion coefficients , however , appear to be larger than are observed in the real ocean . Nonetheless , some diffusive upwelling does probably occur . Other sources ( edit ) Local and intermittent upwellings may occur when offshore islands , ridges , or seamounts cause a deflection of deep currents , providing a nutrient rich area in otherwise low productivity ocean areas . Examples include upwellings around the Galapagos Islands and the Seychelles Islands , which have major pelagic fisheries . Upwelling can also occur when a tropical cyclone transits an area , usually when moving at speeds of less than 5 mph ( 8 km / h ) . The churning of a cyclone eventually draws up cooler water from lower layers of the ocean . This causes the cyclone to weaken . Artificial upwelling is produced by devices that use ocean wave energy or ocean thermal energy conversion to pump water to the surface . Ocean wind turbines are also known to produce upwellings . Ocean wave devices have been shown to produce plankton blooms . Variations ( edit ) Unusually strong winds from the east push warm ( red ) surface water towards Africa , allowing cold ( blue ) water to upwell along the Sumatran coast Upwelling intensity depends on wind strength and seasonal variability , as well as the vertical structure of the water , variations in the bottom bathymetry , and instabilities in the currents . In some areas , upwelling is a seasonal event leading to periodic bursts of productivity similar to spring blooms in coastal waters . Wind - induced upwelling is generated by temperature differences between the warm , light air above the land and the cooler denser air over the sea . In temperate latitudes , the temperature contrast is greatly seasonably variable , creating periods of strong upwelling in the spring and summer , to weak or no upwelling in the winter . For example , off the coast of Oregon , there are four or five strong upwelling events separated by periods of little to no upwelling during the six - month season of upwelling . In contrast , tropical latitudes have a more constant temperature contrast , creating constant upwelling throughout the year . The Peruvian upwelling , for instance , occurs throughout most of the year , resulting in one of the world 's largest marine fisheries for sardines and anchovies . In anomalous years when the trade winds weaken or reverse , the water that is upwelled is much warmer and low in nutrients , resulting in a sharp reduction in the biomass and phytoplankton productivity . This event is known as the El Nino - Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) event . The Peruvian upwelling system is particularly vulnerable to ENSO events , and can cause extreme interannual variability in productivity . Changes in bathymetry can affect the strength of an upwelling . For example , a submarine ridge that extends out from the coast will produce more favorable upwelling conditions than neighboring regions . Upwelling typically begins at such ridges and remains strongest at the ridge even after developing in other locations . High productivity ( edit ) Since upwelling regions are important sources of marine productivity , and they attract hundreds of species throughout the trophic levels , the diversity of these systems has been a focal point for marine research . While studying the trophic levels and patterns typical of upwelling regions , researchers have discovered that upwelling systems exhibit a wasp - waist richness pattern . In this type of pattern , the high and low trophic levels are well - represented by high species diversity . However , the intermediate trophic level is only represented by one or two species . This trophic layer , which consists of small , pelagic fish usually makes up about only three to four percent of the species diversity of all fish species present . The lower trophic layers are very well - represented with about 500 species of copepods , 2500 species of gastropods , and 2500 species of crustaceans on average . At the apex and near - apex trophic levels , there are usually about 100 species of marine mammals and about 50 species of marine birds . The vital intermediate trophic species however are small pelagic fish that usually feed on phytoplankton . In most upwelling systems , these species are either anchovies or sardines , and usually only one is present , although two or three species may be present occasionally . These fish are an important food source for predators , such as large pelagic fish , marine mammals , and marine birds . Although they are not at the base of the trophic pyramid , they are the vital species that connect the entire marine ecosystem and keep the productivity of upwelling zones so high Threats to upwelling ecosystems ( edit ) A major threat to both this crucial intermediate trophic level and the entire upwelling trophic ecosystem is the problem of commercial fishing . Since upwelling regions are the most productive and species rich areas in the world , they attract a high number of commercial fishers and fisheries . On one hand , this is another benefit of the upwelling process as it serves as a viable source of food and income for so many people and nations besides marine animals . However , just as in any ecosystem , the consequences of over-fishing from a population could be detrimental to that population and the ecosystem as a whole . In upwelling ecosystems , every species present plays a vital role in the functioning of that ecosystem . If one species is significantly depleted , that will have an effect throughout the rest of the trophic levels . For example , if a popular prey species is targeted by fisheries , fishermen may collect hundreds of thousands of individuals of this species just by casting their nets into the upwelling waters . As these fish are depleted , the food source for those who preyed on these fish is depleted . Therefore , the predators of the targeted fish will begin to die off , and there will not be as many of them to feed the predators above them . This system continues throughout the entire food chain , resulting in a possible collapse of the ecosystem . It is possible that the ecosystem may be restored over time , but not all species can recover from events such as these . Even if the species can adapt , there may be a delay in the reconstruction of this upwelling community . The possibility of such an ecosystem collapse is the very danger of fisheries in upwelling regions . Fisheries may target a variety of different species , and therefore they are a direct threat to many species in the ecosystem , however they pose the highest threat to the intermediate pelagic fish . Since these fish form the crux of the entire trophic process of upwelling ecosystems , they are highly represented throughout the ecosystem ( even if there is only one species present ) . Unfortunately , these fish tend to be the most popular targets of fisheries as about 64 percent of their entire catch consists of pelagic fish . Among those , the six main species that usually form the intermediate trophic layer represent over half of the catch . During an El Niño , wind indirectly drives warm water to the South American coast , reducing the effects of cold upwelling Besides directly causing the collapse of the ecosystem due to their absence , this can create problems in the ecosystem through a variety of other methods as well . The animals higher in the trophic levels may not completely starve to death and die off , but the decreased food supply could still hurt the populations . If animals do not get enough food , it will decrease their reproductive viability meaning that they will not breed as often or as successfully as usual . This can lead to a decreasing population , especially in species that do not breed often under normal circumstances or become reproductively mature late in life . Another problem is that the decrease in the population of a species due to fisheries can lead to a decrease in genetic diversity , resulting in a decrease in bio-diversity of a species . If the species diversity is decreased significantly , this could cause problems for the species in an environment that is so variable and quick - changing ; they may not be able to adapt , which could result in a collapse of the population or ecosystem . Another threat to the productivity and ecosystems of upwelling regions is El Niño - Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) system , or more specifically El Niño events . During the normal period and La Niña events , the easterly trade winds are still strong , which continues to drive the process of upwelling . However , during El Niño events , trade winds are weaker , causing decreased upwelling in the equatorial regions as the divergence of water north and south of the equator is not as strong or as prevalent . The coastal upwelling zones diminish as well since they are wind driven systems , and the wind is no longer a very strong driving force in these areas . As a result , global upwelling drastically decreases , causing a decrease in productivity as the waters are no longer receiving nutrient - rich water . Without these nutrients , the rest of the trophic pyramid can not be sustained , and the rich upwelling ecosystem will collapse . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anderson DM , Prell WL. ( 1993 ) . A 300 KYR record of upwelling off Oman during the late quaternary : evidence of the Asian southwest monsoon . Paleoceanography , 8 ( 2 ) : 193 - 208 . Jump up ^ Sarhan T , Lafuente JG , Vargas M , Vargas JM , Plaza F. ( 1999 ) . Upwelling mechanisms in the northwestern Alboran Sea . Journal of Marine Systems , 23 : 317 - 331 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , S. , Kaiser , M.J. , Reynolds , J.D. ( 2001 ) `` Marine Fisheries Ecology . '' Oxford : Blackwell Science Ltd . ISBN 0 - 632 - 05098 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Mann , K.H. , Lazier , J.R.N. ( 2006 ) Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems : Biological - Physical Interactions in the Oceans . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1118 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Bakun A. ( 1990 ) . Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling . Science , 247 : 198 - 201 . Jump up ^ Chelton DB , Schlax MG , Freilich MH , Milliff RF . ( 2004 ) . Satellite measurements reveal persistent small - scale features in ocean winds . Science , 303 : 978 - 983 . Jump up ^ Bakun A , Nelson CS . ( 1991 ) . The seasonal cycle of wind - stress curl in subtropical eastern boundary current regions . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 21 : 1815 - 1834 . ^ Jump up to : Blanchette CA , Wieters EA , Briotman BR , Kinlan BP , Schiel DR. ( 2009 ) . Trophic structure and diversity in rocky intertidal upwelling ecosystems : a comparison of community patterns across California , Chile , South Africa , and New Zealand . Progress in Oceanography . doi : 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2009.07. 038 Jump up ^ Lalli , C.M. , Parsons , T.R. ( 1997 ) `` Biological Oceanography : An Introduction '' Oxford : Elsevier Publications . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3384 - 0 Jump up ^ Brodeur RD , Ware DM. ( 2007 ) . Long - term variability in zooplankton biomass in the subarctic Pacific ocean . Fisheries Oceanography , 1 ( 1 ) : 32 - 38 . ^ Jump up to : Cury P , Bakun A , Crawford RJM , Jarre A , Quinones RA , Shannon LJ , Verheye HM. ( 2000 ) . Small pelagics in upwelling systems : patterns of interaction and structural changes in `` wasp - waist '' ecosystems . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 57 : 603 - 618 . Jump up ^ Greene , Chad A. ; Blankenship , Donald D. ; Gwyther , David E. ; Silvano , Alessandro ; Wijk , Esmee van ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Wind causes Totten Ice Shelf melt and acceleration '' . Science Advances. 3 ( 11 ) : e1701681 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1701681 . ISSN 2375 - 2548 . Jump up ^ https://wiki.met.no/_media/windfarms/brostrom_jms_2008.pdf On the influence of large wind farms on the upper ocean circulation . Göran Broström , Norwegian Meteorological Institute , Oslo , Norway Jump up ^ US Research project , NSF and Oregon State University Archived August 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rasmussen EM , Carpenter TH. ( 1982 ) . Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the outer Oscillation / El Nino . Monthly Weather Review , 110 : 354 - 384 . External links ( edit ) Wind Driven Surface Currents : Upwelling and Downwelling Animation demonstrates the upwelling process . Coastal Upwelling On the influence of large wind farms on the upper ocean circulation . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | zones of upwelling near the shores of land masses have high primary production because such zones | [
"Deep waters are rich in nutrients, including nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid, themselves the result of decomposition of sinking organic matter (dead/detrital plankton) from surface waters. When brought to the surface, these nutrients are utilized by phytoplankton, along with dissolved CO2 (carbon dioxide) and light energy from the sun, to produce organic compounds, through the process of photosynthesis. Upwelling regions therefore result in very high levels of primary production (the amount of carbon fixed by phytoplankton) in comparison to other areas of the ocean. They account for about 50% of global marine productivity.[8] High primary production propagates up the food chain because phytoplankton are at the base of the oceanic food chain.[9]\n"
] | [
"are rich in nutrients, including nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid"
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4376923162826725219 | Birth of the Dragon | Birth of the Dragon - wikipedia Birth of the Dragon Jump to : navigation , search Birth of the Dragon Theatrical release poster Directed by George Nolfi Produced by Michael London Janice Williams James H. Pang Leo Shi Young Written by Christopher Wilkinson Stephen J. Rivele Starring Philip Ng Xia Yu Billy Magnussen Music by Reza Safinia H. Scott Salinas Cinematography Amir Mokri Edited by Joel Viertel Production company Groundswell Productions Kylin Pictures Anomaly Entertainment Distributed by BH Tilt WWE Studios Release date September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) ( TIFF ) August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 89 minutes Country Canada China United States Language English Box office $7.1 million Birth of the Dragon is a 2016 martial arts action film directed by George Nolfi and written by Christopher Wilkinson and Stephen J. Rivele . The film stars Philip Ng , Xia Yu , and Billy Magnussen . The film is a fictional account on the supposedly true story revolving around the young martial artist Bruce Lee , who challenged kung fu master Wong Jack Man in 1965 in San Francisco . Principal photography began on November 17 , 2015 , in Vancouver . It was selected to be screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival , and was released on August 25 , 2017 , by Blumhouse Tilt and WWE Studios . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1965 , in San Francisco , Bruce Lee , spurred by his student , Steve McKee , challenges Shaolin monk and Tai Chi master Wong Jack Man to a martial arts fight . Cast ( edit ) Philip Ng as Bruce Lee , founder of Jeet Kune Do . Xia Yu as Wong Jack Man , the Tai chi and Northern Shaolin Master who Bruce Lee fights . Jin Xing as Auntie Blossom , a gangster . Billy Magnussen as Steve McKee , Bruce Lee 's student . Jingjing Qu 屈 菁菁 as Xiulan , McKee 's love interest . Simon Yin as Vinnie Wei Production ( edit ) On February 19 , 2013 , it was announced that a biopic titled Birth of the Dragon about young martial artist Bruce Lee was in development , writing Christopher Wilkinson and Stephen J. Rivele . QED International and Groundswell Productions would finance and produce the film along with their Bill Block and Michael London , respectively . While Wilkinson and Rivele would also produce the film . On May 30 , 2014 , George Nolfi was announced to be the director of the film , and Janice Williams was also attached as producer . In June 2015 , there was a casting call for the role of Lee , in search for a 20 to 30 years old martial arts expert . Mike Moh was under consideration for the titular role . On November 16 , 2015 , the film 's cast was announced and it included Billy Magnussen as a martial arts student , Steve McKee ; Philip Ng as Bruce Lee ; Xia Yu as Wong Jack Man ; Jingjing Qu as McKee 's love interest , Xiulan ; and Jin Xing as the brutal crime boss , Auntie Blossom . Chinese company Kylin Films came on board to finance the film , while QED left the project , Groundswell would still produce the film . London would be the producer along with Janice Williams , Wilkinson , Rivele , and Kylin 's James H. Pang , while Leo Shi Young , David Nicksay , and Nolfi would executive produce , and Helen Y . Zhong , Jaeson Ma , and Joel Viertel would co-produce the film . Corey Yuen came on board to design the film 's action sequences , which is set in 1965 in and around Oakland and San Francisco , about the actual fight between Shaolin Master Jack Man and the young Lee . Filming ( edit ) Filming was previously scheduled to begin on October 28 , 2015 , at the North Shore Studios in Vancouver , British Columbia . Principal photography on the film began on November 17 , 2015 , in the Metro Vancouver area . Filming would last through January 24 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In North America , Birth of the Dragon was released on August 25 , 2017 alongside All Saints and Leap ! , and was projected to gross around $3 million from 1,618 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $1.1 million on its first day and $2.7 million over the weekend , finishing 8th at the box office . The film 's low opening was attributed to Hurricane Harvey hitting Texas and surrounding areas causing theaters to close , the boxing match between Floyd Mayweather and Conor McGregor on Saturday , and a negative response from critics and fans . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 19 % based on 26 reviews , with an average rating of 4.1 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 35 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Scott Tafoya , reviewer for Roger Ebert , gave the movie a thumbs down , writing , `` How , this far into the 21st century , does a film like this get made ? One that shunts Bruce Lee to the status of secondary character in a lazy and boringly familiar star - crossed romance ? There are entire books and countless articles about the Wong Jack Man & Bruce Lee fight , and this film invents things wholesale to pad its running time ? Why ? Who could possibly be expected to care about fictitious Steve McKee and his quest to save an equally fictitious love interest from a likely even more fictitious crime boss ? '' Andrew Parker , reviewer for The Globe and Mail , also gave the film a negative review , saying : `` In reality , it 's about a struggling white actor begging both martial - arts notables to help him free a girl he 's sweet on from Chinese mob - controlled sex slavery . '' The film has drawn accusations of `` whitewashing '' from fans and critics , who said that the Bruce Lee film unfairly focused on a fictional male Caucasian character , Steve McKee , who is presented as Lee 's friend . This also drew criticism to the film 's advertisement of being based on `` a true story '' as the main character is not real . Shannon Lee , the daughter of Bruce Lee , distanced herself from the film , saying that the film , like others about her father , `` lack a complete understanding of his philosophies and artistry . They have n't captured the essence of his beliefs in martial arts or storytelling . '' She went on to claim that one has to `` generate your own material '' to avoid misrepresentation . The film won the Golden Angel Award at the 12th Chinese American Film Festival . See also ( edit ) Portrayal of East Asians in Hollywood References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Birth of the Dragon ( 2017 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birth of the Dragon ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto To Open With ' The Magnificent Seven ' ; ' La La Land ' , ' Deepwater Horizon ' Among Galas & Presentations '' . Deadline . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/02/bruce-lee-birth-of-the-dragon-wong-jack-man-bh-tilt-wwe-studios-george-nolfi-1201899704/ Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/05/bruce-lee-pic-birth-of-the-dragon-late-august-release-1202092004/ ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Birth Of The Dragon ' Finds Its POV & Bruce Lee Ahead Of Kickoff '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bruce Lee Origin Story Heading to Big Screen '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bruce Lee Biopic Draws ' Adjustment Bureau ' Director ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Lee 's Biopic ' BIRTH OF THE DRAGON ' Lead Role Casting Call '' . projectcasting.com . June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call Begins For BRUCE LEE Biopic BIRTH OF THE DRAGON ; MIKE MOH Being Considered '' . maactioncinema.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Philip Ng to Play Bruce Lee in George Nolfi 's ' Birth of the Dragon ' '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Lee biopic begins filming in Vancouver next month '' . CalgaryHerald.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIG BUDGET : Bruce Lee Origin Story BIRTH OF THE DRAGON to Film in Vancouver This Fall '' . yvrshoots.com . August 29 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Mayweather - McGregor PPV Fight Could Punch Up $700 M Worldwide , Making Domestic Box Office Meaningless '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : D'Allesandro , Anthony ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Tries To Deflect Hurricane Harvey & Mayweather - McGregor '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Birth of the Dragon ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birth of the Dragon reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/birth-of-the-dragon-2017 Jump up ^ https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/film-reviews/review-birth-of-the-dragon-fails-at-almost-everything-it-attempts/article36078437/ ^ Jump up to : Chen , Heather ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Birth of the Dragon : Anger over Bruce Lee biopic '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Birth of the Dragon : anger over whitewashing of Bruce Lee biopic '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` 第 十 二 屆 中 美 電影 節 星光 熠熠 -- -- 開幕 式 暨 金 天使 獎 頒獎 典禮 耀 動 洛 城 '' . cafilmfestival.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Birth of the Dragon on IMDb Birth of the Dragon at Rotten Tomatoes Bruce Lee Filmography Awards and honors Media about Films directed Way of the Dragon Game of Death Books written Chinese Gung - Fu : The Philosophical Art of Self Defense Tao of Jeet Kune Do Bruce Lee 's Fighting Method Bruce Lee Library Techniques Jeet Kune Do One - inch punch Straight blast Works about Bruce Lee : The Man , The Myth Bruce Lee : The Man Only I Knew Spirit of the Dragon Dragon : The Bruce Lee Story Bruce Lee Bruce Lee : A Warrior 's Journey The Legend of Bruce Lee Bruce Lee , My Brother I Am Bruce Lee Birth of the Dragon Video games Bruce Lee Bruce Lee Lives Dragon : The Bruce Lee Story Bruce Lee : Quest of the Dragon Bruce Lee : Return of the Legend Family Lee Hoi - chuen ( father ) Robert Lee ( brother ) Linda Emery Lee ( wife ) Brandon Lee ( son ) Shannon Lee ( daughter ) Related topics Bruceploitation Bruce Li Statue in Hong Kong Statue in Los Angeles Statue in Mostar Ip Man Films by WWE Studios Co-produced The Scorpion King The Rundown Walking Tall Behind Enemy Lines : Colombia Christmas Bounty Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! Term Life Incarnate Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania The Resurrection of Gavin Stone The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! Distribution only The Day Road to Paloma Les reines du ring Sleight 2000s The Mania of WrestleMania See No Evil The Marine The Condemned 12 Rounds The Marine 2 2010s Legendary Knucklehead The Chaperone That 's What I Am Inside Out The Reunion Bending the Rules Barricade The Marine 3 : Homefront Dead Man Down The Call No One Lives 12 Rounds 2 : Reloaded Oculus Leprechaun : Origins See No Evil 2 Jingle All the Way 2 The Marine 4 : Moving Target Vendetta 12 Rounds 3 : Lockdown The Condemned 2 Santa 's Little Helper Countdown Interrogation Incarnate The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! The Marine 5 : Battleground Armed Response Birth of the Dragon Upcoming Blood Brother Fighting with My Family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birth_of_the_Dragon&oldid=802526056 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films Chinese - American films American action films American martial arts films American biographical films American drama films 2010s martial arts films 2010s action films 2010s drama films 2010s biographical films Films shot in Vancouver Films set in San Francisco Films set in Oakland , California Films set in 1965 Films set in the 1960s Films about Bruce Lee Martial arts films Action films based on actual events Drama films based on actual events Films directed by George Nolfi Films produced by Jason Blum Kung fu films Blumhouse Productions films WWE Studios films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 18 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do birth of the dragon come out | [
"Birth of the Dragon is a 2016 martial arts action film directed by George Nolfi and written by Christopher Wilkinson and Stephen J. Rivele. The film stars Philip Ng, Xia Yu, and Billy Magnussen. The film is a fictional account on the supposedly true story revolving around the young martial artist Bruce Lee, who challenged kung fu master Wong Jack Man in 1965 in San Francisco. Principal photography began on November 17, 2015, in Vancouver. It was selected to be screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival,[3] and was released on August 25, 2017, by Blumhouse Tilt and WWE Studios.[4][5]"
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"August 25, 2017"
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-4932081744774264019 | The New Colossus | The New Colossus - wikipedia The New Colossus Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Emma Lazarus sonnet . For the 2017 video game , see Wolfenstein II : The New Colossus . The New Colossus Emma Lazarus 's manuscript Created 1883 Location Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , New York City , New York , U.S. Author ( s ) Emma Lazarus Purpose Sonnet was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the monument in 1903 `` The New Colossus '' is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus ( 1849 -- 1887 ) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty . In 1903 , the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal 's lower level . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the poem 2 Contents 3 Influence 4 References 5 External links History of the poem ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty in New York City This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the `` Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty '' to raise money for the pedestal 's construction . Lazarus 's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts . Initially she refused but writer Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor . `` The New Colossus '' was the first entry read at the exhibit 's opening on November 2 , 1883 , and remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885 , but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886 . It was , however , published in Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period . In 1901 , Lazarus 's friend Georgina Schuyler began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem , which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty . The line `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' is missing a comma , and reads `` Keep ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' on the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty since its unveiling in 1903 . The original manuscript is held by the American Jewish Historical Society . Contents ( edit ) The Colossus of Rhodes , as depicted in an artist 's impression of 1880 Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame , With conquering limbs astride from land to land ; Here at our sea - washed , sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch , whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning , and her name MOTHER OF EXILES . From her beacon - hand Glows world - wide welcome ; her mild eyes command The air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame . `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' cries she With silent lips . `` Give me your tired , your poor , Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free , The wretched refuse of your teeming shore . Send these , the homeless , tempest - tost to me , I lift my lamp beside the golden door ! '' The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet . The title of the poem and the first two lines refer to the Colossus of Rhodes , which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , sometimes described as standing astride the harbor . The `` sea - washed , sunset gates '' are the mouths of the Hudson and East Rivers , to the west of Brooklyn . The `` imprisoned lightning '' refers to the electric light in the torch , then a novelty . The `` air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame '' refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn , which were consolidated into one unit in 1898 , 15 years after the poem was written . The `` huddled masses '' are the many immigrants coming to the United States ( many of them through Ellis Island at the port of New York ) . Influence ( edit ) Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty Paul Auster wrote that `` Bartholdi 's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism , but ' The New Colossus ' reinvented the statue 's purpose , turning Liberty into a welcoming mother , a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world . '' John T. Cunningham wrote that `` The Statue of Liberty was not conceived and sculpted as a symbol of immigration , but it quickly became so as immigrant ships passed under the torch and the shining face , heading toward Ellis Island . However , it was ( Lazarus 's poem ) that permanently stamped on Miss Liberty the role of unofficial greeter of incoming immigrants . '' The poem has entered the political realm . It was quoted in John F. Kennedy 's book A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) as well as a 2010 political speech by President Obama advocating immigration policy reform . On August 2nd , 2017 , the poem and its importance to the Statue of Liberty 's symbolism and thus the effect on American immigration policy , was debated in a White House briefing . Classical composer David Ludwig set the poem to music , which was performed at the worship service of President Obama 's 2013 inauguration ceremony . Author and scholar Julia Gordon - Bramer theorizes that Sylvia Plath 's poem , `` Lady Lazarus , '' is about the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus in her book , Fixed Stars Govern a Life : Decoding Sylvia Plath , volume one ( 2014 , Stephen F. Austin State University Press ) . Parts of the poem also appear in popular culture . The Broadway musical Miss Liberty , with music and lyrics by Irving Berlin , an immigrant himself , used the final stanza beginning `` Give me your tired , your poor '' as the basis for a song . It was also read in the 1941 film Hold Back the Dawn as well as being recited by the heroine in Alfred Hitchcock 's wartime film Saboteur . Harpist and singer Joanna Newsom indirectly references the poem in her 2015 song `` Sapokanikan , '' in contrast to the forbidding colossus of Percy Bysshe Shelley 's Ozymandias . The poem is read aloud in the eponymous episode , `` New Colossus '' , in the 2016 Netflix web series The OA . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . US : National Park Service . 2007 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Emma , The New Colossus , Liberty State Park Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cara A ( 2003 ) , The Statue of Liberty : The Museum of the City of New York , Barnes & Noble , p. 77 , ISBN 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 4 , auction of art and literary work ; Mark Twain also contributed . ^ Jump up to : Young , Bette Roth ( 1997 ) , Emma Lazarus in Her World : Life and Letters , The Jewish Publication Society , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0618 - 4 , ... fell into obscurity . At the unveiling of the statue ( ... ) both Emma and her sonnet were absent ( ... ) Georgina Schuyler set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem , inscribed on a bronze tablet , inside the pedestal ... . Jump up ^ Felder , Deborah G ; Rosen , Diana L ( 2003 ) , Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World , Citadel , p. 45 , ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2443 - X , ... William Maxwell Evert ( sic ; presumably a misspelling of `` William Maxwell Evarts ) asked ( ... ) Lazarus ( ... ) to compose original works ( ... ) who ( ... ) refused ( ... ) until ( ... ) Constance Cary Harrison ( ... ) suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York ... . Jump up ^ `` Image - Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue '' . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty - Engineering , Construction , and Crossing the Atlantic '' . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service - Statue of Liberty - Emma Lazarus '' . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Gary ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( 2011 ) , `` How a Sonnet Made a Statue the ' Mother of Exiles ' '' , New York Times , retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 Jump up ^ Auster , Paul ( 2005 ) , `` NYC = USA '' , Collected Prose : Autobiographical Writings , True Stories , Critical Essays , Prefaces , and Collaborations with Artists , Picador , p. 508 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 42468 - X . Jump up ^ Cunningham , John T ( 2003 ) , Ellis Island : Immigration 's Shining Center , Arcadia Publishing , pp. 46 -- 48 , ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2428 - X . ^ Jump up to : McGill , Meredith L. ( 2008 ) . The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Rutgers University Press . p. 118 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Obama edits Emma Lazarus poem on Statue of Liberty '' . The Oval . USA Today . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Part of Inauguration Day Ceremonies '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Esther Schor , Emma Lazarus , Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2008 , page 255 Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) . `` '' ' The text will not yield ' : Fleeting Tesserae in Joanna Newsom 's Sapokanikan `` '' . Medium . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The OA Recap : Yearning to Breathe Free '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The New Colossus Lazarus , Emma , `` The new Colossus '' , A Century of Immigration , 1820 -- 1924 ( handwritten ) ( sonnet ) , Library of Congress . The latter page says `` Courtesy of the American Jewish Historical Society , New York and Newton Centre , Massachusetts '' . The poem itself , having been published in 1883 or at the very latest 1903 is in the public domain -- -- -- , Schor , Esther , ed. , The New Colossus ( interactive ed . ) , Nextbook Press . Manuscript notebook from the Emma Lazarus collection at the American Jewish Historical Society . Includes an undated manuscript version of `` The New Colossus . '' Cavitch , Max ( 2008 ) . `` Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty . '' In The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - Century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Ed . Meredith L. McGill . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . 97 - 122 . Marom , Daniel ( 2000 ) . `` Who is the ' Mother of Exiles ' ? An Inquiry into Jewish Aspects of Emma Lazarus 's ' The New Colossus ' '' . Prooftexts. 20 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 61 . doi : 10.1353 / ptx. 2000.0020 . ( hide ) Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Colossus&oldid=825809919 '' Categories : 1883 poems American poems Sonnets Statue of Liberty Jewish American literature Works about immigration to the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 15 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what poem is engraved on the statue of liberty | [
"\"The New Colossus\" is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus (1849–1887) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty.[2] In 1903, the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level."
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"\"The New Colossus"
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-5890056171767640115 | Greek alphabet | Greek alphabet - wikipedia Greek alphabet Jump to : navigation , search Greek alphabet Type Alphabet Languages Greek Time period c. 800 BC -- present Parent systems Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto - Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Greek alphabet Child systems Gothic Glagolitic Cyrillic Coptic Armenian Old Italic Latin Georgian Direction Left - to - right ISO 15924 Grek , 200 Unicode alias Greek Unicode range U + 0370 -- U + 03FF Greek and Coptic U + 1F00 -- U + 1FFF Greek Extended The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC . It was derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet , and was the first alphabetic script to have distinct letters for vowels as well as consonants . It is the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic scripts . Apart from its use in writing the Greek language , in both its ancient and its modern forms , the Greek alphabet today also serves as a source of technical symbols and labels in many domains of mathematics , science and other fields . In its classical and modern forms , the alphabet has 24 letters , ordered from alpha to omega . Like Latin and Cyrillic , Greek originally had only a single form of each letter ; it developed the letter case distinction between upper - case and lower - case forms in parallel with Latin during the modern era . Sound values and conventional transcriptions for some of the letters differ between Ancient Greek and Modern Greek usage , because the pronunciation of Greek has changed significantly between the 5th century BC and today . Modern and Ancient Greek use different diacritics . The traditional orthography , which is used for Ancient Greek and sometimes for Modern Greek , has many diacritics , such as accent marks for pitch accent ( `` polytonic '' ) , the breathing marks for the presence and absence of the initial / h / sound , and the iota subscript for the final historical / i / sound . In standard Modern Greek spelling , orthography has been simplified to a monotonic system , which uses only two diacritics : the acute accent and diaeresis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Letters 1.1 Sound values 1.2 Digraphs and letter combinations 1.3 Diacritics 1.4 Romanization 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Archaic variants 2.3 Letter names 2.4 Letter shapes 3 Derived alphabets 4 Other uses 4.1 Use for other languages 4.1. 1 Antiquity 4.1. 2 Middle Ages 4.1. 3 Early modern 4.2 In mathematics and science 4.3 Astronomy 4.4 International Phonetic Alphabet 4.5 Use as numerals 4.6 Use in naming student fraternities and sororities 5 Glyph variants 6 Computer encodings 6.1 ISO / IEC 8859 - 7 6.2 Greek in Unicode 6.2. 1 Combining and letter - free diacritics 6.3 Encodings with a subset of the Greek alphabet 7 Chapter letters 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Letters Letter Name Sound Ancient Modern Α α alpha , άλφα ( a ) ( aː ) Β β beta , βήτα Γ γ gamma , γάμμα ( ɡ ) , ( ŋ ) ( ɣ ) ~ ( ʝ ) , ( ŋ ) ~ ( ɲ ) Δ δ delta , δέλτα ( d ) ( ð ) Ε ε epsilon , έψιλον Ζ ζ zeta , ζήτα ( zd ) ( z ) Η η eta , ήτα ( ɛː ) ( i ) Θ θ theta , θήτα ( th ) ( θ ) Ι ι iota , ιώτα ( i ) ( iː ) ( i ) , ( ç ) , ( ʝ ) , ( ɲ ) Κ κ kappa , κάππα ( k ) ( k ) ~ ( c ) Λ λ lambda , λάμδα ( l ) Μ μ mu , μυ ( m ) Or ( dz ) . Letter Name Sound Ancient Modern Ν ν nu , νυ ( n ) Ξ ξ xi , ξι ( ks ) Ο ο omicron , όμικρον ( o ) Π π pi , πι ( p ) Ρ ρ rho , ρώ ( r ) Σ σ / ς sigma , σίγμα ( s ) ( s ) ~ ( z ) Τ τ tau , ταυ Υ υ upsilon , ύψιλον ( y ) ( yː ) ( i ) Φ φ phi , φι ( ph ) ( f ) Χ χ chi , χι ( kh ) ( x ) ~ ( ç ) Ψ ψ psi , ψι ( ps ) Ω ω omega , ωμέγα ( ɔː ) ( o ) Examples Jump up ^ For example , ἀγκών . Jump up ^ For example , εγγραφή . Jump up ^ For example , εγγεγραμμένος . Jump up ^ For example , ηλίθιος . Jump up ^ For example , βια . Jump up ^ For example , μια . Sound values Main article : Greek orthography Further information : Manners of articulation In both Ancient and Modern Greek , the letters of the Greek alphabet have fairly stable and consistent symbol - to - sound mappings , making pronunciation of words largely predictable . Ancient Greek spelling was generally near - phonemic . For a number of letters , sound values differ considerably between Ancient and Modern Greek , because their pronunciation has followed a set of systematic phonological shifts that affected the language in its post-classical stages . Among consonant letters , all letters that denoted voiced plosive consonants ( / b , d , g / ) and aspirated plosives ( / ph , th , kh / ) in Ancient Greek stand for corresponding fricative sounds in Modern Greek . The correspondences are as follows : Former voiced plosives Former aspirates Letter Ancient Modern Letter Ancient Modern Labial Β β / b / / v / Φ φ / ph / / f / Dental Δ δ / d / / ð / Θ θ / th / / θ / Dorsal Γ γ / ɡ / ( ɣ ) ~ ( ʝ ) Χ χ / kh / ( x ) ~ ( ç ) Among the vowel symbols , Modern Greek sound values reflect the radical simplification of the vowel system of post-classical Greek , merging multiple formerly distinct vowel phonemes into a much smaller number . This leads to several groups of vowel letters denoting identical sounds today . Modern Greek orthography remains true to the historical spellings in most of these cases . As a consequence , the spellings of words in Modern Greek are often not predictable from the pronunciation alone , while the reverse mapping , from spelling to pronunciation , is usually regular and predictable . The following vowel letters and digraphs are involved in the mergers : Letter Ancient Modern Letter Ancient Modern Η η ɛː > i Ω ω ɔː > o Ι ι i ( ː ) Ο ο o ΕΙ ει eː Ε ε > e Υ υ u ( ː ) > y ΑΙ αι ai ΟΙ οι oi > y ΥΙ υι yː > y Modern Greek speakers typically use the same , modern symbol -- sound mappings in reading Greek of all historical stages . In other countries , students of Ancient Greek may use a variety of conventional approximations of the historical sound system in pronouncing Ancient Greek . Digraphs and letter combinations Several letter combinations have special conventional sound values different from those of their single components . Among them are several digraphs of vowel letters that formerly represented diphthongs but are now monophthongized . In addition to the four mentioned above ( ⟨ ει , αι , οι , υι ⟩ ) , there is also ⟨ ου ⟩ , pronounced / u / . The Ancient Greek diphthongs ⟨ αυ ⟩ , ⟨ ευ ⟩ and ⟨ ηυ ⟩ are pronounced ( av ) , ( ev ) and ( iv ) in Modern Greek . In some environments they are devoiced to ( af ) , ( ef ) and ( if ) respectively . The Modern Greek consonant combinations ⟨ μπ ⟩ and ⟨ ντ ⟩ stand for ( b ) and ( d ) ( or ( mb ) and ( nd ) ) respectively ; ⟨ τζ ⟩ stands for ( dz ) and ⟨ τσ ⟩ stands for ( t͡s ) . In addition , both in Ancient and Modern Greek , the letter ⟨ γ ⟩ , before another velar consonant , stands for the velar nasal ( ŋ ) ; thus ⟨ γγ ⟩ and ⟨ γκ ⟩ are pronounced like English ⟨ ng ⟩ . In analogy to ⟨ μπ ⟩ and ⟨ ντ ⟩ , ⟨ γκ ⟩ is also used to stand for ( g ) . There are also the combinations ⟨ γχ ⟩ and ⟨ γξ ⟩ . Combination Pronunciation Devoiced pronunciation ⟨ αυ ⟩ ( av ) ( af ) ⟨ ευ ⟩ ( ev ) ( ef ) ⟨ ηυ ⟩ ( iv ) ( if ) ⟨ μπ ⟩ ( b ) ⟨ ντ ⟩ ( d ) ⟨ τζ ⟩ ( dz ) ⟨ τσ ⟩ ( t͡s ) Diacritics Main article : Greek diacritics In the polytonic orthography traditionally used for ancient Greek , the stressed vowel of each word carries one of three accent marks : either the acute accent ( ά ) , the grave accent ( ὰ ) , or the circumflex accent ( α̃ or α̑ ) . These signs were originally designed to mark different forms of the phonological pitch accent in Ancient Greek . By the time their use became conventional and obligatory in Greek writing , in late antiquity , pitch accent was evolving into a single stress accent , and thus the three signs have not corresponded to a phonological distinction in actual speech ever since . In addition to the accent marks , every word - initial vowel must carry either of two so - called `` breathing marks '' : the rough breathing ( ἁ ) , marking an / h / sound at the beginning of a word , or the smooth breathing ( ἀ ) , marking its absence . The letter rho ( ρ ) , although not a vowel , also carries a rough breathing in word - initial position . If a rho was geminated within a word , the first ρ always had the smooth breathing and the second the rough breathing ( ῤῥ ) leading to the transiliteration rrh . The vowel letters ⟨ α , η , ω ⟩ carry an additional diacritic in certain words , the so - called iota subscript , which has the shape of a small vertical stroke or a miniature ⟨ ι ⟩ below the letter . This iota represents the former offglide of what were originally long diphthongs , ⟨ ᾱι , ηι , ωι ⟩ ( i.e. / aːi , ɛːi , ɔːi / ) , which became monophthongized during antiquity . Another diacritic used in Greek is the diaeresis ( _̈ ) , indicating a hiatus . In 1982 , a new , simplified orthography , known as `` monotonic '' , was adopted for official use in Modern Greek by the Greek state . It uses only a single accent mark , the acute ( also known in this context as tonos , i.e. simply `` accent '' ) , marking the stressed syllable of polysyllabic words , and occasionally the diaeresis to distinguish diphthongal from digraph readings in pairs of vowel letters , making this monotonic system very similar to the accent mark system used in Spanish . The polytonic system is still conventionally used for writing Ancient Greek , while in some book printing and generally in the usage of conservative writers it can still also be found in use for Modern Greek . Although it is not a diacritic , the comma has a similar function as a silent letter in a handful of Greek words , principally distinguishing ό , τι ( ó , ti , `` whatever '' ) from ότι ( óti , `` that '' ) . Romanization Main article : Romanization of Greek There are many different methods of rendering Greek text or Greek names in the Latin script . The form in which classical Greek names are conventionally rendered in English goes back to the way Greek loanwords were incorporated into Latin in antiquity . In this system , ⟨ κ ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ c ⟩ , the diphthongs ⟨ αι ⟩ and ⟨ οι ⟩ are rendered as ⟨ ae ⟩ and ⟨ oe ⟩ ( or ⟨ æ , œ ⟩ ) respectively ; and ⟨ ει ⟩ and ⟨ ου ⟩ are simplified to ⟨ i ⟩ and ⟨ u ⟩ respectively . In modern scholarly transliteration of Ancient Greek , ⟨ κ ⟩ will usually be rendered as ⟨ k ⟩ , and the vowel combinations ⟨ αι , οι , ει , ου ⟩ as ⟨ ai , oi , ei , ou ⟩ respectively . The letters ⟨ θ ⟩ and ⟨ φ ⟩ are generally rendered as ⟨ th ⟩ and ⟨ ph ⟩ ; ⟨ χ ⟩ as either ⟨ ch ⟩ or ⟨ kh ⟩ ; and word - initial ⟨ ρ ⟩ as ⟨ rh ⟩ . For Modern Greek , there are multiple different transcription conventions . They differ widely , depending on their purpose , on how close they stay to the conventional letter correspondences of Ancient Greek - based transcription systems , and to what degree they attempt either an exact letter - by - letter transliteration or rather a phonetically based transcription . Standardized formal transcription systems have been defined by the International Organization for Standardization ( as ISO 843 ) , by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names , by the Library of Congress , and others . History Main article : History of the Greek alphabet Origins Dipylon inscription , one of the oldest known samples of the use of the Greek alphabet , c. 740 BC During the Mycenaean period , from around the 16th century to the 12th century BC , Linear B was used to write the earliest attested form of the Greek language , known as Mycenaean Greek . This writing system , unrelated to the Greek alphabet , last appeared in the 13th century BC . In the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC , the Greek alphabet emerged . The period between the use of the two writing systems , during which no Greek texts are attested , is known as the Greek Dark Ages . The Greeks adopted the alphabet from the earlier Phoenician alphabet , one of the closely related scripts used for the West Semitic languages . However , the Phoenician alphabet is limited to consonants . When it was adopted for writing Greek , certain consonants were adapted to express vowels . The use of both vowels and consonants makes Greek the first alphabet in the narrow sense , as distinguished from the abjads used in Semitic languages , which have letters only for consonants . Greek initially took over all of the 22 letters of Phoenician . Five were reassigned to denote vowel sounds : the glide consonants / j / ( yodh ) and / w / ( waw ) were used for ( i ) ( Ι , iota ) and ( u ) ( Υ , upsilon ) respectively ; the glottal stop consonant / ʔ / ( aleph ) was used for ( a ) ( Α , alpha ) ; the pharyngeal / ʕ / ( ʿayin ) was turned into ( o ) ( Ο , omicron ) ; and the letter for / h / ( he ) was turned into ( e ) ( Ε , epsilon ) . A doublet of waw was also borrowed as a consonant for ( w ) ( Ϝ , digamma ) . In addition , the Phoenician letter for the emphatic glottal / ħ / ( heth ) was borrowed in two different functions by different dialects of Greek : as a letter for / h / ( Η , heta ) by those dialects that had such a sound , and as an additional vowel letter for the long / ɛː / ( Η , eta ) by those dialects that lacked the consonant . Eventually , a seventh vowel letter for the long / ɔː / ( Ω , omega ) was introduced . Greek also introduced three new consonant letters for its aspirated plosive sounds and consonant clusters : Φ ( phi ) for / ph / , Χ ( chi ) for / kh / and Ψ ( psi ) for / ps / . In western Greek variants , Χ was instead used for / ks / and Ψ for / kh / . The origin of these letters is a matter of some debate . Phoenician Greek aleph / ʔ / Α alpha / a / , / aː / beth / b / Β beta / b / gimel / ɡ / Γ gamma / ɡ / daleth / d / Δ delta / d / he / h / Ε epsilon / e / , / eː / waw / w / Ϝ ( digamma ) / w / zayin / z / Ζ zeta ( zd ) ( ? ) heth / ħ / Η eta / h / , / ɛː / teth / tʕ / Θ theta / th / yodh / j / Ι iota / i / , / iː / kaph / k / Κ kappa / k / lamedh / l / Λ lambda / l / mem / m / Μ mu / m / nun / n / Ν nu / n / Phoenician Greek samekh / s / Ξ xi / ks / ʿayin / ʕ / Ο omicron / o / , / oː / pe / p / Π pi / p / ṣade / sʕ / Ϻ ( san ) / s / qoph / q / Ϙ ( koppa ) / k / reš / r / Ρ rho / r / šin / ʃ / Σ sigma / s / taw / t / Τ tau / t / ( waw ) / w / Υ upsilon / u / , / uː / -- Φ phi / ph / -- Χ chi / kh / -- Ψ psi / ps / -- Ω omega / ɔː / Early Greek alphabet on pottery in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens Three of the original Phoenician letters dropped out of use before the alphabet took its classical shape : the letter Ϻ ( san ) , which had been in competition with Σ ( sigma ) denoting the same phoneme / s / ; the letter Ϙ ( qoppa ) , which was redundant with Κ ( kappa ) for / k / , and Ϝ ( digamma ) , whose sound value / w / dropped out of the spoken language before or during the classical period . Greek was originally written predominantly from right to left , just like Phoenician , but scribes could freely alternate between directions . For a time , a writing style with alternating right - to - left and left - to - right lines ( called boustrophedon , literally `` ox - turning '' , after the manner of an ox ploughing a field ) was common , until in the classical period the left - to - right writing direction became the norm . Individual letter shapes were mirrored depending on the writing direction of the current line . Archaic variants Main article : Archaic Greek alphabets There were initially numerous local variants of the Greek alphabet , which differed in the use and non-use of the additional vowel and consonant symbols and several other features . A form of western Greek native to Euboea , which among other things had Χ for / ks / , was transplanted to Italy by early Greek colonists , and became the ancestor of the Old Italic alphabets and ultimately , through Etruscan , of the Latin alphabet . Athens used a local form of the alphabet until the 5th century BC ; it lacked the letters Ξ and Ψ as well as the vowel symbols Η and Ω . The classical 24 - letter alphabet that became the norm later was originally the local alphabet of Ionia ; this was adopted by Athens in 403 BC under archon Eucleides and in most other parts of the Greek - speaking world during the 4th century BC . Letter names When the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet , they took over not only the letter shapes and sound values , but also the names by which the sequence of the alphabet could be recited and memorized . In Phoenician , each letter name was a word that began with the sound represented by that letter ; thus ʾaleph , the word for `` ox '' , was used as the name for the glottal stop / ʔ / , bet , or `` house '' , for the / b / sound , and so on . When the letters were adopted by the Greeks , most of the Phoenician names were maintained or modified slightly to fit Greek phonology ; thus , ʾaleph , bet , gimel became alpha , beta , gamma . The Greek names of the following letters are more or less straightforward continuations of their Phoenician antecedents . Between Ancient and Modern Greek they have remained largely unchanged , except that their pronunciation has followed regular sound changes along with other words ( for instance , in the name of beta , ancient / b / regularly changed to modern / v / , and ancient / ɛː / to modern / i / , resulting in the modern pronunciation vita ) . The name of lambda is attested in early sources as λάβδα besides λάμβδα ; in Modern Greek the spelling is often λάμδα , reflecting pronunciation . Similarly , iota is sometimes spelled γιώτα in Modern Greek ( ( ʝ ) is conventionally transcribed ⟨ γ ( ι , η , υ , ει , οι ) ⟩ word - initially and intervocalically before back vowels and / a / ) . In the tables below , the Greek names of all letters are given in their traditional polytonic spelling ; in modern practice , like with all other words , they are usually spelled in the simplified monotonic system . Greek alphabet The names of the letters in spoken Standard Modern Greek Problems playing this file ? See media help . Letter Name Pronunciation Greek Phoenician original English Greek ( Ancient ) Greek ( Modern ) English Α ἄλφα aleph alpha ( alpha ) ( ˈalfa ) / ˈælfə / ( listen ) Β βῆτα beth beta ( bɛːta ) ( ˈvita ) / ˈbiːtə / , US : / ˈbeɪtə / Γ γάμμα gimel gamma ( ɡamma ) ( ˈɣama ) / ˈɡæmə / Δ δέλτα daleth delta ( delta ) ( ˈðelta ) / ˈdɛltə / Η ἦτα heth eta ( hɛːta ) , ( ɛːta ) ( ˈita ) / ˈiːtə / , US : / ˈeɪtə / Θ θῆτα teth theta ( thɛːta ) ( ˈθita ) / ˈθiːtə / , US : / ˈθeɪtə / ( listen ) Ι ἰῶτα yodh iota ( iɔːta ) ( ˈʝota ) / aɪ ˈoʊtə / ( listen ) Κ κάππα kaph kappa ( kappa ) ( ˈkapa ) / ˈkæpə / ( listen ) Λ λάμβδα lamedh lambda ( lambda ) ( ˈlamða ) / ˈlæmdə / ( listen ) Μ μῦ mem mu ( myː ) ( mi ) / mjuː / ( listen ) ; occasionally US : / muː / Ν νῦ nun nu ( nyː ) ( ni ) / nj uː / Ρ ῥῶ reš rho ( rɔː ) ( ro ) / roʊ / ( listen ) Τ ταῦ taw tau ( tau ) ( taf ) / taʊ , tɔː / In the cases of the three historical sibilant letters below , the correspondence between Phoenician and Ancient Greek is less clear , with apparent mismatches both in letter names and sound values . The early history of these letters ( and the fourth sibilant letter , obsolete san ) has been a matter of some debate . Here too , the changes in the pronunciation of the letter names between Ancient and Modern Greek are regular . Letter Name Pronunciation Greek Phoenician original English Greek ( Ancient ) Greek ( Modern ) English Ζ ζῆτα zayin zeta ( zdɛːta ) ( ˈzita ) / ˈziːtə / , US : / ˈzeɪtə / Ξ ξεῖ , ξῖ samekh xi ( kseː ) ( ksi ) / zaɪ , ksaɪ / Σ σίγμα šin siɡma ( siɡma ) ( ˈsiɣma ) / ˈsɪɡmə / In the following group of consonant letters , the older forms of the names in Ancient Greek were spelled with - εῖ , indicating an original pronunciation with - ē . In Modern Greek these names are spelled with - ι . Letter Name Pronunciation Greek English Greek ( Ancient ) Greek ( Modern ) English Ξ ξεῖ , ξῖ xi ( kseː ) ( ksi ) / zaɪ , ksaɪ / Π πεῖ , πῖ pi ( peː ) ( pi ) / paɪ / Φ φεῖ , φῖ phi ( pheː ) ( fi ) / faɪ / Χ χεῖ , χῖ chi ( kheː ) ( çi ) / kaɪ / ( listen ) Ψ ψεῖ , ψῖ psi ( pseː ) ( psi ) / saɪ / , / psaɪ / ( listen ) The following group of vowel letters were originally called simply by their sound values as long vowels : ē , ō , ū , and ɔ . Their modern names contain adjectival qualifiers that were added during the Byzantine period , to distinguish between letters that had become confusable . Thus , the letters ⟨ ο ⟩ and ⟨ ω ⟩ , pronounced identically by this time , were called o mikron ( `` small o '' ) and o mega ( `` big o '' ) respectively . The letter ⟨ ε ⟩ was called e psilon ( `` plain e '' ) to distinguish it from the identically pronounced digraph ⟨ αι ⟩ , while , similarly , ⟨ υ ⟩ , which at this time was pronounced ( y ) , was called y psilon ( `` plain y '' ) to distinguish it from the identically pronounced digraph ⟨ οι ⟩ . Letter Name Pronunciation Greek ( Ancient ) Greek ( Medieval ) Greek ( Modern ) English Greek ( Ancient ) Greek ( Modern ) English Ε εἶ ἐ ψιλόν ἔψιλον epsilon ( eː ) ( ˈepsilon ) / ˈɛpsɪlɒn / , some UK : / ɛpˈsaɪlən / Ο οὖ ὀ μικρόν ὄμικρον omicron ( oː ) ( ˈomikron ) / ˈɒmɪkrɒn / ( listen ) , traditional UK : / oʊ ˈmaɪkrɒn / Υ ὖ ὐ ψιλόν ὔψιλον upsilon ( uː ) , ( yː ) ( ˈipsilon ) / juː pˈsaɪlən , ˈʊpsɪlɒn / , also UK : / ʌpˈsaɪlən / , US : / ˈʌpsɪlɒn / Ω ὦ ὠ μέγα ὠμέγα omega ( ɔː ) ( oˈmeɣa ) US : / oʊ ˈmeɪɡə / , traditional UK : / ˈoʊmɪɡə / Some dialects of the Aegean and Cypriot have retained long consonants and pronounce ( ˈɣamːa ) and ( ˈkapha ) ; also , ήτα has come to be pronounced ( ˈitha ) in Cypriot . Letter shapes A 16th - century edition of the New Testament ( Gospel of John ) , printed in a renaissance typeface by Claude Garamond Theocritus Idyll 1 , lines 12 - 14 , in script with abbreviations and ligatures from a caption in an illustrated edition of Theocritus . Lodewijk Caspar Valckenaer : Carmina bucolica , Leiden 1779 . Like Latin and other alphabetic scripts , Greek originally had only a single form of each letter , without a distinction between uppercase and lowercase . This distinction is an innovation of the modern era , drawing on different lines of development of the letter shapes in earlier handwriting . The oldest forms of the letters in antiquity are majuscule forms . Besides the upright , straight inscriptional forms ( capitals ) found in stone carvings or incised pottery , more fluent writing styles adapted for handwriting on soft materials were also developed during antiquity . Such handwriting has been preserved especially from papyrus manuscripts in Egypt since the Hellenistic period . Ancient handwriting developed two distinct styles : uncial writing , with carefully drawn , rounded block letters of about equal size , used as a book hand for carefully produced literary and religious manuscripts , and cursive writing , used for everyday purposes . The cursive forms approached the style of lowercase letter forms , with ascenders and descenders , as well as many connecting lines and ligatures between letters . In the 9th and 10th century , uncial book hands were replaced with a new , more compact writing style , with letter forms partly adapted from the earlier cursive . This minuscule style remained the dominant form of handwritten Greek into the modern era . During the Renaissance , western printers adopted the minuscule letter forms as lowercase printed typefaces , while modelling uppercase letters on the ancient inscriptional forms . The orthographic practice of using the letter case distinction for marking proper names , titles etc. developed in parallel to the practice in Latin and other western languages . Inscription Manuscript Modern print Archaic Classical Uncial Minuscule Lowercase Uppercase α Α β Β γ Γ δ Δ ε Ε ζ Ζ η Η θ Θ ι Ι κ Κ λ Λ μ Μ ν Ν ξ Ξ ο Ο π Π ρ Ρ σς Σ τ Τ υ Υ φ Φ χ Χ ψ Ψ ω Ω Derived alphabets The earliest Etruscan abecedarium , from Marsiliana d'Albegna , still almost identical with contemporaneous archaic Greek alphabets A page from the Codex Argenteus , a 6th - century Bible manuscript in Gothic The Greek alphabet was the model for various others : The Latin alphabet , together with various other ancient scripts in Italy , adopted from an archaic form of the Greek alphabet brought to Italy by Greek colonists in the late 8th century BC , via Etruscan The Gothic alphabet , devised in the 4th century AD to write the Gothic language , based on a combination of Greek and Latin uncial models The Glagolitic alphabet , devised in the 9th century AD for writing Old Church Slavonic The Cyrillic script , which replaced the Glagolitic alphabet shortly afterwards It is also considered a possible ancestor of the Armenian alphabet , which in turn influenced the development of the Georgian alphabet . Other uses Use for other languages Apart from the daughter alphabets listed above , which were adapted from Greek but developed into separate writing systems , the Greek alphabet has also been adopted at various times and in various places to write other languages . For some of them , additional letters were introduced . Antiquity Most of the alphabets of Asia Minor , in use c. 800 -- 300 BC to write languages like Lydian and Phrygian , were the early Greek alphabet with only slight modifications -- as were the original Old Italic alphabets . Some Paleo - Balkan languages , including Thracian . For other neighboring languages or dialects , such as Ancient Macedonian , isolated words are preserved in Greek texts , but no continuous texts are preserved . The Greco - Iberian alphabet was used for writing the ancient Iberian language in parts of modern Spain . Gaulish inscriptions ( in modern France ) used the Greek alphabet until the Roman conquest The Hebrew and Aramaic text of the Bible was written in Greek letters in Origen 's Hexapla . The Bactrian language , an Iranian language spoken in what is now Afghanistan , was written in the Greek alphabet during the Kushan Empire ( 65 -- 250 AD ) . It adds an extra letter ⟨ þ ⟩ for the sh sound ( ʃ ) . The Coptic alphabet adds eight letters derived from Demotic . It is still used today , mostly in Egypt , to write Coptic , the liturgical language of Egyptian Christians . Letters usually retain an uncial form different from the forms used for Greek today . Middle Ages An 8th - century Arabic fragment preserves a text in the Greek alphabet . An Old Ossetic inscription of the 10th -- 12th centuries found in Arxyz , the oldest known attestation of an Ossetic language . The Old Nubian language of Makuria ( modern Sudan ) adds three Coptic letters , two letters derived from Meroitic script , and a digraph of two Greek gammas used for the velar nasal sound . Various South Slavic dialects , similar to the modern Bulgarian and Macedonian languages , have been written in Greek script . The modern South Slavic languages now use modified Cyrillic alphabets . Early modern 18th century title page of a book printed in Karamanli Turkish Turkish spoken by Orthodox Christians ( Karamanlides ) was often written in Greek script , and called Karamanlidika . Tosk Albanian was often written using the Greek alphabet , starting in about 1500 . The printing press at Moschopolis published several Albanian texts in Greek script during the 18th century . It was only in 1908 that the Monastir conference standardized a Latin orthography for both Tosk and Gheg . Greek spelling is still occasionally used for the local Albanian dialects ( Arvanitika ) in Greece . Aromanian ( Vlach ) has been written in Greek characters . There is not yet a standardized orthography for Aromanian , but it appears that one based on the Romanian orthography will be adopted . Gagauz , a Turkic language of the northeast Balkans . Surguch , a Turkic language spoken by a small group of Orthodox Christians in northern Greece . Urum or Greek Tatar . Pomak language in Western Thrace . Judaeo - Spanish language , a Jewish dialect of Spanish , has occasionally been published in Greek characters in Greece . In mathematics and science Main article : Greek letters used in mathematics , science , and engineering Greek symbols are used as symbols in mathematics , physics and other sciences . Many symbols have traditional uses , such as lower case epsilon ( ε ) for an arbitrarily small positive number , lower case pi ( π ) for the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter , capital sigma ( Σ ) for summation , and lower case sigma ( σ ) for standard deviation . Astronomy Main article : Bayer designation Greek letters are used to denote the brighter stars within each of the eighty - eight constellations . In most constellations the brightest star is designated Alpha and the next brightest Beta etc . For example , the brightest star in the constellation of Centaurus is known as Alpha Centauri . For historical reasons , the Greek designations of some constellations begin with a lower ranked letter . International phonetic alphabet Several Greek letters are used as phonetic symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) . Several of them denote fricative consonants ; the rest stand for variants of vowel sounds . The glyph shapes used for these letters in specialized phonetic fonts is sometimes slightly different from the conventional shapes in Greek typography proper , with glyphs typically being more upright and using serifs , to make them conform more with the typographical character of other , Latin - based letters in the phonetic alphabet . Nevertheless , in the Unicode encoding standard , the following three phonetic symbols are considered the same characters as the corresponding Greek letters proper : β beta U + 03B2 voiced bilabial fricative θ theta U + 03B8 voiceless dental fricative χ chi U + 03C7 voiceless uvular fricative On the other hand , the following phonetic letters have Unicode representations separate from their Greek alphabetic use , either because their conventional typographic shape is too different from the original , or because they also have secondary uses as regular alphabetic characters in some Latin - based alphabets , including separate Latin uppercase letters distinct from the Greek ones . Greek letter Phonetic letter Uppercase φ phi ɸ U + 0278 Latin small letter phi Voiceless bilabial fricative -- γ gamma ɣ U + 0263 Latin small letter gamma Voiced velar fricative Ɣ U + 0194 ε epsilon ɛ U + 025B Latin small letter open e ( alias : epsilon ) Open - mid front unrounded vowel Ɛ U + 0190 α alpha ɑ U + 0251 Latin small letter alpha Open back unrounded vowel Ɑ U + 2C6D υ upsilon ʊ U + 028A Latin small letter upsilon near - close near - back rounded vowel Ʊ U + 01B1 ι iota ɩ U + 0269 Latin small letter iota Obsolete for near - close near - front unrounded vowel now ɪ Ɩ U + 0196 The symbol in Americanist phonetic notation for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is the Greek letter lambda ⟨ λ ⟩ , but ⟨ ɬ ⟩ in the IPA . The IPA symbol for the palatal lateral approximant is ⟨ ʎ ⟩ , which looks similar to lambda , but is actually an inverted lowercase y . Use as numerals Main article : Greek numerals Greek letters were also used to write numbers . In the classical Ionian system , the first nine letters of the alphabet stood for the numbers from 1 to 9 , the next nine letters stood for the multiples of 10 , from 10 to 90 , and the next nine letters stood for the multiples of 100 , from 100 to 900 . For this purpose , in addition to the 24 letters which by that time made up the standard alphabet , three otherwise obsolete letters were retained or revived : digamma ⟨ Ϝ ⟩ for 6 , koppa ⟨ Ϙ ⟩ for 90 , and a rare Ionian letter for ( ss ) , today called sampi ⟨ Ͳ ⟩ , for 900 . This system has remained in use in Greek up to the present day , although today it is only employed for limited purposes such as enumerating chapters in a book , similar to the way Roman numerals are used in English . The three extra symbols are today written as ⟨ ϛ ⟩ , ⟨ ϟ ⟩ and ⟨ ϡ ⟩ respectively . To mark a letter as a numeral sign , a small stroke called keraia is added to the right of it . Αʹ αʹ alpha Βʹ βʹ beta Γʹ γʹ gamma Δʹ δʹ delta Εʹ εʹ epsilon 5 ϛʹ digamma ( stigma ) 6 Ζʹ ζʹ zeta 7 Ηʹ ηʹ eta 8 Θʹ θʹ theta 9 Ιʹ ιʹ iota 10 Κʹ κʹ kappa 20 Λʹ λʹ lambda 30 Μʹ μʹ mu 40 Νʹ νʹ nu 50 Ξʹ ξʹ xi 60 Οʹ οʹ omicron 70 Πʹ πʹ pi 80 ϟʹ koppa 90 Ρʹ ρʹ rho 100 Σʹ σʹ sigma 200 Τʹ τʹ tau 300 Υʹ υʹ upsilon 400 Φʹ φʹ phi 500 Χʹ χʹ chi 600 Ψʹ ψʹ psi 700 Ωʹ ωʹ omega 800 ϡʹ sampi 900 Use in naming student fraternities and sororities In North America , many college fraternities and sororities are named with combinations of Greek letters , and are hence also known as `` Greek letter organizations '' . This naming tradition was initiated by the foundation of the Phi Beta Kappa Society , in 1776 . Glyph variants Some letters can occur in variant shapes , mostly inherited from medieval minuscule handwriting . While their use in normal typography of Greek is purely a matter of font styles , some such variants have been given separate encodings in Unicode . The symbol β ( `` curled beta '' ) is a cursive variant form of beta ( β ) . In the French tradition of Ancient Greek typography , β is used word - initially , and β is used word - internally . The letter delta has a form resembling a cursive capital letter D ; while not encoded as its own form , this form is included as part of the symbol for the drachma ( a Δρ digraph ) in the Currency Symbols block , at U + 20AF ( ₯ ) . The letter epsilon can occur in two equally frequent stylistic variants , either shaped ε ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon \ , \ ! ) ( ' lunate epsilon ' , like a semicircle with a stroke ) or ε ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon \ , \ ! ) ( similar to a reversed number 3 ) . The symbol ε ( U + 03F5 ) is designated specifically for the lunate form , used as a technical symbol . The symbol θ ( `` script theta '' ) is a cursive form of theta ( θ ) , frequent in handwriting , and used with a specialized meaning as a technical symbol . The symbol κ ( `` kappa symbol '' ) is a cursive form of kappa ( κ ) , used as a technical symbol . The symbol π ( `` variant pi '' ) is an archaic script form of pi ( π ) , also used as a technical symbol . The letter rho ( ρ ) can occur in different stylistic variants , with the descending tail either going straight down or curled to the right . The symbol ρ ( U + 03F1 ) is designated specifically for the curled form , used as a technical symbol . The letter sigma , in standard orthography , has two variants : ς , used only at the ends of words , and σ , used elsewhere . The form ς ( `` lunate sigma '' , resembling a Latin c ) is a medieval stylistic variant that can be used in both environments without the final / non-final distinction . The capital letter upsilon ( Υ ) can occur in different stylistic variants , with the upper strokes either straight like a Latin Y , or slightly curled . The symbol Υ ( U + 03D2 ) is designated specifically for the curled form , ( Υ ( \ displaystyle \ , \ Upsilon ) ) used as a technical symbol , e.g. in physics . The letter phi can occur in two equally frequent stylistic variants , either shaped as φ ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle \ phi \ , \ ! ) ( a circle with a vertical stroke through it ) or as φ ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle \ varphi \ , \ ! ) ( a curled shape open at the top ) . The symbol φ ( U + 03D5 ) is designated specifically for the closed form , used as a technical symbol . The letter omega ( Ω ) has at least three stylistic variants of its capital form . The `` open omega , '' resembling an open partial circle with the opening downward and the ends curled outward , is the standard . The two other stylistic variants , seen more often in modern typography , resemble an underscored full circle , where the underscore may or may not be touching the circle on a tangent ( in the former case it resembles a superscript omicron similar to that found in the numero sign or masculine ordinal indicator ; in the latter , it closely resembles some forms of the Latin letter Q ) . The open omega is always used in symbolic settings and is encoded in Letterlike Symbols ( U + 2126 ) as a separate code point for backward compatibility . Computer encodings For the usage in computers , a variety of encodings have been used for Greek online , many of them documented in RFC 1947 . The two principal ones still used today are ISO / IEC 8859 - 7 and Unicode . ISO 8859 - 7 supports only the monotonic orthography ; Unicode supports both the monotonic and polytonic orthographies . ISO / IEC 8859 - 7 For the range A0 -- FF ( hex ) it follows the Unicode range 370 -- 3CF ( see below ) except that some symbols , like © , 1⁄2 , § etc. are used where Unicode has unused locations . Like all ISO - 8859 encodings it is equal to ASCII for 00 -- 7F ( hex ) . Greek in Unicode Main articles : Greek and Coptic and Greek Extended Unicode supports polytonic orthography well enough for ordinary continuous text in modern and ancient Greek , and even many archaic forms for epigraphy . With the use of combining characters , Unicode also supports Greek philology and dialectology and various other specialized requirements . Most current text rendering engines do not render diacritics well , so , though alpha with macron and acute can be represented as U + 03B1 U + 0304 U + 0301 , this rarely renders well : ᾱ́ . There are two main blocks of Greek characters in Unicode . The first is `` Greek and Coptic '' ( U + 0370 to U + 03FF ) . This block is based on ISO 8859 - 7 and is sufficient to write Modern Greek . There are also some archaic letters and Greek - based technical symbols . This block also supports the Coptic alphabet . Formerly most Coptic letters shared codepoints with similar - looking Greek letters ; but in many scholarly works , both scripts occur , with quite different letter shapes , so as of Unicode 4.1 , Coptic and Greek were disunified . Those Coptic letters with no Greek equivalents still remain in this block ( U + 03E2 to U + 03EF ) . To write polytonic Greek , one may use combining diacritical marks or the precomposed characters in the `` Greek Extended '' block ( U + 1F00 to U + 1FFF ) . Greek and Coptic Official Unicode Consortium code chart ( PDF ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 U + 037x Ͱ ͱ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ _ͅ ͻ ͼ ͽ ; Ϳ U + 038x _́ _̈́ Ά Έ Ή Ί Ό Ύ Ώ U + 039x ΐ Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο U + 03Ax Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Ϊ Ϋ ά έ ή ί U + 03Bx ΰ α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο U + 03Cx π ρ ς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω ϊ ϋ ό ύ ώ Ϗ U + 03Dx β θ Υ Ύ Ϋ φ π ϗ Ϙ ϙ Ϛ ϛ Ϝ ϝ Ϟ ϟ U + 03Ex Ϡ ϡ Ϣ ϣ Ϥ ϥ Ϧ ϧ Ϩ ϩ Ϫ ϫ Ϭ ϭ Ϯ ϯ U + 03Fx κ ρ ς ϳ Θ ε ϶ Ϸ ϸ Σ Ϻ ϻ ϼ Ͻ Ͼ Ͽ Notes 1. ^ As of Unicode version 10.0 2. ^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points Greek Extended Official Unicode Consortium code chart ( PDF ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 U + 1F0x ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ U + 1F1x ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ U + 1F2x ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ U + 1F3x ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ U + 1F4x ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ U + 1F5x ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ Ὑ Ὓ Ὕ Ὗ U + 1F6x ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ U + 1F7x ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ U + 1F8x ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ U + 1F9x ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ U + 1FAx ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ U + 1FBx ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ _̓ ι _̓ U + 1FCx _͂ _̈͂ ῂ ῃ ῄ ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ _̓̀ _̓́ _̓͂ U + 1FDx ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί _̔̀ _̔́ _̔͂ U + 1FEx ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ _̈̀ _̈́ ` U + 1FFx ῲ ῳ ῴ ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ _́ _̔ Notes 1. ^ As of Unicode version 10.0 2. ^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points Combining and letter - free diacritics Combining and spacing ( letter - free ) diacritical marks pertaining to Greek language : Combining Spacing Sample Description U + 0300 U + 0060 ( ̀ ) `` varia / grave accent '' U + 0301 U + 00B4 , U + 0384 ( ́ ) `` oxia / tonos / acute accent '' U + 0304 U + 00AF ( ̄ ) `` macron '' U + 0306 U + 02D8 ( ̆ ) `` vrachy / breve '' U + 0308 U + 00A8 ( ̈ ) `` dialytika / diaeresis '' U + 0313 U + 02BC ( ̓ ) `` psili / comma above '' ( spiritus lenis ) U + 0314 U + 02BD ( ̔ ) `` dasia / reversed comma above '' ( spiritus asper ) U + 0342 ( ͂ ) `` perispomeni '' ( circumflex ) U + 0343 ( ̓ ) `` koronis '' ( = U + 0313 ) U + 0344 U + 0385 ( ̈́ ) `` dialytika tonos '' ( deprecated , = U + 0308 U + 0301 ) U + 0345 U + 037A ( ͅ ) `` ypogegrammeni / iota subscript '' . Encodings with a subset of the Greek alphabet IBM code pages 437 , 860 , 861 , 862 , 863 , and 865 contain the letters ΓΘΣΦΩαδεπστφ ( plus β as an alternate interpretation for ß ) . Chapter letters Not to be confused with the Greek - letter acronyms for the names of entire fraternities ( or sororities ) , different chapters within the same fraternity are almost always ( with a handful of exceptions ) named using Greek letters as serial numbers . The founding chapter of each respective organization is its A Chapter . As an organization expands , it establishes a B Chapter , a Γ Chapter , and so on and so forth . In an organization that expands to more than 24 chapters , the chapter after Ω Chapter is AA Chapter , followed by AB Chapter , etc . Each of these is still a `` Chapter Letter , '' albeit a double - digit letter just as 10 through 99 are double - digit numbers . The Roman alphabet has a similar extended form with such double - digit letters when necessary , but it is used for columns in a table or chart rather than chapters of an organization . See also Greek ligatures Palamedes Notes Jump up ^ The letter sigma ⟨ Σ ⟩ has two different lowercase forms , ⟨ σ ⟩ and ⟨ ς ⟩ , with ⟨ ς ⟩ being used in word - final position and ⟨ σ ⟩ elsewhere . ( In some 19th - century typesetting , ⟨ ς ⟩ was also used word - medially at the end of a compound morpheme , e.g. `` δυςκατανοήτων '' , marking the morpheme boundary between `` δυς - κατανοήτων '' ( `` difficult to understand '' ) ; modern standard practice is to spell `` δυσκατανοήτων '' with a non-final sigma . ) ^ Jump up to : Epsilon ⟨ ε ⟩ and omicron ⟨ ο ⟩ originally could denote both short and long vowels in pre-classical archaic Greek spelling , just like other vowel letters . They were restricted to the function of short vowel signs in classical Greek , as the long vowels / eː / and / oː / came to be spelled instead with the digraphs ⟨ ει ⟩ and ⟨ ου ⟩ , having phonologically merged with a corresponding pair of former diphthongs / ei / and / ou / respectively . References Jump up ^ Swiggers 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston 2003 . Jump up ^ The date of the earliest inscribed objects ; A.W. Johnston , `` The alphabet '' , in N. Stampolidis and V. Karageorghis , eds , Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva : Interconnections in the Mediterranean 2003 : 263 - 76 , summarizes the present scholarship on the dating . Jump up ^ Cook 1987 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ The Development of the Greek Alphabet within the Chronology of the ANE ( 2009 ) , Quote : `` Naveh gives four major reasons why it is universally agreed that the Greek alphabet was developed from an early Phoenician alphabet . 1 According to Herodutous `` the Phoenicians who came with Cadmus ... brought into Hellas the alphabet , which had hitherto been unknown , as I think , to the Greeks . '' 2 The Greek Letters , alpha , beta , gimmel have no meaning in Greek but the meaning of most of their Semitic equivalents is known . For example , ' aleph ' means ' ox ' , ' bet ' means ' house ' and ' gimmel ' means ' throw stick ' . 3 Early Greek letters are very similar and sometimes identical to the West Semitic letters . 4 The letter sequence between the Semitic and Greek alphabets is identical . ( Naveh 1982 ) '' ^ Jump up to : Coulmas 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Woodard 2008 , pp. 15 -- 17 ^ Jump up to : Holton , Mackridge & Philippaki - Warburton 1998 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Hinge 2001 , pp. 212 -- 234 Jump up ^ Nicholas , Nick ( 2004 ) . `` Sigma : final versus non-final '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Horrocks 2006 , pp. 231 -- 250 Jump up ^ Additionally , the more ancient combination ⟨ ωυ ⟩ or ⟨ ωϋ ⟩ can occur in ancient especially in Ionic texts or in personal names . Jump up ^ Nicolas , Nick . `` Greek Unicode Issues : Punctuation Archived 2012 - 08 - 06 at Archive.is '' . 2005 . Accessed 7 Oct 2014 . Jump up ^ ISO ( 2010 ) . `` ISO 843 : 1997 ( Conversion of Greek characters into Latin characters ) '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems ( 2003 ) . `` Greek '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Greek ( ALA - LC Romanization Tables ) '' . 2010 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Daniels & Bright 1996 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Liddell & Scott 1940 , s.v. `` λάβδα '' Jump up ^ Newton , B.E. ( 1968 ) . `` Spontaneous gemination in Cypriot Greek '' . Lingua. 20 : 15 -- 57 . doi : 10.1016 / 0024 - 3841 ( 68 ) 90130 - 7 . ISSN 0024 - 3841 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1912 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Murdoch 2004 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Stevenson 2007 , p. 1158 Jump up ^ Macrakis 1996 . Jump up ^ Sims - Williams 1997 . Jump up ^ Miletich 1920 . Jump up ^ Mazon & Vaillant 1938 . Jump up ^ Kristophson 1974 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Peyfuss 1989 . Jump up ^ Elsie 1991 . Jump up ^ Verba Hispanica X : Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí Archived 2008 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Katja Šmid , Ljubljana , pages 113 -- 124 : Es interesante el hecho que en Bulgaria se imprimieron unas pocas publicaciones en alfabeto cirílico búlgaro y en Grecia en alfabeto griego ... Jump up ^ Handbook of the International Phonetic Association . Cambridge : University Press . 1999 . pp. 176 -- 181 . Jump up ^ For chi and beta , separate codepoints for use in a Latin - script environment were added in Unicode versions 7.0 ( 2014 ) and 8.0 ( 2015 ) respectively : U + AB53 `` Latin small letter chi '' ( ꭓ ) and U + A7B5 `` Latin small letter beta '' ( ꞵ ) . As of 2017 , the International Phonetic Association still lists the original Greek codepoints as the standard representations of the IPA symbols in question ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Vincent , Fran. The history of college fraternities.Greeklife.com , 1996 , p. 1 . Bibliography Cook , B.F. ( 1987 ) . Greek inscriptions . University of California Press / British Museum . Coulmas , Florian ( 1996 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers Ltd . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21481 - X . Daniels , Peter T ; Bright , William ( 1996 ) . The World 's Writing Systems . Oxford University Press . Elsie , Robert ( 1991 ) . `` Albanian Literature in Greek Script : the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth - Century Orthodox Tradition in Albanian Writing '' ( PDF ) . Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies . 15 ( 20 ) . Hinge , George ( 2001 ) . Die Sprache Alkmans : Textgeschichte und Sprachgeschichte ( Ph. D . ) . University of Aarhus . Holton , David ; Mackridge , Peter ; Philippaki - Warburton , Irini ( 1998 ) . Grammatiki tis ellinikis glossas . Athens : Pataki . Horrocks , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Ellinika : istoria tis glossas kai ton omiliton tis . Athens : Estia . ( Greek translation of Greek : a history of the language and its speakers , London 1997 ) Johnston , A.W. ( 2003 ) . `` The alphabet '' . In Stampolidis , N. ; Karageorghis , V. Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva : Interconnections in the Mediterranean 16th -- 6th c . B.C . Athens : Museum of Cycladic Art . pp. 263 -- 276 . Kristophson , Jürgen ( 1974 ) . `` Das Lexicon Tetraglosson des Daniil Moschopolitis '' . Zeitschrift für Balkanologie. 10 : 4 -- 128 . Liddell , Henry G ; Scott , Robert ( 1940 ) . A Greek - English Lexicon . Oxford : Clarendon . Macrakis , Stavros M ( 1996 ) . `` Character codes for Greek : Problems and modern solutions '' . In Macrakis , Michael . Greek letters : from tablets to pixels . Newcastle : Oak Knoll Press . p. 265 . Mazon , André ; Vaillant , André ( 1938 ) . L'Evangéliaire de Kulakia , un parler slave de Bas - Vardar . Bibliothèque d'études balkaniques. 6 . Paris : Librairie Droz . -- selections from the Gospels in Macedonian . Miletich , L. ( 1920 ) . `` Dva bŭlgarski ru̐kopisa s grŭtsko pismo '' . Bŭlgarski starini. 6 . Murdoch , Brian ( 2004 ) . `` Gothic '' . In Murdoch , Brian ; Read , Malcolm . Early Germanic literature and culture . Woodbridge : Camden House . pp. 149 -- 170 . Peyfuss , Max Demeter ( 1989 ) . Die Druckerei von Moschopolis , 1731 -- 1769 : Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung in Erzbistum Achrida . Wiener Archiv für Geschichte des Slawentums und Osteuropas. 13 . Böhlau Verlag . Sims - Williams , Nicholas ( 1997 ) . `` New Findings in Ancient Afghanistan -- the Bactrian documents discovered from the Northern Hindu - Kush '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Swiggers , Pierre ( 1996 ) . `` Transmission of the Phoenician Script to the West '' . In Daniels ; Bright . The World 's Writing Systems . Oxford : University Press . pp. 261 -- 270 . Stevenson , Jane ( 2007 ) . `` Translation and the spread of the Greek and Latin alphabets in Late Antiquity '' . In Harald Kittel ; et al. Translation : an international encyclopedia of translation studies . 2 . Berlin : de Gruyter . pp. 1157 -- 1159 . Thompson , Edward M ( 1912 ) . An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography . Oxford : Clarendon . Woodard , Roger D. ( 2008 ) . `` Attic Greek '' . In Woodard , Roger D . The ancient languages of Europe . Cambridge : University Press . pp. 14 -- 49 . External links Look up Appendix : Greek script in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greek alphabet . Greek and Coptic character list in Unicode Examples of Greek handwriting Greek Unicode Issues ( Nick Nicholas ) at Archive.is ( archived 2012 - 08 - 05 ) Unicode FAQ -- Greek Language and Script alphabetic test for Greek Unicode range ( Alan Wood ) numeric test for Greek Unicode range Classical Greek keyboard , a browser - based tool Collection of free fonts : greekfontsociety.gr Greek language Origin and genealogy Proto - Greek Pre-Greek substrate Graeco - Armenian Graeco - Aryan Graeco - Phrygian Hellenic languages Periods Mycenaean Greek ( c. 1600 -- 1100 BC ) Ancient Greek ( c. 800 -- 300 BC ) Koine Greek ( c. 300 BC -- AD 330 ) Medieval Greek ( c. 330 -- 1453 ) Modern Greek ( since 1453 ) Varieties Ancient Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic and Ionic Doric Homeric Locrian Pamphylian Macedonian Koine Jewish Koine Greek Modern Cappadocian Misthiotika Cretan Cypriot Demotic Himariote Italiot Greco / Calabrian Griko / Apulian Katharevousa Maniot Mariupolitan Pontic Tsakonian Yevanic Phonology Ancient ( accent / teaching ) Koine Standard Modern Grammar Ancient ( tables ) Koine Greek grammar Standard Modern Writing systems Cypriot syllabary Linear B Greek alphabet History Archaic forms Attic numerals Greek numerals Orthography Diacritics Braille Cyrillization and Romanization Greeklish Literature Ancient Byzantine Modern Promotion and study Hellenic Foundation for Culture Center for the Greek Language Other Exonyms Morphemes in English Terms of endearment Place names Proverbs Greek language question Types of writing systems Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts ( hide ) Types Abjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Pitman shorthand Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Manichaean Nabataean Old North Arabian Pahlavi Pegon Phoenician Paleo - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the fifth letter of the greek alphabet | [
"\n\nLetter\nName\nSound\n\n\nAncient[7]\nModern[8]\n\n\nΑ α\nalpha, άλφα\n[a] [aː]\n[a]\n\n\nΒ β\nbeta, βήτα\n[b]\n[v]\n\n\nΓ γ\ngamma, γάμμα\n[ɡ], [ŋ][ex 1]\n[ɣ] ~ [ʝ],\n[ŋ][ex 2] ~ [ɲ][ex 3]\n\n\nΔ δ\ndelta, δέλτα\n[d]\n[ð]\n\n\nΕ ε\nepsilon, έψιλον\n[e]\n\n\nΖ ζ\nzeta, ζήτα\n[zd]A\n[z]\n\n\nΗ η\neta, ήτα\n[ɛː]\n[i]\n\n\nΘ θ\ntheta, θήτα\n[tʰ]\n[θ]\n\n\nΙ ι\niota, ιώτα\n[i] [iː]\n[i], [ç],[ex 4] [ʝ],[ex 5] [ɲ][ex 6]\n\n\nΚ κ\nkappa, κάππα\n[k]\n[k] ~ [c]\n\n\nΛ λ\nlambda, λάμδα\n[l]\n\n\nΜ μ\nmu, μυ\n[m]\n\n"
] | [
"epsilon"
] |
-5633859700906526499 | UEFA Euro 2004 | UEFA Euro 2004 - wikipedia UEFA Euro 2004 This article is about the sporting event . For the video game based on this event , see UEFA Euro 2004 ( video game ) . UEFA Euro 2004 Campeonato da Europa de Futebol 2004 ( in Portuguese ) Official logo Tournament details Host country Portugal Dates 12 June -- 4 July Teams 16 Venue ( s ) 10 ( in 8 host cities ) Final positions Champions Greece ( 1st title ) Runners - up Portugal Tournament statistics Matches played 31 Goals scored 77 ( 2.48 per match ) Attendance 1,156,473 ( 37,306 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Milan Baroš ( 5 goals ) Best player Theodoros Zagorakis ← 2000 2008 → The 2004 UEFA European Championship , commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2004 or simply Euro 2004 , was the 12th edition of the UEFA European Championship , a quadrennial football competition contested by the men 's national teams of UEFA member associations . The final tournament was hosted for the first time in Portugal , from 12 June to 4 July 2004 , after their bid was selected on 12 October 1999 , over those of Spain and Austria / Hungary . A total of thirty - one matches were played in ten venues across eight cities -- Aveiro , Braga , Coimbra , Guimarães , Faro / Loulé , Leiria , Lisbon and Porto . As in the 1996 and 2000 editions , the final tournament was contested by 16 teams -- the hosts plus the 15 teams that successfully overcame the qualification round , which began in September 2002 . Latvia secured their first participation in a major tournament after overcoming Turkey in the play - offs , while Greece returned to the European Championship after 24 years . The tournament was rich in surprises and upsets : Germany , Spain and Italy were eliminated in the group stage , while France , the defending champions , were knocked out in the quarter - finals by Greece . The Portuguese team recovered from an opening defeat against Greece to reach the final , eliminating England and the Netherlands along the way . For the first time in a major football tournament , the last match featured the same teams as the opening match . Portugal was defeated by Greece with a goal from Angelos Charisteas . Greece 's triumph was unexpected , considering that they had only qualified for two other major tournaments , the UEFA Euro 1980 and the 1994 FIFA World Cup , where they failed to win a single match . As winners , Greece earned the right to represent Europe at the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup . During the opening ceremony , one of the tableaux depicted a ship -- symbolising the voyages of the Portuguese explorers -- sailing through a sea that transformed into the flags of all competing countries . In the closing ceremony , Portuguese - Canadian singer Nelly Furtado performed her single and official tournament theme song , `` Força '' . Contents 1 Bid process 2 Summary 3 Qualification 3.1 Qualified teams 3.2 Final draw 4 Venues 4.1 Ticketing 4.2 Team base camps 5 Squads 6 Match officials 7 Group stage 7.1 Tiebreakers 7.2 Group A 7.3 Group B 7.4 Group C 7.5 Group D 8 Knockout stage 8.1 Bracket 8.2 Quarter - finals 8.3 Semi-finals 8.4 Final 9 Statistics 9.1 Goalscorers 9.2 Awards 9.3 Prize money 9.4 Discipline 10 Marketing 10.1 Logo , mascot and official song 10.2 Match ball 10.3 Trophy tour 10.4 Merchandise and memorabilia 10.5 Sponsorship 11 Broadcasting 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Bid process ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 bids Portugal were announced as hosts for UEFA Euro 2004 on 12 October 1999 , in Aachen , Germany , beating Spain and the joint bid of Austria and Hungary . Summary ( edit ) Group A opened with a shock as Greece , ranked outsiders from start , defeated the hosts 2 -- 1 . Giorgos Karagounis put the Greeks ahead after only seven minutes , and Angelos Basinas made it 2 -- 0 from the penalty spot on 51 minutes . A stoppage time goal by Cristiano Ronaldo proved no more than a consolation . Greece then drew with Spain , before losing to Russia in their last group stage game . Portugal , meanwhile , recovered from their opening defeat by defeating Russia 2 -- 0 , who had their keeper Sergei Ovchinnikov sent off . Nuno Gomes scored the winning goal against Spain , which ensured Portugal finished first place in Group A. Greece advanced to the quarter - finals as runners - up , ahead of Spain on goals scored . France , the holders , and England ended their Group B encounter in furious fashion as the French scored twice in stoppage time to go from 1 -- 0 down to 2 -- 1 winners . Zinedine Zidane scored in the first minute of stoppage time and two minutes later , an error by the English defence gave a France penalty and Zidane fired in the winner . England 's other two games were memorable for the performances of their young star Wayne Rooney . Only 18 at the time , Rooney 's goal - scoring ability proved instrumental in victories over Switzerland ( 3 -- 0 ) and Croatia ( 4 -- 2 ) . France and England qualified from the group as winners and runners - up , respectively . Opening ceremony at the Estádio do Dragão in Porto Group C featured a three - way tie between Sweden , Denmark and Italy for first spot . All matches between the three sides had ended in draws and all three had beaten Bulgaria . Italy were ultimately eliminated on the number of goals scored between the three sides , after Sweden and Denmark drew 2 -- 2 and qualified to the quarter - finals as group winners and runners - up . The Italians went so far as to accuse Sweden and Denmark of fixing their match , as both sides knew that a 2 -- 2 result would advance them both over Italy , but UEFA disregarded such an idea . The Czech Republic took the first place in Group D after becoming the only team to win all three of their group matches . They defeated Latvia 2 -- 1 , the Netherlands 3 -- 2 , and Germany 2 -- 1 . It was another disappointing European campaign for Germany , which failed to advance from the group stage for the second consecutive time . The Netherlands claimed a quarter - final berth as runners - up . Swedish striker Henrik Larsson taking a free kick against the Netherlands in the quarter - finals In the first quarter - final match between England and Portugal , the English opened the score after only two minutes , through Michael Owen . Portugal 's constant attacking pressure from then on resulted in Hélder Postiga 's 83rd - minute equaliser . In the dying minutes , Owen hit the Portuguese crossbar , resulting in a Sol Campbell header that appeared to have given England the lead again , but was ruled out by the referee Urs Meier due to a foul on the Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo . The sides exchanged goals in extra-time , sending the match to a penalty shoot - out . Portugal won 6 -- 5 , as goalkeeper Ricardo saved a penalty from Darius Vassell , and then scored himself the winning goal . The Greeks , meanwhile , continued to stun everybody . Firm defensive play and an Angelos Charisteas goal on 65 minutes helped them defeat France 1 -- 0 and send Greece through to the semi-finals . This victory made Greece the first team to defeat both the holders and the hosts in the same tournament . Sweden and the Netherlands played out an exciting encounter , but neither side could find a breakthrough and the match ended goalless , even after a dramatic extra-time , in which Sweden , through Fredrik Ljungberg , came as close to scoring as hitting the inside of the Dutch goalpost . The Dutch ultimately progressed after winning the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 4 , their first ever victory on penalties in a major tournament . The last quarter - final match saw the Czechs dispatch Denmark , as a two - goal effort from Milan Baroš helped seal a 3 -- 0 win . Angelos Charisteas ( first from left with white shirt ) , scoring Greece 's winner against Portugal in the final . Portugal and the Netherlands faced each other in the first semi-final . Cristiano Ronaldo put the hosts in the lead from a corner kick midway through the first half , and just before the hour mark Maniche made it 2 -- 0 for Portugal with a spectacular goal from the corner of the penalty area . An own goal from Jorge Andrade gave the Netherlands a glimmer of hope . Portugal came close to scoring a third goal that was only stopped by Wilfred Bouma 's blocking attempt . The game ended 2 -- 1 to Portugal and the hosts , after their opening day failure , were through to the final of their European Championship . The Czech Republic looked likely candidates to face the hosts in the final . They were favorites to take the trophy , having won all four games . However , they would have to see off the upstart Greeks to do so . The Czechs had several chances , including a shot from Tomáš Rosický that struck the bar . The game remained goalless , until the dying moments of the first half of extra-time , when Traianos Dellas headed home the winner , the first and only silver goal in a European Championship . The final was a repeat of the opening game of the tournament and Portugal were hoping to avenge their opening day loss . Portugal furiously attacked and dominated the possession but once again , sturdy defending and goalkeeping from Greece kept the Portuguese hosts off the scoreboard . Just before the hour mark , Greece earned a corner kick from which Angelos Charisteas scored . Portugal continued to press after the goal but even with five minutes of stoppage time they could not find an equaliser . Greece won the match 1 -- 0 and were crowned European champions , a title that they were given a 150 -- 1 chance of winning before the tournament . All of Greece 's wins in the knockout stage came in an identical manner : a 1 -- 0 win , with the goal being a header off a cross from the right wing . Portugal became the first host nation to lose in a European Championship final . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying The draw for the qualifying round was held on 25 January 2002 at the Europarque Congress Centre , in Santa Maria da Feira , Portugal . Fifty teams were divided into ten groups of five and each team played two matches against all its opponents , on a home - and - away basis . Qualification matches took place from September 2002 to November 2003 . The first - placed teams from each group qualified automatically to the final tournament , whereas the ten runners - up took part in a two - legged play - off to select the remaining five teams that would join the host nation in the final tournament . Qualified teams ( edit ) Ten of the sixteen finalists participated in the previous tournament in 2000 . Latvia made its first appearance in a major football competition , while Greece returned to the European Championship finals after a 24 - year absence . Bulgaria , Croatia , Russia and Switzerland also took part in their second tournament finals since their debut in 1996 . Team Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in tournament Portugal Host 12 October 1999 3 ( 1984 , 1996 , 2000 ) France Group 1 winner 10 September 2003 5 ( 1960 , 1984 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 ) Czech Republic Group 3 winner 10 September 2003 5 ( 1960 , 1976 , 1980 , 1996 , 2000 ) Sweden Group 4 winner 10 September 2003 2 ( 1992 , 2000 ) Bulgaria Group 8 winner 10 September 2003 1 ( 1996 ) Denmark Group 2 winner 11 October 2003 6 ( 1964 , 1984 , 1988 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 ) Germany Group 5 winner 11 October 2003 8 ( 1972 , 1976 , 1980 , 1984 , 1988 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 ) Greece Group 6 winner 11 October 2003 1 ( 1980 ) England Group 7 winner 11 October 2003 6 ( 1968 , 1980 , 1988 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 ) Italy Group 9 winner 11 October 2003 5 ( 1968 , 1980 , 1988 , 1996 , 2000 ) Switzerland Group 10 winner 11 October 2003 1 ( 1996 ) Croatia Play - off winner 19 November 2003 1 ( 1996 ) Latvia Play - off winner 19 November 2003 0 ( debut ) Netherlands Play - off winner 19 November 2003 6 ( 1976 , 1980 , 1988 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 ) Spain Play - off winner 19 November 2003 6 ( 1964 , 1980 , 1984 , 1988 , 1996 , 2000 ) Russia Play - off winner 19 November 2003 7 ( 1960 , 1964 , 1968 , 1972 , 1988 , 1992 , 1996 ) Jump up ^ Bold indicates champion for that year . Italic indicates host for that year . Jump up ^ From 1960 to 1980 , the Czech Republic competed as Czechoslovakia . Jump up ^ From 1972 to 1988 , Germany competed as West Germany . Jump up ^ From 1960 to 1988 , Russia competed as the Soviet Union , and in 1992 as CIS . Final draw ( edit ) The draw for the group stage took place on 30 November 2003 at the Pavilhão Atlântico in Lisbon , Portugal , where the 16 finalists were divided into four groups . The pot allocations were based on the UEFA national team coefficient which measured performance of teams in the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying and UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying . The coefficient was calculated by dividing the number of all points scored ( three points for a win , one for a draw ) by the number of all matches played . Results from the final tournaments , play - off matches and friendly games were all ignored . As host country , Portugal were automatically placed in position A1 . The remaining 15 teams were split into four pots , with title - holders France seeded alongside Sweden and the Czech Republic in the first pot . Pot 1 Team Coeff Rank France 3.000 Sweden 2.389 Czech Republic 2.333 Pot 2 Team Coeff Rank Italy 2.313 5 Spain 2.313 6 England 2.313 7 Germany 2.188 9 Pot 3 Team Coeff Rank Netherlands 2.167 10 Croatia 2.125 11 Russia 2.056 13 Denmark 2.056 14 Pot 4 Team Coeff Rank Bulgaria 1.889 18 Switzerland 1.611 22 Greece 1.563 23 Latvia 1.250 32 Jump up ^ Hosts Portugal ( coefficient 2.400 ; rank 2nd ) were automatically assigned to position A1 . Jump up ^ Defending champions France ( coefficient 3.000 ; rank 1st ) were automatically assigned to Pot 1 . The Pot 1 teams were assigned to the first positions of their groups , while the positions of all other teams were drawn separately ( for the purposes of determining the match schedules in each group ) . The draw resulted in the following groups : Group A Pos Team A1 Portugal A2 Greece A3 Spain A4 Russia Group B Pos Team B1 France B2 England B3 Switzerland B4 Croatia Group C Pos Team C1 Sweden C2 Bulgaria C3 Denmark C4 Italy Group D Pos Team D1 Czech Republic D2 Latvia D3 Germany D4 Netherlands Venues ( edit ) The final tournament was played in ten venues located in eight different cities . Lisbon and Porto , the two biggest cities , had two venues each , while Aveiro , Braga , Coimbra , Faro - Loulé , Guimarães and Leiria had one venue . In order to meet UEFA 's requirements on venue capacity and infrastructure , seven new stadiums were built -- Estádio Municipal de Aveiro ( Aveiro ) , Estádio Municipal de Braga ( Braga ) , Estádio Algarve ( Faro - Loulé ) , Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa ( Leiria ) , Estádio da Luz ( Lisbon ) , Estádio José Alvalade ( Lisbon ) , and Estádio do Dragão ( Porto ) -- and three underwent renovation works -- Estádio Cidade de Coimbra ( Coimbra ) , Estádio D. Afonso Henriques ( Guimarães ) , and Estádio do Bessa ( Porto ) . The Estádio da Luz was the largest stadium with a tournament capacity of 65,647 seats , and served as the venue for the final . The opening ceremony and match took place at the Estádio do Dragão . This was the first European Championship where matches took place in more than eight venues , since the tournament was expanded to sixteen teams in 1996 . As of the Euro 2016 , the final tournament will be contested by twenty - four teams and matches will be played in ten venues . The table below lists stadium capacity for the final tournament , which may not correspond to their effective maximum capacity . Lisbon Aveiro Porto Coimbra Braga Guimarães Faro / Loulé Leiria Lisbon Aveiro Estádio da Luz Estádio José Alvalade Estádio Municipal de Aveiro Capacity : 65,647 Capacity : 50,095 Capacity : 32,830 Porto Coimbra Estádio do Dragão Estádio do Bessa Estádio Cidade de Coimbra Capacity : 50,033 Capacity : 28,263 Capacity : 29,622 Braga Guimarães Faro / Loulé Leiria Estádio Municipal de Braga Estádio D. Afonso Henriques Estádio Algarve Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa Capacity : 30,286 Capacity : 30,000 Capacity : 30,305 Capacity : 28,642 Ticketing ( edit ) A total of 1.2 million tickets were available for the 31 matches of the final tournament , of which 77 % were to be sold to the general public , and the remainder reserved for sponsors and partners ( 13 % ) , media ( 5 % ) , and corporate hospitality ( 5 % ) . Public sales for an initial batch of 450,000 tickets ( 38 % ) were launched on 28 April 2003 , in a ceremony in Lisbon which gathered former European football stars Eusébio and Ruud Gullit . Ticket prices were divided in three categories , ranging from € 35 ( group matches ) to € 270 ( final ) . In a first phase lasting until 16 June 2003 , supporters could apply for tickets via UEFA 's tournament website or through forms available at the Portuguese Football Federation and match venues . Applicants could request a maximum of four tickets per match but were limited to one match per day . In parallel to individual match tickets , UEFA created a new category of tickets called `` Follow My Team '' , which allowed supporters to see all the matches of their favourite team ( group stage and , if qualified , knockout stage matches ) . If there were oversubscribed matches by the end of the first phase of sales , a match - specific draw would take place to select the successful applicants . Between 1 August and 24 November 2003 , available tickets were placed again on sale in a first - come , first - served basis . After the draw for the group stage on 30 November , a third phase of public sales began on 9 December , which included a second batch of tickets ( 39 % ) that could be bought until March 2004 through the national associations of the finalist teams . Every national association was awarded 20 % of the venue capacity for each of their team 's matches . From 1 to 30 April 2004 , surplus tickets from UEFA or national associations were made available to the public for the last time . Ticket distribution began in May , after sales were officially closed . Team base camps ( edit ) Each team was provided a base camp for residence and daily training between tournament matches . An initial list of 25 bases approved by the Portuguese Football Federation , following a selection process started in November 2001 , was announced by the organisation on 5 February 2003 . Team Base camp Bulgaria Póvoa de Varzim Croatia Coruche Czech Republic Sintra Denmark Portimão England Oeiras France Santo Tirso Germany Almancil Greece Vila do Conde Italy Lisbon Latvia Anadia Netherlands Albufeira Portugal Alcochete Russia Vilamoura Spain Braga Sweden Estoril Switzerland Óbidos Squads ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 squads Each national team had to submit a squad of 23 players , three of whom must be goalkeepers , at least ten days before the opening match of the tournament . If a player became injured or ill severely enough to prevent his participation in the tournament before his team 's first match , he would be replaced by another player . Match officials ( edit ) On 4 December 2003 , UEFA revealed the twelve referees and four fourth officials . Each refereeing team was composed by one main referee and two assistant referees from the same country . Country Referee Assistant referees Matches refereed Denmark Kim Milton Nielsen Jens Larsen Jørgen Jepsen Croatia 2 -- 2 France ( group B) Netherlands 3 -- 0 Latvia ( group D ) England Mike Riley Philip Sharp Glenn Turner Sweden 5 -- 0 Bulgaria ( group C ) Latvia 0 -- 0 Germany ( group D ) France Gilles Veissière Frédéric Arnault Serge Vallin Russia 2 -- 1 Greece ( group A ) Czech Republic 2 -- 1 Latvia ( group D ) Germany Markus Merk Christian Schraer Jan - Henrik Salver France 2 -- 1 England ( group B) Denmark 2 -- 2 Sweden ( group C ) Portugal 0 -- 1 Greece ( Final ) Italy Pierluigi Collina Marco Ivaldi Narciso Pisacreta Portugal 1 -- 2 Greece ( group A ) Croatia 2 -- 4 England ( group B) Greece 1 -- 0 Czech Republic ( semi-final ) Norway Terje Hauge Ole Hermann Borgan Steinar Holvik Russia 0 -- 2 Portugal ( group A ) Germany 1 -- 2 Czech Republic ( group D ) Portugal Lucílio Batista José Cardinal Paulo Januário Switzerland 0 -- 0 Croatia ( group B) Bulgaria 0 -- 2 Denmark ( group C ) Russia Valentin Ivanov Gennady Krasyuk Vladimir Eniutin England 3 -- 0 Switzerland ( group B) Italy 2 -- 1 Bulgaria ( group C ) Czech Republic 3 -- 0 Denmark ( quarter - final ) Slovakia Ľuboš Micheľ Igor Sramka Martin Balko Greece 1 -- 1 Spain ( group A ) Switzerland 1 -- 3 France ( group B) Sweden 0 -- 0 Netherlands ( quarter - final ) Spain Manuel Mejuto González Oscar Martínez Samaniego Rafael Guerrero Alonso Denmark 0 -- 0 Italy ( group C ) Netherlands 2 -- 3 Czech Republic ( group D ) Sweden Anders Frisk Kenneth Petersson Peter Ekström Spain 0 -- 1 Portugal ( group A ) Germany 1 -- 1 Netherlands ( group D ) France 0 -- 1 Greece ( quarter - final ) Portugal 2 -- 1 Netherlands ( semi-final ) Switzerland Urs Meier Francesco Buragina Rudolf Käppeli Spain 1 -- 0 Russia ( group A ) Italy 1 -- 1 Sweden ( group C ) Portugal 2 -- 2 England ( quarter - final ) Country Fourth official Belgium Frank De Bleeckere Greece Kyros Vassaras Luxembourg Alain Hamer Scotland Stuart Dougal Group stage ( edit ) UEFA Euro 2004 finalists and their result UEFA announced the match schedule for the final tournament on 10 March 2003 , in Porto , Portugal . In a change from the previous tournament schedule , where two quarter - final matches were played per day , over two days , the quarter - finals at the Euro 2004 were to be played over four consecutive days , with one match per day . All times are local , WEST ( UTC + 1 ) . Tiebreakers ( edit ) If two or more teams finished level on points after completion of the group matches , the following tie - breakers are used to determine the final ranking : greater number of points in the matches between the teams in question ; greater goal difference in matches between the teams in question ; greater number of goals scored in matches between the teams in question ; greater goal difference in all group games ; greater number of goals scored in all group games ; higher coefficient derived from Euro 2004 and 2002 World Cup qualifiers ( points obtained divided by number of matches played ) ; fair play conduct in Euro 2004 ; drawing of lots . If two teams playing the final group match have identical records going into that match , and it ends in a draw , then a penalty shoot - out would be played , rather than using the above criteria . Euro 2004 marked the introduction of this procedure , although it did not need to be used . The same procedure was also used at Euro 2008 . Group A ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Portugal ( H ) 0 + 2 6 Advance to knockout stage Greece 0 Spain 0 Russia 0 − 2 Source : UEFA ( H ) Host . 12 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Portugal 1 -- 2 Greece Ronaldo 90 + 3 ' Report Karagounis 7 ' Basinas 51 ' ( pen . ) Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 48,761 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) 12 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 12 ) 19 : 45 Spain 1 -- 0 Russia Valerón 60 ' Report Estádio Algarve , Faro / Loulé Attendance : 28,182 Referee : Urs Meier ( Switzerland ) 16 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 16 ) 17 : 00 Greece 1 -- 1 Spain Charisteas 66 ' Report Morientes 28 ' Estádio do Bessa , Porto Attendance : 25,444 Referee : Ľuboš Micheľ ( Slovakia ) 16 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 16 ) 19 : 45 Russia 0 -- 2 Portugal Report Maniche 7 ' Rui Costa 89 ' Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Attendance : 59,273 Referee : Terje Hauge ( Norway ) 20 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) 19 : 45 Spain 0 -- 1 Portugal Report Nuno Gomes 57 ' Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 47,491 Referee : Anders Frisk ( Sweden ) 20 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) 19 : 45 Russia 2 -- 1 Greece Kirichenko 2 ' Bulykin 17 ' Report Vryzas 43 ' Estádio Algarve , Faro / Loulé Attendance : 24,347 Referee : Gilles Veissière ( France ) Group B ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 7 + 3 7 Advance to knockout stage England 0 8 + 4 6 Croatia 0 6 − 2 Switzerland 0 6 − 5 Source : UEFA 13 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Switzerland 0 -- 0 Croatia Report Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa , Leiria Attendance : 24,090 Referee : Lucílio Batista ( Portugal ) 13 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 13 ) 19 : 45 France 2 -- 1 England Zidane 90 + 1 ' , 90 + 3 ' ( pen . ) Report Lampard 38 ' Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Attendance : 62,487 Referee : Markus Merk ( Germany ) 17 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 17 ) 17 : 00 England 3 -- 0 Switzerland Rooney 23 ' , 75 ' Gerrard 82 ' Report Estádio Cidade de Coimbra , Coimbra Attendance : 28,214 Referee : Valentin Ivanov ( Russia ) 17 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 17 ) 19 : 45 Croatia 2 -- 2 France Rapaić 48 ' ( pen . ) Pršo 52 ' Report Tudor 22 ' ( o.g. ) Trezeguet 64 ' Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa , Leiria Attendance : 29,160 Referee : Kim Milton Nielsen ( Denmark ) 21 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 21 ) 19 : 45 Croatia 2 -- 4 England N. Kovač 5 ' Tudor 73 ' Report Scholes 40 ' Rooney 45 + 1 ' , 68 ' Lampard 79 ' Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Attendance : 57,047 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) 21 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 21 ) 19 : 45 Switzerland 1 -- 3 France Vonlanthen 26 ' Report Zidane 20 ' Henry 76 ' , 84 ' Estádio Cidade de Coimbra , Coimbra Attendance : 28,111 Referee : Ľuboš Micheľ ( Slovakia ) Group C ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 8 + 5 5 Advance to knockout stage Denmark 0 + 2 5 Italy 0 + 1 5 Bulgaria 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : UEFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Tied on head - to - head points ( 2 ) and goal difference ( 0 ) . Head - to - head goals for : Sweden 3 , Denmark 2 , Italy 1 . 14 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 14 ) 17 : 00 Denmark 0 -- 0 Italy Report Estádio D. Afonso Henriques , Guimarães Attendance : 29,595 Referee : Manuel Mejuto González ( Spain ) 14 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 14 ) 19 : 45 Sweden 5 -- 0 Bulgaria Ljungberg 32 ' Larsson 57 ' , 58 ' Ibrahimović 78 ' ( pen . ) Allbäck 90 + 1 ' Report Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 31,652 Referee : Mike Riley ( England ) 18 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 18 ) 17 : 00 Bulgaria 0 -- 2 Denmark Report Tomasson 44 ' Grønkjær 90 + 2 ' Estádio Municipal de Braga , Braga Attendance : 24,131 Referee : Lucílio Batista ( Portugal ) 18 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 18 ) 19 : 45 Italy 1 -- 1 Sweden Cassano 37 ' Report Ibrahimović 85 ' Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 44,926 Referee : Urs Meier ( Switzerland ) 22 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 22 ) 19 : 45 Italy 2 -- 1 Bulgaria Perrotta 48 ' Cassano 90 + 4 ' Report M. Petrov 45 ' ( pen . ) Estádio D. Afonso Henriques , Guimarães Attendance : 16,002 Referee : Valentin Ivanov ( Russia ) 22 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 22 ) 19 : 45 Denmark 2 -- 2 Sweden Tomasson 28 ' , 66 ' Report Larsson 47 ' ( pen . ) Jonson 89 ' Estádio do Bessa , Porto Attendance : 26,115 Referee : Markus Merk ( Germany ) Group D ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Czech Republic 0 0 7 + 3 9 Advance to knockout stage Netherlands 6 + 2 Germany 0 − 1 Latvia 0 5 − 4 Source : UEFA 15 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 15 ) 17 : 00 Czech Republic 2 -- 1 Latvia Baroš 73 ' Heinz 85 ' Report Verpakovskis 45 + 1 ' Estádio Municipal de Aveiro , Aveiro Attendance : 21,744 Referee : Gilles Veissière ( France ) 15 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 15 ) 19 : 45 Germany 1 -- 1 Netherlands Frings 30 ' Report Van Nistelrooy 81 ' Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 48,197 Referee : Anders Frisk ( Sweden ) 19 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 19 ) 17 : 00 Latvia 0 -- 0 Germany Report Estádio do Bessa , Porto Attendance : 22,344 Referee : Mike Riley ( England ) 19 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 19 ) 19 : 45 Netherlands 2 -- 3 Czech Republic Bouma 4 ' Van Nistelrooy 19 ' Report Koller 23 ' Baroš 71 ' Šmicer 88 ' Estádio Municipal de Aveiro , Aveiro Attendance : 29,935 Referee : Manuel Mejuto González ( Spain ) 23 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 23 ) 19 : 45 Netherlands 3 -- 0 Latvia Van Nistelrooy 27 ' ( pen . ) , 35 ' Makaay 84 ' Report Estádio Municipal de Braga , Braga Attendance : 27,904 Referee : Kim Milton Nielsen ( Denmark ) 23 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 23 ) 19 : 45 Germany 1 -- 2 Czech Republic Ballack 21 ' Report Heinz 30 ' Baroš 77 ' Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 46,849 Referee : Terje Hauge ( Norway ) Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 knockout stage The knockout stage was a single - elimination tournament involving the eight teams that advanced from the group stage . There were three rounds of matches , with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round , culminating in the final to decide the champions . Any game in the knockout stage that was not decided by the end of the regular 90 minutes was followed by up to 30 minutes of extra time ( two 15 - minute halves ) . For the first time in an international football tournament , the silver goal system was applied , whereby the team that led the game at the half - time break during the extra time period would be declared the winner . If the scores were still level after the initial 15 minutes of extra time , play would continue for a further 15 minutes . If the teams could still not be separated after the extra time , there would be a penalty shoot - out ( at least five penalties each ) to determine which team progressed to the next round . The silver goal replaced the golden goal from the previous two championships and was used in the semi final between Greece and the Czech Republic . As with every tournament since UEFA Euro 1984 , there was no third place play - off . All times are local , WEST ( UTC + 1 ) . Bracket ( edit ) Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 24 June -- Lisbon ( Luz ) Portugal ( p ) 2 ( 6 ) 30 June -- Lisbon ( Alvalade ) England 2 ( 5 ) Portugal 26 June -- Faro / Loulé Netherlands Sweden 0 ( 4 ) 4 July -- Lisbon ( Luz ) Netherlands ( p ) 0 ( 5 ) Portugal 0 25 June -- Lisbon ( Alvalade ) Greece France 0 1 July -- Porto ( Dragão ) Greece Greece ( silver goal ) 27 June -- Porto ( Dragão ) Czech Republic 0 Czech Republic Denmark 0 Quarter - finals ( edit ) 24 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 24 ) 19 : 45 Portugal 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) England Postiga 83 ' Rui Costa 110 ' Report Owen 3 ' Lampard 115 ' Penalties Deco Simão Rui Costa Ronaldo Maniche Postiga Ricardo 6 -- 5 Beckham Owen Lampard Terry Hargreaves A. Cole Vassell Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Attendance : 65,000 Referee : Urs Meier ( Switzerland ) 25 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 25 ) 19 : 45 France 0 -- 1 Greece Report Charisteas 65 ' Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 45,390 Referee : Anders Frisk ( Sweden ) 26 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 26 ) 19 : 45 Sweden 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Netherlands Report Penalties Källström Larsson Ibrahimović Ljungberg Wilhelmsson Mellberg 4 -- 5 Van Nistelrooy Heitinga Reiziger Cocu Makaay Robben Estádio Algarve , Faro / Loulé Attendance : 30,000 Referee : Ľuboš Micheľ ( Slovakia ) 27 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 27 ) 19 : 45 Czech Republic 3 -- 0 Denmark Koller 49 ' Baroš 63 ' , 65 ' Report Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 41,092 Referee : Valentin Ivanov ( Russia ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 30 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 30 ) 19 : 45 Portugal 2 -- 1 Netherlands Ronaldo 26 ' Maniche 58 ' Report Andrade 63 ' ( o.g. ) Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 46,679 Referee : Anders Frisk ( Sweden ) 1 July 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 01 ) 19 : 45 Greece 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Czech Republic Dellas 105 + 1 ' Report Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 42,449 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) Final ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 Final 4 July 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 04 ) 19 : 45 Portugal 0 -- 1 Greece Report Charisteas 57 ' Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Attendance : 62,865 Referee : Markus Merk ( Germany ) Statistics ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 statistics Goalscorers ( edit ) There were 77 goals scored in 31 matches , for an average of 2.48 goals per match . 5 goals Milan Baroš 4 goals Wayne Rooney Ruud van Nistelrooy 3 goals Jon Dahl Tomasson Frank Lampard Zinedine Zidane Angelos Charisteas Henrik Larsson 2 goals Marek Heinz Jan Koller Thierry Henry Antonio Cassano Rui Costa Maniche Cristiano Ronaldo Zlatan Ibrahimović 1 goal Martin Petrov Niko Kovač Dado Pršo Milan Rapaić Igor Tudor Vladimír Šmicer Jesper Grønkjær Steven Gerrard Michael Owen Paul Scholes David Trezeguet Michael Ballack Torsten Frings Angelos Basinas Traianos Dellas Giorgos Karagounis Zisis Vryzas Simone Perrotta Māris Verpakovskis Wilfred Bouma Roy Makaay Nuno Gomes Hélder Postiga Dmitri Bulykin Dmitri Kirichenko Fernando Morientes Juan Carlos Valerón Marcus Allbäck Mattias Jonson Freddie Ljungberg Johan Vonlanthen 1 own goal Igor Tudor ( against France ) Jorge Andrade ( against Netherlands ) Source : UEFA Awards ( edit ) UEFA Team of the Tournament The UEFA Technical Team was charged with naming a squad composed of the 23 best players over the course of the tournament . The group of eight analysts watched every game at the tournament before making their decision after the final . Five players from the winning Greek team were named to the team of the tournament . Michael Ballack and Gianluca Zambrotta were the only players to be included whose teams were knocked out in the group stage . Theodoros Zagorakis , UEFA Player of the Tournament Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Petr Čech Antonios Nikopolidis Sol Campbell Ashley Cole Traianos Dellas Giourkas Seitaridis Gianluca Zambrotta Ricardo Carvalho Olof Mellberg Pavel Nedvěd Frank Lampard Zinedine Zidane Michael Ballack Theodoros Zagorakis Luís Figo Maniche Milan Baroš Jon Dahl Tomasson Wayne Rooney Angelos Charisteas Ruud van Nistelrooy Cristiano Ronaldo Henrik Larsson Golden Boot The Golden Boot was awarded to Milan Baroš , who scored five goals in all three group stage matches and in the quarter - finals against Denmark . Milan Baroš ( 5 goals ) UEFA Player of the Tournament Theodoros Zagorakis Prize money ( edit ) Overall , CHF 200 million was awarded to the 16 teams , a boost from the CHF120 million in the previous event . Below is a complete list of the allocations : Prize for participating : CHF7. 5 million Extra payment based on teams performance : Winner : CHF10 million Runner - up : CHF6 million Semi-finals : CHF4 million Quarter - finals : CHF3 million Group stage ( per match ) : Win : CHF1 million Draw : CHF500 , 000 Discipline ( edit ) If a player was shown a red card -- whether as a result of two bookable offences or a straight red -- he would become suspended from playing in his team 's next match . A player would also become suspended for one match for picking up two yellow cards in separate matches . However , any yellow cards accumulated would be cancelled once a team was eliminated from the tournament or reached the semi-finals . In extreme cases of ill - discipline , UEFA could choose to have a disciplinary panel examine the incident in order to determine whether or not further suspension would be required . The following players were suspended for one or more games as a result of red cards or yellow card accumulation : Player Offence ( s ) Suspension ( s ) Roman Sharonov in Group A v Spain Group A v Portugal Giorgos Karagounis in Group A v Portugal in Group A v Spain Group A v Russia in quarter - final v France in semi-final v Czech Republic Final v Portugal Zisis Vryzas in Group A v Portugal in Group A v Russia Quarter - final v France Sergei Ovchinnikov in Group A v Portugal Group A v Greece Alexey Smertin in Group A v Spain in Group A v Portugal Group A v Greece Carlos Marchena in Group A v Russia in Group A v Greece Group A v Portugal Johann Vogel in Group B v Croatia Group B v England Bernt Haas in Group B v England Group B v France Rosen Kirilov in Group C v Sweden in Group C v Denmark Group C v Italy Stiliyan Petrov in Group C v Denmark Group C v Italy Tobias Linderoth in Group C v Bulgaria in Group C v Italy Group C v Denmark Erik Edman in Group C v Italy in Group C v Denmark Quarter - final v Netherlands Fabio Cannavaro in Group C v Denmark in Group C v Sweden Group C v Bulgaria Gennaro Gattuso in Group C v Denmark in Group C v Sweden Group C v Bulgaria Francesco Totti Spat on Christian Poulsen in Group C v Denmark Group C v Sweden Group C v Bulgaria World Cup qualifying v Norway John Heitinga in Group D v Czech Republic Group D v Latvia Marketing ( edit ) Logo , mascot and official song ( edit ) UEFA Euro 2004 mascot , Kinas The official tournament logo was created by Euro RSCG Wnek Gosper agency and unveiled on 13 May 2002 at a ceremony held in Lisbon 's Belém Cultural Center . It represents a football in the centre of a heart , surrounded by seven green dots . The football -- displaying typical Portuguese folk artistic motifs on its panels -- and the heart -- shaped in the traditional style of the filigree art -- conveyed the football passion of the host country . The seven dots represent significant Portuguese elements and achievements , such as the number of castles in the national coat of arms or the conquest of the seven seas during the Age of Discoveries . The logo 's colour palette was based on the Portuguese flag and its warm tones recall the light and sun associated with the Portuguese landscape and climate . The competition slogan used was `` Vive O 2004 ! '' ( Portuguese : Live 2004 ! ) . The official mascot was a boy named Kinas -- derived from quinas ( English : inescutcheons ) , one of the symbols of the Portuguese coat of arms -- who wore a football kit with the Portuguese colors ( red shirt and green shorts ) and was constantly playing with a football . He possessed the knowledge and talent of generations of highly gifted football players , and embodied the energy and passion of football . Created by Warner Bros. , Kinas was officially unveiled on 29 March 2003 at the Casa de Serralves , in Porto , Portugal . The official song , called `` Força '' ( Portuguese : Strength ) , was written and performed by Portuguese - Canadian singer Nelly Furtado . The song was taken from her second studio album , Folklore , and released as its third single , soon after the start of the tournament . Furtado was selected to sing the official song of the tournament , because of her familial connection to the host country ( her parents are both Portuguese from the Azores ) . She wrote `` Força '' with `` the passion the Portuguese people have for football '' in mind . The song was played at every match , and performed live by Furtado at the closing ceremony prior to the final . Match ball ( edit ) Main article : Adidas Roteiro The official match ball was presented during the final draw ceremony on 30 November 2003 in Lisbon . It was produced by Adidas and named Adidas Roteiro , after the logbook ( Portuguese : roteiro ) used by the Portuguese maritime explorers , such as Vasco da Gama . Roteiro was the first official tournament football to employ the new thermal - bonding technique in its production , which resulted in a seamless surface and a more homogenous design . Portuguese Football Federation president Gilberto Madaíl praised the ball , stating : `` Adidas has delivered a stunning , modern and state - of the - art Portuguese football . This is very much how we envisage the UEFA Euro 2004 event to be '' . Roteiro was also used at the 2004 AFC Asian Cup , and during the mid-season of the 2004 -- 05 German Bundesliga . The new ball received mixed reactions from players and technical staffs . England midfielder David Beckham , who was asked by Adidas to test it , was pleased with Roteiro 's performance , particularly in free - kicks . France midfielder Zinedine Zidane believed the ball would `` improve the game '' . Several Spanish players , however , regarded it as `` horrible , difficult to control and to pass '' , with Real Madrid footballer Iván Helguera describing it as a `` beach ball '' . Notable players of the Italy national team , such as Francesco Totti , Andrea Pirlo and goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon also voiced criticisms . Trophy tour ( edit ) During the two months ahead of the tournament , the Henri Delaunay Trophy travelled across Portugal to promote the European Championship finals in the host country . The tour began on 8 April 2004 at the Praça do Comércio in Lisbon , where the launching ceremony took place with the presence of Portuguese football legend and tournament ambassador Eusébio . A total of twenty towns and cities were visited by the trophy tour caravan , including the ten that would host matches . Trophy tour stops and dates Lisbon ( 8 -- 11 April ) Setúbal ( 10 -- 14 April ) Faro / Loulé ( 15 -- 18 April ) Beja ( 20 -- 22 April ) Évora ( 23 -- 25 April ) Portalegre ( 27 -- 29 April ) Santarém ( 30 April -- 2 May ) Leiria ( 4 -- 6 May ) Castelo Branco ( 7 -- 8 May ) Coimbra ( 10 -- 13 May ) Aveiro ( 13 -- 15 May ) Guarda ( 16 -- 17 May ) Viseu ( 18 -- 19 May ) Bragança ( 21 -- 23 May ) Vila Real ( 24 -- 25 May ) Viana do Castelo ( 27 -- 28 May ) Guimarães ( 29 May -- 1 June ) Braga ( 2 -- 4 June ) Porto ( 6 -- 11 June ) Merchandise and memorabilia ( edit ) In November 2002 , UEFA appointed Warner Bros. Consumer Products ( WBCP ) as the tournament 's exclusive worldwide licensing agent . As the global licensing rights owner , WBCP was responsible for negotiating product license contracts with third parties on the behalf of UEFA and delineate product sales strategies across the host country . Other tasks included setting up and managing marketing plans , product distribution and prices , and prevent illegal use of trademarks and product sales . Over 2,000 merchandise items were developed by the 28 licensees chosen by WBCP , and were distributed not only within Portugal but also in major European and Asian markets . To celebrate Portugal 's hosting of the Euro 2004 finals , commemorative coin and stamp collections were issued by the Imprensa Nacional - Casa da Moeda , the Portuguese national mint and printing house , and CTT , the national postal service . Sponsorship ( edit ) UEFA distinguishes between global sponsors and national sponsors . Global Euro sponsors can come from any country and have together exclusive worldwide sponsorship rights for a UEFA European Football Championship . National sponsors come from the host country and do only have sponsorship rights within that country . Eight sponsors were announced by UEFA in December 2002 . Global sponsors National sponsors Adidas BenQ Canon Carlsberg Coca - Cola Hyundai JVC MasterCard McDonald 's NTT / Verio PT T - Mobile BPI CTT Galp Energia Portucel Soporcel Vista Alegre Atlantis Group Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 broadcasting rights Nineteen cameras were used in each of the ten venues to broadcast the live matches , with three additional cameras in the opening and knockout stage matches . See also ( edit ) Vive O 2004 ! , the official album for UEFA Euro 2004 UEFA Euro 2004 , the official video game for UEFA Euro 2004 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Euro Championships lowdown '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium deals inked '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 10 March 2003 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Holland , Phil ; Williamson , Martin ( 29 April 2012 ) . `` History of the Euros : European Championships 2004 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 5 July 2004 ) . `` Charisteas the hero as Greece defy the odds '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2004 build - up in pictures '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 12 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 1 -- 2 Greece '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 12 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greece 1 -- 1 Spain '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 16 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 2 -- 1 Greece '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 20 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 0 -- 2 Portugal '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 16 June 2004 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 0 -- 1 Portugal '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 20 June 2004 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Group A '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` France 2 -- 1 England '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 13 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England 3 -- 0 Switzerland '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 17 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia 2 -- 4 England '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 21 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Group B '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 5 -- 0 Bulgaria '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 14 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 0 -- 2 Denmark '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 18 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italy 2 -- 1 Bulgaria '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 23 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark 2 -- 2 Sweden '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 22 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Group C '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 22 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italy angry at rivals ' draw '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 23 June 2004 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA will not investigate '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 22 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Rep 2 -- 1 Latvia '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 15 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Holland 2 -- 3 Czech Rep '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 19 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 2 Czech Rep '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 23 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 24 June 2004 ) . `` Great survivors put to the sword '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Group D '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 28 May 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal break England hearts '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 24 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` France 0 -- 1 Greece '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Holland end Swede dream '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 26 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Republic 3 -- 0 Denmark '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 27 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 2 -- 1 Holland '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 30 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greece 1 -- 0 Czech Rep '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 1 July 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 July 2004 ) . `` Greece win Euro 2004 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bull , Andy ; Doyle , Paul ; Bandini , Paolo ( 4 December 2009 ) . `` The Joy of Six : memorable sporting moments of the decade '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight on Euro 2004 TM draw '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 24 January 2002 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Play - off draws on horizon '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 9 October 2003 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lisbon draw looms large '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 28 November 2003 . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Neighbours face finals meeting '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 30 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2003 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finalists line up for Lisbon '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 20 November 2003 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Aveiro '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Braga '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Faro / Loule '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Leiria '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Lisbon Luz '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Lisbon Jose Alvalade '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Porto Dragao '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Coimbra '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Guimaraes '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Porto Bessa '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy removed from list of Euro 2016 venues '' . Reuters. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1.5 million Euro fans for Portugal '' . CNN.com ( Cable News Network ) . 5 April 2004 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tickets go on sale for Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 29 April 2003 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Matos Pereira , Rui ( 24 April 2003 ) . `` Just the ticket for Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Matos Pereira , Rui ( 29 April 2003 ) . `` Legends gather for ticket launch '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket sales soar for Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 31 July 2003 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fans warned over ticket purchases '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 December 2003 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` High demand for finals tickets '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 2 April 2004 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Training centres revealed '' . Union of European Football Associations. 5 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2003 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2004 TM referees named '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2003 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2004 TM schedule decided '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 10 March 2003 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Match Schedule UEFA Euro 2004 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiebreakers explained '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 18 June 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Burkert , Sturmius ; Sivritepe , Erdinç ( 7 July 2004 ) . `` European Championship 2004 '' . rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Format '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 3 August 2002 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal vs. Greece - 4 July 2004 '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goals scored '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Archived from the original on 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goals scored ( continued ) '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Own goals against '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Euro 2008 Information '' ( PDF ) . UEFA . p. 88 . Retrieved 30 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - star squad revealed '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 5 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro stars to be named '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 2 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Net gains for brilliant Baroš '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Chaplin , Mark ( 5 July 2004 ) . `` Zagorakis is Euro 's finest '' . Lisbon : UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2004 prize money up 66 percent '' . ESPN . Entertainment Sports Programming Network . Reuters. 6 November 2003 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA announces total income for Euro 2004 '' . Sportcal. 1 June 2004 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Euro 2004 TM logo unveiled '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 14 May 2002 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The significance of seven '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 1 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Passion Concept -- Storyline '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal to unite for Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 July 2003 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Unite for Euro 2004 '' . Algarve Resident. 1 August 2003 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kinas TM makes Porto debut '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 29 March 2003 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kinas '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 16 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Furtado flying high '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 1 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Força ' unveiled as official song '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 5 April 2004 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hart , Simon ( 7 July 2004 ) . `` A-Z of UEFA Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Going out with a bang '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 July 2004 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adidas on the ball for Euro '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 30 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2004 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas presents Roteiro as the official match vall of UEFA Euro 2004 '' . Adidas. 1 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2004 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Football Year 2004 -- The most successful for Adidas '' . Adidas. 16 December 2004 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gowar , Rex ( 11 June 2004 ) . `` New Roteiro ball makes waves '' . Rediffmail India Limited . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2004 ball criticised '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 20 February 2004 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Euro 2004 ball under fire from players '' . Daily Times . Pakistan . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trophy tour for Portugal '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 9 April 2004 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trophy embarks on Portuguese adventure '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 3 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2004 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Appoints Warner Bros. Consumer Products Worldwide Licensing Agent for UEFA Euro 2004 '' . Business Wire . FindArticles.com. 6 November 2002 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA seeks licensing agent for Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 6 May 2002 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lisbon launch for licensing programme '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 10 February 2004 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Second series of coins revealed '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 24 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stamps depict host cities '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 21 April 2004 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Euro 2012 official sponsors '' ( PDF ) . Prasowy Warszawa . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eight partners sign - up for UEFA Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 1 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` adidas becomes UEFA Euro 2004 TM National Supporter '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 21 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BenQ on board for Portugal '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 20 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canon on board for UEFA Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 27 January 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsberg first to back Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 22 March 2002 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola to sponsor Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 17 May 2002 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai in driving seat for Portugal '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JVC becomes Euro 2004 TM partner '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MasterCard continue UEFA partnership '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 12 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's supports Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 17 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA announce NTT Com partnership '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 13 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Telecom answers call '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 14 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile ring in for Portugal '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 22 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BPI banking on finals success '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 24 April 2003 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stamp of approval for CTT '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 6 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Galp Energia named as National Supporter '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 17 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Navigator joins journey to Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 11 April 2003 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vista Alegre Atlantis Group joins Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 24 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Teixeira , Diogo ( 3 June 2003 ) . `` Lisbon holds broadcasters gathering '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2003 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasting tops workshop agenda '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 27 June 2003 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2003 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to UEFA Euro 2004 . UEFA Euro 2004 at UEFA.com Official website at the Wayback Machine ( archived 3 September 2004 ) UEFA Euro 2004 Stages Qualification Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Knockout stage Final General information Bids Broadcasting Squads Statistics Official symbols Roteiro ( ball ) Kinas ( mascot ) UEFA Euro 2004 ( video game ) `` Força '' ( song ) Vive O 2004 ! ( album ) UEFA Euro 2004 finalists Champions Greece Runners - up Portugal Eliminated in the semi-finals Czech Republic Netherlands Eliminated in the quarter - finals Denmark England France Sweden Eliminated in the group stage Group A Russia Spain Group B Croatia Switzerland Group C Bulgaria Italy Group D Germany Latvia UEFA Euro 2004 stadiums Estádio da Luz ( Lisbon ) Estádio José Alvalade ( Lisbon ) Estádio do Dragão ( Porto ) Estádio do Bessa ( Porto ) Estádio Municipal de Braga ( Braga ) Estádio Municipal de Aveiro ( Aveiro ) Estádio Cidade de Coimbra ( Coimbra ) Estádio D. Afonso Henriques ( Guimarães ) Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa ( Leiria ) Estádio Algarve ( Faro / Loulé ) UEFA European Championship Tournaments France 1960 Spain 1964 Italy 1968 Belgium 1972 Yugoslavia 1976 Italy 1980 France 1984 West Germany 1988 Sweden 1992 England 1996 Belgium / Netherlands 2000 Portugal 2004 Austria / Switzerland 2008 Poland / Ukraine 2012 France 2016 Pan-European 2020 TBA 2024 TBA 2028 Qualifying 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Finals 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Squads 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Bids 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 Tournament statistics 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Broadcasting rights 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Records and lists Team appearances Teams with no appearances Goalscorers Hat - tricks Own goals Penalty shoot - outs Records Red cards Miscellaneous Awards Anthems and Songs Mascots Balls Video games Qualifying broadcasting rights 2003 -- 04 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia ' 03 ' 04 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 03 ' 04 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 03 ' 04 Faroe Islands ' 03 ' 04 Finland ' 03 ' 04 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland ' 03 ' 04 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 03 ' 04 Latvia ' 03 ' 04 Lithuania ' 03 ' 04 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 03 ' 04 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 03 ' 04 Romania Russia ' 03 ' 04 San Marino Scotland Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 03 ' 04 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 03 ' 04 Finland ' 03 ' 04 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland ' 03 ' 04 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 03 ' 04 Latvia ' 03 ' 04 Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 03 ' 04 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 03 ' 04 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 03 ' 04 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Finland ' 03 ' 04 France Germany Iceland ' 03 ' 04 Israel Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland ' 03 ' 04 Scotland Wales UEFA competitions Champions League ( Qualifying rounds , Group stage , Knockout stage , Final ) UEFA Cup ( Final ) Intertoto Cup Super Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UEFA_Euro_2004&oldid=855794325 '' Categories : UEFA Euro 2004 UEFA European Championship tournaments 2003 -- 04 in European football 2003 -- 04 in Portuguese football International association football competitions hosted by Portugal June 2004 sports events in Europe July 2004 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles with Portuguese - language external links Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 21 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did greece beat to win euro 2004 | [
"The tournament was rich in surprises and upsets: Germany, Spain and Italy were eliminated in the group stage, while France, the defending champions, were knocked out in the quarter-finals by Greece. The Portuguese team recovered from an opening defeat against Greece to reach the final, eliminating England and the Netherlands along the way. For the first time in a major football tournament, the last match featured the same teams as the opening match.[3] Portugal was defeated by Greece with a goal from Angelos Charisteas.[4] Greece's triumph was unexpected, considering that they had only qualified for two other major tournaments, the UEFA Euro 1980 and the 1994 FIFA World Cup, where they failed to win a single match. As winners, Greece earned the right to represent Europe at the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup.\n"
] | [
"Portugal"
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-7192224817658892583 | Atmospheric entry | Atmospheric entry - wikipedia Atmospheric entry Jump to : navigation , search `` Reentry '' redirects here . For other uses , see Reentry ( disambiguation ) . Mars Exploration Rover ( MER ) aeroshell , artistic rendition Atmospheric entry is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet , dwarf planet or natural satellite . There are two main types of atmospheric entry : uncontrolled entry , such as the entry of astronomical objects , space debris or bolides ; and controlled entry ( or reentry ) of a spacecraft capable of being navigated or following a predetermined course . Technologies and procedures allowing the controlled atmospheric entry , descent and landing of spacecraft are collectively abbreviated as EDL . Animated illustration of different phases as a meteoroid enters the Earth 's atmosphere to become visible as a meteor and land as a meteorite Atmospheric drag and aerodynamic heating can cause atmospheric breakup capable of completely disintegrating smaller objects . These forces may cause objects with lower compressive strength to explode . Manned space vehicles must be slowed to subsonic speeds before parachutes or air brakes may be deployed . Such vehicles have kinetic energies typically between 50 and 1800 MJoules , and atmospheric dissipation is the only way of expending the kinetic energy . The amount of rocket fuel required to slow the vehicle would be nearly equal to the amount used to accelerate it initially , and it is thus highly impractical to use retro rockets for the entire Earth re-entry procedure . While the high temperature generated at the surface of the heat shield is due to adiabatic compression , the vehicle 's kinetic energy is ultimately lost to gas friction ( viscosity ) after the vehicle has passed by . Other smaller energy losses include black body radiation directly from the hot gasses and chemical reactions between ionized gasses . Ballistic warheads and expendable vehicles do not require slowing at re-entry , and in fact , are made streamlined so as to maintain their speed . For Earth , atmospheric entry occurs above the Kármán line at an altitude of more than 100 km ( 62 mi . ) above the surface , while at Venus atmospheric entry occurs at 250 km ( 155 mi . ) and at Mars atmospheric entry at about 80 km ( 50 mi . ) . Uncontrolled , objects accelerate through the atmosphere at extreme velocities under the influence of Earth 's gravity . Most controlled objects enter at hypersonic speeds due to their suborbital ( e.g. , intercontinental ballistic missile reentry vehicles ) , orbital ( e.g. , the Space Shuttle ) , or unbounded ( e.g. , meteors ) trajectories . Various advanced technologies have been developed to enable atmospheric reentry and flight at extreme velocities . An alternative low velocity method of controlled atmospheric entry is buoyancy which is suitable for planetary entry where thick atmospheres , strong gravity or both factors complicate high - velocity hyperbolic entry , such as the atmospheres of Venus , Titan and the gas giants . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Terminology , definitions and jargon 3 Blunt body entry vehicles 4 Entry vehicle shapes 4.1 Sphere or spherical section 4.2 Sphere - cone 4.3 Biconic 4.4 Non-axisymmetric shapes 5 Shock layer gas physics 5.1 Perfect gas model 5.2 Real ( equilibrium ) gas model 5.3 Real ( non-equilibrium ) gas model 5.4 Frozen gas model 6 Thermal protection systems 6.1 Ablative 6.1. 1 SLA - 561V 6.1. 2 Phenolic impregnated carbon ablator 6.1. 2.1 PICA - X 6.1. 3 SIRCA 6.1. 4 AVCOAT 6.2 Thermal soak 6.3 Passively cooled 6.4 Actively cooled 7 Feathered reentry 8 Inflatable heat shield reentry 8.1 NASA IRVE 8.2 NASA HIAD 9 Entry vehicle design considerations 10 Notable atmospheric entry accidents 11 Uncontrolled and unprotected reentries 11.1 Deorbit disposal 12 Successful atmospheric re-entries from orbital velocities 13 Selected atmospheric re-entries 14 See also 15 Further reading 16 Notes and references 17 External links History ( edit ) Apollo Command Module flying at a high angle of attack for lifting entry , artistic rendition . The concept of the ablative heat shield was described as early as 1920 by Robert Goddard : `` In the case of meteors , which enter the atmosphere with speeds as high as 30 miles per second ( 48 km / s ) , the interior of the meteors remains cold , and the erosion is due , to a large extent , to chipping or cracking of the suddenly heated surface . For this reason , if the outer surface of the apparatus were to consist of layers of a very infusible hard substance with layers of a poor heat conductor between , the surface would not be eroded to any considerable extent , especially as the velocity of the apparatus would not be nearly so great as that of the average meteor . '' Practical development of reentry systems began as the range and reentry velocity of ballistic missiles increased . For early short - range missiles , like the V - 2 , stabilization and aerodynamic stress were important issues ( many V - 2s broke apart during reentry ) , but heating was not a serious problem . Medium - range missiles like the Soviet R - 5 , with a 1200 km range , required ceramic composite heat shielding on separable reentry vehicles ( it was no longer possible for the entire rocket structure to survive re-entry ) . The first ICBMs , with ranges of 8000 to 12,000 km , were only possible with the development of modern ablative heat shields and blunt - shaped vehicles . In the U.S. , this technology was pioneered by H. Julian Allen at Ames Research Center . Terminology , definitions and jargon ( edit ) Over the decades since the 1950s , a rich technical jargon has grown around the engineering of vehicles designed to enter planetary atmospheres . It is recommended that the reader review the jargon glossary before continuing with this article on atmospheric reentry . When atmospheric entry is part of a spacecraft landing or recovery , particularly on a planetary body other than Earth , entry is part of a phase referred to as `` entry , descent , and landing '' , or EDL . When the atmospheric entry returns to the same body that the vehicle had launched from , the event is referred to as reentry ( almost always referring to Earth entry ) . Blunt body entry vehicles ( edit ) Various reentry shapes ( NASA ) using shadowgraphs to show high - velocity flow These four shadowgraph images represent early reentry - vehicle concepts . A shadowgraph is a process that makes visible the disturbances that occur in a fluid flow at high velocity , in which light passing through a flowing fluid is refracted by the density gradients in the fluid resulting in bright and dark areas on a screen placed behind the fluid . In the United States , H. Julian Allen and A.J. Eggers , Jr. of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) made the counterintuitive discovery in 1951 that a blunt shape ( high drag ) made the most effective heat shield . From simple engineering principles , Allen and Eggers showed that the heat load experienced by an entry vehicle was inversely proportional to the drag coefficient , i.e. the greater the drag , the less the heat load . If the reentry vehicle is made blunt , air can not `` get out of the way '' quickly enough , and acts as an air cushion to push the shock wave and heated shock layer forward ( away from the vehicle ) . Since most of the hot gases are no longer in direct contact with the vehicle , the heat energy would stay in the shocked gas and simply move around the vehicle to later dissipate into the atmosphere . The Allen and Eggers discovery , though initially treated as a military secret , was eventually published in 1958 . Entry vehicle shapes ( edit ) Main article : Nose cone design There are several basic shapes used in designing entry vehicles : Sphere or spherical section ( edit ) The simplest axisymmetric shape is the sphere or spherical section . This can either be a complete sphere or a spherical section forebody with a converging conical afterbody . The aerodynamics of a sphere or spherical section are easy to model analytically using Newtonian impact theory . Likewise , the spherical section 's heat flux can be accurately modeled with the Fay - Riddell equation . The static stability of a spherical section is assured if the vehicle 's center of mass is upstream from the center of curvature ( dynamic stability is more problematic ) . Pure spheres have no lift . However , by flying at an angle of attack , a spherical section has modest aerodynamic lift thus providing some cross-range capability and widening its entry corridor . In the late 1950s and early 1960s , high - speed computers were not yet available and computational fluid dynamics was still embryonic . Because the spherical section was amenable to closed - form analysis , that geometry became the default for conservative design . Consequently , manned capsules of that era were based upon the spherical section . Pure spherical entry vehicles were used in the early Soviet Vostok and Voskhod and in Soviet Mars and Venera descent vehicles . The Apollo Command / Service Module used a spherical section forebody heat shield with a converging conical afterbody . It flew a lifting entry with a hypersonic trim angle of attack of − 27 ° ( 0 ° is blunt - end first ) to yield an average L / D ( lift - to - drag ratio ) of 0.368 . This angle of attack was achieved by precisely offsetting the vehicle 's center of mass from its axis of symmetry . Other examples of the spherical section geometry in manned capsules are Soyuz / Zond , Gemini and Mercury . Even these small amounts of lift allow trajectories that have very significant effects on peak g - force ( reducing g - force from 8 - 9g for a purely ballistic ( slowed only by drag ) trajectory to 4 - 5g ) as well as greatly reducing the peak reentry heat . Sphere - cone ( edit ) The sphere - cone is a spherical section with a frustum or blunted cone attached . The sphere - cone 's dynamic stability is typically better than that of a spherical section . The vehicle enters sphere - first . With a sufficiently small half - angle and properly placed center of mass , a sphere - cone can provide aerodynamic stability from Keplerian entry to surface impact . ( The `` half - angle '' is the angle between the cone 's axis of rotational symmetry and its outer surface , and thus half the angle made by the cone 's surface edges . ) Prototype of the Mk - 2 Reentry Vehicle ( RV ) , based on blunt body theory The original American sphere - cone aeroshell was the Mk - 2 RV ( reentry vehicle ) , which was developed in 1955 by the General Electric Corp . The Mk - 2 's design was derived from blunt - body theory and used a radiatively cooled thermal protection system ( TPS ) based upon a metallic heat shield ( the different TPS types are later described in this article ) . The Mk - 2 had significant defects as a weapon delivery system , i.e. , it loitered too long in the upper atmosphere due to its lower ballistic coefficient and also trailed a stream of vaporized metal making it very visible to radar . These defects made the Mk - 2 overly susceptible to anti-ballistic missile ( ABM ) systems . Consequently , an alternative sphere - cone RV to the Mk - 2 was developed by General Electric . Mk - 6 RV , Cold War weapon and ancestor to most of the U.S. missile entry vehicles This new RV was the Mk - 6 which used a non-metallic ablative TPS ( nylon phenolic ) . This new TPS was so effective as a reentry heat shield that significantly reduced bluntness was possible . However , the Mk - 6 was a huge RV with an entry mass of 3360 kg , a length of 3.1 meters and a half - angle of 12.5 ° . Subsequent advances in nuclear weapon and ablative TPS design allowed RVs to become significantly smaller with a further reduced bluntness ratio compared to the Mk - 6 . Since the 1960s , the sphere - cone has become the preferred geometry for modern ICBM RVs with typical half - angles being between 10 ° to 11 ° . `` Discoverer '' type reconnaissance satellite film Recovery Vehicle ( RV ) Reconnaissance satellite RVs ( recovery vehicles ) also used a sphere - cone shape and were the first American example of a non-munition entry vehicle ( Discoverer - I , launched on 28 February 1959 ) . The sphere - cone was later used for space exploration missions to other celestial bodies or for return from open space ; e.g. , Stardust probe . Unlike with military RVs , the advantage of the blunt body 's lower TPS mass remained with space exploration entry vehicles like the Galileo Probe with a half angle of 45 ° or the Viking aeroshell with a half angle of 70 ° . Space exploration sphere - cone entry vehicles have landed on the surface or entered the atmospheres of Mars , Venus , Jupiter and Titan . Galileo Probe during final assembly Biconic ( edit ) The biconic is a sphere - cone with an additional frustum attached . The biconic offers a significantly improved L / D ratio . A biconic designed for Mars aerocapture typically has an L / D of approximately 1.0 compared to an L / D of 0.368 for the Apollo - CM . The higher L / D makes a biconic shape better suited for transporting people to Mars due to the lower peak deceleration . Arguably , the most significant biconic ever flown was the Advanced Maneuverable Reentry Vehicle ( AMaRV ) . Four AMaRVs were made by the McDonnell - Douglas Corp. and represented a significant leap in RV sophistication . Three AMaRVs were launched by Minuteman - 1 ICBMs on 20 December 1979 , 8 October 1980 and 4 October 1981 . AMaRV had an entry mass of approximately 470 kg , a nose radius of 2.34 cm , a forward frustum half - angle of 10.4 ° , an inter-frustum radius of 14.6 cm , aft frustum half angle of 6 ° , and an axial length of 2.079 meters . No accurate diagram or picture of AMaRV has ever appeared in the open literature . However , a schematic sketch of an AMaRV - like vehicle along with trajectory plots showing hairpin turns has been published . The DC - X , shown during its first flight , was a prototype single stage to orbit vehicle , and used a biconic shape similar to AMaRV . Opportunity rover 's heat shield lying inverted on the surface of Mars . AMaRV 's attitude was controlled through a split body flap ( also called a `` split - windward flap '' ) along with two yaw flaps mounted on the vehicle 's sides . Hydraulic actuation was used for controlling the flaps . AMaRV was guided by a fully autonomous navigation system designed for evading anti-ballistic missile ( ABM ) interception . The McDonnell Douglas DC - X ( also a biconic ) was essentially a scaled - up version of AMaRV . AMaRV and the DC - X also served as the basis for an unsuccessful proposal for what eventually became the Lockheed Martin X-33 . Non-axisymmetric shapes ( edit ) Non-axisymmetric shapes have been used for manned entry vehicles . One example is the winged orbit vehicle that uses a delta wing for maneuvering during descent much like a conventional glider . This approach has been used by the American Space Shuttle and the Soviet Buran . The lifting body is another entry vehicle geometry and was used with the X-23 PRIME ( Precision Recovery Including Maneuvering Entry ) vehicle . The FIRST ( Fabrication of Inflatable Re-entry Structures for Test ) system was an Aerojet proposal for an inflated - spar Rogallo wing made up from Inconel wire cloth impregnated with silicone rubber and silicon carbide dust . FIRST was proposed in both one - man and six man versions , used for emergency escape and reentry of stranded space station crews , and was based on an earlier unmanned test program that resulted in a partially successful reentry flight from space ( the launcher nose cone fairing hung up on the material , dragging it too low and fast for the thermal protection system ( TPS ) , but otherwise it appears the concept would have worked ; even with the fairing dragging it , the test article flew stably on reentry until burn - through ) . The proposed MOOSE system would have used a one - man inflatable ballistic capsule as an emergency astronaut entry vehicle . This concept was carried further by the Douglas Paracone project . While these concepts were unusual , the inflated shape on reentry was in fact axisymmetric . Shock layer gas physics ( edit ) At typical reentry temperatures , the air in the shock layer is both ionized and dissociated . This chemical dissociation necessitates various physical models to describe the shock layer 's thermal and chemical properties . There are four basic physical models of a gas that are important to aeronautical engineers who design heat shields : Perfect gas model ( edit ) Almost all aeronautical engineers are taught the perfect ( ideal ) gas model during their undergraduate education . Most of the important perfect gas equations along with their corresponding tables and graphs are shown in NACA Report 1135 . Excerpts from NACA Report 1135 often appear in the appendices of thermodynamics textbooks and are familiar to most aeronautical engineers who design supersonic aircraft . The perfect gas theory is elegant and extremely useful for designing aircraft but assumes that the gas is chemically inert . From the standpoint of aircraft design , air can be assumed to be inert for temperatures less than 550 K at one atmosphere pressure . The perfect gas theory begins to break down at 550 K and is not usable at temperatures greater than 2,000 K. For temperatures greater than 2,000 K , a heat shield designer must use a real gas model . Real ( equilibrium ) gas model ( edit ) An entry vehicle 's pitching moment can be significantly influenced by real - gas effects . Both the Apollo - CM and the Space Shuttle were designed using incorrect pitching moments determined through inaccurate real - gas modelling . The Apollo - CM 's trim - angle angle of attack was higher than originally estimated , resulting in a narrower lunar return entry corridor . The actual aerodynamic centre of the Columbia was upstream from the calculated value due to real - gas effects . On Columbia 's maiden flight ( STS - 1 ) , astronauts John W. Young and Robert Crippen had some anxious moments during reentry when there was concern about losing control of the vehicle . An equilibrium real - gas model assumes that a gas is chemically reactive , but also assumes all chemical reactions have had time to complete and all components of the gas have the same temperature ( this is called thermodynamic equilibrium ) . When air is processed by a shock wave , it is superheated by compression and chemically dissociates through many different reactions . Direct friction upon the reentry object is not the main cause of shock - layer heating . It is caused mainly from isentropic heating of the air molecules within the compression wave . Friction based entropy increases of the molecules within the wave also account for some heating . The distance from the shock wave to the stagnation point on the entry vehicle 's leading edge is called shock wave stand off . An approximate rule of thumb for shock wave standoff distance is 0.14 times the nose radius . One can estimate the time of travel for a gas molecule from the shock wave to the stagnation point by assuming a free stream velocity of 7.8 km / s and a nose radius of 1 meter , i.e. , time of travel is about 18 microseconds . This is roughly the time required for shock - wave - initiated chemical dissociation to approach chemical equilibrium in a shock layer for a 7.8 km / s entry into air during peak heat flux . Consequently , as air approaches the entry vehicle 's stagnation point , the air effectively reaches chemical equilibrium thus enabling an equilibrium model to be usable . For this case , most of the shock layer between the shock wave and leading edge of an entry vehicle is chemically reacting and not in a state of equilibrium . The Fay - Riddell equation , which is of extreme importance towards modeling heat flux , owes its validity to the stagnation point being in chemical equilibrium . The time required for the shock layer gas to reach equilibrium is strongly dependent upon the shock layer 's pressure . For example , in the case of the Galileo Probe 's entry into Jupiter 's atmosphere , the shock layer was mostly in equilibrium during peak heat flux due to the very high pressures experienced ( this is counterintuitive given the free stream velocity was 39 km / s during peak heat flux ) . Determining the thermodynamic state of the stagnation point is more difficult under an equilibrium gas model than a perfect gas model . Under a perfect gas model , the ratio of specific heats ( also called `` isentropic exponent '' , adiabatic index , `` gamma '' or `` kappa '' ) is assumed to be constant along with the gas constant . For a real gas , the ratio of specific heats can wildly oscillate as a function of temperature . Under a perfect gas model there is an elegant set of equations for determining thermodynamic state along a constant entropy stream line called the isentropic chain . For a real gas , the isentropic chain is unusable and a Mollier diagram would be used instead for manual calculation . However , graphical solution with a Mollier diagram is now considered obsolete with modern heat shield designers using computer programs based upon a digital lookup table ( another form of Mollier diagram ) or a chemistry based thermodynamics program . The chemical composition of a gas in equilibrium with fixed pressure and temperature can be determined through the Gibbs free energy method . Gibbs free energy is simply the total enthalpy of the gas minus its total entropy times temperature . A chemical equilibrium program normally does not require chemical formulas or reaction - rate equations . The program works by preserving the original elemental abundances specified for the gas and varying the different molecular combinations of the elements through numerical iteration until the lowest possible Gibbs free energy is calculated ( a Newton - Raphson method is the usual numerical scheme ) . The data base for a Gibbs free energy program comes from spectroscopic data used in defining partition functions . Among the best equilibrium codes in existence is the program Chemical Equilibrium with Applications ( CEA ) which was written by Bonnie J. McBride and Sanford Gordon at NASA Lewis ( now renamed `` NASA Glenn Research Center '' ) . Other names for CEA are the `` Gordon and McBride Code '' and the `` Lewis Code '' . CEA is quite accurate up to 10,000 K for planetary atmospheric gases , but unusable beyond 20,000 K ( double ionization is not modelled ) . CEA can be downloaded from the Internet along with full documentation and will compile on Linux under the G77 Fortran compiler . Real ( non-equilibrium ) gas model ( edit ) A non-equilibrium real gas model is the most accurate model of a shock layer 's gas physics , but is more difficult to solve than an equilibrium model . The simplest non-equilibrium model is the Lighthill - Freeman model . The Lighthill - Freeman model initially assumes a gas made up of a single diatomic species susceptible to only one chemical formula and its reverse ; e.g. , N → N + N and N + N → N ( dissociation and recombination ) . Because of its simplicity , the Lighthill - Freeman model is a useful pedagogical tool , but is unfortunately too simple for modelling non-equilibrium air . Air is typically assumed to have a mole fraction composition of 0.7812 molecular nitrogen , 0.2095 molecular oxygen and 0.0093 argon . The simplest real gas model for air is the five species model , which is based upon N , O , NO , N , and O . The five species model assumes no ionization and ignores trace species like carbon dioxide . When running a Gibbs free energy equilibrium program , the iterative process from the originally specified molecular composition to the final calculated equilibrium composition is essentially random and not time accurate . With a non-equilibrium program , the computation process is time accurate and follows a solution path dictated by chemical and reaction rate formulas . The five species model has 17 chemical formulas ( 34 when counting reverse formulas ) . The Lighthill - Freeman model is based upon a single ordinary differential equation and one algebraic equation . The five species model is based upon 5 ordinary differential equations and 17 algebraic equations . Because the 5 ordinary differential equations are loosely coupled , the system is numerically `` stiff '' and difficult to solve . The five species model is only usable for entry from low Earth orbit where entry velocity is approximately 7.8 km / s . For lunar return entry of 11 km / s , the shock layer contains a significant amount of ionized nitrogen and oxygen . The five species model is no longer accurate and a twelve species model must be used instead . High speed Mars entry which involves a carbon dioxide , nitrogen and argon atmosphere is even more complex requiring a 19 species model . An important aspect of modelling non-equilibrium real gas effects is radiative heat flux . If a vehicle is entering an atmosphere at very high speed ( hyperbolic trajectory , lunar return ) and has a large nose radius then radiative heat flux can dominate TPS heating . Radiative heat flux during entry into an air or carbon dioxide atmosphere typically comes from asymmetric diatomic molecules ; e.g. , cyanogen ( CN ) , carbon monoxide , nitric oxide ( NO ) , single ionized molecular nitrogen etc . These molecules are formed by the shock wave dissociating ambient atmospheric gas followed by recombination within the shock layer into new molecular species . The newly formed diatomic molecules initially have a very high vibrational temperature that efficiently transforms the vibrational energy into radiant energy ; i.e. , radiative heat flux . The whole process takes place in less than a millisecond which makes modelling a challenge . The experimental measurement of radiative heat flux ( typically done with shock tubes ) along with theoretical calculation through the unsteady Schrödinger equation are among the more esoteric aspects of aerospace engineering . Most of the aerospace research work related to understanding radiative heat flux was done in the 1960s , but largely discontinued after conclusion of the Apollo Program . Radiative heat flux in air was just sufficiently understood to ensure Apollo 's success . However , radiative heat flux in carbon dioxide ( Mars entry ) is still barely understood and will require major research . Frozen gas model ( edit ) The frozen gas model describes a special case of a gas that is not in equilibrium . The name `` frozen gas '' can be misleading . A frozen gas is not `` frozen '' like ice is frozen water . Rather a frozen gas is `` frozen '' in time ( all chemical reactions are assumed to have stopped ) . Chemical reactions are normally driven by collisions between molecules . If gas pressure is slowly reduced such that chemical reactions can continue then the gas can remain in equilibrium . However , it is possible for gas pressure to be so suddenly reduced that almost all chemical reactions stop . For that situation the gas is considered frozen . The distinction between equilibrium and frozen is important because it is possible for a gas such as air to have significantly different properties ( speed - of - sound , viscosity etc . ) for the same thermodynamic state ; e.g. , pressure and temperature . Frozen gas can be a significant issue in the wake behind an entry vehicle . During reentry , free stream air is compressed to high temperature and pressure by the entry vehicle 's shock wave . Non-equilibrium air in the shock layer is then transported past the entry vehicle 's leading side into a region of rapidly expanding flow that causes freezing . The frozen air can then be entrained into a trailing vortex behind the entry vehicle . Correctly modelling the flow in the wake of an entry vehicle is very difficult . Thermal protection shield ( TPS ) heating in the vehicle 's afterbody is usually not very high , but the geometry and unsteadiness of the vehicle 's wake can significantly influence aerodynamics ( pitching moment ) and particularly dynamic stability . Thermal protection systems ( edit ) A thermal protection system or TPS is the barrier that protects a spacecraft during the searing heat of atmospheric reentry . A secondary goal may be to protect the spacecraft from the heat and cold of space while in orbit . Multiple approaches for the thermal protection of spacecraft are in use , among them ablative heat shields , passive cooling and active cooling of spacecraft surfaces . Ablative ( edit ) Ablative heat shield ( after use ) on Apollo 12 capsule The ablative heat shield functions by lifting the hot shock layer gas away from the heat shield 's outer wall ( creating a cooler boundary layer ) . The boundary layer comes from blowing of gaseous reaction products from the heat shield material and provides protection against all forms of heat flux . The overall process of reducing the heat flux experienced by the heat shield 's outer wall by way of a boundary layer is called blockage . Ablation occurs at two levels in an ablative TPS : the outer surface of the TPS material chars , melts , and sublimes , while the bulk of the TPS material undergoes pyrolysis and expels product gases . The gas produced by pyrolysis is what drives blowing and causes blockage of convective and catalytic heat flux . Pyrolysis can be measured in real time using thermogravimetric analysis , so that the ablative performance can be evaluated . Ablation can also provide blockage against radiative heat flux by introducing carbon into the shock layer thus making it optically opaque . Radiative heat flux blockage was the primary thermal protection mechanism of the Galileo Probe TPS material ( carbon phenolic ) . Carbon phenolic was originally developed as a rocket nozzle throat material ( used in the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster ) and for re-entry vehicle nose tips . Early research on ablation technology in the USA was centered at NASA 's Ames Research Center located at Moffett Field , California . Ames Research Center was ideal , since it had numerous wind tunnels capable of generating varying wind velocities . Initial experiments typically mounted a mock - up of the ablative material to be analyzed within a hypersonic wind tunnel . Testing of ablative materials occurs at the Ames Arc Jet Complex . Many spacecraft thermal protection systems have been tested in this facility , including the Apollo , space shuttle , and Orion heat shield materials . Mars Pathfinder during final assembly showing the aeroshell , cruise ring and solid rocket motor The thermal conductivity of a particular TPS material is usually proportional to the material 's density . Carbon phenolic is a very effective ablative material , but also has high density which is undesirable . If the heat flux experienced by an entry vehicle is insufficient to cause pyrolysis then the TPS material 's conductivity could allow heat flux conduction into the TPS bondline material thus leading to TPS failure . Consequently , for entry trajectories causing lower heat flux , carbon phenolic is sometimes inappropriate and lower density TPS materials such as the following examples can be better design choices : SLA - 561V ( edit ) SLA in SLA - 561V stands for super light - weight ablator . SLA - 561V is a proprietary ablative made by Lockheed Martin that has been used as the primary TPS material on all of the 70 ° sphere - cone entry vehicles sent by NASA to Mars other than the Mars Science Laboratory ( MSL ) . SLA - 561V begins significant ablation at a heat flux of approximately 110 W / cm2 , but will fail for heat fluxes greater than 300 W / cm2 . The MSL aeroshell TPS is currently designed to withstand a peak heat flux of 234 W / cm2 . The peak heat flux experienced by the Viking - 1 aeroshell which landed on Mars was 21 W / cm2 . For Viking - 1 , the TPS acted as a charred thermal insulator and never experienced significant ablation . Viking - 1 was the first Mars lander and based upon a very conservative design . The Viking aeroshell had a base diameter of 3.54 meters ( the largest used on Mars until Mars Science Laboratory ) . SLA - 561V is applied by packing the ablative material into a honeycomb core that is pre-bonded to the aeroshell 's structure thus enabling construction of a large heat shield . NASA 's Stardust sample return capsule successfully landed at the USAF Utah Range . Phenolic impregnated carbon ablator ( edit ) Phenolic impregnated carbon ablator ( PICA ) , a carbon fiber preform impregnated in phenolic resin , is a modern TPS material and has the advantages of low density ( much lighter than carbon phenolic ) coupled with efficient ablative ability at high heat flux . It is a good choice for ablative applications such as high - peak - heating conditions found on sample - return missions or lunar - return missions . PICA 's thermal conductivity is lower than other high - heat - flux ablative materials , such as conventional carbon phenolics . PICA was patented by NASA Ames Research Center in the 1990s and was the primary TPS material for the Stardust aeroshell . The Stardust sample - return capsule was the fastest man - made object ever to reenter Earth 's atmosphere ( 12.4 km / s ( 28,000 mph ) at 135 km altitude ) . This was faster than the Apollo mission capsules and 70 % faster than the Shuttle . PICA was critical for the viability of the Stardust mission , which returned to Earth in 2006 . Stardust 's heat shield ( 0.81 m base diameter ) was made of one monolithic piece sized to withstand a nominal peak heating rate of 1.2 kW / cm . A PICA heat shield was also used for the Mars Science Laboratory entry into the Martian atmosphere . PICA - X ( edit ) An improved and easier to produce version called PICA - X was developed by SpaceX in 2006 - 2010 for the Dragon space capsule . The first re-entry test of a PICA - X heat shield was on the Dragon C1 mission on 8 December 2010 . The PICA - X heat shield was designed , developed and fully qualified by a small team of only a dozen engineers and technicians in less than four years . PICA - X is ten times less expensive to manufacture than the NASA PICA heat shield material . The Dragon 1 spacecraft initially used PICA - X version 1 and was later equipped with version 2 . The Dragon V2 spacecraft uses PICA - X version 3 . SpaceX has indicated that each new version of PICA - X primarily improves upon heat shielding capacity rather than the manufacturing cost . SIRCA ( edit ) Deep Space 2 impactor aeroshell , a classic 45 ° sphere - cone with spherical section afterbody enabling aerodynamic stability from atmospheric entry to surface impact Silicone - impregnated reusable ceramic ablator ( SIRCA ) was also developed at NASA Ames Research Center and was used on the Backshell Interface Plate ( BIP ) of the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Exploration Rover ( MER ) aeroshells . The BIP was at the attachment points between the aeroshell 's backshell ( also called the afterbody or aft cover ) and the cruise ring ( also called the cruise stage ) . SIRCA was also the primary TPS material for the unsuccessful Deep Space 2 ( DS / 2 ) Mars impactor probes with their 0.35 m base diameter aeroshells . SIRCA is a monolithic , insulating material that can provide thermal protection through ablation . It is the only TPS material that can be machined to custom shapes and then applied directly to the spacecraft . There is no post-processing , heat treating , or additional coatings required ( unlike Space Shuttle tiles ) . Since SIRCA can be machined to precise shapes , it can be applied as tiles , leading edge sections , full nose caps , or in any number of custom shapes or sizes . As of 1996 , SIRCA had been demonstrated in backshell interface applications , but not yet as a forebody TPS material . Avcoat ( edit ) AVCOAT is a NASA - specified ablative heat shield , a glass - filled epoxy - novolac system . NASA originally used it for the Apollo capsule and then utilized the material for its next - generation beyond low Earth - orbit Orion spacecraft . The Avcoat to be used on Orion has been reformulated to meet environmental legislation that has been passed since the end of Apollo . Thermal soak ( edit ) Astronaut Andrew S.W. Thomas takes a close look at TPS tiles underneath Space Shuttle Atlantis . Rigid black LI - 900 tiles were used on the Space Shuttle . Thermal soak is a part of almost all TPS schemes . For example , an ablative heat shield loses most of its thermal protection effectiveness when the outer wall temperature drops below the minimum necessary for pyrolysis . From that time to the end of the heat pulse , heat from the shock layer convects into the heat shield 's outer wall and would eventually conduct to the payload . This outcome is prevented by ejecting the heat shield ( with its heat soak ) prior to the heat conducting to the inner wall . Typical Space Shuttle TPS tiles ( LI - 900 ) have remarkable thermal protection properties . An LI - 900 tile exposed to a temperature of 1000 K on one side will remain merely warm to the touch on the other side . However , they are relatively brittle and break easily , and can not survive in - flight rain . Passively cooled ( edit ) In some early ballistic missile RVs ( e.g. , the Mk - 2 and the suborbital Mercury spacecraft ) , radiatively cooled TPS were used to initially absorb heat flux during the heat pulse , and , then , after the heat pulse , radiate and convect the stored heat back into the atmosphere . However , the earlier version of this technique required a considerable quantity of metal TPS ( e.g. , titanium , beryllium , copper , etc . ) . Modern designers prefer to avoid this added mass by using ablative and thermal - soak TPS instead . The Mercury capsule design ( shown here with its escape tower ) originally used a radiatively cooled TPS , but was later converted to an ablative TPS . Radiatively cooled TPS can still be found on modern entry vehicles , but reinforced carbon - carbon ( RCC ) ( also called carbon - carbon ) is normally used instead of metal . RCC was the TPS material on the Space Shuttle 's nose cone and wing leading edges , and was also proposed as the leading - edge material for the X-33 . Carbon is the most refractory material known , with a one - atmosphere sublimation temperature of 3825 ° C for graphite . This high temperature made carbon an obvious choice as a radiatively cooled TPS material . Disadvantages of RCC are that it is currently expensive to manufacture , is heavy , and lacks robust impact resistance . Some high - velocity aircraft , such as the SR - 71 Blackbird and Concorde , deal with heating similar to that experienced by spacecraft , but at much lower intensity , and for hours at a time . Studies of the SR - 71 's titanium skin revealed that the metal structure was restored to its original strength through annealing due to aerodynamic heating . In the case of the Concorde , the aluminium nose was permitted to reach a maximum operating temperature of 127 ° C ( approximately 180 ° C warmer than the , normally sub-zero , ambient air ) ; the metallurgical implications ( loss of temper ) that would be associated with a higher peak temperature were the most significant factors determining the top speed of the aircraft . A radiatively cooled TPS for an entry vehicle is often called a hot - metal TPS . Early TPS designs for the Space Shuttle called for a hot - metal TPS based upon a nickel superalloy ( dubbed René 41 ) and titanium shingles . This Shuttle TPS concept was rejected , because it was believed a silica - tile - based TPS would involve lower development and manufacturing costs . A nickel superalloy - shingle TPS was again proposed for the unsuccessful X-33 single - stage - to - orbit ( SSTO ) prototype . Recently , newer radiatively cooled TPS materials have been developed that could be superior to RCC . Known as Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics , they were developed for the prototype vehicle Slender Hypervelocity Aerothermodynamic Research Probe ( SHARP ) . These TPS materials are based on zirconium diboride and hafnium diboride . SHARP TPS have suggested performance improvements allowing for sustained Mach 7 flight at sea level , Mach 11 flight at 100,000 ft ( 30,000 m ) altitudes , and significant improvements for vehicles designed for continuous hypersonic flight . SHARP TPS materials enable sharp leading edges and nose cones to greatly reduce drag for airbreathing combined - cycle - propelled spaceplanes and lifting bodies . SHARP materials have exhibited effective TPS characteristics from zero to more than 2,000 ° C , with melting points over 3,500 ° C. They are structurally stronger than RCC , and , thus , do not require structural reinforcement with materials such as Inconel . SHARP materials are extremely efficient at reradiating absorbed heat , thus eliminating the need for additional TPS behind and between the SHARP materials and conventional vehicle structure . NASA initially funded ( and discontinued ) a multi-phase R&D program through the University of Montana in 2001 to test SHARP materials on test vehicles . Actively cooled ( edit ) Various advanced reusable spacecraft and hypersonic aircraft designs have been proposed to employ heat shields made from temperature - resistant metal alloys that incorporated a refrigerant or cryogenic fuel circulating through them . Such a TPS concept was proposed for the X-30 National Aerospace Plane ( NASP ) . The NASP was supposed to have been a scramjet powered hypersonic aircraft , but failed in development . In the early 1960s various TPS systems were proposed to use water or other cooling liquid sprayed into the shock layer , or passed through channels in the heat shield . Advantages included the possibility of more all - metal designs which would be cheaper to develop , be more rugged , and eliminate the need for classified technology . The disadvantages are increased weight and complexity , and lower reliability . The concept has never been flown , but a similar technology ( the plug nozzle ) did undergo extensive ground testing . Feathered reentry ( edit ) In 2004 , aircraft designer Burt Rutan demonstrated the feasibility of a shape - changing airfoil for reentry with the suborbital SpaceShipOne . The wings on this craft rotate upward into the feather configuration that provides a shuttlecock effect . Thus SpaceShipOne achieves much more aerodynamic drag on reentry while not experiencing significant thermal loads . The configuration increases drag , as the craft is now less streamlined and results in more atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes than otherwise . The aircraft thus slows down more in higher atmospheric layers which is the key to efficient reentry . Secondly the aircraft will automatically orient itself in this state to a high drag attitude . However , the velocity attained by SpaceShipOne prior to reentry is much lower than that of an orbital spacecraft , and engineers , including Rutan , recognize that a feathered reentry technique is not suitable for return from orbit . On 4 May 2011 , the first test on the SpaceShipTwo of the feathering mechanism was made during a glideflight after release from the White Knight Two . The feathered reentry was first described by Dean Chapman of NACA in 1958 . In the section of his report on Composite Entry , Chapman described a solution to the problem using a high - drag device : It may be desirable to combine lifting and nonlifting entry in order to achieve some advantages ... For landing maneuverability it obviously is advantageous to employ a lifting vehicle . The total heat absorbed by a lifting vehicle , however , is much higher than for a nonlifting vehicle ... Nonlifting vehicles can more easily be constructed ... by employing , for example , a large , light drag device ... The larger the device , the smaller is the heating rate . Nonlifting vehicles with shuttlecock stability are advantageous also from the viewpoint of minimum control requirements during entry . ... an evident composite type of entry , which combines some of the desirable features of lifting and nonlifting trajectories , would be to enter first without lift but with a ... drag device ; then , when the velocity is reduced to a certain value ... the device is jettisoned or retracted , leaving a lifting vehicle ... for the remainder of the descent . Inflatable heat shield reentry ( edit ) NASA engineers check IRVE Deceleration for atmospheric reentry , especially for higher - speed Mars - return missions , benefits from maximizing `` the drag area of the entry system . The larger the diameter of the aeroshell , the bigger the payload can be . '' An inflatable aeroshell provides one alternative for enlarging the drag area with a low - mass design . Such an inflatable shield / aerobrake was designed for the penetrators of Mars 96 mission . Since the mission failed due to the launcher malfunction , the NPO Lavochkin and DASA / ESA have designed a mission for Earth orbit . The Inflatable Reentry and Descent Technology ( IRDT ) demonstrator was launched on Soyuz - Fregat on 8 February 2000 . The inflatable shield was designed as a cone with two stages of inflation . Although the second stage of the shield failed to inflate , the demonstrator survived the orbital reentry and was recovered . The subsequent missions flown on the Volna rocket failed due to launcher failure . NASA IRVE ( edit ) NASA launched an inflatable heat shield experimental spacecraft on 17 August 2009 with the successful first test flight of the Inflatable Re-entry Vehicle Experiment ( IRVE ) . The heat shield had been vacuum - packed into a 15 - inch ( 380 mm ) diameter payload shroud and launched on a Black Brant 9 sounding rocket from NASA 's Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island , Virginia . `` Nitrogen inflated the 10 - foot ( 3.0 m ) diameter heat shield , made of several layers of silicone - coated ( Kevlar ) fabric , to a mushroom shape in space several minutes after liftoff . '' The rocket apogee was at an altitude of 131 miles ( 211 km ) where it began its descent to supersonic speed . Less than a minute later the shield was released from its cover to inflate at an altitude of 124 miles ( 200 km ) . The inflation of the shield took less than 90 seconds . NASA HIAD ( edit ) Following the success of the initial IRVE experiments , NASA developed the concept into the more ambitious Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator ( HIAD ) . The current design is shaped like a shallow cone , with the structure built up as a stack of circular inflated tubes of gradually increasing major diameter . The forward ( convex ) face of the cone is covered with a flexible thermal protection system robust enough to withstand the stresses of atmospheric entry ( or re-entry ) . Entry vehicle design considerations ( edit ) There are four critical parameters considered when designing a vehicle for atmospheric entry : Peak heat flux Heat load Peak deceleration Peak dynamic pressure Peak heat flux and dynamic pressure selects the TPS material . Heat load selects the thickness of the TPS material stack . Peak deceleration is of major importance for manned missions . The upper limit for manned return to Earth from Low Earth Orbit ( LEO ) or lunar return is 10 Gs . For Martian atmospheric entry after long exposure to zero gravity , the upper limit is 4 Gs . Peak dynamic pressure can also influence the selection of the outermost TPS material if spallation is an issue . Starting from the principle of conservative design , the engineer typically considers two worst case trajectories , the undershoot and overshoot trajectories . The overshoot trajectory is typically defined as the shallowest allowable entry velocity angle prior to atmospheric skip - off . The overshoot trajectory has the highest heat load and sets the TPS thickness . The undershoot trajectory is defined by the steepest allowable trajectory . For manned missions the steepest entry angle is limited by the peak deceleration . The undershoot trajectory also has the highest peak heat flux and dynamic pressure . Consequently , the undershoot trajectory is the basis for selecting the TPS material . There is no `` one size fits all '' TPS material . A TPS material that is ideal for high heat flux may be too conductive ( too dense ) for a long duration heat load . A low density TPS material might lack the tensile strength to resist spallation if the dynamic pressure is too high . A TPS material can perform well for a specific peak heat flux , but fail catastrophically for the same peak heat flux if the wall pressure is significantly increased ( this happened with NASA 's R - 4 test spacecraft ) . Older TPS materials tend to be more labor - intensive and expensive to manufacture compared to modern materials . However , modern TPS materials often lack the flight history of the older materials ( an important consideration for a risk - averse designer ) . Based upon Allen and Eggers discovery , maximum aeroshell bluntness ( maximum drag ) yields minimum TPS mass . Maximum bluntness ( minimum ballistic coefficient ) also yields a minimal terminal velocity at maximum altitude ( very important for Mars EDL , but detrimental for military RVs ) . However , there is an upper limit to bluntness imposed by aerodynamic stability considerations based upon shock wave detachment . A shock wave will remain attached to the tip of a sharp cone if the cone 's half - angle is below a critical value . This critical half - angle can be estimated using perfect gas theory ( this specific aerodynamic instability occurs below hypersonic speeds ) . For a nitrogen atmosphere ( Earth or Titan ) , the maximum allowed half - angle is approximately 60 ° . For a carbon dioxide atmosphere ( Mars or Venus ) , the maximum allowed half - angle is approximately 70 ° . After shock wave detachment , an entry vehicle must carry significantly more shocklayer gas around the leading edge stagnation point ( the subsonic cap ) . Consequently , the aerodynamic center moves upstream thus causing aerodynamic instability . It is incorrect to reapply an aeroshell design intended for Titan entry ( Huygens probe in a nitrogen atmosphere ) for Mars entry ( Beagle - 2 in a carbon dioxide atmosphere ) . Prior to being abandoned , the Soviet Mars lander program achieved one successful landing ( Mars 3 ) , on the second of three entry attempts ( the others were Mars 2 and Mars 6 ) . The Soviet Mars landers were based upon a 60 ° half - angle aeroshell design . A 45 degree half - angle sphere - cone is typically used for atmospheric probes ( surface landing not intended ) even though TPS mass is not minimized . The rationale for a 45 ° half - angle is to have either aerodynamic stability from entry - to - impact ( the heat shield is not jettisoned ) or a short - and - sharp heat pulse followed by prompt heat shield jettison . A 45 ° sphere - cone design was used with the DS / 2 Mars impactor and Pioneer Venus Probes . Notable atmospheric entry accidents ( edit ) Re-entry window A - Friction with air , B - In air flight . C - Expulsion lower angle , D - Perpendicular to the entry point , E - Excess friction 6.9 ° to 90 ° , F - Repulsion of 5.5 ° or less , G - Explosion friction , H - plane tangential to the entry point Not all atmospheric re-entries have been successful and some have resulted in significant disasters . Voskhod 2 -- The service module failed to detach for some time , but the crew survived . Soyuz 1 -- The attitude control system failed while still in orbit and later parachutes got entangled during the emergency landing sequence ( entry , descent and landing ( EDL ) failure ) . Lone cosmonaut Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov died . Soyuz 5 -- The service module failed to detach , but the crew survived . Soyuz 11 -- After Tri Module Sep , a valve was weakened by the blast and failed on re-entry . The cabin depressurized killing all three crew members . Mars Polar Lander -- Failed during EDL . The failure was believed to be the consequence of a software error . The precise cause is unknown for lack of real - time telemetry . Space Shuttle Columbia during STS - 1 -- a combination of launch damage , protruding gap filler , and tile installation error resulted in serious damage to the orbiter , only some of which the crew was privy to . Had the crew known the true extent of the damage before attempting re-entry , they would have flown the shuttle to a safe altitude and then bailed out . Nevertheless , re-entry was successful , and the orbiter proceeded to a normal landing . Space Shuttle Columbia during STS - 107 -- The failure of an RCC panel on a wing leading edge caused by debris impact at launch led to breakup of the orbiter on reentry resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members . Genesis entry vehicle after crash Genesis -- The parachute failed to deploy due to a G - switch having been installed backwards ( a similar error delayed parachute deployment for the Galileo Probe ) . Consequently , the Genesis entry vehicle crashed into the desert floor . The payload was damaged , but most scientific data were recoverable . Soyuz TMA - 11 -- The Soyuz propulsion module failed to separate properly ; fallback ballistic reentry was executed that subjected the crew to forces about eight times that of gravity . The crew survived . Uncontrolled and unprotected reentries ( edit ) Of satellites that reenter , approximately 10 - 40 % of the mass of the object is likely to reach the surface of the Earth . On average , about one catalogued object reenters per day . Due to the Earth 's surface being primarily water , most objects that survive reentry land in one of the world 's oceans . The estimated chances that a given person will get hit and injured during his / her lifetime is around 1 in a trillion . In 1978 , Cosmos 954 reentered uncontrolled and crashed near Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada . Cosmos 954 was nuclear powered and left radioactive debris near its impact site . In 1979 , Skylab reentered uncontrolled , spreading debris across the Australian Outback , damaging several buildings and killing a cow . The re-entry was a major media event largely due to the Cosmos 954 incident , but not viewed as much as a potential disaster since it did not carry nuclear fuel . The city of Esperance , Western Australia , issued a fine for littering to the United States , which was finally paid 30 years later ( not by NASA , but by privately collected funds from radio listeners ) . NASA had originally hoped to use a Space Shuttle mission to either extend its life or enable a controlled reentry , but delays in the program combined with unexpectedly high solar activity made this impossible . On February 7 , 1991 Salyut 7 underwent uncontrolled reentry with Kosmos 1686 . It reentered over Argentina and scattered much of its debris over the town of Capitan Bermudez . Deorbit disposal ( edit ) Salyut 1 , the world 's first space station , was deliberately de-orbited into the Pacific Ocean in 1971 following the Soyuz 11 accident . Its successor , Salyut 6 , was de-orbited in a controlled manner as well . On June 4 , 2000 the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was deliberately de-orbited after one of its gyroscopes failed . The debris that did not burn up fell harmlessly into the Pacific Ocean . The observatory was still operational , but the failure of another gyroscope would have made de-orbiting much more difficult and dangerous . With some controversy , NASA decided in the interest of public safety that a controlled crash was preferable to letting the craft come down at random . In 2001 , the Russian Mir space station was deliberately de-orbited , and broke apart in the fashion expected by the command center during atmospheric re-entry . Mir entered the Earth 's atmosphere on March 23 , 2001 , near Nadi , Fiji , and fell into the South Pacific Ocean . On February 21 , 2008 , a disabled US spy satellite , USA 193 , was hit at an altitude of approximately 246 kilometers ( 153 mi ) with an SM - 3 missile fired from the U.S. Navy cruiser Lake Erie off the coast of Hawaii . The satellite was inoperative , having failed to reach its intended orbit when it was launched in 2006 . Due to its rapidly deteriorating orbit it was destined for uncontrolled reentry within a month . United States Department of Defense expressed concern that the 1,000 - pound ( 450 kg ) fuel tank containing highly toxic hydrazine might survive reentry to reach the Earth 's surface intact . Several governments including those of Russia , China , and Belarus protested the action as a thinly - veiled demonstration of US anti-satellite capabilities . China had previously caused an international incident when it tested an anti-satellite missile in 2007 . On September 7 , 2011 , NASA announced the impending uncontrolled re-entry of Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite and noted that there was a small risk to the public . The decommissioned satellite reentered the atmosphere on September 24 , 2011 , and some pieces are presumed to have crashed into the South Pacific Ocean over a debris field 500 miles ( 800 km ) long . Closeup of Gemini 2 heat shield Cross section of Gemini 2 heat shield Successful atmospheric re-entries from orbital velocities ( edit ) Manned orbital re-entry , by country / governmental entity China - Shenzhou Soviet Union / Russia - Vostok , Voskhod , Soyuz United States - Mercury , Gemini , Apollo , Space Shuttle Manned orbital re-entry , by commercial entity None to date Unmanned orbital re-entry , by country / governmental entity China European Space Agency India / Indian Space Research Organisation Japan Soviet Union / Russia United States Unmanned orbital re-entry , by commercial entity SpaceX - Dragon Selected atmospheric reentries ( edit ) This list shows atmospheric entries in which the spacecraft is not intended to be recovered , but is destroyed in the atmosphere . What Re-entry Year Phobos - Grunt 2012 ROSAT 2011 UARS 2011 Mir Skylab 1979 See also : List of large reentering space debris See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Van Allen radiation belt Aerocapture Decelerated micrometeorites Ionization blackout Intercontinental ballistic missile Lander ( spacecraft ) Landing footprint NASA reentry prototypes Skip reentry Space capsule Space Shuttle thermal protection system Further reading ( edit ) Launius , Roger D. ; Jenkins , Dennis R. ( October 10 , 2012 ) . Coming Home : Reentry and Recovery from Space . NASA . ISBN 9780160910647 . OCLC 802182873 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Martin , John J. ( 1966 ) . Atmospheric Entry - An Introduction to Its Science and Engineering . Old Tappan , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Regan , Frank J. ( 1984 ) . Re-Entry Vehicle Dynamics ( AIAA Education Series ) . New York : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Inc . ISBN 0 - 915928 - 78 - 7 . Etkin , Bernard ( 1972 ) . Dynamics of Atmospheric Flight . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ISBN 0 - 471 - 24620 - 4 . Vincenti , Walter G. ; Kruger Jr , Charles H. ( 1986 ) . Introduction to Physical Gas Dynamics . Malabar , Florida : Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 88275 - 309 - 6 . Hansen , C. Frederick ( 1976 ) . Molecular Physics of Equilibrium Gases , A Handbook for Engineers . NASA . NASA SP - 3096 . Hayes , Wallace D. ; Probstein , Ronald F. ( 1959 ) . Hypersonic Flow Theory . New York and London : Academic Press . A revised version of this classic text has been reissued as an inexpensive paperback : Hayes , Wallace D. ( 1966 ) . Hypersonic Inviscid Flow . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 43281 - 5 . reissued in 2004 Anderson , Jr. , John D. ( 1989 ) . Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics . New York : McGraw - Hill , Inc . ISBN 0 - 07 - 001671 - 2 . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.jpaerospace.com/atohandout.pdf Jump up ^ GROSS , F. Unmanned Spacecraft Meeting 1965 . American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . doi : 10.2514 / 6.1965 - 1407 -- via American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . Jump up ^ Goddard , Robert H. ( Mar 1920 ) . `` Report Concerning Further Developments '' . The Smithsonian Institution Archives . Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 29 . In the case of meteors , which enter the atmosphere with speeds as high as 30 miles per second , the interior of the meteors remains cold , and the erosion is due , to a large extent , to chipping or cracking of the suddenly heated surface . For this reason , if the outer surface of the apparatus were to consist of layers of a very infusible hard substance with layers of a poor heat conductor between , the surface would not be eroded to any considerable extent , especially as the velocity of the apparatus would not be nearly so great as that of the average meteor . Jump up ^ Boris Chertok , `` Rockets and People '' , NASA History Series , 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/501326main_TA09-EDL-DRAFT-Nov2010-A.pdf Jump up ^ Hansen , James R. ( Jun 1987 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Hypersonics and the Transition to Space '' . Engineer in Charge : A History of the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory , 1917 -- 1958 . The NASA History Series . sp - 4305 . United States Government Printing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 318 - 23455 - 7 . Jump up ^ Allen , H. Julian ; Eggers , Jr. , A.J. ( 1958 ) . `` A Study of the Motion and Aerodynamic Heating of Ballistic Missiles Entering the Earth 's Atmosphere at High Supersonic Speeds '' ( PDF ) . NACA Annual Report . NASA Technical Reports . 44.2 ( NACA - TR - 1381 ) : 1125 -- 1140 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Przadka , W. ; Miedzik , J. ; Goujon - Durand , S. ; Wesfreid , J.E. `` The wake behind the sphere ; analysis of vortices during transition from steadiness to unsteadiness . '' ( PDF ) . Polish french cooperation in fluid research . Archive of Mechanics. , 60 , 6 , pp. 467 -- 474 , Warszawa 2008 . Received May 29 , 2008 ; revised version November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fay , J.A. ; Riddell , F.R. ( February 1958 ) . `` Theory of Stagnation Point Heat Transfer in Dissociated Air '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences . 25 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 85 . doi : 10.2514 / 8.7517 . Archived from the original ( PDF Reprint ) on 2005 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hillje , Ernest R. , `` Entry Aerodynamics at Lunar Return Conditions Obtained from the Flight of Apollo 4 ( AS - 501 ) , '' NASA TN D - 5399 , ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Whittington , Kurt Thomas . `` A Tool to Extrapolate Thermal Reentry Atmosphere Parameters Along a Body in Trajectory Space '' ( PDF ) . NCSU Libraries Technical Reports Repository . A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Aerospace Engineering Raleigh , North Carolina 2011 , pp. 5 . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Regan , Frank J. and Anadakrishnan , Satya M. , `` Dynamics of Atmospheric Re-Entry , '' AIAA Education Series , American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Inc. , New York , ISBN 1 - 56347 - 048 - 9 , ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ `` Equations , tables , and charts for compressible flow '' ( PDF ) . NACA Annual Report . NASA Technical Reports . 39 ( NACA - TR - 1135 ) : 613 -- 681 . 1953 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Iliff and Mary Shafer , Space Shuttle Hypersonic Aerodynamic and Aerothermodynamic Flight Research and the Comparison to Ground Test Results , Page 5 - 6 Jump up ^ Lighthill , M.J. ( Jan 1957 ) . `` Dynamics of a Dissociating Gas . Part I. Equilibrium Flow '' . Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 32 . Bibcode : 1957JFM ... 2 ... 1L . doi : 10.1017 / S0022112057000713 . Jump up ^ Freeman , N.C. ( Aug 1958 ) . `` Non-equilibrium Flow of an Ideal Dissociating Gas '' . Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 4 ( 4 ) : 407 -- 425 . Bibcode : 1958JFM ... 4 ... 407F . doi : 10.1017 / S0022112058000549 . Jump up ^ Parker , John and C. Michael Hogan , `` Techniques for Wind Tunnel assessment of Ablative Materials , '' NASA Ames Research Center , Technical Publication , August , 1965 . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael , Parker , John and Winkler , Ernest , of NASA Ames Research Center , `` An Analytical Method for Obtaining the Thermogravimetric Kinetics of Char - forming Ablative Materials from Thermogravimetric Measurements '' , AIAA / ASME Seventh Structures and Materials Conference , April , 1966 Jump up ^ `` Arc Jet Complex '' . www.nasa.gov . NASA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Di Benedetto , A.T. ; Nicolais , L. ; Watanabe , R. ( 1992 ) . Composite materials : proceedings of Symposium A4 on Composite Materials of the International Conference on Advanced Materials -- ICAM 91 , Strasbourg , France , 27 -- 29 May 1991 . Amsterdam : North - Holland . p. 111 . ISBN 0444893563 . Jump up ^ Tran , Huy ; Michael Tauber ; William Henline ; Duoc Tran ; Alan Cartledge ; Frank Hui ; Norm Zimmerman ( 1996 ) . Ames Research Center Shear Tests of SLA - 561V Heat Shield Material for Mars - Pathfinder ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . NASA Ames Research Center . NASA Technical Memorandum 110402 . Jump up ^ Lachaud , Jean ; N. Mansour , Nagi ( June 2010 ) . A pyrolysis and ablation toolbox based on OpenFOAM ( PDF ) . 5th OpenFOAM Workshop . Gothenburg , Sweden . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Tran , Huy K , et al. , `` Qualification of the forebody heat shield of the Stardust 's Sample Return Capsule , '' AIAA , Thermophysics Conference , 32nd , Atlanta , GA ; 23 -- 25 June 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Stardust - Cool Facts '' . stardust.jpl.nasa.gov . ^ Jump up to : Chambers , Andrew ; Dan Rasky ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) . `` NASA + SpaceX Work Together '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . SpaceX undertook the design and manufacture of the reentry heat shield ; it brought speed and efficiency that allowed the heat shield to be designed , developed , and qualified in less than four years . ' Jump up ^ `` SpaceX Manufactured Heat Shield Material Passes High Temperature Tests Simulating Reentry Heating Conditions of Dragon Spacecraft '' . www.spaceref.com . Jump up ^ Dragon could visit space station next Archived May 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , msnbc.com , 2010 - 12 - 08 , accessed 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Chaikin , Andrew ( January 2012 ) . `` 1 visionary + 3 launchers + 1,500 employees = ? : Is SpaceX changing the rocket equation ? '' . Air & Space Smithsonian . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . SpaceX 's material , called PICA - X , is 1 / 10th as expensive than the original ( NASA PICA material and is better ) , ... a single PICA - X heat shield could withstand hundreds of returns from low Earth orbit ; it can also handle the much higher energy reentries from the Moon or Mars . Jump up ^ Tran , Huy K. , et al. , `` Silicone impregnated reusable ceramic ablators for Mars follow - on missions , '' AIAA - 1996 - 1819 , Thermophysics Conference , 31st , New Orleans , LA , June 17 -- 20 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Flight - Test Analysis Of Apollo Heat - Shield Material Using The Pacemaker Vehicle System NASA Technical Note D - 4713 , pp. 8 , 1968 - 08 , accessed 2010 - 12 - 26 . `` Avcoat 5026 - 39 / HC - G is an epoxy novolac resin with special additives in a fiberglass honeycomb matrix . In fabrication , the empty honeycomb is bonded to the primary structure and the resin is gunned into each cell individually ... The overall density of the material is 32 lb / ft3 ( 512 kg / m3 ) . The char of the material is composed mainly of silica and carbon . It is necessary to know the amounts of each in the char because in the ablation analysis the silica is considered to be inert , but the carbon is considered to enter into exothermic reactions with oxygen ... At 2160O R ( 12000 K ) , 54 percent by weight of the virgin material has volatilized and 46 percent has remained as char ... In the virgin material , 25 percent by weight is silica , and since the silica is considered to be inert the char - layer composition becomes 6.7 lb / ft3 ( 107.4 kg / m3 ) of carbon and 8 lb / ft3 ( 128.1 kg / m3 ) of silica . '' Jump up ^ NASA.gov NASA Selects Material for Orion Spacecraft Heat Shield , 2009 - 04 - 07 , accessed 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Flightglobal.com NASA 's Orion heat shield decision expected this month 2009 - 10 - 03 , accessed 2011 - 01 - 02 Jump up ^ `` Company Watch - NASA . - Free Online Library '' . www.thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Columbia Accident Investigation Board report . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Shuttle Evolutionary History . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) X-33 Heat Shield Development report . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ sharp structure homepage w left Archived October 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` - J2T - 200K & J2T - 250K '' . Jump up ^ `` How SpaceShipOne Works '' . 20 June 2004 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Dean R. ( May 1958 ) . `` An approximate analytical method for studying reentry into planetary atmospheres '' ( PDF ) . NACA Technical Note 4276 : 38 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : NASA Launches New Technology : An Inflatable Heat Shield , NASA Mission News , 2009 - 08 - 17 , accessed 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Inflatable Re-Entry Technologies : Flight Demonstration and Future Prospects '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Inflatable Reentry and Descent Technology ( IRDT ) Factsheet , ESA , September , 2005 Jump up ^ IRDT demonstration missions Jump up ^ Hughes , Stephen J. `` Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator ( HIAD ) Technology Development Overview '' ( pdf ) . www.nasa.gov . NASA . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheatwood , Neil ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator ( HIAD ) Technology '' ( pdf ) . www.nasa.gov . NASA . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pavlosky , James E. , St. Leger , Leslie G. , `` Apollo Experience Report - Thermal Protection Subsystem , '' NASA TN D - 7564 , ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ William Harwood ( 2008 ) . `` Whitson describes rough Soyuz entry and landing '' . Spaceflight Now . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Spacecraft Reentry FAQ : How much material from a satellite will survive reentry ? Archived March 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ NASA - Frequently Asked Questions : Orbital Debris Archived March 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Animation52 - desktop '' . www.aerospace.org . Jump up ^ `` 3 - 2 - 2 - 1 Settlement of Claim between Canada and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for Damage Caused by `` Cosmos 954 '' ( Released on April 2 , 1981 ) `` . www.jaxa.jp . Jump up ^ Hanslmeier , Arnold ( 2002 ) . The sun and space weather . Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 269 . ISBN 9781402056048 . Jump up ^ Mitnik , Donald ( 2009 ) . Death of a Trillion Dreams . lulu.com ( October 19 , 2009 ) . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0557156016 . Jump up ^ Littering fine paid Archived July 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lamprecht , Jan ( 1998 ) . Hollow planets : a feasibility study of possible hollow worlds . Austin , TX : World Wide Pub . p. 326 . ISBN 9780620219631 . Jump up ^ Elkins - Tanton , Linda ( 2006 ) . The Sun , Mercury , and Venus . New York : Chelsea House . p. 56 . ISBN 9780816051939 . Jump up ^ aero.org , Spacecraft Reentry FAQ : Archived May 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Astronautix , Salyut 7 . Jump up ^ NYT , Salyut 7 , Soviet Station in Space , Falls to Earth After 9 - Year Orbit Jump up ^ Gray , Andrew ( 2008 - 02 - 21 ) . `` U.S. has high confidence it hit satellite fuel tank '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 25 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ David , Leonard ( 7 September 2011 ) . `` Huge Defunct Satellite to Plunge to Earth Soon , NASA Says '' . Space.com . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Final Update : NASA 's UARS Re-enters Earth 's Atmosphere '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Look up Appendix : Glossary of atmospheric reentry in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atmospheric entry . Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies ( The Aerospace Corporation ) Apollo Atmospheric Entry Phase , 1968 , NASA Mission Planning and Analysis Division , Project Apollo . video ( 25 : 14 ) . Buran 's heat shield Encyclopedia Astronautica article on the history of space rescue crafts , including some re-entry craft designs . GND : 4189827 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_entry&oldid=802092183 '' Categories : Spaceflight technologies Flight phases Atmospheric entry Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1996 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles that may contain original research from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 23 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what speed does the space shuttle re-enter earth | [
"For Earth, atmospheric entry occurs above the Kármán line at an altitude of more than 100 km (62 mi.) above the surface, while at Venus atmospheric entry occurs at 250 km (155 mi.) and at Mars atmospheric entry at about 80 km (50 mi.). Uncontrolled, objects accelerate through the atmosphere at extreme velocities under the influence of Earth's gravity. Most controlled objects enter at hypersonic speeds due to their suborbital (e.g., intercontinental ballistic missile reentry vehicles), orbital (e.g., the Space Shuttle), or unbounded (e.g., meteors) trajectories. Various advanced technologies have been developed to enable atmospheric reentry and flight at extreme velocities. An alternative low velocity method of controlled atmospheric entry is buoyancy[1] which is suitable for planetary entry where thick atmospheres, strong gravity or both factors complicate high-velocity hyperbolic entry, such as the atmospheres of Venus, Titan and the gas giants.[2]"
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"100 km"
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6438523442176348803 | Lori Alan | Lori Alan - wikipedia Lori Alan Jump to : navigation , search Lori Alan ( 1966 - 07 - 18 ) July 18 , 1966 ( age 51 ) Potomac , Maryland , United States Residence Los Angeles , California Occupation Actress , comedian , voice actress Years active 1990 -- present Website www.lorialan.com Lori Alan ( born July 18 , 1966 ) is an American actress , comedian , and voice actress . She has played a long - running role as Pearl Krabs on the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . She also voiced Diane Simmons on Family Guy , the Invisible Woman on The Fantastic Four , and The Boss in the Metal Gear video game series . Alan is active with animal rescue and politics , and she currently lives in Los Angeles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Web 3.4 Video games 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Alan was born in Potomac , Maryland . She had a mixed - faith family : her mother is a Southern Baptist and her father is Jewish . Both of her parents were performers and supported her choice to be an actress . She started acting at the age five making her television debut in a Shakey 's Pizza commercial . Her theater debut was as Annie 's youngest sister in a local community theater production of Annie Get Your Gun . A longtime member of New York 's Gotham City Improv ( Groundlings East ) , she went on to Emerson College and graduated with honors from Tisch School of the Arts . Alan has spoken out against animal cruelty and has campaigned for the anti-dog meat charity World Protection for Dogs and Cats in the Meat Trade . She is also on the board of Pickle Pants Rescue , an animal rescue organization in Los Angeles . Career ( edit ) Alan has done vocal work for over three decades . Her process of getting to the authentic personality of the character she is providing the voice for is to improvise and trust her own choices , something she learned at her first voice acting job . Alan voices Pearl the Whale on SpongeBob SquarePants , Sue Richards ( the Invisible Woman ) on Marvel Comics ' The Fantastic Four , newsreader - turned - murderer Diane Simmons on Family Guy , and The Boss in the Metal Gear series . Lori has done voices in feature films : Monsters University , Toy Story 3 , Despicable Me 2 , WALL E , Inside Out , and each movie in the SpongeBob SquarePants film series . She has also voiced roles for Henry Hugglemonster , Cow and Chicken , Animaniacs , and Futurama . Her work as The Boss was praised as the `` most amazing female character of gaming at the time '' according to Rizwan Anwer . Her rendition of The Boss was also rated as one of the top 25 `` Greatest Acting Performances in Video Games '' by Complex . In 2005 , she joined Warren Beatty , Rob Reiner , Kurtwood Smith and Jason George to help voice commercials against proposals made by California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger . In 2014 , she won a Voice Arts Award ( VAA ) for outstanding body of work and outstanding national television commercial . Alan 's on - camera roles include Desperate Housewives , Ray Donovan , Comedy Central 's Workaholics , Bones , Southland , CSI , 90210 , Law & Order : LA , Law & Order and many more . On stage credits include The Pee - wee Herman Show , solo show Lori Alan : The Musical , Queen Celia in the hit musical Sneaux ! , and the award - winning musical Reefer Madness . Her 1999 performance in Reefer Madness as a `` Reefer Madam '' was praised by the Los Angeles Times . She revisited her role in the Reefer Madness tenth Anniversary Cast in 2015 . Her vocals on the song `` The Stuff '' was considered both sultry and comical by Broadway World . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 Holy Matrimony Cleopatra 1994 The Rockford Files : `` I Still Love L.A. '' Karen Kupfer Television film 1995 Boys on the Side Girl with Attitude 1995 Father of the Bride Part II Wife Mrs. Habib The Oz Kids Toto Lost in New York Mother and Wife ( voice ) Direct - to - video The Oz Kids Virtual Oz Auntie Scraps ( voice ) Direct - to - video The Oz Kids Underground Adventure Auntie Scraps ( voice ) Direct - to - video Garage Sale Gwen Short film Larry & Steve Cindy , Loudspeaker Voice ( voice ) Short film 2001 The Fluffer Harmony Comic Book : The Movie Anita Levine Direct - to - video The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Pearl Krabs ( voice ) 2008 WALL - E Axiom Passenger # 8 2008 Tokyo Mater Additional voices Short film 2009 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs Additional voices 2009 Divorce Sale Hot Chick Short film Pee - Wee Gets an iPad ! Chairry , Magic Screen ( voice ) Video short Toy Story 3 Bonnie 's Mom ( voice ) 2011 Hawaiian Vacation Bonnie 's Mom ( voice ) Short film 2011 Small Fry Bonnie 's Mom , Tae - Kwon Doe ( voice ) Short film 2012 Partysaurus Rex Bonnie 's Mom ( voice ) Short film 2013 Monsters University Bus Driver ( voice ) 2013 Despicable Me 2 Additional voices 2013 Dean Slater : Resident Advisor Mrs. Harris 2013 Meet My Rapist Mom Short film 2015 The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Pearl Krabs ( voice ) 2015 Inside Out Mom 's Sadness ( voice ) 2015 Minions Additional voices 2015 Riley 's First Date ? Mom 's Sadness ( voice ) Short film 2017 Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Mrs. Teevee ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2017 Despicable Me 3 Additional voices 2019 Toy Story 4 Bonnie 's Mom ( voice ) In production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order Martha Episode : `` Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die '' Phenom Beverly Episode : `` Answered Prayers '' 1994 Dave 's World The T.A. Episode : `` Family Membership '' 1994 SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron Lt. Felina Feral ( voice ) 6 episodes 1995 The George Carlin Show Nurse Episode : `` George Tells the Truth '' 1995 Ned and Stacey Theresa Episode : `` Reality Check '' 1995 Buford 's Got a Gun Estelle Television short 1994 -- 1996 The Fantastic Four Invisible Woman , additional voices 27 episodes Boston Common Liz 3 episodes Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters Mom , Girl ( voice ) Episode : `` Eye Full of Wander / Lifestyles of the Rich and Scary '' Touched by an Angel Rachel Carson Episode : `` Into the Light '' 1997 The Angry Beavers Porcupine , Skunk ( voice ) Episode : `` Enter the Daggett / Bugaboo '' 1997 Cow and Chicken Winney ( voice ) Episode : `` I Am Ambassador '' 1997 -- 1999 , 2001 Hey Arnold ! Brooke Lloyd , School Secretary , Chocolate Woman , Police Officer Pudney , Announcer ( voice ) 5 episodes 1999 -- 2002 , 2005 -- 2010 Family Guy Diane Simmons , additional voices 63 episodes 1999 Animaniacs Sharon Stone , additional voices Episode : `` Hooray for North Hollywood : Part 2 '' 1999 Johnny Bravo Production Assistant , Robot Walla ( voice ) Episode : `` Karma Krisis / A Star Is Bruised / The Prince and the Pinhead '' 1999 -- present SpongeBob SquarePants Pearl Krabs , additional voices All seasons 1999 The Kids from Room 402 Nurse Pitts ( voice ) Episode : `` Son of Einstein '' 1999 The Brothers Flub Additional voices 2001 Will and Grace Jean Episode : `` Coffee & Commitment '' 2002 The Tick District Attorney Episode : `` The Tick vs. Justice '' 2002 Charmed Cynthia Episode : `` Lost and Bound '' 2002 Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Sabrina 's Car ( voice ) Episode : `` Driving Mr. Goodman '' 2002 Rocket Power Game Voice ( voice ) Episode : `` Sim Sammy / Otto Hangs 11 '' 2002 3 South Felicity , Various ( voice ) 2 episodes 2003 Friends Sonya Episode : `` The One Where Monica Sings '' 2003 Good Morning , Miami Loretta Episode : `` Mutt and Jake '' 2003 Six Feet Under Macy 's Saleswoman Episode : `` The Eye Inside '' The Wild Thornberrys Elder 's Daughter ( voice ) Episode : `` Eliza Unplugged '' 2005 The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Librarian , Rosella , Girl # 2 ( voice ) Episode `` Duck ! / Are n't You Chupacabra to See Me ? '' 2005 Stroker and Hoop Leslie , Helena St. Chloe - Butz , Coed , Grandma , Reporter , Woman , Porche , Tour Guide , Sunshine ( voice ) 3 episodes 2005 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Valerie Esposito Episode : `` Still Life '' 2006 W.I.T.C.H. Brenda ( voice ) Episode : `` U is for Undivided '' 2007 Cory in the House Mrs. Flowers 4 episodes 2007 -- 2009 Rick & Steve : The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World Ivory , Nerds , Dr. Joy , Various Characters , Dixie , Nerd , Eunice , Mail Lady ( voice ) 7 episodes 2008 Days of Our Lives Java Café Patron Episode : `` Episode # 1.10942 '' 2009 Chuck Judy Roberts Episode : `` Chuck Versus the First Kill '' 2009 Chowder Lady # 2 , Lady # 6 , Lady # 8 ( voice ) Episode : `` Won Ton Bombs '' 2009 Southland D.A. Deborah Janowitz 3 episodes 2009 The Closer Kathy Weber Episode : `` Strike Three '' 2010 -- 2011 Mater 's Tall Tales Additional voices 4 episodes The Hard Times of RJ Berger Linda Robbins 2 episodes 90210 Realtor Episode : `` Holiday Madness '' Futurama Additional voices Fanboy & Chum Chum Additional voices 2011 BlackBoxTV Joanna Haywood Episode : `` The Family Circus '' 2011 McCracken Live ! Lauren Hanson Episode : `` The Pilot Lot '' 2011 Law & Order : LA Robbi Nathan Episode : `` Benedict Canyon '' 2011 Workaholics Betsy Russ Episode : `` 6 Hours Til Hedonism II '' 2012 Lab Rats Edie ( voice ) Episode : `` Commando App '' 2012 School Board Susan 4 episodes 2012 Bones Gina Carson Episode : `` The Gunk in the Garage '' 2013 Rolling with Dad Brenda Stickle Television short 2013 -- 2014 Henry Hugglemonster Momma ( voice ) 43 episodes 2013 Ray Donovan Darlene Episode : `` Road Trip '' 2013 Mighty Med Mrs. Gleason Episode : `` Evil Gus '' 2013 Doc McStuffins Gloria the Gorilla Episode : `` You Crack Me Up '' 2014 Castle Ms. Papen Episode : `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' 2014 Acting Dead Zombietologist 2 episodes 2014 Grey 's Anatomy Ellen Weaver Episode : `` Do n't Let 's Start '' 2014 Toy Story That Time Forgot Bonnie 's Mom Television short 2015 Natasha Natasha 's Mother Episode : `` A Finale '' 2015 The League Mrs. Shtotelman Episode : `` Deflategate '' Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Hollywood is Like High School with Money Iris Whitaker 9 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Metal Gear Solid 3 : Snake Eater The Boss 2005 Area 51 Additional voices 2006 Metal Gear Solid 3 : Subsistence The Boss 2006 Family Guy Video Game ! Diane Simmons 2008 CSI : NY Amy Yablans , Olivia Moretti , Eloise Stanwick - Lourdes 2009 Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 Newscaster Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker The Boss / The Boss AI Pod 2012 Kinect Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure Bonnie 's Mom 2015 Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain The Boss AI Pod References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Our Team '' . NoToDogMeat . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kang , K. Connie ( 27 December 2003 ) . `` Spiritual Blend Appeals to People of Many Faiths '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fix , Annette ( 2008 ) . `` 20 Questions Answered by Lori Alan '' . Wow ! Women on Writing . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Alan , Lori . `` Bio '' . Lori Alan . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/julia-de-cadenet-/animal-cruelty_b_6557208.html Jump up ^ Levy , Carmi ( 9 November 2014 ) . `` Voice Arts Awards Celebrate The Industry 's Best And Brightest '' . Voice Over Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gaskins , Rudy ; Baker , Joan ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` 6 Inspiring Teachable Moments for Voice Actors '' . Back Stage . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Anwer , Rizwan ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` Phantom Pain Could See The Return of `` The Boss '' , Voice Actress Confirms `` . WCCF Tech . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hester , Larry ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` The 25 Greatest Voice Acting Performances in Video Games '' . Complex . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Booth , William ( 6 November 2005 ) . `` The Terminatee '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Smart , Jack ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` The Oscars for Voice '' . Back Stage. 55 ( 46 ) : 11 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Krystal ( 8 October 2010 ) . `` Watch the Pee - Wee Herman Show Preview '' . Screen Crave . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hohenadel , Kristin ( 8 August 1999 ) . `` In a Sense , It 's High Comedy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( 6 May 1999 ) . `` A Pot Parody and a Sea Spoof '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , David ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` Reefer Madness Tenth Anniversary Reunion Concert Leaves Audience High '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lori Alan Filmography '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Konami . Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain . Konami . Scene : Prologue , 4 : 14 in , Opening Credits . External links ( edit ) Lori Alan on IMDb VIAF : 7204068 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lori_Alan&oldid=806425669 '' Categories : 1966 births American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses American voice actresses People from Potomac , Maryland Actresses from Maryland Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American people of Jewish descent Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 23 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the voice of diane on family guy | [
"Lori Alan (born July 18, 1966) is an American actress, comedian, and voice actress. She has played a long-running role as Pearl Krabs on the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. She also voiced Diane Simmons on Family Guy, the Invisible Woman on The Fantastic Four, and The Boss in the Metal Gear video game series. Alan is active with animal rescue and politics, and she currently lives in Los Angeles.[1]"
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"Lori Alan"
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-4443820484277383645 | I Am Frankie | I Am Frankie - wikipedia I Am Frankie Jump to : navigation , search I Am Frankie Genre Drama Created by Marcela Citterio Starring Alex Hook Uriel Baldesco Armani Barrett Kristi Beckett Kyson Facer Sophia Forest Mohana Krishnan Jayce Mroz Nicole Alyse Nelson Carson Rowland J.D. Ballard Todd Allen Durken Joy Kigin Michael Laurino Carrie Schroeder Voices of Mark Jacobson Opening theme `` Getting Real '' by Matthew Tishler and Jeannie Lurie Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 19 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Eric Gaunaurd Tatiana Rodríguez Producer ( s ) Danny Mendoza Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Paradiso Pictures Nickelodeon Productions Release Original network Nickelodeon Original release September 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Yo soy Franky External links Website www.nick.com/i-am-frankie/ I Am Frankie is an American drama television series created by Marcela Citterio that first aired a sneak peek of the pilot on September 4 , 2017 , and later officially premiered on Nickelodeon on September 11 , 2017 . The series stars Alex Hook in the titular role of Frankie Gaines , who is an android attempting to pass herself off as a normal school girl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Pilot ( 2017 ) 4.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 4.2. 1 Notes 4.3 Special 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot Sigourney is a scientist working for the company EGG who has developed a teenage android girl named Frankie . When the head of EGG , Mr. Kingston , plans to use Frankie for the military company WARPA for Project Q , Sigourney quits her job , smuggles Frankie out of EGG , and moves her family as far away from EGG as possible so that Frankie can live a normal life . As Frankie adapts to a normal life as a high school student at Sepulveda High , she befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a rival named Tammy . While she and her family work to keep her secret safe so that EGG does n't find her Mr. Kingston is determined to do whatever it takes to locate Frankie . Unbeknownst to Mr. Kingston , he 's not the only one who 's after her . Cast and characters Main Alex Hook as Frankie , an android girl who was created by Sigourney who used to work for EGG and seeks to become a real human . Uriel Baldesco as Lucia , a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad . Armani Barrett as Byron , a member of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad who is into robotics . Kristi Beckett as Makayla , a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad . Kyson Facer as Andrew , a student at Sepulveda High School who is one of Frankie and Tammy 's love interests . He is later revealed to be an android created by James . Sophia Forest as Jenny , the daughter of Sigourney who gets Frankie as an older sister . Mohana Krishnan as Tammy , a girl and leader of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad who becomes Frankie 's rival and seeks to find the truth about her . Jayce Mroz as Robbie , an intelligent student who follows Frankie and Dayton around . Nicole Alyse Nelson as Dayton , a girl who becomes Frankie 's best friend and one of a few people to know the truth about Frankie . Carson Rowland as Cole , the brother of Dayton who is one of Frankie 's love interests . J.D. Ballard as Mr. Kingston , the head of EGG who seeks to reclaim Frankie to be used in WARPA 's Project Q. In `` I Am ... Bound for Glory '' , he is later revealed to be Dayton and Cole 's father Tom operating under an alias . Todd Allen Durkin as James , a former EGG scientist who used to work with Sigourney and wants to destroy Frankie . Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough , the principal of Sepulveda High School . Michael Laurino as Will , the father of Jenny and husband of Sigourney who gains Frankie as a daughter . Carrie Schroeder as Sigourney , a former EGG scientist who built Frankie . Mark Jacobson as the Voice of `` PEGS1 '' , a small floating egg - shaped robot that works for Mr. Kingston . Recurring Justin Jarzombeck as John Rachael Thompson as Engineer Production On January 20 , 2016 , Nickelodeon announced that it had green - lit I Am Frankie to series with its first season to contain 20 episodes . The series is the first global series to be produced at the new Viacom International Studio in Miami , Florida . The series was originally produced as Yo Soy Franky by Nickelodeon Latin America in Colombia and Catharina Ledeboer , who has previously worked on Every Witch Way and Talia in the Kitchen , adapted the series into English for global audiences . It was stated that production of the series would begin sometime in 2016 . The series officially debuted on September 11 , 2017 , after a special sneak peek of the premiere aired on September 4 , 2017 . The premiere episode was made available on Nickelodeon streaming platforms starting on August 21 , 2017 . Nickelodeon renewed the series for a second season on November 13 , 2017 . Episodes Pilot ( 2017 ) Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Am ... a Gaines '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen September 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) 101 1.27 EGG scientist Sigourney Gaines invents an android called Frankie and sneaks her out of EGG to be a birthday present for her daughter , Jenny , as a way to keep Mr. Gilford Kingston from having WARPA use her for Project Q. In order to keep Frankie from being found by EGG , Sigourney moves her family to the next town over and they settle in with the help of former EGG employee James Peters . Once enrolled in school , Frankie befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a girl named Tammy as a rival . Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Kevin Harrison as Night Guard 1 , Michael Sanchez as Night Guard 2 Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Am ... in Danger '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) 101 -- 102 1.47 EGG scientist Sigourney Gaines invents an android called Frankie and sneaks her out of EGG to be a birthday present for her daughter , Jenny , as a way to keep Mr. Gilford Kingston from having WARPA use her for Project Q. In order to keep Frankie from being found by EGG , Sigourney moves her family to the next town over and they settle in with the help of former EGG employee James . Once enrolled in school , Frankie befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a girl named Tammy as a rival . Later , after Cole saves Frankie from the rain , Sigourney works to dry her out and finds that some of her circuits got fused together . Meanwhile , Mr. Kingston sends PEGS1 to search Sigourney 's old house to find the whereabouts of the Gaines family . Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Kevin Harrison as Night Guard 1 , Michael Sanchez as Night Guard 2 Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie `` I Am ... a Rom - Com Fan '' Steve Wright Jeff Sayers September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 103 1.32 Guest stars : Katelyn Adair as Student 1 , Brian Dijols as Student 2 Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough `` I Am ... a Radio ? '' Siobhan Devine Charotte Owen Elle Andrews September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 104 1.46 Guest stars : Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Justin Jarzombeck as John , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough `` I Am ... My Enemy 's Friend ? '' Siobhan Devine Charlotte Owen September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) 105 1.29 Guest stars : Jeanne Bennett as Ms. Kagan , Justin Jarzombeck as John , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Rachael Thompson as Engineer , Zachery Robbins as Football Player Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Todd Allen Durkin as James 5 `` I Am ... Battery Operated '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 106 1.30 Guest stars : Bob Schenkel as Elderly Man , Fern Katz as Elderly Woman Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough 6 `` I Am ... Heartbroken '' Siobhan Devine Charotte Owen Elle Andrews September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) 107 1.14 Guest star : Justin Jarzombeck as John 7 `` I Am ... Lost '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 108 1.22 Guest stars : Constance Fields as Judge , Eric Garduno as Competition Student , Justin Jarzombeck as John 8 `` I Am ... Disconnected '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) 109 1.19 Guest stars : Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Uriel Baldesco as Lucia , Kristi Beckett as Makayla 9 `` I Am ... Crashing '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 110 1.10 Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Michael Laurino as Will 10 `` I Am ... Speechless '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 111 1.33 Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey , Justin Jarzombeck as John , Katherine McDonald as Mrs. Mulligan , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Michael Laurino as Will 11 `` I Am ... Hungry '' Siobhan Devine Elle Andrews September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 112 1.17 As Sepulveda High 's halls have been vandalized by an unknown person , Frankie discovers that she has two dates to the prom . To help her blend in with her dates , Dayton works with Frankie and Sigourney into making an E-Stomach so that Frankie can eat food easily . Meanwhile at EGG , Mr. Kingston and PEGS1 start to put their plans to reclaim Frankie into motion . Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey , Anna Hinsley as Figueroa Team Member , Justin Jarzombeck as John , Nicole Kinzel as Smoothie Barista , Rita Manyette as Proctor , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson 12 `` I Am ... Remote Controlled '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 113 1.07 Guest stars : Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson , Welder Santos as Busboy Absent : Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Todd Allen Durkin as James , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough 13 `` I Am ... Suspended '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 114 1.11 In light of the recent actions at Sepulvada High , Ms. Hough blames Frankie and has her suspended from school for the recent violent conduct . James orchestrates events that involves him deleting specific files from Frankie which leads to Sigourney having to take an action to keep Frankie from becoming a violent android . Meanwhile , representatives from WARPA confiscate PEGS1 upon Mr. Kingston 's failure to reclaim Frankie as he finds a clue on where Sigourney is hiding Frankie . At the same time , Tammy is still wanting to prove that Frankie is a robot and plans to get her unsuspended by pinning the blame of recent happenings at Sepulvada High on someone else . Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , David Kelley as Warpa Agent , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew 14 `` I Am ... Not Alone '' Steve Wright Jeff Sayers September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 115 1.09 Now that Tammy 's plot to get Frankie unsuspended has succeeded , she still makes plans to expose Frankie as a robot where she , Lucia , and Mikayla work on a pulley - activated device that will enable her to spill water on Frankie at the Emoji - themed dance . Suspicious at the bounty fliers that Mr. Kingston has printed out , Sigourney forbids Frankie to go to the dance just in case someone catches her . Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Elgin Aponte as DJ Absent : Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough 15 `` I Am ... Hot on the Trail '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 116 1.35 Now that Frankie and Dayton know that Andrew is an android , they plan to find out who created him . Ms. Hough begins an investigation on who attempted the water prank on Frankie . Meanwhile , operatives from WARPA plan to use PEGS1 as leverage on Mr. Kingston in order to reclaim Frankie , but PEGS1 plans his escape from WARPA . Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Elgin Aponte as DJ , Susan Dean as Ms. Fleckenstein , David Kelley as Warpa Agent Absent : J.D. Ballard as Mr. Kingston 16 `` I Am ... Hanging Out with a Boy '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 117 1.29 Andrew begs Frankie not to tell Sigourney about him . After her Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad rejects her upon learning the truth , Tammy comes clean to Ms. Hough about falsely accusing Robbie of the school vandalism . Ms. Hough announces to the school that Robbie is exonerated , but she threatens to punish the entire school if the person responsible for the vandalism does n't come forward . Meanwhile , Frankie plays minigolf with Cole . Also , James orders Andrew to lure Frankie into a trap that James and Mr. Kingston have devised . Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Katrina Rose Tandy as Girl with Phone , David Kelley as Warpa Agent 1 17 `` I Am ... Bound for Glory '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 118 1.19 WARPA has started making threats to Mr. Kingston and James to get them Frankie or else . This causes James to have Andrew lure Frankie to a position where he must get Frankie near WARPA 's clutches or else be deactivated . After Mr. Kingston visits his children in his true name of Tom Reyes , Dayton enlists Jenny to help warn Frankie as Cole wonders if Tammy is right about Frankie being a robot . Guest stars : Richard Litz as Large Student , South Miami Senior High School Cobra Band and Color Guard as Marching Band , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson , Dan Johnson as Mechanic , David Kelley as Warpa Agent Absent : Michael Laurino as Will , Carrie Schroeder as Sigourney , Mark Jacobson as Voice of `` PEGS1 '' 18 `` I Am ... Caught '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 119 1.28 After Cole figures out that Frankie is a robot , Dayton frantically tries to warn Frankie that her father and WARPA are closing in . Upon hearing about what happened when Cole visited Frankie , Sigourney considers moving the family again to keep Frankie safe . In addition , Dayton persuades Tammy to help her get into WARPA 's classified website in order to find out more about WARPA . Guest star : David Kelley as Warpa Agent Absent : Mark Jacobson as Voice of `` PEGS1 '' 19 `` I Am ... a Sitting Duck '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 120 1.13 Before the competition starts Tammy returns to the team after being taken by WARPA , who did something to her so that the team question her actions . During the Brain Squad competition , Dayton and Cole work to try to warn Frankie that WARPA is closing in on her as Andrew starts to reveal his true allegiance . Meanwhile , a girl arrives at the Gaines residence who is revealed to be Eliza , an android that Doctor Gaines made before Frankie who has a evil agenda , as Sigourney and Will look for possible places to relocate . Guest stars : Alex Hook as Eliza , David Kelley as Warpa Agent 1 , Eric Gaunaurd as Stage Manager , Jake Little as Morlock Player 1 , Natalia Patino as Morlock Player 2 , Ame Livinston as Head Judge , Rob Iberg as Brain Squad Security 1 Absent : Sophia Forest as Jenny , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough , Mark Jacobson as Voice of `` PEGS1 '' Notes ^ Jump up to : The first half of `` I Am ... in Danger '' was aired as the sneak peek on Nickelodeon on September 4 , 2017 , and is titled `` I Am ... a Gaines '' . The full episode was then shown as part of the official Nickelodeon premiere on September 11 , 2017 . The second half is also known as `` I Am ... in a Math Bee '' . Special Title Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Am Frankie ... the Download '' September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 998 1.14 A clip show on what has transpired through `` I Am ... Not Alone '' , as well as clips from the remaining episodes of the season . Ratings Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 19 September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) 1.47 October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 1.13 1.24 References Jump up ^ `` Kally 's MashUp , nueva serie musical coproducida por Nickelodeon LatAm y Telefe '' . thedailytelevision.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Sets First Global Series I Am Frankie '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Greenlights First New Global Series to Be Produced in the Viacom International Studios in Miami '' ( Press release ) . Nickelodeon . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Leo Barraclough ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's I Am Frankie to Be First Series to Shoot at Viacom Intl . Studios in Miami '' . Variety . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ I Am Frankie Brand New Series Official Super Trailer . Nickelodeon . August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's New Daily Scripted Series , `` I Am Frankie , '' Bows Monday , Sept. 11 , at 7 : 30 P.M. ( ET / PT ) '' ( Press release ) . Nickelodeon . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Greenlights Star Falls Buddy Comedy Series ; Renews I Am Frankie for Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Frankie Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Frankie Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 9.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 9.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 9.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 9.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 9.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 9.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 9.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 9.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 9.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 9.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 9.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 9.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 9.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 10.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 10.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 10.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 10.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . External links I Am Frankie on IMDb Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the second robot in i am frankie | [
"\nAlex Hook as Frankie, an android girl who was created by Sigourney who used to work for EGG and seeks to become a real human.\nUriel Baldesco as Lucia, a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad.\nArmani Barrett as Byron, a member of Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad who is into robotics.\nKristi Beckett as Makayla, a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad.\nKyson Facer as Andrew, a student at Sepulveda High School who is one of Frankie and Tammy's love interests. He is later revealed to be an android created by James.\nSophia Forest as Jenny, the daughter of Sigourney who gets Frankie as an older sister.\nMohana Krishnan as Tammy, a girl and leader of Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad who becomes Frankie's rival and seeks to find the truth about her.\nJayce Mroz as Robbie, an intelligent student who follows Frankie and Dayton around.\nNicole Alyse Nelson as Dayton, a girl who becomes Frankie's best friend and one of a few people to know the truth about Frankie.\nCarson Rowland as Cole, the brother of Dayton who is one of Frankie's love interests.\nJ.D. Ballard as Mr. Kingston, the head of EGG who seeks to reclaim Frankie to be used in WARPA's Project Q. In \"I Am ... Bound for Glory\", he is later revealed to be Dayton and Cole's father Tom operating under an alias.\nTodd Allen Durkin as James, a former EGG scientist who used to work with Sigourney and wants to destroy Frankie.\nJoy Kigin as Ms. Hough, the principal of Sepulveda High School.\nMichael Laurino as Will, the father of Jenny and husband of Sigourney who gains Frankie as a daughter.\nCarrie Schroeder as Sigourney, a former EGG scientist who built Frankie.\nMark Jacobson as the Voice of \"PEGS1\", a small floating egg-shaped robot that works for Mr. Kingston.\n"
] | [
"Andrew"
] |
5560261091535632915 | 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup | 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup - wikipedia 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup २०१७ फीफा अंडर - १७ विश्व कप Tournament details Host country India Dates 6 -- 28 October Teams 24 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 6 ( in 6 host cities ) Final positions Champions England ( 1st title ) Runners - up Spain Third place Brazil Fourth place Mali Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 183 ( 3.52 per match ) Attendance 1,347,133 ( 25,906 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Rhian Brewster ( 8 goals ) Best player Phil Foden Best goalkeeper Gabriel Brazão Fair play award Brazil ← 2015 2019 → The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup , a biennial international football tournament contested by men 's under - 17 national teams . Organized by FIFA , the tournament took place in India between 6 and 28 October 2017 , after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 5 December 2013 . The tournament marked the first time India have hosted a FIFA tournament and the first Asian hosted U-17 World Cup since 2013 . The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China 's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976 . The matches were played in six stadiums in six host cities around the country , with the final taking place at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata , West Bengal . Twenty - three teams , besides the host India , managed to qualify for the tournament via participating in their various continental under - 17 tournaments . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four for points , where the top two teams in each group along with the top four third placed teams would advance to the next round . These 16 teams will advance to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play will decide which teams would participate in the final . The reigning FIFA U-17 World Cup champions , Nigeria , did not have the opportunity to defend their title after failing to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first incumbent title holder since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the subsequent edition . England won the U-17 World Cup for the first time after coming back from a two - goal deficit and beating Spain 5 -- 2 in the final . This meant England became the second nation , after Brazil in 2003 , to win both of FIFA 's under - age ( U-20 and U-17 ) World Cup tournaments in the same calendar year . England has also become the third country , after Brazil and North Korea , to win both U-17 and U-20 World Cup in their respective gender tournaments on the same year , as North Korea had also won both U-17 and U-20 Women 's World Cup last year. The Official Match Ball of the Tournament is Adidas Krasava . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualified teams 3 Organization 3.1 Preparation 3.2 Emblem 3.3 Tickets 4 Venues 5 Draw 6 Referees 7 Squads 8 Group stage 8.1 Group A 8.2 Group B 8.3 Group C 8.4 Group D 8.5 Group E 8.6 Group F 8.7 Ranking of third - placed teams 9 Knockout stage 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Round of 16 9.3 Quarter - finals 9.4 Semi-finals 9.5 Third place play - off 9.6 Final 10 Awards 11 Final ranking 12 Goalscorers 13 Broadcasting 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Host selection ( edit ) The bids for the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup had to be submitted by 15 November 2013 . On 28 May 2013 it was announced by FIFA that Azerbaijan , India , Republic of Ireland , and Uzbekistan would bid for the hosting rights . Finally , on 5 December 2013 , FIFA announced that India had won the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup hosting rights . Qualified teams ( edit ) As host , India made their first ever appearance at the FIFA U-17 World Cup and their first appearance in the World Cup at any age level . As well as India , New Caledonia and Niger also made their first appearance in the FIFA U-17 World Cup . The previous U-17 World Cup title holders , Nigeria , failed to qualify for this edition . In failing to qualify , Nigeria became the first nation since Switzerland in 2009 to fail to qualify for the next edition of the FIFA U-17 World Cup after winning the previous edition . A total of 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . In addition to India , the other 23 teams qualified from six separate continental competitions . Starting from 2017 , the Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) will receive an additional spot ( in total two spots ) , while UEFA will have five instead of six spots . Confederation Qualifying Tournament Qualifier ( s ) AFC ( Asia ) Host Nation India 2016 AFC U-16 Championship Iraq Iran Japan North Korea CAF ( Africa ) 2017 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations Ghana Guinea Mali Niger CONCACAF ( Central , North America and Caribbean ) 2017 CONCACAF U-17 Championship Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States CONMEBOL ( South America ) 2017 South American Under - 17 Championship Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay OFC ( Oceania ) 2017 OFC U-17 Championship New Caledonia New Zealand UEFA ( Europe ) 2017 UEFA European Under - 17 Championship England France Germany Spain Turkey 1. ^ Teams that will make their debut . Organization ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) The six venues selected for the tournament were given major renovations prior to the FIFA U-17 World Cup . All the stadiums were given new bucket seats , new dressing rooms , new evacuation exits for fans , and new training grounds . Javier Ceppi , the Local Organising Committee director , stated that despite work starting slowly , things eventually became quicker . `` It has been a long process in the last two and half years . In India , it takes time to start things but once things start it kind of picks its own pace and in terms of implementation I always say that India is a very good country when it comes to implementation . '' Emblem ( edit ) The official emblem for the tournament was launched on 27 September 2016 at a hotel in Goa during the 2016 AFC U-16 Championship . According to the press release from FIFA the emblem was designed `` as a celebration of the country 's richness and diversity of cultures , with the main elements of the Indian Ocean , the banyan tree , the kite and the starburst , which is an interpretation of the Ashoka Chakra , an integral part of the national identity . '' Tickets ( edit ) Sales of tickets for the FIFA U-17 World Cup began on 16 May 2017 during a function in Delhi . Carles Puyol was present during the ticket sales launch as special guest . General ticket sales officially began on 17 May 2017 at 19 : 11 . The time was selected as a tribute to when Mohun Bagan defeated East Yorkshire Regiment in the IFA Shield in 1911 , marking the first time an Indian football club defeated a British side in British India . Tickets for the tournament were sold in four phases : Phase one only sold tickets for categories 1 to 3 at each venue with a 60 % discount while phase two allowed people to buy tickets for all categories , but only if you are a Visa card holder , at a 50 % discount . Phase three allowed anyone to buy tickets with a 25 % discount while phase four had tickets at full price . The attendance for matches breached the million mark in the final match of the Round of 16 , which made India only the third nation after China and Mexico to register an attendance of over a million for the event . On 28 October 2017 , in the 3rd place match - up between Brazil and Mali , India finally beat the existing record of 1,230,976 set in the 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship edition in China on October 28 , 2017 . The final attendance figures were 1,347,133 . Venues ( edit ) After being awarded the hosting rights for the FIFA U-17 World Cup , eight locations were shortlisted : Bangalore , Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , Mumbai , and Pune . On 29 May 2015 , Bangalore , Chennai , Delhi , Goa , and Pune were provisionally selected as host locations . On 27 October 2016 , FIFA officially announced Delhi , Goa , Guwahati , Kochi , Kolkata , and New Mumbai as the official host cities for the FIFA U-17 World Cup . Kolkata Kochi New Delhi Salt Lake Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Capacity : 66,600 Capacity : 29,000 Capacity : 58,000 Navi Mumbai New Delhi Kolkata Kochi Margao Guwahati 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup ( India ) Navi Mumbai Guwahati Margao DY Patil Stadium Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium Fatorda Stadium Capacity : 58,300 Capacity : 23,800 Capacity : 16,200 Draw ( edit ) The draw for the FIFA U-17 World Cup was held on 7 July 2017 in Mumbai . The draw was attended by former U-17 World Cup champions Nwankwo Kanu ( Nigeria ) and Esteban Cambiasso ( Argentina ) , as well as India senior international Sunil Chhetri and badminton player P.V. Sindhu . The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four teams , with hosts India being allocated to position A1 . The rest of the teams were allocated into their respective pots based on a ranking which was built according to past performances during the last five FIFA U-17 World Cups . Importance was given to the most recent U-17 World Cups . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 India Mexico Brazil Germany Mali France Spain Japan New Zealand England Iran United States Costa Rica North Korea Honduras Iraq Turkey Colombia Chile Paraguay Ghana Guinea Niger New Caledonia Referees ( edit ) FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 21 referees , representing all six confederations , to officiate at the U-17 World Cup : Seven from UEFA , four from CONMEBOL , three each from the AFC , CAF , and CONCACAF , and one from the OFC . No referee from host country India were selected to officiate . Confederation Referee Assistant referees Support referee AFC Muhammad Taqi Lee Tzu Liang Koh Min Kiat Ri Hyang - ok Ryuji Sato Toru Sagara Hiroshi Yamauchi Nawaf Shukralla Yaser Tulefat Ebrahim Saleh CAF Mehdi Abid Charef Albdelhak Etchiali Anouar Hmila Gladys Lengwe Hamada Nampiandraza Arsenio Marengula Yahaya Mahamadou Bamlak Tessema Weyesa Olivier Safari Mark Ssonko CONCACAF Jair Marrufo Frank Anderson Corey Rockwell Carol Chenard Ricardo Montero Octavio Jara Juan Carlos Mora John Pitti Gabriel Victoria Christian Ramírez CONMEBOL José Argote Luis Murillo Carlos López Claudia Umpierrez Enrique Cáceres Eduardo Cardozo Juan Zorrilla Sandro Ricci Emerson de Carvalho Marcelo Van Gasse Gery Vargas Juan Pablo Montaño Jose Alberto Antelo OFC Abdelkader Zitouni Folio Moeaki Bernard Mutukera Anna - Marie Keighley UEFA Ovidiu Hațegan Octavian Șovre Sebastian Gheorghe Kateryna Monzul Esther Staubli Bobby Madden David McGeachie Alastair Mather Anastasios Sidiropoulos Polychronis Kostaras Lazaros Dimitriadis Artur Soares Dias Rui Barbosa Tavares Paulo Alexandre Santos Soares Anthony Taylor Gary Beswick Adam Nunn Clément Turpin Nicolas Danos Cyril Gringore Slavko Vinčić Tomaz Klancnik Andraz Kovacic Squads ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup squads . Each team 's squad for the FIFA U-17 World Cup will consist of 21 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 21 - player squad by 21 September 2017 . A total of 504 players will be participating in the tournament . The squads were announced by FIFA on 26 September 2017 . Group stage ( edit ) The top two teams of each group and the four best third - placed teams advance to the round of 16 . The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria , their rankings are determined as follows : points obtained in the group matches between the teams concerned ; goal difference in the group matches between the teams concerned ; number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned ; fair play points : first yellow card : minus 1 point ; indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points ; direct red card : minus 4 points ; yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . All times are local , IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) . Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Ghana 0 5 + 4 6 Knockout stage Colombia 0 5 + 2 6 United States 0 5 + 2 6 India ( H ) 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : FIFA ( H ) Host . Colombia v Ghana 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 1 Ghana Report Ibrahim 39 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 24,300 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) India v United States 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 India 0 -- 3 United States Report Sargent 30 ' ( pen . ) Durkin 51 ' Carleton 84 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 46,351 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Ghana v United States 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 0 -- 1 United States Report Akinola 75 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 17,500 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) India v Colombia 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 India 1 -- 2 Colombia Thounaojam 82 ' Report Peñaloza 49 ' , 83 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 48,184 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v India 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 Ghana 4 -- 0 India Ayiah 43 ' , 52 ' Danso 86 ' Toku 87 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 52,614 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) United States v Colombia 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 3 Colombia Acosta 24 ' Report Vidal 3 ' Peñaloza 67 ' D. Caicedo 87 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 22,263 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 0 10 5 + 5 9 Knockout stage Mali 0 8 + 4 6 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 Turkey 0 7 − 5 Source : FIFA New Zealand v Turkey 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 17 : 00 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Turkey Mata 58 ' Report Kutucu 18 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 9,727 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Paraguay v Mali 6 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 3 -- 2 Mali Galeano 12 ' Sánchez 17 ' Rodríguez 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Dramé 20 ' Ndiaye 34 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 25,342 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Turkey v Mali 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 0 -- 3 Mali Report D. Traoré 38 ' Ndiaye 68 ' Konaté 86 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 18,323 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Paraguay v New Zealand 9 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 4 -- 2 New Zealand Rodríguez 2 ' Vega 75 ' , 78 ' Armoa 90 + 1 ' Report Duarte 20 ' ( o.g. ) , 34 ' ( o.g. ) DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 20,877 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Turkey v Paraguay 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Turkey 1 -- 3 Paraguay Kesgin 90 + 3 ' Report Bogado 41 ' Cardozo 43 ' Galeano 61 ' DY Patil Stadium , Navi Mumbai Attendance : 8,895 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Mali v New Zealand 12 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Mali 3 -- 1 New Zealand Salam 18 ' D. Traoré 50 ' Ndiaye 82 ' Report Spragg 72 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 23,112 Referee : Anastasios Sidiropoulos ( Greece ) Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 0 0 10 + 9 9 Knockout stage Germany 0 5 6 − 1 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 Source : FIFA Germany v Costa Rica 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 Costa Rica Arp 21 ' Awuku 89 ' Report Gómez 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Iran v Guinea 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 Iran 3 -- 1 Guinea Sayyad 59 ' Sharifi 70 ' ( pen . ) Karimi 90 ' Report Touré 90 + 1 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 12,329 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Costa Rica v Guinea 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 2 -- 2 Guinea Jarquin 26 ' Gómez 67 ' Report Touré 30 ' I. Soumah 81 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 6,717 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Iran v Germany 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 Iran 4 -- 0 Germany Delfi 6 ' , 42 ' Sayyad 49 ' Namdari 75 ' Report Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,267 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Costa Rica v Iran 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Costa Rica 0 -- 3 Iran Report Ghobeishavi 25 ' ( pen . ) Shariati 29 ' ( pen . ) Sardari 89 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 8,549 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Guinea v Germany 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Guinea 1 -- 3 Germany I. Soumah 26 ' Report Arp 8 ' Kühn 62 ' Cetin 90 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 9,250 Referee : John Pitti ( Panama ) Group D ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 6 + 5 9 Knockout stage Spain 0 7 + 5 6 Niger 0 6 − 5 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Brazil v Spain 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 1 Spain Lincoln 25 ' Paulinho 45 + 1 ' Report Wesley 5 ' ( o.g. ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 21,362 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) North Korea v Niger 7 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 07 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 1 Niger Report Abdourahmane 59 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 2,754 Referee : Abdelkader Zitouni ( Tahiti ) Spain v Niger 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 17 : 00 Spain 4 -- 0 Niger A. Ruiz 21 ' , 41 ' César 45 + 1 ' Gómez 82 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 7,926 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) North Korea v Brazil 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 20 : 00 North Korea 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 56 ' Paulinho 61 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 15,314 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Spain v North Korea 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Spain 2 -- 0 North Korea Moha 4 ' César 71 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Kochi Attendance : 14,544 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Niger v Brazil 13 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 20 : 00 Niger 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Lincoln 4 ' Brenner 34 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 15,830 Referee : Bobby Madden ( Scotland ) Group E ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 0 14 + 11 9 Knockout stage Japan 8 + 4 Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 Source : FIFA New Caledonia v France 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 New Caledonia 1 -- 7 France Wadenges 90 ' Report Iwa 5 ' ( o.g. ) Gouiri 19 ' , 33 ' Gomes 30 ' Caqueret 40 ' Wanesse 43 ' ( o.g. ) Isidor 90 + 1 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,640 Referee : Hamada Nampiandraza ( Madagascar ) Honduras v Japan 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 1 -- 6 Japan Palacios 36 ' Report Nakamura 22 ' , 30 ' , 43 ' Kubo 45 ' Miyashiro 51 ' Suzuki 90 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,285 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Japan 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Japan Gouiri 13 ' , 71 ' Report Miyashiro 73 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 9,575 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Honduras v New Caledonia 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Honduras 5 -- 0 New Caledonia Mejía 25 ' , 42 ' Canales 27 ' Palacios 51 ' , 88 ' Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 11,002 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) France v Honduras 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 France 5 -- 1 Honduras Isidor 14 ' Flips 23 ' , 64 ' Gouiri 86 ' Adli 90 + 6 ' Report Mejía 10 ' Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 12,831 Referee : Muhammad Taqi ( Singapore ) Japan v New Caledonia 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 17 : 00 Japan 1 -- 1 New Caledonia Nakamura 7 ' Report Jeno 83 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 44,665 Referee : Esther Staubli ( Switzerland ) Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 0 11 + 9 9 Knockout stage Iraq 5 − 1 Mexico 0 − 1 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 Source : FIFA Chile v England 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 17 : 00 Chile 0 -- 4 England Report Hudson - Odoi 5 ' Sancho 51 ' , 60 ' Gomes 81 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 46,154 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Iraq v Mexico 8 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 1 -- 1 Mexico Dawood 16 ' Report De la Rosa 51 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 55,800 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) England v Mexico 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 17 : 00 England 3 -- 2 Mexico Brewster 39 ' Foden 48 ' Sancho 55 ' ( pen . ) Report Lainez 65 ' , 72 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 48,620 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Iraq v Chile 11 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 20 : 00 Iraq 3 -- 0 Chile Dawood 6 ' , 68 ' D. Valencia 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 50,286 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) England v Iraq 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 England 4 -- 0 Iraq Gomes 11 ' Smith - Rowe 57 ' Loader 59 ' , 71 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,372 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Mexico v Chile 14 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 14 ) 20 : 00 Mexico 0 -- 0 Chile Report Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 15,794 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) The four best teams among those ranked third are determined as follows ( regulations Article 17.7 ) : points obtained in all group matches ; goal difference in all group matches ; number of goals scored in all group matches ; fair play points ; drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 5 + 2 6 Knockout stage Honduras 0 7 11 − 4 Niger 0 6 − 5 Mexico 0 − 1 5 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 6 Guinea 0 8 − 4 Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Ranked by disciplinary points ( New Zealand : -- 6 pts ; Guinea : -- 9 pts ) . Combinations of matches in the Round of 16 The specific match - ups involving the third - placed teams depend on which four third - placed teams qualified for the round of 16 : Combination according to the four qualified teams Third - placed teams qualify from groups 1A vs 1B vs 1C vs 1D vs 3C 3D 3A 3B 3C 3A 3B 3E 3C 3A 3B 3F 3D 3A 3B 3E 3D 3A 3B 3F 3E 3A 3B 3F 3C 3D 3A 3E 3C 3D 3A 3F 3C 3A 3F 3E 3D 3A 3F 3E 3C 3D 3B 3E 3C 3D 3B 3F 3E 3C 3B 3F 3E 3D 3B 3F 3C 3D 3F 3E Knockout stage ( edit ) In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , no extra time shall be played and the winner shall be determined by a penalty shoot - out . Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 16 October -- New Delhi Colombia 0 22 October -- Kolkata Germany Germany 18 October -- Cochin Brazil Brazil 25 October -- Kolkata Honduras 0 Brazil 16 October -- New Delhi England Paraguay 0 21 October -- Margao United States 5 United States 17 October -- Kolkata England England ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 28 October -- Kolkata Japan 0 ( 3 ) England 5 17 October -- Margao Spain Mali 5 21 October -- Guwahati Iraq Mali 18 October -- New Mumbai Ghana Ghana 25 October -- New Mumbai Niger 0 Mali 17 October -- Guwahati Spain Third place play - off France 22 October -- Cochin 28 October -- Kolkata Spain Spain Brazil 17 October -- Margao Iran Mali 0 Iran Mexico Round of 16 ( edit ) Colombia v Germany 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 17 : 00 Colombia 0 -- 4 Germany Report Arp 7 ' , 65 ' Bisseck 39 ' Yeboah 49 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 19,477 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Paraguay v United States 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 20 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 5 United States Report Weah 19 ' , 53 ' , 77 ' Carleton 63 ' Sargent 74 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , New Delhi Attendance : 34,895 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Iran v Mexico 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 Iran 2 -- 1 Mexico Sharifi 7 ' ( pen . ) Sayyad 11 ' Report De la Rosa 37 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 5,529 Referee : Anthony Taylor ( England ) France v Spain 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 17 : 00 France 1 -- 2 Spain Pintor 34 ' Report Miranda 44 ' A. Ruiz 90 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 13,316 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) England v Japan 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 England 0 -- 0 Japan Report Penalties Brewster Hudson - Odoi Foden Anderson Kirby 5 -- 3 Sugawara Miyashiro Kida Kozuki Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 53,302 Referee : José Argote ( Venezuela ) Mali v Iraq 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 20 : 00 Mali 5 -- 1 Iraq Dramé 25 ' Ndiaye 33 ' , 90 + 4 ' Konaté 73 ' S. Camara 87 ' Report Kareem 85 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 9,240 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Ghana v Niger 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 17 : 00 Ghana 2 -- 0 Niger Ayiah 45 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Danso 90 ' Report DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 21,286 Referee : Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Brazil v Honduras 18 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 20 : 00 Brazil 3 -- 0 Honduras Brenner 11 ' , 56 ' Marcos Antônio 44 ' Report Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 20,668 Referee : Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) Mali v Ghana 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 17 : 00 Mali 2 -- 1 Ghana Dramé 15 ' D. Traoré 61 ' Report Mohammed K. 70 ' ( pen . ) Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati Attendance : 3,706 Referee : Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) United States v England 21 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 21 ) 20 : 00 United States 1 -- 4 England Sargent 72 ' Report Brewster 11 ' , 14 ' , 90 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Gibbs - White 64 ' Fatorda Stadium , Margao Attendance : 16,148 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Spain v Iran 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 17 : 00 Spain 3 -- 1 Iran A. Ruiz 13 ' Gómez 60 ' Ferrán 67 ' Report Karimi 69 ' Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Cochin Attendance : 28,436 Referee : Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Germany v Brazil 22 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 20 : 00 Germany 1 -- 2 Brazil Arp 21 ' ( pen . ) Report Weverson 71 ' Paulinho 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,613 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Brazil v England 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 3 England Wesley 21 ' Report Brewster 10 ' , 39 ' , 77 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 63,881 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) Mali v Spain 25 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 20 : 00 Mali 1 -- 3 Spain N'Diaye 74 ' Report A. Ruiz 19 ' ( pen . ) , 43 ' Ferrán 71 ' DY Patil Stadium , New Mumbai Attendance : 37,847 Referee : Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Third place play - off ( edit ) Brazil v Mali 28 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 28 ) 17 : 00 Brazil 2 -- 0 Mali Alan Souza 55 ' Yuri Alberto 88 ' Report Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 56,422 Referee : Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) Final ( edit ) England v Spain 28 October 2017 20 : 00 England 5 -- 2 Spain Brewster 44 ' Gibbs - White 58 ' Foden 69 ' , 88 ' Guehi 84 ' Report S. Gómez 10 ' , 31 ' Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata Attendance : 66,684 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Awards ( edit ) The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Phil Foden Sergio Gomez Rhian Brewster Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Rhian Brewster Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 8 goals 6 goals 6 goals Golden Glove Gabriel Brazão FIFA Fair Play Award Brazil Final ranking ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rank Team Pld GF GA GD Pts England 7 6 0 23 6 + 17 19 Spain 7 5 0 17 10 + 7 15 Brazil 7 6 0 14 5 + 9 18 Mali 7 0 16 11 + 5 12 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Iran 5 0 13 5 + 8 12 6 Ghana 5 0 8 + 5 9 7 United States 5 0 11 7 + 4 9 8 Germany 5 0 10 8 + 2 9 Eliminated in the Round of 16 9 France 0 15 5 + 10 9 10 Paraguay 0 10 10 0 9 11 Colombia 0 5 7 − 2 6 12 Japan 8 + 4 5 13 Iraq 5 10 − 5 14 Honduras 0 7 14 − 7 15 Niger 0 8 − 7 16 Mexico 0 6 − 2 Eliminated at the group stage 17 Guinea 0 8 − 4 New Zealand 0 8 − 4 19 Costa Rica 0 7 − 4 20 Turkey 0 7 − 5 21 Chile 0 0 7 − 7 22 New Caledonia 0 13 − 11 23 North Korea 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 24 India 0 0 9 − 8 0 Goalscorers ( edit ) 8 goals Rhian Brewster 6 goals Lassana N'Diaye Abel Ruiz 5 goals Amine Gouiri Jann - Fiete Arp 4 goals Keito Nakamura Sergio Gómez Martín 3 goals Brenner Lincoln Paulinho Juan Peñaloza Phil Foden Jadon Sancho Eric Ayiah Carlos Adonys Mejía Patrick Palacios Allahyar Sayyad Mohammed Dawood Yaseen Hadji Dramé Djemoussa Traoré Josh Sargent Timothy Weah 2 goals Andrés Gómez Morgan Gibbs - White Angel Gomes Danny Loader Alexis Flips Wilson Isidor Richard Danso Ibrahima Soumah Fandje Touré Younes Delfi Saeid Karimi Mohammad Sharifi Taishei Miyashiro Fode Konaté Diego Lainez Roberto de la Rosa Antonio Galeano Alan Francisco Rodríguez Aníbal Vega César Gelabert Ferrán Torres Andrew Carleton 1 goal Alan Souza Yuri Alberto Marcos Antônio Wesley Weverson Déiber Caicedo Juan Vidal Yecxy Jarquin Callum Hudson - Odoi Emile Smith - Rowe Marc Guehi Yacine Adli Claudio Gomes Maxence Caqueret Lenny Pintor Noah Awuku Yann Aurel Bisseck Sahverdi Cetin Nicolas Kühn John Yeboah Sadiq Ibrahim Mohammed Kudus Emmanuel Toku Joshua Canales Jeakson Singh Thounaojam Mohammad Ghobeishavi Vahid Namdari Mohammad Sardari Taha Shariati Ali Kareem Takefusa Kubo Tochi Suzuki Seme Camara Salam Giddou Cameron Wadenges Jekob Jeno Max Mata Charles Spragg Salim Abdourahmane Blas Armoa Giovanni Bogado Fernando David Cardozo Leonardo Sánchez Cohener Juan Miranda Mohamed Moukhliss Keren Kesgin Ahmed Kutucu George Acosta Ayo Akinola Chris Durkin 1 own goal Wesley ( playing against Spain ) Diego Valencia ( playing against Iraq ) Bernard Iwa ( playing against France ) Kiam Wanesse ( playing against France ) 2 own goals Alexis Duarte ( playing against New Zealand ) Source : FIFA Broadcasting ( edit ) FIFA released the media licensing rights for the U-17 World Cup on 21 September 2017 . In India , the official broadcaster is Sony TEN and Sony ESPN . In the United States , the tournament is being broadcast on Fox Sports 2 while the United Kingdom has the tournament broadcast on Eurosport . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The venue of the first semi-final was moved to Salt Lake Stadium , Kolkata , following assessment of the pitch conditions of the original venue , Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium , Guwahati , which had been affected by severe rainfall . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` England Under - 17s overwhelm Spain to land spectacular World Cup win '' . Guardian . 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England double up by winning U17 World Cup '' . UEFA.com. 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England win U17 World Cup : Young Lions fight back to beat Spain in final '' . BBC Sport. 28 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/fifa-u17-world-cup-india-2017-official-match-ball-krasava-by-adidas-is-a-work-of-art.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bidding process opened for five FIFA competitions in 2016 and 2017 '' . FIFA. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Executive Committee fully backs resolution on the fight against racism and discrimination '' . FIFA. 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official : India to host U-17 World Cup in 2017 '' . Goal.com. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` At the FIFA U-17 World Cup , an Indian style of football will finally kick off on the global stage '' . Economic Times . 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Easwar , Nisanth ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` How did the teams fare in their first FIFA U-17 World Cup appearance '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niger Republic U17 3 -- 1 Nigeria U17 : Golden Eaglets crash out of U17 Afcon '' . Goal.com. 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA executive vows to improve governance and boost female participation in football '' . FIFA.com. 25 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 : An interactive look at the facelifts the six stadiums have received '' . FirstPost. 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Infrastructure ready for FIFA U-17 World Cup ' '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Emblem launched for FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' . FIFA. 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifa U-17 World Cup 2017 : Carles Puyol kicks off ticket sales , honours Mohun Bagan icon '' . FirstPost. 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for India 2017 now available '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India could shatter Under 17 World Cup attendance record - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 WC in India becomes most attended in event 's history '' . Jump up ^ Vikraman , Deepak . `` India to Host 2017 U-17 FIFA World Cup '' . IBTimes . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under - 17 World Cup schedule clashes with ISL , FIFA not ready to alter '' . Indian Express . 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 2017 continues to take shape '' . FIFA. 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Stats '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` Relive the India 2017 draw with FIFA.com '' . FIFA. 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Draw procedures '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Match Officials '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA U-17 World Cup : When is the last date for teams to submit final squads '' . Goal.com. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Talented youngsters set for Indian odyssey '' . FIFA.com. 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Match Schedule FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup semi-final match to take place in Kolkata '' . FIFA.com. 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-3-rd-place_29.html Jump up ^ http://refereesfifa.blogspot.fr/2017/10/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-final.html Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017 Media Rights Licenses '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide : Date , time and where to get your football fix '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Under - 17 World Cup : Fixtures , teams , TV & guide to India 2017 '' . Goal.com. 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup on FIFA website FIFA U-16 World Championship / U-17 World Cup Tournaments China 1985 Canada 1987 Scotland 1989 Italy 1991 Japan 1993 Ecuador 1995 Egypt 1997 New Zealand 1999 Trinidad and Tobago 2001 Finland 2003 Peru 2005 South Korea 2007 Nigeria 2009 Mexico 2011 UAE 2013 Chile 2015 India 2017 TBA 2019 Qualification AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Squads 1985 1991 1995 1999 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 Team appearances Records and statistics 2017 -- 18 in Indian football `` 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 '' National teams Men Senior ( 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ) U23 ( U-23 Championship qualification ) U20 ( 2017 SAFF U-19 Championship and U-19 Championship qualification ) U17 ( World Cup and U-16 Championship qualification ) League competitions First division Indian Super League I - League Second division I - League 2nd Division Final Round State leagues Assam Goa Karnataka ( Bengaluru ) Kerala Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Maharashtra ( Mumbai ) Punjab Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Kolkata ) Women Indian Women 's League ( Preliminary round ) Youth I - League U18 Club seasons Indian Super League ATK Bengaluru FC Chennaiyin Delhi Dynamos Goa Jamshedpur FC Kerala Blasters Mumbai City NorthEast United Pune City Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup&oldid=810591185 '' Categories : 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 in youth association football 2017 -- 18 in Indian football FIFA U-17 World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by India October 2017 sports events in Asia Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 06 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the final of u17 world cup | [
"The 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup was the 17th FIFA U-17 World Cup, a biennial international football tournament contested by men's under-17 national teams. Organized by FIFA, the tournament took place in India between 6 and 28 October 2017, after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 5 December 2013. The tournament marked the first time India have hosted a FIFA tournament and the first Asian hosted U-17 World Cup since 2013. The attendance for this World Cup was a record 1,347,133 surpassing China's 1985 edition where it was 1,230,976."
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"India"
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3827509487598509855 | The Lion King | The Lion King - wikipedia The Lion King This article is about Disney 's 1994 film . For the upcoming 2019 film of the same name , see The Lion King ( 2019 film ) . For the franchise as a whole , see The Lion King ( franchise ) . For other uses , see The Lion King ( disambiguation ) . The Lion King Theatrical release poster Directed by Roger Allers Rob Minkoff Produced by Don Hahn Screenplay by Irene Mecchi Jonathan Roberts Linda Woolverton Story by Jim Capobianco Lorna Cook Thom Enriquez Andy Gaskill Francis Glebas Ed Gombert Kevin Harkey Barry Johnson Mark T Jorgen Klubien Larry Leker Rick Maki Burny Mattinson Joe Ranft Chris Sanders Tom Sito Gary Trousdale Starring Matthew Broderick James Earl Jones Jeremy Irons Rowan Atkinson Moira Kelly Nathan Lane Ernie Sabella Robert Guillaume Jonathan Taylor Thomas Niketa Calame Whoopi Goldberg Cheech Marin Jim Cummings Madge Sinclair Music by Hans Zimmer Edited by Ivan Bilancio Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date June 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 15 ) Running time 88 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $45 million Box office $968.5 million The Lion King is a 1994 American animated epic musical film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the 32nd Disney animated feature film , and the fifth animated film produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance . The Lion King was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff , produced by Don Hahn , and has a screenplay credited to Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts , and Linda Woolverton . Its original songs were written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice , with a score by Hans Zimmer . The film features an ensemble voice cast that includes Matthew Broderick , James Earl Jones , Jeremy Irons , Jonathan Taylor Thomas , Moira Kelly , Nathan Lane , Ernie Sabella , Rowan Atkinson , Robert Guillaume , Madge Sinclair , Whoopi Goldberg , Cheech Marin , and Jim Cummings . The story takes place in a kingdom of lions in Africa and was influenced by William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . The Lion King tells the story of Simba , a young lion who is to succeed his father , Mufasa , as King of the Pride Lands ; however , after Simba 's uncle Scar ( Mufasa 's jealous younger brother ) , murders Mufasa , Simba is manipulated into thinking he was responsible and flees into exile . Upon maturation living with two wastrels , Simba is given some valuable perspective from his childhood friend , Nala , and his shaman , Rafiki , before returning to challenge Scar to end his tyranny and take his place in the Circle of Life as the rightful King . Development of The Lion King began in 1988 during a meeting between Jeffrey Katzenberg , Roy E. Disney , and Peter Schneider while promoting Oliver & Company in Europe . Thomas Disch wrote a film treatment , and Woolverton developed the first scripts while George Scribner was signed on as director , being later joined by Allers . Production began in 1991 concurrently with Pocahontas , which wound up attracting most of Disney 's top animators . Some time after the staff traveled to Hell 's Gate National Park in Kenya to research on the film 's setting and animals , Scribner left production disagreeing with the decision to turn the film into a musical and was replaced by Minkoff . When Hahn joined the project , he was dissatisfied with the script and the story was promptly rewritten . Nearly 20 minutes of animation sequences were produced at Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park in Florida . Computer animation was also used in several scenes , most notably in the wildebeest stampede sequence . The Lion King was released on June 15 , 1994 , to a positive reaction from critics , who praised the film for its music , story , and animation . With a worldwide gross of $766 million , it finished its theatrical run as the highest - grossing release of 1994 and the second highest - grossing film of all time . It is also the highest - grossing traditionally animated film of all time . The Lion King garnered two Academy Awards for its achievement in music and the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . The film has led to many derived works , such as a Broadway adaptation ; two direct - to - video follow - ups -- the sequel , The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) , and the prequel / parallel , The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) ; two television series , Timon and Pumbaa and The Lion Guard ; and a 3D re-release , in 2011 . In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A CGI remake of the film directed by Jon Favreau is scheduled for a July 19 , 2019 release in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Animation 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 Original theatrical run 6.1. 2 Re-releases 6.1. 2.1 IMAX and large - format 6.1. 2.2 3D conversion 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.4 Controversies 7 Legacy 7.1 Sequels and spin - offs 7.2 CGI remake 7.3 Video games 7.4 Stage adaptations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot In the Pride Lands of Kenya , Africa , a pride of lions rule over the animal kingdom from Pride Rock . King Mufasa 's newborn son , Simba , is presented to the assembled animals by Rafiki the baboon ( with the colorful facial marking of a mandrill ) who serves as shaman and advisor . Mufasa shows young Simba the Pride Lands and explains to him the responsibilities of kingship and the `` circle of life '' which connects all living things . Mufasa 's younger brother , Scar , covets the throne and plots to eliminate Mufasa and Simba so he may become king . He tricks Simba and his best friend Nala -- to whom Simba is betrothed -- into exploring a forbidden elephants ' graveyard , where they are attacked by three spotted hyenas who are in league with Scar . Mufasa is alerted to the danger by his majordomo , the hornbill Zazu , and rescues the cubs . Though angry with Simba , Mufasa forgives him and explains that the great kings of the past watch over them from the night sky , from which he will one day watch over Simba . Scar sets a trap for his brother and nephew , luring Simba into a gorge and having the hyenas drive a large herd of wildebeest into a stampede that will trample him . He informs Mufasa of Simba 's peril , knowing the king will rush to save his son . Mufasa saves Simba but ends up hanging perilously from the gorge 's edge . Scar refuses to help Mufasa , instead sending him falling to his death . He then convinces Simba that the tragedy was Simba 's own fault and advises him to flee the kingdom . He orders the hyenas to kill the cub , but Simba escapes . Scar tells the pride that both Mufasa and Simba were killed in the stampede and steps forward as the new king , allowing his three hyena minions and the rest of their large pack to live in the Pride Lands . Simba collapses in a desert and is rescued by Timon and Pumbaa , a meerkat and warthog who are fellow outcasts . Simba grows up in the jungle with his two new friends , living a carefree life under the motto `` hakuna matata '' ( `` no worries '' in Swahili ) . Now a young adult , Simba rescues Timon and Pumbaa from a hungry lioness who turns out to be Nala . She and Simba reunite and fall in love , and she urges him to return home , telling him the Pride Lands have become a drought - stricken wasteland under Scar 's reign . Feeling guilty over his father 's death , Simba refuses and storms off . He encounters Rafiki , who tells him that Mufasa 's spirit lives on in Simba . Simba is visited by the ghost of Mufasa in the night sky , who tells him he must take his rightful place as king . Realizing he can no longer run from his past , Simba decides to return home . Aided by his friends , Simba sneaks past the hyenas at Pride Rock and confronts Scar . Scar taunts him over his role in Mufasa 's death and backs him to the edge of the rock , where he reveals to Simba that he murdered Mufasa . Enraged , Simba pins Scar to the ground and forces him to reveal the truth to the rest of the pride . Timon , Pumbaa , Rafiki , Zazu , and the lionesses fend off the hyenas while Scar , attempting to escape , is cornered by Simba at the top of Pride Rock . Scar begs for mercy and attempts to blame the hyenas for his actions ; Simba spares his life , but orders him to leave the Pride Lands forever . Scar attacks his nephew , but Simba manages to toss him from the top of the rock . Scar survives the fall , but is attacked and killed by the hyenas , who overheard his attempt to betray them . With his enemies gone , Simba takes over the kingship as the rains begin to fall , restoring life to the land . Later , with Pride Rock restored to its former glory , Rafiki presents Simba and Nala 's newborn cub to the assembled animals , continuing the circle of life . Cast Main article : List of characters in The Lion King A promotional image of the characters from the film . From left to right : Shenzi , Scar , Ed , Banzai , Rafiki , Young Simba , Mufasa , Young Nala , Sarabi , Zazu , Sarafina , Timon , and Pumbaa Matthew Broderick as Simba , son of Mufasa and Sarabi , who grows up to become King of the Pride Lands . Rock singer Joseph Williams provided adult Simba 's singing voice . Mark Henn and Ruben A. Aquino respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Simba . Jonathan Taylor Thomas voiced young Simba , while Jason Weaver provided the cub 's singing voice . Jeremy Irons as Scar , Mufasa 's younger brother and Simba 's uncle , who takes the throne . Andreas Deja served as the supervising animator for Scar . James Earl Jones as Mufasa , Simba 's father , King of the Pride Lands as the film begins . Tony Fucile served as the supervising animator for Mufasa . Moira Kelly as Nala , Simba 's best friend and later his wife . Sally Dworsky provided her singing voice . Aaron Blaise and Anthony de Rosa respectively served as the supervising animators for young and adult Nala . Niketa Calame provided the voice of young Nala while Laura Williams provided her singing voice . Nathan Lane as Timon , a wise - cracking and self - absorbed yet somewhat loyal meerkat who becomes one of Simba 's best friends and adoptive parents . Michael Surrey served as his supervising animator . Ernie Sabella as Pumbaa , a naïve warthog who suffers from flatulence and is Timon 's best friend and also becomes one of Simba 's best friends and adoptive parents . Tony Bancroft served as his supervising animator . Robert Guillaume as Rafiki , an old baboon ( with mandrill markings ) who serves as shaman of the Pride Lands and presents newborn cubs of the King and Queen to the animals of the Pride Lands . James Baxter served as the supervising animator for Rafiki . Rowan Atkinson as Zazu , a hornbill who serves as the king 's majordomo ( or `` Mufasa 's little stooge '' , as Shenzi calls him ) . Ellen Woodbury served as the supervising animator for Zazu . Madge Sinclair as Sarabi , Mufasa 's mate , Simba 's mother , and the leader of the lioness hunting party . Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Sarabi . The three spotted hyenas who serve Scar were animated by Alex Kupershmidt and David Burgess . Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi , the sassy and short - tempered female leader of the trio . Cheech Marin as Banzai , an aggressive and hot - headed hyena prone to complaining and acting on impulse . Jim Cummings as Ed , a dim - witted hyena who does not talk , only communicating through laughter . Cummings also voiced a mole that talks with Zazu and made a guest appearance as Scar in certain lines of `` Be Prepared '' after Irons blew his voice . Zoe Leader as Sarafina , Nala 's mother , who is shown briefly talking to Simba 's mother , Sarabi . Brian Tochi as Fighting hyena ( uncredited ) Production Development The idea for The Lion King was conceived in late 1988 during a conversation between Jeffrey Katzenberg , Roy E. Disney and Peter Schneider on a plane to Europe to promote Oliver & Company . During the conversation , the topic of a story set in Africa came up , and Katzenberg immediately jumped at the idea . The idea was then developed by Walt Disney Feature Animation 's vice president for creative affairs Charlie Fink . Katzenberg decided to add elements involving coming of age and death , and ideas from personal life experiences , such as some of his trials in his bumpy road in politics , saying about the film , `` It is a little bit about myself . '' In November of that year Thomas Disch ( author of The Brave Little Toaster ) wrote a treatment entitled King of the Kalahari , and afterwards , Linda Woolverton spent a year writing drafts of the script , which was titled King of the Beasts and then King of the Jungle . The original version of the film was very different from the final film . The plot was centered in a battle being between lions and baboons with Scar being the leader of the baboons , Rafiki being a cheetah , and Timon and Pumbaa being Simba 's childhood friends . Simba would also not leave the kingdom but become a `` lazy , slovenly , horrible character '' due to manipulations from Scar , so Simba could be overthrown after coming of age . By 1990 , producer Thomas Schumacher , who had just completed The Rescuers Down Under , decided to attach himself to the project `` because lions are cool '' . Schumacher likened the script for King of the Jungle to `` an animated National Geographic special '' . Oliver & Company director George Scribner was the initial director of the film , being later joined by Roger Allers , who was the lead story man on Beauty and the Beast in October 1991 . Allers brought with him Brenda Chapman , who would become the head of story . Afterwards , several of the lead crew members , including Allers , Scribner , Hahn , Chapman , and production designer Chris Sanders , took a trip to Hell 's Gate National Park in Kenya , in order to study and gain an appreciation of the environment for the film . After six months of story development work Scribner decided to leave the project , as he clashed with Allers and the producers on their decision to turn the film into a musical , as Scribner 's intention was of making a documentary - like film more focused on natural aspects . Rob Minkoff replaced Scribner , and producer Don Hahn joined the production as Schumacher became only an executive producer due to Disney promoting him to Vice President of Development for Feature Animation . Hahn found the script unfocused and lacking a clear theme , and after establishing the main theme as `` leaving childhood and facing up to the realities of the world '' , asked for a final retool . Allers , Minkoff , Chapman and Hahn then rewrote the story across two weeks of meetings with directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale , who had just finished Beauty and the Beast . The script also had its title changed from King of the Jungle to The Lion King , as the setting was not the jungle but the savannah . The Lion King was the first Disney animated feature to be an original story , rather than be based on an already existing work . The filmmakers have said that the story of The Lion King was inspired by the lives of Joseph and Moses , from the Bible , and William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . During the summer of 1992 , the team was joined by screenwriter Irene Mecchi , with a second screenwriter , Jonathan Roberts , joining a few months later . Mecchi and Roberts took charge of the revision process , fixing unresolved emotional issues in the script and adding comic business for Pumbaa , Timon , and the hyenas . Lyricist Tim Rice worked closely with the writing team , flying to California at least once a month because his songs needed to work in the narrative continuity . Rice 's lyrics -- which were reworked up to the production 's end -- were pinned to the storyboards during development . Rewrites were frequent , with animator Andreas Deja saying that completed scenes would be delivered , only for the response to be that parts needed to be reanimated because of dialog changes . Casting The voice actors were chosen for how they fit and could add to the characters -- for instance , James Earl Jones was cast because the directors found his voice `` powerful '' and similar to a lion 's roar . Jones commented that during the years of production , Mufasa `` became more and more of a dopey dad instead of ( a ) grand king '' . Nathan Lane originally auditioned for Zazu , and Ernie Sabella for one of the hyenas . Upon meeting each other at the recording studio , the actors , who at the time both co-starred in Guys and Dolls , were asked to record together as hyenas . The directors laughed at their performance and decided to cast them as Timon and Pumbaa . For the hyenas , the original intention was to reunite Cheech & Chong , but while Cheech Marin accepted to play Banzai , Tommy Chong was unavailable . Thus his role was changed into a female hyena , Shenzi , who was voiced by Whoopi Goldberg . Matthew Broderick was cast as adult Simba early during production , and during the three years of voice acting only recorded with another actor once , and only discovered Moira Kelly voiced Nala at the premiere . English actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell were originally considered for the role of Scar , however , Curry left the role due to Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York , and it was ultimately won by English actor Jeremy Irons . Irons had at first refused the role due to not being comfortable going from the dramatic performance as Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune to a comedic role . But once he came in , Irons ' performance even inspired the writers to incorporate more of his acting as von Bülow -- adding one of that character 's lines , `` You have no idea '' -- and animator Andreas Deja to watch both Reversal of Fortune and Damage to pick up Irons 's facial traits and tics . Animation `` The Lion King was considered a little movie because we were going to take some risks . The pitch for the story was a lion cub gets framed for murder by his uncle set to the music of Elton John . People said , ' What ? Good luck with that . ' But for some reason , the people who ended up on the movie were highly passionate about it and motivated . '' Don Hahn The development of The Lion King coincided with that of Pocahontas , which most of the animators of Walt Disney Feature Animation decided to work on instead , believing it would be the more prestigious and successful of the two . The story artists also did not have much faith in the project , with Chapman declaring she was reluctant to accept the job `` because the story was n't very good '' , and writer Burny Mattinson saying to co-worker Joe Ranft `` I do n't know who is going to want to watch that one . '' Most of the leading animators either were doing their first major work supervising a character , or had much interest in animating an animal . Thirteen of these supervising animators , both in California and in Florida , were responsible for establishing the personalities and setting the tone for the film 's main characters . The animation leads for the main characters included Mark Henn on young Simba , Ruben A. Aquino on adult Simba , Andreas Deja on Scar , Aaron Blaise on young Nala , Anthony DeRosa on adult Nala , and Tony Fucile on Mufasa . Nearly 20 minutes of the film , including the `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' sequence , were animated at the Disney - MGM Studios facility . More than 600 artists , animators , and technicians contributed to The Lion King . Weeks before the film was to be released , the 1994 Northridge earthquake shut down the studio and required the animators to finish their work from home . The character animators studied real - life animals for reference , as was done for the 1942 Disney film Bambi . Jim Fowler , renowned wildlife expert , visited the studios on several occasions with an assortment of lions and other savannah inhabitants to discuss behavior and help the animators give their drawings authenticity . The animators also studied animal movements at the Miami MetroZoo under guidance from wildlife expert Ron Magill . The Pride Lands are modeled on the Kenyan national park visited by the crew . Varied focal lengths and lenses were employed to differ from the habitual portrayal of Africa in documentaries -- which employ telephoto lenses to shoot the wildlife from a distance . The epic feel drew inspiration from concept studies by artist Hans Bacher -- which , following Scribner 's request for realism , tried to depict effects such as lens flare -- and the works of painters Charles Marion Russell , Frederic Remington and Maxfield Parrish . Art director Andy Gaskill and the filmmakers sought to give the film a sense of grand sweep and epic scale similar to David Lean 's Lawrence of Arabia . Gaskill explained : `` We wanted audiences to sense the vastness of the savannah and to feel the dust and the breeze swaying through the grass . In other words , to get a real sense of nature and to feel as if they were there . It 's very difficult to capture something as subtle as a sunrise or rain falling on a pond , but those are the kinds of images that we tried to get . '' The filmmakers also watched the films of John Ford and other filmmakers , which also influenced the design of the film . Because the characters were not anthropomorphized , all the animators had to learn to draw four - legged animals , and the story and character development was done through use of longer shots following the characters . Computers helped the filmmakers present their vision in new ways . For the `` wildebeest stampede '' sequence , several distinct wildebeest characters were created in a 3D computer program , multiplied into hundreds , cel shaded to look like drawn animation , and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real , unpredictable movement of a herd . Five specially trained animators and technicians spent more than two years creating the two - and - a-half - minute stampede . The CAPS helped simulate camera movements such as tracking shots , and was employed in coloring , lighting , and particle effects . Music Main article : The Lion King ( soundtrack ) Lyricist Tim Rice , who was working with composer Alan Menken on songs for Aladdin , was invited to write the songs , and accepted on the condition of finding a composing partner . As Menken was unavailable , the producers accepted Rice 's suggestion of Elton John , after Rice 's invitation of ABBA fell through due to Benny Andersson being busy with the musical Kristina från Duvemåla . John expressed an interest in writing `` ultra-pop songs that kids would like ; then adults can go and see those movies and get just as much pleasure out of them '' , mentioning a possible influence of The Jungle Book , where he felt the `` music was so funny and appealed to kids and adults '' . John and Rice wrote five original songs for the film ( `` Circle of Life '' , `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' , `` Be Prepared '' , `` Hakuna Matata '' and `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ) , with John 's performance of `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' playing over the end credits . The IMAX and DVD releases added another song , `` The Morning Report '' , based on a song discarded during development that eventually featured in the live musical version of The Lion King . The score was composed by Hans Zimmer , who was hired based on his work in two films in African settings , The Power of One and A World Apart , and supplemented the score with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M. Zimmer 's partners Mark Mancina and Jay Rifkin helped with arrangements and song production . The Lion King original motion picture soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on July 13 , 1994 . It was the fourth - best - selling album of the year on the Billboard 200 and the top - selling soundtrack . It is the only soundtrack for an animated film to be certified Diamond ( 10 × platinum ) by the Recording Industry Association of America . Zimmer 's complete instrumental score for the film was never originally given a full release , until the soundtrack 's commemorative 20th anniversary re-release in 2014 . The Lion King also inspired the 1995 release Rhythm of the Pride Lands , with eight songs by Zimmer , Mancina , and Lebo M . The use of the song `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' in a scene with Timon and Pumbaa led to disputes between Disney and the family of South African Solomon Linda , who composed the song ( originally titled `` Mbube '' ) in 1939 . In July 2004 , Linda 's family filed suit , seeking $1.6 million in royalties from Disney . In February 2006 , Linda 's heirs reached a legal settlement with Abilene Music , who held the worldwide rights and had licensed the song to Disney for an undisclosed amount of money . Release For The Lion King 's first film trailer , Disney opted to feature a single scene , the entire opening sequence with the song `` Circle of Life '' . Buena Vista Pictures Distribution president Dick Cook said the decision was made for such an approach because `` we were all so taken by the beauty and majesty of this piece that we felt like it was probably one of the best four minutes of film that we 've seen '' , and Don Hahn added that `` Circle of Life '' worked as a trailer as it `` came off so strong , and so good , and ended with such a bang '' . The trailer was released in November 1993 , accompanying The Three Musketeers in theaters , as only a third of The Lion King had been completed . Audience reaction was enthusiastic , causing Hahn to have some initial concerns as he became afraid of not living up to the expectations raised by the preview . Prior to the film 's release , Disney did 11 test screenings . Upon release , The Lion King was accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign which included tie - ins with Burger King , Mattel , Kodak , Nestlé and Payless ShoeSource , and various merchandise , accounting 186 licensed products . In 1994 , Disney earned approximately $1 billion with products based on the film , with $214 million for Lion King toys during Christmas 1994 alone . Home media The Lion King was first released on VHS and laserdisc in the United States on March 3 , 1995 , under Disney 's `` Masterpiece Collection '' video series . The VHS tape contained a special preview for Walt Disney Pictures ' then - upcoming animated film Pocahontas , in which the title character ( voiced by Judy Kuhn ) sings the musical number `` Colors of the Wind '' . In addition , Deluxe Editions of both formats were released . The VHS Deluxe Edition included the film , an exclusive lithograph of Rafiki and Simba ( in some editions ) , a commemorative `` Circle of Life '' epigraph , six concept art lithographs , another tape with the half - hour TV show The Making of The Lion King , and a certificate of authenticity . The CAV laserdisc Deluxe Edition also contained the film , six concept art lithographs and The Making of The Lion King , and added storyboards , character design artwork , concept art , rough animation , and a directors ' commentary that the VHS edition did not have , on a total of four double sided discs . The VHS tape quickly became the best - selling videotape of all time : 4.5 million tapes were sold on the first day and ultimately sales totaled more than 30 million before these home video versions went into moratorium in 1997 . On October 7 , 2003 , the film was re-released on VHS and released on DVD for the first time , titled The Lion King : Platinum Edition , as part of Disney 's Platinum Edition line of animated classic DVDs . The DVD release featured two versions of the film on the first disc , a remastered version created for the 2002 IMAX release and an edited version of the IMAX release purporting to be the original 1994 theatrical version . A second disc , with bonus features , was also included in the DVD release . The film 's soundtrack was provided both in its original Dolby 5.1 track and in a new Disney Enhanced Home Theater Mix , making this one of the first Disney DVDs so equipped . By means of seamless branching , the film could be viewed either with or without a newly created scene -- a short conversation in the film replaced with a complete song ( `` The Morning Report '' ) . A Special Collector 's Gift Set was also released , containing the DVD set , five exclusive lithographed character portraits ( new sketches created and signed by the original character animators ) , and an introductory book entitled The Journey . The Platinum Edition of The Lion King featured changes made to the film during its IMAX re-release , including re-drawn crocodiles in the `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' sequence as well as other alterations . More than two million copies of the Platinum Edition DVD and VHS units were sold on the first day of release . A DVD boxed set of the three The Lion King films ( in two - disc Special Edition formats ) was released on December 6 , 2004 . In January 2005 , the film , along with the sequels , went back into moratorium . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the Diamond Edition of The Lion King on October 4 , 2011 . This marks the time that the film has been released in high - definition Blu - ray and on Blu - ray 3D . The initial release was produced in three different packages : a two - disc version with Blu - ray and DVD ; a four - disc version with Blu - ray , DVD , Blu - ray 3D , and digital copy ; and an eight - disc box set that also includes the sequels The Lion King 2 : Simba 's Pride and The Lion King 11⁄2 . A standalone single - disc DVD release also followed on November 15 , 2011 . The Diamond Edition topped the Blu - ray charts with over 1.5 million copies sold . The film sold 3.83 million Blu - ray units in total , leading to a $101.14 million income . The Lion King was once again released to home media as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection ; first released on Digital HD on August 15 , 2017 and on Blu - ray and DVD on August 29 , 2017 . Reception Box Office The Lion King earned $422,783,777 in North America and an $545,700,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $968,483,777 . It is currently the 35th highest - grossing film of all time , the seventh highest - grossing animated film of all time worldwide and the third highest - grossing film of Walt Disney Animation Studios ( behind Frozen and Zootopia ) . The film was also the highest - grossing motion picture of 1994 worldwide . After its initial run , having earned $763.4 million , it ranked as the second - highest - grossing film of all time worldwide , behind Jurassic Park . It held the record for the highest - grossing animated feature film ( in North America , outside North America , and worldwide ) until it was surpassed by the computer animated Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) , Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) , Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) , and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) prior to the 2011 re-release . With the earnings of the 3D run , The Lion King surpassed all the aforementioned films but Toy Story 3 to rank as the second - highest - grossing animated film worldwide -- later downgraded to eighth after Despicable Me 2 , Frozen ( both 2013 ) , Minions ( 2015 ) , Zootopia , Finding Dory , ( both 2016 ) , and Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) -- and it remains the highest - grossing hand - drawn animated film . It is also the biggest animated movie of the last 50 years in terms of estimated attendance . Original theatrical run The Lion King had a limited release in North America on June 15 , 1994 , playing in only two theaters , El Capitan Theater in Los Angeles and Radio City Music Hall in New York City . It still earned $1,586,753 across the weekend of June 17 -- 19 , standing at the tenth place of the box office ranking . The average of $793,377 per theater stands as the largest ever achieved during a weekend . The wide release followed on June 24 , 1994 , in 2,550 screens . The digital surround sound of the film led many of those theaters to implement Dolby Laboratories ' newest sound systems . The Lion King grossed $40.9 million -- which at the time was the fourth biggest opening weekend earning ever and the highest sum for a Disney film -- to top the weekend box office . It also earned a rare `` A + '' rating from CinemaScore . By the end of its theatrical run , in spring 1995 , it had earned $312,855,561 , being the second - highest - grossing 1994 film in North America behind Forrest Gump . Outside North America , it earned $455.8 million during its initial run , for a worldwide total of $768.6 million . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 74 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Re-releases IMAX and large - format The film was re-issued on December 25 , 2002 for IMAX and large - format theaters . Don Hahn explained that eight years after The Lion King got its original release , `` there was a whole new generation of kids who have n't really seen it , particularly on the big screen . '' Given the film had already been digitally archived during production , the restoration process was easier , while also providing many scenes with enhancements that covered up original deficiencies . An enhanced sound mix was also provided to , as Hahn explained , `` make the audience feel like they 're in the middle of the movie . '' On its first weekend , The Lion King made $2.7 million from 66 locations , a $27,664 per theater average . This run ended with $15,686,215 on May 30 , 2003 . 3D conversion In 2011 , The Lion King was converted to 3D for a two - week limited theatrical re-issue and subsequent 3D Blu - ray release . The film opened at the number one spot on Friday , September 16 , 2011 with $8.9 million and finished the weekend with $30.2 million , ranking number one at the box office . This made The Lion King the first re-issue release to earn the number - one slot at the American weekend box office since the re-issue of Return of the Jedi in March 1997 . The film also achieved the fourth - highest September opening weekend of all time . It held off very well on its second weekend , again earning first place at the box office with a 27 percent decline to $21.9 million . Most box - office observers had expected the film to fall about 50 percent in its second weekend and were also expecting Moneyball to be at first place . After its initial box - office success , many theaters decided to continue to show the film for more than two weeks , even though its 3D Blu - ray release was scheduled for two - and - a-half weeks after its theatrical release . In North America , the 3D re-release ended its run in theaters on January 12 , 2012 with a gross $94,242,001 . Outside North America , it earned $83,400,000 . The successful 3D re-release of The Lion King made Disney and Pixar plan 3D theatrical re-releases of Beauty and the Beast , Finding Nemo , Monsters , Inc. , and The Little Mermaid during 2012 and 2013 . However , none of the re-releases of the first three films achieved the enormous success of The Lion King 3D and theatrical re-release of The Little Mermaid was ultimately cancelled . In 2012 , Ray Subers of Box Office Mojo wrote that the reason why the 3D version of The Lion King succeeded was because , `` the notion of a 3D re-release was still fresh and exciting , and The Lion King ( 3D ) felt timely given the movie 's imminent Blu - ray release . Audiences have been hit with three 3D re-releases in the year since , meaning the novelty value has definitely worn off . '' Critical response The Lion King was released to critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 93 % , based on 122 reviews , with an average rating of 8.4 out of 10 . It also ranked 56th on their `` Top 100 Animation Movies '' . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Emotionally stirring , richly drawn , and beautifully animated , The Lion King stands tall within Disney 's pantheon of classic family films . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 83 out of 100 , based on 14 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Roger Ebert gave it 3 1 / 2 out of 4 - stars and called the film `` a superbly drawn animated feature '' and , in his print review wrote , `` The saga of Simba , which in its deeply buried origins owes something to Greek tragedy and certainly to Hamlet , is a learning experience as well as an entertainment . '' On the television program Siskel & Ebert , the film was praised but received a mixed reaction when compared to previous Disney films . Ebert and his partner Gene Siskel both gave the film a `` Thumbs Up '' but Siskel said that it was not as good as earlier films such as Beauty and the Beast and was `` a good film , not a great one '' . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called it `` an impressive , almost daunting achievement '' and felt that the film was `` spectacular in a manner that has nearly become commonplace with Disney 's feature - length animations '' , but was less enthusiastic toward the end of his review saying , `` Shakespearean in tone , epic in scope , it seems more appropriate for grown - ups than for kids . If truth be told , even for adults it is downright strange . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised the film , writing that it `` has the resonance to stand not just as a terrific cartoon but as an emotionally pungent movie '' . Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film and felt that it was `` a hugely entertaining blend of music , fun and eye - popping thrills , though it does n't lack for heart '' . James Berardinelli from ReelViews praised the film saying , `` With each new animated release , Disney seems to be expanding its already - broad horizons a little more . The Lion King is the most mature ( in more than one sense ) of these films , and there clearly has been a conscious effort to please adults as much as children . Happily , for those of us who generally stay far away from ' cartoons ' , they have succeeded . '' Some reviewers still had problems with the film 's narrative . The staff of TV Guide wrote that while The Lion King was technically proficient and entertaining , it `` offers a less memorable song score than did the previous hits , and a hasty , unsatisfying dramatic resolution . '' The New Yorker 's Terrence Rafferty considered that despite the good animation , the story felt like `` manipulat ( ing ) our responses at will '' , as `` Between traumas , the movie serves up soothingly banal musical numbers and silly , rambunctious comedy '' . Accolades The Lion King received four Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations . The film would go on to win two Golden Globes ; for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Original Score , as well as two Academy Awards , for Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Original Song with `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' by Elton John and Tim Rice . The songs `` Circle of Life '' and `` Hakuna Matata '' were also nominated . `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' also won the Grammy Award for Best Male Vocal Performance . The Lion King also won Annie Awards for Best Animated Feature , Best Achievement in Voice Acting ( for Jeremy Irons ) and Best Individual Achievement for Story Contribution in the Field of Animation . At the Saturn Awards , the film was nominated in two categories , Best Fantasy Film and Best Performance by a Younger Actor although it did not win in either category . The film also received two nominations at the British Academy Film Awards , for Best Sound as well as the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music although it lost in both categories to Speed and Backbeat respectively . The film received two BMI Film & TV Awards for Film Music and Most Performed Song with `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight . '' At the 1995 MTV Movie Awards , the film received nominations for Best Villain and Best Song , though it lost in both categories . The Lion King won the Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Movie at the 1995 Kids ' Choice Awards . In 2008 , The Lion King was ranked as the 319th greatest film ever made by Empire magazine , and in June 2011 , TIME named it one of `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . In June 2008 , the American Film Institute listed The Lion King as the fourth best film in the animation genre in its AFI 's 10 Top 10 list , having previously put `` Hakuna Matata '' as 99th on its AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs ranking . In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Controversies Certain elements of the film were considered to bear a resemblance to a 1960s Japanese anime television series , Jungle Emperor ( known as Kimba the White Lion in the United States ) , with characters having similar analogues , and various individual scenes being similar in composition to the show . Matthew Broderick believed initially that he was , in fact , working on an American version of Kimba since he was familiar with the Japanese original . The Lion King director Roger Allers claimed complete unfamiliarity with the show until the movie was almost completed , and did not remember it being ever mentioned during development . Co-director Rob Minkoff also stated that he was unfamiliar with it . Minkoff also observed that whenever a story is based in Africa , it is `` not unusual to have characters like a baboon , a bird or hyenas . '' Yoshihiro Shimizu , of Tezuka Productions , which created Kimba the White Lion , has refuted rumors that the studio was paid hush money by Disney but explains that they rejected urges from within the industry to sue because , `` we 're a small , weak company . It would n't be worth it anyway ... Disney 's lawyers are among the top twenty in the world ! '' Fred Ladd , who was involved early on with importing Kimba and other Japanese into America for NBC , expressed incredulity that Disney 's people could remain ignorant . Ladd stated there was at least one animator remembered by his colleagues as being an avid Kimba fan and being quite vociferous about Disney 's conduct during production . Animators Tom Sito and Mark Kausler who both have story credits have both admitted to watching Kimba , and assumed many of their colleagues had too , especially if they grew up in the 60s . But Sito insisted there was no conscious effort to derive work from Kimba , and Kausler emphasized Disney 's own Bambi as being their model during development . The alleged `` SEX '' frame . Protests were raised against one scene where it appears as if the word `` SEX '' might have been embedded into the dust flying in the sky when Simba flops down , which conservative activist Donald Wildmon asserted was a subliminal message intended to promote sexual promiscuity . Animator Tom Sito has stated that the letters spell `` SFX '' ( a common abbreviation for `` special effects '' ) , not with an `` E '' instead of the `` F '' , and were intended as an innocent `` signature '' created by the effects animation team . Hyena biologists protested against the animal 's portrayal : one hyena researcher sued Disney studios for defamation of character , and another -- who had organized the animators ' visit to the University of California 's Field Station for Behavioural Research , where they would observe and sketch captive hyenas -- included boycotting The Lion King among the ways it would help preserve hyenas in the wild . The hyenas have also been interpreted to represent an anti-immigrant allegory , where the hyenas would be black and Latino ethnic communities . The film has also been criticised for advancing a fascist narrative in its portrayal of the lion kingdom and the circle of life where `` only the strong and the beautiful triumph , and the powerless survive only by serving the strong . '' Legacy Sequels and spin - offs The first Lion King - related animated projects involved the characters of Timon and Pumbaa . First , the duo starred in the animated short `` Stand by Me '' , featuring Timon singing the eponymous song , which was released in 1995 accompanying the theatrical release of Tom and Huck . The duo then received their own animated series , The Lion King 's Timon and Pumbaa , which ran for three seasons and 85 episodes between 1995 and 1999 . Ernie Sabella continued to voice Pumbaa , while Timon was voiced by Quinton Flynn and Kevin Schon in addition to Nathan Lane . Disney released two direct - to - video films related to The Lion King . The first was sequel The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , released in 1998 on VHS . The film centers around Simba and Nala 's daughter , Kiara , who falls in love with Kovu , a male lion who was raised in a pride of Scar 's followers , the Outsiders. 2004 saw the release of another Lion King film on DVD , The Lion King 11⁄2 . It is a prequel in showing how Timon and Pumbaa met each other , and also a parallel in that it also depicts what the characters were retconned to have done during the events of the original movie . In June 2014 , it was announced that a new TV series based on the film would be released called The Lion Guard , featuring Kion , the second - born cub of Simba and Nala . The Lion Guard is a sequel to The Lion King and takes place during the time - gap within The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride . It was first broadcast on Disney Channel as a television film titled The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar in November 2015 before airing as a series on Disney Junior in January 2016 . CGI remake Main article : The Lion King ( 2019 film ) In September 2016 , following the critical and financial success of The Jungle Book , Walt Disney Pictures announced that they were developing a CGI remake of The Lion King by the same name , with Jon Favreau directing . The following month , Jeff Nathanson was hired to write the script for the film . Favreau originally planned shoot it back to back with the sequel to The Jungle Book . However , it was reported in early 2017 that the latter film was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King . In February 2017 , Favreau announced that Donald Glover had been cast as Simba and that James Earl Jones would be reprising the role of Mufasa . The following month , it was reported that Beyoncé was Favreau 's top choice to voice Nala , but she had not accepted the role yet due to a pregnancy . In April 2017 , Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen joined the film as Timon and Pumbaa , respectively . Two months later , John Oliver was cast as Zazu . At the end of July 2017 , Beyoncé had reportedly entered final negotiations to play Nala and contribute the soundtrack as well . The following month , Chiwetel Ejiofor entered talks to play Scar . Later on , Alfre Woodard and John Kani joined the film as Sarabi and Rafiki , respectively . On November 1 , 2017 , Beyoncé and Chiwetel Ejiofor were officially confirmed to voice Nala and Scar with Eric Andre , Florence Kasumba , Keegan - Michael Key , JD McCrary and Shahadi Wright Joseph joining the cast as the voices of Azizi , Shenzi and Kamari , young Simba and young Nala , respectively while Hans Zimmer would return to score the film 's music . On November 28 , 2017 , it was reported that Elton John had signed onto the project to rework his musical compositions from the original film . Production for the film began in May 2017 . It is scheduled for release on July 19 , 2019 . Video Games Main article : The Lion King ( video game ) Along with the film release , three different video games based on The Lion King were released by Virgin Interactive in December 1994 . The main title was developed by Westwood Studios , and published for PC and Amiga computers and the consoles SNES and Sega Mega Drive / Genesis . Dark Technologies created the Game Boy version , while Syrox Developments handled the Master System and Game Gear version . The film and sequel Simba 's Pride later inspired another game , Torus Games ' The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) for the Game Boy Color and PlayStation . Timon and Pumbaa also appeared in Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games , a 1995 PC game collection of puzzle games by 7th Level , later ported to the SNES by Tiertex . The Square Enix series Kingdom Hearts features Simba as a recurring summon , as well as a playable in the Lion King world , known as Pride Lands , in Kingdom Hearts II . There the plotline is loosely related to the later part of the original film , with all of the main characters except Zazu and Sarabi . The Lion King also provides one of the worlds featured in the 2011 action - adventure game Disney Universe , and Simba was featured in the Nintendo DS title Disney Friends ( 2008 ) . Stage adaptations Main article : The Lion King ( musical ) Walt Disney Theatrical produced a musical stage adaptation of the same name , which premiered in Minneapolis , Minnesota in July 1997 , and later opened on Broadway in October 1997 at the New Amsterdam Theatre . The Lion King musical was directed by Julie Taymor and featured songs from both the movie and Rhythm of the Pride Lands , along with three new compositions by Elton John and Tim Rice . Mark Mancina did the musical arrangements and new orchestral tracks . The musical became one of the most successful in Broadway history , winning six Tony Awards including Best Musical , and despite moving to the Minskoff Theatre in 2006 , is still running to this day in New York , becoming the third longest - running show and highest grossing Broadway production in history . The show 's financial success led to adaptations all over the world . The Lion King inspired two attractions retelling the story of the film at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . The first , `` The Legend of the Lion King '' , featured a recreation of the film through life - size puppets of its characters , and ran from 1994 to 2002 at Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World . Another that is still running is the live - action 30 - minute musical revue of the movie , `` Festival of the Lion King '' , which incorporates the musical numbers into gymnastic routines with live actors , along with animatronic puppets of Simba and Pumba and a costumed actor as Timon . The attraction opened in April 1998 at Disney World 's Animal Kingdom , and in September 2005 in Hong Kong Disneyland 's Adventureland . A similar version under the name `` The Legend of the Lion King '' was featured in Disneyland Paris from 2004 to 2009 . See also Cultural depictions of lions References Jump up ^ `` The Lion King ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lion King '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Grasset , Léo ( 2017 ) . How the Zebra Got Its Stripes : Darwinian Stories Told Through Evolutionary Biology . Pegasus Books . p. iii . 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Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Why CinemaScore Matters for Box Office '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` The Lion King review '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King review '' . At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2008 . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Hal ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` The Lion King review '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` The Lion King movie review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2008 . 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Annie Awards . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards go to ' Vampire , ' ' Gump , ' ' Pulp'date = June 27 , 1995 '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 337 ( 43 ) . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 BAFTA Awards '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved March 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Film & TV Awards : 1995 '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards : 1995 '' . MTV.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards : All Winners '' . Nickelodeon . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Braund , Simon ; Glen Ferris ; Ian Freer ; Nev Pierce ; Chris Hewitt ; Dan Jolin ; Ian Nathan ; Kim Newman ; Helen O'Hara ; Olly Richards ; Owen Willams . `` The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films -- The Lion King '' . TIME . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . 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I worked with George Scribner and Linda Woolverton to develop the story in the early days but then left to help out on Aladdin . If one of them were familiar with Kimba they did n't say . Of course , it 's possible ... Many story ideas developed and changed along the way , always just to make our story stronger . I could certainly understand Kimba 's creators feeling angry if they felt we had stolen ideas from them . If I had been inspired by Kimba I would certainly acknowledge my inspiration . All I can offer is my respect to those artists and say that their creation has its loyal admirers and its assured place in animation history ^ Jump up to : Welkos , Robert W. ( July 13 , 1994 ) . `` A ' Kimba ' Surprise for Disney : Movies : ' The Lion King ' is a hit , but reported similarities to the Japanese - created American cartoon of the ' 60s are raising some questions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . I know for a fact that ( Kimba ) has never been discussed as long as I 've been on the project ... In my experience , if Disney becomes aware of anything like that , they say you will not do it . People are claiming copyright infringement all the time ^ Jump up to : Sunder , Madhavi ( 2012 ) . From Goods to a Good Life : Intellectual Property and Global Justice . Yale University Press . p. 155156 . ISBN 0300183550 . Jump up ^ Kelts , Roland , Japanamerica : How Japanese Pop Culture Has Invaded the US . Reprint edn ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2008 ) . p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Ladd , Fred ; Deneroff , Harvey ( 2008 ) . Astro Boy and Anime Come to the Americas : An Insider 's View of the Birth of a Pop Culture Phenomenon . McFarland . p. 64 . ISBN 9780786452576 . Jump up ^ Patten , Fred ( 2004 ) . Watching Anime , Reading Manga : 25 Years of Essays and Reviews . Stone Bridge Press . p. 171 . 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Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( October 23 , 1998 ) . `` VIDEO REVIEW ; A ' Lion King ' With Girls as Stars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrizio , Andy ( February 6 , 2004 ) . `` The Lion King 1 1 / 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brett , Susan ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : Disney 's The Lion Guard creator Ford Riley talks new Lion King sequel '' . TVdaily.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hellmann , Melissa ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Spin - Off of The Lion King Aims to Enchant a New Generation of Viewers '' . Time . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Disney to Revive ' Lion King ' With ' Lion Guard ' TV Series '' . Variety . Variety Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney and Jon Favreau Joining Forces on `` The Lion King '' `` . The Walt Disney Company . September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCabe , Adam ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Lion King ' hires Jeff Nathanson to pen script '' . Inside the Magic . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau Offers Updates on ' The Lion King ' and ' The Jungle Book 2 ' '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jungle Book director Favreau has temporarily put down a sequel for that film to instead focus on a live - action musical version of The Lion King , one that will take the Jungle Book 's photo - realistic technology further , and will fully exploit the Elton John songs from the original Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' Remake Casts Donald Glover as Simba , James Earl Jones as Mufasa '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce Top Choice to Voice Nala in ' Lion King ' Remake ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen Set as The Lion King 's Timon and Pumbaa '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's live - action Lion King adds John Oliver as Zazu '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Will Beyonce Join THE LION KING Remake with A Starring Role AND a Soundtrack ? '' . Broadway World . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Chiwetel Ejiofor in Talks to Voice Scar in Disney 's ' Lion King ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , BMax ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Alfre Woodard to Play Simba 's Mother in Live - Action Lion King '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Umberto ; Verhoeven , Beatrice ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' Rafiki Casting : John Kani , ' Civil War ' Star , to Play Wise Baboon ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chiwetel Ejiofor Will Voice Scar in The Lion King '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Beyoncé joins cast of Disney 's live - action ' Lion King ' '' . cnn.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Criscitiello , Alaxa ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce and More Additional Casting Revealed in New Preview Poster for THE LION KING '' . Broadway World . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lion King 's ' Young Simba Actor Signs With ICM Partners ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shahadi Wright Joseph as Young Nala '' . New York Daily News . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John will make millions with live - action remake of ' The Lion King ' '' . New York Daily News . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lammers , Timothy ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action The Lion King Starts Production in May '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney sets release dates for Frozen 2 , Lion King , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lion King '' . Moby Games . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig ( November 30 , 2000 ) . `` Disney 's The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure Review '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Burch , Anthony ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Games time forgot : Timon and Pumbaa 's Jungle Games '' . Destructoid . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Birlew , Dan ( 2003 ) . Kingdom Hearts Official Strategy Guide . BradyGames . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7440 - 0198 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , Elizabeth ( 2004 ) . Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories Official Strategy Guide . BradyGames Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7440 - 0473 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . Kingdom Hearts II Official Strategy Guide . BradyGames Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7440 - 0526 - 4 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Universe Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DeVries , Jack ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Disney Friends Review '' . IGN . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://louisvilleky.gov/events/disneys-lion-king Jump up ^ Pacheco , Patrick ( November 3 , 1997 ) . `` Disney 's Great Leap '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nason - Brown , Jennifer ; Playbill Staff ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Long Runs on Broadway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Nate ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Vintage Walt Disney World : Legend of the Lion King '' . Disney Parks . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Festival of the Lion King '' . Walt Disney World . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adventureland -- Attractions & Entertainment '' . Hong Kong Disneyland . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2011 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EURO DISNEY S.C.A. : Annual Report 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Euro Disney . pp. 26 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Videopolis Theatre '' . DLPGuide . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lion King Official website The Lion King at AllMovie The Lion King at the American Film Institute Catalog The Lion King at Box Office Mojo The Lion King on IMDb The Lion King at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Lion King at the TCM Movie Database The Lion King at Rotten Tomatoes The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television or short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration The Lion King navigation boxes Films directed by Rob Minkoff The Lion King ( 1994 ) Stuart Little ( 1999 ) Stuart Little 2 ( 2002 ) The Haunted Mansion ( 2003 ) The Forbidden Kingdom ( 2008 ) Flypaper ( 2011 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Elton John Discography Albums Singles Videography Awards Studio albums Empty Sky Elton John Tumbleweed Connection Madman Across the Water Honky Château Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player Goodbye Yellow Brick Road Caribou Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy Rock of the Westies Blue Moves A Single Man Victim of Love 21 at 33 The Fox Jump Up ! Too Low for Zero Breaking Hearts Ice on Fire Leather Jackets Reg Strikes Back Sleeping with the Past The One Duets Made in England The Big Picture Songs from the West Coast Peachtree Road The Captain & the Kid The Union The Diving Board Wonderful Crazy Night Live albums 17 - 11 - 70 Here and There Live in Australia with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Elton John One Night Only -- The Greatest Hits Elton 60 -- Live at Madison Square Garden Soundtrack albums Friends The Lion King The Muse Elton John and Tim Rice 's Aida The Road to El Dorado Gnomeo & Juliet Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Volume II The Thom Bell Sessions Lady Samantha Greatest Hits Vol. 3 The Complete Thom Bell Sessions To Be Continued The Very Best of Elton John Rare Masters Greatest Hits 1976 -- 1986 The Superior Sound of Elton John Chartbusters Go Pop Classic Elton John Love Songs Prologue Greatest Hits 1970 -- 2002 Elton John 's Christmas Party Rocket Man : The Definitive Hits Diamonds Other albums Two Rooms : Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin Good Morning to the Night Revamp & Restoration Video albums The Afternoon Concert The Night Time Concert Night and Day Concert Live in Australia The Very Best of Elton John Live in Barcelona Love Songs Elton John One Night Only -- The Greatest Hits Dream Ticket Elton 60 -- Live at Madison Square Garden The Red Piano Concert tours 1970 World Tour West of the Rockies Tour Louder Than Concorde Tour 1980 World Tour Jump Up Tour Too Low for Zero Tour European Express Tour Breaking Hearts Tour Ice on Fire Tour Tour De Force Reg Strikes Back Tour Sleeping with the Past Tour The One Tour Face to Face 1994 Face to Face 1995 Made in England Tour Big Picture Tour Face to Face 1998 An Evening with Elton John Medusa Tour Stately Home Tour Face to Face 2001 Songs from the West Coast Tour Face to Face 2002 A Journey Through Time 2003 Tour Face to Face 2003 2004 Tour Peachtree Road Tour 2006 European Tour The Captain and the Kid Tour Rocket Man : Greatest Hits Live Face to Face 2009 Face to Face 2010 2010 European Tour Greatest Hits Tour 40th Anniversary of the Rocket Man The Diving Board Tour Follow the Yellow Brick Road Tour All the Hits Tour The Final Curtain Tour Wonderful Crazy Night Tour Farewell Yellow Brick Road Concert residencies The Red Piano The Million Dollar Piano Miscellaneous performances List of Elton John and Ray Cooper concert tours The Union Tour Musicals The Lion King animated live - action musical Billy Elliot the Musical Aida Lestat The Devil Wears Prada Related articles Bernie Taupin Gus Dudgeon Paul Buckmaster John Reid Dick James David Furnish Kiki Dee Elton John AIDS Foundation Watford F.C. Bluesology Hookfoot Woodside , Old Windsor The Union Elton John : Me , Myself & I Elton John : Tantrums & Tiaras Elton John : The Classic Years Book Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) Ophelia ( 2018 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Hamlet Had an Uncle Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure `` Tales from the Public Domain '' Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Highlander II : The Quickening ( 1991 ) Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) War ( 2002 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) `` The Conscience of the King '' ( 1966 ) `` Born to Be King '' ( 1983 ) `` Terrance and Phillip : Behind the Blow '' ( 2001 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! Awards for The Lion King Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Film portal 1990s portal Africa portal Film in the United States portal GND : 4375987 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King&oldid=846077208 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films 1990s adventure films 1990s American animated films 1994 animated films 1990s musical films 3D re-releases American epic films American musical films Animated films about friendship Animated films about death Animated musical films Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Directorial debut films Disney Renaissance Films scored by Hans Zimmer Films about animals Films about lions Films about outlaws Films about revenge Films about royalty Films based on Hamlet Films directed by Roger Allers Films directed by Rob Minkoff Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Don Hahn Films set in Africa Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Fratricide in fiction Hyenas in popular culture The Lion King Regicide in fiction Screenplays by Joe Ranft Screenplays by Linda Woolverton United States National Film Registry films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 83 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 04 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the lion king movie come out | [
"The Lion King is a 1994 American animated epic musical film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 32nd Disney animated feature film, and the fifth animated film produced during a period known as the Disney Renaissance. The Lion King was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff, produced by Don Hahn, and has a screenplay credited to Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts, and Linda Woolverton. Its original songs were written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice, with a score by Hans Zimmer. The film features an ensemble voice cast that includes Matthew Broderick, James Earl Jones, Jeremy Irons, Jonathan Taylor Thomas, Moira Kelly, Nathan Lane, Ernie Sabella, Rowan Atkinson, Robert Guillaume, Madge Sinclair, Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin, and Jim Cummings. The story takes place in a kingdom of lions in Africa and was influenced by William Shakespeare's Hamlet."
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-1693013170331305790 | Gouda cheese | Gouda cheese - wikipedia Gouda cheese Jump to : navigation , search Gouda Country of origin Netherlands Region South Holland Town Gouda Source of milk Cows Pasteurised Possibly Texture Semi-hard to Hard Aging time 1 -- 36 months Related media on Wikimedia Commons Gouda ( English : / ˈɡaʊdə / ( listen ) or / ˈɡuːdə / ( listen ) , Dutch pronunciation : ( ˈɣʌu̯daː ) ( listen ) ; Dutch : Goudse kaas , meaning `` cheese from Gouda '' ) is a Dutch yellow cheese made from cow 's milk . It is named after the city of Gouda in the Netherlands . It is one of the most popular cheeses worldwide , accounting for 50 to 60 % of the world 's cheese consumption . The name is used today as a general term for a variety of similar cheeses produced in the traditional Dutch manner , as well as the Dutch original . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Process 3 Protection 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Rounds of Gouda at a cheese market in Gouda The first mention of Gouda cheese dates from 1184 , making it one of the oldest recorded cheeses in the world still made today . The cheese is named after the Dutch city of Gouda , not because it is produced in or near the city , but because it has historically been traded there . In the Middle Ages , Dutch cities could obtain certain feudal rights which gave them primacy or a total monopoly on certain goods . Within the County of Holland , Gouda acquired market rights on cheese , the sole right to have a market in which the county 's farmers could sell their cheese . All the cheeses would be taken to the market square in Gouda to be sold . Teams consisting of the guild of cheese - porters , identified by differently colored straw hats , carried the farmers ' cheeses on barrows , which typically weighed about 16 kg . Buyers then sampled the cheeses and negotiated a price using a ritual system called handjeklap in which buyers and sellers clap each other 's hands and shout prices . Once a price was agreed upon , the porters would carry the cheese to the weighing house and complete the sale . To this day , farmers from the surrounding region gather in Gouda every Thursday morning between 10 : 00 am and 12 : 30 pm from June until August to have their cheeses weighed , tasted , and priced . Today , most Dutch Gouda is produced industrially . However , some 300 Dutch farmers still produce boerenkaas ( `` farmers cheese '' ) which is a protected form of Gouda made in the traditional manner , using unpasteurized milk . Cheesemaking traditionally was a woman 's task in Dutch culture , with farmers ' wives passing their cheesemaking skills on to their daughters . Process ( edit ) Smoked Gouda Various sources suggest that the term `` Gouda '' refers more to a general style of cheesemaking rather than to a specific kind of cheese , pointing to the fact that the taste varies greatly based on age . The seven different categories of Gouda are based on age . Young ( and factory - produced ) gouda has been described as having a flavor that is `` lightly fudgy with nuts , but very , very , very mild '' , while the same source describes a more mature farmhouse Gouda as having a `` lovely fruity tang '' with a `` sweet finish '' , that may take on `` an almost butterscotch flavor '' if aged over two years . After cultured milk is curdled , some of the whey is then drained and water is added . This is called `` washing the curd '' , and creates a sweeter cheese , as the washing removes some of the lactose , resulting in a reduction of lactic acid produced . About 10 % of the mixture is curds , which are pressed into circular molds for several hours . These molds are the essential reason behind its traditional , characteristic shape . The cheese is then soaked in a brine solution , which gives the cheese and its rind a distinctive taste . The cheese is dried for a few days before being coated with a yellow coating to prevent it from drying out , then it is aged , during which process the cheese changes from semihard to hard . Dutch cheesemakers generally use six gradations to classify the cheese : Young cheese ( 4 weeks ) Young matured ( 8 -- 10 weeks ) Matured ( 16 -- 18 weeks ) Extra matured ( 7 -- 8 months ) Old cheese ( 10 -- 12 months ) Very old cheese ( 12 months and more ) As it ages , it develops a caramel sweetness and has a slight crunchiness from cheese crystals , especially in older cheeses . Young Gouda cheese is typically used on sandwiches , either cold or melted . In the Netherlands , cubes of Gouda are often eaten as a snack served with Dutch mustard . Older varieties are sometimes topped with sugar or apple syrup . Cubes of old and very old Gouda are eaten alongside strong beers , such as Tripel , Dubbel , or Trappist , or with port wine . Protection ( edit ) The term `` Gouda '' is not restricted to cheese of Dutch origin . However , `` Boerenkaas '' , `` Noord - Hollandse Gouda '' , and `` Gouda Holland '' are registered in the EU as having Protected Geographical Indication status . These cheeses can only be made in the Netherlands and can only use milk produced by Dutch cows . See also ( edit ) Food portal Brined cheese List of cheeses Kalimpong cheese List of Dutch cheeses List of smoked foods References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , Second Edition . 1989 . Jump up ^ `` Gouda a mild cheese of Dutch origin that is similar to Edam , but contains more fat '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Gouda - Cheese.com '' . cheese.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` European commission confirms protection for Gouda Holland '' . DutchNews.NL. 7 October 2010 . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geschichte des Käses '' . de : Centrale Marketing - Gesellschaft der deutschen Agrarwirtschaft mbH ( CMA ) . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Alkmaar cheese market - Cheese Bargaining . kaasmarkt.nl ; nl : Vereniging voor Vreemdelingenverkeer ( VVV ) , NL . Jump up ^ `` About Gouda '' . Blyth Farm Cheese . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gouda '' . Cheese.com . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ridgway , Judy ( 2004 ) . The Cheese Companion ( 2nd ed . ) . Running Press . p. 103 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gouda : Making the Cheese '' . New England Cheesemaking Supply Company . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frisian Farms Small Batch Gouda : Our Process '' . Archived from the original on 1 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kwaliteit Goudse kaas brokkelt af '' . Nieuwsblad.be ( in Dutch ) . Brussels . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` COMMISSION REGULATION ( EU ) No 1122 / 2010 of 2 December 2010 - entering a designation in the register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications ( Gouda Holland ( PGI ) ) '' . Official Journal of the European Union . Jump up ^ `` Noord - Hollandse Gouda '' . Agriculture Quality Policy . European Commission . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Gouda Holland , Edam Holland to get protected status '' . DutchNews.nl. 2010 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch cheeses Edam Holland and Gouda Holland granted protected status Press release '' . Government.nl. 2010 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gouda cheese . Look up gouda in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . ( hide ) Dutch cheeses Beemster Edam Gouda Kanterkaas Leerdammer Leyden Limburger Maaslander Maasdam Mimolette Parrano Roomano Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gouda_cheese&oldid=807101703 '' Categories : Dutch cheeses Cow 's - milk cheeses Gouda , South Holland Brined cheeses Smoked cheeses Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hRecipes Articles with Adr microformats Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing Dutch - language text All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Ripoarisch Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of milk is gouda cheese made from | [
"Gouda (English: /ˈɡaʊdə/ ( listen) or /ˈɡuːdə/ ( listen), Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣʌu̯daː] ( listen);[1][2] Dutch: Goudse kaas, meaning \"cheese from Gouda\") is a Dutch yellow cheese made from cow's milk. It is named after the city of Gouda in the Netherlands. It is one of the most popular cheeses worldwide, accounting for 50 to 60% of the world's cheese consumption.[3][dubious – discuss] The name is used today as a general term for a variety of similar cheeses produced in the traditional Dutch manner, as well as the Dutch original.[4]"
] | [
"cow's milk"
] |
3254991275166605693 | Hugo Weaving | Hugo Weaving - Wikipedia Hugo Weaving Jump to : navigation , search Hugo Weaving Weaving at the premiere of The Turning at the 2014 Berlin Film Festival . Hugo Wallace Weaving ( 1960 - 04 - 04 ) 4 April 1960 ( age 58 ) Ibadan , Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria Residence Sydney , New South Wales , Australia Nationality British - Australian Citizenship Australian British Alma mater National Institute of Dramatic Art Occupation Actor voice actor Years active 1981 -- present Partner ( s ) Katrina Greenwood ( 1984 -- present ) Children Relatives Samara Weaving ( niece ) Hugo Wallace Weaving ( born 4 April 1960 ) is an English - Australian film and stage actor . He is best known for playing Agent Smith in The Matrix trilogy ( 1999 -- 2003 ) , Elrond in The Lord of the Rings ( 2001 -- 2003 ) and The Hobbit ( 2012 -- 2014 ) film trilogies , V in V for Vendetta ( 2006 ) , Red Skull in Captain America : The First Avenger and the father in Hacksaw Ridge . Weaving 's first television role was in the 1984 Australian television series Bodyline , where he portrayed English cricket captain Douglas Jardine . In film , he first rose to prominence for his performance as Martin in the Australian drama Proof ( 1991 ) . Weaving played Anthony `` Tick '' Belrose / Mitzi Del Bra in the comedy - drama The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert ( 1994 ) ; and multiple roles in the science fiction film Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) . His roles as a voice actor include Rex in Babe , Noah in Happy Feet and Happy Feet Two , and Megatron in the Transformers film series . Weaving 's awards for acting include a Satellite Award , MTV Movie Award and six Australian Film Institute Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1984 -- 1998 2.2 1999 -- 2010 2.3 2011 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Awards 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Weaving was born at the University of Ibadan Teaching Hospital , in Ibadan , in the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria , to English parents Anne ( née Lennard ) ( born 1932 ) , a tour guide and former teacher , and Wallace Weaving ( born 1929 ) , a seismologist . His maternal grandmother was Belgian . A year after his birth , his family returned to England , living in Bedford and Brighton before moving to Melbourne and Sydney in Australia ; Johannesburg in South Africa ; and then returning to England again . While in England , he attended The Downs School , Wraxall , near Bristol , and Queen Elizabeth 's Hospital . While at the Downs School , in 1973 Weaving played one of his first theatrical roles , taking the part of ' Captain Asquith ' in Robert Bolt 's `` The Thwarting of Baron Bolligrew '' . His family moved back to Australia in 1976 , where he attended Knox Grammar School in Sydney . He graduated from Sydney 's National Institute of Dramatic Art in 1981 . Career ( edit ) 1984 -- 1998 ( edit ) Weaving 's first television role was in the 1984 Australian television series Bodyline , as the English cricket captain Douglas Jardine . Weaving appeared in the Australian miniseries The Dirtwater Dynasty in 1988 and as Geoffrey Chambers in the drama Barlow and Chambers : A Long Way From Home . He starred opposite Nicole Kidman in the 1989 film Bangkok Hilton . In 1991 , Weaving received the Australian Film Institute 's `` Best Actor '' award for his performance in the low - budget Proof . He appeared as Sir John in the 1993 Yahoo Serious comedy Reckless Kelly , a lampoon of Australian outlaw Ned Kelly . In the mid-90s , Weaving portrayed drag queen Anthony `` Tick '' Belrose / Mitzi Del Bra in the 1994 film Priscilla , Queen of the Desert , and provided the voice of Rex the sheepdog in the 1995 family film Babe . In 1998 , he received the `` Best Actor '' award from the Montreal Film Festival for his performance as a suspected serial killer in The Interview . 1999 -- 2010 ( edit ) Weaving played the enigmatic and evil - minded Agent Smith in the 1999 film The Matrix . He later reprised that role in the film 's 2003 sequels , The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions . He was a voice actor in the cartoon film The Magic Pudding . Weaving at The Matrix Revolutions premiere , November 2003 He garnered additional acclaim in the role of half - elven lord Elrond in Peter Jackson 's three - film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings , released between 2001 and 2003 . Weaving was the main actor in Andrew Kotatko 's award - winning film Everything Goes ( 2004 ) . He starred as a heroin - addicted ex-rugby league player in the 2005 Australian indie film Little Fish , opposite Cate Blanchett . Weaving played the title role as V in the 2006 film V for Vendetta , in which he was reunited with the Wachowskis , creators of The Matrix trilogy , who wrote the adapted screenplay . Actor James Purefoy was originally signed to play the role , but was fired six weeks into filming over creative differences . Weaving reshot most of James Purefoy 's scenes as V ( even though his face is never seen ) apart from a couple of minor dialogue - free scenes early in the film . Stuntman David Leitch performed all of V 's stunts . Weaving reprised his role as Elrond for the video game The Lord of the Rings : The Battle for Middle - Earth II . He regularly appears in productions by the Sydney Theatre Company ( STC ) . In 2006 , he worked with Cate Blanchett on a reprise of the STC production of Hedda Gabler in New York City . In a controversial move by director Michael Bay , Weaving was chosen as the Decepticon leader Megatron vocally in the 2007 live - action film Transformers , rather than using the original version of the character 's voice created by the voice actor , Frank Welker . Weaving at The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King premiere , December 2003 Weaving himself was unaware of the controversy and had accepted the role based on Michael Bay 's personal request ; in a November 2008 Sun Herald interview , he said he 'd never seen Transformers . Though Weaving reprised his role in two sequels , he does not have much personal investment in the Transformers films . In February 2010 , Weaving revealed to The Age : `` Director Michael Bay talks to me on the phone . I 've never met him . We were doing the voice for the second one and I still had n't seen the first one . I still did n't really know who the characters were and I did n't know what anything was . It 's a voice job , for sure , and people assume I 've spent my life working on it , but I really know so little about it . '' In 2012 , Weaving said to Collider : `` It was one of the only things I 've ever done where I had no knowledge of it , I did n't care about it , I did n't think about it . They wanted me to do it . In one way , I regret that bit . I do n't regret doing it , but I very rarely do something if it 's meaningless . It was meaningless to me , honestly . I do n't mean that in any nasty way . '' Weaving played a supporting role in Joe Johnston 's 2010 remake of the 1941 film The Wolfman , starring Benicio del Toro . Immediately after Wolfman wrapped in spring 2008 , he returned home to Australia to film a lead role in the film Last Ride , directed by Glendyn Ivin . In early 2009 , Guillermo Del Toro , then director of The Hobbit films , prequels to The Lord of the Rings , confirmed his intent to again cast Weaving as Elrond of Rivendell in a BBC interview . When asked about reprising the role , Weaving replied that he was game , but had not officially been approached . Del Toro eventually left the project ; Peter Jackson decided to direct the films himself but Weaving was not officially confirmed in the cast until May 2011 . Weaving spent the summer of 2009 starring in the Melbourne Theatre Company 's production of God of Carnage , portraying the caustic lawyer Alain Reille . He returned to the stage in November 2010 in Sydney Theatre Company 's Uncle Vanya , co-starring Cate Blanchett and Richard Roxburgh . Weaving filmed a guest role on Roxburgh 's Australian TV series Rake in May 2010 . In May 2009 , Weaving accepted a co-starring role in the docudrama Oranges and Sunshine , about the forced migration of thousands of British children to Australia in the 1950s . Filming began in autumn 2009 in Nottingham , England and Adelaide , South Australia and continued through January 2010 . The film premiered at the Rome International Film Festival on 28 October 2010 and garnered positive reviews . 2010 also saw the release of Legend of the Guardians ( formerly The Guardians of Ga'Hoole ) , in which Weaving has another high - profile voice role , portraying two different owls named Noctus and Grimble in Zack Snyder 's film adaptation of Kathryn Lasky 's popular series of children 's books . On 4 May 2010 , it was officially confirmed by Marvel Studios that Weaving would play the fictional Nazi the Red Skull in the superhero film Captain America : The First Avenger . Weaving completed filming his role on the project in September 2010 and returned to Sydney to prepare for Uncle Vanya . It is unlikely he will sign on for any further installments in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ; in an August 2011 Baltimore Sun interview , the actor confided he 's weary of typecasting and of `` blockbuster '' films in general : `` I think I 've about had enough ... I 'm not sure how many more of them I 'll make . It does n't feel to me as though they 've been the majority of my work , though that 's probably the way it seems to most other people . '' . 2011 -- present ( edit ) Weaving at Sydney Film Festival , 2013 On 13 March 2011 , The Key Man , which Weaving filmed in 2006 , finally debuted at the South By Southwest Festival in Austin , Texas . The child migrant saga Oranges and Sunshine opened in the UK on 1 April , the culmination of months of success on the festival circuit in late 2010 - early 2011 . In March , the Sydney Theatre Company and John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts announced that STC 's 2010 production of Chekhov 's Uncle Vanya would be reprised in Washington , D.C. during the month of August In April , months of speculation finally ended when Weaving appeared on The Hobbit 's New Zealand set , shortly before a production spokesman officially confirmed the actor 's return as Elrond in Peter Jackson 's prequel trilogy to The Lord of the Rings . He was part of the cast of the Wachowskis ' adaptation of David Mitchell 's novel Cloud Atlas . The project , co-starring Tom Hanks , Ben Whishaw , Halle Berry , Jim Broadbent , and Susan Sarandon , began filming in September 2011 and was released in October 2012 . 2012 also found Weaving re-focusing on his theatrical career , with a return to the Sydney Theatre Company to star in a new adaptation of Christopher Hampton 's play Les Liaisons Dangereuses in March . He portrayed the notorious Vicomte de Valmont , a character he first played onstage in 1987 . His frequent stage foil Pamela Rabe costarred . Weaving and Cate Blanchett reprised their roles in STC 's internationally lauded production of Uncle Vanya for a ten - day run at New York 's Lincoln Center in July . The busy actor also joined the cast of three forthcoming Australian films in summer 2012 . The Western - tinged police thriller Mystery Road , written and directed by Ivan Sen , began filming in June 2012 . Weaving is also scheduled to star in the prison drama Healing for director Craig Monahan , with whom he previously made The Interview ( 1998 ) and Peaches ( 2005 ) . He appeared in a segment of the Australian anthology film The Turning , based on Tim Winton 's collection of linked stories , entitled `` The Commission '' , directed by David Wenham . He ended 2013 co-starring with Richard Roxburgh and Philip Quast in Samuel Beckett 's Waiting For Godot , for the Sydney Theatre Company . In the spring of 2013 , Weaving reprised the Agent Smith role for a General Electric television commercial for their `` Brilliant Machines '' innovations in healthcare management technology , which was slated to air during a break from 13 April 's edition of Saturday Night Live , and subsequently continued to receive multiple airings on major cable networks . From 26 July to 27 September 2014 , Weaving played the titular role of Sydney Theatre Company 's production of Macbeth . In an unusual treatment of the Shakespearian tragedy by young Sydney director Kip Williams , Weaving 's performance was described by Peter Gotting of The Guardian as `` the role of his career '' . In October 2015 , Weaving joined the cast of the film adaption of Craig Silvey 's Australian novel , Jasper Jones . Personal life ( edit ) When he was 13 years old , Weaving was diagnosed with epilepsy . He has been with his longtime girlfriend Katrina Greenwood since 1984 ; the two live in Sydney and have two children together , Harry ( b . 1989 ) and Holly ( b . 1993 ) . Harry is an actor who uses the stage name Harry Greenwood . Hugo also has a brother , Simon , and a sister , Anna Jane . His niece , Samara Weaving , portrayed Indigo Walker on the long - running Australian soap , Home and Away , and her younger sister Morgan joined the cast as Lottie Ryan . In 2004 , Weaving became an ambassador for Australian animal rights organisation Voiceless , the animal protection institute . He attends events , promotes Voiceless in interviews , and assists in their judging of annual grants recipients . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1981 Maybe This Time ! ... Maybe This Time Student 2 The City 's Edge Andy White 1986 For Love Alone Jonathan Crow Right Hand Man , The The Right Hand Man Ned Devine Almost ! ... Almost Jake 1991 Proof Martin AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Road to Alice Louis 1993 Frauds Jonathan Wheats Reckless Kelly Sir John Custodian , The The Custodian Det . Church Exile Innes Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert , The The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert Anthony `` Tick '' Belrose / Mitzi Del Bra Nominated -- AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role What 's Going On , Frank ? Strange Packer in Supermarket 1995 Babe Rex the Male Sheepdog Voice role 1997 True Love and Chaos Morris 1998 Babe : Pig in the City Rex the Male Sheepdog Voice role Bedrooms and Hallways Jeremy Interview , The The Interview Eddie Rodney Fleming AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Montreal World Film Festival Award for Best Actor Nominated -- FCCA Award for Best Supporting Actor Kiss , The The Kiss Barry 1999 Strange Planet Steven Little Echo Lost Echo Man Matrix , The The Matrix Agent Smith Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Villain Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor 2000 The Magic Pudding Bill Barnacle 2001 Russian Doll Harvey The Old Man Who Read Love Stories Rubicondo ( Dentist ) Nominated -- AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated -- FCCA Award for Best Supporting Actor Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , The The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Elrond Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2002 Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , The The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2003 Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , The The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast National Board of Review Award for Best Cast Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Matrix Reloaded , The The Matrix Reloaded Agent Smith Nominated -- MTV Movie Award for Best Fight ( shared with Keanu Reeves ) Matrix Revolutions , The The Matrix Revolutions Everything Goes Ray Inside Film Awards : Best Short Film Peaches Alan 2005 Little Fish Lionel Dawson AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role FCCA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Inside Film Award for Best Actor 2006 Happy Feet Noah Voice role V for Vendetta V Nominated -- International Award for Best Actor 2007 Transformers Megatron Voice role Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain In The Company of Actors Himself / Judge Brack 2008 Tender Hook , The The Tender Hook McHeath a.k.a. The Boxer and the Bombshell 2009 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Megatron Voice role Last Ride Kev Nominated -- AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Wolfman , The The Wolfman Detective Francis Abberline Oranges and Sunshine Jack AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole Noctus and Grimble Voice role 2011 Transformers : Dark of the Moon Megatron Voice role Captain America : The First Avenger Johann Schmidt / Red Skull Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Fight ( with Chris Evans ) Nominated -- Scream Award for Best Villain Happy Feet Two Noah Voice role 2012 Cloud Atlas Haskell Moore Tadeusz Kesselring Bill Smoke Nurse Noakes Boardman Mephi Old Georgie Hobbit : There ! The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey Elrond 2013 Mystery Road Johnno The Turning Bob Lang Nominated -- AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role 2014 Healing Matt Perry The Mule Croft Nominated -- AFCA Award for Best Supporting Actor The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Elrond 2015 Strangerland David Rae The Dressmaker Sergeant Farrat AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role AFCA Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated -- Film Critics Circle of Australia for Best Supporting Actor 2016 Hacksaw Ridge Tom Doss AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role 2017 Jasper Jones Mad Jack Lionel Nominated -- AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role 2018 Black 47 Hannah Post-production Mortal Engines Thaddeus Valentine Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 Bodyline Douglas Jardine Melba Charles Armstrong Dirtwater Dynasty , The The Dirtwater Dynasty Richard Eastwick 4 episodes Dadah Is Death Geoffrey Chambers Bangkok Hilton Richard Carlisle 1993 Seven Deadly Sins Lust 1995 Bordertown Kenneth Pearson 10 episodes The Bite Jack Shannon Naked : Stories of Men Martin Furlong 1 episode 1997 Frontier Governor Arthur Halifax f.p. : Is n't It Romantic Det . Sgt . Tom Hurkos 2003 After the Deluge Martin Kirby Rake Prof Graham Murray 1 episode I , Spry Narrator Documentary 2015 New Davincibles Lee Nan Voice only English dub 2017 Seven Types Of Ambiguity Dr Alex Klima 5 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Enter the Matrix Agent Smith Voice Role 2006 The Lord of the Rings : The Battle for Middle - earth II Elrond Voice role 2009 The Lord of the Rings : Conquest Elrond Voice role Awards ( edit ) 1991 -- Australian Film Institute Awards , Best Actor in a Lead Role : Proof 1998 -- Australian Film Institute Awards , Best Actor in a Lead Role : The Interview 2005 -- Australian Film Institute Awards , Best Actor in a Lead Role : Little Fish 2007 -- The Constellation Awards , Best Male Performance in a 2006 Science Fiction Film , TV Movie , or Miniseries : V for Vendetta 2011 -- Sydney Theatre Award , Best Supporting Actor : Sydney Theatre Company 's Uncle Vanya 2012 -- Helen Hayes Award , Best Supporting Performer , Non-Resident Production : Sydney Theatre Company 's Uncle Vanya References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Quiet achiever '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 3 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hugo Weaving Profile : Biography , Filmography & Photos '' . uk.movies.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 24 June 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the listener : Anne Lennard , wartime evacuee -- Life Matters '' . Australia : ABC . 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 8 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Magic Pudding ( 2000 ) '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` V for Vendetta ' : Reel and real events resonate for star Natalie Portman '' . tribunedigital - mcall . Jump up ^ `` Six actors who were fired from films '' . NewsComAu . Jump up ^ Karly Rayner . `` I Was Fired From The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ... Was I Awful ? '' . moviepilot.com . Jump up ^ `` Depth among the shallows '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia : Fairfax Digital . 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC Jump up ^ Uncle Vanya Archived 24 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine . at the Sydney Theatre Company ^ Jump up to : Jaafar , Ali ( 23 November 2009 ) . `` Emily Watson joins ' Oranges ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Zack Snyder 's Guardians of Ga'Hoole Cast Coming Together Archived 6 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . 20 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` Hugo Weaving confirmed as Red Skull in Captain America '' . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` From ' Captain America ' to ' Uncle Vanya , ' Hugo Weaving stretches his acting chops '' . The Baltimore Sun . 5 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ SXSW Exclusive First Look : ' The Key Man ' Poster Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Film School Rejects ( 10 March 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Oranges and Sunshine : an illuminating true - life drama '' . The Guardian . London . 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Center offers Cate Blanchett , hip - hop , ' The Addams Family ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Kiwi actor steps into Hobbit breach '' . The Dominion Post . 2 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Roxborough , Scott ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` Hugo Weaving , Ben Whishaw Join ' Cloud Atlas ' ( Cannes Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Curtain 's up on Liaison with wicked wit '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mckinley Jr , James C. ( 18 December 2011 ) . `` A New York Stop for Cate Blanchett , Hugo Weaving and ' Uncle Vanya ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Sen 's Mystery Road begins filming in Qld '' . Inside Film . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Screen Australia Backs 4 Films , 8 TV Projects '' . Deadline.com. 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Dane takes Aussie film sales to a new level '' . SBS. 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cate Blanchett Lights Up Lincoln Center '' . Gotham Magazine . June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Theatre Company 2013 Season '' . Time Out Sydney . 6 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( 13 April 2013 ) . `` Agent Smith Returns -- A General Electric Commercial Set in the World of the Matrix '' . bleedingcool.com . Retrieved 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Theatre Company - Macbeth '' . Sydney Theatre Company . Jump up ^ Peter Gotting ( 28 July 2014 ) . `` Macbeth review -- Hugo Weaving finds the role of his career '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Incredible cast brought together for the film adaption of the iconic Australian novel , Jasper Jones '' . Film Ink ( Australia ) . Archived from the original on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Morris , Linda ( 18 October 2015 ) . `` Hugo Weaving , Toni Collette join all - star cast of Jasper Jones '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Barbara . `` Aussie lord of the stage '' . New York Post . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Mary Carole ( 5 August 2011 ) . `` From ' Captain America ' to ' Uncle Vanya , ' Hugo Weaving stretches his acting chops '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Greenwood shines in first lead TV role in Gallipoli and he 's the spitting image of dad Hugo Weaving '' . News.com.au. 30 January 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Samara Weaving ( as Indigo Walker ) '' . Home and Away Cast Biographies . TV3 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hugo Weaving Voiceless '' . Voiceless . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) The Dictionary of Performing Arts in Australia -- Theatre . Film . Radio . Television -- Volume 1 -- Ann Atkinson , Linsay Knight , Margaret McPhee -- Allen & Unwin Pty. Ltd. , 1996 The Australian Film and Television Companion -- compiled by Tony Harrison -- Simon & Schuster Australia , 1994 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hugo Weaving . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Hugo Weaving Hugo Weaving on IMDb Hugo Weaving at the TCM Movie Database Hugo Weaving at AllMovie % 20Number % 3A ; querytype = ; resCount = 10 Hugo Weaving at the National Film and Sound Archive Awards for Hugo Weaving AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Bruce Spence ( 1972 ) Robert McDarra ( 1973 ) Jack Thompson ( 1974 ) Martin Vaughan ( 1975 ) Simon Burke and Nick Tate ( 1976 ) John Meillon ( 1977 ) Bill Hunter ( 1978 ) Mel Gibson ( 1979 ) Jack Thompson ( 1980 ) Mel Gibson ( 1981 ) Ray Barrett ( 1982 ) Norman Kaye ( 1983 ) John Hargreaves ( 1984 ) Chris Haywood ( 1985 ) Colin Friels ( 1986 ) Leo McKern ( 1987 ) John Waters ( 1988 ) Sam Neill ( 1989 ) Max von Sydow ( 1990 ) Hugo Weaving ( 1991 ) Russell Crowe ( 1992 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1993 ) Nicholas Hope ( 1994 ) John Lynch ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 1997 ) Hugo Weaving ( 1998 ) Russell Dykstra ( 1999 ) Eric Bana ( 2000 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2001 ) David Gulpilil ( 2002 ) David Wenham ( 2003 ) Sam Worthington ( 2004 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2005 ) Shane Jacobson ( 2006 ) Eric Bana ( 2007 ) William McInnes ( 2008 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2009 ) Ben Mendelsohn ( 2010 ) Daniel Henshall ( 2011 ) Chris O'Dowd ( 2012 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2013 ) David Gulpilil ( 2014 ) Michael Caton ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2016 ) Sunny Pawar ( 2017 ) AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Barry Humphries ( 1974 ) Reg Lyle ( 1975 ) Drew Forsythe ( 1976 ) John Ewart ( 1977 ) Ray Barrett ( 1978 ) Alwyn Kurts ( 1979 ) Bryan Brown ( 1980 ) Bill Hunter ( 1981 ) Warren Mitchell ( 1982 ) John Hargreaves ( 1983 ) Steve Bisley ( 1984 ) Nique Needles ( 1985 ) John Hargreaves ( 1986 ) Ben Mendelsohn ( 1987 ) Kym Gyngell ( 1988 ) Chris Haywood ( 1989 ) Steve Bisley ( 1990 ) Russell Crowe ( 1991 ) Barry Otto ( 1992 ) David Ngoombujarra ( 1993 ) Max Cullen ( 1994 ) Ray Barrett ( 1995 ) Armin Mueller - Stahl ( 1996 ) Andrew S. Gilbert ( 1997 ) John Polson ( 1998 ) Bryan Brown ( 1999 ) Simon Lyndon ( 2000 ) Vince Colosimo ( 2001 ) Nathaniel Dean ( 2002 ) David Ngoombujarra ( 2003 ) Erik Thomson ( 2004 ) Anthony Hayes ( 2005 ) Anthony Hayes ( 2006 ) Marton Csokas ( 2007 ) Luke Ford ( 2008 ) Oscar Isaac ( 2009 ) Joel Edgerton ( 2010 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2011 ) Antony Starr ( 2012 ) Joel Edgerton ( 2013 ) Yılmaz Erdoğan ( 2014 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2015 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2016 ) Dev Patel ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble 2000s 2001 Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 Hairspray Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken 2008 Milk Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke 2010s The Fighter Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg 2011 The Help Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel 2012 Silver Linings Playbook Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver 2013 American Hustle Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts 2015 Spotlight Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci 2016 Moonlight Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders 2017 Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Abbie Cornish , Peter Dinklage , Woody Harrelson , John Hawkes , Lucas Hedges , Željko Ivanek , Caleb Landry Jones , Frances McDormand , Clarke Peters , Sam Rockwell , Samara Weaving Helpmann Award for Best Male Actor in a Play John Gaden ( 2001 ) John Bell ( 2002 ) Colin Friels ( 2003 ) Darren Gilshenan ( 2004 ) Robert Menzies ( 2005 ) Greg Stone ( 2006 ) Jefferson Mays ( 2007 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 2008 ) Ben Winspear ( 2009 ) Ewen Leslie ( 2010 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2011 ) Paul Capsis ( 2012 ) Colin Friels ( 2013 ) Richard Roxburgh ( 2014 ) Hugo Weaving ( 2015 ) Mark Leonard Winter ( 2016 ) Mark Coles Smith ( 2017 ) `` The template below ( ScreenActorsGuildAward CastMotionPicture 2001 -- 2010 ) is being considered for merging . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2001 Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 No Country for Old Men Javier Bardem , Josh Brolin , Garret Dillahunt , Tess Harper , Woody Harrelson , Tommy Lee Jones , Kelly Macdonald 2008 Slumdog Millionaire Rubina Ali , Tanay Chheda , Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala , Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail , Anil Kapoor , Irrfan Khan , Ayush Mahesh Khedekar , Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar , Madhur Mittal , Dev Patel , Freida Pinto 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke The King 's Speech Anthony Andrews , Helena Bonham Carter , Jennifer Ehle , Colin Firth , Michael Gambon , Derek Jacobi , Guy Pearce , Geoffrey Rush , Timothy Spall Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) VIAF : 56822290 LCCN : no00098811 ISNI : 0000 0001 0904 5676 GND : 1016023618 SUDOC : 113739486 BNF : cb142382156 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 4d37c760 - f6f6 - 4058 - 8563 - 77c207a4c65c NLA : 41397047 NKC : xx0044867 BNE : XX1093147 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Weaving&oldid=836797104 '' Categories : 1960 births Australian male film actors Australian male radio actors Australian male stage actors Australian male television actors Australian male video game actors Australian male voice actors Audiobook narrators Australian people of Belgian descent Australian people of English descent Best Actor AACTA Award winners Best Supporting Actor AACTA Award winners English emigrants to Australia English male film actors English male radio actors English male stage actors English male television actors English male video game actors English male voice actors Living people English people of Belgian descent National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni People educated at Queen Elizabeth 's Hospital , Bristol People educated at Knox Grammar School Male actors from Ibadan Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People with epilepsy 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Nigerian people of British descent Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom 20th - century Australian male actors 21st - century Australian male actors English male Shakespearean actors Helpmann Award winners Military brats Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Use Australian English from May 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with hCards Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Кыргызча Magyar მარგალური Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 22 : 14 . 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"Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April 1960) is an English-Australian[citation needed] film and stage actor. He is best known for playing Agent Smith in The Matrix trilogy (1999–2003), Elrond in The Lord of the Rings (2001–2003) and The Hobbit (2012–2014) film trilogies, V in V for Vendetta (2006), Red Skull in Captain America: The First Avenger and the father in Hacksaw Ridge. Weaving's first television role was in the 1984 Australian television series Bodyline, where he portrayed English cricket captain Douglas Jardine. In film, he first rose to prominence for his performance as Martin in the Australian drama Proof (1991). Weaving played Anthony \"Tick\" Belrose/Mitzi Del Bra in the comedy-drama The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1994); and multiple roles in the science fiction film Cloud Atlas (2012). His roles as a voice actor include Rex in Babe, Noah in Happy Feet and Happy Feet Two, and Megatron in the Transformers film series."
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"Hugo Wallace Weaving"
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-2440880529397853239 | America's Got Talent (season 5) | America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search America 's Got Talent Season 5 Broadcast from June 1 -- September 15 , 2010 Judges Piers Morgan Sharon Osbourne Howie Mandel Host ( s ) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Website Official Website Winner Michael Grimm Michael Grimm performing in Los Angeles Origin Hancock County , Mississippi Genre ( s ) Soul singer Runner - up Jackie Evancho Chronology ◀ ▶ Runner - up Jackie Evancho , who has sold over 3 million albums since AGT The fifth season of America 's Got Talent , an American television reality show talent competition , premiered in the United States on the NBC network and on Canada 's Global on June 1 , 2010 . Soul singer Michael Grimm was named the winner on September 15 , 2010 , beating 10 - year - old classical crossover singer Jackie Evancho . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne returned as judges . After four seasons on the show , David Hasselhoff left to host a new show and was replaced by Howie Mandel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selection process 2 Preliminary auditions 3 Las Vegas Week 3.1 Group A : Judges ' Favorites 3.1. 1 Advanced 3.1. 2 Rejected 3.2 Group B : Standby Acts 3.2. 1 Advanced 3.2. 2 Rejected 3.3 Group C : Advanced Directly to the Top 48 3.3. 1 Advanced 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Top 48 ( Week 1 ) 4.1. 1 Elimination table , Week 1 4.2 Top 48 ( Week 2 ) 4.2. 1 Elimination table , Week 2 4.3 Top 48 ( Week 3 ) 4.3. 1 Elimination table , Week 3 4.4 Top 48 ( Week 4 ) 4.4. 1 Elimination table , Week 4 4.5 Week 5 : YouTube Special 4.5. 1 Elimination table , Week 5 4.6 Week 6 : Wild Card Show 4.6. 1 Elimination table , Week 6 5 Semifinals 5.1 Round 1 5.1. 1 Round 1 elimination table 5.2 Round 2 5.2. 1 Round 2 elimination table 6 Top 10 7 Finals 7.1 Finals elimination table 8 Top 48 acts 9 Contestants who appeared on other shows 10 Production 11 Ratings 11.1 U.S. ratings 11.2 Canadian ratings 12 References 13 External links Selection process ( edIT ) The season 5 selection process appears to carry over that of the past two seasons , but the Las Vegas Round was changed to that of the second and third seasons , which gave the performers a second chance to showcase their act . Instead of an audition consisting of performers who submitted their acts on Myspace , as has been done in previous seasons , the year contained a quarterfinal made up of twelve acts who submitted their auditions on YouTube ( eleven selected by the judges and one selected by online voters ) . Because of the inclusion of an additional quarterfinal , only four acts were selected to move on each week , instead of five . Additionally , there was also a separate wild card show ( the first since season 1 ) , consisting of acts brought back by the judges to perform after being originally eliminated in either Las Vegas Week or previous quarterfinals . The semifinal consisted of 24 acts this year . Ten of the 24 passed through to the Top 10 round , from which six were eliminated by public voting , leaving four to compete in the finals . Preliminary auditions ( edIT ) The fifth season of America 's Got Talent , premiered on NBC on June 1 , 2010 . This season , auditions were held in six major U.S. cities : Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Universal Orlando Resort , Portland , and Chicago . Host Nick Cannon and judges Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne returned to the show . Howie Mandel joined the show , taking the place of David Hasselhoff as the third judge . The auditions lasted for ten episodes and 88 televised acts advanced . Las Vegas Week ( edIT ) From 70,000 nationwide auditions , the judges advanced the top 108 acts to Las Vegas to compete head to head for a spot in the Top 48 . On their way to Las Vegas , the judges reviewed the audition tapes and divided the contestants into 3 groups . Not all groups that were shown to have passed the preliminary auditions were shown in the Las Vegas Week episodes . Those in Group A were referred to as `` the judges ' favorites , '' and performed on Day 1 of Las Vegas ( Episode 511 ) . Those in Group B , were not seen as favorites by the judges and were declared `` standby acts . '' These acts performed for 11 remaining spots after Group A ( Episode 512 ) . The auditions of the Group C acts were declared by the judges to be the best and these acts moved on to compete in the live shows directly without performing in Las Vegas . Group A : Judges ' Favorites ( edit ) Advanced ( edit ) Alice Tan Ridley , Singer Anna and Patryk , Ballroom Dancers Antonio Restivo , Fire Artist / Illusionist AscenDance , Rock Climbing Acrobats / Dancers Chipps Cooney , Magician / Illusionist CJ Dippa , Rapper Debra Romer , Singer / Musician Eric `` Doogie '' Horner , Standup Comedian Hannibal Means , Opera Singer Harmonica Pierre , Harmonica Musician Lil Chris , Singer Lindsey Stirling , Hip - Hop Violinist Maricar , Burlesque Painter Mary Ellen , Yodeler / Pianist Michael Grimm , Singer / Musician Mona Sampath Dance Company , Bollywood Dance Troupe MURRAY , Magician / Illusionist Prince Poppycock , Opera Singer Rudi Macaggi , Balancing Acrobat Sally Cohn , Hand Whistler Studio One Young Beast Society , Dance Troupe Taylor Mathews , Singer / Musician The Hot Shot Tap Dancers , Tap Dancers The Strong Man , Strongman Twisted Trystan & Krystan , Side Show Performers Wreckless , Dance Troupe Rejected ( edit ) Anthony Lucia , Trick Roper April Lane , Singer Arthur Nakane , One - Man Band Beat Master , Dancer Bert & Frannie Davis and the Muttley Crew , Performing Dogs Bhangra Empire , Indian Folk Dance Group Blake Henderson , Singer Carlos Aponte , Opera Singer Connor Doran , Indoor Kite Flyer Elaine Terranova , Singer Esera Tualo , Singer Frankie Elliston , Magician / Illusionist He Jia - Yi , Harmonica Musician Kent Jenkins , Musician Kruti Dance Academy , Indian Classical Dancers Mark Hayward , Juggler Matt Keen , Singer Michael Grasso , Magician / Illusionist Michael Lipari and Ashleigh Dejon , Aerialists Mrs. Hughes , Standup Comedian Ms. Donna , Samoan Fire Knife act Naishon Jones , Dancer Nate Klinger , Dancer Paul Bunyan Lumberjack Show , Lumberjack Act Phil Trau , Tap Dancer Popping Kyle , Dancer Sky Sirens , Doubles Trapeze Act Style Proz Crew , Dance Crew William Scott Anderson , Magician / Illusionist Unnamed Dancer , Dancer Group B : Standby Acts ( edit ) Advanced ( edit ) Airpocalypse , Air Guitar Band Christina & Ali , Singing Sisters Iron Horse , Rockabilly Band Jeremy VanSchoonhoven , Extreme Cyclist Kung Fu Heroes , Martial Arts Group Luigi Seno , Singer / Musician Nathaniel Kenyon , Singer / Musician NU Covenant , Gospel Group Paul Safy Jr. , Singer RNG , Dance Troupe Ronith , Actor / Impersonator The Strange Familiar , Band Rejected ( edit ) Blue Sky Canopy , Vocal Act Broadway Boys , Vocal Act Cody Joe Tilman , Singer Danger Committee , Knife Performers Eric Koloski , Yoyo Performer Erin Barylski , Artist Gentlemen of NUCO , Band Harmonik , Band Jeff Greer , Singer Jeffrey Vinokur , Dancing Mad Scientist Justin Hopkins , Singer Kevin Colis , Singer Max Winfrey , Knife Thrower New Directions Veterans ' Choir , Choir Nick Pike , Variety Act Northwest Dance & Acro , Dance / Acrobatic Group Rick Smith , Jr. , Card Thrower Unnamed Robot Guy , Robot Guy Group C : advanced directly to the Top 48 ( edIT ) Advanced ( edIT ) ArcAttack , Technological Performance Group Cheer SF , Cheerleading Troupe Da Maniacs , Dance Troupe Fighting Gravity , Blacklight Performers Future Funk , Hip - Hop Dance Duo Haspop , Popping Dancer Kaya and Sadie , Belly Dancing Duo Polina Volchek , Gymnast / Acrobat Strikers All Stars , Tumblers / Dance Troupe The South Philly Vikings , Dance Troupe Footnotes Jump up ^ Twisted Trystan and Krystan originally made the Top 48 , but they were unable to appear in the Quarterfinals . Jump up ^ Nick Pike did not originally make the Top 48 , but he replaced Twisted Trystan and Krystan because they were unable to appear . Quarterfinals ( edIT ) The quarterfinals began on July 13 , 2010 and concluded on Wednesday , August 18 with the Wild Card episode results . Twelve acts performed each week . A two - hour performance episode each Tuesday was followed by a one - hour results show the following day , where four of the twelve acts from the previous night remained in the competition instead of five , due to the inclusion of one more quarterfinal consisting of acts who auditioned on YouTube . Top 48 ( Week 1 ) ( edIT ) The performance episode aired on July 13 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results episode aired July 14 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and included performances by the cast of Rock of Ages ( with Dee Snider making a guest appearance ) . Elimination table , Week 1 ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan Kung Fu Heroes Martial Arts Group Christina & Ali Singing Sisters Airpocalypse Air Band The Hot Shot Tap Dancers Tapping Dance Troupe 5 Paul Safy Jr . Singer 6 Future Funk Hip - Hop Dance Duo 7 Sally Cohn Hand Whistler 8 Nick Pike Fire Artist / Variety Act 9 RNG Dance Troupe 10 Maricar Burlesque Painter 11 Fighting Gravity Blacklight Performers 12 Nathaniel Kenyon Singer / Musician Footnotes Jump up ^ Twisted Trystan and Krystan were originally selected to be in the Top 48 , but they were unable to appear in the Quarterfinal . They were replaced by danger act Nick Pike . Top 48 ( Week 2 ) ( edIT ) The performance episode aired on July 20 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results episode aired on July 21 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and included performances from the cast members of Cirque Du Soleil and Train . Elimination table , Week 2 ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan Cheer SF Cheerleading Troupe Alice Tan Ridley Singer Mona Sampath Dance Company Bollywood Dance Troupe Iron Horse Rockabilly Band 5 The Strong Man Strongman 6 Ronith Actor / Impersonator 7 Hannibal Means Opera Singer 8 Wreckless Dance Crew 9 Lil Chris Singer 10 AscenDance Rock Climbing Acrobats / Dancers 11 Antonio Restivo Fire Artist / Illusionist 12 Michael Grimm Singer / Musician Top 48 ( Week 3 ) ( edIT ) The performance episode aired on July 27 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results episode aired on July 28 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and featured performances by Mike Posner and the JabbaWockeeZ . Elimination table , Week 3 ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan The South Philly Vikings Dance Troupe CJ Dippa Rapper Harmonica Pierre Harmonica Musician Polina Volchek Gymnast / Acrobat 5 The Strange Familiar Band 6 Haspop Popping Dancer 7 Luigi Singer / Musician 8 Chipps Cooney Magician / Comedian / Chippendale Dancer 9 Kaya and Sadie Belly Dancing Duo 10 Jeremy VanSchoonhoven Extreme Cyclist 11 Debra Romer Singer / Musician 12 Studio One Young Beast Society Dance Troupe Footnotes Top 48 ( Week 4 ) ( edIT ) The performance episode aired on August 3 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results show aired on August 4 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and featured performances by Taio Cruz and Bret Michaels . The contestants this week were treated to an advance screening of the movie The Other Guys and a meeting with its co-stars Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg . Elimination table , Week 4 ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan Da Maniacs Dance Troupe NU Covenant Gospel Group Anna and Patryk Ballroom Dancers Lindsey Stirling Hip - Hop Violinist 5 Doogie Horner Standup Comedian 6 Rudi Macaggi Balancing Acrobat 7 Taylor Mathews Singer / Musician 8 Mary Ellen Yodeler / Pianist 9 ArcAttack Technological Performance Group 10 Prince Poppycock Opera Singer 11 MURRAY Magician / Illusionist 12 Strikers All Stars Dance Crew Footnotes Jump up ^ ArcAttack had to perform outside the show 's studio due to safety concerns . The judges did not have buzzers in the outside studio , instead having hand - carried signs with the familiar red `` X '' , although they never used them . Week 5 : YouTube special ( edIT ) The performance episode aired on August 10 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results show aired on August 11 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and featured performances from YouTube sensations Lin Yu Chun and Evolution of Dance , as well as a performance from Season 1 alumni David and Dania : Quick Change . This special quarterfinal featured acts who submitted their auditions via YouTube . Elimination table , Week 5 ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan PLUtonic A Capella Group Dylan Plummer Extreme Jump Roper Pup Accordion - Playing Dog Cam Hodges Singer / Musician 5 Ryan Rodriguez Dancer 6 Austin Anderson Standup Comedian 7 Booker Forté Hip - Hop Dancer 8 Pizza Patt Pizza Dough Juggler 9 Kristina Young Singer 10 Maestro Alexander Bui Pianist 11 Dan Sperry Magician / Illusionist 12 Jackie Evancho Classical Crossover Singer Footnotes Week 6 : Wild Card show ( edIT ) The performance episode aired on August 17 , 2010 . These acts had been eliminated but were called back by the judges for another chance . The episode was the first in the history of Talent that did not feature at least one act that incorporated live singing in their performance . The results show aired on August 18 , 2010 and included performances by singer LeAnn Rimes and magician Criss Angel . Elimination table , Week 6 ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Chosen By Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan Morgan Kruti Dance Academy Indian Classical Dancers Osbourne Rudi Macaggi Balancing Acrobat Mandel CJ Dippa Rapper Osbourne RNG Dance Troupe 5 Morgan Harmonica Pierre Harmonica Musician 6 Osbourne Michael Grasso Magician / Illusionist 7 Mandel The Hot Shot Tap Dancers Tap Dancing Group 8 Morgan Doogie Horner Standup Comedian 9 Mandel Connor Doran Indoor Kite Flyer 10 Morgan Anna and Patryk Ballroom Dancers 11 Osbourne Michael Lipari & Ashleigh Dejon Aerialists 12 Mandel Swing Shift Side Show Sideshow Performers Footnotes Jump up ^ Swing Shift Side Show was passed through to Las Vegas Week during their preliminary auditions , but pulled out of the competition for personal reasons . However , they were selected by Mandel as one of his picks to perform in the Wild Card Episode . Semifinals ( edIT ) The semifinals began on Tuesday , August 24 . Unlike the quarterfinals , five acts are to make it through each round instead of four ; the other seven will be eliminated . The rest of the format is the same as the previous weeks of competition . Round 1 ( edIT ) The first episode of the semifinals was aired on Tuesday , August 24 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results aired on Wednesday , August 25 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and featured performances from Jimmy Fallon , Kylie Minogue , and Season 4 alumni Recycled Percussion . Round 1 elimination table ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the Top Ten . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan Anna & Patryk Ballroom Dancers Christina & Ali Singing Sisters Antonio Restivo Fire Artist / Illusionist Future Funk Hip - Hop Dance Duo 5 Taylor Mathews Singer / Musician 6 Connor Doran Indoor Kite Flyer 7 Dan Sperry Magician / Illusionist 8 Kristina Young Singer 9 ArcAttack Technological Performance Group 10 Michael Grimm Singer / Musician 11 AscenDance Rock Climbing Acrobats / Dancers 12 Prince Poppycock Opera Singer Footnotes Jump up ^ ArcAttack had to perform outside the show 's studio again due to safety concerns . The judges did not have buzzers in the outside studio , instead having hand - carried signs with the familiar red `` X '' , although they never used them , just like in the quarterfinals . Round 2 ( edIT ) The second episode of the semifinals aired on Tuesday , August 31 , 2010 , 2 hours . The results aired on Wednesday , September 1 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and featured performances from the cast members of Le Rêve and Jason Derülo . The host of the America 's Got Talent Live Tour Jerry Springer also made an appearance . Round 2 elimination table ( edIT ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the Top Ten . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and Judges ' Choices Mandel Osbourne Morgan Alice Tan Ridley Singer haspop Popping Dancer Maestro Alexander Bui Pianist Michael Lipari & Ashleigh Dejon Aerialists 5 Michael Grasso Magician / Illusionist 6 Debra Romer Singer 7 Studio One Young Beast Society Dance Troupe 8 Jeremy VanSchoonhoven Extreme Cyclist 9 Nathaniel Kenyon Singer 10 MURRAY Magician / Illusionist 11 Jackie Evancho Classical Crossover Singer 12 Fighting Gravity Blacklight Performers Footnotes Jump up ^ Because both Sharon Osbourne and Piers Morgan voted for Studio One Young Beast Society for the last spot in the Top Ten , Mandel 's voting intention was not revealed . Top 10 ( edIT ) For the Top 10 , there was no Judge 's Choice . The Top 10 performance episode aired on Tuesday , September 7 , 2010 , for 2 hours and featured a performance from Enrique Iglesias . Prior to the episode , the contestants got to meet with and have a dinner and drinks with the judges , who offered advice to the contestants . The results show aired on Wednesday , September 8 , 2010 ( 1 hour ) and featured performances from Sarah McLachlan and the cast of American Idiot , determining who made the top four spots in the finals . Singing sensation Susan Boyle , who was a contestant on the third series of Got Talent 's sister show Britain 's Got Talent , was scheduled to perform at the results show but was not able to . The producers of the show had not been given the rights to the song from Lou Reed , and Boyle was pulled from the episode at the last minute . This was the season 's only live show without any buzzes . Top Ten Order Contestant Performance Description Result Studio One Young Beast Society Dance Troupe , performed a high - energy dance routine to `` Outta Space Love '' by Group 1 Crew . Eliminated Christina and Ali Singing Sisters , sang `` Love You I Do '' from the film Dreamgirls . Eliminated Jeremy VanSchoonhoven Extreme Cyclist , performed to Jason Derülo 's `` Ridin ' Solo '' . Eliminated Taylor Mathews Singer / Musician , sang `` What a Wonderful World '' by Bob Thiele and George David Weiss . Eliminated 5 Anna & Patryk Ballroom Dancers , danced in quickstep to Louis Prima 's `` Sing , Sing , Sing ( With a Swing ) '' . Eliminated 6 Fighting Gravity Blacklight Performers , performed to `` Genesis '' by Justice Advanced ( 3rd ) 7 Michael Grimm Singer , sang `` Let 's Stay Together '' by Al Green . Advanced ( 1st ) 8 Michael Grasso Magician / Illusionist , performed a trick where he enclosed an assistant into a clear box . He then disappears under a curtain , and the trapped assistant reappears , freed from the box . Michael is later revealed to have switched places with another of the masked assistants . Eliminated 9 Prince Poppycock Opera Singer , sang a medley of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , `` The Yankee Doodle Boy '' , and `` Stars and Stripes Forever '' . Advanced ( 4th ) 10 Jackie Evancho Classical Crossover Singer , performed Andrew Lloyd Webber 's `` Pie Jesu '' . Advanced ( 2nd ) Finals ( edIT ) The Finals aired on Tuesday , September 14 , 2010 , 1 hour . The season finale aired on Wednesday , September 15 , 2010 , 2 hours and featured performances from Usher , the Goo Goo Dolls , the cast members of Cirque du Soleil , David Copperfield , and a surprise performance from T - Pain . Finalists performed with their favorite singers : Prince Poppycock sang a duet with Donna Summer , Michael Grimm with Jewel , Jackie Evancho with Sarah Brightman and Fighting Gravity performed with Lionel Richie joining in singing . The show 's two part finale , overall , averaged 15.3 million viewers . The performance show averaged 14.6 million viewers , and the season finale averaged 16.4 million viewers , making it the most - watched episode in the history of Talent to date . Finals elimination table ( edIT ) Key Winner Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place Finals , September 14 -- 15 , 2010 Order Contestant Performance Description Mandel Osbourne Morgan Result Prince Poppycock Opera Singer ; performed `` Nessun Dorma '' from the opera Turandot . Fourth Place Michael Grimm Singer / Musician ; sang Percy Sledge 's `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' . Winner Jackie Evancho Classical Crossover Singer , sang `` Ave Maria '' . Runner - Up Fighting Gravity Blacklight Performers ; performed an act depicting an intense struggle between `` good and evil '' to the music of Glitch Mob 's `` Beyond Monday '' , Kraddy 's `` Android Porn '' , and edIT 's `` More Lazers '' . Third Place Top 48 acts ( edIT ) The following is the list of the 48 official quarterfinalists . It also includes the 12 contestants that were picked from the YouTube auditions and the five acts that were originally eliminated in Las Vegas , but were brought back to compete in the Wild Card Episode . Italic indicates the act was picked from a YouTube audition and was not featured in the preliminary auditions or Las Vegas Week , therefore , the quarterfinals were their debut to the competition . Key Winner Runner - up Finalist Top Ten finalist Semifinalist Wild Card Name / Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Qtr . Final ( Week ) Semi Final ( Week ) Position Reached Michael Grimm 30 Singing Singer / Musician Hancock County , Mississippi Winner Jackie Evancho 10 Singing Classical Crossover Singer Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 5 Runner - Up Fighting Gravity 19 - 22 Performing Blacklight Performers Blacksburg , Virginia Third Place Prince Poppycock 32 Singing Opera Singer Los Angeles , California Fourth Place Anna and Patryk 12 Dancing Ballroom Dancers New Hyde Park & Maspeth , New York 4 , 6 Eliminated Christina & Ali 13 & 20 Singing Singing Sisters Idaho Falls , Idaho Eliminated Jeremy VanSchoonhoven 27 Performing Stunt Bike Rider Talent , Oregon Eliminated Studio One Young Beast Society 10 - 21 Dancing Dance Troupe Orlando , Florida Eliminated Michael Grasso 36 Magic Magician / Illusionist Cape May , New Jersey 6 Eliminated Taylor Mathews 18 Singing Singer / Musician Alexandria , Louisiana Eliminated Alice Tan Ridley 57 Singing Singer New York , New York Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Antonio Restivo 39 Performing Fire Artist Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated ArcAttack 25 - 37 Musical Electric Light Show Band Austin , Texas Eliminated AscenDance 29 Performing Rock Climbing Acrobats / Dancers Berkeley , California Eliminated Connor Doran 17 Performing Indoor Kite Flyer Bend , Oregon 6 Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Dan Sperry 25 Magic Illusionist / Magician Las Vegas , Nevada 5 Eliminated Debra Romer 21 Singing Singer / Musician Kalamazoo , Michigan Eliminated Future Funk 5 - 10 Dancing Dancing Duo Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Haspop 32 Dancing Dancer Los Angeles , CA Eliminated Kristina Young 22 Singing Singer Little Rock , Arkansas 5 Eliminated Maestro Alexander Bui 16 Musical Pianist Egg Harbor Township , New Jersey 5 Eliminated Michael Lipari and Ashleigh Dejon 29 - 30 Performing Aerialists Los Angeles , California 6 Eliminated MURRAY 30 Magic Magician Las Vegas , Nevada Eliminated Nathaniel Kenyon 19 Singing Singer Baxley , Georgia Eliminated CJ Dippa 12 Musical Rapper Denton , Texas 3 , 6 N / A Eliminated Doogie Horner 30 Comedy Stand - Up Comedian Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 4 , 6 N / A Eliminated Harmonica Pierre 74 Musical Harmonica Musician Tucson , Arizona 3 , 6 N / A Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Kruti Dance Academy 15 - 33 Dancing Indian Classical Dancers Atlanta , Georgia 6 N / A Eliminated RNG 11 - 13 Dancing Dance Troupe Seattle , Washington 1 , 6 N / A Eliminated Rudi Macaggi 43 Performing Acrobat Las Vegas , Nevada 4 , 6 N / A Eliminated Swing Shift Side Show 30 - 31 Performing Sideshow Performers Las Vegas , Nevada 6 N / A Eliminated The Hot Shot Tap Dancers 19 - 25 Dancing Tap Dancers Portland , Oregon 1 , 6 N / A Eliminated Airpocalypse 22 - 40 Performing Air band Seattle , Washington N / A Eliminated Austin Anderson 31 Comedy Stand - up comedian Omaha , Nebraska 5 N / A Eliminated Booker Forte 21 Dancing Hip - Hop Dancer Richmond , Virginia 5 N / A Eliminated Cam Hodges 22 Singing Singer Seattle , Washington 5 N / A Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Cheer SF 19 - 52 Dancing Cheerleaders San Francisco , California N / A Eliminated Chipps Cooney 61 Comedy Magician / Comedian Edgewater , New Jersey N / A Eliminated Da Maniacs 25 - 56 Dancing Overweighted Dance Troupe Dallas , Texas N / A Eliminated Dylan Plummer 12 Performing Jump Rope Artist Cincinnati , Ohio 5 N / A Eliminated Hannibal Means 59 Singing Opera Singer Vienna , Austria N / A Eliminated Iron Horse 22 - 27 Musical Rockabilly Band Crete , Illinois N / A Eliminated Kaya & Sadie 32 - 36 Dancing Bellydancers Denver , Colorado N / A Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Kung Fu Heroes 23 - 31 Performing Martial Arts Group Costa Mesa , California N / A Eliminated Lil Chris 12 Singing Singer Sarasota , Florida N / A Eliminated Lindsey Stirling 23 Musical Violinist Provo , Utah N / A Eliminated Luigi 20 Singing Singer Highland , California N / A Eliminated Maricar 38 Performing Burlesque Painter Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Mary Ellen 74 Singing Yodeler / Singer Manheim , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated Mona Sampath Dance Company 9 - 31 Dancing Bollywood Dance Troupe Sunnyvale , California N / A Eliminated Nick Pike 30 Performing Daredevil Myrtle Beach , South Carolina N / A Eliminated NU Covenant 21 - 27 Singing Gospel Group Cleveland , Ohio N / A Eliminated Paul Safy Jr . 26 Singing Singer New York , New York N / A Eliminated Pizza Patt 27 Performing Pizza Dough Juggler Columbus , Ohio 5 N / A Eliminated Pup 58 & ? Musical Accordion Playing Dog Redwood City , California 5 N / A Eliminated PLUtonic 19 - 28 Singing A cappella Group Tacoma , Washington 5 N / A Eliminated Polina Volchek 24 Performing Gymnast Las Vegas , Nevada N / A Eliminated Ronith 59 Performing Impersonator Seattle , Washington N / A Eliminated Ryan Rodriguez 29 Dancing Dancer Santa Cruz , California 5 N / A Eliminated Sally Cohn 75 Musical Hand Whistler Portland Oregon N / A Eliminated Strikers All Stars 22 - 26 Dancing Dance Crew Hollywood , California N / A Eliminated The South Philly Vikings 16 - 56 Dancing Dance Troupe Philadelphia , Pennsylvania N / A Eliminated The Strange Familiar 27 Musical Band Woodland Hills , California N / A Eliminated The Strong Man 43 Performing Strongman Pesotum , Illinois N / A Eliminated Wreckless 17 - 26 Dancing Dance Crew Ft . Lauderdale , Florida N / A Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Footnotes ^ Jump up to : The contestants were selected for the Wild Card episode , but during Las Vegas Week , were either originally eliminated by the judges or was not seen . Contestants who appeared on other shows ( edIT ) Justin Hopkins appeared on the second season of NBC 's The Voice . He made it to the Battle Rounds but lost to Tony Vincent . Production ( edIT ) Howie Mandel replaced David Hasslehoff as a judge for season 5 This is the first season with Deal or No Deal game show host and comedian Howie Mandel judging on the show , replacing former judge David Hasselhoff . The show is once again hosted by Nick Cannon with Sharon Osbourne and Piers Morgan as judges . Piers Morgan announced on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 that he signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . Ratings ( edit ) U.S. ratings ( edit ) Order Episode ( s ) Airdate Rating Share Rating / Share ( 18 - 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( Timeslot ) Rank ( Night ) Rank ( Week ) `` Los Angeles Auditions '' June 1 , 2010 7.4 13 3.6 / 11 12.35 # 1 # 1 # 4 `` Dallas Auditions '' June 2 , 2010 6.1 10 2.9 / 9 10.35 # 1 # 1 # 9 `` New York City Auditions '' June 8 , 2010 7.4 12 3.7 / 10 13.09 # 2 # 2 # 4 `` New York Auditions ( Part 2 ) '' June 15 , 2010 6.2 10 3.0 / 8 10.55 # 2 # 2 # 4 5 `` Orlando Auditions '' June 16 , 2010 6.7 11 3.1 / 9 11.65 # 1 # 1 # 3 6 7 `` Orlando Auditions ( Part 2 ) '' `` Portland Auditions '' June 22 , 2010 6.8 12 3.4 / 10 11.65 # 1 # 1 # 2 8 `` Portland Auditions ( Part 2 ) '' June 23 , 2010 7.2 12 3.5 / 10 12.37 # 1 # 1 # 1 9 `` Chicago Auditions '' June 29 , 2010 6.0 10 2.9 / 9 10.23 # 1 # 1 # 2 10 `` Final Auditions '' June 30 , 2010 7.5 13 3.5 / 11 12.94 # 1 # 1 # 1 11 `` Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' July 6 , 2010 7.0 12 3.4 / 10 11.82 # 1 # 1 # 2 12 `` Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' July 7 , 2010 6.7 12 3.4 / 10 11.95 # 1 # 1 # 1 13 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 '' July 13 , 2010 6.8 11 3.3 / 10 11.63 # 1 # 2 # 2 14 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 Results '' July 14 , 2010 6.5 11 3.0 / 10 11.17 # 1 # 2 # 3 15 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 '' July 20 , 2010 6.2 11 3.0 / 9 10.48 # 1 # 1 # 1 16 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 Results '' July 21 , 2010 5.9 10 2.6 / 8 10.02 # 1 # 1 # 3 17 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 '' July 27 , 2010 5.6 10 2.6 / 8 9.69 # 1 # 1 # 1 18 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 Results '' July 28 , 2010 5.7 10 2.6 / 8 9.76 # 1 # 1 # 2 19 `` Quarterfinals , Group 4 '' August 3 , 2010 6.0 10 2.9 / 8 10.37 # 1 # 1 # 4 20 `` Quarterfinals , Group 4 Results '' August 4 , 2010 5.9 10 2.8 / 8 10.06 # 1 # 1 # 5 21 `` Quarterfinals , Group 5 : YouTube '' August 10 , 2010 6.2 11 2.9 / 9 10.48 # 1 # 1 # 2 22 `` Quarterfinals , Group 5 : YouTube , Results '' August 11 , 2010 6.2 11 2.8 / 8 10.67 # 1 # 1 # 1 23 `` Quarterfinals , Group 6 : Wild Card '' August 17 , 2010 6.1 10 2.9 / 8 10.19 # 1 # 1 # 3 24 `` Quarterfinals , Group 6 : Wild Card , Results '' August 18 , 2010 6.0 10 2.6 / 8 10.30 # 1 # 1 # 2 25 `` Semifinals , Group 1 '' August 24 , 2010 6.5 11 3.1 / 9 10.80 # 1 # 1 # 2 26 `` Semifinals , Group 1 Results '' August 25 , 2010 6.1 10 2.7 / 8 10.52 # 1 # 1 # 3 27 `` Semifinals , Group 2 '' August 31 , 2010 6.7 11 3.0 / 9 11.50 # 1 # 1 # 1 28 `` Semifinals , Group 2 Results '' September 1 , 2010 6.2 10 2.5 / 8 10.47 # 1 # 1 # 2 29 `` Top Ten , Performances '' September 7 , 2010 7.3 12 3.3 / 9 12.35 # 1 # 1 # 8 30 `` Top Ten , Results '' September 8 , 2010 7.3 12 2.8 / 8 12.14 # 1 # 1 # 9 31 `` Finals , Performances '' September 14 , 2010 8.7 14 3.9 / 11 14.60 # 1 # 1 # 4 32 `` Finale '' September 15 , 2010 9.5 16 3.9 / 11 16.41 # 1 # 1 # 3 Canadian ratings ( edit ) Order Episode Airdate Viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank `` Los Angeles Auditions '' June 1 , 2010 1.282 # 9 `` Dallas Auditions '' June 2 , 2010 0.955 # 18 `` New York City Auditions '' June 8 , 2010 1.347 # 8 `` New York Auditions ( Part 2 ) '' June 15 , 2010 1.587 # 1 5 `` Orlando Auditions '' June 16 , 2010 1.240 # 9 6 7 `` Orlando Auditions ( Part 2 ) Portland Auditions '' June 22 , 2010 1.378 # 9 8 `` Portland Auditions ( Part 2 ) '' June 23 , 2010 1.346 # 12 9 `` Chicago Auditions '' June 29 , 2010 1.370 # 5 10 `` Final Auditions '' June 30 , 2010 1.440 # 3 11 `` Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' July 6 , 2010 1.482 # 10 12 `` Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' July 7 , 2010 1.259 # 14 13 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 '' July 13 , 2010 1.582 # 6 14 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 Results '' July 14 , 2010 1.326 # 12 15 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 '' July 20 , 2010 1.340 # 8 16 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 Results '' July 21 , 2010 1.217 # 13 17 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 '' July 26 , 2010 1.274 # 11 18 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 Results '' July 27 , 2010 1.082 # 18 19 `` Quarterfinals , Group 4 '' August 3 , 2010 1.566 # 5 20 `` Quarterfinals , Group 4 Results '' August 4 , 2010 1.120 # 18 21 `` Quarterfinals , Group 5 : YouTube '' August 10 , 2010 1.295 # 11 22 `` Quarterfinals , Group 5 : YouTube Results '' August 11 , 2010 1.191 # 14 23 `` Quarterfinals , Group 6 : Wild Card '' August 17 , 2010 1.177 # 13 24 `` Quarterfinals , Group 6 : Wild Card Results '' August 18 , 2010 1.291 # 9 25 `` Semifinals , Group 1 '' August 24 , 2010 1.363 # 8 26 `` Semifinals , Group 1 Results '' August 25 , 2010 1.340 # 9 27 `` Semifinals , Group 2 '' August 31 , 2010 1.356 # 11 28 `` Semifinals , Group 2 Results '' September 1 , 2010 1.301 # 12 29 `` Top Ten , Performances '' September 7 , 2010 1.548 # 6 30 `` Top Ten , Results '' September 8 , 2010 1.439 # 9 31 `` Finals , Performances '' September 14 , 2010 1.773 # 6 32 `` Finale '' September 15 , 2010 1.794 # 5 References ( edIT ) Jump up ^ America 's Got Talent on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Luigi Seno '' . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 24 . External links ( edIT ) Official NBC America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 4 ( 2009 ) America 's Got Talent Season 5 ( 2010 ) Succeeded by Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( hide ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_5)&oldid=832573903 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons America 's Got Talent seasons Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 20 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won season 5 of america's got talent | [
"The fifth season of America's Got Talent, an American television reality show talent competition, premiered in the United States on the NBC network and on Canada's Global on June 1, 2010. Soul singer Michael Grimm was named the winner on September 15, 2010, beating 10-year-old classical crossover singer Jackie Evancho. Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne returned as judges. After four seasons on the show, David Hasselhoff left to host a new show and was replaced by Howie Mandel."
] | [
"Michael Grimm"
] |
2348940174783051211 | Chief of Naval Staff (Nigeria) | Chief of Naval Staff ( Nigeria ) - Wikipedia Chief of Naval Staff ( Nigeria ) The Chief of Naval Staff is the highest ranking military officer of the Nigerian Navy . The position is often occupied by the most senior commissioned officer appointed by the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of Nigeria. The Chief of Naval Staff reports to the Chief of Defence Staff , who also reports to the Defence Minister . The Statutory duty of the Officer is to formulate and execute policies towards the highest attainment of National Security and operational competence of the Nigerian Navy . The current Chief of Naval Staff is Ibok Ekwe Ibas who was appointed on July 13 , 2015 by President Muhammadu Buhari to succeeded Usman Oyibe Jibrin . Chiefs of Naval Staff ( edit ) Table below is a chronological list of officers holding the position of Chief of Naval Staff ( CNS ) . Officer Title Period Served Remarks Captain F.W. Skutil CNS 1956 -- 1958 Commodore A.R. Kennedy CNS 1958 -- 1964 Vice Commodore J.E.A. Wey OFR FSS CNS 1964 -- 1973 Vice Admiral N.B. Soroh MFR FSS IDC CNS 1973 -- 1975 Vice Admiral M.A Adelanwa GCON FSS rcds CNS 1975 -- 1980 Vice Admiral A.A. Aduwo CFR FSS FBIM CNS 1980 - 1983 Rear Admiral A.A. Aikhomu FSS psc mni CNS 1984 - 1986 Vice Admiral Patrick Koshoni FSS psc mni CNS 1986 - 1990 Vice Admiral Murtala Nyako FSS psc mni CNS 1990 - 1992 Vice Admiral D.P.E Omotsola FSS DSO psc rcds CNS 1992 - 1993 Rear Admiral Suleiman Saidu FSS LSS MSS DSS rcds CNS September 1993 - November 1993 Rear Admiral A.A. Madueke FSS DSS MRNI mni CNS 1993 - 1994 Rear Admiral O.M Akhigbe FSS DSS psc mni CNS 1994 - 1998 Vice Admiral J. Ayinla DSS psc Usnwc fwc GCON CNS 1998 - 1999 Vice Admiral V.K. Ombu CFR mni CNS 1999 - 2001 Vice Admiral S.O. Afolayan DSS psc fwc CNS 2001 - 2005 Vice Admiral G.T.A. Adekeye DSS psc mirss mni CNS 2005 - 2008 Vice Admiral I.I. Ibrahim CFR DSS psc fwc CNS 2008 - 2010 Vice Admiral O.S. Ibrahim DSS psc rcds fwc LLB ( Hons ) MA CNS 2010 - 2012 Vice Admiral D.J. Ezeoba GSS fwc Msc MRIN FCIS CNS 2012 - 2013 Vice Admiral U.O. Jibrin GSS AM psc+ mni LLB PGCPA CNS 2013 - 2015 Rear Admiral Ibok - Ete Ekwe Ibas CNS July 2015 -- References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Minimah , Jibrin , Amosu Appointed Service Chiefs , Articles - THISDAY LIVE '' . thisdaylive.com . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari appoints new Service Chiefs '' . DailyPost Nigeria . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` President Buhari Appoints New Service Chiefs And NSA - Channels Television '' . Channels Television . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cross River governor lauds buhari over new naval chief '' . Premium Times Nigeria . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Command '' . Nigerian Navy . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Military , law enforcement and intelligence agencies of Nigeria Military Nigerian Armed Forces Nigerian Army Chief of Army Staff Nigerian Navy Chief of Naval Staff Nigerian Air Force Chief of Air Staff Ministry of Defence Defence Minister Chief of the Defence Staff Law enforcement Nigeria Police Force National Drug Law Enforcement Agency Nigerian Mobile Police Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Intelligence State Security Service National Intelligence Agency Defence Intelligence Agency Chief of Defence Intelligence Federal Investigation and Intelligence Bureau This Nigeria - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Nigeria)&oldid=841861696 '' Categories : Nigerian Navy admirals Navy chiefs of staff Nigerian military appointments Nigeria stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 15 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the current chief of naval staff in nigeria | [
"The Chief of Naval Staff is the highest ranking military officer of the Nigerian Navy.[1]\nThe position is often occupied by the most senior commissioned officer appointed by the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Nigeria.The Chief of Naval Staff reports to the Chief of Defence Staff, who also reports to the Defence Minister.[2]\nThe Statutory duty of the Officer is to formulate and execute policies towards the highest attainment of National Security and operational competence of the Nigerian Navy.[3]\nThe current Chief of Naval Staff is Ibok Ekwe Ibas who was appointed on July 13, 2015 by President Muhammadu Buhari to succeeded Usman Oyibe Jibrin.[4]\n"
] | [
"Ibok Ekwe Ibas"
] |
-1805980896239515247 | WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal | WrestleMania women 's Battle Royal - wikipedia WrestleMania women 's Battle Royal Jump to : navigation , search The WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal is a professional wrestling battle royal held at WrestleMania by American professional wrestling promotion WWE . The inaugural battle royal was held during the WrestleMania 34 pre-show . The winner of the match receives the WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal Trophy . The match was originally named The Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal in honor of The Fabulous Moolah -- a WWE Hall of Famer billed as a pioneer of women 's wrestling . However , her name was removed from the match after backlash from fans due to the controversy surrounding Moolah 's past . This is the female counterpart to the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal , which was introduced at WrestleMania XXX . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Winners 3 Name controversy 4 References History ( edit ) On the March 12 , 2018 , episode of Raw , WWE established The Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal in honor of Moolah , and that the first match would take place at WrestleMania 34 on April 8 , with the winner receiving The Fabulous Moolah Memorial Trophy ( made in the likeness of Moolah ) . After a controversy over their decision to honor Moolah , WWE changed the name to the `` WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal '' . The trophy was subsequently renamed , and redesigned as a simple golden cup with tassels atop the trophy 's base . The inaugural match was won by Naomi , after she last eliminated Bayley . Winners ( edit ) Winner Date Location WrestleMania Last eliminated Naomi 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2018 New Orleans , Louisiana 34 Bayley Name controversy ( edit ) Main article : The Fabulous Moolah § Allegations of exploitation The Fabulous Moolah , c. 2003 The decision to hold a battle royal in honor of The Fabulous Moolah drew fan rage . Tufayel Ahmed of Newsweek wrote that Moolah `` is n't quite the bastion of female empowerment she is proclaimed to be '' , with `` years of allegations '' that she had `` monopolized women 's wrestling in North America '' , taken a large percentage of other wrestlers ' pay , and `` sexually exploited women under her mentorship '' . Jason Powell , from Pro Wrestling Dot Net , criticized the tribute as it does not `` exactly mesh with what WWE wants their women 's division push to represent '' . David Bixenspan of Deadspin pointed out that given Moolah 's alleged abuses , fans were particularly turned off by WWE personnel describing Moolah as a `` trailblazer for women 's equality '' . WWE also promoted Moolah as having `` challenged the gender norms of a once male - dominated sport '' , but Bixenspan described that Moolah , by wrestling and teaching her students an `` in - ring style low on athleticism and heavy on hair - pulling '' , relegated women 's wrestling to `` much more of a sideshow '' instead of a `` legitimate headline attraction '' in the previous era . Mad Maxine , a wrestler trained by Moolah , commented that Moolah was the most `` monstrous '' person she had ever met , and that wrestling is `` about generating heat . And you ca n't draw more heat than naming a match for The Fabulous Moolah . '' On March 12 , a Change.org petition appeared online demanding WWE change the name of its upcoming Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal , nearing its 10,000 signature goal . Initially , WWE reacted by disabling the comments section of their YouTube video that announced the Moolah battle royal . Later , Snickers , the primary sponsor of WrestleMania 34 , called the decision to honor Moolah `` unacceptable '' and said they were `` engaging with the WWE to express our disappointment . '' On March 14 , WWE renamed the match `` WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal '' , removing Moolah 's name from the event . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Currier , Joseph ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` WWE changes name of Fabulous Moolah battle royal '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . United States : Wrestling Observer Newsletter , Inc . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raw results : Bryan occupies Raw and Triple H says ' YES ! ' ... with a twist '' . WWE.com . Stamford , Connecticut : WWE . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Connor ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Announces Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal for WrestleMania 34 '' . Pop Culture . Brentwood , Tennessee : Pop Culture Media . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pappolla , Ryan ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` The first - ever Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal to take place at WrestleMania '' . WWE.com . Stamford , Connecticut : WWE . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 4 / 2 : Final WrestleMania 34 hype including Triple H & Stephanie in ring with Angle & Ronda Rousey , last chance for Undertaker to response , Reigns - Lesnar hype '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stride , Sam ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` WWE face fans backlash after they announce the ' Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal ' '' . Daily Mirror . London : Trinity Mirror . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stonehouse , Gary ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` NOT SO FAB WWE forced into Fabulous Moolah Memorial WrestleMania Battle Royal U-turn after allegations of pimping against legend '' . The Sun . London : News UK . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` WWE announces Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal , but the wrestler has a troubling legacy '' . Newsweek . New York City : IBT Media / Newsweek Media Group . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Raw Hit List : John Cena challenges Undertaker to a WrestleMania match , no Brock Lesnar , Vince McMahon suspends Roman Reigns , tag team battle royal , Fabulous Moolah battle royal '' . ProWrestling.net . Saint Paul , Minnesota : Last RowMedia , LLC . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bixenspan , David ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Fans Are Revolting Against WWE Honoring Fabulous Moolah , With Good Reason '' . Deadspin . United States : Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Satin , Ryan ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Fabulous Moolah Trainee Speaks Out Against WWE Tribute , Claims Hall Of Famer `` Pimped Women '' `` . Pro Wrestling Sheet . Los Angeles : Ryan Satin , LLC . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fabulous Moolah Battle Royal ' : Petition for WWE to Change Match Name Approaches Signature Goal '' . TheWrap . Los Angeles : The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Announces Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal Name Change '' . Pro Wrestling Sheet . Los Angeles : Ryan Satin , LLC . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fiorvanti , Tim . `` WWE changes name of WrestleMania 's women 's Battle Royal '' . ESPN.com . United States : ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , Jack ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Amid controversy , WWE changes name of first WrestleMania women 's battle royal '' . CBS Sports . New York City : CBS Broadcasting Inc . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Professional wrestling portal ( hide ) Women in WWE Championships Current Raw Reigns SmackDown Reigns NXT Reigns Former Women 's Reigns Tag Team Reigns Divas Reigns Tournaments and accomplishments Diva Search Mae Young Classic Money in the Bank WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal Shows Total Divas Episodes Season 1 6 7 Total Bellas Miz & Mrs . WWE History Capitol Wrestling Corporation 1980s boom Black Saturday WrestleMania The Kliq Monday Night Wars Montreal Screwjob Attitude Era The Undertaker vs. Mankind The Invasion Chris Benoit double - murder and suicide The New Monday Night Wars TNA Entertainment , LLC sues WWE Raw 1000 Raw 25 Years Programming Main shows Raw history SmackDown history NXT Weekly 205 Live Main Event Experience Bottom Line Afterburn Vintage Wal3ooha Seasonal Miz & Mrs . Total Bellas Total Divas Specials Free for All Tribute to the Troops results Pay - per - view and WWE Network events Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania Greatest Royal Rumble Backlash Money in the Bank United Kingdom Championship Tournament Extreme Rules SummerSlam Hell in a Cell TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs Survivor Series Clash of Champions NXT TakeOver Other Former programming Personnel McMahon family Roster Hall of Fame Alumni A -- C D -- H I -- M N -- R S -- Z Action figures LJN Wrestling Superstars Mattel WWE Legends WWF Hasbro action figures Other Affiliated properties WWE 2K Games WWE Books WWE Libraries Inc . WWE Magazine WWE Music Group Discography WWE Studios WWE Home Video WWE Network ( Canada ) WWE Performance Center Tapout Defunct businesses World Bodybuilding Federation The World WWE Classics on Demand WWE Niagara Falls XFL Investments Marvel Experience Tout Cloud9 Drone Racing League Notable acquisitions World Championship Wrestling history Extreme Championship Wrestling WWE revival American Wrestling Association World Class Championship Wrestling Smoky Mountain Wrestling Global Wrestling Federation Georgia Championship Wrestling Partnerships Current Evolve Insane Championship Wrestling Progress Wrestling Former Deep South Wrestling Florida Championship Wrestling Heartland Wrestling Association International Wrestling Association Memphis Championship Wrestling Ohio Valley Wrestling Power Pro Wrestling Ultimate Pro Wrestling World Wrestling Alliance Accomplishments Current champions Former championships Money in the Bank WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal Diva Search Cruiserweight Classic Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Mae Young Classic Mixed Match Challenge Slammy Award NXT Year - End Award Triple Crown Grand Slam WWE tournaments Brand extension Brands Raw SmackDown NXT ECW Draft 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2016 2017 2018 Miscellaneous List of WWE attendance records The Streak Women in WWE WrestleMania Axxess Current championships in WWE Championships Raw Universal reigns Intercontinental reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns Cruiserweight reigns SmackDown WWE reigns United States reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns NXT NXT reigns North American reigns Women 's reigns Tag Team reigns United Kingdom reigns Accomplishments André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Triple Crown Grand Slam King of the Ring Money in the Bank Royal Rumble Greatest Royal Rumble Championship Slammy Award WWE tournaments Former championships Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WrestleMania_Women%27s_Battle_Royal&oldid=839343230 '' Categories : WrestleMania Professional wrestling controversies Professional wrestling awards Women in WWE Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 20 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the womens battle royal wrestlemania 34 | [
"On the March 12, 2018, episode of Raw, WWE established The Fabulous Moolah Memorial Battle Royal in honor of Moolah, and that the first match would take place at WrestleMania 34 on April 8, with the winner receiving The Fabulous Moolah Memorial Trophy (made in the likeness of Moolah).[3][4] After a controversy over their decision to honor Moolah, WWE changed the name to the \"WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal\".[1] The trophy was subsequently renamed, and redesigned as a simple golden cup with tassels atop the trophy's base.[5] The inaugural match was won by Naomi, after she last eliminated Bayley."
] | [
"Naomi"
] |
-5302548112346763450 | Nepanagar | Nepanagar - Wikipedia Nepanagar Jump to : navigation , search Nepanagar Town Nepanagar Location in Madhya Pradesh , India Coordinates : 21 ° 27 ′ 21 '' N 76 ° 26 ′ 58 '' E / 21.45583 ° N 76.44944 ° E / 21.45583 ; 76.44944 Coordinates : 21 ° 27 ′ 21 '' N 76 ° 26 ′ 58 '' E / 21.45583 ° N 76.44944 ° E / 21.45583 ; 76.44944 Country India State Madhya Pradesh District Burhanpur Population ( 2011 ) Total 29,682 Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) Nepanagar is an industrial township in Burhanpur district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh . Nepanagar is famous for its newsprint paper mill , Nepa Mills Limited ( earlier known as The National News Print Ltd ) . The word `` NEPA '' is coined from National Environment Protection Authority , hence the name . This small township falls between Burhanpur and Khandwa and is surrounded by many small villages . This place is accessible by main line railway that runs between Bhusawal Junction and Itarsi Junction . Nepanagar is also accessible by Road from the route going to Burhanpur . At Asirgarh the road bifucates into an ill maintained road that goes to Nepanagar . The total distance is 14 km . There is no airport at this little town . The Nepa mill area is covered in 107 acres of land and township 1762 acres totalling 1869 acres of land . There is a well - developed township in Nepa , which is equipped with all the facilities . The Company has 2164 residential quarters in the township . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Demographics 3 Educational institutes 4 Scenario 5 Historical places 5.1 Asirgarh Fort 6 Mythology 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) NEPA pioneered manufacturing of newsprint in the country . It was founded in 1948 and start its commenced production from April , 1956 with an installed capacity of 30,000 TPA . the main raw materials were Salai wood and Bamboo which were available in abundance in the forests around Nepanagar . The mill embarked upon major expansion programmes in 1967 and subsequently in 1978 and 1989 to increase its installed capacity to 88,000 TPA . Presently , the Company has switched to Waste paper as basic raw material from original forest based and has thus been able to reduce cost of production . The in - house modifications / alterations to the pulping plants have also helped in processing various quality of waste paper to manufacture Newsprint . Mills is meeting its 100 % requirement from Captive Power generation . Originally NEPA was a single product Company producing standard Newsprint . The Company has produced for the first time in India , 42 GSM newsprint meeting practically all international parameters of strength , opacity , surface smoothness , brightness etc . Thus , NEPA is now able to meet the demand across all categories of Newsprint customers . NEPA has also recently initiated the manufacture of Economy newsprint by using old newspaper and overissue newspaper to cater to the requirement of the lowest segments of the market at minimal of cost , yet maintaining all other parameters of quality though in lower brightness. The factor that is responsible for this paper industry is river Tapti . Demographics ( edit ) As of 2011 India census , Nepanagar had a population of 29,682 . Educational institutes ( edit ) This town has a number of schools & colleges providing education to students of town and surrounding villages . Prominent among these are Kendriya Vidyalaya , Nepa Higher Secondary School , Citizen Higher Secondary School , St. A.G. Convent School , PJN Government College , ITI college & Government School Scenario ( edit ) Nepamill was floated by M / s Nair Press Syndicate Limited , a private entrepreneur , on 25 January 1947 , the first Newsprint Mill in the country . The company is serving the nation for the last 50 years . After 50 years of existence and remaining for the first 35 years as the only newsprint - manufacturing mill in the country conserving the then scarce foreign exchange , Nepa Limited is one of the oldest Public Sector Undertakings . Nepa Ltd is centrally located in the ranges of Satpura , 525 km North East of Mumbai at Nepanagar . The Company was taken over by the Government of Central Province and Berar at present Madhya Pradesh in October 1949 . The commercial production commenced on 26 April 1956 . Subsequently , the Government of India took over controlling interest in 1958 . Till 16 August 1996 , NEPA was using wood pulp for paper - making . The mill has successfully switched over operations with only waste paper recycling route . Historical places ( edit ) Asirgarh fort ( edit ) The Asirgarh Fort , at a distance about 17 km by road , has its importance in history and was known as ' Gateway to South ( Dakshin ka Dwaar ) ' . It was so because whoever wants to win south had to win and pass through it . A victory over this fortress meant the kingdom of Khandesh , which in turn meant a smooth road to Deccan . It was considered as an impregnable fortress during Mugal Period . The ownership of the fort between 14th - 16th Century was in hands of Adil Shah Farouqui . After him the fort passed on to his successor Bahadur Shah Faroqui who was not considered as a farsighted king . As soon as Akbar came to know of this he dispatched an army to conquer Asirgarh Fort . Bahadur Shah got the wind of Akbar 's plans and he too proceeded swiftly and fortified his fortress . Consequently , the armies of the Mughal emperor were stuck here laying siege to the fort for almost 10 years . It is evidence of how well - stocked the fortress was during that time that people and army inside had enough provision for food and water . Every attempt to take the fort was repulsed by the soldiers of the Shah . Finally sick of the battle , Akbar one day called Bahadur Shah to his camp for a meeting and there had him summarily dispatched to happy hunting grounds above . When the dying king accused Akbar of treachery , the emperor replied with that age - old lesson , `` Everything is fair in Politics and government . '' Later Akbar showered gold and silver on Bahadur Shah 's generals and won his way through to the fort . Finally on 17 January 1609 Akbar became the lord of the Asirgarh fort . Since then the fort remained in the hands of the Mughals . The fortress is home to a tenth - century temple of Shiva . Asha mandir of Hindu Goddess Asha - devi is located on the hills of this village.In the vicinity of Asirgarh , there is a tomb of Shah Nomani Asiri , a saint , a believer of Sufism . Moti Mahal , the burial place of Moti Begam , beloved of Shah Jahan is to the left of the fort and situated at the bank of Pandhar River . Mythology ( edit ) ' Sita - Nahaani ' in the nearby village ' Bid ' has its relations with ' Ramaayan ' . It is said that Lord Shri Ram while in ' Vanvaas ' once stayed at this place where Sitaji took bath . The source of sweet water here is said to be made by the arrow of Lord Shri Ram . The Shiv Temple at Asirgarh Fort is known by the people as the place where ' Ashwaththama ' ( Son of Dronacharaya , Mahabharat epic ) use to visit regularly ( even today ) to worship Lord Shiv . In 1970 Shri Veerabhadreshwar Swamy temple has been established by Veershaiva Lingayata community . Temple is inaugurated ( pranpratishtha ) by Sri 1008 Jagadguru doctor Chandrashekhar Shivacharya Mahaswamiji , pithadhipati ( director ) of Sri Jagadguru Vishvaradhya Gyanasimhasana Jangamavadi math , Varanasi , India . This is the one and only Shri Veerabhadrashwar Swamy temple in the heart of country , Madhya Pradesh . Statue of Shri Veerabhadra Swamy is made up of black stone and in Pattern of historical temples in southern India . In this 35 years old temple . Other temples in temple premises are Shiv Linga and `` mata sati devi '' . Current priest of the temple is Shri . Manik Kanhere . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Census of India Search details '' . censusindia.gov.in . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2001 : Data from the 2001 Census , including cities , villages and towns ( Provisional ) '' . Census Commission of India . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Nepamills ( hide ) Cities and towns in Indore division Alirajpur district Alirajpur Bhavra Jobat Barwani district Anjad Barwani Bawangaja Khetia Pati Pansemal Rajpur Sendhwa Thikri Warla Burhanpur district Burhanpur Nepanagar Dhar district Badnawar Bagh Bandheri Dhamnod Dhar Dharampuri Ghatabillod Khalghat Kukshi Manawar Mandav Mandu Pithampur Rajgarh Sardarpur Indore district Betma Depalpur Hatod Indore Manglaya Sadak Mhow Mhowgaon Palda Rau Runji Gautampura Sawer Sinhasa Jhabua district Jhabua Meghnagar Petlawad Ranapur Thandla Khandwa district Harsud Khandwa Mundi Omkareshwar Pandhana Shahpur Khargone district Barwaha Bhagwanpura Bhikangaon Kasrawad Khargone Maheshwar Mandleshwar Sanawad Related topics Madhya Bharat Malwa Nimar Mahishmati Cities and towns in other Divisions Bhopal Chambal Gwalior Jabalpur Narmadapuram Rewa Sagar Shahdol Ujjain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepanagar&oldid=795116131 '' Categories : Cities and towns in Burhanpur district Company towns in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2015 Use Indian English from April 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Italiano Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा ଓଡ଼ିଆ Português اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 03 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the news print paper is obtained from which state in india | [
"Nepanagar is an industrial township in Burhanpur district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Nepanagar is famous for its newsprint paper mill, Nepa Mills Limited (earlier known as The National News Print Ltd)."
] | [
"Madhya Pradesh"
] |
4176113066587248812 | Henry Mills (Once Upon a Time) | Henry Mills ( Once Upon a Time ) - wikipedia Henry Mills ( Once Upon a Time ) Jump to : navigation , search Henry Daniel Mills Once Upon a Time character Promotional photograph of Andrew J. West as Henry Mills . First appearance `` Pilot '' Created by Adam Horowitz Eddy Kitsis Portrayed by Jared S. Gilmore ( young ) Andrew J. West ( adult ) Information Occupation Writer Driver Pawnshop apprentice ( formerly ) Prince ( alternate reality ) Knight ( alternate reality ) Title The Author The Truest Believer ( Season 3 ) Sir Henry ( alternate reality ) Family Baelfire / Neal Cassidy ( birth father , deceased ) Emma Swan ( birth mother ) Regina Mills ( adoptive mother ) Killian Jones ( stepfather ) Baby Swan - Jones ( sibling ) Spouse ( s ) Cinderella / Jacinda ( wife ) Significant other ( s ) Violet ( formerly ) Children Lucy ( daughter , with Cinderella ) Relatives Paternal relatives Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold ( grandfather ) Milah ( grandmother , deceased ) Belle Gold ( step - grandmother , deceased ) Malcolm / Peter Pan ( great - grandfather , deceased ) Fiona / The Black Fairy ( great - grandmother , deceased ) Gideon ( uncle ) Maternal relatives David Nolan ( `` Prince Charming '' ) ( grandfather ) Snow White / Mary Margaret Blanchard ( grandmother ) Prince Neal Nolan ( uncle ) Maternal relatives on David 's side Robert ( great - grandfather , deceased ) Ruth ( great - grandmother , deceased ) Prince James ( great - uncle , deceased ) King George / Albert Spencer ( adoptive great - grandfather ) Maternal relatives on Snow 's side King Leopold ( great - grandfather , deceased ) Queen Eva ( great - grandmother , deceased ) Evil Queen / Regina Mills ( step - great - grandmother ; adoptive mother ) Adoptive Maternal relatives on Regina 's side Prince Henry ( grandfather , deceased ) Cora Mills ( grandmother , deceased ) Zelena ( `` The Wicked Witch of the West '' ) ( aunt ) Robin ( cousin ) Relatives by marriage Lady Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey ( stepmother - in - law ) Drizella / Ivy Belfrey ( stepsister - in - law ) Anastasia ( stepsister - in - law ) Nationality United States of America 15 August 2001 Phoenix , Arizona Abilities Standard powers of the Author Type Land Without Magic character Centric episodes Season Three `` Going Home '' `` Save Henry '' Season Four `` Operation Mongoose '' Season Five `` Dreamcatcher '' `` Only You '' `` An Untold Story '' Season Six `` The Final Battle '' Season Seven '' Hyperion Heights '' Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC 's television series Once Upon a Time . Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption ; Regina Mills adopted him . Henry was first portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore , who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Leading Young Actor in 2012 . Starting with the seventh season , Andrew J. West took over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a ten - year - old girl named Lucy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character Background 1.1 Seasons 1 -- 2 1.2 Seasons 3 -- 4 1.3 Season 5 1.4 Season 6 1.5 Season 7 2 Character Development and Reception 3 References 4 External links Character background ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 2 ( edit ) Henry Mills is Emma Swan and Neal Cassidy 's son , whom she gave up for adoption after giving birth following her release from a federal correctional facility in Phoenix , Arizona in 2001 . He is also Snow White , Prince Charming and Rumplestiltskin 's grandson , and the great - grandson of the latter 's father 's alias Peter Pan and latter 's mother 's alias the Black Fairy . He is adopted by Regina Mills ( the Evil Queen ) , after Mr. Gold ( Rumplestiltskin ) procures him , naming him after her late father . At first Regina had a little difficulty raising Henry but grew to love him , thus preventing Henry from being taken by the Darling Brothers , who wanted to take Henry to Neverland on orders from Peter Pan . As Henry gets older , his relationship with Regina became strained , and she sends him to regular therapy sessions . When he is ten , he receives his cherished book of fairy tales from his teacher Mary Margaret Blanchard ( Snow White ) , discovering that the residents of Storybrooke are characters from it after noticing he is the only one in town who ages . Henry finds his biological mother Emma Swan in Boston and brings her to Storybrooke . He eventually convinces her of the truth by consuming a sleeping curse intended for her by Regina , nearly resulting in him dying . However , he is awoken with true love 's kiss by Emma , which also breaks the curse . Emma and Mary Margaret are then dragged into a portal , leaving David ( Prince Charming ) to look after him . Following the death of Regina 's mother Cora , and her vowing to avenge Mary Margaret , Henry seeks to remove magic from Storybrooke . When Emma and Regina stop the trigger enacted by Greg Mendell and Tamara from destroying the town , he is kidnapped by the pair and taken to Neverland , where it is revealed that Peter Pan ( Henry 's great - grandfather ) wants possession of him as he owns `` the heart of the truest believer '' . Seasons 3 -- 4 ( edit ) Pan eventually persuades Henry to give him his heart , telling him it will save magic . Regina reclaims the heart and resurrects Henry . However , Pan inhabits Henry 's body in Storybrooke , enacting Regina 's original curse once more . Mr. Gold returns Henry to his body , and Emma and Henry escape to New York City whilst the remaining residents return to the Enchanted Forest . A year later , Hook restores Emma 's memories , leading her to return to Storybrooke with Henry to save their family from another curse . Henry is confused about Emma 's decision to relocate , until his past memories are restored with his book . Once his memories are restored , Regina gives him true love 's kiss breaking the curse . Henry then moves back to Storybrooke where he splits his time living with Regina and the Charmings . Henry later helps Regina to search for his storybook 's author , Isaac . Upon discovering the writer 's manipulative actions , Henry being the only one born in the Land Without Magic is left behind in Storybrooke and goes to find Isaac and enters his new storybook `` Heroes and Viilains '' to fix reality and after saving Emma who remembers everything they both try to help Regina get her happy ending to fix reality but fail . Then Henry takes the pen and becomes the next author and using Regina 's blood to write a new ending to fix reality . With Henry being the new author and he breaks the pen deeming it too powerful for anyone to use . Henry then watches Emma sacrificing herself to save Regina and Storybrooke by becoming the new Dark One . Season 5 ( edit ) With his family and a few of the other residents , Henry transports to the Enchanted Forest to find Emma and to take her to Camelot in order to find Merlin and remove her darkness . However , six weeks later , they return to Storybrooke with missing memories as to how they all failed to get the darkness out of Emma except Henry . Revealed in a flashback , Henry has fallen in love with a girl named Violet ; due to needing a tear from the pain of losing a first love to help free Merlin , Emma tearfully manipulates Violet into breaking Henry 's heart . Due to Emma 's curse , Henry gets another chance with Violet , as neither remembered each other from before . After Emma restored his memory , Henry helps Emma rescue Hook after he is sent to the Underworld for sacrificing himself to save everyone . When he arrived with his family , he comes up with a new plan called `` Operation Firebird , '' this after learning that they have a chance to save the souls and help them move forward . However , when he comes across Cruella De Vil , he is offered a chance to help her return to the living as he is the Author , this after telling him that despite having broken the quill in two he still has the ability to use the quill and magically write her a new life while he was in the underworld and at the same time restore Emma 's soul as forgiveness , but this would put Henry in a situation that would force him to break his vow not to tamper with his family history . He then learns that he has the ability to bring others back from the dead when he came across the Apprentice , whose soul ca n't move on until Henry makes the right choice , which is to record the events in the book . Henry plans to re-write Hades ' story that was missing in the Underworld version of the `` Once Upon a Time '' book . He also starts experiencing visions that allows him to illustrate stories but can not explain why they 're coming to him . Before he returned to Storybrooke , he finished the unfinished businesses in the book , only to have Cruella hide it in Hades ' lair . Upon returning to Storybrooke , Henry began to experience a roguish streak as he believed magic is destroying his family in the wake of Robin Hood 's death . This prompts him and Violet to obtain the Olympian Crystal and flee to New York City where magic can be destroyed . However , his actions also resulted in leaving Snow , David , Zelena , and Hook in the Land of Untold Stories when he used a holy grail to destroy it . Having regret what he did , Henry turned to a fountain and made a wish that he would reunite his family , and with the help of Emma , Regina , Violet , and Gold , along the New Yorkers who see him make this plea , the fountain succeeds in bringing Snow , David , Zelena , and Hook to New York and with that restored magic . Upon returning to Storybrooke , Henry learned that Violet , although born in Camelot , was actually from Connecticut , due to her father having slipped into an unknown portal . They then shared a kiss , implying that they are now a couple , as he has found his happy ending . Season 6 ( edit ) After Henry and Regina meet with Mr. Hyde who has arrived in Storybrooke with his friends from the Land of Untold Stories , he and his family devised a plan to imprison Hyde which succeeds and later welcomes the new residents with food and shelter at Granny 's . The next day Henry and Regina arrive at Granny 's with a new plan called `` Operation Cobra Part 2 '' , and as Henry begins to write the names of the people of the Land of Untold Stories , a mysterious man leaves a note beside him for Snow and David revealing his name as Edmond Dantès also known as the `` Count of Monte Cristo '' . Regina then reveals she hired him to kill them back in the Enchanted Forest and after he refuses to back down from trying to kill them Regina and Henry discover a girl named Charlotte who was Snow and David 's handmaiden and who also resembled Edmond 's dead fiance . The Evil Queen then reveals herself to both Henry and Regina and reveals that she has been controlling Edmond the whole time . As soon as he is about to kill Snow and David , Regina steps in to save them and after Henry 's phone is frozen with magic Regina is forced to kill Edmond . Henry then realizes that this new operation will be harder as Part 1 was about giving people back their happy endings and now in Part 2 these people ran away from their stories , Afterwards , Henry has written down all the names of the new residents and he , Emma , and Hook find out Ashley 's ( Cinderella ) step - sister Clorinda is now in town and they believe she wants to hurt but really wants to help her . After Emma 's magic fails because of her hand trembling , the Evil Queen shows up and after Henry tells her to leave his mom alone she points out that she is his mother too and poofs the three of them onto a road somewhere in town to stop them from helping Ashley but they save her and her step - sister as well . After Henry and Violet start school together with Snow returning as a teacher . When Henry and his family learn about Emma 's secret they are shocked and hurt by it and for Emma not telling them and Henry then starts to blame himself for bringing her to Storybrooke for her to become the savior but she tells him that what he did gave her a better life despite that she might die . After they find Aladdin who reveals he use the `` Shears of Destiny '' to cut off his destiny as a savior , Emma wants to throw them away because she being the savior is what makes her special and she will not use them but Hook secretly keeps them and this causes the Evil Queen to try and cause a shift between Hook 's and Henry 's relationship but it fails when they both agree all they wanted to do is to protect and save Emma . When the Evil Queen teams up with Mr. Gold and threatens the town with water from the River of Lost Souls , Henry along with everyone is forced to watch the Queen rip out Snow White and David 's shared heart and put a twisted sleeping curse on it . After revealing that when one of them is awake and the other will be asleep , Henry agrees to lure the Evil Queen out for Emma and Regina to try to trap her and as a distraction from being nervous about taking Violet to the school dance believing she does n't like him anymore but really is having a hard time adjusting to school and after the Evil Queen fails to darken Henry 's heart by smashing the mirror instead of the Dragon 's heart to save Emma and Regina . Season 7 ( edit ) Season 7 begins with Henry as an adult living in Seattle , Washington . He is approached by a girl named Lucy who claims to be his daughter . Character development and reception ( edit ) Gilmore , who had previously starred in Mad Men as the third Bobby Draper from 2009 to 2011 , was cast in Once Upon a Time as Henry Mills , the `` biological son of Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison 's character ) and Neal / Baelfire . He is the only resident of Storybrooke who is not under the spell of the Evil Queen ( Lana Parrilla ) . '' Series creators Adam Horowitz and Eddy Kitsis stated of the role , `` One of our emotional centers was an 11 - year - old boy who had to be precocious and vulnerable at the same time . '' Kitsis believed that Gilmore `` naturally brought ( these characteristics ) out ... We just knew he had to be our Henry ! '' Gilmore commented , `` I relate to Henry because I 'm 11 and also have a very good imagination . I enjoy making up and playing games in worlds with alternate realities myself . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henry Mills is ten when he first meets Emma Swan on her 28th birthday , 22 October 2011 ( `` Pilot '' ) . Regina Mills accesses the psychiatric ward using the password `` 815 '' ( `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' ) . According to Henry , Regina uses his birthday for all of her passwords , including the one for the entrance to the psychiatric ward ( `` The Dark Swan '' ) . Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/once-a-time-season-7-reboot-explained-1003456 Jump up ^ Busis , Hilary ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : It Takes Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Of Motherhood and Apple Turnovers '' by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( May 6 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Little Boy Lost '' from Entertainment Weekly ( May 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Season 3 premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Mad Men ' recasting Bobby Draper for new season '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Mad Men Replaces Bobby Draper , Again '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison Set As The Lead In ABC Pilot ' Once Upon A Time ' , 3 Others Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marechal , AJ ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Jared Gilmore : ' Mad Men ' moppet finds ' Time ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Gilmore as Henry -- Once Upon a Time Characters & Cast Bios '' ( Press release ) . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Henry Mills on IMDb ( hide ) Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Mr. Gold Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Creatures Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Mills_(Once_Upon_a_Time)&oldid=807463661 '' Categories : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Fictional characters from Arizona Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Fictional characters who use magic Fictional characters with precognition Fictional princes Fictional writers Fictional victims of kidnapping Fictional adoptees Child characters in television Teenage characters in television Fictional drivers Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 03 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays henry on once upon a time season 7 | [
"Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC's television series Once Upon a Time. Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption; Regina Mills adopted him. Henry was first portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore, who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series – Leading Young Actor in 2012. Starting with the seventh season, Andrew J. West took over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a ten-year-old girl named Lucy.[2]"
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"Andrew J. West"
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5736313144411923989 | East India Company | East India company - wikipedia East India company Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . East India Company ( EIC ) Company flag ( 1801 ) Coat of arms ( 1698 ) Former type Public Industry International trade Fate Dissolved Founded 31 December 1600 Founders John Watts , George White Defunct 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) Headquarters London , England ( Great Britain ) Colonial India Imperial entities of India Dutch India 1605 -- 1825 Danish India 1620 -- 1869 French India 1668 -- 1954 Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) Casa da Índia 1434 -- 1833 Portuguese East India Company 1628 -- 1633 British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) East India Company 1612 -- 1757 Company rule in India 1757 -- 1858 British Raj 1858 -- 1947 British rule in Burma 1824 -- 1948 Princely states 1721 -- 1949 Partition of India 1947 The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , which was formed to pursue trade with the `` East Indies '' ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent . Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the company 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control . During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The Battle of Plassey and Battle of Buxar , in which the British , led by Robert Clive , defeated the Indian powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , ruling the whole Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding 2 Early voyages to the East Indies 3 Foothold in India 4 Expansion 4.1 Japan 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 5 Forming a complete monopoly 5.1 Trade monopoly 5.2 Saltpetre trade 6 Basis for the monopoly 6.1 Colonial monopoly 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy 6.2. 1 Expansion and Conquest 6.3 Opium trade 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs 7.1 Writers 7.2 Financial troubles 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment 9 Establishments in Britain 10 Legacy and criticisms 11 Symbols 11.1 Flags 11.2 Coat of arms 11.3 Merchant mark 12 Ships 13 Records 14 See also 15 Notes and references 16 Further reading 16.1 Historiography 17 External links Founding ( edit ) James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . Permission was granted , and on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . One of them , Edward Bonaventure , then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594 . In 1596 , three more ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . Three years later , on 22 September 1599 , another group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , on 24 September , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue , bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . The Adventurers convened again a year later . This time they succeeded , and on 31 December 1600 , the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) East India House , London , painted by Thomas Malton in c. 1800 Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603 . In March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage . General William Keeling , a captain during the second voyage , led the third voyage aboard the Red Dragon from 1607 to 1610 along with the Hector under Captain William Hawkins and the Consent under Captain David Middleton . Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the company 's Ascension , and general or commander of the fourth voyage . Thereafter two ships , Ascension and Union ( captained by Richard Rowles ) sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607 -- 08 . Initially , the company struggled in the spice trade because of the competition from the already well - established Dutch East India Company . The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage , and imports of pepper from Java were an important part of the company 's trade for twenty years . The factory in Bantam was closed in 1683 . During this time ships belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat , which was established as a trade transit point in 1608 . In the next two years , the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal . The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England . But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period , including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years . Foothold in India ( edit ) See also : Establishment of English trade in Bengal ( 1600 -- 1700 ) Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the Battle of Swally in 1612 , and made several voyages to the East Indies . Jahangir investing a courtier with a robe of honour , watched by Sir Thomas Roe , English ambassador to the court of Jahangir at Agra from 1615 to 1618 , and others English traders frequently engaged in hostilities with their Dutch and Portuguese counterparts in the Indian Ocean . The company achieved a major victory over the Portuguese in the Battle of Swally in 1612 , at Suvali in Surat . The company decided to explore the feasibility of gaining a territorial foothold in mainland India , with official sanction from both Britain and the Mughal Empire , and requested that the Crown launch a diplomatic mission . In 1612 , James I instructed Sir Thomas Roe to visit the Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir ( r . 1605 -- 1627 ) to arrange for a commercial treaty that would give the company exclusive rights to reside and establish factories in Surat and other areas . In return , the company offered to provide the Emperor with goods and rarities from the European market . This mission was highly successful , and Jahangir sent a letter to James through Sir Thomas Roe : Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend ; that in what place soever they choose to live , they may have free liberty without any restraint ; and at what port soever they shall arrive , that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet ; and in what city soever they shall have residence , I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires ; to sell , buy , and to transport into their country at their pleasure . For confirmation of our love and friendship , I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace ; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity , that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs ; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal . -- Nuruddin Salim Jahangir , Letter to James I . Expansion ( edit ) The company , which benefited from the imperial patronage , soon expanded its commercial trading operations . It eclipsed the Portuguese Estado da Índia , which had established bases in Goa , Chittagong , and Bombay , which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company ( VOC ) on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China , which helped secure EIC ports in China . The company established trading posts in Surat ( 1619 ) , Madras ( 1639 ) , Bombay ( 1668 ) , and Calcutta ( 1690 ) . By 1647 , the company had 23 factories , each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor , and 90 employees in India . The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal , Fort St George in Madras , and Bombay Castle . In 1634 , the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal , and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for their trade . The company 's mainstay businesses were by then cotton , silk , indigo dye , saltpetre , and tea . The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Straits of Malacca by ousting the Portuguese in 1640 -- 41 . With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region , the EIC and VOC entered a period of intense competition , resulting in the Anglo - Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries . Competition arose in 1635 when Charles I granted a trading licence to Sir William Courteen , which permitted the rival Courteen association to trade with the east at any location in which the EIC had no presence . In 1657 , Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609 , and brought about minor changes in the holding of the company . The restoration of monarchy in England further enhanced the EIC 's status . In an act aimed at strengthening the power of the EIC , King Charles II granted the EIC ( in a series of five acts around 1670 ) the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions , to mint money , to command fortresses and troops and form alliances , to make war and peace , and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas . William Hedges was sent in 1682 to Shaista Khan , the Mughal governor of Bengal , to obtain a firman , an imperial directive that would grant England regular trading privileges throughout the Mughal Empire . However , the company 's governor in London , Sir Josiah Child , interfered with Hedges 's mission , causing Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to break off the negotiations . In 1689 a Mughal fleet commanded by Sidi Yaqub attacked Bombay . After a year of resistance the EIC surrendered in 1690 , and the company sent envoys to Aurangzeb 's camp to plead for a pardon . The company 's envoys had to prostrate themselves before the emperor , pay a large indemnity , and promise better behaviour in the future . The emperor withdrew his troops , and the company subsequently re-established itself in Bombay and set up a new base in Calcutta . Eventually , the East India Company seized control of Bengal and slowly the whole Indian subcontinent with its private armies , composed primarily of Indian sepoys . As historian William Dalrymple observes , We still talk about the British conquering India , but that phrase disguises a more sinister reality . It was not the British government that seized India at the end of the 18th century , but a dangerously unregulated private company headquartered in one small office , five windows wide , in London , and managed in India by an unstable sociopath -- ( Robert ) Clive . Japan ( edit ) Document with the original vermilion seal of Tokugawa Ieyasu , granting trade privileges in Japan to the East India Company in 1613 In 1613 , during the rule of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate , the British ship Clove , under the command of Captain John Saris , was the first British ship to call on Japan . Saris was the chief factor of the EIC 's trading post in Java , and with the assistance of William Adams , a British sailor who had arrived in Japan in 1600 , he was able to gain permission from the ruler to establish a commercial house in Hirado on the Japanese island of Kyushu : We give free license to the subjects of the King of Great Britaine , Sir Thomas Smythe , Governor and Company of the East Indian Merchants and Adventurers forever safely come into any of our ports of our Empire of Japan with their shippes and merchandise , without any hindrance to them or their goods , and to abide , buy , sell and barter according to their own manner with all nations , to tarry here as long as they think good , and to depart at their pleasure . However , unable to obtain Japanese raw silk for import to China and with their trading area reduced to Hirado and Nagasaki from 1616 onwards , the company closed its factory in 1623 . Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 ( edit ) In September 1695 , Captain Henry Every , an English patna pirate on board the Fancy , reached the Straits of Bab - el - Mandeb , where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha . The Mughal convoy included the treasure - laden Ganj - i - Sawai , reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean , and its escort , the Fateh Muhammed . They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat . The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later , and meeting little resistance , took some £ 50,000 to £ 60,000 worth of treasure . English , Dutch and Danish factories at Mocha Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj - i - Sawai , which resisted strongly before eventually striking . Ganj - i - Sawai carried enormous wealth and , according to contemporary East India Company sources , was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal , though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue . The loot from the Ganj - i - Sawai had a total value between £ 325,000 and £ 600,000 , including 500,000 gold and silver pieces , and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates . In a letter sent to the Privy Council by Sir John Gayer , then governor of Bombay and head of the East India Company , Gayer claims that `` it is certain the Pirates ... did do very barbarously by the People of the Ganj - i - Sawai and Abdul Ghaffar 's ship , to make them confess where their money was . '' The pirates set free the survivors who were left aboard their emptied ships , to continue their voyage back to India . When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry . In response , a combined bounty of £ 1,000 was offered for Every 's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company , leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history . The plunder of Aurangzeb 's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company . The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company 's factories in India and imprison their officers , who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals , blaming them for their countryman 's depredations , and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India . To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan , Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace ( pardons ) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates . An 18th - century depiction of Henry Every , with the Fancy shown engaging its prey in the background British pirates that fought during the Child 's War engaging the Ganj - i - Sawai Depiction of Captain Every 's encounter with the Mughal Emperor 's granddaughter after his September 1695 capture of the Mughal trader Ganj - i - Sawai Forming a complete monopoly ( edit ) Trade monopoly ( edit ) Rear view of the East India Company 's Factory at Cossimbazar The prosperity that the officers of the company enjoyed allowed them to return to Britain and establish sprawling estates and businesses , and to obtain political power . The company developed a lobby in the English parliament . Under pressure from ambitious tradesmen and former associates of the company ( pejoratively termed Interlopers by the company ) , who wanted to establish private trading firms in India , a deregulating act was passed in 1694 . This allowed any English firm to trade with India , unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament , thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years . By an act that was passed in 1698 , a new `` parallel '' East India Company ( officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies ) was floated under a state - backed indemnity of £ 2 million . The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of £ 315,000 in the new concern , and dominated the new body . The two companies wrestled with each other for some time , both in England and in India , for a dominant share of the trade . It quickly became evident that , in practice , the original company faced scarcely any measurable competition . The companies merged in 1708 , by a tripartite indenture involving both companies and the state . Under this arrangement , the merged company lent to the Treasury a sum of £ 3,200,000 , in return for exclusive privileges for the next three years , after which the situation was to be reviewed . The amalgamated company became the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies . Company painting depicting an official of the East India Company , c. 1760 In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament . The company sought a permanent establishment , while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company 's profits . In 1712 , another act renewed the status of the company , though the debts were repaid . By 1720 , 15 % of British imports were from India , almost all passing through the company , which reasserted the influence of the company lobby . The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730 . At this time , Britain and France became bitter rivals . Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions . In 1742 , fearing the monetary consequences of a war , the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783 , in return for a further loan of £ 1 million . Between 1756 and 1763 , the Seven Years ' War diverted the state 's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America . The war took place on Indian soil , between the company troops and the French forces . In 1757 , the Law Officers of the Crown delivered the Pratt - Yorke opinion distinguishing overseas territories acquired by right of conquest from those acquired by private treaty . The opinion asserted that , while the Crown of Great Britain enjoyed sovereignty over both , only the property of the former was vested in the Crown . With the advent of the Industrial Revolution , Britain surged ahead of its European rivals . Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war , and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production . As home to the revolution , Britain experienced higher standards of living . Its spiralling cycle of prosperity , demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade . The company became the single largest player in the British global market . William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London ( 1808 ) that : On the 1 March 1801 , the debts of the East India Company to £ 5,393,989 their effects to £ 15,404,736 and their sales increased since February 1793 , from £ 4,988,300 to £ 7,602,041 . Saltpetre trade ( edit ) Saltpetre used for gunpowder was one of the major trade goods of the company . Sir John Banks , a businessman from Kent who negotiated an agreement between the king and the company , began his career in a syndicate arranging contracts for victualling the navy , an interest he kept up for most of his life . He knew that Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn had amassed a substantial fortune from the Levant and Indian trades . He became a Director and later , as Governor of the East India Company in 1672 , he arranged a contract which included a loan of £ 20,000 and £ 30,000 worth of saltpetre -- also known as potassium nitrate , a primary ingredient in gunpowder -- for the King `` at the price it shall sell by the candle '' -- that is by auction -- where bidding could continue as long as an inch - long candle remained alight . Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre . Again in 1673 , Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at £ 37,000 between the king and the company . So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom , America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales . One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt . Basis for the monopoly ( edit ) Colonial monopoly ( edit ) Further information : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War East India Company silver coin issued during William IV 's reign , Indian Museum Coins issued by East India Company during reign of Shah Alam II , Indian Museum Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal . The Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 63 ) resulted in the defeat of the French forces , limited French imperial ambitions , and stunted the influence of the Industrial Revolution in French territories . Robert Clive , the Governor General , led the company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix , the commander of the French forces in India , and recaptured Fort St George from the French . The company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762 . By the Treaty of Paris , France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war ( Pondichéry , Mahe , Karikal , Yanam and Chandernagar ) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal ( art . XI ) . Elsewhere in India , the French were to remain a military threat , particularly during the War of American Independence , and up to the capture of Pondichéry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence . Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years , French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest , thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company . East India company army and navy ( edit ) Main article : Presidency armies Main article : Company rule in India In its first century and half , the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards . The great expansion came after 1750 , when it had 3,000 regular troops . By 1763 , it had 26,000 ; by 1778 , it had 67,000 . It recruited largely Indian troops , and trained them along European lines . The military arm of the East India Company quickly developed to become a private corporate armed force , and was used as an instrument of geo - political power and expansion , rather than its original purpose as a guard force , and became the most powerful military force in the Indian sub-continent . As it increased in size the army was broken into the Presidency Armies of Bengal , Madras and Bombay each recruiting their own integral infantry , cavalry , artillery and horse artillery units . The navy also grew significantly , vastly expanding its fleet and although made up predominantly of heavily armed merchant vessels , called East Indiamen , it also included warships . Expansion and conquest ( edit ) The company , fresh from a colossal victory , and with the backing of its own private well - disciplined and experienced army , was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta , without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers . The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , who with his allies fought against the East India Company during his early years ( 1760 -- 64 ) , only accepting the protection of the British in the year 1803 , after he had been blinded by his enemies and deserted by his subjects It continued to experience resistance from local rulers during its expansion . Robert Clive led company forces against Siraj Ud Daulah , the last independent Nawab of Bengal , Bihar , and Midnapore district in Odisha to victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , resulting in the conquest of Bengal . This victory estranged the British and the Mughals , since Siraj Ud Daulah was a Mughal feudatory ally . With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo - Maratha wars , the British also secured the Ganges - Jumna Doab , the Delhi - Agra region , parts of Bundelkhand , Broach , some districts of Gujarat , the fort of Ahmmadnagar , province of Cuttack ( which included Mughalbandi / the coastal part of Odisha , Garjat / the princely states of Odisha , Balasore Port , parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal ) , Bombay ( Mumbai ) and the surrounding areas , leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India . Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan , the rulers of the Kingdom of Mysore , offered much resistance to the British forces . Having sided with the French during the Revolutionary War , the rulers of Mysore continued their struggle against the company with the four Anglo - Mysore Wars . Mysore finally fell to the company forces in 1799 , in the fourth Anglo - Mysore war during which Tipu Sultan was killed . Battle of Assaye during the Second Anglo - Maratha War . Company replaced the Marathas as Mughal 's protectors after the second Anglo - Maratha war . The fall of Tipu Sultan and the Sultanate of Mysore , during the Battle of Seringapatam in 1799 The last vestiges of local administration were restricted to the northern regions of Delhi , Oudh , Rajputana , and Punjab , where the company 's presence was ever increasing amidst infighting and offers of protection among the remaining princes . The hundred years from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 were a period of consolidation for the company , during which it seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and functioned more as an administrator and less as a trading concern . A cholera pandemic began in Bengal , then spread across India by 1820 . 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic . Between 1760 and 1834 only some 10 % of the East India Company 's officers survived to take the final voyage home . In the early 19th century the Indian question of geopolitical dominance and empire holding remained with the East India Company . The three independent armies of the company 's Presidencies , with some locally raised irregular forces , expanded to a total of 280,000 men by 1857 . First recruited from mercenaries and low - caste volunteers , the Bengal Army especially eventually became composed largely of high - caste Hindus and landowning Muslims . Within the Army , British officers who initially trained at the company 's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary , always outranked Indians , no matter how long their service . The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar - Major ( or Rissaldar - Major in cavalry units ) , effectively a senior subaltern equivalent . Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority , so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best . They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers . During the wars against the French and their allies in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , the East India Company 's armies were used to seize the colonial possessions of other European nations , including the islands of Réunion and Mauritius . There was a systemic disrespect in the company for the spreading of Protestantism although it fostered respect for Hindu and Muslim , castes and ethnic groups . The growth of tensions between the EIC and the local religious and cultural groups grew in the 19th century as the Protestant revival grew in Great Britain . These tensions erupted at the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the company ceased to exist when the company dissolved through the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 . Opium trade ( edit ) Main articles : First Opium War , Second Opium War , and History of opium in China The Nemesis destroying Chinese war junks during the Second Battle of Chuenpi , 7 January 1841 , by Edward Duncan In the 18th century , Britain had a huge trade deficit with Qing dynasty China and so , in 1773 , the company created a British monopoly on opium buying in Bengal , India by prohibiting the licensing of opium farmers and private cultivation . The monopoly system established in 1799 continued with minimal changes until 1947 . As the opium trade was illegal in China , Company ships could not carry opium to China . So the opium produced in Bengal was sold in Calcutta on condition that it be sent to China . Despite the Chinese ban on opium imports , reaffirmed in 1799 by the Jiaqing Emperor , the drug was smuggled into China from Bengal by traffickers and agency houses such as Jardine , Matheson & Co and Dent & Co. in amounts averaging 900 tons a year . The proceeds of the drug - smugglers landing their cargoes at Lintin Island were paid into the company 's factory at Canton and by 1825 , most of the money needed to buy tea in China was raised by the illegal opium trade . The company established a group of trading settlements centred on the Straits of Malacca called the Straits Settlements in 1826 to protect its trade route to China and to combat local piracy . The settlements were also used as penal settlements for Indian civilian and military prisoners . In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year , the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner , Lin Zexu , to curb smuggling . This resulted in the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) . After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations . The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade , although P&O also tried to take a share . A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin , which legalised the importation of opium . Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia . This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India 's reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports . Regulation of the company 's Affairs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Writers ( edit ) The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor , 1773 The company employed many junior clerks , known as `` writers '' , to record the details of accounting , managerial decisions , and activities related to the company , such as minutes of meetings , copies of Company orders and contracts , and filings of reports and copies of ship 's logs . Several well - known British scholars and literary men had Company writerships , such as Henry Thomas Colebrooke in India and Charles Lamb in England . Financial troubles ( edit ) Though the company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states , it was becoming clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories . The Bengal famine of 1770 , in which one - third of the local population died , caused distress in Britain . Military and administrative costs mounted beyond control in British - administered regions in Bengal because of the ensuing drop in labour productivity . At the same time , there was commercial stagnation and trade depression throughout Europe . The directors of the company attempted to avert bankruptcy by appealing to Parliament for financial help . This led to the passing of the Tea Act in 1773 , which gave the company greater autonomy in running its trade in the American colonies , and allowed it an exemption from tea import duties which its colonial competitors were required to pay . When the American colonists and tea merchants were told of this Act , they boycotted the company tea . Although the price of tea had dropped because of the Act , it also validated the Townshend Acts , setting the precedent for the king to impose additional taxes in the future . The arrival of tax - exempt Company tea , undercutting the local merchants , triggered the Boston Tea Party in the Province of Massachusetts Bay , one of the major events leading up to the American Revolution . Regulating Acts of Parliament ( edit ) East India company Act 1773 ( edit ) By the Regulating Act of 1773 ( later known as the East India Company Act 1773 ) , the Parliament of Great Britain imposed a series of administrative and economic reforms ; this clearly established Parliament 's sovereignty and ultimate control over the company . The Act recognised the company 's political functions and clearly established that the `` acquisition of sovereignty by the subjects of the Crown is on behalf of the Crown and not in its own right '' . Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the company 's shareholders , the Act passed . It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown , but leased back to the company at £ 40,000 for two years . Under the Act 's most important provision , a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta . The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government 's interest could , and invariably would , outvote the two Company members . The Council was headed by Warren Hastings , the incumbent Governor , who became the first Governor - General of Bengal , with an ill - defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies . His nomination , made by the Court of Directors , would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown . Initially , the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering , The Honourable Sir George Monson , Sir Richard Barwell , and Sir Philip Francis . Nawab Mubarak Ali Khan with his son in the Nawab 's Durbar with British Resident , Sir John Hadley Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war . British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system . The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers . The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain . The costs of administration were to be met by the company . The company initially welcomed these provisions , but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances . East India company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) ( edit ) The East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) had two key aspects : Relationship to the British government : the bill differentiated the East India Company 's political functions from its commercial activities . In political matters the East India Company was subordinated to the British government directly . To accomplish this , the Act created a Board of Commissioners for the Affairs of India , usually referred to as the Board of Control . The members of the Board were the Chancellor of the Exchequer , the Secretary of State , and four Privy Councillors , nominated by the King . The act specified that the Secretary of State `` shall preside at , and be President of the said Board '' . Internal Administration of British India : the bill laid the foundation for the centralised and bureaucratic British administration of India which would reach its peak at the beginning of the 20th century during the governor - generalship of George Nathaniel Curzon , 1st Baron Curzon . Pitt 's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company 's powers were nebulous and highly subjective . The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British - occupied territories . Edmund Burke , a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat , was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783 . The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill 's recommendations for the appointment of councillors . Act of 1786 ( edit ) General Lord Cornwallis , receiving two of Tipu Sultan 's sons as hostages in the year 1793 The Act of 1786 ( 26 Geo. 3 c. 16 ) enacted the demand of Earl Cornwallis that the powers of the Governor - General be enlarged to empower him , in special cases , to override the majority of his Council and act on his own special responsibility . The Act enabled the offices of the Governor - General and the Commander - in - Chief to be jointly held by the same official . This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the company . After this point , the company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown , with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation . Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown , the company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions . By the middle of the 19th century , the company 's rule extended across most of India , Burma , Malaya , Singapore , and British Hong Kong , and a fifth of the world 's population was under its trading influence . In addition , Penang , one of the states in Malaya , became the fourth most important settlement , a presidency , of the company 's Indian territories . East India company Act 1793 ( charter Act ) ( edit ) The company 's charter was renewed for a further 20 years by the Charter Act of 1793 . In contrast with the legislative proposals of the previous two decades , the 1793 Act was not a particularly controversial measure , and made only minimal changes to the system of government in India and to British oversight of the company 's activities . East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) ( edit ) Major - General Wellesley , meeting with Nawab Azim al - Daula , 1805 The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquess of Hastings led to the company 's gaining control of all India ( except for the Punjab and Sindh ) , and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty . The Indian Princes had become vassals of the company . But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the company 's finances . The company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance . This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which , among other things : asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the company ; renewed the charter of the company for a further twenty years , but deprived the company of its Indian trade monopoly except for trade in tea and the trade with China required the company to maintain separate and distinct its commercial and territorial accounts opened India to missionaries Government of India Act 1833 ( edit ) File : India 1835 2 Mohurs. jpg 1835 gold Double Mohur ( reverse ) , valued at 30 Rupees The Industrial Revolution in Britain , the consequent search for markets , and the rise of laissez - faire economic ideology form the background to the Government of India Act 1833 ( 3 & 4 Will . 4 c. 85 ) . The Act : removed the company 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions renewed for another twenty years the company 's political and administrative authority invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company . As stated by Professor Sri Ram Sharma , `` The President of the Board of Control now became Minister for Indian Affairs . '' carried further the ongoing process of administrative centralisation through investing the Governor - General in Council with , full power and authority to superintend and , control the Presidency Governments in all civil and military matters initiated a machinery for the codification of laws provided that no Indian subject of the company would be debarred from holding any office under the company by reason of his religion , place of birth , descent or colour vested the Island of St Helena in the Crown British influence continued to expand ; in 1845 , Great Britain purchased the Danish colony of Tranquebar . The company had at various stages extended its influence to China , the Philippines , and Java . It had solved its critical lack of cash needed to buy tea by exporting Indian - grown opium to China . China 's efforts to end the trade led to the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . View of the Calcutta port in 1848 English education Act 1835 ( edit ) Main article : English Education Act 1835 The English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India . Government of India Act 1853 ( edit ) This Act ( 16 & 17 Vict . c. 95 ) provided that British India would remain under the administration of the company in trust for the Crown until Parliament should decide otherwise . It also introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system . Under the act , for the first time the legislative and executive powers of the governor general 's council were separated . It also added six additional members to the governor general 's executive committee . Indian Rebellion and disestablishment ( edit ) Main article : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capture of the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons by William Hodson in 1857 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 ( also known as the Indian Mutiny ) resulted in widespread devastation in India : many condemned the East India Company for permitting the events to occur . In the aftermath of the Rebellion , under the provisions of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British Government nationalised the company . The Crown took over its Indian possessions , its administrative powers and machinery , and its armed forces . The company remained in existence in vestigial form , continuing to manage the tea trade on behalf of the British Government ( and the supply of Saint Helena ) until the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 came into effect , on 1 January 1874 . This Act provided for the formal dissolution of the company on 1 June 1874 , after a final dividend payment and the commutation or redemption of its stock . The Times commented on 8 April 1873 : It accomplished a work such as in the whole history of the human race no other trading Company ever attempted , and such as none , surely , is likely to attempt in the years to come . Establishments in Britain ( edit ) The expanded East India House , Leadenhall Street , London , as reconstructed in 1796 -- 1800 . A drawing by Thomas Hosmer Shepherd of c. 1817 . The company 's headquarters in London , from which much of India was governed , was East India House in Leadenhall Street . After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621 ; in Crosby House , Bishopsgate , from 1621 to 1638 ; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648 , the company moved into Craven House , an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street . The building had become known as East India House by 1661 . It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726 -- 9 ; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796 -- 1800 . It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861 -- 62 . The site is now occupied by the Lloyd 's building . In 1607 , the company decided to build its own ships and leased a yard on the River Thames at Deptford . By 1614 , the yard having become too small , an alternative site was acquired at Blackwall : the new yard was fully operational by 1617 . It was sold in 1656 , although for some years East India Company ships continued to be built and repaired there under the new owners . In 1803 , an Act of Parliament , promoted by the East India Company , established the East India Dock Company , with the aim of establishing a new set of docks ( the East India Docks ) primarily for the use of ships trading with India . The existing Brunswick Dock , part of the Blackwall Yard site , became the Export Dock ; while a new Import Dock was built to the north . In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company . The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909 , and closed in 1967 . Addiscombe Seminary , photographed in c. 1859 , with cadets in the foreground The East India College was founded in 1806 as a training establishment for `` writers '' ( i.e. clerks ) in the company 's service . It was initially located in Hertford Castle , but moved in 1809 to purpose - built premises at Hertford Heath , Hertfordshire . In 1858 the college closed ; but in 1862 the buildings reopened as a public school , now Haileybury and Imperial Service College . The East India Company Military Seminary was founded in 1809 at Addiscombe , near Croydon , Surrey , to train young officers for service in the company 's armies in India . It was based in Addiscombe Place , an early 18th - century mansion . The government took it over in 1858 , and renamed it the Royal Indian Military College . In 1861 it was closed , and the site was subsequently redeveloped . In 1818 , the company entered into an agreement by which those of its servants who were certified insane in India might be cared for at Pembroke House , Hackney , London , a private lunatic asylum run by Dr George Rees until 1838 , and thereafter by Dr William Williams . The arrangement outlasted the company itself , continuing until 1870 , when the India Office opened its own asylum , the Royal India Asylum , at Hanwell , Middlesex . The East India Club in London was formed in 1849 for officers of the company . The Club still exists today as a private gentlemen 's club with its club house situated at 16 St. James 's Square , London . Legacy and criticisms ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) The East India Company had a long lasting impact on the Indian Subcontinent , with both positive and harmful effects . Although dissolved following the rebellion of 1857 , it stimulated the growth of the British Empire . Its armies were to become the armies of British India after 1857 , and it played a key role in introducing English as an official language in India . The East India Company was the first company to record the Chinese usage of orange - flavoured tea , which led to the development of Earl Grey tea . The East India Company introduced a system of merit - based appointments that provided a model for the British and Indian civil service . Widespread corruption and looting of Bengal resources and treasures during its rule resulted in poverty . Famines , such as the Great Bengal famine of 1770 and subsequent famines during the 18th and 19th centuries , became more widespread , chiefly because of exploitative agriculture promulgated by the policies of the East India company and the forced cultivation of opium in place of grain . Symbols ( edit ) Flags ( edit ) Historical depictions Downman ( 1685 ) Lens ( 1700 ) National Geographic ( 1917 ) Rees ( 1820 ) Laurie ( 1842 ) Modern depictions 1600 -- 1707 1707 -- 1801 1801 -- 1874 The English East India Company flag changed with history , with a canton based on the current flag of the Kingdom , and a field of 9 to 13 alternating red and white stripes . From the period of 1600 , the canton consisted of a St George 's Cross representing the Kingdom of England . With the Acts of Union 1707 , the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag -- consisting of an English St George 's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew 's cross -- representing the Kingdom of Great Britain . After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom , the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick 's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Regarding the field of the flag , there has been much debate and discussion regarding the number and order of the stripes . Historical documents and paintings show many variations from 9 to 13 stripes , with some images showing the top stripe 's being red and others showing the top stripe being white . At the time of the American Revolution the East India Company flag was nearly identical to the Grand Union Flag . Historian Charles Fawcett argued that the East India Company Flag inspired the Stars and Stripes . Coat of arms ( edit ) The later coat of arms of the East India Company The East India Company 's original coat of arms was granted in 1600 . The arms was as follows : `` Azure , three ships with three masts , rigged and under full sail , the sails , pennants and ensigns Argent , each charged with a cross Gules ; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules , on the 1st and 4th a fleur - de-lis or , on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or , between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert . '' The shield had as a crest : `` A sphere without a frame , bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or , between two pennants flottant Argent , each charged with a cross Gules , over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT '' ( Latin : God Indicates ) . The supporters were two sea lions ( lions with fishes ' tails ) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET ( Latin : Where God Leads , Nothing Harms ) . The East India Company 's arms , granted in 1698 , were : `` Argent a cross Gules ; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly , the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or . '' The crest was : `` A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper . '' The supporters were : `` Two lions rampant guardant Or , each supporting a banner erect Argent , charged with a cross Gules . '' The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIÆ ( Latin : Under the auspices of the King and the Senate of England ) . Merchant mark ( edit ) HEIC Merchant 's mark on East India Company Coin : 1791 Half Pice HEIC Merchant 's mark on a Blue Scinde Dawk postage stamp ( 1852 ) When the East India Company was chartered in 1600 , it was still customary for individual merchants or members of Companies such as the Company of Merchant Adventurers to have a distinguishing merchant 's mark which often included the mystical `` Sign of Four '' and served as a trademark . The East India Company 's merchant mark consisted of a `` Sign of Four '' atop a heart within which was a saltire between the lower arms of which were the initials `` EIC '' . This mark was a central motif of the East India Company 's coinage and forms the central emblem displayed on the Scinde Dawk postage stamps . Ships ( edit ) See also : East Indiaman and List of ports of call of the British East India Company Ships in Bombay Harbour , c. 1731 Ships of the East India Company were called East Indiamen or simply `` Indiamen '' . The East Indiaman Royal George , 1779 . Royal George was one of the five East Indiamen the Spanish fleet captured in 1780 . During the period of the Napoleonic Wars , the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson . This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships , privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China ( that they could do without permission ) but so that , should they have the opportunity to take a prize , they could do so without being guilty of piracy . Similarly , the Earl of Mornington , an East India Company packet ship of only six guns , also sailed under a letter of marque . In addition , the company had its own navy , the Bombay Marine , equipped with warships such as Grappler . These vessels often accompanied vessels of the Royal Navy on expeditions , such as the Invasion of Java . At the Battle of Pulo Aura , which was probably the company 's most notable naval victory , Nathaniel Dance , Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley , led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron , driving them off . Some six years earlier , on 28 January 1797 , five Indiamen , the Woodford , under Captain Charles Lennox , the Taunton - Castle , Captain Edward Studd , Canton , Captain Abel Vyvyan , Boddam , Captain George Palmer , and Ocean , Captain John Christian Lochner , had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates . On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety , and without any shots even being fired . Lastly , on 15 June 1795 , the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena . East India Company ( EIC ) 's ships were well built , with the result that the Royal Navy bought several Company ships to convert to warships and transports . The Earl of Mornington became HMS Drake . Other examples include : HMS Calcutta ( 1795 ) HMS Glatton ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1795 ) HMS Hindostan ( 1804 ) HMS Malabar ( 1804 ) HMS Buffalo ( 1813 ) Records ( edit ) Main article : India Office Records Unlike all other British Government records , the records from the East India Company ( and its successor the India Office ) are not in The National Archives at Kew , London , but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia , Pacific and Africa Collections . The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues . Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library . Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships ' journals and logs , 1600 -- 1834 ; and of some of the company 's daughter institutions , including the East India Company College , Haileybury , and Addiscombe Military Seminary . See also ( edit ) British Empire portal Companies portal East India Company : Governor - General of India Chief Justice of Bengal Advocate - General of Bengal Chief Justice of Madras List of trading companies East India Company Cemetery in Macau Category : Honourable East India Company regiments General : British Imperial Lifeline Lascar Carnatic Wars Commercial Revolution Political warfare in British colonial India Trade between Western Europe and the Mughal Empire in the 17th century Whampoa anchorage Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , W.H. ( 1882 ) . 1882 -- The Good Old Days of Honourable John Company . Simla : Argus Press . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Dutch East India Company was the first to issue public stock . Jump up ^ `` Books associated with Trading Places -- the East India Company and Asia 1600 -- 1834 , an Exhibition . '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Baladouni , Vahe ( Fall 1983 ) . `` Accounting in the Early Years of the East India Company '' . The Accounting Historians Journal . The Academy of Accounting Historians. 10 ( 2 ) : 63 -- 80 . JSTOR 40697780 . ^ Jump up to : Dalrymple , William ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` The East India Company : The original corporate raiders '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ This is the argument of Robins ( 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Imperial Gazetteer of India '' . II . 1908 : 454 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford , Cal. : Stanford University Press . p. 18 . ISBN 9780804728645 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Indies : September 1599 '' . british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. II 1908 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Kerr , Robert ( 1813 ) . A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 8 . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Timbs , John ( 1855 ) . Curiosities of London : Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable Objects of Interest in the Metropolis . D. Bogue . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Brian ( 1972 ) . The East India Company : a History . McCall Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8415 - 0124 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` First EIC Voyage '' . thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . < / ^ Jump up to : East India Company ( 1897 ) . List of factory records of the late East India Company : preserved in the Record Department of the India Office , London . p. vi . ^ Jump up to : The battle of Plassey ended the tax on the Indian goods . Indian History Sourcebook : England , India , and The East Indies , 1617 A.D Jump up ^ Tyacke , Sarah ( 2008 ) . `` Gabriel Tatton 's Maritime Atlas of the East Indies , 1620 -- 1621 : Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum , Admiralty Library Manuscript , MSS 352 '' . Imago Mundi. 60 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 03085690701669293 . Jump up ^ Riddick , John F. ( 2006 ) . The history of British India : a chronology . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32280 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` East India Company '' ( 1911 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Volume 8 , p. 835 Jump up ^ `` Asia facts , information , pictures -- Encyclopedia.com articles about Asia '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Wilbur , Marguerite Eyer ( 1945 ) . The East India Company : And the British Empire in the Far East . Stanford University Press . pp. 82 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hayami , Akira ( 2015 ) . Japan 's Industrious Revolution : Economic and Social Transformations in the Early Modern Period . Springer . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 431 - 55142 - 3 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Douglas R. ( 2009 ) . The Pirates ' Pact : The Secret Alliances Between History 's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147476 - 4 Jump up ^ Fox , E.T. ( 2008 ) . King of the Pirates : The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every . London : Tempus Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4718 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The British East India Company -- the Company that Owned a Nation . George P. Landow '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.D.G. ( 2008 ) `` Pratt , Charles , first Earl Camden ( 1714 -- 1794 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , online edn . Retrieved 15 February 2008 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Janssens , Koen . Annales Du 17e Congrès D'Associationi Internationale Pour L'histoire Du Verre . Asp / Vubpress / Upa . p. 366 . ISBN 9789054876182 . Jump up ^ `` SALTPETER the secret salt -- Salt made the world go round '' . salt.org.il . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Years ' War in the Philippines '' . Land Forces of Britain , the Empire and Commonwealth . Archived from the original on 2004 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerald Bryant ( 1978 ) . `` Officers of the East India Company 's army in the days of Clive and Hastings '' . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 6 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 27 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086537808582508 . Jump up ^ James Stuart Olson ; Robert Shadle ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood . pp. 252 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Capper , John ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` Delhi , the Capital of India '' . Asian Educational Services . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Cholera 's seven pandemics '' . CBC News . 2 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Richard ( 2005 ) . Sahib : the British soldier in India , 1750 -- 1914 . London : HarperCollins . p. 474 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713753 - 2 . Jump up ^ Note : as of 30 December 1600 , the official name : Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies Jump up ^ McElwee , William ( 1974 ) . The Art of War : Waterloo to Mons . Purnell Book Services . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry Laurens ( 2013 ) . `` Europe and the Islamic World : A History '' . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 276 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windle , James ( 2012 ) . `` Insights for Contemporary Drug Policy : A Historical Account of Opium Control in India and Pakistan '' . Asian Journal of Criminology. 7 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 74 . doi : 10.1007 / s11417 - 011 - 9104 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` EAST INDIA COMPANY FACTORY RECORDS Sources from the British Library , LondonPart 1 : China and Japan '' . ampltd.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Freda ( 2006 ) . Flagships of Imperialism : The P & O Company and the Politics of Empire from Its Origins to 1867 . Manchester University Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84779 - 145 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keay , John ( 1991 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Macmillan Publishing Company , New York p. 385 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Frank . Britain 's Betrayal in India : The Story of the Anglo Indian Community . Second Edition . London : The Simon Wallenberg Press , 2007 Pages 18 -- 19 , 42 , 45 . Jump up ^ Langdon , Marcus ; `` Penang : The Fourth Presidency of India 1805 -- 1830 , Volume One : Ships , Men and Mansions '' , Areca Books , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 967 - 5719 - 07 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Kapur '' . Jump up ^ `` Saint Helena Act 1833 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ M. Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ Laxhimikanth , Public Administration , TMH , Tenth Reprint , 2013 Jump up ^ David , Saul ( 4 September 2003 ) . The Indian Mutiny : 1857 ( 4th ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0141005548 . Jump up ^ East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act 1873 ( 36 & 37 Vict. 17 ) s . 36 : `` On the First day of June One thousand eight hundred and seventy - four , and on payment by the East India Company of all unclaimed dividends on East India Stock to such accounts as are herein - before mentioned in pursuance of the directions herein - before contained , the powers of the East India Company shall cease , and the said Company shall be dissolved . '' Where possible , the stock was redeemed through commutation ( i.e. exchanging the stock for other securities or money ) on terms agreed with the stockholders ( ss. 5 -- 8 ) , but stockholders who did not agree to commute their holdings had their stock compulsorily redeemed on 30 April 1874 by payment of £ 200 for every £ 100 of stock held ( s . 13 ) . Jump up ^ `` Not many days ago the House of Commons passed '' . Times . London . 8 April 1873 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 , pp. 125 -- 32 . Jump up ^ `` East India Club '' . Jump up ^ `` Bringing back John Company '' . Jump up ^ `` The Company that ruled the waves '' , in The Economist , 17 -- 30 December 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike . Late Victorian Holocausts . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moxham , Roy . `` Lecture : THE EAST INDIA COMPANY 'S SEIZURE OF BENGAL AND HOW THIS LED TO THE GREAT BENGAL FAMINE OF 1770 '' . You Tube . Brick Lane Circle . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , Charles ( 30 July 2013 ) . Rob Raeside , ed . `` The Striped Flag of the East India Company , and its Connexion with the American `` Stars and Stripes '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` East India Company '' . Hubert Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ East India Company coin 1791 , half pice , as illustrated . Jump up ^ `` Scinde District Dawks -- The Premier Stamps of Asia '' , excerpted by M.J. Shah from Manik Jain and S.B. Kothari , The Silver Key to The Golden Treasure of Indian Philately . Jump up ^ Sutton , Jean ( 1981 ) Lords of the East : The East India Company and Its Ships . London : Conway Maritime Jump up ^ A2A -- Access to Archives Home Jump up ^ Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1999 ) . Catalogue of East India Company ships ' journals and logs : 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4646 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Farrington 1976 . Further reading ( edit ) Andrews , Kenneth R. ( 1985 ) . Trade , Plunder , and Settlement : Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire , 1480 -- 1630 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25760 - 3 . Bowen , H.V. ( 1991 ) . Revenue and Reform : The Indian Problem in British Politics , 1757 -- 1773 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40316 - 2 . Bowen , H.V. ( 2003 ) . Margarette Lincoln ; Nigel Rigby , eds . The Worlds of the East India Company . Rochester , NY : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 877 - 3 . ; 14 essays by scholars Brenner , Robert ( 1993 ) . Merchants and Revolution : Commercial Change , Political Conflict , and London 's Overseas Traders , 1550 -- 1653 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05594 - 7 . Carruthers , Bruce G. ( 1996 ) . City of Capital : Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04455 - 2 . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1965 ) . The English East India Company : The Study of an Early Joint - Stock Company , 1600 -- 1640 . London : Cass . Chaudhuri , K.N. ( 1978 ) . The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company , 1660 -- 1760 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 21716 - 4 . Chaudhury , S. ( 1999 ) . Merchants , Companies , and Trade : Europe and Asia in the Early Modern Era . London : Cambridge University Press . Dalrymple , William ( March 2015 ) . The East India Company : The original corporate raiders . `` For a century , the East India Company conquered , subjugated and plundered vast tracts of south Asia . The lessons of its brutal reign have never been more relevant . '' The Guardian Dirks , Nicholas ( 2006 ) . The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of Imperial Britain . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London , England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02166 - 5 . Dodwell , Henry . Dupleix and Clive : Beginning of Empire . ( 1968 ) . Farrington , Anthony ( 2002 ) . Trading Places : The East India Company and Asia , 1600 -- 1834 . London : British Library . ISBN 0 - 7123 - 4756 - 9 . Furber , Holden . John Company at Work : A study of European Expansion in India in the late Eighteenth century ( Harvard University Press , 1948 ) Furber , Holden ( 1976 ) . Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient , 1600 -- 1800 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0787 - 7 . Greenwood , Adrian ( 2015 ) . Victoria 's Scottish Lion : The Life of Colin Campbell , Lord Clyde . UK : History Press . p. 496 . ISBN 0 - 75095 - 685 - 2 . Harrington , Jack ( 2010 ) , Sir John Malcolm and the Creation of British India , New York : Palgrave Macmillan. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 10885 - 1 Keay , John ( 2010 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . HarperCollins UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 739554 - 5 . Lawson , Philip ( 1993 ) . The East India Company : A History . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 07386 - 3 . Misra , B.B. . The Central Administration of the East India Company , 1773 -- 1834 ( 1959 ) online O'Connor , Daniel ( 2012 ) . The Chaplains of the East India Company , 1601 -- 1858 . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 7534 - 2 . Oak , Mandar , and Anand V. Swamy . `` Myopia or strategic behavior ? Indian regimes and the East India Company in late eighteenth century India . '' Explorations in economic history 49.3 ( 2012 ) : 352 -- 366 . online Philips , C.H. The East India Company 1784 -- 1834 ( 2nd ed. 1961 ) , on its internal workings Riddick , John F. The history of British India : a chronology ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search , covers 1599 -- 1947 Riddick , John F. Who Was Who in British India ( 1998 ) , covers 1599 -- 1947 Ruffner , Murray ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinking Past . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Historical , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 2 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M. Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Risley ( ed . ) , Sir Herbert H. ; et al. ( 1908 ) , The Indian Empire : Administrative , Imperial Gazetteer of India , 4 , Oxford : Clarendon Press , under the authority of H.M Secretary of State for India CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Robins , Nick ( December 2004 ) . The world 's first multinational , in the New Statesman Robins , Nick ( 2006 ) . The Corporation that Changed the World : How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational . London : Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 2524 - 6 . Sen , Sudipta ( 1998 ) . Empire of Free Trade : The East India Company and the Making of the Colonial Marketplace . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3426 - 8 . Sharpe , Brandon ( 23 April 2015 ) . `` Selden Map Atlas '' . Thinkingpast.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . St. John , Ian . The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company ( ABC - CLIO , 2011 ) online , focus on its impact on ordinary people in India Steensgaard , Niels ( 1975 ) . The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century : The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77138 - 5 . Stern , Philip J. The Company - State : Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India ( 2011 ) online Sutherland , Lucy S. ( 1952 ) . The East India Company in Eighteenth - Century Politics . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Williams , Roger ( 2015 ) . London 's Lost Global Giant : In Search of the East India Company . London : Bristol Book Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9928466 - 2 - 6 . Historiography ( edit ) Farrington ( ed . ) , Anthony ( 1976 ) . The Records of the East India College , Haileybury , & other institutions . London : H.M.S.O. CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Stern , Philip J. ( 2009 ) `` History and historiography of the English East India Company : Past , present , and future ! . '' History Compass 7.4 ( 2009 ) : 1146 -- 1180 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British East India Company . Charter of 1600 East India Company on In Our Time at the BBC . Seals and Insignias of East India Company The Secret Trade The basis of the monopoly . Trading Places -- a learning resource from the British Library Port Cities : History of the East India Company Ships of the East India Company Plant Cultures : East India Company in India History and Politics : East India Company Nick Robins , `` The world 's first multinational '' , 13 December 2004 , New Statesman East India Company : Its History and Results article by Karl Marx , MECW Volume 12 , p. 148 in Marxists Internet Archive Text of East India Company Act 1773 Text of East India Company Act 1784 `` The East India Company -- a corporate route to Europe '' on BBC Radio 4 's In Our Time featuring Huw Bowen , Linda Colley and Maria Misra HistoryMole Timeline : The British East India Company William Howard Hooker Collection : East Indiaman Thetis Logbook ( # 472 - 003 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J.Y. Joyner Library , East Carolina University Chartered companies British African Company of Merchants Barbary Company British East Africa Company Company of Merchant Adventurers of London Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands Company of Scotland East India Company Eastern Archipelago Company Eastland Company French Company Greenland Company Guinea Company Hudson 's Bay Company Levant Company London and Bristol Company Massachusetts Bay Company Muscovy Company New Zealand Company North Borneo Company Providence Island Company Royal African Company Royal British Bank Royal Niger Company Royal West Indian Company South Africa Company Sierra Leone Company Somers Isles Company South Australian Company South Sea Company Spanish Company Venice Company Virginia Company French Compagnie de l'Occident Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique Company of One Hundred Associates East India Company Mississippi Company Senegal Company West India Company German Brandenburg African Company East Africa Company Emden Company New Guinea Company West African Company Portuguese List ( pt ) Cacheu and Cape Verde Company East India Company Grão Pará and Maranhão Company ( pt ) Company of Guinea House of India Mozambique Company Nyassa Company Pernambuco and Paraíba Company ( pt ) Austrian and Low Countries Australische Compagnie ( fr ) Brabantsche Compagnie Dutch East India Company Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp Imperial Privileged Oriental Company New Netherland Company Noordsche Compagnie Ostend Company West India Company Scandinavian Det Afrikanske Kompagni ( da ) Asiatisk Kompagni ( da ) Danish East India Company Danish West India Company Royal Greenland Swedish Africa Company Swedish East India Company Swedish Levant Company Swedish South Company Swedish West India Company Book European and American trade in Qing China Topics Canton System Cohong East India Company James Flint Old China Trade Thirteen Factories Chinese Hongs Ewo Hong Howqua Foreign Hongs Augustine Heard and Company Augustine Heard Albert Heard Dent & Co . Lancelot Dent John Dent Dodwell & Co . Gibb , Livingston & Co . Hugh Bold Gibb Jardine , Matheson & Co . William Jardine James Matheson John Abel Smith Magniac & Co . Daniel Beale Thomas Beale Thomas Chaye Beale Hollingworth Magniac Olyphant & Co . David Olyphant Robert Morrison Olyphant Russell & Company Robert Bennet Forbes John Cleve Green Abiel Abbot Low William Henry Low Samuel Russell Russell Sturgis Shewan , Tomes & Co . Robert Shewan David Sassoon & Co . David Sassoon Chinese Officials Lin Zexu Key Locations Amoy Canton Foochow Hong Kong Macau Shanghai VIAF : 239176400 LCCN : n79118917 ISNI : 0000 0001 2187 2375 GND : 2052078 - 5 SUDOC : 027501884 BNF : cb13516315z ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India_Company&oldid=807817739 '' Categories : British East India Company British colonisation of Asia British Ceylon British Malaya British rule in Singapore British Indian history Colonial Indian companies Chartered companies Defunct companies of England Former monopolies Trading companies Trade monopolies History of Kolkata History of Bengal History of Maharashtra History of West Bengal History of India History of Pakistan History of foreign trade in China Mysore invasion of Kerala Defunct companies of the United Kingdom Companies established in 1600 Companies disestablished in 1857 1600 establishments in England 1600s establishments in British India 1600s establishments in India 1600 establishments in Asia 1874 disestablishments in the British Empire 1874 disestablishments in British India 1870s disestablishments in India 1874 disestablishments in Asia Age of Sail Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list EngvarB from August 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from March 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Interlanguage link template link number Interlanguage link template existing link Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 08 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did english merchants form the east india company | [
"\nEast India Company (EIC)\n\n\nCompany flag (1801)\n\n\n\n\nCoat of arms (1698)\n\n\n\n\nFormer type\n\nPublic\n\n\nIndustry\nInternational trade\n\n\nFate\nDissolved\n\n\nFounded\n31 December 1600\n\n\nFounders\nJohn Watts, George White\n\n\nDefunct\n1 June 1874 (1874-06-01)\n\n\nHeadquarters\nLondon, England (Great Britain)\n\n"
] | [
"31 December 1600"
] |
-8651120381457272918 | Georgia Southern Eagles football | Georgia Southern Eagles football - wikipedia Georgia Southern Eagles football Jump to : navigation , search Georgia Southern Eagles football 2017 Georgia Southern Eagles football team First season 1924 2014 ( FBS ) Athletic director Tom Kleinlein Head coach Chad Lunsford 1st season , 2 -- 4 (. 333 ) Stadium Paulson Stadium ( Capacity : 25,000 ) Field surface Artificial turf Location Statesboro , Georgia Conference Sun Belt Conference Division FBS All - time record 390 -- 197 -- 9 (. 662 ) Bowl record 1 -- 0 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) Claimed nat'l titles Div . I FCS : 6 ( 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1999 , 2000 ) College Football Playoff FBS : 0 Conference titles 11 ( 10 Southern , 1 Sun Belt ) Consensus All - Americans 65 Colors Blue and White Fight song Eagle Fanfare Georgia Southern Fight Song Mascot Freedom ( live ) ; GUS ( costume ) Marching band Southern Pride Marching Band Outfitter Adidas Rivals Appalachian State Mountaineers Georgia State Panthers Website GSEagles.com The Georgia Southern Eagles football program represents Georgia Southern University in football as part of the Sun Belt Conference under head coach Chad Lunsford . The Eagles have won six FCS ( I - AA ) national championships and have produced two Walter Payton Award winners . The Eagles first continuously fielded a football team in 1924 ; however , play was suspended for World War II and revived in 1981 . The Eagles competed as an FCS independent from 1984 until 1992 as the Eagles ' main conference at the time , the Trans America Athletic Conference ( now known as the Atlantic Sun Conference ) , did not sponsor football , and as a member of the Southern Conference from 1993 until 2013 , winning 10 SoCon championships . Georgia Southern joined the Sun Belt Conference upon transitioning to the FBS level in 2014 . The Eagles won the Sun Belt Conference championship outright in its first year as an FBS member . Georgia Southern 's main Sun Belt rival is Appalachian State . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years : 1924 -- 1941 1.2 Erk Russell era : 1981 -- 1989 1.3 Tim Stowers era : 1990 -- 1996 1.4 Paul Johnson era : 1997 -- 2001 1.5 Post-Johnson era : 2002 -- 2009 1.6 Jeff Monken era and final years in the FCS : 2010 -- 2013 1.7 Willie Fritz era and the start of FBS play : 2014 -- 2015 1.8 Post-Fritz era : 2016 -- present 2 Bowl games 3 Division I - AA / FCS Playoffs results 4 Head coaches 5 Stadium 6 All - time record vs. Sun Belt teams 7 Awards 7.1 National championships 7.2 National runners - up 7.3 Conference championships 7.4 Walter Payton Award 7.5 Eddie Robinson / AFCA Kodak Coach of the Year Award 8 Traditions 8.1 Nickname 8.2 Beautiful Eagle Creek 8.3 The Hugo Bowl 8.4 Plain uniforms 8.5 Yellow school buses 8.6 Black flag 9 Future non-conference opponents 10 Notable alumni 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of Georgia Southern Eagles football seasons Early years : 1924 -- 1941 ( edit ) As First District A&M , the school began organizing football teams as early as 1909 . However , the college first continuously fielded a team in 1924 . In 1929 , B.L. `` Crook '' Smith , a sports standout from Mercer University , was hired as football coach and athletics director and would lead the football team for 13 seasons . Football was suspended in 1941 at the outset of World War II and would not return for 41 years . Erk Russell era : 1981 -- 1989 ( edit ) In 1978 , President Dale Lick decided that football should be revived at Georgia Southern College . Despite a faculty senate vote against renewing the sport , Lick worked to generate support for the endeavor . In 1982 , the school hired Erk Russell , the popular and charismatic defensive coordinator at the University of Georgia , to coach the new football team . On the hire , humorist Lewis Grizzard said , `` When they landed Erk Russell , they got themselves a franchise . '' The Eagles fielded a club team in 1982 and 1983 and began official NCAA Division I - AA play in 1984 . The next year , the Eagles would win their first Division I - AA national championship in Tacoma , Washington , defeating Furman University , in only the team 's fourth year in existence , second as a varsity team . The Eagles would return to Tacoma the next year and win the championship vs. Arkansas State . In 1989 , the Eagles became the first college team to go 15 -- 0 in the 20th century , winning the national championship on their home field vs. Stephen F. Austin . Soon after the game , Russell retired . Tim Stowers era : 1990 -- 1996 ( edit ) Tim Stowers was hired to succeed Russell after Georgia Southern 's 1989 ( 15 -- 0 ) national title . Stowers was the 1989 offensive coordinator , one of only two coordinators since 1900 to direct an offense of a team with a 15 -- 0 record . However , Stowers was never able to live up to the expectations set by Russell and was fired in 1995 after a 9 -- 4 record , ranked as one of top 8 teams in 1995 ( lost at Montana the eventual I - AA / FCS National Champion and beat No. 1 - ranked Troy State 11 -- 0 on the road ) , by new athletics director Sam Baker , who never saw Stowers coach a game . Stowers had an overall record of 51 -- 23 (. 689 ) vs. FCS / I - AA opponents . FBS / D - IA losses - Miami Hurricanes twice , Georgia Bulldogs , Auburn Tigers , and Bobby Bowden and Florida State Seminoles . Stowers had a 6 -- 2 playoff record and a 51 -- 18 (. 739 ) overall record vs. I - AA / FCS opponents and lower . Stowers won the 1990 I - AA national championship ( 12 -- 3 ) and was named AFCA Kodak National Coach of the Year . He also won Georgia Southern 's first Southern Conference Title in 1993 ( first year in the league ) and was named 1993 Southern Conference Coach of the Year . He was succeeded by interim coach Frank Ellwood for one year . The 1996 season was the first losing season in the modern era as the Eagles fell to 4 -- 7 . Paul Johnson era : 1997 -- 2001 ( edit ) The next coach for the Eagles was Paul Johnson . Johnson found instant success , taking the Eagles to the playoffs in his first season . He , along with Eagle legend Adrian N. Peterson , reached the 1998 national championship . However , the Eagles lost the game to the University of Massachusetts 55 -- 43 in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The Eagles rebounded under Johnson and won back - to - back national championships in 1999 ( vs. Youngstown State ) and 2000 ( vs. Montana ) . Both games were played in Chattanooga , Tenn . After the 2001 season , Johnson resigned to become the head coach of Navy . Post-johnson era : 2002 -- 2009 ( edit ) Johnson was succeeded by Mike Sewak . Despite winning the Southern Conference championship twice in his tenure , his lack of postseason success as well as a falling out with former head coach Erk Russell led to his firing after the 2005 season . Brian VanGorder , a former defensive coordinator at the University of Georgia , was hired to succeed Sewak . In the first of many controversial moves , VanGorder scrapped Georgia Southern 's famed triple - option offense and did away with certain traditions , such as the team 's arrival at home games on yellow school buses . Erk Russell had also died unexpectedly of a stroke on the eve the first game of the 2006 season after addressing the team on the night before . VanGorder led the team to a 3 -- 8 record , the worst record at the time in the modern era of Georgia Southern football . After his unsatisfactory one year as coach , VanGorder left to take a position with the Atlanta Falcons . Chris Hatcher , formerly the head coach at Valdosta State University , which he led to the 2004 NCAA Division II Football Championship , was named the new head coach on January 19 , 2007 . Hatcher led the Eagles back to a winning record with a 7 -- 4 finish , barely missing the playoffs . However , Hatcher could not replicate the success of his first season , going 11 -- 11 in the following two seasons . He was dismissed after the conclusion of the 2009 season , the team 's third modern era season with a losing record at 5 -- 6 , and the second within four years . Jeff Monken era and final years in the FCS : 2010 -- 2013 ( edit ) On November 29 , 2009 , school officials announced that Jeff Monken , a longtime assistant coach under Paul Johnson , would become the next head coach of the Eagles . Monken 's hiring signaled the return of the triple - option offense which brought success to the program in years past . In Monken 's first year , the Eagles finished the regular season with a 7 -- 4 record and made their first playoff appearance since 2005 , advancing to the semifinals , where the Eagles fell to the Delaware Blue Hens . During the 2011 season , Georgia Southern was ranked No. 1 in the FCS for the first time since the 2001 season . Additionally , Georgia Southern clinched the Southern Conference Football Championship for the first time since 2004 and first time outright since 2002 . The Eagles finished the 2011 regular season with a 9 -- 2 record ; however , they were ousted in the semifinals for a second straight year by the eventual FCS champion North Dakota State Bison . In the 2012 season , the Eagles finished the regular season with an 8 -- 3 record with a share of the Southern Conference Championship ; however , the Eagles fell for a third straight time in what was ultimately the team 's final FCS playoff game in the FCS semifinals , losing a rematch of the previous year 's semifinal game against North Dakota State . In the team 's final FCS season , the Eagles compiled a 7 -- 4 record . In the final game of that season , the Eagles earned an upset win over the Florida Gators 26 -- 20 , the team 's first win over an FBS opponent in 21 tries . On December 24 , 2013 , Monken resigned to become the next head coach of the Army Black Knights . Willie Fritz era and the start of FBS play : 2014 -- 2015 ( edit ) After years of rumors and fan speculation , Georgia Southern announced its intentions to move to the Football Bowl Subdivision level in April 2012 . The university plans to raise $36.6 million over eight years to accommodate the move . Paulson Stadium will be expanded to FBS - standards by constructing a 57,000 square feet ( 5,295 m ) football operations center in the eastern end of the stadium and adding 6,300 seats on the north stands . Additionally , students voted in favor of raising student athletic fees by $100 to accommodate the move. $25 of the fee increase will be used for the stadium expansion project while the remaining $75 is implemented as the `` FBS Fee '' . On July 27 , 2012 , then - Athletics Director Sam Baker resigned . Baker was an ardent supporter of remaining in the FCS despite university president Brooks Keel 's proclamation , mainly due to the financial ramifications of moving to a higher level . On November 12 , 2012 , President Keel named Tom Kleinlein as athletics director . On March 27 , 2013 , Georgia Southern announced its move to the Sun Belt Conference on July 1 , 2014 , becoming bowl - eligible in 2015 . In the 2013 season , Georgia Southern 's football schedule remained the same , but it was ineligible for the Southern Conference title as well as the FCS playoffs . The university paid the Southern Conference $600,000 in exit fees . On January 10 , 2014 , Willie Fritz , formerly the head coach of the Sam Houston State Bearkats , was named as the Eagles ' ninth modern era head coach and first of the FBS era . In the Eagles ' first FBS season , the team finished the season 9 -- 3 overall and was undefeated in Sun Belt Conference play at 8 -- 0 , winning the outright conference championship . The Eagles became only the third team ever to win a conference title in its first FBS season , after Nevada in 1992 ( Big West Conference ) and Marshall in 1997 ( Mid-American Conference ) . They were also the first team ever to go unbeaten in conference play in their first FBS season . Since the Eagles were under transitional status , the university filed for a postseason waiver to allow the Eagles to play in a bowl game ; however , the NCAA denied Georgia Southern 's waiver request and a subsequent appeal since enough `` full member '' FBS teams became bowl - eligible during the season . In the 2015 season , Fritz led the Eagles to a 8 - 4 record , receiving their first bowl bid to the GoDaddy Bowl on December 23 , 2015 against Bowling Green . On December 11 , 2015 , Fritz resigned as the Eagles head coach to accept the head coaching position at Tulane University . Assistant head coach and running backs coach Dell McGee was appointed as interim head coach for the GoDaddy Bowl game , where Georgia Southern defeated Bowling Green 58 -- 27 . Post-fritz era : 2016 -- present ( edit ) Tyson Summers was hired on December 21 , 2015 to succeed Fritz . In addition to serving as safeties coach for Georgia Southern during the 2006 season under Brian VanGorder , Summers had previously served as defensive coordinator and safeties coach at Colorado State in 2015 . During Summers ' first season in 2016 , Georgia Southern suffered its first losing season in the FBS era , and fourth overall in the modern era . Summers was fired on October 22 , 2017 after starting the 2017 season 0 -- 6 . Assistant head coach Chad Lunsford was initially appointed as interim head coach for the remainder of the season and was officially named head coach on November 27 , 2017 . Lunsford finished his first half - season 2 -- 4 , giving the Eagles an overall record of 2 -- 10 , the worst record since football was started in 1924 . Bowl games ( edit ) The Eagles have participated in one bowl game with a record of 1 -- 0 . Season Coach Bowl Opponent Result 2015 Dell McGee GoDaddy Bowl Bowling Green W 58 -- 27 Division I - AA / FCS playoffs results ( edit ) The Eagles have appeared in the I - AA / FCS playoffs 19 times with an overall record of 45 -- 13 . They are six time National Champions ( 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1999 , 2000 ) and two time National runner - up ( 1988 , 1998 ) . Season Coach Playoff Opponent Result 1985 Erk Russell First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game Jackson State Middle Tennessee State Northern Iowa Furman W 27 -- 0 W 28 -- 21 W 40 -- 33 W 44 -- 42 1986 Erk Russell First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game North Carolina A&T Nicholls State Nevada Arkansas State W 52 -- 21 W 55 -- 31 W 48 -- 38 W 48 -- 21 Erk Russell First Round Quarterfinals Maine Appalachian State W 31 -- 28 L 0 -- 19 1988 Erk Russell First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game The Citadel Stephen F. Austin Eastern Kentucky Furman W 38 -- 20 W 27 -- 6 W 21 -- 17 L 12 -- 17 1989 Erk Russell First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game Villanova Middle Tennessee State Montana Stephen F. Austin W 52 -- 36 W 45 -- 3 W 45 -- 15 W 37 -- 34 1990 Tim Stowers First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game The Citadel Idaho Central Florida Nevada W 31 -- 0 W 28 -- 27 W 44 -- 7 W 36 -- 13 1993 Tim Stowers First Round Quarterfinals Eastern Kentucky Youngstown State W 14 -- 12 L 14 -- 34 1995 Tim Stowers First Round Quarterfinals Troy State Montana W 24 -- 21 L 0 -- 45 1997 Paul Johnson First Round Quarterfinals Florida A&M Delaware W 52 -- 37 L 7 -- 16 1998 Paul Johnson First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game Colgate Connecticut Western Illinois Massachusetts W 49 -- 28 W 52 -- 30 W 42 -- 14 L 43 -- 55 1999 Paul Johnson First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game Northern Arizona Massachusetts Illinois State Youngstown State W 72 -- 29 W 38 -- 21 W 31 -- 17 W 59 -- 24 2000 Paul Johnson First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals National Championship Game McNeese State Hofstra Delaware Montana W 42 -- 17 W 48 -- 20 W 27 -- 18 W 27 -- 25 2001 Paul Johnson First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Florida A&M Appalachian State Furman W 60 -- 35 W 38 -- 24 L 17 -- 34 2002 Mike Sewak First Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Bethune - Cookman Maine WKU W 34 -- 0 W 31 -- 7 L 28 -- 31 Mike Sewak First Round New Hampshire L 23 -- 27 2005 Mike Sewak First Round Texas State L 35 -- 50 Jeff Monken First Round Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals South Carolina State William & Mary Wofford Delaware W 41 -- 16 W 31 -- 15 W 23 -- 20 L 10 -- 27 2011 Jeff Monken Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Old Dominion Maine North Dakota State W 55 -- 48 W 35 -- 23 L 7 -- 35 2012 Jeff Monken Second Round Quarterfinals Semifinals Central Arkansas Old Dominion North Dakota State W 24 -- 16 W 49 -- 35 L 20 -- 23 Head coaches ( edit ) Coach ( Alma Mater ) Seasons Years Games Pct . E.G. Cromartie ( Mercer ) 1924 -- 1926 13 7 5 . 583 H.A. Woodle 1927 -- 1928 18 11 6 . 647 B.L. Smith ( Mercer ) 13 1929 -- 1941 117 44 66 7 . 415 Erk Russell ( Auburn ) 8 1982 -- 1989 106 83 22 . 790 Tim Stowers ( Auburn ) 6 1990 -- 1995 74 51 23 0 . 689 Frank Ellwood ( Ohio State ) 11 7 0 . 364 Paul Johnson ( Western Carolina ) 5 1997 -- 2001 72 62 10 0 . 861 Mike Sewak ( Virginia ) 2002 -- 2005 49 35 14 0 . 714 Brian VanGorder ( Wayne State ) 2006 11 8 0 . 273 Chris Hatcher ( Valdosta State ) 2007 -- 2009 33 18 15 0 . 545 Jeff Monken ( Millikin ) 2010 -- 2013 54 38 16 0 . 704 Willie Fritz ( Pittsburg State ) 2014 -- 2015 24 17 7 0 . 708 Tyson Summers ( Presbyterian ) 2016 -- 2017 18 5 13 0 . 278 Chad Lunsford ( Georgia College & State ) 2017 -- present 6 0 . 333 Stadium ( edit ) Georgia Southern home football games are played at Allen E. Paulson Stadium . Paulson Stadium was dedicated on September 29 , 1984 , and has an official seating capacity of 25,000 . The record attendance was on September 17 , 2016 in the Georgia Southern - University Louisiana Monroe game. The Eagles beat UL Monroe 23 - 21 and set a new attendance record of 25,735 . Prior to the Eagles ' first FBS season , Paulson Stadium underwent a major expansion project that includes the addition of a new football operations center and an addition of more than 6,000 new seats . All - time record vs. Sun Belt teams ( edit ) Official record ( including any NCAA imposed vacates and forfeits ) against all current Sun Belt opponents : Opponent Won Lost Tied Percentage Streak First Last Appalachian State 12 18 . 403 Lost 3 1934 2017 Arkansas State 0 . 333 Lost 1 1986 2017 Coastal Carolina 0 . 750 Lost 1 2006 2017 Georgia State 0 . 250 Lost 3 2014 2017 Louisiana -- Lafayette 0 . 500 Won 1 2016 2017 Louisiana -- Monroe 5 0 . 714 Won 3 2016 South Alabama 0 0 1.000 Won 4 2014 2017 Texas State 0 . 667 Won 2 2005 2015 Troy 6 11 0 . 353 Lost 1 1934 2017 Awards ( edit ) The Eagles have won six NCAA FCS National Championships , the most by any team in the nation . National championships ( edit ) 1985 -- Coach Erk Russell and the Eagles won their first national championship vs. Furman University in the Tacoma Dome in Tacoma , Washington . Quarterback Tracy Ham threw for 419 yards and rushed for another 90 to overcome a 28 -- 6 deficit . 1986 -- The Eagles returned to Tacoma to defeat the Arkansas State Indians . Tracy Ham earned 486 rushing and passing yards and three touchdowns . 1989 -- In Erk Russell 's final game , the Eagles defeated Stephen F. Austin in Statesboro , Georgia , in front of 25,725 fans to complete a perfect 15 -- 0 season . Quarterback Raymond Gross engineered 17 fourth - quarter points , including a game - winning field goal with 1 : 41 remaining in the game . 1990 -- Tim Stowers ' Eagles win their fourth national championship vs. Nevada 1999 -- Paul Johnson won his first national championship in Chattanooga , Tennessee , vs. Youngstown State in Jim Tressel 's last national championship game as a Penguin ( Jim Tressel 's last game as a Penguin was against the Richmond Spiders in the playoffs in 2000 ) . Adrian Peterson ran for a championship game record 247 yards on 25 carries and scored three touchdowns . 2000 -- The Eagles defeated the Montana Grizzlies to win their sixth and final FCS championship . National runners - up ( edit ) 1988 -- The Eagles lost to Furman University in Pocatello , Idaho . 1998 -- In Paul Johnson 's first national championship game , the Eagles lost to UMass . Conference championships ( edit ) Year Conference Coach Overall record Conference record 1993 Southern Conference Tim Stowers 10 -- 3 7 -- 1 1997 Southern Conference Paul Johnson 10 -- 3 7 -- 1 1998 Southern Conference Paul Johnson 14 -- 1 8 -- 0 1999 † Southern Conference Paul Johnson 13 -- 2 7 -- 1 2000 Southern Conference Paul Johnson 13 -- 2 7 -- 1 2001 † Southern Conference Paul Johnson 12 -- 2 7 -- 1 2002 Southern Conference Mike Sewak 11 -- 3 7 -- 1 2004 † Southern Conference Mike Sewak 10 -- 3 6 -- 1 2011 Southern Conference Jeff Monken 11 -- 3 7 -- 1 2012 † Southern Conference Jeff Monken 10 -- 4 6 -- 2 2014 Sun Belt Conference Willie Fritz 9 -- 3 8 -- 0 † indicates shared title . Walter Payton Award ( edit ) Georgia Southern is one of five schools to have multiple Walter Payton Award winners honoring the top offensive player in the Football Championships Subdivision . Running Back Adrian Peterson won the award in 1999 and quarterback Jayson Foster won it in 2007 . Eddie Robinson / AFCA Kodak coach of the year Award ( edit ) Two Georgia Southern coaches have won the Eddie Robinson Award winners honoring the top coach in Division I - FCS . Erk Russell won it in 1989 and Paul Johnson in 1998 . Tim Stowers also won the 1990 AFCA Kodak Coach of the Year Award voted on by his peers . Same award with a name change , with all three of the aforementioned voted on by the ( AFCA ) American Football Coaches Association membership . Traditions ( edit ) Nickname ( edit ) The athletics teams of Georgia Southern University are referred to as the Eagles . However , the school has gone by a number of different nicknames . From as early as 1907 the teams of the then First District A&M school were referred to as the Culture to reflect the agricultural background of the school . From 1924 to 1941 , the nickname was the Blue Tide . After World War II , athletic teams were referred to as the Professors reflecting the school 's status as a teacher - training college . However , in 1959 when the school was renamed Georgia Southern College , a student vote was held to determine the new mascot ; among the 104 entries , voters chose Eagles over Colonels by a narrow margin . In 1997 , a contest was held to select the official name of the mascot , incoming freshman Imen Edmond and Heidi Barber won with the name GUS . Beautiful Eagle Creek ( edit ) Beautiful Eagle Creek When Georgia Southern resurrected football in 1981 , it lacked tradition . A drainage ditch that the team had to cross several times a day during football practice came to be called Beautiful Eagle Creek by Coach Erk Russell . When the Eagles traveled to Northern Iowa during the 1985 playoffs , Russell took along a jug of this Eagle Creek water to sprinkle on the field . The Hugo bowl ( edit ) In 1989 ESPN was to broadcast a Thursday Night Football game between Georgia Southern and the Middle Tennessee State Blue Raiders . However , Hurricane Hugo , a category 4 storm , was headed straight toward the coast of Georgia . Hugo ranked as the 11th most intense hurricane at time of landfall to strike the United States this century , with the highest ever recorded storm surge on the East Coast . Nevertheless , the decision was made to continue with the game . For safety purposes , an open line was kept between the press box at Paulson Stadium and the National Hurricane Center in Florida . The Eagles went on to defeat MTSU by a score of 26 -- 0 in a classic that will forever be known in Eagle history as the Hugo Bowl . This was the first night game played at Paulson Stadium . Temporary lighting was used for the game because the stadium was not outfitted with permanent lighting until the 1994 season . Many feared that the booms used to hoist the stadium lights would tip over due to the heavy wind . While it was expected initially to be a sellout crowd , due to the approaching storm the actual attendance was in the neighborhood of only 3,000 . Plain uniforms ( edit ) The uniforms consist of plain white pants , blue helmets with a white stripe down the middle and the player 's number on the sides , and blue jerseys . This minimalist look was adopted more or less out of necessity . When the program was revived in 1982 , the school did not have a large budget . Indeed , the equipment budget was so limited that only plain white practice pants could be purchased . Hence , the practice pants doubled as game pants . Russell bought solid blue helmets and had the players put a piece of tape down the middle . With the subsequent success of the Eagles , the basic design has remained the same , with the only real changes in recent years being a white stripe down the middle of the helmets and the addition of names to the backs of the jerseys . Sports Illustrated has ranked the uniforms as being the third best in college football . Yellow school buses ( edit ) When the football program was restarted in 1981 , money was tight . In fact , there was n't enough money to furnish transportation to home games . The Bulloch County school system sold two buses for a dollar each to the team . The buses have been used by the team ever since as transportation to Allen E. Paulson Stadium . This tradition continued even when the Eagles rose to powerhouse status . This briefly ended with the arrival of Brian VanGorder , following his scrapping of the Eagles ' triple - option rushing attack . The tradition was revived after VanGorder 's departure . Black flag ( edit ) In 2011 , Coach Jeff Monken 's team took the field leading with a solid black flag . The flag symbolized their motto `` No quarter given , no quarter taken . '' During the game it was placed behind the bench . The flag was carried by safety Derek Heyden , who suffered a career ending neck injury early in the season . Future non-conference opponents ( edit ) Announced schedules as of May 11 , 2015 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 at Auburn vs Presbyterian at LSU at Ole Miss at Houston at UAB vs UAB vs New Hampshire vs Massachusetts vs Maine vs Florida Atlantic at Arkansas vs Ball State at Ball State at Indiana at Clemson at Minnesota vs Houston at Florida Atlantic at Massachusetts at New Mexico State vs New Mexico State Notable alumni ( edit ) See also : Georgia Southern Eagles football statistical leaders Name Class year Notability Reference ( s ) Adrian N. Peterson 2002 Running Back , played for Chicago Bears of the NFL , 2002 -- 2009 ; 6,559 rushing yards at the collegiate level ; 1999 Walter Payton Award Winner Tracy Ham member of the College Football Hall of Fame , 1995 CFL Most Outstanding Player Rob Bironas NFL kicker and Pro-Bowler , holds record most field goals in a game ( 8 ) Fred Stokes Former NFL Player , Super Bowl Champion Kiwaukee Thomas NFL player Earthwind Moreland NFL Player J.J. Wilcox 2013 Safety for the Pittsburgh Steelers Jayson Foster 2008 2007 Walter Payton Award Winner Darius Eubanks 2013 Former NFL Linebacker Jerick McKinnon 2014 NFL Running Back for the Minnesota Vikings Edwin Jackson ( American football ) 2015 NFL Linebacker for the Indianapolis Colts Antwione Williams 2016 NFL Linebacker for the Minnesota Vikings Ukeme Eligwe 2017 NFL Linebacker for the Kansas City Chiefs Matt Breida 2017 NFL Running Back for the San Francisco 49ers See also ( edit ) List of winningest college football teams References ( edit ) Jump up ^ GSU Identification Standards Guide ( PDF ) . April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Delma Eugene Presley , The Southern Century . Statesboro : Georgia Southern University , 2006 . 47 . Jump up ^ Delma Eugene Presley , The Southern Century . Statesboro : Georgia Southern University , 2006 . 227 Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern football returns to No. 1 '' . The Sports Network . Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Football Roundup : November 12 , 2011 '' . SoCon Sports . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Andy . `` Georgia Southern 's Monken heading to Army '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Monken Named Army Football Coach '' . Army Black Knights . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern announces steps for FBS move '' . Fox News . 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorla , Lauren . `` GSU students vote in favor of proposed student fees '' . George - Anne . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Kleinlein Georgia Southern 's New Athletic Director '' . Savannah Morning News . 12 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Heath , Donald . `` Eagles to make Sun Belt home '' . Savannah Morning News . Retrieved 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern Introduces Willie Fritz as New Football Coach '' . Georgia Southern Athletics . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern Claims Outright Sun Belt Title -- Sun Belt Winners Score Big on Saturday '' ( Press release ) . Sun Belt Conference . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern Begins Search for New Football Coach '' . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern football : Eagles hire Tyson Summers as head coach '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Ca n't Overcome Early Deficit , Falls 30 - 24 to State '' . The Official Website of Georgia Southern Athletics . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summers Relieved Of Georgia Southern Coaching Duties '' . Georgia Southern . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chad Lunsford Officially Named Head Coach of Georgia Southern Football '' . Georgia Southern . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Delma Eugene Presley , The Southern Century . Statesboro : Georgia Southern University , 2006 . 40 . Jump up ^ Georgia Southern Football Media Guide , 2004 . 188 Jump up ^ Delma Eugene Presley , The Southern Century . Statesboro : Georgia Southern University , 2006 . 230 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Southern Eagles Football Schedules and Future Schedules '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Official website Georgia Southern Eagles football Venues Womack Stadium ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Paulson Stadium ( 1984 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Appalachian State Georgia State 2015 GoDaddy Bowl Culture & lore Traditions Freedom GUS `` Georgia Southern Fight Song '' Southern Pride Marching Band People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 -- 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Georgia Southern University Located in : Statesboro , Georgia Academics Graduate Studies Military Science Public Health Facilities Eagle Field Georgia Southern Botanical Garden Hanner Fieldhouse J.I. Clements Stadium Paulson Stadium U.S. National Tick Collection Athletics Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Equestrian Team Football Women 's volleyball Georgia Southern -- Georgia State rivalry Media The George - Anne A Scholar Under Siege People Alumni Founded : 1906 Students : 20,673 Endowment : 46.2 million Sun Belt Conference football Current teams Appalachian State Mountaineers Arkansas State Red Wolves Coastal Carolina Chanticleers Georgia Southern Eagles Georgia State Panthers Idaho Vandals ( leaving in 2018 ) Louisiana Ragin ' Cajuns Louisiana -- Monroe Warhawks New Mexico State Aggies ( leaving in 2018 ) South Alabama Jaguars Texas State Bobcats Troy Trojans Championships & awards Sun Belt Conference Football Championship Game List of Sun Belt Conference football champions All - time standings Seasons 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Southern_Eagles_football&oldid=819409452 '' Categories : Georgia Southern Eagles football Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 06 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the football coach at georgia southern | [
"\n\nCoach (Alma Mater)\nSeasons\nYears\nGames\nW\nL\nT\nPct.\n\n\nE.G. Cromartie (Mercer)\n3\n1924–1926\n13\n7\n5\n1\n.583\n\n\nH.A. Woodle\n2\n1927–1928\n18\n11\n6\n1\n.647\n\n\nB.L. Smith (Mercer)\n13\n1929–1941\n117\n44\n66\n7\n.415\n\n\nErk Russell (Auburn)\n8\n1982–1989\n106\n83\n22\n1\n.790\n\n\nTim Stowers (Auburn)\n6\n1990–1995\n74\n51\n23\n0\n.689\n\n\nFrank Ellwood (Ohio State)\n1\n1996\n11\n4\n7\n0\n.364\n\n\nPaul Johnson (Western Carolina)\n5\n1997–2001\n72\n62\n10\n0\n.861\n\n\nMike Sewak (Virginia)\n4\n2002–2005\n49\n35\n14\n0\n.714\n\n\nBrian VanGorder (Wayne State)\n1\n2006\n11\n3\n8\n0\n.273\n\n\nChris Hatcher (Valdosta State)\n3\n2007–2009\n33\n18\n15\n0\n.545\n\n\nJeff Monken (Millikin)\n4\n2010–2013\n54\n38\n16\n0\n.704\n\n\nWillie Fritz (Pittsburg State)\n2\n2014–2015\n24\n17\n7\n0\n.708\n\n\nTyson Summers (Presbyterian)\n2\n2016–2017\n18\n5\n13\n0\n.278\n\n\nChad Lunsford (Georgia College & State)\n1\n2017–present\n6\n2\n4\n0\n.333\n\n"
] | [
"Chad Lunsford"
] |
1671684013513043295 | Medicare (United States) | Medicare ( United States ) - wikipedia Medicare ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Medicaid . A sample Medicare card . There are separate lines for basic Part A and Part B 's supplementary medical coverage , each with its own date . There are no lines for Part C or D , for which additional supplemental policies are issued with a separate card . In the United States , Medicare is a single - payer , national social insurance program administered by the U.S. federal government since 1966 , currently using about 30 -- 50 private insurance companies across the United States under contract for administration . United States Medicare is funded by a payroll tax , premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries , and general revenue . It provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system through the payroll tax . It also provides health insurance to younger people with some disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration , as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . In 2015 , Medicare provided health insurance for over 55 million -- 46 million people age 65 and older and 9 million younger people . On average , Medicare covers about half of the health care charges for those enrolled . The enrollees must then cover their remaining costs either with supplemental insurance , separate insurance , or out - of - pocket . Out - of - pocket costs can vary depending on the amount of health care a Medicare enrollee needs . They might include the costs of uncovered services -- such as for long - term , dental , hearing , and vision care -- and supplemental insurance premiums . Medicare and Medicaid are the two government sponsored medical insurance schemes in the United States . Medicare is further divided into parts A and B - Medicare Part A covers hospital and hospice services ; Part B covers outpatient services . Part D covers self - administered prescription drugs . Part C is an alternative to the other parts intended to allow experimentation with differently structured plans in an effort to reduce costs to the government and allow patients to choose plans with more benefits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Program history 2 Administration 3 Financing 4 Eligibility 5 Benefits and parts 5.1 Part A : Hospital / hospice insurance 5.2 Part B : Medical insurance 5.3 Part C : Medicare Advantage plans 5.4 Part D: Prescription drug plans 6 Out - of - pocket costs 6.1 Premiums 6.2 Deductible and coinsurance 6.3 Medicare supplement ( Medigap ) policies 7 Payment for services 7.1 Reimbursement for Part A services 7.2 Reimbursement for Part B services 7.2. 1 Provider participation 7.2. 2 Office medication reimbursement 7.2. 3 Medicare 10 percent incentive payments 8 Comparison with private insurance 9 Costs and funding challenges 9.1 Indicators 9.2 Total Medicare spending as a share of GDP 9.3 The solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund 9.4 Medicare per - capita spending growth relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth 9.5 General fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending 9.6 Unfunded obligation 9.7 Public opinion 9.8 Fraud and waste 10 Criticism 10.1 Unearned entitlement 10.2 Politicized payment 10.3 Quality of beneficiary services 10.4 Hospital accreditation 10.5 Graduate medical education 11 Legislation and reform 11.1 Effects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 11.2 Proposals for reforming Medicare 12 Legislative oversight 13 See also 14 References 15 External links 15.1 Governmental links -- current 15.2 Governmental links -- historical 15.3 Non-governmental links Program history ( edit ) President Johnson signing the Medicare amendment . Former President Harry S. Truman ( seated ) and his wife , Bess , are on the far right `` Medicare '' was the name originally given to a program providing medical care for families of individuals serving in the military as part of the Dependents ' Medical Care Act passed in 1956 . President Eisenhower held the first White House Conference on Aging in January 1961 , in which the creation of a program of health care for social security beneficiaries was proposed . In July 1965 , under the leadership of President Lyndon Johnson , Congress enacted Medicare under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance to people age 65 and older , regardless of income or medical history . Johnson signed the bill into law on July 30 , 1965 at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence , Missouri . Former President Truman and his wife , former First Lady Bess Truman became the first recipients of the program . Before Medicare 's creation , approximately 60 % of those over 65 had health insurance , with coverage often unavailable or unaffordable to many others , because older adults paid more than three times as much for health insurance as younger people . Many of this latter group ( about 20 % of the total in 2015 ) became `` dual eligible '' for both Medicare and Medicaid with the passage of the law . In 1966 , Medicare spurred the racial integration of thousands of waiting rooms , hospital floors , and physician practices by making payments to health care providers conditional on desegregation . Medicare has been in operation for a half century and , during that time , has undergone several changes . Since 1965 , the provisions of Medicare have expanded to include benefits for speech , physical , and chiropractic therapy in 1972 . Medicare added the option of payments to health maintenance organizations in the 1980s . Over the years , Congress expanded Medicare eligibility to younger people who have permanent disabilities and receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) payments and those who have end - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) . The association with HMOs begun in the 1980s was formalized under President Clinton in 1997 as Medicare Part C. In 2003 , under President George W. Bush , a Medicare program for covering almost all drugs was passed ( and went into effect in 2006 ) as Medicare Part D . The government added hospice benefits to aid the elderly on a temporary basis in 1982 , and made this permanent in 1984 . Congress further expanded Medicare in 2001 to cover younger people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS , or Lou Gehrig 's disease ) . Administration ( edit ) Health care in the United States Government Health Programs Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Indian Health Service Medicaid / State Health Insurance Assistance Program ( SHIP ) Medicare Prescription Assistance ( SPAP ) Military Health System / TRICARE State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE ) Veterans Health Administration Private health coverage Consumer - driven health care Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS ) Health insurance in the United States Managed care ( CCP ) Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO ) Medical underwriting Health care reform law Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( 1986 ) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( 1996 ) Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act ( 2003 ) Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act ( 2005 ) Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( 2009 ) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 2010 ) State level reform Dirigo Health ( Maine ) Massachusetts health care reform Oregon Health Plan SustiNet ( Connecticut ) Vermont health care reform Municipal health coverage Fair Share Health Care Act ( Maryland ) Healthy Howard ( Howard Co. , Maryland ) Healthy San Francisco Healthy Way LA My Health LA This box : view talk edit The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) , a component of the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , administers Medicare , Medicaid , the Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) , the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments ( CLIA ) and parts of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) . Along with the Departments of Labor and Treasury , CMS also implements the insurance reform provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ( HIPAA ) and most aspects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) of 2010 as amended . The Social Security Administration is responsible for determining Medicare eligibility , eligibility for and payment of Extra Help / Low Income Subsidy payments related to Part D Medicare , and collecting some premium payments for the Medicare program . The Chief Actuary of CMS is responsible for providing accounting information and cost - projections to the Medicare Board of Trustees to assist them in assessing the financial health of the program . The Board is required by law to issue annual reports on the financial status of the Medicare Trust Funds , and those reports are required to contain a statement of actuarial opinion by the Chief Actuary . Since the beginning of the Medicare program , CMS ( that was not always the name of the responsible bureaucracy ) has contracted with private insurance companies to operate as intermediaries between the government and medical providers to administer Part A and Part B benefits . Contracted processes include claims and payment processing , call center services , clinician enrollment , and fraud investigation . Beginning in 1997 and 2005 respectively , these and other insurance companies also began administering Part C and Part D plans . The Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee ( or Relative Value Update Committee ; RUC ) , composed of physicians associated with the American Medical Association , advises the government about pay standards for Medicare patient procedures performed by doctors and other professionals under Medicare Part B. A similar but different CMS system determines the rates paid acute care and other hospitals -- including skilled nursing facilities -- under Medicare Part A . Financing ( edit ) Medicare has several sources of financing . Part A 's inpatient admitted hospital and skilled nursing coverage is largely funded by revenue from a 2.9 % payroll tax levied on employers and workers ( each pay 1.45 % ) . Until December 31 , 1993 , the law provided a maximum amount of compensation on which the Medicare tax could be imposed each year , in the same way that the Social Security tax works in the United States . Beginning January 1 , 1994 , the compensation limit was removed . Self - employed individuals must pay the entire 2.9 % tax on self - employed net earnings ( because they are both employee and employer ) , but may deduct half of the tax from the income in calculating income tax . Beginning in 2013 , the rate of Part A tax on earned income exceeding US $200,000 for individuals ( US $250,000 for married couples filing jointly ) rose to 3.8 % , in order to pay part of the cost of the subsidies mandated by the PPACA . Parts B and D are partially funded by premiums paid by Medicare enrollees and general fund revenue . In 2006 a surtax was added to Part B premium for higher - income seniors to partially fund Part D. In the PPACA legislation of 2010 , a surtax was added to the Part D premium for higher income seniors to partially fund PPACA and the number of Part B beneficiaries subject to the 2006 surtax was doubled , also partially to fund PPACA . Parts A and B / D use separate trust funds to receive and disburse the funds mentioned above . Part C uses these two trust funds as well in a proportion determined by CMS that reflect the fact that Part C beneficiaries are fully on Parts A and B of Medicare but that their medical needs are paid for per capita rather than `` fee for service '' ( FFS ) . In 2015 , Medicare spending accounted for about 15 % of total United States Federal spending . This share is projected to exceed 17 % by 2020 . Retirement of the Baby Boom generation -- which by 2030 is projected to increase enrollment to more than 80 million as the number of workers per enrollee declines from 3.7 to 2.4 -- and rising overall health care costs pose substantial financial challenges to the program . Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to just over $1 trillion by 2022 . Baby - boomers ' health is also an important factor : 20 % have five or more chronic conditions , which will add to the future cost of health care ( www.cms.gov , 2012 ) . In response to these financial challenges , Congress made substantial cuts to future payouts to providers as part of PPACA in 2010 and the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 ( MACRA ) and policymakers have offered a number of additional competing proposals to reduce Medicare costs further . Nearly one in three dollars spent on Medicare flows through one of several cost - reduction programs . Cost reduction is influenced by factors including reduction in inappropriate and unnecessary care by evaluating evidence - based practices as well as reducing the amount of unnecessary , duplicative , and inappropriate care . Cost reduction may also be effected by reducing medical errors , investment in healthcare information technology , improving transparency of cost and quality data , increasing administrative efficiency , and by developing both clinical and non-clinical guidelines and quality standards . Eligibility ( edit ) In general , all persons 65 years of age or older who have been legal residents of the United States for at least five years are eligible for Medicare . People with disabilities under 65 may also be eligible if they receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) benefits . Specific medical conditions may also help people become eligible to enroll in Medicare . People qualify for Medicare coverage , and Medicare Part A premiums are entirely waived , if the following circumstances apply : They are 65 years or older and US citizens or have been permanent legal residents for five continuous years , and they or their spouse ( or qualifying ex-spouse ) has paid Medicare taxes for at least 10 years . or They are under 65 , disabled , and have been receiving either Social Security SSDI benefits or Railroad Retirement Board disability benefits ; they must receive one of these benefits for at least 24 months from date of entitlement ( eligibility for first disability payment ) before becoming eligible to enroll in Medicare . or They get continuing dialysis for end stage renal disease or need a kidney transplant . Those who are 65 and older who choose to enroll in Part A Medicare must pay a monthly premium to remain enrolled in Medicare Part A if they or their spouse have not paid the qualifying Medicare payroll taxes . People with disabilities who receive SSDI are eligible for Medicare while they continue to receive SSDI payments ; they lose eligibility for Medicare based on disability if they stop receiving SSDI . The 24 - month exclusion means that people who become disabled must wait two years before receiving government medical insurance , unless they have one of the listed diseases . The 24 - month period is measured from the date that an individual is determined to be eligible for SSDI payments , not necessarily when the first payment is actually received . Many new SSDI recipients receive `` back '' disability pay , covering a period that usually begins six months from the start of disability and ending with the first monthly SSDI payment . Some beneficiaries are dual - eligible . This means they qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid . In some states for those making below a certain income , Medicaid will pay the beneficiaries ' Part B premium for them ( most beneficiaries have worked long enough and have no Part A premium ) , as well as some of their out of pocket medical and hospital expenses . Benefits and Parts ( edit ) US Medicare logo ( 2008 ) Medicare has four parts : Part A is Hospital Insurance . Part B is Medical Insurance . Medicare Part D covers many prescription drugs , though some are covered by Part B. In general , the distinction is based on whether or not the drugs are self - administered . Part C health plans , the most popular of which are branded Medicare Advantage , are another way for Original Medicare ( Part A and B) beneficiaries to receive their Part A , B and D benefits ( basically Part C is a public supplement option that can be compared with group private supplemental Medicare coverage from a former employer or individually purchased private so - called Medigap insurance ) . All Medicare benefits are subject to medical necessity . The original program included Parts A and B. Part - C - like plans have existed as demonstration projects in Medicare since the early 1980s but the Part was formalized by 1997 legislation . ( Simplistically , Part C is a voucher program similar to the insurance reform included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 as amended ) . Part D was introduced January 1 , 2006 . Part a : hospital / hospice insurance ( edit ) Part A covers inpatient hospital stays , including semi-private room , food , and tests . As of January 1 , 2016 , Medicare Part A has an inpatient hospital deductible of $1288 , coinsurance per day as $322 after 61 days confinement within one `` spell of illness '' , coinsurance for `` lifetime reserve days '' ( essentially , days 91 - 150 ) of $644 per day , and coinsurance in an Skilled Nursing Family ( following a medically necessary hospital confinement ) for days 21 - 100 of $161 per day . The maximum length of stay that Medicare Part A covers in a hospital inpatient stay or series of stays is typically 90 days . The first 60 days would be paid by Medicare in full , except one copay ( also and more commonly referred to as a `` deductible '' ) at the beginning of the 60 days of $1,288 as of 2016 . Days 61 -- 90 require a co-payment of $322 per day as of 2016 . The beneficiary is also allocated `` lifetime reserve days '' that can be used after 90 days . These lifetime reserve days require a copayment of $644 per day as of 2016 , and the beneficiary can only use a total of 60 of these days throughout their lifetime . A new pool of 90 hospital days , with new copays of $1288 in 2016 and $302 per day for days 61 -- 90 , starts only after the beneficiary has 60 days continuously with no payment from Medicare for hospital or nursing home confinement . Some `` hospital services '' can be done as inpatient services , which would be reimbursed under Part A ; or as outpatient services , which would be reimbursed , not under Part A , but under Part B instead . The `` Two - Midnight Rule '' decides which is which . In August 2013 , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced a final rule concerning eligibility for hospital inpatient services effective October 1 , 2013 . Under the new rule , if a physician admits a Medicare beneficiary as an inpatient with an expectation that the patient will require hospital care that `` crosses two midnights , '' Medicare Part A payment is `` generally appropriate . '' However , if it is anticipated that the patient will require hospital care for less than two midnights , Medicare Part A payment is generally not appropriate ; payment such as is approved will be paid under Part B . The time a patient spends in the hospital before an inpatient admission is formally ordered is considered outpatient time . But , hospitals and physicians can take into consideration the pre-inpatient admission time when determining if a patient 's care will reasonably be expected to cross two midnights to be covered under Part A . In addition to deciding which trust fund is used to pay for these various outpatient vs. inpatient charges , the number of days for which a person is formally considered an admitted patient affects eligibility for Part A skilled nursing services . Medicare penalizes hospitals for readmissions . After making initial payments for hospital stays , Medicare will take back from the hospital these payments , plus a penalty of 4 to 18 times the initial payment , if an above - average number of patients from the hospital are readmitted within 30 days . These readmission penalties apply after some of the most common treatments : pneumonia , heart failure , heart attack , COPD , knee replacement , hip replacement . A study of 18 states conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( AHRQ ) found that 1.8 million Medicare patients aged 65 and older were readmitted within 30 days of an initial hospital stay in 2011 ; the conditions with the highest readmission rates were congestive heart failure , septicemia , pneumonia , and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis . The highest penalties on hospitals are charged after knee or hip replacements , $265,000 per excess readmission . The goals are to encourage better post-hospital care and more referrals to hospice and end - of - life care in lieu of treatment , while the effect is also to reduce coverage in hospitals that treat poor and frail patients . The total penalties for above - average readmissions in 2013 are $280 million , for 7,000 excess readmissions , or $40,000 for each readmission above the US average rate . Part A fully covers brief stays for rehabilitation or convalescence in a skilled nursing facility and up to 100 days per medical necessity with a co-pay if certain criteria are met : A preceding hospital stay must be at least three days as an inpatient , three midnights , not counting the discharge date . The nursing home stay must be for something diagnosed during the hospital stay or for the main cause of hospital stay . If the patient is not receiving rehabilitation but has some other ailment that requires skilled nursing supervision then the nursing home stay would be covered . The care being rendered by the nursing home must be skilled . Medicare part A does not pay stays that only provide custodial , non-skilled , or long - term care activities , including activities of daily living ( ADL ) such as personal hygiene , cooking , cleaning , etc . The care must be medically necessary and progress against some set plan must be made on some schedule determined by a doctor . The first 20 days would be paid for in full by Medicare with the remaining 80 days requiring a co-payment of $161 per day as of 2016 . Many insurance group retiree , Medigap and Part C insurance plans have a provision for additional coverage of skilled nursing care in the policies they sell . If a beneficiary uses some portion of their Part A benefit and then goes at least 60 days without receiving facility - based skilled services , the 90 - day hospital clock and 100 - day nursing home clock are reset and the person qualifies for new benefit periods . Hospice benefits are also provided under Part A of Medicare for terminally ill persons with less than six months to live , as determined by the patient 's physician . The terminally ill person must sign a statement that hospice care has been chosen over other Medicare - covered benefits , ( e.g. assisted living or hospital care ) . Treatment provided includes pharmaceutical products for symptom control and pain relief as well as other services not otherwise covered by Medicare such as grief counseling . Hospice is covered 100 % with no co-pay or deductible by Medicare Part A except that patients are responsible for a copay for outpatient drugs and respite care , if needed . Part B : medical insurance ( edit ) Part B medical insurance helps pay for some services and products not covered by Part A , generally on an outpatient basis ( but also when on an unadmitted observation status in a hospital ) . Part B is optional and may be deferred if the beneficiary or his / her spouse is still working and has group health coverage through that employer . There is a lifetime penalty ( 10 % per year on the premium ) imposed for not enrolling in Part B unless actively working and receiving group health coverage from that employer , or covered by programs of the Veterans Health Administration . Part B coverage begins once a patient meets his or her deductible ( $183 for 2017 ) , then typically Medicare covers 80 % of the RUC - set rate for approved services , while the remaining 20 % is paid by the patient , either directly or indirectly by private group retiree or Medigap insurance . Part B coverage includes chiropractic care , out patient physician services , visiting nurse , and other services such as x-rays , laboratory and diagnostic tests , influenza and pneumonia vaccinations , blood transfusions , renal dialysis , outpatient hospital procedures , limited ambulance transportation , immunosuppressive drugs for organ transplant recipients , chemotherapy , hormonal treatments such as Lupron , and other outpatient medical treatments administered in a doctor 's office . Medication administration is covered under Part B if it is administered by the physician during an office visit . Part B also helps with durable medical equipment ( DME ) , including canes , walkers , lift chairs , wheelchairs , and mobility scooters for those with mobility impairments . Prosthetic devices such as artificial limbs and breast prosthesis following mastectomy , as well as one pair of eyeglasses following cataract surgery , and oxygen for home use is also covered . Complex rules control Part B benefits , and periodically issued advisories describe coverage criteria . On the national level these advisories are issued by CMS , and are known as National Coverage Determinations ( NCD ) . Local Coverage Determinations ( LCD ) apply within the multi-state area managed by a specific regional Medicare Part B contractor , and Local Medical Review Policies ( LMRP ) were superseded by LCDs in 2003 . Coverage information is also located in the CMS Internet - Only Manuals ( IOM ) , the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) , the Social Security Act , and the Federal Register . The Monthly Premium for Part B for 2016 is $121.80 per month but anyone on Social Security in 2015 is `` held harmless '' ( from the fact that Social Security did not rise in 2016 ) and pays only the $104.90 premium withheld monthly in 2015 , with income - weighted additional surtaxes for those with incomes more than $85,000 per annum . Part C : Medicare Advantage plans ( edit ) Main article : Medicare Advantage With the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 , Medicare beneficiaries were formally given the option to receive their Original Medicare benefits through capitated health insurance Part C plans , instead of through the Original fee for service Medicare payment system . Many had previously had that option via a series of demonstration projects that dated back to the early 1980s . These Part C plans were initially known as `` Medicare + Choice '' . As of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 , most `` Medicare + Choice '' plans were re-branded as `` Medicare Advantage '' ( MA ) plans ( though MA is a government term and might not be visible to the Part C health plan beneficiary ) . Other plan types , such as 1876 Cost plans , are also available in limited areas of the country . Cost plans are not Medicare Advantage plans and are not capitated . Instead , beneficiaries keep their Original Medicare benefits while their insurance company administers their Part A and Part B benefits . The insurance company is then reimbursed for Part B services by Medicare . Public Part C Medicare Advantage and other Part C health plans are required to offer coverage that meets or exceeds the standards set by Original Medicare but they do not have to cover every benefit in the same way . After approval by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , if a Part C plan chooses to pay less than Original Medicare for some benefits , such as Skilled Nursing Facility care , the savings may be passed along to consumers by offering even lower co-payments for doctor visits . Original `` fee - for - service '' Medicare Parts A and B have a standard benefit package that covers medically necessary care as described in the sections above that members can receive from nearly any hospital or doctor in the country ( if that doctor or hospital accepts Medicare ) . Original Medicare beneficiaries who choose to enroll in a Part C Medicare Advantage health plan instead give up none of their rights as an Original Medicare beneficiary , receive the same standard benefits -- as a minimum -- as provided in Original Medicare , and get an annual out of pocket ( OOP ) upper spending limit not included in Original Medicare . However they must typically use only a select network of providers except in emergencies , typically restricted to the area surrounding their legal residence ( which can vary from tens to over 100 miles depending on county ) . Most Part C plans are traditional health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) that require the patient to have a primary care physician , though a few are preferred provider organizations ( which typically means the provider restrictions are not as confining as with an HMO ) . Public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan members typically usually also pay a monthly premium in addition to the Medicare Part B premium to cover items not covered by traditional Medicare ( Parts A & B ) , such as the OOP limit , prescription drugs , dental care , vision care , annual physicals , coverage outside the United States , and even gym or health club memberships as well as -- and probably most importantly -- reduce the 20 % co-pays and high deductibles associated with Original Medicare . But in some situations the benefits are more limited ( but they can never be more limited than Original Medicare and must always include an OOP limit ) and there is no premium . In some cases , the insurer even rebates part or all of the Part B premium , though these types of Part C plans are becoming rare . The 2003 - law payment formulas purposely overcompensated some Part C plans by 12 percent or more on average compared to what Original Medicare beneficiaries received in the same county on average , in order to increase the availability of Part C plans in rural and inner - city geographies . Before 2003 Part C plans tended to be suburban HMOs tied to major nearby teaching hospitals that cost the government the same as or even 5 % less on average than it cost to cover the medical needs of a comparable beneficiary on Original Medicare . The 2003 payment formulas succeeded in increasing the percentage of rural and inner city poor that could take advantage of the OOP limit and lower co-pays and deductibles -- as well as the coordinated medical care -- associated with Part C plans . In practice however , one set of Medicare beneficiaries received more benefits than others . The differences caused by the 2003 - law payment formulas were almost completely eliminated by PPACA and have been almost totally phased out according to the 2013 MedPAC annual report , March 2013 . One remaining special - payment - formula program -- designed primarily for unions wishing to offer a Part C plan -- is being phased out beginning in 2017 . In 2015 , on average a Part C beneficiary cost the Medicare Trust Funds 5 % less than a beneficiary on traditional fee for service Medicare , completely reversing the situation in 2006 right after implementation of the 2003 law and restoring the capitated fee vs fee for service funding balance to its original intended level . Enrollment in public Part C health plans , including Medicare Advantage plans , grew from 5.4 million in 2005 to over 17 million in 2015 . This represents almost 32 % of Medicare beneficiaries . Almost all Medicare beneficiaries have access to at least two Medicare Advantage plans ; most have access to three or more . Part d: Prescription drug plans ( edit ) Main articles : Medicare Part D and Medicare Part D coverage gap Medicare Part D went into effect on January 1 , 2006 . Anyone with Part A or B is eligible for Part D , which covers mostly self - administered drugs . It was made possible by the passage of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 . To receive this benefit , a person with Medicare must enroll in a stand - alone Prescription Drug Plan ( PDP ) or Medicare Advantage plan with integrated prescription drug coverage ( MA - PD ) . These plans are approved and regulated by the Medicare program , but are actually designed and administered by private health insurance companies and pharmacy benefit managers . Unlike Original Medicare ( Part A and B ) , Part D coverage is not standardized ( though it is highly regulated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ) . Plans choose which drugs they wish to cover ( but must cover at least two drugs in 148 different categories and cover all or `` substantially all '' drugs in the following protected classes of drugs : anti-cancer ; anti-psychotic ; anti-convulsant , anti-depressants , immuno - suppressant , and HIV and AIDS drugs ) . The plans can also specify with CMS approval at what level ( or tier ) they wish to cover it , and are encouraged to use step therapy . Some drugs are excluded from coverage altogether and Part D plans that cover excluded drugs are not allowed to pass those costs on to Medicare , and plans are required to repay CMS if they are found to have billed Medicare in these cases . Under the 2003 law that created Medicare Part D , the Social Security Administration provides extensive extra help to lower - income seniors such that they have almost no drug costs ; in addition approximately 25 states offer additional assistance on top of Part D. It should be noted again for beneficiaries who are dual - eligible ( Medicare and Medicaid eligible ) Medicaid may pay for drugs not covered by Part D of Medicare . Most of this aid to lower - income seniors was available to them through other programs before Part D was implemented . Out - of - pocket costs ( edit ) No part of Medicare pays for all of a beneficiary 's covered medical costs and many costs and services are not covered at all . The program contains premiums , deductibles and coinsurance , which the covered individual must pay out - of - pocket . A study published by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2008 found the Fee - for - Service Medicare benefit package was less generous than either the typical large employer Preferred provider organization plan or the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Standard Option . Some people may qualify to have other governmental programs ( such as Medicaid ) pay premiums and some or all of the costs associated with Medicare . Premiums ( edit ) Most Medicare enrollees do not pay a monthly Part A premium , because they ( or a spouse ) have had 40 or more 3 - month quarters in which they paid Federal Insurance Contributions Act taxes. The benefit is the same no matter how much or how little the beneficiary paid as long as the minimum number of quarters is reached . Medicare - eligible persons who do not have 40 or more quarters of Medicare - covered employment may buy into Part A for an annual adjusted monthly premium of : $248.00 per month ( as of 2012 ) for those with 30 -- 39 quarters of Medicare - covered employment , or $451.00 per month ( as of 2012 ) for those with fewer than 30 quarters of Medicare - covered employment and who are not otherwise eligible for premium - free Part A coverage . Most Medicare Part B enrollees pay an insurance premium for this coverage ; the standard Part B premium for 2013 through 2015 was $104.90 -- $335.70 per month . The premium increased to over $120 a month in 2016 but only for those not on Social Security in 2015 . A new income - based premium surtax schema has been in effect since 2007 , wherein Part B premiums are higher for beneficiaries with incomes exceeding $85,000 for individuals or $170,000 for married couples . Depending on the extent to which beneficiary earnings exceed the base income , these higher Part B premiums are $139.90 , $199.80 , $259.70 , or $319.70 for 2012 , with the highest premium paid by individuals earning more than $214,000 , or married couples earning more than $428,000 . Medicare Part B premiums are commonly deducted automatically from beneficiaries ' monthly Social Security checks . They can also be paid quarterly via bill sent directly to beneficiaries . This alternative is becoming more common because whereas the eligibility age for Medicare has remained at 65 per the 1965 legislation , the so - called Full Retirement Age for Social Security has been increased to 66 and will go even higher over time . Therefore , many people delay collecting Social Security and have to pay their Part B premium directly . Part C plans may or may not charge premiums ( almost all do ) , depending on the plans ' designs as approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Part D premiums vary widely based on the benefit level . Deductible and coinsurance ( edit ) Part A -- For each benefit period , a beneficiary pays an annually adjusted : A Part A deductible of $1,288 in 2016 and $1,316 in 2017 for a hospital stay of 1 -- 60 days . A $322 per day co-pay in 2016 and $329 co-pay in 2017 for days 61 -- 90 of a hospital stay . A $644 per day co-pay in 2016 and $658 co-pay in 2017 for days 91 -- 150 of a hospital stay. , as part of their limited Lifetime Reserve Days . All costs for each day beyond 150 days Coinsurance for a Skilled Nursing Facility is $161 per day in 2016 and $164.50 in 2017 for days 21 through 100 for each benefit period ( no co-pay for the first 20 days ) . A blood deductible of the first 3 pints of blood needed in a calendar year , unless replaced . There is a 3 - pint blood deductible for both Part A and Part B , and these separate deductibles do not overlap . Part B -- After beneficiaries meet the yearly deductible of $183.00 for 2017 , they will be required to pay a co-insurance of 20 % of the Medicare - approved amount for all services covered by Part B with the exception of most lab services , which are covered at 100 % -- and outpatient mental health , which is currently ( 2010 -- 2011 ) covered at 55 % ( 45 % copay ) . The copay for outpatient mental health , which started at 50 % , is gradually decreasing over several years until it matches the 20 % required for other services . They are also required to pay an excess charge of 15 % for services rendered by physicians who do not accept assignment . The deductibles , co-pays , and coinsurance charges for Part C and D plans vary from plan to plan . All Part C plans include an annual out of pocket ( OOP ) upper spend limit . Original Medicare does not include an OOP limit . Medicare supplement ( Medigap ) policies ( edit ) Main article : Medigap Of the Medicare beneficiaries who are not dual eligible for both Medicare ( around 20 % ) and Medicaid or that do not receive supplemental insurance via a former employer ( 40 % ) or a public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan ( about 30 % ) , almost all elect to purchase a type of private supplemental insurance coverage , called a Medigap plan ( 20 % ) , to help fill in the financial holes in Original Medicare ( Part A and B) . Note that the percentages add up to over 100 % because many beneficiaries have more than one type of supplement . These Medigap insurance policies are standardized by CMS , but are sold and administered by private companies . Some Medigap policies sold before 2006 may include coverage for prescription drugs . Medigap policies sold after the introduction of Medicare Part D on January 1 , 2006 are prohibited from covering drugs . Medicare regulations prohibit a Medicare beneficiary from being sold both a public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan and a private Medigap Policy . As with public Part C health plans , private Medigap policies are only available to beneficiaries who are already signed up for benefits from Original Medicare Part A and Part B. These policies are regulated by state insurance departments rather than the federal government though CMS outlines what the various Medigap plans must cover at a minimum . Therefore , the types and prices of Medigap policies vary widely from state to state and the degree of underwriting , open enrollment and guaranteed issue also varies widely from state to state . As of 2016 , 11 policies are currently sold -- though few are available in all states , and some are not available at all in Massachusetts , Minnesota and Wisconsin . These are Plan A , Plan B , Plan C , Plan D , Plan F , High Deductible Plan F , Plan G , Plan K , Plan L , Plan M , and Plan N. Cost is usually the only difference between Medigap policies with the same letter sold by different insurance companies . Unlike Medicare Advantage Plans , Medicare Supplement Plans have no networks , and any provider who accepts Medicare must also accept the Medicare Supplement Plan . All insurance companies that sell Medigap policies are required to make Plan A available , and if they offer any other policies , they must also make either Plan C or Plan F available as well , though Plan F is scheduled to sunset in the year 2020 . Anyone who currently has a Plan F may keep it . Payment for services ( edit ) Medicare contracts with regional insurance companies to process over one billion fee - for - service claims per year . In 2008 , Medicare accounted for 13 % ( $386 billion ) of the federal budget . In 2016 it is projected to account for close to 15 % ( $683 billion ) of the total expenditures . For the decade 2010 -- 2019 Medicare is projected to cost 6.4 trillion dollars . Reimbursement for Part a services ( edit ) For institutional care , such as hospital and nursing home care , Medicare uses prospective payment systems . In a prospective payment system , the health care institution receives a set amount of money for each episode of care provided to a patient , regardless of the actual amount of care . The actual allotment of funds is based on a list of diagnosis - related groups ( DRG ) . The actual amount depends on the primary diagnosis that is actually made at the hospital . There are some issues surrounding Medicare 's use of DRGs because if the patient uses less care , the hospital gets to keep the remainder . This , in theory , should balance the costs for the hospital . However , if the patient uses more care , then the hospital has to cover its own losses . This results in the issue of `` upcoding , '' when a physician makes a more severe diagnosis to hedge against accidental costs . Reimbursement for Part B services ( edit ) Payment for physician services under Medicare has evolved since the program was created in 1965 . Initially , Medicare compensated physicians based on the physician 's charges , and allowed physicians to bill Medicare beneficiaries the amount in excess of Medicare 's reimbursement . In 1975 , annual increases in physician fees were limited by the Medicare Economic Index ( MEI ) . The MEI was designed to measure changes in costs of physician 's time and operating expenses , adjusted for changes in physician productivity . From 1984 to 1991 , the yearly change in fees was determined by legislation . This was done because physician fees were rising faster than projected . The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 made several changes to physician payments under Medicare . Firstly , it introduced the Medicare Fee Schedule , which took effect in 1992 . Secondly , it limited the amount Medicare non-providers could balance bill Medicare beneficiaries . Thirdly , it introduced the Medicare Volume Performance Standards ( MVPS ) as a way to control costs . On January 1 , 1992 , Medicare introduced the Medicare Fee Schedule ( MFS ) , a list of about 7,000 services that can be billed for . Each service is priced within the Resource - Based Relative Value Scale ( RBRVS ) with three Relative Value Units ( RVUs ) values largely determining the price . The three RVUs for a procedure are each geographically weighted and the weighted RVU value is multiplied by a global Conversion Factor ( CF ) , yielding a price in dollars . The RVUs themselves are largely decided by a private group of 29 ( mostly specialist ) physicians -- the American Medical Association 's Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee ( RUC ) . From 1992 to 1997 , adjustments to physician payments were adjusted using the MEI and the MVPS , which essentially tried to compensate for the increasing volume of services provided by physicians by decreasing their reimbursement per service . In 1998 , Congress replaced the VPS with the Sustainable Growth Rate ( SGR ) . This was done because of highly variable payment rates under the MVPS . The SGR attempts to control spending by setting yearly and cumulative spending targets . If actual spending for a given year exceeds the spending target for that year , reimbursement rates are adjusted downward by decreasing the Conversion Factor ( CF ) for RBRVS RVUs . In 2002 , payment rates were cut by 4.8 % . In 2003 , payment rates were scheduled to be reduced by 4.4 % . However , Congress boosted the cumulative SGR target in the Consolidated Appropriation Resolution of 2003 ( P.L. 108 - 7 ) , allowing payments for physician services to rise 1.6 % . In 2004 and 2005 , payment rates were again scheduled to be reduced . The Medicare Modernization Act ( P.L. 108 - 173 ) increased payments 1.5 % for those two years . In 2006 , the SGR mechanism was scheduled to decrease physician payments by 4.4 % . ( This number results from a 7 % decrease in physician payments times a 2.8 % inflation adjustment increase . ) Congress overrode this decrease in the Deficit Reduction Act ( P.L. 109 - 362 ) , and held physician payments in 2006 at their 2005 levels . Similarly , another congressional act held 2007 payments at their 2006 levels , and HR 6331 held 2008 physician payments to their 2007 levels , and provided for a 1.1 % increase in physician payments in 2009 . Without further continuing congressional intervention , the SGR is expected to decrease physician payments from 25 % to 35 % over the next several years . MFS has been criticized for not paying doctors enough because of the low conversion factor . By adjustments to the MFS conversion factor , it is possible to make global adjustments in payments to all doctors . The SGR was the subject of possible reform legislation again in 2014 . On March 14 , 2014 , the United States House of Representatives passed the SGR Repeal and Medicare Provider Payment Modernization Act of 2014 ( H.R. 4015 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would have replaced the ( SGR ) formula with new systems for establishing those payment rates . However , the bill would pay for these changes by delaying the Affordable Care Act 's individual mandate requirement , a proposal that was very unpopular with Democrats . The SGR was expected to cause Medicare reimbursement cuts of 24 percent on April 1 , 2014 , if a solution to reform or delay the SGR was not found . This led to another bill , the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 ( H.R. 4302 ; 113th Congress ) , which would delay those cuts until March 2015 . This bill was also controversial . The American Medical Association and other medical groups opposed it , asking Congress to provide a permanent solution instead of just another delay . The SGR process was replaced by new rules as of the passage of MACRA in 2015 . Provider participation ( edit ) There are two ways for providers to be reimbursed in Medicare . `` Participating '' providers accept `` assignment , '' which means that they accept Medicare 's approved rate for their services as payment ( typically 80 % from Medicare and 20 % from the beneficiary ) . Some non participating doctors do not take assignment , but they also treat Medicare enrollees and are authorized to balance bill no more than a small fixed amount above Medicare 's approved rate . A minority of doctors are `` private contractors , '' which means they opt out of Medicare and refuse to accept Medicare payments altogether . These doctors are required to inform patients that they will be liable for the full cost of their services out - of - pocket in advance of treatment . While the majority of providers accept Medicare assignments , ( 97 percent for some specialties ) , and most physicians still accept at least some new Medicare patients , that number is in decline . While 80 % of physicians in the Texas Medical Association accepted new Medicare patients in 2000 , only 60 % were doing so by 2012 . A study published in 2012 concluded that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) relies on the recommendations of an American Medical Association advisory panel . The study led by Dr. Miriam J. Laugesen , of Columbia Mailman School of Public Health , and colleagues at UCLA and the University of Illinois , shows that for services provided between 1994 and 2010 , CMS agreed with 87.4 % of the recommendations of the committee , known as RUC or the Relative Value Update Committee . Office medication reimbursement ( edit ) Chemotherapy and other medications dispensed in a physician 's office are reimbursed according to the Average Sales Price , a number computed by taking the total dollar sales of a drug as the numerator and the number of units sold nationwide as the denominator . The current reimbursement formula is known as `` ASP + 6 '' since it reimburses physicians at 106 % of the ASP of drugs . Pharmaceutical company discounts and rebates are included in the calculation of ASP , and tend to reduce it . In addition , Medicare pays 80 % of ASP + 6 , which is the equivalent of 84.8 % of the actual average cost of the drug . Some patients have supplemental insurance or can afford the co-pay . Large numbers do not . This leaves the payment to physicians for most of the drugs in an `` underwater '' state . ASP + 6 superseded Average Wholesale Price in 2005 , after a 2003 front - page New York Times article drew attention to the inaccuracies of Average Wholesale Price calculations . This procedure is scheduled to change dramatically in 2017 under a CMS proposal that will likely be finalized in October 2016 . Medicare 10 percent incentive payments ( edit ) `` Physicians in geographic Health Professional Shortage Areas ( HPSAs ) and Physician Scarcity Areas ( PSAs ) can receive incentive payments from Medicare . Payments are made on a quarterly basis , rather than claim - by - claim , and are handled by each area 's Medicare carrier . '' Enrollment Generally , if you already receive Social Security payments , at age 65 you are automatically enrolled in Medicare Part A ( Hospital Insurance ) . In addition , you are generally also automatically enrolled in Medicare Part B ( Medical Insurance ) . If you choose to accept Part B you must pay a monthly premium to keep it . However , you may delay enrollment with no penalty under some circumstances , or with penalty under other circumstances . Part A & B Part A Late Enrollment Penalty If you are not eligible for premium - free Part A , and you do n't buy a premium - based Part A when you 're first eligible , your monthly premium may go up 10 % . You must pay the higher premium for twice the number of years you could have had Part A , but did n't sign - up . For example , if you were eligible for Part A for 2 years but did n't sign - up , you must pay the higher premium for 4 years . Usually , you do n't have to pay a penalty if you meet certain conditions that allow you to sign up for Part A during a Special Enrollment Period . Part B Late Enrollment Penalty If you do n't sign up for Part B when you 're first eligible , you may have to pay a late enrollment penalty for as long as you have Medicare . Your monthly premium for Part B may go up 10 % for each full 12 - month period that you could have had Part B , but did n't sign up for it . Usually , you do n't pay a late enrollment penalty if you meet certain conditions that allow you to sign up for Part B during a special enrollment period . Comparison with private insurance ( edit ) Medicare differs from private insurance available to working Americans in that it is a social insurance program . Social insurance programs provide statutorily guaranteed benefits to the entire population ( under certain circumstances , such as old age or unemployment ) . These benefits are financed in significant part through universal taxes . In effect , Medicare is a mechanism by which the state takes a portion of its citizens ' resources to guarantee health and financial security to its citizens in old age or in case of disability , helping them cope with the enormous , unpredictable cost of health care . In its universality , Medicare differs substantially from private insurers , which must decide whom to cover and what benefits to offer to manage their risk pools and guarantee their costs do n't exceed premiums . Because the federal government is legally obligated to provide Medicare benefits to older and disabled Americans , it can not cut costs by restricting eligibility or benefits , except by going through a difficult legislative process , or by revising its interpretation of medical necessity . By statute , Medicare may only pay for items and services that are `` reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member '' , unless there is another statutory authorization for payment . Cutting costs by cutting benefits is difficult , but the program can also achieve substantial economies of scale in terms of the prices it pays for health care and administrative expenses -- and , as a result , private insurers ' costs have grown almost 60 % more than Medicare 's since 1970 . Medicare 's cost growth is now the same as GDP growth and expected to stay well below private insurance 's for the next decade . Because Medicare offers statutorily determined benefits , its coverage policies and payment rates are publicly known , and all enrollees are entitled to the same coverage . In the private insurance market , plans can be tailored to offer different benefits to different customers , enabling individuals to reduce coverage costs while assuming risks for care that is not covered . Insurers , however , have far fewer disclosure requirements than Medicare , and studies show that customers in the private sector can find it difficult to know what their policy covers . and at what cost . Moreover , since Medicare collects data about utilization and costs for its enrollees -- data that private insurers treat as trade secrets -- it gives researchers key information about health care system performance . Medicare also has an important role driving changes in the entire health care system . Because Medicare pays for a huge share of health care in every region of the country , it has a great deal of power to set delivery and payment policies . For example , Medicare promoted the adaptation of prospective payments based on DRG 's , which prevents unscrupulous providers from setting their own exorbitant prices . Meanwhile , the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has given Medicare the mandate to promote cost - containment throughout the health care system , for example , by promoting the creation of accountable care organizations or by replacing fee - for - service payments with bundled payments . Costs and funding challenges ( edit ) Medicare and Medicaid Spending as % GDP ( 2013 ) The Medicare Trustees reduced their forecast for Medicare costs as % GDP , mainly due to a lower rate of healthcare cost increases . Over the long - term , Medicare faces significant financial challenges because of rising overall health care costs , increasing enrollment as the population ages , and a decreasing ratio of workers to enrollees . Total Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to around $900 billion by 2020 . From 2010 to 2030 , Medicare enrollment is projected to increase from 47 million to 79 million , and the ratio of workers to enrollees is expected to decrease from 3.7 to 2.4 . However , the ratio of workers to retirees has declined steadily for decades , and social insurance systems have remained sustainable due to rising worker productivity . There is some evidence that productivity gains will continue to offset demographic trends in the near future . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) wrote in 2008 that `` future growth in spending per beneficiary for Medicare and Medicaid -- the federal government 's major health care programs -- will be the most important determinant of long - term trends in federal spending . Changing those programs in ways that reduce the growth of costs -- which will be difficult , in part because of the complexity of health policy choices -- is ultimately the nation 's central long - term challenge in setting federal fiscal policy . '' Overall health care costs were projected in 2011 to increase by 5.8 percent annually from 2010 to 2020 , in part because of increased utilization of medical services , higher prices for services , and new technologies . Health care costs are rising across the board , but the cost of insurance has risen dramatically for families and employers as well as the federal government . In fact , since 1970 the per - capita cost of private coverage has grown roughly one percentage point faster each year than the per - capita cost of Medicare . Since the late 1990s , Medicare has performed especially well relative to private insurers . Over the next decade , Medicare 's per capita spending is projected to grow at a rate of 2.5 percent each year , compared to private insurance 's 4.8 percent . Nonetheless , most experts and policymakers agree containing health care costs is essential to the nation 's fiscal outlook . Much of the debate over the future of Medicare revolves around whether per capita costs should be reduced by limiting payments to providers or by shifting more costs to Medicare enrollees . Indicators ( edit ) Several measures serve as indicators of the long - term financial status of Medicare . These include total Medicare spending as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund , Medicare per - capita spending growth relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth ; general fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending ; and actuarial estimates of unfunded liability over the 75 - year timeframe and the infinite horizon ( netting expected premium / tax revenue against expected costs ) . The major issue in all these indicators is comparing any future projections against current law vs. what the actuaries expect to happen . For example , current law specifies that Part A payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities will be cut substantially after 2028 and that doctors will get no raises after 2025 . The actuaries expect that the law will change to keep these events from happening . Total Medicare spending as a share of GDP ( edit ) Medicare Cost and Non-Interest Income by Source as a Percentage of GDP This measure , which examines Medicare spending in the context of the US economy as a whole , is expected to increase from 3.6 percent in 2010 to 6.2 percent by 2090 under current law and over 9 percent under what the actuaries really expect will happen ( called an `` illustrative example '' in recent - year Trustees Reports ) . The solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund ( edit ) This measure involves only Part A . The trust fund is considered insolvent when available revenue plus any existing balances will not cover 100 percent of annual projected costs . According to the latest estimate by the Medicare trustees ( 2016 ) , the trust fund is expected to become insolvent in 11 years ( 2028 ) , at which time available revenue will cover 87 percent of annual projected costs . Since Medicare began , this solvency projection has ranged from two to 28 years , with an average of 11.3 years . Medicare per - capita spending growth Relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth ( edit ) The Independent Payment Advisory Board ( IPAB ) , which the Affordable Care Act or `` ACA '' created , will use this measure to determine whether it must recommend to Congress proposals to reduce Medicare costs . Under the ACA , Congress established maximum targets , or thresholds , for per - capita Medicare spending growth . For the five - year periods ending in 2015 through 2019 , these targets are based on the average of CPI - U and CPI - M. For the five - year periods ending in 2020 and subsequent years , these targets are based on per - capita GDP growth plus one percentage point . Each year , the CMS Office of the Actuary must compare those two values , and if the spending measure is larger than the economic measure , IPAB must propose cost - savings recommendations for consideration in Congress on an expedited basis . The Congressional Budget Office projects that Medicare per - capita spending growth will not exceed the economic target at any time between 2015 and 2021 . Through 2016 , these trigger points have never been reached and IPAB has not even been formed . However , in the 2016 Medicare Trustees Report , the actuaries estimate that the trigger points will be reached in 2016 or 2017 and that IPAB will affect Medicare spending for the first time in 2019 ( meaning it will need to be formed and recommend its cuts in 2017 ) . General fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending ( edit ) This measure , established under the Medicare Modernization Act ( MMA ) , examines Medicare spending in the context of the federal budget . Each year , MMA requires the Medicare trustees to make a determination about whether general fund revenue is projected to exceed 45 percent of total program spending within a seven - year period . If the Medicare trustees make this determination in two consecutive years , a `` funding warning '' is issued . In response , the president must submit cost - saving legislation to Congress , which must consider this legislation on an expedited basis . This threshold was reached and a warning issued every year between 2006 and 2013 but it has not been reached since that time and is not expected to be reached in the 2016 - 2022 `` window . '' This is a reflection of the reduced spending growth mandated by the ACA according to the Trustees . Unfunded obligation ( edit ) Medicare 's unfunded obligation is the total amount of money that would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the gap between projected revenues ( mostly Part B premiums and Part A payroll taxes to be paid over the timeframe under current law ) and spending over a given timeframe . By law the timeframe used is 75 years though the Medicare actuaries also give an infinite - horizon estimate because life expectancy consistently increases and other economic factors underlying the estimates change . As of January 1 , 2016 , Medicare 's unfunded obligation over the 75 year timeframe is $3.8 trillion for the Part A Trust Fund and $28.6 trillion for Part B. Over an infinite timeframe the combined unfunded liability for both programs combined is over $50 trillion , with the difference primarily in the Part B estimate . These estimates assume that CMS will pay full benefits as currently specified over those periods though that would be contrary to current United States law . In addition , as discussed throughout each annual Trustees ' report , `` the Medicare projections shown could be substantially understated as a result of other potentially unsustainable elements of current law . '' For example , current law effectively provides no raises for doctors after 2025 ; that is unlikely to happen . It is impossible for actuaries to estimate unfunded liability other than assuming current law is followed ( except relative to benefits as noted ) , the Trustees state `` that actual long - range present values for ( Part A ) expenditures and ( Part B / D ) expenditures and revenues could exceed the amounts estimated by a substantial margin . '' Public opinion ( edit ) Popular opinion surveys show that the public views Medicare 's problems as serious , but not as urgent as other concerns . In January 2006 , the Pew Research Center found 62 percent of the public said addressing Medicare 's financial problems should be a high priority for the government , but that still put it behind other priorities . Surveys suggest that there 's no public consensus behind any specific strategy to keep the program solvent . Fraud and waste ( edit ) Main article : Medicare fraud The Government Accountability Office lists Medicare as a `` high - risk '' government program in need of reform , in part because of its vulnerability to fraud and partly because of its long - term financial problems . Fewer than 5 % of Medicare claims are audited . Criticism ( edit ) Unearned entitlement ( edit ) Yaron Brook of the Ayn Rand Institute has argued that the birth of Medicare represented a shift away from personal responsibility and towards a view that health care is an unearned `` entitlement '' to be provided at others ' expense . Robert M. Ball , a former commissioner of Social Security under President Kennedy in 1961 ( and later under Johnson , and Nixon ) defined the major obstacle to financing health insurance for the elderly : the high cost of care for the aged combined with the generally low incomes of retired people . Because retired older people use much more medical care than younger employed people , an insurance premium related to the risk for older people needed to be high , but if the high premium had to be paid after retirement , when incomes are low , it was an almost impossible burden for the average person . The only feasible approach , he said , was to finance health insurance in the same way as cash benefits for retirement , by contributions paid while at work , when the payments are least burdensome , with the protection furnished in retirement without further payment . In the early 1960s relatively few of the elderly had health insurance , and what they had was usually inadequate . Insurers such as Blue Cross , which had originally applied the principle of community rating , faced competition from other commercial insurers that did not community rate , and so were forced to raise their rates for the elderly . Medicare is not generally an unearned entitlement . Entitlement is most commonly based on a record of contributions to the Medicare fund . As such it is a form of social insurance making it feasible for people to pay for insurance for sickness in old age when they are young and able to work and be assured of getting back benefits when they are older and no longer working . Some people will pay in more than they receive back and others will receive more benefits than they paid in . Unlike private insurance where some amount must be paid to attain coverage , all eligible persons can receive coverage regardless of how much or if they had ever paid in . Politicized payment ( edit ) Bruce Vladeck , director of the Health Care Financing Administration in the Clinton administration , has argued that lobbyists have changed the Medicare program `` from one that provides a legal entitlement to beneficiaries to one that provides a de facto political entitlement to providers . '' Quality of beneficiary services ( edit ) A 2001 study by the Government Accountability Office evaluated the quality of responses given by Medicare contractor customer service representatives to provider ( physician ) questions . The evaluators assembled a list of questions , which they asked during a random sampling of calls to Medicare contractors . The rate of complete , accurate information provided by Medicare customer service representatives was 15 % . Since then , steps have been taken to improve the quality of customer service given by Medicare contractors , specifically the 1 - 800 - MEDICARE contractor . As a result , 1 - 800 - MEDICARE customer service representatives ( CSR ) have seen an increase in training , quality assurance monitoring has significantly increased , and a customer satisfaction survey is offered to random callers . Hospital Accreditation ( edit ) In most states the Joint Commission , a private , non-profit organization for accrediting hospitals , decides whether or not a hospital is able to participate in Medicare , as currently there are no competitor organizations recognized by CMS . Other organizations can also accredit hospitals for Medicare . These include the Community Health Accreditation Program , the Accreditation Commission for Health Care , the Compliance Team and the Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation . Accreditation is voluntary and an organization may choose to be evaluated by their State Survey Agency or by CMS directly . Graduate medical Education ( edit ) Medicare funds the vast majority of residency training in the US . This tax - based financing covers resident salaries and benefits through payments called Direct Medical Education payments . Medicare also uses taxes for Indirect Medical Education , a subsidy paid to teaching hospitals in exchange for training resident physicians . For the 2008 fiscal year these payments were $2.7 and $5.7 billion respectively . Overall funding levels have remained at the same level over the last 10 years , so that the same number or fewer residents have been trained under this program . Meanwhile , the US population continues to grow older , which has led to greater demand for physicians . At the same time the cost of medical services continue rising rapidly and many geographic areas face physician shortages , both trends suggesting the supply of physicians remains too low . Medicare finds itself in the odd position of having assumed control of graduate medical education , currently facing major budget constraints , and as a result , freezing funding for graduate medical education , as well as for physician reimbursement rates . This halt in funding in turn exacerbates the exact problem Medicare sought to solve in the first place : improving the availability of medical care . However , some healthcare administration experts believe that the shortage of physicians may be an opportunity for providers to reorganize their delivery systems to become less costly and more efficient . Physicians ' assistants and Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners may begin assuming more responsibilities that traditionally fell to doctors , but do not necessarily require the advanced training and skill of a physician . Of the 35,476 total active applicants who participated in The National Resident Matching Program in 2016 , 75.6 % ( 26,836 ) were able to find PGY - 1 ( R - 1 ) matches . Out of the total active applicants , 51.27 % ( 18,187 ) were graduates of conventional US medical schools ; 93.8 % ( 17,057 ) were able to find a match . In comparison , match rates were 80.3 % of osteopathic graduates , 53.9 % of US citizen international medical school graduates , and 50.5 % of non-US citizen international medical schools graduates . Legislation and reform ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : with separate more detailed descriptions of legislation and reforms . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) 1960 -- PL 86 - 778 Social Security Amendments of 1960 ( Kerr - Mills aid ) 1965 -- PL 89 - 97 Social Security Act of 1965 , Establishing Medicare Benefits 1980 -- Medicare Secondary Payer Act of 1980 , prescription drugs coverage added 1988 -- PL 100 - 360 Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 1989 -- Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Repeal Act of 1989 1997 -- PL 105 - 33 Balanced Budget Act of 1997 2003 -- PL 108 - 173 Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act 2010 -- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 2013 -- Sequestration effects on Medicare due to Budget Control Act of 2011 2015 -- Extensive changes to Medicare , primarily to the SGR provisions of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 as part of the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act ( MACRA ) 2016 -- Changes to the Social Security `` hold harmless '' laws as they affect Part B premiums based on the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 In 1977 , the Health Care Financing Administration ( HCFA ) was established as a federal agency responsible for the administration of Medicare and Medicaid . This would be renamed to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) in 2001 . By 1983 , the diagnosis - related group ( DRG ) replaced pay for service reimbursements to hospitals for Medicare patients . President Bill Clinton attempted an overhaul of Medicare through his health care reform plan in 1993 -- 1994 but was unable to get the legislation passed by Congress . In 2003 Congress passed the Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act , which President George W. Bush signed into law on December 8 , 2003 . Part of this legislation included filling gaps in prescription - drug coverage left by the Medicare Secondary Payer Act that was enacted in 1980 . The 2003 bill strengthened the Workers ' Compensation Medicare Set - Aside Program ( WCMSA ) that is monitored and administered by CMS . On August 1 , 2007 , the US House United States Congress voted to reduce payments to Medicare Advantage providers in order to pay for expanded coverage of children 's health under the SCHIP program . As of 2008 , Medicare Advantage plans cost , on average , 13 percent more per person insured for like beneficiaries than direct payment plans . Many health economists have concluded that payments to Medicare Advantage providers have been excessive . The Senate , after heavy lobbying from the insurance industry , declined to agree to the cuts in Medicare Advantage proposed by the House . President Bush subsequently vetoed the SCHIP extension . Effects of the patient Protection and Affordable care Act ( edit ) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( `` PPACA '' ) of 2010 made a number of changes to the Medicare program . Several provisions of the law were designed to reduce the cost of Medicare . The most substantial provisions slowed the growth rate of payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities under Parts A of Medicare , through a variety of methods ( e.g. , arbitrary percentage cuts , penalties for readmissions ) . Congress also attempted to reduce payments to public Part C Medicare health plans by aligning the rules that establish Part C plans ' capitated fees more closely with the FFS paid for comparable care to `` similar beneficiaries '' under Parts A and B of Medicare . Primarily these reductions involved much discretion on the part of CMS and examples of what CMS did included effectively ending a Part C program Congress had previously initiated to increase the use of Part C in rural areas ( the so - called Part C PFFS plan ) and reducing over time a program that encouraged employers and unions to create their own Part C plans not available to the general Medicare beneficiary base ( so - called Part C EGWP plans ) by providing higher reimbursement . These two types of Part C plans had been identified by MedPAC as the programs that most negatively affected parity between the cost of Medicare beneficiaries on Parts A / B / C and the costs of beneficiaries not on Parts A / B / C. These efforts to reach parity have been more than successful . As of 2015 , all beneficiaries on A / B / C cost 4 % less per person than all beneficiaries not on A / B / C. But whether that is because the cost of the former decreased or the cost of the latter increased is not known . PPACA also slightly reduced annual increases in payments to physicians and to hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low - income patients . Along with other minor adjustments , these changes reduced Medicare 's projected cost over the next decade by $455 billion . Additionally , the PPACA created the Independent Payment Advisory Board ( `` IPAB '' ) , which is empowered to submit legislative proposals to reduce the cost of Medicare if the program 's per - capita spending grows faster than per - capita GDP plus one percent . While the IPAB would be barred from rationing care , raising revenue , changing benefits or eligibility , increasing cost sharing , or cutting payments to hospitals , its creation has been one of the more controversial aspects of health reform . In 2016 , the Medicare Trustees projected that the IPAB will have to convene in 2017 and make cuts effective in 2019 . The PPACA also made some changes to Medicare enrollee 's ' benefits . By 2020 , it will close the so - called `` donut hole '' between Part D plans ' coverage limits and the catastrophic cap on out - of - pocket spending , reducing a Part D enrollee 's ' exposure to the cost of prescription drugs by an average of $2,000 a year . This lowered costs for about 5 % of the people on Medicare . Limits were also placed on out - of - pocket costs for in - network care for public Part C health plan enrollees . Most of these plans had such a limit but ACA formalized the annual out of pocket spend limit . Beneficiaries on traditional Medicare do not get such a limit but can effectively arrange for one through private insurance . Meanwhile , Medicare Part B and D premiums were restructured in ways that reduced costs for most people while raising contributions from the wealthiest people with Medicare . The law also expanded coverage of or eliminated co-pays for some preventive services . The PPACA instituted a number of measures to control Medicare fraud and abuse , such as longer oversight periods , provider screenings , stronger standards for certain providers , the creation of databases to share data between federal and state agencies , and stiffer penalties for violators . The law also created mechanisms , such as the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation to fund experiments to identify new payment and delivery models that could conceivably be expanded to reduce the cost of health care while improving quality . Proposals for reforming Medicare ( edit ) As legislators continue to seek new ways to control the cost of Medicare , a number of new proposals to reform Medicare have been introduced in recent years . Premium support Since the mid-1990s , there have been a number of proposals to change Medicare from a publicly run social insurance program with a defined benefit , for which there is no limit to the government 's expenses , into a program that offers `` premium support '' for enrollees . The basic concept behind the proposals is that the government would make a defined contribution , that is a premium support , to the health plan of a Medicare enrollee 's choice . Insurers would compete to provide Medicare benefits and this competition would set the level of fixed contribution . Additionally , enrollees would be able to purchase greater coverage by paying more in addition to the fixed government contribution . Conversely , enrollees could choose lower cost coverage and keep the difference between their coverage costs and the fixed government contribution . The goal of premium Medicare plans is for greater cost - effectiveness ; if such a proposal worked as planned , the financial incentive would be greatest for Medicare plans that offer the best care at the lowest cost . There have been a number of criticisms of the premium support model . Some have raised concern about risk selection , where insurers find ways to avoid covering people expected to have high health care costs . Premium support proposals , such as the 2011 plan proposed by Rep. Paul Ryan ( R -- Wis . ) , have aimed to avoid risk selection by including protection language mandating that plans participating in such coverage must provide insurance to all beneficiaries and are not able to avoid covering higher risk beneficiaries . Some critics are concerned that the Medicare population , which has particularly high rates of cognitive impairment and dementia , would have a hard time choosing between competing health plans . Robert Moffit , a senior fellow of The Heritage Foundation responded to this concern , stating that while there may be research indicating that individuals have difficulty making the correct choice of health care plan , there is no evidence to show that government officials can make better choices . Henry Aaron , one of the original proponents of premium supports , has recently argued that the idea should not be implemented , given that Medicare Advantage plans have not successfully contained costs more effectively than traditional Medicare and because the political climate is hostile to the kinds of regulations that would be needed to make the idea workable . Two distinct premium support systems have recently been proposed in Congress to control the cost of Medicare . The House Republicans ' 2012 budget would have abolished traditional Medicare and required the eligible population to purchase private insurance with a newly created premium support program . This plan would have cut the cost of Medicare by capping the value of the voucher and tying its growth to inflation , which is expected to be lower than rising health costs , saving roughly $155 billion over 10 years . Paul Ryan , the plan 's author , claimed that competition would drive down costs , but the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) found that the plan would dramatically raise the cost of health care , with all of the additional costs falling on enrollees . The CBO found that under the plan , typical 65 - year - olds would go from paying 35 percent of their health care costs to paying 68 percent by 2030 . In December 2011 , Ryan and Sen. Ron Wyden ( D -- Oreg . ) jointly proposed a new premium support system . Unlike Ryan 's original plan , this new system would maintain traditional Medicare as an option , and the premium support would not be tied to inflation . The spending targets in the Ryan - Wyden plan are the same as the targets included in the Affordable Care Act ; it is unclear whether the plan would reduce Medicare expenditure relative to current law . Raising the age of eligibility A number of different plans have been introduced that would raise the age of Medicare eligibility . Some have argued that , as the population ages and the ratio of workers to retirees increases , programs for the elderly need to be reduced . Since the age at which Americans can retire with full Social Security benefits is rising to 67 , it is argued that the age of eligibility for Medicare should rise with it ( though people can begin receiving reduced Social Security benefits as early as age 62 ) . The CBO projected that raising the age of Medicare eligibility would save $113 billion over 10 years after accounting for the necessary expansion of Medicaid and state health insurance exchange subsidies under health care reform , which are needed to help those who could not afford insurance purchase it . The Kaiser Family Foundation found that raising the age of eligibility would save the federal government $5.7 billion a year , while raising costs for other payers . According to Kaiser , raising the age would cost $3.7 billion to 65 - and 66 - year - olds , $2.8 billion to other consumers whose premiums would rise as insurance pools absorbed more risk , $4.5 billion to employers offering insurance , and $0.7 billion to states expanding their Medicaid rolls . Ultimately Kaiser found that the plan would raise total social costs by more than twice the savings to the federal government . Negotiating the prices of prescription drugs Currently , people with Medicare can get prescription drug coverage through a Medicare Advantage plan or through the standalone private prescription drug plans ( PDPs ) established under Medicare Part D. Each plan established its own coverage policies and independently negotiates the prices it pays to drug manufacturers . But because each plan has a much smaller coverage pool than the entire Medicare program , many argue that this system of paying for prescription drugs undermines the government 's bargaining power and artificially raises the cost of drug coverage . Many look to the Veterans Health Administration as a model of lower cost prescription drug coverage . Since the VHA provides healthcare directly , it maintains its own formulary and negotiates prices with manufacturers . Studies show that the VHA pays dramatically less for drugs than the PDP plans Medicare Part D subsidizes . One analysis found that adopting a formulary similar to the VHA 's would save Medicare $14 billion a year ( over 10 years the savings would be around $140 billion ) . There are other proposals for savings on prescription drugs that do not require such fundamental changes to Medicare Part D 's payment and coverage policies . Manufacturers who supply drugs to Medicaid are required to offer a 15 percent rebate on the average manufacturer 's price . Low - income elderly individuals who qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid receive drug coverage through Medicare Part D , and no reimbursement is paid for the drugs the government purchases for them . Reinstating that rebate would yield savings of $112 billion , according to a recent CBO estimate . Some have questioned the ability of the federal government to achieve greater savings than the largest PDPs , since some of the larger plans have coverage pools comparable to Medicare 's , though the evidence from the VHA is promising . Some also worry that controlling the prices of prescription drugs would reduce incentives for manufacturers to invest in R&D , though the same could be said of anything that would reduce costs . Reforming care for the `` dual - eligibles '' Roughly nine million Americans -- mostly older adults with low incomes -- are eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid . These men and women tend to have particularly poor health -- more than half are being treated for five or more chronic conditions -- and high costs . Average annual per - capita spending for `` dual - eligibles '' is $20,000 , compared to $10,900 for the Medicare population as a whole all enrollees . The dual - eligible population comprises roughly 20 percent of Medicare 's enrollees but accounts for 36 percent of its costs . There is substantial evidence that these individuals receive highly inefficient care because responsibility for their care is split between the Medicare and Medicaid programs -- most see a number of different providers without any kind of mechanism to coordinate their care , and they face high rates of potentially preventable hospitalizations . Because Medicaid and Medicare cover different aspects of health care , both have a financial incentive to shunt patients into care the other program pays for . Many experts have suggested that establishing mechanisms to coordinate care for the dual - eligibles could yield substantial savings in the Medicare program , mostly by reducing hospitalizations . Such programs would connect patients with primary care , create an individualized health plan , assist enrollees in receiving social and human services as well as medical care , reconcile medications prescribed by different doctors to ensure they do not undermine one another , and oversee behavior to improve health . The general ethos of these proposals is to `` treat the patient , not the condition , '' and maintain health while avoiding costly treatments . There is some controversy over who exactly should take responsibility for coordinating the care of the dual eligibles . There have been some proposals to transfer dual eligibles into existing Medicaid managed care plans , which are controlled by individual states . But many states facing severe budget shortfalls might have some incentive to stint on necessary care or otherwise shift costs to enrollees and their families to capture some Medicaid savings . Medicare has more experience managing the care of older adults , and is already expanding coordinated care programs under the ACA , though there are some questions about private Medicare plans ' capacity to manage care and achieve meaningful cost savings . Estimated savings from more effective coordinated care for the dual eligibles range from $125 billion to over $200 billion , mostly by eliminating unnecessary , expensive hospital admissions . Income - relating Medicare premiums Both House Republicans and President Obama proposed increasing the additional premiums paid by the wealthiest people with Medicare , compounding several reforms in the ACA that would increase the number of wealthier individuals paying higher , income - related Part B and Part D premiums . Such proposals are projected to save $20 billion over the course of a decade , and would ultimately result in more than a quarter of Medicare enrollees paying between 35 and 90 percent of their Part B costs by 2035 , rather than the typical 25 percent . If the brackets mandated for 2035 were implemented today , it would mean that anyone earning more than $47,000 ( as an individual ) or $94,000 ( as a couple ) would be affected . Under the Republican proposals , affected individuals would pay 40 percent of the total Part B and Part D premiums , which would be equivalent of $2,500 today . More limited income - relation of premiums only raises limited revenue . Currently , only 5 percent of Medicare enrollees pay an income - related premium , and most only pay 35 percent of their total premium , compared to the 25 percent most people pay . Only a negligible number of enrollees fall into the higher income brackets required to bear a more substantial share of their costs -- roughly half a percent of individuals and less than three percent of married couples currently pay more than 35 percent of their total Part B costs . There is some concern that tying premiums to income would weaken Medicare politically over the long run , since people tend to be more supportive of universal social programs than of means - tested ones . Medigap restrictions Some Medicare supplemental insurance ( or `` Medigap '' ) plans cover all of an enrollee 's cost - sharing , insulating them from any out - of - pocket costs and guaranteeing financial security to individuals with significant health care needs . Many policymakers believe that such plans raise the cost of Medicare by creating a perverse incentive that leads patients to seek unnecessary , costly treatments . Many argue that unnecessary treatments are a major cause of rising costs and propose that people with Medicare should feel more of the cost of their care to create incentives to seek the most efficient alternatives . Various restrictions and surcharges on Medigap coverage have appeared in recent deficit reduction proposals . One of the furthest - reaching reforms proposed , which would prevent Medigap from covering any of the first $500 of coinsurance charges and limit it to covering 50 percent of all costs beyond that , could save $50 billion over 10 years . But it would also increase health care costs substantially for people with costly health care needs . There is some evidence that claims of Medigap 's tendency to cause over-treatment may be exaggerated and that potential savings from restricting it might be smaller than expected . Meanwhile , there are some concerns about the potential effects on enrollees . Individuals who face high charges with every episode of care have been shown to delay or forgo needed care , jeopardizing their health and possibly increasing their health care costs down the line . Given their lack of medical training , most patients tend to have difficulty distinguishing between necessary and unnecessary treatments . The problem could be exaggerated among the Medicare population , which has low levels of health literacy . Legislative oversight ( edit ) The following congressional committees provide oversight for Medicare programs : Senate Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies Senate Budget Committee Senate Committee on Finance Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management , the Federal Workforce , and the District of Columbia Senate Committee on Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management , Government Information , and International Security Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging Senate Special Committee on Aging House House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies House Budget Committee House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations House Small Business Committee House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Health Joint Joint Economic Committee See also ( edit ) Administration on Aging Federal Insurance Contributions Act Health care in the United States Health care politics Health care reform in the United States Health insurance in the United States Maurice Mazel Medicaid Medicare ( Australia ) Medicare ( Canada ) Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 Medicare Prompt Pay Correction Act Medicare Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Act Medicare Rights Center National Health Service ( United Kingdom ) National Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Project Act of 2009 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) Philosophy of healthcare Quality improvement organizations Single - payer health care Stark Law United States National Health Care Act ( Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Altman , Drew ; Frist , William H. ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Medicare and Medicaid at 50 Years : Perspectives of Beneficiaries , Health Care Professionals and Institutions , and Policy Makers '' . JAMA. 314 ( 4 ) : 384 -- 95 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2015.7811 . PMID 26219056 . Jump up ^ 2016 Annual Report of the Medicare Trustees ( for the year 2015 ) , June 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Kaiser Slides The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Facts.kff.org . Retrieved on July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Medicare '' . https://www.medicare.gov/ . U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services , Baltimore . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Robinson , P.I. ( 1957 ) . Medicare : Uniformed Services Program for Dependents . Social Security Bulletin , 20 ( 7 ) , 9 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Tibbits C. `` The 1961 White House Conference on Aging : it 's rationale , objectives , and procedures '' . J Am Geriatr Soc. 1960 May . 8 : 373 -- 77 Jump up ^ Mcnamara PAT , Dirksen EM , Church F , Muskie ES . The 1961 White House Conference on Aging : basic policy statements and recommendations / prepared for the Special Committee on Aging , United States Senate 87th Congress , 1st Session , Committee Print , May 15 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Folliard , Edward T. ( July 31 , 1965 ) . `` Medicare Bill Signed By Johnson : 33 Congressmen Attend Ceremony In Truman Library '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Drew ( July 29 , 1965 ) . `` What Medicare Means to Taxpayers : How to Get Voluntary Insurance '' . The Washington Post . p . C13 . Jump up ^ See Health Insurance for the Aged Act , Title I of the Social Security Amendments of 1965 , Pub . L. No. 89 - 97 , 79 Stat. 286 ( July 30 , 1965 ) , generally effective beginning with the month of July 1966 . Section 321 of the Act amended section 1401 of the Internal Revenue Code to impose the Medicare tax . Jump up ^ `` Truman Library - July 30 , 1965 : President Lyndon B. Johnson Signs Medicare Bill '' . www.trumanlibrary.org . 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Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Viebeck , Elise ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Obama threatens to veto GOP ' doc fix ' bill '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kasperowicz , Pete ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` House GOP readies year - long ' doc fix ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kasperowicz , Pete ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` House approves ' doc fix ' in voice vote '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ American Medical Association , Medicare Payment Options for Physicians Jump up ^ Kaiser Family Foundation 2010 Chartbook , `` Figure 2.15 '' Jump up ^ Kaiser Family Foundation 2010 Chartbook , `` Figure 2.16 Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/nextavenue/2013/06/11/what-to-do-if-your-doctor-wont-take-medicare/ Jump up ^ Laugesen Miriam ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Study Finds that the AMA Committee Recommendations on Doctor Fees Are Followed Nine Times out of Ten '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why do manufacturers have to report average sales prices to CMS ? '' , CMS FAQs , HHS.gov Jump up ^ How does CMS calculate the Average Sales Price ( ASP ) - based payment limit ? , CMS FAQs , HHS.gov Jump up ^ `` Law Impedes Flow of Immunity in a Vial '' , New York Times , July 19 , 2005 , by Andrew Pollack Jump up ^ `` Cancer Drugs Face Funds Cut in a Bush Plan '' , New York Times , August 6 , 2003 , Robert Pear Jump up ^ `` Medicare Incentive Payments in Health Professional Shortage Areas and Physician Scarcity Areas '' . Raconline.org . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overview HPSA / PSA ( Physician Bonuses ) '' . Cms.gov . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 06 . 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Jump up ^ GAO , `` '' Health Care Price Transparency : Meaningful price information is difficult for consumers to obtain prior to obtaining care. `` '' September 2011 Jump up ^ Uwe Reinhardt , `` '' How Medicare Pays Physicians `` '' , The New York Times , December 2010 Jump up ^ `` Summary of New Health Reform Law , '' Kaiser Family Foundation Jump up ^ https://www.cms.gov/ReportsTrustFunds/downloads/tr2010.pdf Jump up ^ `` Medicare Chartbook , 2010 '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . October 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CBO The Long - Term Budget Outlook and Options for Slowing the Growth of Health Care Costs . Cbo.gov ( June 17 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ U.S. Health Spending Projected To Grow 5.8 Percent Annually -- Health Affairs Blog . Healthaffairs.org ( July 28 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.cms.gov/ReportsTrustFunds/downloads/tr2016.pdf Jump up ^ `` Graph on Page 4 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived January 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CBO CBO 's Analysis of the Major Health Care Legislation Enacted in March 2010 . Cbo.gov ( March 30 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ 2016 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARDS OF TRUSTEES OF THE FEDERAL HOSPITAL INSURANCE AND FEDERAL SUPPLEMENTARY MEDICAL INSURANCE TRUST FUNDS Jump up ^ `` Medicare : People 's Chief Concerns '' . Public Agenda . Jump up ^ `` Paying for Quality over Quantity in Health Care '' . Public Agenda . 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Health Affairs . 14 ( 4 ) : 62 -- 72 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 14.4. 62 . Jump up ^ Pope , Chris . `` Medicare 's Single - Payer Experience '' . National Affairs . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Improvements Needed in Provider Communications and Contracting Procedures , Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Health , Committee on Ways and Means , House of Representatives , September 25 , 2001 . Jump up ^ The Accreditation Option for Deemed Medicare Status , Office of Licensure and Certification , Virginia Department of Health Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Scott ( November 1997 ) . `` Medicare funding for medical education : a waste of money ? '' . USA Today . Society for the Advancement of Education ... Reprint by BNET . Jump up ^ Fuchs , Elissa ( February 2009 ) . `` Overview : Medicare Direct Graduate and Indirect Medical Education Payments '' . AAMC Reporter . Association of American Medical Colleges . ISSN 1544 - 0540 . ^ Jump up to : Croasdale , Myrle ( January 30 , 2006 ) . `` Innovative funding opens new residency slots '' . American Medical News . American Medical Association . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Roger A. ; Andrilla , C. Holly A. ; Curtin , Thomas ; Hart , L. Gary ( March 1 , 2006 ) . `` Shortages of Medical Personnel at Community Health Centers '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . American Medical Association . 295 ( 9 ) : 1042 -- 49 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 295.9. 1042 . PMID 16507805 . Jump up ^ Rovner , Julie ( August 2012 ) . `` Prognosis Worsens For Shortages In Primary Care '' . Talk of the Nation . National Public Radio ... ( 2 ) by NPR . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( Summer 2010 ) . `` Medicare 's Complicated Birth '' . americanheritage.com . American Heritage . p. 28 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Thomas ; Desmond , Katherine ; Gabel , Jon ( Fall 1990 ) . `` The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act : a Post-mortem '' ( PDF ) . Health Affairs . 9 ( 3 ) : 75 -- 87 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 9.3. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Hulse , Carl ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` Lesson Is Seen in Failure of Law on Medicare in 1989 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Marcus , Aliza ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` Senate Vote on Doctor Fees Carries Risks for McCain '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` House Passes Children 's Health Plan 225 -- 204 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/120xx/doc12033/12-23-selectedhealthcarepublications.pdf Jump up ^ Vaida , Bara ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Controversial health board braces for continued battles over Medicare '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` How will the Affordable Care Act Change Medicare ? '' . 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Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Moffit ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Premium Support : Medicare 's Future and its Critics '' . heritage.org . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marilyn Moon ( September 1999 ) . `` Can Competition Improve Medicare ? A Look at Premium Support '' ( PDF ) . urban.org . Urban Institute . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frakt , Austin ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Premium support proposal and critique : Objection 1 , risk selection '' . The Incidental Economist . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ( ... ) The concern is that private plans will find ways to attract relatively healthier and cheaper - to - cover beneficiaries ( the `` good '' risks ) , leaving the sicker and more costly ones ( the `` bad '' risks ) in TM . Attracting good risks is known as `` favorable selection '' and attracting `` bad '' ones is `` adverse selection . '' ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Debbie Wasserman Schultz says Ryan Medicare plan would allow insurers to use pre-existing conditions as barrier to coverage '' . PolitiFact . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frakt , Austin ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Premium support proposal and critique : Objection 4 , complexity '' . The Incidental Economist . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ( ... ) Medicare is already very complex , some say too complex . There is research that suggests beneficiaries have difficulty making good choices among the myriad of available plans . ( ... ) Jump up ^ Horney , James R. ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ryan Budget Plan Produces Far Less Real Deficit Cutting than Reported -- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities '' . Cbpp.org . 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'' America 's Health Insurance Plans , September 2011 . http://www.ahipcoverage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Dual-Eligible-Study-September-2011.pdf Jump up ^ Dual Eligible : Medicaid 's Role for Low - Income Beneficiaries `` , Kaiser Family Foundation , Fact Sheet # 4091 - 07 , December 2010 , http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/4091-07.pdf . Jump up ^ CMS , National Health Expenditure Web Tables , Table 16 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Medicare Chartbook , Kaiser Family Foundation , November 2010 , 55 Jump up ^ John Holahan , Linda J. Blumberg , Stacey McMorrow , Stephen Zuckerman , Timothy Waidmann , and Karen Stockley , `` Containing the Growth of Spending in the U.S. Health System , '' The Urban Institute , October 2011 . http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412419-Containing-the-Growth-of-Spending-in-the-US-Health-System.pdf Jump up ^ Jiang HJ , Wier LM , Potter DEB , Burgess J. Hospitalizations for Potentially Preventable Conditions among Medicare - Medicaid Dual Eligibles , 2008 . Statistical Brief # 96 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project , September 2010 . Jump up ^ Medicare PPayment Advisory Commission , MedPAC 2011 Databook , Chapter 5 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth . '' December 2010 . pdf . Jump up ^ Judy Feder , Lisa Clemans - Cope , Teresa Coughlin , John Holahan , Timothy Waidmann , `` Refocusing Responsibility For Dual Eligibles : Why Medicare Should Take The Lead . '' Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , October 2011 . http://www.rwjf.org/files/research/72868qs68dualeligiblesfull20110930.pdf Jump up ^ Families USA , `` A Guide for Advocates : State Demonstrations to Integrate Medicare and Medicaid . '' April 2011 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Berenson and John Holahan , Preserving Medicare : A Practical Approach to Controlling Spending ( Washington , DC : Urban Institute , Sept. 2011 ) Jump up ^ The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth . '' December 2010 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaiser Family Foundation , `` Income - Relating Medicare Part B and Part D Premiums Under Current Law and Recent Proposals : What are the Implications for Beneficiaries ? '' February 2012 . http://www.kff.org/medicare/upload/8276.pdf Jump up ^ Social Security Administration , Income of the Population , 55 and Older Jump up ^ Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williams . The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism . Oxford University Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth , '' December 2010 . Jump up ^ Office of Management and Buddget , `` Living Within Our Means and Investing in the Future : The President 's Plan for Economic Growth and Deficit Reduction . '' September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sen. Tom Coburn and Sen. Richard Burr , `` The Seniors ' Choice Act , '' February 2012 . Jump up ^ CBO , `` Reducing the Deficit : Revenue and Spending Options , '' May 2012 . Option 21 Jump up ^ Jeff Lemieux , Teresa Chovan , and Karen Heath , `` Medigap Coverage And Medicare Spending : A Second Look , '' Health Affairs , Volume 27 , Number 2 , March / April 2008 Jump up ^ Beeuwkes Buntin M , Haviland AM , McDevitt R , and Sood N , `` Healthcare Spending and Preventive Care in High - Deductible and Consumer - Directed Health Plans , '' American Journal of Managed Care , Vol. 17 , No. 3 , March 2011 , pp. 222 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Committees of Interest '' . Center for Medicare Services . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medicare ( United States ) . Governmental links -- current ( edit ) Medicare at cms.gov Medicare.gov -- the official website for people with Medicare Medicare Primer Congressional Research Service Finding Medicare Enrollment Statistics Congressional Research Service Governmental links -- historical ( edit ) Medicare Is Signed Into Law page from ssa.gov -- material about the bill - signing ceremony Historical Background and Development of Social Security from ssa.gov -- includes information about Medicare Detailed Chronology of SSA from ssa.gov -- includes information about Medicare Early Medicare poster from ssa.gov Non-governmental links ( edit ) Consumer Reports Managing Medicare Kaiser Family Foundation -- Substantial research and analysis related to the Medicare program and the population of seniors and people with disabilities it covers . State - level data on Medicare beneficiaries , such as enrollment , demographics ( such as age , gender , race / ethnicity ) , spending , other sources of health coverage , managed care participation , and use of services . History of Medicare in an interactive timeline of key developments . Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 37th Vice President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1949 -- 1961 ) U.S. Representative for TX - 10 ( 1937 -- 1949 ) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address , 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp Books Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives special elections , 1937 United States House of Representatives elections , 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections , 1941 United States Senate elections , 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 United States presidential election , 1960 1964 Popular culture Lyndon B. 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Johnson Social programs Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing more detailed references Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with dead external links from March 2013 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Use mdy dates from September 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles to be expanded from January 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Vague or ambiguous time from December 2013 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 05 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did medicare begin in the united states | [
"In the United States, Medicare is a single-payer, national social insurance program administered by the U.S. federal government since 1966, currently[when?] using about 30–50 private insurance companies across the United States under contract for administration.[1][not in citation given] United States Medicare is funded by a payroll tax, premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries, and general revenue. It provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system through the payroll tax. It also provides health insurance to younger people with some disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration, as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis."
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"1966"
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-6030031576022190850 | Baker's cyst | Baker 's cyst - wikipedia Baker 's cyst Jump to : navigation , search Baker 's cyst Synonyms popliteal cyst Schematic drawing of a Baker 's cyst Classification and external resources Specialty rheumatology ICD - 10 M71. 2 ICD - 9 - CM 727.51 DiseasesDB 1224 MedlinePlus 001222 eMedicine radio / 72 Patient UK Baker 's cyst MeSH D011151 ( edit on Wikidata ) A Baker 's cyst , also known as a popliteal cyst , is a benign swelling of the semimembranosus or more rarely some other synovial bursa found behind the knee joint . It is named after the surgeon who first described it , William Morrant Baker ( 1838 -- 1896 ) . It is not a `` true '' cyst , as an open communication with the synovial sac is often maintained . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cause 2 Diagnosis 3 Treatment 4 Gallery 5 References 6 External links Cause ( edit ) In adults , Baker 's cysts usually arise from almost any form of knee arthritis ( e.g. , rheumatoid arthritis ) or cartilage ( particularly a meniscus ) tear . Baker 's cysts in children do not point to underlying joint disease . Baker 's cysts arise between the tendons of the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus muscles . They are posterior to the medial femoral condyle . The synovial sac of the knee joint can , under certain circumstances , produce a posterior bulge , into the popliteal space , the space behind the knee . When this bulge becomes large enough , it becomes palpable and cystic . Most Baker 's cysts maintain this direct communication with the synovial cavity of the knee , but sometimes , the new cyst pinches off . A Baker 's cyst can rupture and produce acute pain behind the knee and in the calf and swelling of the calf muscles . Diagnosis ( edit ) Diagnosis is by examination . A Baker 's cyst is easier to see from behind with the patient standing with knees fully extended . It is most easily palpated ( felt ) with the knee partially flexed . Diagnosis is confirmed by ultrasonography , although if needed and there is no suspicion of a popliteal artery aneurysm then aspiration of synovial fluid from the cyst may be undertaken with care . An MRI image can reveal presence of a Baker 's cyst . An infrequent but potentially life - threatening complication , which may need to be excluded by blood tests and ultrasonography , is a deep vein thrombosis ( DVT ) . Quick assessment of the possibility of DVT may be required where a Baker 's cyst has compressed vascular structures , causing leg edema , as this sets up conditions for a DVT to develop . A burst cyst commonly causes calf pain , swelling and redness that may mimic thrombophlebitis . Ultrasound image of Baker 's cyst Treatment ( edit ) Baker 's cysts usually require no treatment unless they are symptomatic . It is very rare that the symptoms are actually coming from the cyst . In most cases , there is another disorder in the knee ( arthritis , meniscal ( cartilage ) tear , etc . ) that is causing the problem . Initial treatment should be directed at correcting the source of the increased fluid production . Often rest and leg elevation are all that is needed . If necessary , the cyst can be aspirated to reduce its size , then injected with a corticosteroid to reduce inflammation . Surgical excision is reserved for cysts that cause a great amount of discomfort to the patient . A ruptured cyst is treated with rest , leg elevation , and injection of a corticosteroid into the knee . Baker 's cysts in children , unlike in older people , nearly always disappear with time , and rarely require excision . Ice pack therapy may sometimes be an effective way of controlling the pain related to Baker 's cyst . Heat is also commonly used . A knee brace can offer support giving the feel of stability in the joint . Rest and specific exercise Many activities can put strain on the knee , and cause pain in the case of Baker 's cyst . Avoiding activities such as squatting , kneeling , heavy lifting , climbing , and even running can help prevent pain . Despite this , some exercises can help relieve pain , and a physiotherapist may instruct on stretching and strengthening the quadriceps and / or the patellar ligament . Gallery ( edit ) Baker 's cyst ( popliteal cyst ) is located behind the knee and is a swelling of the popliteal bursa . In this image , the Baker 's cyst is the yellowish bulbous tissue which was identified during routine dissection . Baker 's cyst on axial MRI with communicating channel between the semimebranosus muscle and the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle . Baker 's cyst on MRI , sagittal image Baker 's cyst on MRI , sagittal image References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` William Morrant Baker '' . Who Named It . Bibliography Hellmann , DB ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 20 : Arthritis & Musculoskeletal Disorders '' . In Tierney LM , Jr. ; McPhee SJ ; Papadakis MA . Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment ( 44th ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : F.A. Davis Company . ISBN 0 - 07 - 145323 - 7 . Joint Healing. com - Baker 's Cyst External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baker 's cyst . Definition and Treatment Soft tissue disorders / Rheumatism / Connective tissue arthropathy ( M65 -- M79 , 725 -- 728 ) Capsular joint Synoviopathy Synovitis / Tenosynovitis Calcific tendinitis Stenosing tenosynovitis Trigger finger DeQuervain 's syndrome Transient synovitis Ganglion cyst osteochondromatosis Synovial osteochondromatosis Plica syndrome villonodular synovitis Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath Bursopathy Bursitis Olecranon Prepatellar Trochanteric Subacromial Achilles Retrocalcaneal Ischial Iliopsoas Synovial cyst Baker 's cyst Calcific bursitis Noncapsular joint Ligamentopathy Ligamentous laxity Hypermobility Enthesopathy / Enthesitis ( and general tendinopathy ) upper limb Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder Impingement syndrome Rotator cuff tear Golfer 's elbow Tennis elbow lower limb Iliotibial band syndrome Patellar tendinitis Achilles tendinitis Calcaneal spur Metatarsalgia Bone spur other / general : Tendinitis Tendinosis Nonjoint Fasciopathy Fasciitis : Plantar Nodular Necrotizing Eosinophilic Fibromatosis / contracture Dupuytren 's contracture Plantar fibromatosis Aggressive fibromatosis Knuckle pads Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baker%27s_cyst&oldid=777531885 '' Categories : Musculoskeletal disorders Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2017 , at 18 : 32 . About Wikipedia | where does a baker's cyst come from | [
"In adults, Baker's cysts usually arise from almost any form of knee arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) or cartilage (particularly a meniscus) tear. Baker's cysts in children do not point to underlying joint disease. Baker's cysts arise between the tendons of the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the semimembranosus muscles. They are posterior to the medial femoral condyle."
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"knee arthritis"
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-1050402539155813353 | Double (basketball) | Double ( Basketball ) - wikipedia Double ( Basketball ) Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In basketball , a double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in one of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . Multiple players usually score double - digit points in any given basketball game ; the double nomenclature is usually reserved for when a player has double - digit totals in more than one category . A double - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in two of the statistical five categories in a game . The most common double - double combination is points - rebounds , followed by points - assists . Since the 1983 -- 84 season , Tim Duncan leads the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in the points - rebounds combination with 840 , and John Stockton leads the points - assists combination with 714 . A triple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in three of the five categories in a game . The most common way to achieve a triple - double is through points , rebounds , and assists . Oscar Robertson leads the all - time NBA list with 181 career triple - doubles and is , with Russell Westbrook , one of only two players ever to average a triple - double for a season . Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple - doubles in a season with 42 . A quadruple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in four of the five categories in a game . This has occurred four times in the NBA . A quintuple - double is the accumulation of a double - digit number total in all five categories in a game . Two quintuple - doubles have been recorded at the high school level , by Tamika Catchings and Aimee Oertner , but none have occurred in a college or professional game . A similar accomplishment is the five - by - five , which is the accumulation of at least five points , five rebounds , five assists , five steals , and five blocks in a game . In the NBA , only Hakeem Olajuwon and Andrei Kirilenko have accumulated multiple five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Double - double 1.1 NBA 1.1. 1 Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) 1.1. 2 Facts 2 Triple - double 2.1 NBA 2.1. 1 Triple - double leaders 2.1. 2 Facts 2.2 NCAA Division I 3 Quadruple - double 3.1 NBA 3.2 Other men 's basketball 3.3 Women 's basketball 4 Quintuple - double 5 Five - by - five 5.1 NBA 5.2 Facts 6 References Double - double ( edit ) `` Double - double '' redirects here . For other uses , see Double - double ( disambiguation ) . A double - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in two of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common double - double combination is points and rebounds , followed by points and assists . Double - doubles are fairly common in the NBA . During the 2008 -- 09 season , 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double - doubles during the season . Special double - doubles are rare . One such double - double is called double double - double ( also referred to as 20 -- 20 or Double - 20 ) . It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game . Another such double - double is called a triple double - double ( also referred to as 30 -- 30 ) . The only player in NBA history to record a 40 - 40 is Wilt Chamberlain , who achieved the feat eight times in his career . Of the five instances , four were recorded in his rookie season , and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game . NBA ( edit ) Karl Malone ( left ) and John Stockton ( right ) were once teammates on the Utah Jazz in the 1990s . Malone is second in the point - rebound list , Stockton first in points and assists . Tim Duncan is first in points and rebounds . Double - double leaders ( in regular season ) ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season double - double leaders since the 1983 -- 84 season : ^ Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Point - rebound Rank Name Total Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan 841 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * 811 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 774 Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett 741 5 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 727 6 Barkley , Charles Charles Barkley * 706 7 Howard , Dwight Dwight Howard ^ 705 8 Ewing , Patrick Patrick Ewing * 580 9 Robinson , David David Robinson * 543 10 Gasol , Pau Pau Gasol ^ 520 11 Willis , Kevin Kevin Willis 488 12 Randolph , Zach Zach Randolph ^ 480 13 Mutombo , Dikembe Dikembe Mutombo * 469 14 Williams , Buck Buck Williams 459 15 Webber , Chris Chris Webber 440 16 Malone , Moses Moses Malone * 435 17 Parish , Robert Robert Parish * 430 18 Marion , Shawn Shawn Marion 427 19 Oakley , Charles Charles Oakley 426 20 Thorpe , Otis Otis Thorpe 411 Point - assist Rank Name Total Stockton , John John Stockton * 714 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 514 Nash , Steve Steve Nash 436 Paul , Chris Chris Paul * 408 5 Thomas , Isiah Isiah Thomas 408 6 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd ^ 402 7 Johnson , Kevin Kevin Johnson 319 8 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 281 9 Williams , Deron Deron Williams ^ 275 10 Strickland , Rod Rod Strickland 271 11 Jackson , Mark Mark Jackson 242 Payton , Gary Gary Payton * 242 13 Wall , John John Wall ^ 224 14 Hardaway , Tim Tim Hardaway 279 15 Marbury , Stephon Stephon Marbury 210 16 Miller , Andre Andre Miller 197 17 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 192 18 Porter , Terry Terry Porter 188 19 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo ^ 181 20 Davis , Baron Baron Davis 177 Facts ( edit ) Longest continuous streak of double - doubles : According to the Elias Sports Bureau , Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double - doubles from 1964 to 1967 . Chamberlain also holds the second and third longest continuous streaks of double - doubles with 220 and 133 . This record is before the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 . The longest streak of double - doubles since the merger was 53 games , achieved by Kevin Love , then of the Minnesota Timberwolves . Triple - double ( edit ) `` Triple - double '' redirects here . For volleyball , see Triple - double ( volleyball ) . Oscar Robertson has the most NBA career triple doubles with 181 , and is one of the two players to average a triple double over an entire season . Jason Kidd was one of the most successful players at accumulating triple doubles with 107 . A triple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- in a game . The most common way for a player to achieve a triple - double is with points , rebounds , and assists , though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game . The origin of the term `` triple - double '' is unclear . Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson 's versatility , while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980 . The triple - double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979 -- 80 season . There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple - doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound . Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound ; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent 's basket trying to score a triple - double . To deter this , NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt . NBA ( edit ) Russell Westbrook is the only player to have recorded a perfect triple double ( no missed shots and no missed free throws ) in NBA history From the 1990 -- 91 to the 2010 -- 11 season , the NBA averaged 34.5 triple - doubles per season , roughly 1 in every 36 games . From the 2011 -- 12 to the 2016 -- 17 season , the NBA saw a dramatic increase in the number of triple - doubles , with an average of 57.33 triple - doubles per season , roughly 1 in every 22 games . Russell Westbrook was responsible for 74 of the triple - doubles during that span , or 21.5 % of the 344 total triple - doubles . Since the 1983 -- 84 season , 25 triple - doubles have been recorded by players coming off the bench ; Detlef Schrempf recorded three with the Indiana Pacers . Triple - double leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of regular season triple - double leaders : All - time triple - double leaders Rank Name Triple - doubles Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * 181 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * 138 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd 107 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 104 5 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 78 6 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 73 7 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 59 8 Lever , Fat Fat Lever 43 9 Harden , James James Harden ^ 35 10 Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * 33 11 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * 31 Rondo , Rajon Rajon Rondo ^ 31 13 Hill , Grant Grant Hill 29 14 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 28 15 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * 26 16 Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 25 17 Frazier , Walt Walt Frazier * 23 18 Green , Draymond Draymond Green ^ 22 19 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 21 Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 21 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 21 Denotes active player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Facts ( edit ) First triple - double in league history : According to the Harvey J. Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook , Dolph Schayes ( Syracuse Nationals ) might have logged the league 's first triple - double on February 8 , 1951 , versus the New York Knicks . He had 18 points , 22 rebounds and 13 assists . Averaging a triple - double in a single season : Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals ) and Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat . During the 1961 -- 62 season , Robertson averaged 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists per game . Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once , his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points , 10.4 rebounds , and 10.6 assists per game . Westbrook finished the 2016 -- 17 season averaging 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists . Most triple - doubles in a single season : In 2016 -- 17 , Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 42 triple - doubles . Most triple - doubles in road games in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded 17 of 42 triple - doubles in away games . Most 50 - point triple - doubles in a single season : Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) recorded three 50 - point triple - doubles in the 2016 -- 17 season . James Harden is the other player to record more than one 50 - point triple double with two in the same season . It is more than likely that Wilt Chamberlain recorded many 50 - point triple - doubles during his historic 1961 - 62 NBA season , but they remain unofficial , as steals and blocked shots were not yet recorded as official statistics . Most triple - doubles in a single season Rank Name Triple - doubles Team NBA season Russell Westbrook 42 Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 -- 17 Oscar Robertson 41 Cincinnati Royals 1961 -- 62 Wilt Chamberlain 31 Philadelphia 76ers 1967 -- 68 Oscar Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1960 -- 61 Oscar Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1963 -- 64 6 Russell Westbrook 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 2017 -- 18 7 Oscar Robertson 22 Cincinnati Royals 1964 -- 65 Wilt Chamberlain 22 Philadelphia 76ers 1966 -- 67 James Harden 22 Houston Rockets 2016 -- 17 10 Oscar Robertson 20 Cincinnati Royals 1962 -- 63 11 Magic Johnson 18 Los Angeles Lakers 1981 -- 82 Russell Westbrook 18 Oklahoma City Thunder 2015 -- 16 LeBron James 18 Cleveland Cavaliers 2017 -- 18 13 Magic Johnson 17 Los Angeles Lakers 1988 -- 89 14 Fat Lever 16 Denver Nuggets 1985 -- 86 15 Michael Jordan 15 Chicago Bulls 1988 -- 89 17 Magic Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1987 -- 88 Magic Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1990 -- 91 Grant Hill 13 Detroit Pistons 1996 -- 97 Jason Kidd 13 New Jersey Nets 2007 -- 08 Draymond Green 13 Golden State Warriors 2015 -- 16 LeBron James 13 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016 -- 17 Most triple - doubles in NBA playoffs : Magic Johnson recorded 30 playoff triple - doubles over his career ; LeBron James is second with 19 . Most triple - doubles in NBA Finals : LeBron James recorded 9 Finals triple - doubles over his career . Averaging a triple - double in an NBA Finals : LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) , in the 2017 Finals , averaged 33.6 points , 12.0 rebounds , and 10.0 assists per game . Youngest player : Lonzo Ball ( Los Angeles Lakers ) , aged 20 years and 15 days , logged a triple - double on November 11 , 2017 , versus the Milwaukee Bucks . He had 19 points , 12 rebounds , and 13 assists . Oldest player : Karl Malone ( Los Angeles Lakers ) , aged 40 years and 127 days -- the only 40 - year - old player to do so -- logged a triple - double on November 28 , 2003 , versus the San Antonio Spurs . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds , and 10 assists . Fastest triple - double : Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) , holds the record for the fastest triple double . On February 15 , 2018 , Jokić recorded the mark in 14 minutes and 33 seconds against the Milwaukee Bucks . The previous fastest triple double had held for almost 63 years , as on February 20 , 1955 Jim Tucker ( Syracuse Nationals ) , in his rookie year , recorded the mark in just 17 minutes , with 12 points , 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104 - 84 win over the New York Knicks . Double - triple - double ( at least 20 of any 3 statistics ) : Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) is the only player to have accomplished this ; in a February 2 , 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons , Chamberlain tallied 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists . Most points scored in a triple - double : James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) holds the record for the most points scored in a triple - double with 60 points , 10 rebounds , and 11 assists on January 30 , 2018 , against the Orlando Magic . The previous record was 57 points by Russell Westbrook . Triple - double not including points : The only such triple - double occurred on February 10 , 2017 , when Draymond Green ( Golden State Warriors ) scored only 4 points , but collected 12 rebounds , 10 assists , and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies . Green also recorded five blocked shots in the game . Longest continuous streak of triple - doubles : Wilt Chamberlain ( Philadelphia 76ers ) holds the record for the most consecutive triple - doubles . In 1968 , from March 8 to March 20 , he recorded a triple - double in nine straight games . The second longest streak is seven , a record jointly held by Robertson , Michael Jordan , and Westbrook . Triple - doubles by teammates : Has occurred three times in the NBA . March 14 , 1964 , Donnie Butcher ( Detroit Pistons ) had 19 points , 15 rebounds , and 15 assists and Ray Scott had 23 points , 20 rebounds , and 11 assists against the New York Knicks . January 3 , 1989 , Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls ) had 41 points , 11 assists , and 10 rebounds and Scottie Pippen had 15 points , 12 assists , and 10 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers . April 7 , 2007 , New Jersey Nets Vince Carter had 46 points , 16 rebounds , and 10 assists and Jason Kidd had 10 points , 16 rebounds , and 18 assists against the Washington Wizards . Triple - doubles by opponents : This has occurred only 13 times since 1983 -- 84 , four times involving Jason Kidd ( while playing for three different teams ) : Magic Johnson and Jeff Ruland ( Los Angeles at Washington , February 10 , 1984 ) Jason Kidd and Clyde Drexler ( Dallas at Houston , April 11 , 1995 ) Kidd and Drexler ( Phoenix at Houston , March 22 , 1997 ) Gary Payton and Chris Webber ( Seattle at Sacramento , April 18 , 2000 ) Kidd and Jay Williams ( New Jersey at Chicago , November 9 , 2002 ) Kidd and Tracy McGrady ( New Jersey at Orlando , February 23 , 2003 ) Caron Butler and Baron Davis ( Washington at Golden State , November 23 , 2007 ) Victor Oladipo and Michael Carter - Williams ( Orlando at Philadelphia , December 3 , 2013 ( 2 OT ) ) Oladipo and Carter - Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat , marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple - doubles in the same game . These were the first career triple - doubles for both players . The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple - doubles in the same game was when Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott ( Detroit Pistons ) did it on March 14 , 1964 ( they were not rookies ) . Russell Westbrook and Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Oklahoma City at Milwaukee , March 6 , 2016 ) LeBron James and Stephen Curry ( Cleveland at Golden State , June 4 , 2017 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo and Nikola Jokić ( Denver at Milwaukee , February 15 , 2018 ) D'Angelo Russell and Kyle Lowry ( Brooklyn at Toronto , March 23 , 2018 ) Ben Simmons and LeBron James ( Cleveland at Philadelphia , April 6 , 2018 ) NCAA Division I ( edit ) Most triple - doubles in a career : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU , 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- 16 ) with 12 -- six in 2014 -- 15 and six again as a senior in 2015 -- 16 . Prior to the triple - double being tracked as an NCAA statistic , Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati ) had 10 -- five in 1958 -- 59 and five in 1959 -- 60 . Women 's : Sabrina Ionescu ( Oregon , 2016 -- present ) with 10 -- four in 2016 -- 17 and six in 2017 -- 18 . Consecutive triple - doubles : In Division I men 's play , David Edwards ( Texas A&M ) , Penny Hardaway ( Memphis State ) , Tony Lee ( Robert Morris ) , Gerald Lewis ( SMU ) , Shaquille O'Neal ( LSU ) , and Kevin Roberson ( Vermont ) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple - double . In women 's play , Danielle Carson ( Youngstown State ) , Kim Rhock ( Mount St. Mary 's ) , Nicole Powell ( Stanford ) , Ashley Schrock ( Cleveland State ) , Claire Faucher ( Portland State ) , Brittney Griner ( Baylor ) , Ny Hammonds ( Charlotte ) , and Ionescu have accomplished this feat . Uniquely , Danielle Carson recorded three consecutive triple - doubles in the 1985 -- 86 season , becoming the only Division I player of either sex to do so . She began by recording 12 points , 10 , rebounds , and 12 assists against Akron on November 29 , 1985 . The following day , she recorded 20 points , 12 rebounds , and at least 20 assists against Kent State ( her exact assists total in that game is unknown ) . Finally , on December 2 against Cleveland State , Carson recorded 26 points , 15 rebounds , and 14 assists . Most triple - doubles in a single season : Men 's : Kyle Collinsworth ( BYU ) , with six -- performed twice : in the 2014 -- 15 season , and again in 2015 -- 16 . Women 's : Danielle Carson ( Youngstown State ) and Sabrina Ionescu ( Oregon ) , each with six -- Carson in 1985 -- 86 and Ionescu in 2017 -- 18 . Triple - doubles in NCAA tournament history : Men 's The NCAA began keeping track of assists for men 's basketball in 1984 , then blocks and steals in 1986 , so officially this has occurred eight times . However , many tournaments had included assists , steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time , so unofficially this has occurred 16 times . Only three pre-1986 triple - doubles are included below . Name Team Score Opponent Round Date Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson Cincinnati 98 -- 85 Louisville Third place 000000001959 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1959 39 39 17 10 -- -- Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson Michigan State 95 -- 64 Lamar Second round 000000001979 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1979 35 13 17 10 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson Michigan State 101 -- 67 Penn Final Four 000000001979 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1979 35 29 10 10 0 Grant , Gary Gary Grant Michigan 97 -- 109 North Carolina Second round 000000001987 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1987 39 24 10 10 0 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal LSU 94 -- 83 BYU First round 000000001992 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1992 31 26 13 11 Cain , David David Cain St. John 's 85 -- 67 Texas Tech First round 000000001993 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1993 37 12 11 11 0 Miller , Andre Andre Miller Utah 76 -- 51 Arizona Elite Eight 000000001998 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1998 36 18 14 13 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade Marquette 83 -- 69 Kentucky Elite Eight 000000002003 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2003 35 29 11 11 Aldrich , Cole Cole Aldrich Kansas 60 -- 43 Dayton Second round 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2009 31 13 20 0 10 Green , Draymond Draymond Green Michigan State 76 -- 78 UCLA First round 000000002011 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2011 37 23 11 10 0 Green , Draymond Draymond Green Michigan State 89 -- 67 Long Island Second round 000000002012 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2012 35 24 12 10 0 Women 's In women 's basketball , the NCAA began keeping track of assists in 1985 , then blocks and steals in 1987 , so officially this has occurred 13 times . However , many tournaments had included assists , steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time , so unofficially this has occurred 16 times . All three triple - doubles that preceded the NCAA 's official inclusion of the relevant statistics are included below . Name Team Score Opponent Round Date Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference Lander , Cassandra Cassandra Lander Cincinnati Georgia First round 000000001982 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1982 17 11 10 -- -- Donovan , Anne Anne Donovan Old Dominion Penn State Elite Eight 000000001983 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1983 20 13 -- -- 12 Davis , Joni Joni Davis Missouri LSU First round 000000001984 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1984 14 11 10 -- -- Meier , Katie Katie Meier Duke Manhattan First round 000000001987 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1987 16 11 10 -- -- Jordan , Pauline Pauline Jordan UNLV Colorado Second round 000000001989 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1989 22 17 -- -- 11 Henning , Sonja Sonja Henning Stanford Cal State Fullerton Second round 000000001991 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1991 19 10 10 -- -- Johnson , Niesa Niesa Johnson Alabama Duke Second round 000000001995 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1995 28 12 14 -- -- Henderson , Tracy Tracy Henderson Georgia Louisville Second round 000000001995 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1995 14 13 -- -- 10 Penicheiro , Ticha Ticha Penicheiro Old Dominion Saint Francis ( PA ) First round 000000001998 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1998 22 -- 15 14 -- Powell , Nicole Nicole Powell Stanford Weber State First round 000000002002 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2002 20 11 10 -- -- Powell , Nicole Nicole Powell Stanford Tulane Second round 000000002002 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2002 16 10 10 -- -- Haynie , Kristin Kristin Haynie Michigan State Vanderbilt Sweet Sixteen 000000002005 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2005 16 10 10 -- -- Diggins , Skylar Skylar Diggins Notre Dame 80 -- 49 Maryland Elite Eight 000000002012 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2012 13 10 10 -- -- Mosqueda - Lewis , Kaleena Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis Connecticut 91 -- 52 Saint Joseph 's Second round 000000002014 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2014 20 10 10 -- -- Logic , Samantha Samantha Logic Iowa 66 -- 81 Baylor Sweet Sixteen 000000002015 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2015 13 10 14 -- -- Ionescu , Sabrina Sabrina Ionescu Oregon 88 -- 45 Seattle First round 000000002018 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2018 19 10 11 -- -- Others Kalara McFadyen of Memphis achieved perhaps the most unusual triple - double in history , and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot from either the field or the free - throw line . On February 3 , 2002 , in a women 's Division I game against Charlotte , she had 12 assists , 10 steals , and 10 rebounds . Quadruple - double ( edit ) Center David Robinson is the most recent NBA player to accomplish the feat of a quadruple - double by recording at least 10 points , rebounds , assists , and blocks in a game . A quadruple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals and blocked shots -- in a game . This feat is extremely rare : only four players have officially recorded a quadruple - double in National Basketball Association ( NBA ) history . The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Nate Thurmond , who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA 's Chicago Bulls . The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple - double was Ann Meyers , who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins , when women 's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW . The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple - double was Lester Hudson in 2007 . The first Division I women 's player to have officially recorded a quadruple - double since the NCAA began sponsoring women 's sports in 1981 -- 82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola -- Chicago in 1989 . Only three other women have done so since , and Shakyla Hill 's quadruple - double for Grambling State in 2018 was the first since 1993 . An earlier player , Jackie Spencer of Louisville , accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984 -- 85 season , but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women 's basketball at that time . The Metro Conference , then home to both schools , did officially record these statistics , but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985 -- 86 for assists and 1987 -- 88 for steals . NBA ( edit ) Quadruple - doubles have only been possible since the 1973 -- 74 season , when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals . It is often speculated by observers that other all - time greats , namely Oscar Robertson ( all time triple - doubles leader with 181 ) , Wilt Chamberlain , Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple - doubles . West 's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple - double with 44 points , 12 rebounds , 10 assists and 10 blocks . A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple - double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics , when he had 24 points , 32 rebounds , 13 assists and 12 blocks . The reason why ( the quadruple - double ) is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish -- so he can get the assists -- and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound . A lot of guys can get the points , rebounds and assists , but it 's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up . You have to love defense to get a quadruple - double . There 's no way around it . -- Nate Thurmond , The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple - double in an NBA game . Except for Thurmond , who retired before the award was established in 1983 , all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once . * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Name Date Team Score Opponent Min Points Reb Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Ref Thurmond , Nate Nate Thurmond * 000000001974 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1974 Chicago Bulls 120 -- 115 Atlanta Hawks 45 22 14 13 0 or 1 12 Yes ( OT ) Robertson , Alvin Alvin Robertson 000000001986 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1986 San Antonio Spurs 120 -- 114 Phoenix Suns 36 20 11 10 10 0 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 000000001990 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1990 Houston Rockets 120 -- 94 Milwaukee Bucks 40 18 16 10 11 No Robinson , David David Robinson * 000000001994 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1994 San Antonio Spurs 115 -- 96 Detroit Pistons 43 34 10 10 10 No Only seven other players ( Clyde Drexler did it twice ) have managed to finish with triple - doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category ( statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold ) : Name Date Team Opponent Minutes played Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 000000001974 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1974 Golden State Warriors Buffalo Braves 43 30 10 11 9 -- No Steele , Larry Larry Steele 000000001974 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1974 Portland Trail Blazers Los Angeles Lakers 44 12 11 9 10 -- No Moore , Johnny Johnny Moore 000000001985 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 1985 San Antonio Spurs Golden State Warriors 36 26 11 13 9 -- No Bird , Larry Larry Bird * 000000001985 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1985 Boston Celtics Utah Jazz 33 30 12 10 9 -- No Richardson , Micheal Ray Micheal Ray Richardson 000000001985 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 1985 New Jersey Nets Indiana Pacers 54 38 11 11 9 -- Yes ( 3 OT ) Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 000000001986 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1986 Portland Trail Blazers Milwaukee Bucks 42 26 9 11 10 -- No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * 000000001990 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1990 Houston Rockets Golden State Warriors 40 29 18 9 5 11 No Drexler , Clyde Clyde Drexler * 000000001996 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1996 Houston Rockets Sacramento Kings 42 25 10 9 10 -- No Notes Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter . After three quarters , head coach K.C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple - double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game . Bird declined , saying that he `` already did enough damage . '' Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score . However , after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter , they revised the box score , crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple - double in NBA history . NBA 's director of operations , Rod Thorn , requested to review the tape . After reviewing the tape , the league disallowed Olajuwon 's quadruple - double and announced that his original line -- with 9 assists -- is official . Other men 's Basketball ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference NJCAA Francis , Steve Steve Francis 000000001997 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1997 Allegany College of Maryland Vincennes 24 10 11 10 -- -- French National League Lewis , Derrick Derrick Lewis 000000001990 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1990 Reims Lorient 20 11 -- 12 10 No National Basketball League ( Australia ) Rowe , Daren Daren Rowe 000000001990 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1990 Geelong Supercats North Melbourne Giants 25 17 11 -- 11 No Chinese Basketball Association Hu Xuefeng 000000002004 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2004 Jiangsu Dragons Yunnan Bulls 16 10 12 10 -- No FIBA Europe Under - 16 Championship Rubio , Ricky Ricky Rubio 000000002006 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 2006 Spain Croatia 19 10 13 11 -- No Metropolitan Basketball Association Belano , Donbel Donbel Belano 000000001999 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 1999 Davao Eagles Nueva Ecija Patriots 19 11 11 10 -- No American Basketball Association ( 2000 -- ) Staten , Jamel Jamel Staten 000000002007 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2007 Minnesota Ripknees St. Louis Stunners 17 11 11 10 -- No NCAA ( Division I ) Hudson , Lester Lester Hudson 000000002007 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2007 UT Martin Central Baptist 25 12 10 10 No Continental Basketball Association Blackburn , Jermaine Jermaine Blackburn 000000002008 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2008 East Kentucky Miners West Virginia Wild 22 10 14 10 -- No High school boys Benimon , Jerrelle Jerrelle Benimon 000000002009 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2009 Fauquier HS Osbourn HS 13 17 11 -- 10 No Chinese Basketball Association Williams , Chris Chris Williams 000000002009 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 2009 Qingdao Doublestar Dongguan Leopards 15 11 11 11 -- No High school boys Isaiah Grant 000000002014 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 2014 Sequoia Pathway Academy Berean Academy 11 10 10 10 -- No NJCAA Clifford Wilson 000000001979 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1979 Fulton - Montgomery Hudson Valley 31 18 10 -- 15 No NJCAA Monroe Pippins 000000001995 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1995 Fulton - Montgomery Herkimer 34 17 10 11 -- No Ukrainian First league Vitaliy Bykov 000000002016 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2016 BC Zaporizhya - 2 BC Kramatorsk 14 13 11 12 -- No Liga Super Basketball U-18 Natan Oliveira 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2017 Colégio Sul Americano Rappers 32 11 10 16 -- No Notes This is the only quadruple - double in French National League history . This is the only quadruple - double in National Basketball League history . This is the only quadruple - double in NCAA Division I men 's basketball history . The opponent , Central Baptist , plays in the NAIA . Women 's Basketball ( edit ) Mostly accurate as of January 2018 . NCAA records are complete for Divisions I and II , but not for Division III ; specifically , entering the 2017 -- 18 season , there have been a total of eight quadruple - doubles in Division III play , and one player , Suzy Venet of Mount Union ( 1994 -- 1998 ) , had two in her career , both in the 1996 -- 97 season . NAIA records are also incomplete . League Name Date Team Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Reference American Basketball League Black , Debbie Debbie Black 000000001996 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1996 Colorado Xplosion Atlanta Glory 10 14 12 10 -- Israeli Basketball Super League Brown , Edwina Edwina Brown 000000002008 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 2008 Ramat Hen Hapoel Holon 22 10 10 10 -- Greek Women 's Basketball League Dimitrakou , Zoi Zoi Dimitrakou 000000002009 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2009 G.S. Megas Alexandros Aris Holargou 49 18 10 12 -- Russian Premier League Kalmykova , Maria Maria Kalmykova 000000002001 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2001 Chevakata Vologda Dynamo Kursk 20 15 11 -- 11 European U16 Championship Verameyenka , Anastasiya Anastasiya Verameyenka 000000002003 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2003 Belarus U16 NT Czech U16 NT 21 10 -- 10 12 AIAW Division I women Meyers , Ann Ann Meyers 000000001978 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1978 UCLA Stephen F. Austin 20 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division I women Spencer , Jackie Jackie Spencer 000000001985 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1985 Louisville Cincinnati 14 12 14 10 -- NCAA Division I women Pettry , Veronica Veronica Pettry 000000001989 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1989 Loyola ( Chicago ) Detroit 12 10 22 11 -- NCAA Division I women Jones , Ramona Ramona Jones 000000001991 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1991 Lamar UCF 10 10 10 12 -- NCAA Division I women Tate , Sonja Sonja Tate 000000001993 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1993 Arkansas State Mississippi Valley State 29 14 10 10 -- NCAA Division I women Hill , Shakyla Shakyla Hill 000000002018 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2018 Grambling State Alabama State 15 10 10 10 -- NCAA Division II women Watkins , Tereska Tereska Watkins 000000001997 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1997 Fort Valley State ? ? ? 12 12 10 10 -- NCAA Division III women Esteves , Evita Evita Esteves 000000002004 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2004 Emmanuel ( MA ) Johnson & Wales 10 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Purnell , Danna Danna Purnell 000000002007 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2007 SUNY - Old Westbury New Rochelle 14 10 11 13 -- NCAA Division III women Williams , Latiqua Latiqua Williams 000000002008 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2008 Bard New Rochelle 21 13 10 11 -- NAIA women Gonzales , Suzanne Suzanne Gonzales 000000001989 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1989 Southern Colorado Western State 13 12 10 11 -- Ukrainian Professional Basketball League Iagupova , Alina Alina Iagupova 000000002011 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2011 BC Dnipro Luhanski Lastivky 28 15 13 10 -- Stats Notes Jump up ^ The NCAA does not consider Spencer 's quadruple - double to be official . Although the Metro Conference , then home to both teams involved in this game , kept records in all of the relevant statistical categories in the 1984 -- 85 season , the NCAA did not . Assists were not recorded throughout Division I women 's basketball until 1985 -- 86 , and steals were not so recorded until 1987 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Although Gonzales played for a school that is now a member of NCAA Division II , the NCAA does not consider her quadruple - double to be official for two reasons . First , the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference , then as now home to both teams involved in this game , then competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , and was not an NCAA conference until 1992 -- 93 . In addition , the NCAA did not record steals throughout Division II women 's basketball until 1992 -- 93 . Quintuple - double ( edit ) A quintuple - double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double - digit number total in all five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocked shots -- - in a single game . There are only two known quintuple - doubles , both done at the high - school level . The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School ( Duncanville , Texas ) with 25 points , 18 rebounds , 11 assists , 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997 . The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School ( Slatington , Pennsylvania ) , who had 26 points , 20 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals , and 11 blocks on January 7 , 2012 . Five - by - five ( edit ) A five - by - five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories -- points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks -- in a single game . Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973 -- 74 season , so NBA five - by - fives were only possible from that season onward . Hakeem Olajuwon ( six times ) and Andrei Kirilenko ( three times ) are the only players to have recorded multiple five - by - fives ( based on records since the 1984 -- 85 season ) . Both are also the only players to record five - by - sixes ( at least six in all five statistical categories ) . Only twice has a five - by - five coincided with a triple - double ( both by Olajuwon ) and only three times has a player recorded a five - by - five without registering at least a double - double ( two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby ) . NBA ( edit ) The following is a list of known five - by - fives . Note the list contains all five - by - fives since the 1984 -- 85 season , as well as one before . There may be other five - by - fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984 -- 85 season . Name Date Age Team Score Opponent Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Overtime Reference Erving , Julius Julius Erving 000000001979 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1979 7004108780000000000 ♠ 29 years , 286 days Philadelphia 76ers 132 -- 120 San Antonio Spurs 28 7 10 5 5 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001987 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1987 7003881400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 48 days Houston Rockets 127 -- 136 Seattle SuperSonics 38 17 6 7 12 Yes ( 2OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001990 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1990 7003990300000000000 ♠ 27 years , 41 days Houston Rockets 129 -- 109 Golden State Warriors 29 18 9 5 11 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001992 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1992 7004106730000000000 ♠ 29 years , 81 days Houston Rockets 92 -- 99 Dallas Mavericks 19 13 6 5 5 No Robinson , David David Robinson 000000001992 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1992 7003995800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 96 days San Antonio Spurs 104 -- 98 Milwaukee Bucks 29 9 5 5 10 No Coleman , Derrick Derrick Coleman 000000001993 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1993 7003934000000000000 ♠ 25 years , 208 days New Jersey Nets 110 -- 105 Philadelphia 76ers 21 10 7 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1993 7004110490000000000 ♠ 30 years , 91 days Houston Rockets 112 -- 110 Minnesota Timberwolves 33 13 5 5 5 Yes ( OT ) Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1993 7004112460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 288 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 88 New Jersey Nets 24 19 6 5 5 No Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon 000000001993 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1993 7004113010000000000 ♠ 30 years , 343 days Houston Rockets 110 -- 104 Minnesota Timberwolves 34 10 5 5 8 No Divac , Vlade Vlade Divac 000000001995 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1995 7003988100000000000 ♠ 27 years , 19 days Los Angeles Lakers 112 -- 100 Philadelphia 76ers 19 12 8 5 5 No Tinsley , Jamaal Jamaal Tinsley 000000002001 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2001 7003866200000000000 ♠ 23 years , 261 days Indiana Pacers 113 -- 120 Minnesota Timberwolves 12 9 15 6 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002003 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 2003 7003832300000000000 ♠ 22 years , 288 days Utah Jazz 101 -- 107 Houston Rockets 19 5 7 8 5 Yes ( OT ) Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002003 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 2003 7003833000000000000 ♠ 22 years , 295 days Utah Jazz 95 -- 73 New York Knicks 10 12 6 6 5 No Camby , Marcus Marcus Camby 000000002004 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2004 7004108850000000000 ♠ 29 years , 293 days Denver Nuggets 106 -- 96 Utah Jazz 8 11 5 5 8 No Kirilenko , Andrei Andrei Kirilenko 000000002006 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2006 7003908500000000000 ♠ 24 years , 319 days Utah Jazz 90 -- 80 Los Angeles Lakers 14 8 9 6 7 No Batum , Nicolas Nicolas Batum 000000002012 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2012 7003876800000000000 ♠ 24 years , 2 days Portland Trail Blazers 95 -- 94 New Orleans Hornets 11 5 10 5 5 No Green , Draymond Draymond Green 000000002015 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2015 7003941300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 282 days Golden State Warriors 124 -- 119 Boston Celtics 24 11 8 5 5 Yes ( 2OT ) Facts ( edit ) All facts based on data since 1985 -- 86 : Greatest five - by - fives ( most of each stat ) : Hakeem Olajuwon , on March 10 , 1987 , became the first in NBA history to record a five - by - six ( at least 6 each of all five statistics : points , rebounds , assists , blocks , steals ) . It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history . Andrei Kirilenko , on January 3 , 2006 , recorded a five - by - six against the Lakers . Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon 's , Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation . Most five - by - fives in a career : Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five - by - fives . Andrei Kirilenko , with 3 , is the only other player with more than one career five - by - five . Most five - by - fives in the same season : Only twice has a player recorded two five - by - fives in a season . Olajuwon in the 1993 -- 94 season , and Kirilenko in the 2003 -- 04 season . Quickest pair of five - by - fives : Kirilenko performed a five - by - five on December 3 , 2003 , and completed another just a week later , on December 10 , 2003 . The second quickest five - by - fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5 , 1993 , and another , 55 days later , on December 30 , 1993 . Youngest player : Kirilenko 's first NBA five - by - five came on December 3 , 2003 , making him the youngest to record a five - by - five at age 22 years , 288 days . Oldest player : Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five - by - five . His last career five - by - five came on December 30 , 1993 , at which time he was 30 years , 343 days old . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woods , David . ( July 17 , 2014 ) . Is Tamika Catchings the best women 's basketball player ever ? IndyStar Jump up ^ McAllister , Mike ( February 28 , 2003 ) . `` Around the NBA '' . Knight Ridder Tribune News Service . p. 1 . Kevin Garnett has a league - leading 47 double - doubles this season -- all of them from the points - rebounds combination . With double - digits rebounds easier to acquire than double - digit assists , the majority of NBA double - doubles are through the points - rebounds combination access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Daily Dime : Howard Shows He Has The Superhero ( And Villain ) Stuff '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix at Philadelphia recap : Suns top century mark for eighth straight game to open season '' . ESPN.com . November 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosenbluth , Chris ( November 22 , 2006 ) . `` Around The Association : Someone Get The Man Some Glasses '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New York at Minnesota recap : Kevin Love posts NBA 's 1st 30 -- 30 game in 28 years as Knicks fade in 4th '' . ESPN.com . November 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` List of NBA double - doubles since 1983 -- 84 ( point - rebound ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of NBA double - doubles since 1983 -- 84 ( point - assist ) '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elias Says ... '' ESPN.com . Elias Sports Bureau . March 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love 's double - double streak ends at 53 in Wolves ' loss against Warriors '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( April 10 , 1997 ) . `` Hill the leader in triple - double versatility '' . USA Today . p. 10. C. The most common triple - double is points , rebounds and assists . Of the 41 triple - doubles recorded this season ( through Tuesday 's games ) , all but three have been acquired that way . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Adande , J.A. ( April 20 , 2002 ) . `` They 're Vintage Triple - Doubles '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D. 4 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved June 12 , 2009 . The term `` triple - double '' was coined by Bruce Jolesch , the former Laker public relations director who needed a way to summarize Johnson 's penchant for recording double figures in points , rebounds and assists . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom ( December 1 , 1999 ) . `` 20th Century This Day in Sports '' . USA Today . p. 3. C . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Springer , Steve ( November 11 , 2002 ) . `` Magical Statistic Reborn ; Triple - double that Johnson made famous serves Bryant well '' . Los Angeles Times . p . D. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Philly 's Pollack has kept track of NBA from the start '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Magic Johnson 's amazing games made Pollack realize he needed a catchy title for double digits in points , rebounds and assists . The triple - double was born ... `` I walked up to Magic and said , ' You know , without me you would n't even be here today , '' ' Pollack said . `` He says , ' What do you mean ? ' I said , ' Who do you think coined the name triple - double and made you famous for doing it ? ' Now it 's a regular stat . He thanked me . '' Jump up ^ `` Sura 's third straight triple - double off books '' . ESPN.com. April 13 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ < -- Staff author ( s ) ; no byline -- > ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Russell Westbrook records NBA 's first ' perfect ' triple - double '' . The Guardian -- via The Associated Press . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Up - Close : Triple - Doubles '' . New York Times . January 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triple - Doubles in the NBA from 2011 -- 12 to 2016 -- 17 '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder - Player did not start game , requiring Points > = 10 and Total Rebounds > = 10 and Blocks > = 10 '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder - Player did not start game , requiring Points > = 10 and Total Rebounds > = 10 and Assists > = 10 '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved 8 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , David ( December 9 , 2006 ) . `` Around the NBA '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Kidd career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aaron , Jaime ( December 31 , 2010 ) . `` Duncan , Neal lift Spurs past Dirk-less Mavs '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2010 . This was the 106th triple - double of Kidd 's career . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Harden career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Cousy career stats '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Havlicek career stats '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rajon Rondo career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grant Hill career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elgin Baylor career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Frazier career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Draymond Green '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant career statistics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Harvey ( 2010 ) . `` 2009 -- 10 Harvey Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook '' ( PDF ) . NBA . p. 318 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Big O 's Triple - Double Season '' . thebigo.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscar Robertson Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook ties Oscar Robertson 's season triple - double record of 41 '' . NBA.com . ^ Jump up to : FreeDawkins ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) , Russell Westbrook HISTORIC Triple - Double 2017.04. 09 at Nuggets - 50 Pts , 16 Rebs , 10 Ast , UNREAL ! , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 Jump up ^ How Many Career Triple - Doubles Does LeBron James Have ? Heavy June 8 , 2015 http://heavy.com/sports/2015/06/how-many-triple-doubles-does-lebron-james-have-regular-season-playoffs-nba-finals-career-total-amount/ Accessed June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm . `` Lakers rookie Lonzo Ball becomes youngest ever to get triple - double '' . ESPN . ESPN . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malone is oldest to notch feat '' . ESPN.com . November 29 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Redford , Patrick . `` Well That Was A Spectacular , Historic Game From Nikola Jokic '' . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Westbrook records 2nd fastest triple - double in NBA History '' . thescore.com. 2016 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Also called triple - double - double by several sources including Sports Illustrated Jump up ^ Pollack , Harvey ( 2007 ) . 2006 -- 07 Harvey Pollack 's Statistical Yearbook ( PDF ) . NBA . p. 232 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . 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( hide ) Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_(basketball)&oldid=835680336 '' Categories : Basketball terminology Basketball statistics Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with limited geographic scope from April 2017 Articles with hCards Incomplete lists from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Français עברית Latviešu Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 03 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the most triple-doubles ever in the nba | [
"A triple-double is the accumulation of a double-digit number total in three of the five categories in a game. The most common way to achieve a triple-double is through points, rebounds, and assists. Oscar Robertson leads the all-time NBA list with 181 career triple-doubles and is, with Russell Westbrook, one of only two players ever to average a triple-double for a season. Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple-doubles in a season with 42."
] | [
"Oscar Robertson"
] |
-5904238753831349997 | Fast & Furious 6 | Fast & Furious 6 - wikipedia Fast & Furious 6 Fast & Furious 6 Theatrical release poster Directed by Justin Lin Produced by Neal H. Moritz Vin Diesel Clayton Townsend Written by Chris Morgan Based on Characters by Gary Scott Thompson Starring Vin Diesel Paul Walker Dwayne Johnson Michelle Rodriguez Jordana Brewster Tyrese Gibson Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges Sung Kang Luke Evans Gina Carano Gal Gadot John Ortiz Music by Lucas Vidal Cinematography Stephen F. Windon Edited by Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Production companies Relativity Media Original Film One Race Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) ( Empire , Leicester Square ) May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $788.7 million Fast & Furious 6 ( alternatively known as Furious 6 or Fast Six ) is a 2013 American action film directed by Justin Lin and written by Chris Morgan . It is the sixth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise . The film stars Vin Diesel , Paul Walker , Dwayne Johnson , Michelle Rodriguez , Jordana Brewster , Tyrese Gibson , Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sung Kang , Luke Evans , Gina Carano , Gal Gadot , and John Ortiz . Fast & Furious 6 follows a professional criminal gang led by Dominic Toretto ( Diesel ) who have retired following their successful heist in Fast Five ( 2011 ) , but remain wanted fugitives . U.S. Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs ( Johnson ) offers to clear the group 's criminal records and allow them to return home in exchange for helping him to take down a skilled mercenary organization led by Owen Shaw ( Evans ) , one member of which is Toretto 's presumed - dead lover Letty Ortiz ( Rodriguez ) . Fast & Furious 6 was in development by February 2010 as the first film in the series to move away from the underground car - racing theme of the series ' previous films which was considered to have placed a barrier on audience numbers . Pre-production had begun by April 2011 , and principal photography began in London , England in July 2012 . Filming locations also included the Canary Islands , Glasgow , and Los Angeles . The film was first released in the United Kingdom , on May 17 , 2013 , followed by an international release on May 24 , 2013 . A sequel was released on April 3 , 2015 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Principal photography 3.3 Stunts 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 5.4 Home media 6 Soundtrack 7 Video games 8 Sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Following their successful heist in Brazil , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and his professional criminal crew have fled around the world : Dom lives with Elena ; his sister Mia lives with Brian O'Conner and their son , Jack ; Gisele and Han live together ; and Roman and Tej live in luxury . Meanwhile , DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Riley Hicks investigate the destruction of a Russian military convoy by a crew led by former British SAS Major and special ops soldier Owen Shaw . Hobbs persuades Dom to help capture Shaw by showing him a photo of the supposedly long - dead Letty Ortiz , Dom 's former lover . Dom and his crew accept the mission in exchange for their amnesty , allowing them to return to the United States . In London , Shaw 's hideout is found , but this is revealed to be a trap , distracting them and the police while Shaw 's crew performs a heist at an Interpol building . Shaw flees by car , detonating his hideout and disabling most of the police , leaving Dom , Brian , Tej , Han , Gisele , Hobbs , and Riley to pursue him . Letty arrives to help Shaw , shooting Dom without hesitation before escaping . Back at their headquarters , Hobbs tells Dom 's crew that Shaw is stealing components to create a deadly device , intending to sell it to the highest bidder . Meanwhile , Shaw 's investigation into the opposing crew reveals Letty 's relationship with Dom , but she is revealed to be suffering from amnesia . Dominic 's crew learns that Shaw is connected to a drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian , Arturo Braga . Brian returns to Los Angeles as a prisoner to question Braga , who says Letty survived the explosion that seemingly killed her ; Shaw took her in after discovering her amnesia . With FBI help , Brian is released from prison , regrouping with the team in London . Dom challenges Letty in a street racing competition ; afterwards , he returns her cross necklace he had kept . After Letty leaves , Shaw offers Dom a chance to walk away , threatening to otherwise hurt his family , but Dom refuses . Tej tracks Shaw 's next attack to a Spanish NATO base . Shaw 's crew assaults a highway military convoy carrying a computer chip to complete his deadly device . Dom 's crew interferes while Shaw , accompanied by Letty , commandeers a tank , destroying cars en route . Brian and Roman manage to flip the tank before it causes further damage , resulting in Letty being thrown from the vehicle and Dom risking his life to save her . Shaw and his crew are captured , but reveal Mia has been kidnapped by Shaw . Hobbs is forced to release Shaw , and Riley , revealed to be Shaw 's covert accomplice , leaves with him ; Letty chooses to remain with Dom . Shaw 's group board a large moving aircraft on a runway as Dom 's crew gives chase . Dom , Letty , and Brian board the craft ; Brian rescues Mia , escaping in an onboard car . The plane attempts to take - off , but is held down by excess weight as the rest of the team tether the plane to their vehicles . Gisele sacrifices herself to save Han from Shaw 's henchman , who Han kills , Letty kills Riley and escapes to safety , but Dom pursues Shaw and the computer chip . As the plane crashes into the ground , Shaw is thrown from it , seriously injuring him , and Dom drives a car out of the exploding plane . Dom reunites with his crew , and gives the chip to Hobbs to secure their pardons . Dom and the others return to his old family home in Los Angeles . Hobbs and Elena , now working together , arrive to confirm the crew 's freedom ; Elena accepts that Dom loves Letty . As Roman says grace over the crew 's meal , Dom asks Letty if the gathering feels familiar ; she answers `` no , but it feels like home . '' In a mid-credits scene , which takes place in Tokyo , Han is involved in a car chase when he is suddenly broadsided by an oncoming car . The driver walks away from the scene after leaving Letty 's cross necklace by the crash , and calls Dom as Han 's car fatally explodes , saying , `` You do n't know me . You 're about to . '' Cast ( edit ) Further information on the characters : List of The Fast and the Furious characters Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto , a former criminal , and professional street racer who has retired after their successful heist of $100 million with his crew in Brazil and is now staying with Elena . Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner , a former FBI agent turned criminal and professional street racer who has retired and settled down with his wife , Mia , and their son , Jack . Dwayne Johnson as Luke Hobbs , a Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent who allies with Dom following his last encounter with Dom and his team in Rio de Janeiro . Michelle Rodriguez as Letty Ortiz , Dom 's Wife who has suffered from amnesia and was presumed dead in Fast & Furious until she was found by Shaw . She has amnesia and is working alongside his crew , but later chooses to remain with Dom and his team . Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto , Dom 's sister , a former member of his team , and Brian 's wife . Tyrese Gibson as Roman Pearce , a former criminal from Barstow and Brian 's childhood friend , as well as a member of Dom 's team . Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges as Tej Parker , an ex-street racer and mechanic , as well as Brian and Roman 's friend who was introduced in Miami , also a member of Dom 's team . Sung Kang as Han Seoul - Oh , a professional street racer and Dom 's former business partner in the Dominican Republic , also a member of his team . He is in a relationship with Gisele . Gal Gadot as Gisele Yashar , a former Mossad agent who previously worked as a liaison for Braga and aided Dom and Brian in capturing him by revealing his hideout in Mexico . She has since become one of the members on Dom 's team . She is also in a relationship with Han . Luke Evans as Owen Shaw , a former British SAS soldier who leads a group of skilled mercenaries to steal high - tech devices worth billions on the black market . He hijacked a military convoy , which brings him into conflict with Dom . Gina Carano as Riley Hicks , a DSS agent who partners up with Hobbs to take down Shaw 's mercenaries . She is later revealed to be Shaw 's double agent who secretly helps Shaw and his team escape custody during his chase in Spain . John Ortiz as Arturo Braga , an ex-drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian , who is revealed to have a connection to Shaw after his last encounter with Brian . Shea Whigham as Stasiak , a sarcastic FBI agent and Brian 's former colleague who was formerly at odds with Brian . Elsa Pataky as Elena Neves , a former Rio police officer who has moved into the United States , since becoming Dom 's love interest and later working alongside Hobbs as his new partner in the DSS . David Ajala as Ivory , a member of Shaw 's team , who is a lethal killer alongside Jah . While attempting to flee on his motorcycle , he is shot dead by Gisele . Kim Kold as Klaus , a member of Shaw 's team who is a body builder and strongman , as well as a hacker at ease . Thure Lindhardt as Firuz , a member of Shaw 's team , who works as a mechanic , providing Shaw 's team with flip cars and harpoon guns . He is killed in a shootout while trying to kill Gisele and Riley . Joe Taslim as Jah , a member of Shaw 's team who is cold - blooded and skilled with martial arts and parkour during his fight with Han and Roman . Clara Paget as Vegh , Shaw 's right - hand woman , and a highly trained female assassin in his team . Benjamin Davies as Adolfson , a member of Shaw 's team , who acts as a sniper and infiltrator , providing cover for his team while allowing the others to escape . Rita Ora has an uncredited cameo role in the film . Jason Statham appears uncredited in a cameo scene amid the end credits . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In February 2010 , Diesel confirmed that production of Fast Five was commencing and also announced that a sixth installment was being planned . In January 2011 , producer Neal H. Moritz said more : In Vin and my mind we already know what the sixth movie is , we 've already been talking about it . Vin and I have had numerous conversations about what that might be . And we 're starting to get serious about it right now . We just finished ( Fast Five ) like 4 or 5 weeks ago and we just needed a break , and now we 're gon na start focusing on that . In April 2011 it was confirmed that Chris Morgan had already begun work on a script for a potential sixth film at the behest of Universal Studios . It was also confirmed that Universal intended to transform the series from street - racing action into a series of heist films with car chases in the vein of The Italian Job ( 1969 ) and The French Connection ( 1971 ) , with Fast Five as the transitional movie . Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said : The question putting Fast Five and Fast Six together for us was : Can we take it out of being a pure car culture movie and into being a true action franchise in the spirit of those great heist films made 10 or 15 years ago ? Fogelson said that the racing aspect had put a `` ceiling '' on the number of people willing to see films in the series , and that , by turning it into a series where car driving ability is just one aspect of the film , he hoped to increase the series ' audience . On Johnson 's character , Fogelson added `` ( Johnson ) also wants to appear in and be integral to the action in Fast Six . '' On June 24 , 2011 , Universal Pictures announced that the anticipated sequel was scheduled for release on May 24 , 2013 . Moritz and Diesel returned as producers and Lin returned to direct . In an interview with Box Office , Lin revealed that he had , after discussions with Diesel , storyboarded , previsualized and edited a twelve - minute finale for Fast Six before filming was completed on Fast Five . Lin said he shot the footage as he was unsure at the time if there would be a sequel or if he would be able to direct it , but he wanted to have input on how any sequel would end . On October 21 , 2011 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Universal was considering filming two sequels -- Fast Six and Fast Seven -- back to back with a single story running through both films ; both written by Morgan and directed by Lin . On December 20 , 2011 , Diesel stated that Fast Six would be split into two parts , with writing for the two films occurring simultaneously . On the decision , Diesel said : We have to pay off this story , we have to service all of these character relationships , and when we started mapping all that out it just went beyond 110 pages ... The studio said , ' You ca n't fit all that story in one damn movie ! ' On April 23 , 2012 , it was announced that mixed martial arts fighter Gina Carano was in negotiations to play a member of Hobbs ' team . On May 1 , 2012 , Michelle Rodriguez was confirmed to be reprising her role as Letty Ortiz , and it was announced that Welsh actor Luke Evans had been offered a role as a villain . Evans was confirmed to join the cast on May 9 , 2012 , portraying the leader of a heist gang . On July 27 , 2012 , Joe Taslim was confirmed to appear as a villain , Jah . On February 15 , 2012 , Johnson confirmed that Fast Six would begin filming in May 2012 , with some of the production to take place in the United Kingdom and Germany . Johnson stated that the two intended sequels would no longer be filmed simultaneously because of weather issues in filming locations , and that production on Fast Seven would only begin after the completion of Fast Six . However , filming did not officially begin until July 30 , 2012 . In February 2013 , it was confirmed that the film would be titled Fast & Furious 6 . Principal photography ( edit ) Filming began on July 30 , 2012 , in London , England , and Shepperton Studios in Surrey . While Fast & Furious 6 became only the third production to be allowed to film in Piccadilly Circus ( a scene involving Diesel and Rodriguez drag racing ) , Lin was unable to obtain permission to shoot an elaborate action sequence there involving an exploding oil tanker , and so a replica of the landmark was built at Shepperton . The production were given only two minutes every hour to shut down the area for filming . The London shoot including filming on Lambeth Bridge . Stunt and car chase scenes began filming on location in Glasgow , Scotland on August 29 , 2012 , and were scheduled to conclude on September 16 , 2012 . The shoot took place entirely at night and involved approximately 250 crew , but none of the central cast . Sets were built on site for the scenes including a large car showroom . Filming was scheduled to take place at the former Royal Air Force base RAF Bentwaters in late August 2012 until early September 2012 . Shooting also occurred on Spain 's Canary Islands including the island of Tenerife and Gran Canaria . Filming had been intended to take place in Marseille , France , but was relocated to the islands to take advantage of a larger tax rebate ( 38 % ) that was estimated to lower filming costs by $20 million . On October 11 , 2012 , Walker suffered an ACL injury during a stunt , forcing the production to film around his scenes until he recovered . A scene involving a plane crash began filming at the former RAF station RAF Bovingdon , Hertfordshire on October 30 , 2012 , and was scheduled to conclude on November 9 . Filming for a car chase scene took place on Dale Street in Liverpool City Centre , and also the Queensway Tunnel over four days in November 2012 . Two days of filming were spent at HM Treasury 's Government Offices Great George Street , which served as a nightclub . The final phase of filming took place in Echo Park , Los Angeles beginning on December 1 , 2012 . The shoot returned the series to the filming location of the original The Fast and the Furious , and required the garage setting of that film to be rebuilt by carpenters . By December 17 , 2012 , it was reported that filming had concluded . Post-production was heavily condensed ; by March 2013 , Lin was attempting to complete approximately 18 months ' worth of post-production in a 12 - week period . Lin was aided by five film editors , specialist teams focused on visual effects and color timing , and sound mixers that required two movie - theater - sized stages alone . Stunts ( edit ) For Owen Shaw 's Flip Car , Lin tasked the film 's vehicle designer with developing a car capable of driving head first into moving vehicles and flipping them into the air . McCarthy and his team designed a fully functional , low to the ground , formula racing car with a ramp on its front that allowed it to catapult other cars into the air while keeping the Flip Car driver safe . For Rodriguez 's and Carano 's fight in the London Underground , producers refused to let the pair attempt a stunt where their characters battle over a stair rail and fall down a stairwell , fearing a serious injury would derail filming ; stunt women performed the practical stunt . Morgan 's scripted rendition of the fight was described as a catfight on steroids , but Rodriguez provided input to turn it into more of a street fight . Rodriguez said : `` Originally in the script , it was a lot more ' Terminator ' - esque -- too far - fetched to be believed ... Things just happened so quick and then I 'm on top ? Justin and I had to bust our booties to get it more realistic . I was like , ' This ( woman ) needs to kick my ass ! ' '' Rodriguez and Carano rehearsed their fight choreography over two months , with trained fighter Carano undergoing extra practice to ensure her strikes looked credible without hitting hard enough to harm Rodriguez . Under the direction of fight choreographer Olivier Schneider , the fight was designed to be brutal but realistic , representing Carano 's `` cop with fight training '' and Rodriguez 's street fighting . The parkade explosion Shaw lures Dom 's team into combined on - set pillars that could be detonated alongside dust mines which could be used as a reference for the digital artists to create the appearance of the structure sinking into itself . A scene involving Evans ' character commandeering a tank was originally intended to use CGI to portray the vehicle crushing cars along a Spanish highway , but the final scene used practical effects as the tank really ran over approximately 250 cars during filming . The scene was shot over a three - mile stretch of highway in Tenerife lined with holiday resorts that had to be digitally removed to create a desolate appearance . The segment 's finale that sees Roman leap to a nearby car and the tank flip was created digitally . The scene featuring Diesel smashing his car through the nose of a Soviet - era cargo aircraft during takeoff was conceived by Lin while producing Fast & Furious in 2009 . At the time , the stunt was too expensive to film and did not fit into that film 's story , but Lin commissioned digital pre-visualization artists to develop a mock - up of the idea . He attempted to revive the concept for Fast Five but the technology available proved insufficient and it still did not organically fit into the story . Filming the climactic scene practically was considered unfeasible as it involved throwing tanks through the air and having cars race alongside the moving aeroplane at 100 miles per hour . Lin opted to build various plane sets instead : a thirty foot high , seventy five foot long , fifty foot wide replica of the fuselage complete with wheels ; the tail of the plane with a ramp allowing the cars to drive in and out ; and a full scale build of the central fuselage , with wings , engines and the nose , that could be set on fire . For Dom 's car to explode through the plane 's nose , a Dodge Charger was placed on a pneumatic cannon mounted inside a ramp which was then towed by a 4x4 truck , all concealed behind the plane 's nose replica . This was then clad in material soaked in flammable materials . The cannon fired the Charger through the nose as the material is ignited for the practical effect . The stunt driver had a burning 40 - ton plane rig chasing them down the runway afterwards . The scene involved more than 200 crew members , and over 350 visual effects ( VFX ) artists at VFX studio Double Negative to complete . A typical shot of the craft 's destruction could take over 100 man days to complete . The VFX team combined the filmed explosions and smoke with digital augmentations to place the plane into the scene . Marketing ( edit ) The film 's first trailer was released during the 2013 Super Bowl on February 3 . Among the six film trailers that launched at the event , Fast & Furious 6 generated widespread attention on social media , more than the other films ( including Iron Man 3 and Star Trek Into Darkness ) combined according to data collection agency Fizziology . The extended version of the trailer had been viewed over 16 million times by February 17 . The trailer 's success was partially attributed to the film 's stars promoting the trailer on their personal social networks . The Fast and the Furious series marketing attempted to cultivate an online fan base which was also considered to have helped promote the film ; the filmmakers responded to fan interaction , conducted an online poll to decide the title of Fast & Furious 6 , brought back the character of Letty Ortiz based on fan feedback and encouraged fans to document the film 's production with unofficial photos . Universal marketing co-president Michael Moses said : `` We 're trying to remove the studio filter as much as possible , which is a little scary because you 're ceding control ... But it makes for more authentic and organic interaction with fans . '' The Super Bowl trailer , titled `` Breathe '' , won two Golden Trailer Awards for Best Action TV Spot and Best Summer Blockbuster 2013 TV Spot , and the marketing campaign received a further three nominations : Summer 2013 Blockbuster Trailer and Best Sound Editing for the `` Trailer '' trailer , and Best Teaser Poster . A 15 - piece clothing line was also produced in partnership with Guess , including T - shirts , jackets , caps and watches . Continuing their partnership from Fast Five , the Facebook game Car Town by Cie Games and the theater chain Regal Entertainment Group ( REG ) collaborated with Universal in a cross-media marketing promotion . Car Town allowed players to view the trailer for the film in an REG - branded , in - game drive - in theater . The game also featured missions and locations based on the plot of the film , and allowed players to join forces with Fast & Furious 6 characters . REG offered players of Car Town the ability to purchase tickets in - game via Fandango for films at REG theaters . By buying these tickets in - game , players were given promotional codes which in turn allowed them to unlock a virtual 2013 Dodge Charger SRT8 . Release ( edit ) The premiere of Fast & Furious 6 took place on May 7 , 2013 , at the Empire cinema in Leicester Square , London . The film was released in the United Kingdom on May 17 , 2013 , with the North American release on May 24 . While the film is officially titled Fast & Furious 6 , its on - screen title card displays the title as simple Furious 6 . Box Office ( edit ) Fast & Furious 6 earned $239 million in North America and $550 million elsewhere for a worldwide total of $789 million . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of $135.1 million . Worldwide , it is the sixth highest - grossing 2013 film and the fourth highest - grossing Universal film . On the weekend of June 14 -- 16 , 2013 , it became the second highest - grossing film in the Fast and the Furious franchise worldwide behind Furious 7 , as well as separately in North America and outside North America . Outside North America , it is the highest - grossing film in the Fast and Furious series , the second highest - grossing Universal film and the second highest - grossing 2013 film . In the United Kingdom , the film took $4.4 million during its opening day from 462 screens , the biggest opening day for both The Fast and the Furious franchise and Universal in that market , the second - highest opening of 2013 behind Iron Man 3 ( $4.7 million ) , and the number 1 film of the day with 54 % of the market . It finished as the number 1 film of the weekend , taking a total of $13.8 million ; this figure made it the biggest opening for the franchise , Universal , a Vin Diesel or Dwayne Johnson film , and the second - biggest opening of 2013 again behind Iron Man 3 ( $17.6 million ) . The film opened in fifty - nine territories the following weekend alongside the North American opening , placing as the number 1 film in each and earning $160.3 million ; it set opening - weekend records in the United Arab Emirates , the Middle East , and Argentina ( the latter was first surpassed by Monsters University ) . In China , the Fast & Furious 6 opened to $6.9 million , making it Universal 's highest - grossing film in the territory . It earned its 66th number 1 opening , earning $23.6 million during its opening weekend , $3 million of which came from IMAX screenings . In North America , Fast & Furious 6 debuted simultaneously with the comedy The Hangover Part III and the animated feature Epic . It opened for midnight showings on May 23 , 2013 , in 2,409 theaters . It took $6.5 million , nearly doubling Fast Five 's midnight gross ( $3.8 million ) which faced less direct competition . On its opening day , Fast & Furious 6 earned $38.7 million ( including midnight earnings ) from 3,659 theaters . The film finished the 4 - day Memorial Day weekend in first place , taking $117.0 million , which was the fourth - highest 4 - day Memorial Day opening . The audience was diverse , with Latinos representing 32 % , women 49 % , and 57 % over the age of 25 . Critical reception ( edit ) Fast & Furious 6 received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 69 % , based on 188 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With high - octane humor and terrific action scenes , Fast & Furious 6 builds upon the winning blockbuster formula that made Fast 5 a critical and commercial success . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 61 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , which indicates `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was an `` A '' on a scale of A+ to F . Fast & Furious 6 was generally considered to effectively mix absurd action scenes and outrageous stunts with a predictable but enjoyable plot and character dialog . IGN 's Jim Vejvoda said that the film is a crowd pleaser whose fun moments outweighed failed attempts at humor and unintentionally comical dialog . Other reviewers highlighted the likable cast , ludicrous action , playful approach to the plot , and ability to immerse the audience in the high speed chases and conflict between the two opposing gangs . Digital Spy 's Ben Rawson - Jones said the tone successfully mixed self - conscious spectacle with the central characters ' teamwork , bonding and familial spirit . Conversely , Slant Magazine 's Chris Cabin said the film was smug , cynical and insubstantial that delivered overly sentimental drama and forced comedy that seemed unaware `` of how dumb the material is '' . The Daily Telegraph 's Tim Robey labeled the film as slow - witted with a random and generic plot , and Time Out London 's Derek Adams said the film featured puerile dialog , daft performances and flat comic repartee . IndieWire said that the film forsakes realistic set - pieces ( comparing it to the 2012 superhero film The Avengers ) , which undermined any attempts at creating tension . Empire 's Owen Williams noted that Fast & Furious 6 lacked the same surprise as Fast Five without Johnson 's antagonist Hobbs , and suggested that the large cast of returning characters had made Evans ' Owen Shaw unable to make an impression as the new villain . Scenes of dialog and character progression were criticized as slow , and laughably bad . Evans ' Owen Shaw was repeatedly singled out as a refreshing and charismatic addition to the cast , though others described the character as generic and dull . Lin 's direction of the action set - pieces was described as lavish and exquisite . The cinematography received a mixed response . Variety 's Scott Foundas appreciated the attention to spatial geography and complicated , single , continuous shots which were compared to the best of James Bond and Mission : Impossible films , and Rawson - Jones said that the nocturnal races in London made excellent use of the environment . The Hollywood Reporter 's Todd McCarthy considered that the action scenes were cut too fast , failed to provide a sense of speed for the vehicles and were mired by poor angles and nocturnal settings that obscured the view . View London 's Matthew Turner considered that the action lacked imagination , with the London - based segments amounting to little more than a geographically inaccurate race past landmarks . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result 2013 Golden Trailer Awards Best Action TV Spot Breathe ( Super Bowl Trailer ) Won Best Summer Blockbuster 2013 TV Spot Breathe ( Super Bowl Trailer ) Summer 2013 Blockbuster Trailer Nominated Best Sound Editing Best Teaser Poster Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie : Action / Adventure Won Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Dwayne Johnson Nominated Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Michelle Rodriguez Choice Movie : Chemistry Vin Diesel , Dwayne Johnson , & Paul Walker Hollywood Film Festival Best Film Phoenix Film Critics Society Award Best Stunts Won 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Action Movie Favorite Action Movie Star Vin Diesel IGN 's Best of 2013 Movie Awards Best Action Movie Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Nominated Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : Sound Effects & Foley in a Feature Film Peter Brown Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best On - Screen Duo Vin Diesel & Paul Walker Won Saturn Award Best Action or Adventure Film Won Best Editing Christian Wagner , Kelly Matsumoto and Dylan Highsmith Nominated Premios Juventud Best Picture Won Home Media ( edit ) Fast & Furious 6 DVD was released in the United Kingdom on September 16 , 2013 , and in Australia on October 3 , 2013 . In other countries Fast & Furious 6 DVD release has been confirmed for December 10 , 2013 . FX has purchased the rights to air the movie on its network in 2015 . Following Walker 's death on November 30 , 2013 , Universal announced that a portion of the profits from the film 's North American sales would be donated to Walker 's charity Reach Out WorldWide . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious 6 ( soundtrack ) Lucas Vidal composed the musical score for Fast & Furious 6 . In addition to Vidal 's score , tracks by composer Brian Tyler from the franchise 's previous installments are also featured in the film . A soundtrack album to the film was released by Def Jam Recordings on May 21 , 2013 . It features many electronic and hip hop tracks , including songs by deadmau5 , Ludacris ( who played Tej Parker ) , and many others . Video games ( edit ) A cooperative racing video game , titled Fast & Furious : Showdown , was released on May 21 , 2013 . Developed by Firebrand Games and published by Activision for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , Wii U , Xbox 360 and Nintendo 3DS , the game 's story ties into the events in Fast & Furious 6 , including bridging the events between the story of the film and those of its predecessor Fast Five , as well as the story of other films in the franchise . It is a Grand Theft Auto - style action game and received mainly negative reviews . A mobile game , Fast & Furious 6 : The Game , was developed by Exploding Barrel Games and published by studio Kabam . It was released on May 16 , 2013 , for iPhone , iPod touch , iPad , and Android devices . The story of Fast & Furious 6 : The Game runs parallel to that of Fast & Furious 6 , allowing players to race and customize vehicles alongside characters from the film . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Furious 7 A sequel , titled Furious 7 , was announced in April 2013 . Lin would not return to direct the sequel as Universal pursued an accelerated schedule for the film , with a release date scheduled for July 11 , 2014 , just over a year after the release of Fast & Furious 6 . Lin was replaced by director James Wan that same month . After the death of Paul Walker , the release date was postponed to April 3 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . bbfc.co.uk . British Board of Film Classification . May 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Box Office Mojo . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Franich , Darren ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` The title of ' Fast & Furious 6 ' is not ' Fast & Furious 6 . ' Or is it ? No '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . 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Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney , ' Iron Man 3 ′ Dominate 2013 Golden Trailer Awards '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . May 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Bronwyn ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` The ' Fast & Furious 6 ' clothing line is coming ! -- PHOTO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Car Town , the First Game Built Around Brands , Provides Social Media Value to Universal Pictures ' Upcoming Fast & Furious 6 '' . The Wall Street Journal . May 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 6 ' : Justin Lin and His Cast Roar Into London for World Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dadds , Kimberly ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Now that will get motors racing : Michelle Rodriguez struggles with her cleavage in strapless red gown at Fast & Furious 6 premiere '' . Daily Mail . London . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sandwell , Ian ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` UK releases : Fast & Furious 6 moved forward to May 17 ; Secret Service set for Nov 14 , 2014 '' . Screen International . EMAP . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fast And Furious 7 ′ Gets July 11 , 2014 Release Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . April 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ Breaks Records In UK - Ireland Before Begins Global Rollout May 24 '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 6 ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ Vs. # 11 ' The Croods ' ; # 3 ' Despicable Me 2 ′ Vs. # 14 Star Trek Into Darkness ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . August 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses ( sorted by Studio ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` International : ' Fast 6 ′ Passes $400 M As 2nd Biggest 2013 Film , ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' And ' Hangover III ' Cross $200 M , Will Smith & Leo DiCaprio Still Huge Overseas Stars '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Man of Steel ' Soars , Scores New June '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious Movies at the Box Office -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Yearly Box Office Results ( sorted by Overseas ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ Breaks Records In UK - Ireland Before Begins Global Rollout May 24 ( Updated ) '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Fast 6 ' No. 1 With $300 Million Globally ; ' Hangover III ' Sputters '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gill , David ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Pixar 's ' Monsters University ' Breaks Records in Latin America '' . Disney Post . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast 6 ′ Scores Universal 's Biggest In China '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tsui , Clarence ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Fast & Furious 6 ' Topples ' White House Down ' to Lead Rankings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ Opens To Big $6.5 M Thurs Late Shows / Friday Midnights ; ' Hangover III ' Weak $11.7 M Wed / Thurs Kicks Off Crowded Memorial Weekend With Toon ' Epic ' Debut '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` Record - Breaking Memorial Weekend 2013 ! ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ Easy # 1 With $36 M Friday / $110 M For Franchise Biggest ; # 2 ' Hangover III ' $15.5 M / $52 M ; # 4 ' Epic ' $10 M / $44.2 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Memorial Day Holiday Weekends '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` $317 M Record - Breaking Memorial Weekend ! # 1 ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ $317 M Global For Franchise Biggest ; ' Hangover III ' $82.2 M ; ' Epic ' $86.6 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Owen ( May 2013 ) . `` Fast And Furious 6 '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fast & Furious 6 Review : Brilliantly Bonkers And Ridiculously Entertaining '' . What Culture . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rawson - Jones , Ben ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 6 ' review : `` A thrilling ride that tops Fast Five '' `` . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` NOT AS GOOD AS FAST 5 , BUT ... '' IGN . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Matthew ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Fast & Furious 6 ( 12A ) '' . View London . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scherstuhl , Alan ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Fast & Furious 6 : Oh , This Is Why We Have Car Chases '' . The Village Voice . Voice Media Group . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cabin , Chris ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Slant Magazine . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Robey , Tim ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Fast & Furious 6 , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Derek ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fast & Furious 6 ( 12A ) '' . Time Out London . Time Out . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyttleton , Oliver ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Fast & Furious 6 ' Makes Cars Go Boom In A Mostly Satisfactory Way '' . IndieWire . SnagFilms . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Fast & Furious 6 : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Film Review : ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Movies - IGN 's Best of 2013 '' . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Jason ( 15 January 2014 ) . `` Sound Editors Announce 2013 Golden Reel Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gravity ' and ' 12 Years a Slave ' lead MPSE Golden Reel Awards nominations '' . HitFix . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards : Winners List '' . Variety . April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 Blu - ray Announcement Trailer '' . Jump up ^ Johnson , Daniel . `` ' Man of Steel , ' ' Star Trek Into Darkness ' & More to Premiere on FX in 2015 '' . Screenrant . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Will Donate Some Proceeds From ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ Home Video Haul To Paul Walker 's Charity '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . December 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lucas Vidal Takes Over ' Fast & Furious ' Series '' . Film Music Reporter. April 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 Soundtrack -- List of Songs '' . TV Movie Songs . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast & Furious 6 ′ Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter. April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fast & Furious : Showdown available for pre-order at EB Games Australia '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Liam ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious : Showdown ' coming to PS3 , Xbox 360 , Wii U in May '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Kayla ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Fast and The Furious : Showdown Speeding Into Retail On May 21 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rambo , Dant ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Kabam developing mobile game based on Fast & Furious 6 '' . Gamezebo . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kabam 's Fast & Furious 6 : The Game Races to iOS and Android Devices '' . Yahoo !. May 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Lin Wo n't Direct ' Fast & Furious 7 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` James Wan Is Universal 's Choice To Helm ' The Fast And The Furious 7 ′ '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg Webb ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 7 ' Release Date Shifts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website Fast & Furious 6 on IMDb Fast & Furious 6 at Rotten Tomatoes Fast & Furious 6 at AllMovie Fast & Furious 6 at Box Office Mojo The Fast and the Furious Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Han Lue Gisele Yashar Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Television series Fast & Furious Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Tokyo Drift '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' `` Gang Up '' Category Films directed by Justin Lin Shopping for Fangs ( 1997 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Annapolis ( 2006 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Finishing the Game ( 2007 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) Vin Diesel Director and writer Multi-Facial ( 1995 ) Strays ( 1997 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Producer A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Riddick ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Video games Wheelman ( 2009 , executive producer ) Related Dominic Toretto One Race Films Racetrack Records Tigon Studios Saturn Award for Best Action or Adventure Film Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2000 ) Memento ( 2001 ) Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2004 ) Sin City ( 2005 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) 300 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) Salt ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Hidden Figures ( 2016 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_%26_Furious_6&oldid=853481849 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films The Fast and the Furious 2010s action thriller films American films American action thriller films American sequel films Auto racing films Chase films Prequel films Films about amnesia Films about terrorism Films set in Costa Rica Films set in Hong Kong Films set in London Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Moscow Films set in Spain Films set in Tokyo Films set in 2009 Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in the Canary Islands Films shot in Dorset Films shot in Glasgow Films shot in London Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Merseyside Films shot in Spain Films shot in Surrey IMAX films Films shot at Longcross Studios Relativity Media films Universal Pictures films American road movies 2010s road movies PlayStation 3 games Xbox 360 games Wii U games Nintendo 3DS games Activision games Films directed by Justin Lin Original Film films One Race Films films Screenplays by Chris Morgan Films scored by Lucas Vidal Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 02 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who died from the movie fast and furious | [
"A sequel, titled Furious 7, was announced in April 2013. Lin would not return to direct the sequel as Universal pursued an accelerated schedule for the film, with a release date scheduled for July 11, 2014, just over a year after the release of Fast & Furious 6. Lin was replaced by director James Wan that same month.[51][52][101][102] After the death of Paul Walker, the release date was postponed to April 3, 2015.[103]\n"
] | [
"Paul Walker"
] |
-792147753289584042 | 2018 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament | 2018 Big 12 Conference Baseball tournament - wikipedia 2018 Big 12 Conference Baseball tournament 2018 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament Format two bracket Double - elimination tournament with championship game Finals Site Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark Oklahoma City , OK Champions Baylor MVP Television Bracket Play : FCS Central Championship : FSN ← 2017 Baseball Tournament 2019 → 2018 Big 12 Conference baseball standings Conf Overall Team PCT PCT Texas 17 -- 7 -- 0 . 708 37 -- 18 -- 0 . 673 No. 24 Oklahoma State 16 -- 8 -- 0 . 667 29 -- 22 -- . 567 No. 15 Texas Tech 15 -- 9 -- 0 . 625 38 -- 15 -- 0 . 717 Oklahoma 14 -- 10 -- 0 . 583 34 -- 21 -- 0 . 618 Baylor 13 -- 11 -- 0 . 542 32 -- 19 -- 0 . 627 TCU 10 -- 13 -- 0 . 435 30 -- 22 -- 0 . 577 West Virginia 9 -- 15 -- 0 . 375 27 -- 25 -- 0 . 519 Kansas 8 -- 15 -- 0 . 348 26 -- 28 -- 0 . 481 Kansas State 5 -- 19 -- 0 . 208 23 -- 31 -- 0 . 426 ‡ -- Tournament champion As of May 31 , 2018 ; Rankings from Collegiate Baseball The 2018 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament will be held from May 23 through May 27 at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The annual tournament determines the conference champion of the Division I Big 12 Conference for college baseball . The winner of the tournament will earn the league 's automatic bid to the 2018 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament . The tournament has been held since 1997 , the inaugural year of the Big 12 Conference . Among current league members , Texas has won the most championships with five . Among original members , Baylor and Kansas State have never won the event . Iowa State discontinued their program after the 2001 season without having won a title . Having joined in 2013 , TCU won their first title in 2014 while West Virginia has yet to win the Tournament . Format and seeding ( edit ) The top eight finishers from the regular season will be seeded one through eight , and will then play a two - bracket double - elimination tournament leading to a winner - take - all championship game . Results ( edit ) First round Second round Semifinals Finals Texas 8 Kansas 8 Kansas 5 5 Baylor 10 Oklahoma 0 5 Baylor 5 Baylor 10 -- Oklahoma -- Oklahoma Texas 8 Kansas Oklahoma 5 Baylor 6 6 TCU 5 Texas Tech 6 TCU 12 6 TCU 8 7 West Virginia Oklahoma State 5 7 West Virginia 8 6 TCU 7 -- 7 West Virginia -- Oklahoma State Texas Tech 6 7 West Virginia 12 Texas Tech References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Big 12 Conference Standings '' . d1baseball.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 20117 - 18 Big 12 Postseason Championship Schedule '' . big12sports.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Phillips 66 Big 12 Baseball Championship '' . Oklahoma City All Sports Association . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . 2018 NCAA Division I baseball tournaments Conference America East American Atlantic 10 ACC Atlantic Sun Big Ten Big 12 Big East Big South Colonial Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC Mid-American MEAC Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Summit Sun Belt WCC WAC National NCAA CWS Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Big_12_Conference_Baseball_Tournament&oldid=843249604 '' Categories : Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament 2018 Big 12 Conference baseball season 2018 in sports in Oklahoma Baseball in Oklahoma College sports in Oklahoma Sports in Oklahoma City Sports competitions in Oklahoma Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 22 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the big 12 baseball tournament held | [
"The 2018 Big 12 Conference Baseball Tournament will be held from May 23 through May 27 at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The annual tournament determines the conference champion of the Division I Big 12 Conference for college baseball. The winner of the tournament will earn the league's automatic bid to the 2018 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament.[2][3]"
] | [
"at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"
] |
-6494242871901449123 | Speaker of the Lok Sabha | Speaker of the Lok Sabha - wikipedia Speaker of the Lok Sabha Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Speaker of the Lok Sabha Sabha State Emblem of India Flag of India Incumbent Sumitra Mahajan Style The Honourable Appointer Members of the Lok Sabha Term length During the life of the Lok Sabha ( five years maximum ) Inaugural holder Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar Formation 15 May 1952 Deputy M. Thambidurai Website Speaker 's Official Website The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India . The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections . Serving for a term of five years , the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha , and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance . The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party , who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha . She is the second woman to hold the office , after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Powers and functions of the Speaker 2 Removal of the Speaker 3 Protem Speaker 4 List of Speakers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Powers and functions of the Speaker ( edit ) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house ; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them . They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President . Further , all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker . The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament . The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman , who is the Vice President of India . In the warrant of precedence , the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India . Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India Removal of the Speaker ( edit ) Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96 . Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . This would arise out of speaker 's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution . When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill , it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker 's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122 Protem Speaker ( edit ) After a general election and the formation of a new government , a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs , who selects a protem speaker . The appointment has to be approved by the president . The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker . In absence of the Speaker , the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority . Eligibility Criteria Of a Speaker of Loksabha 1 ) He or She must be a citizen of India . 2 ) He or She must not be less than 25 years of age . 3 ) He or She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India , or the Government of any other state . List of Speakers ( edit ) No . Name Portrait Term Party From To Length Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar 15 May 1952 27 February 1956 3 years , 288 days 1st Indian National Congress M.A. Ayyangar 8 March 1956 10 May 1957 1 year , 63 days 11 May 1957 16 April 1962 4 years , 340 days 2nd Sardar Hukam Singh 17 April 1962 16 March 1967 4 years , 333 days 3rd Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 19 July 1969 2 years , 124 days 4th 5 Gurdial Singh Dhillon -- 8 August 1969 19 March 1971 1 year , 221 days 22 March 1971 1 December 1975 4 years , 254 days 5th 6 Bali Ram Bhagat -- 15 January 1976 25 March 1977 1 year , 69 days ( 4 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 13 July 1977 109 days 6th Janata Party 7 K.S. Hegde 21 July 1977 21 January 1980 2 years , 184 days 8 Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980 27 oct 1984 3 years , 358 days 7th Indian National Congress 16 January 1985 18 December 1989 4 years , 336 days 8th 9 Rabi Ray -- 19 December 1989 9 July 1991 1 year , 202 days 9th Janata Dal 10 Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991 22 May 1996 4 years , 317 days 10th Indian National Congress 11 P.A. Sangma 23 May 1996 23 March 1998 1 year , 304 days 11th 12 G.M.C. Balayogi -- 24 March 1998 19 October 1999 1 year , 209 days 12th Telugu Desam Party 22 October 1999 3 March 2002 2 years , 132 days 13th 13 Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002 2 June 2004 2 years , 23 days Shiv Sena 14 Somnath Chatterjee 4 June 2004 31 May 2009 4 years , 361 days 14th Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 15 Meira Kumar 4 June 2009 4 June 2014 5 years , 0 days 15th Indian National Congress 16 Sumitra Mahajan 5 June 2014 Incumbent 3 years , 308 days 16th Bharatiya Janata Party See also ( edit ) Parliament of India President of India Vice-President of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha '' . speakerloksabha.nic.in . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sumitra Mahajan : Did you know she is listed as ' Tai ' even in Lok Sabha '' . India Today . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sections 7 & 8k , Representation of the People Act , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhaar Act as Money Bill : Why the Lok Sabha is n't Immune from Judicial Review '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court '' . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashok , Akash Deep ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` Pro tem Speaker : All you need to know about this parliamentary post '' . India Today . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Speakers of the Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar M.A. Ayyangar Sardar Hukam Singh Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Gurdial Singh Dhillon Bali Ram Bhagat K.S. Hegde Balram Jakhar Rabi Ray Shivraj Patil P.A. Sangma G.M.C. Balayogi Manohar Joshi Somnath Chatterjee Meira Kumar Sumitra Mahajan Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( Members ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( Members ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) ( Members ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) ( Members ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( Members ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) ( Members ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) ( Members ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( Members ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) ( Members ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( Members ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) ( Members ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=832806807 '' Categories : Lists of legislative speakers in India Speakers of the Lok Sabha Lists of political office - holders in India Lists of members of the Lok Sabha Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা ગુજરાતી हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 02 : 59 . About Wikipedia | who is the chairman of the lok sabha | [
"The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India. In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India. Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India"
] | [
"the Vice President of India"
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-4694472592329755741 | Gospel of Mark | Gospel of Mark - wikipedia Gospel of Mark Jump to : navigation , search Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Gospel According to Mark ( Greek : τὸ κατὰ Μᾶρκον εὐαγγέλιον , to kata Markon euangelion ) , is one of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic gospels . It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death and burial and the discovery of the empty tomb -- there is no genealogy of Jesus or birth narrative , nor , in the original ending at chapter 16 , any post-resurrection appearances . It portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action , an exorcist , a healer , and a miracle worker . Jesus is also the Son of God , but he keeps his identity secret ( the Messianic Secret ) , concealing it in parables so that even the disciples fail to understand . All this is in keeping with prophecy , which foretold the fate of the messiah as suffering servant . The gospel ends , in its original version , with the discovery of the empty tomb , a promise to meet again in Galilee , and an unheeded instruction to spread the good news of the resurrection . Mark probably dates from 66 -- 70 CE . It appears as the second New Testament gospel because it was traditionally thought to be an epitome ( summary ) of Matthew , but most scholars now regard it as the earliest written gospel . They also reject the tradition which ascribes it to Mark the Evangelist , the companion of the apostle Peter , and regard it as the work of an unknown author working with various sources including collections of miracle stories , controversy stories , parables , and a passion narrative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Composition 1.2 Synoptic problem and historicity 1.3 Setting 1.4 Place in the Christian Church 2 Structure , style and content 2.1 Structure 2.2 Style 2.3 Content 2.4 Ending 3 Theology 3.1 Mark 's gospel theology 3.1. 1 The failure of the disciples 3.1. 2 The charge of magic 3.1. 3 The messianic secret 3.2 Christology : Mark 's understanding of Jesus 3.3 Eschatology and salvation : The meaning of Christ 's death , resurrection and return 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Mark and the New Testament 4.2 Sayings unique to Mark 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) Mantegna 's St. Mark Composition ( edit ) The two - source hypothesis : Most scholars agree that Mark was the first of the gospels to be composed , and that the authors of Matthew and Luke used it plus a second document called the Q source when composing their own gospels . The blue sections indicate material original to Luke and Matthew . The Gospel of Mark was written anonymously . Early Christian tradition ascribes it to John Mark , a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter . Hence its author is often called Mark , even though most modern scholars are doubtful of the Markan tradition and instead regard the author as unknown . It was probably written c . AD 66 -- 70 , during Nero 's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt , as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution . The author used a variety of pre-existing sources , such as conflict stories ( Mark 2 : 1 -- 3 : 6 ) , apocalyptic discourse ( 4 : 1 -- 35 ) , and collections of sayings ( although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source ) . Mark was written in Greek , for a gentile audience ( that they were gentiles is shown by the author 's need to explain Jewish traditions and translate Aramaic terms ) of Greek - speaking Christians : Rome ( Mark uses a number of Latin terms ) , Galilee , Antioch ( third - largest city in the Roman Empire , located in northern Syria ) , and southern Syria have all been offered as alternative places of authorship . The author may have been influenced by Greco - Roman biographies and rhetorical forms , popular novels and romances , and the Homeric epics ; nevertheless , he mentions almost no public figures , makes no allusions to Greek or Roman literature , and takes all his references from the Jewish scriptures , mostly in their Greek versions from the Septuagint . His book is not history in the modern sense , or even in the sense of classical Greek and Roman historians , but `` history in an eschatological or apocalyptic sense , '' depicting Jesus caught up in events at the end of time . Synoptic Problem and historicity ( edit ) Mark the Evangelist , 16th - century Russian icon The gospels of Matthew , Mark and Luke bear a striking resemblance to each other , so much so that their contents can easily be set side by side in parallel columns . The fact that they share so much material verbatim and yet also exhibit important differences has led to a number of hypotheses explaining their interdependence , a phenomenon termed the Synoptic Problem . Traditionally , Mark was thought to be an epitome ( summary ) of Matthew : for example , Augustine of Hippo believed they were written in order , `` first Matthew , then Mark , thirdly Luke , lastly John '' and that Mark followed Matthew as `` his attendant and epitomizer '' . Today , the most widely accepted hypothesis is that Mark was the first gospel ( Marcan Priority ) and was used as a source by both Matthew and Luke , together with considerable additional material . The strongest argument for this is the fact that Matthew and Luke agree with each other in their sequence of stories and events only when they also agree with Mark . The 19th century recognition of Mark as the earliest gospel led to the belief that it must therefore be the most reliable . This conclusion was refuted by two works published in the early decades of the 20th century : in 1901 William Wrede argued that Mark 's sequence of episodes is in fact an artificial construct with theological motivation ; and in 1919 Karl Ludwig Schmidt showed how the links between the episodes are the invention of the writer , thus undermining the gospel 's claim to be a reliable guide to the chronology of Jesus ' mission . The modern consensus is that Mark 's purpose was to present a theological message rather than to write history , but this gospel is nevertheless still seen as the most reliable of the four in terms of its overall description of Jesus 's life and ministry . Setting ( edit ) Christianity began within Judaism , with a Christian `` church '' ( or ἐκκλησία , ekklesia , meaning `` assembly '' ) that arose shortly after his death , when some of his followers claimed to have witnessed him risen from the dead . From the outset , Christians depended heavily on Jewish literature , supporting their convictions through the Jewish scriptures . Those convictions involved a nucleus of key concepts : the messiah , the son of God and the son of man , the Day of the Lord , the kingdom of God . Uniting these ideas was the common thread of apocalyptic expectation : Both Jews and Christians believed that the end of history was at hand , that God would very soon come to punish their enemies and establish his own rule , and that they were at the centre of his plans . Christians read the Jewish scripture as a figure or type of Jesus Christ , so that the goal of Christian literature became an experience of the living Christ . The new movement spread around the eastern Mediterranean and to Rome and further west , and assumed a distinct identity , although the groups within it remained extremely diverse . The gospels were written for an audience already Christian -- their purpose was to strengthen the faith of those who already believed , not to convert unbelievers . Christian `` churches '' were small communities of believers , often based on households ( an autocratic patriarch plus extended family , slaves , freedmen , and other clients ) , and the evangelists often wrote on two levels , one the `` historical '' presentation of the story of Jesus , the other dealing with the concerns of the author 's own day . Thus the proclamation of Jesus in Mark 1 : 14 and the following verses , for example , mixes the terms Jesus would have used as a 1st - century Jew ( `` kingdom of God '' ) and those of the early church ( `` believe '' , `` gospel '' ) . More fundamentally , some scholars believe Mark 's reason for writing was to counter believers who saw Jesus in a Greek way , as wonder - worker ( the Greek term is `` divine man '' ) ; Mark saw the suffering of the messiah as essential , so that the `` Son of God '' title ( the Hellenistic `` divine man '' ) had to be corrected and amplified with the `` Son of Man '' title , which conveyed Christ 's suffering . Other scholars think Mark might have been writing as a Galilean Christian against those Jewish Christians in Jerusalem who saw the Jewish revolt against Rome ( 66 -- 73 CE ) as the beginning of the `` end times '' : for Mark , the Second Coming would be in Galilee , not Jerusalem , and not until the generation following the revolt . Place in the Christian Church ( edit ) Mark was traditionally placed second , and sometimes fourth , in the Christian canon , as a somewhat inferior abridgement of what was regarded as the most important gospel , Matthew . The Church has consequently derived its view of Jesus primarily from Matthew , secondarily from John , and only distantly from Mark . It was only in the 19th century that Mark came to be seen as the earliest of the four gospels , and as a source used by both Matthew and Luke . The hypothesis of Markan priority ( that Mark was written first ) continues to be held by the majority of scholars today , and there is a new recognition of the author as an artist and theologian using a range of literary devices to convey his conception of Jesus as the authoritative yet suffering Son of God . Structure , style and content ( edit ) Detailed content of Mark 1 . Galilean ministry John the Baptist ( 1 : 1 -- 8 ) Baptism of Jesus ( 1 : 9 -- 11 ) Temptation of Jesus ( 1 : 12 -- 13 ) Good News ( 1 : 15 ) First disciples ( 1 : 16 -- 20 ) Capernaum 's synagogue ( 1 : 21 -- 28 ) Peter 's mother - in - law ( 1 : 29 -- 31 ) Exorcising at sunset ( 1 : 32 -- 34 ) A leper ( 1 : 35 -- 45 ) A paralytic ( 2 : 1 -- 2 : 12 ) Calling of Matthew ( 2 : 13 -- 17 ) Fasting and wineskins ( 2 : 18 -- 22 ) Lord of the Sabbath ( 2 : 23 -- 28 ) Man with withered hand ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) Withdrawing to the sea ( 3 : 7 -- 3 : 12 ) Commissioning the Twelve ( 3 : 13 -- 19 ) Blind mute ( 3 : 20 -- 26 ) Strong man ( 3 : 27 ) Eternal sin ( 3 : 28 -- 30 ) Jesus ' true relatives ( 3 : 31 -- 35 ) Parable of the Sower ( 4 : 1 -- 9 , 13 - 20 ) Purpose of parables ( 4 : 10 -- 12 , 33 - 34 ) Lamp under a bushel ( 4 : 21 -- 23 ) Mote and Beam ( 4 : 24 -- 25 ) Growing seed and Mustard seed ( 4 : 26 -- 32 ) Calming the storm ( 4 : 35 -- 41 ) Demon named Legion ( 5 : 1 -- 20 ) Daughter of Jairus ( 5 : 21 -- 43 ) Hometown rejection ( 6 : 1 -- 6 ) Instructions for the Twelve ( 6 : 7 -- 13 ) Beheading of John ( 6 : 14 -- 29 ) Feeding the 5000 ( 6 : 30 -- 44 ) Walking on water ( 6 : 45 -- 52 ) Fringe of his cloak heals ( 6 : 53 -- 56 ) Discourse on Defilement ( 7 : 1 -- 23 ) Canaanite woman 's daughter ( 7 : 24 -- 30 ) Deaf mute ( 7 : 31 -- 37 ) Feeding the 4000 ( 8 : 1 -- 9 ) No sign will be given ( 8 : 10 -- 21 ) Healing with spit ( 8 : 22 -- 26 ) Peter 's confession ( 8 : 27 -- 30 ) Jesus predicts his death ( 8 : 31 -- 33 , 9 : 30 -- 32 , 10 : 32 -- 34 ) Instructions for followers ( 8 : 34 -- 9 : 1 ) Transfiguration ( 9 : 2 -- 13 ) Possessed boy ( 9 : 14 -- 29 ) Teaching in Capernaum ( 9 : 33 -- 50 ) 2 . Journey to Jerusalem Entering Judea and Transjordan ( 10 : 1 ) On divorce ( 10 : 2 -- 12 ) Little children ( 10 : 13 -- 16 ) Rich young man ( 10 : 17 -- 31 ) Son of man came to serve ( 10 : 35 -- 45 ) Blind Bartimaeus ( 10 : 46 -- 52 ) 3 . Events in Jerusalem Entering Jerusalem ( 11 : 1 -- 11 ) Cursing the fig tree ( 11 : 12 -- 14 , 20 - 24 ) Temple incident ( 11 : 15 -- 19 ) Prayer for forgiveness ( 11 : 25 -- 26 ) Authority questioned ( 11 : 27 -- 33 ) Wicked husbandman ( 12 : 1 -- 12 ) Render unto Caesar ... ( 12 : 13 -- 17 ) Resurrection of the Dead ( 12 : 18 -- 27 ) Great Commandment ( 12 : 28 -- 34 ) Is the Messiah the son of David ? ( 12 : 35 -- 40 ) Widow 's mite ( 12 : 41 -- 44 ) Olivet discourse ( 13 ) Plot to kill Jesus ( 14 : 1 -- 2 ) Anointing ( 14 : 3 -- 9 ) Bargain of Judas ( 14 : 10 -- 11 ) Last Supper ( 14 : 12 -- 26 ) Denial of Peter ( 14 : 27 -- 31 , 66 - 72 ) Agony in the Garden ( 14 : 32 -- 42 ) Kiss of Judas ( 14 : 43 -- 45 ) Arrest ( 14 : 46 -- 52 ) Before the High Priest ( 14 : 53 -- 65 ) Pilate 's court ( 15 : 1 -- 15 ) Soldiers mock Jesus ( 15 : 16 -- 20 ) Simon of Cyrene ( 15 : 21 ) Crucifixion ( 15 : 22 -- 41 ) Entombment ( 15 : 42 -- 47 ) Empty tomb ( 16 : 1 -- 8 ) The Longer Ending ( 16 : 9 -- 20 ) Resurrection appearances ( 16 : 9 -- 13 ) Great Commission ( 16 : 14 -- 18 ) Ascension ( 16 : 19 ) Dispersion of the Apostles ( 16 : 20 ) This box : view talk edit Page from Mark in a Latin bible dated 1486 ( Bodleian Library ) Structure ( edit ) There is no agreement on the structure of Mark . There is , however , a widely recognised break at Mark 8 : 26 -- 31 : before 8 : 26 there are numerous miracle stories , the action is in Galilee , and Jesus preaches to the crowds , while after 8 : 31 there are hardly any miracles , the action shifts from Galilee to gentile areas or hostile Judea , and Jesus teaches the disciples . Peter 's confession at Mark 8 : 27 -- 30 that Jesus is the messiah thus forms the watershed to the whole gospel . A further generally recognised turning point comes at the end of chapter 10 , when Jesus and his followers arrive in Jerusalem and the foreseen confrontation with the Temple authorities begins , leading R.T. France to characterise Mark as a three - act drama . James Edwards in his 2002 commentary points out that the gospel can be seen as a series of questions asking first who Jesus is ( the answer being that he is the messiah ) , then what form his mission takes ( a mission of suffering culminating in the crucifixion and resurrection , events only to be understood when the questions are answered ) , while another scholar , C. Myers , has made what Edwards calls a `` compelling case '' for recognising the incidents of Jesus ' baptism , transfiguration and crucifixion , at the beginning , middle and end of the gospel , as three key moments , each with common elements , and each portrayed in an apocalyptic light . Stephen H. Smith has made the point that the structure of Mark is similar to the structure of a Greek tragedy Style ( edit ) Examples of Mark 's literary style include the use of summaries , in which several stories about Jesus are all wrapped up into one description ( Mark 6 : 55 , 56 ) . Content ( edit ) Jesus is first announced as the messiah and then later as the Son of God ; he is baptised by John and a heavenly voice announces him as the Son of God ; he is tested in the wilderness by Satan ; John is arrested , and Jesus begins to preach the good news of the kingdom of God . Jesus gathers his disciples ; he begins teaching , driving out demons , healing the sick , cleansing lepers , raising the dead , feeding the hungry , and giving sight to the blind ; he delivers a long discourse in parables to the crowd , intended for the disciples , but they fail to understand ; he performs mighty works , calming the storm and walking on water , but while God and demons recognise him , neither the crowds nor the disciples grasp his identity . He also has several run - ins with Jewish law keepers especially in chapters 2 - 3 . Jesus asks the disciples who people say he is , and then , `` but you , who do you say I am ? '' Peter answers that he is the Christ , and Jesus commands him to silence ; Jesus explains that the Son of Man must go to Jerusalem and be killed , but will rise again ; Moses and Elijah appear with Jesus and God tells the disciples , `` This is my son , '' but they remain uncomprehending . Jesus goes to Jerusalem , where he is hailed as one who `` comes in the name of the Lord '' and will inaugurate the `` kingdom of David '' ; he drives those who buy and sell animals from the Temple and debates with the Jewish authorities ; on the Mount of Olives he announces the coming destruction of the Temple , the persecution of his followers , and the coming of the Son of Man in power and glory . A woman perfumes Jesus ' head with oil , and Jesus explains that this is a sign of his coming death ; Jesus celebrates Passover with the disciples , declares the bread and wine to be his body and blood , and goes with them to Gethsemane to pray ; there Judas betrays him to the Jews ; interrogated by the high priest , he says that he is the Christ , the Son of God , and will return as Son of Man at God 's right hand ; the Jewish leaders turn him over to Pilate , who has him crucified as one who claims to be `` king of the Jews '' ; Jesus , abandoned by the disciples , is buried in a rock tomb by a friendly member of the Jewish council . The women who have followed Jesus come to the tomb on Sunday morning ; they find it empty , and are told by a young man in a white robe to go and tell the others that Jesus has risen and has gone before them to Galilee ; `` but they said nothing to anyone , for they were afraid ... '' Ending ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Mark 16 . The earliest and most reliable manuscripts of Mark end at Mark 16 : 8 , with the women fleeing in fear from the empty tomb : the majority of recent scholars believe this to be the original ending , and this is supported by statements from the early Church Fathers Eusebius and Jerome . Two attempts were made to provide a more satisfactory conclusion . A minority of later manuscripts have what is called the `` shorter ending '' , an addition to Mark 16 : 8 telling how the women told `` those around Peter '' all that the angel had commanded and how the message of eternal life ( or `` proclamation of eternal salvation '' ) was then sent out by Jesus himself . This addition differs from the rest of Mark both in style and in its understanding of Jesus . The overwhelming majority of manuscripts have the `` longer ending '' , Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 , with accounts of the resurrected Jesus , the commissioning of the disciples to proclaim the gospel , and Christ 's ascension . This ending was possibly written in the early 2nd century and added later in the same century . Modern scholars have proposed many explanations for the abrupt original ending , though none with universal acceptance . It could indicate a connection to the theme of the `` Messianic Secret '' . Whatever the case , it is clear that Mark 's Jesus looks forward to a post-death meeting in Galilee , and it is likely that at that meeting , like the final meeting in Galilee that Matthew depicts , Mark 's Jesus would command the disciples to take his message to the nations . Theology ( edit ) First page of the Gospel of Mark : `` The beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ , the Son of God '' , by Sargis Pitsak ( 14th century ) Minuscule 2427 -- `` Archaic Mark '' Mark 's gospel Theology ( edit ) The author introduces his work as `` gospel '' , meaning `` good news '' , a literal translation of the Greek `` evangelion '' -- he uses the word more often than any other writer in the New Testament besides Paul . Paul uses it to mean `` the good news ( of the saving significance of the death and resurrection ) of Christ '' ; Mark extends it to the career of Christ as well as his death and resurrection . Like the other gospels , Mark was written to confirm the identity of Jesus as eschatological deliverer -- the purpose of terms such as `` messiah '' and `` son of God '' . As in all the gospels , the messianic identity of Jesus is supported by a number of themes , including : ( 1 ) the depiction of his disciples as obtuse , fearful and uncomprehending ; ( 2 ) the refutation of the charge made by Jesus ' enemies that he was a magician ; ( 3 ) secrecy surrounding his true identity ( this last is missing from John ) . The failure of the disciples ( edit ) In Mark , the disciples , and especially the Twelve , move from lack of perception of Jesus to rejection of the `` way of suffering '' to flight and denial -- even the women who received the first proclamation of his resurrection can be seen as failures for not reporting the good news . There is much discussion of this theme among scholars . Some argue that the author of Mark was using the disciples to correct `` erroneous '' views in his own community concerning the reality of the suffering messiah , others that it is an attack on the Jerusalem branch of the church for resisting the extension of the gospel to the gentiles , or a mirror of the convert 's usual experience of the initial enthusiasm followed by growing awareness of the necessity for suffering . It certainly reflects the strong theme in Mark of Jesus as the `` suffering just one '' portrayed in so many of the books of the Jewish scriptures , from Jeremiah to Job and the Psalms , but especially in the `` Suffering Servant '' passages in Isaiah . It also reflects the Jewish scripture theme of God 's love being met by infidelity and failure , only to be renewed by God . And in the real - world context in which the gospel was written , the persecutions of the Christians of Rome under Nero , the failure of the disciples and Jesus ' denial by Peter himself would have been powerful symbols of faith , hope and reconciliation . The charge of magic ( edit ) Mark contains twenty accounts of miracles and healings , accounting for almost a third of the gospel and half the first ten chapters , more , proportionally , than in any other gospel . In the gospels as a whole , Jesus ' miracles , prophecies , etc. , are presented as evidence of God 's rule , but Mark 's descriptions of Jesus ' healings are a partial exception to this , as his methods , using spittle to heal blindness ( Mark 8 : 22 -- 26 ) and magic formulae ( `` Talitha cumi , '' 5 : 41 , `` Ephphatha , '' 7 : 34 ) , were those of a magician . This is the charge the Jewish religious leaders bring against Jesus : they say he is performing exorcisms with the aid of an evil spirit ( Mark 3 : 22 ) and calling up the spirit of John the Baptist ( Mark 6 : 14 ) . `` There was ... no period in the history of the ( Roman ) empire in which the magician was not considered an enemy of society , '' subject to penalties ranging from exile to death , says Classical scholar Ramsay MacMullen . All the gospels defend Jesus against the charge , which , if true , would contradict their ultimate claims for him . The point of the Beelzebub incident in Mark ( Mark 3 : 20 -- 30 ) is to set forth Jesus ' claims to be an instrument of God , not Satan . The Messianic secret ( edit ) Main article : Messianic secret In 1901 , William Wrede identified the `` Messianic secret '' -- Jesus ' secrecy about his identity as the messiah -- as one of Mark 's central themes . Wrede argued that the elements of the secret -- Jesus ' silencing of the demons , the obtuseness of the disciples regarding his identity , and the concealment of the truth inside parables , were fictions , and arose from the tension between the Church 's post-resurrection messianic belief and the historical reality of Jesus . There remains continuing debate over how far the `` secret '' originated with Mark and how far he got it from tradition , and how far , if at all , it represents the self - understanding and practices of the historical Jesus . Christology : Mark 's understanding of Jesus ( edit ) See also : Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Christology means a doctrine or understanding concerning the person or nature of Christ . In the New Testament writings it is frequently conveyed through the titles applied to Jesus . Most scholars agree that `` Son of God '' is the most important of these titles in Mark . It appears on the lips of God himself at the baptism and the transfiguration , and is Jesus ' own self - designation ( Mark 13 : 32 ) . These and other instances provide reliable evidence of how the evangelist perceived Jesus , but it is not clear just what the title meant to Mark and his 1st century audience . Where it appears in the Hebrew scriptures it meant Israel as God 's people , or the king at his coronation , or angels , as well as the suffering righteous man . In Hellenistic culture the same phrase meant a `` divine man '' , a supernatural being . There is little evidence that `` son of God '' was a title for the messiah in 1st century Judaism , and the attributes which Mark describes in Jesus are much more those of the Hellenistic miracle - working `` divine man '' than of the Jewish Davidic messiah . Mark does not explicitly state what he means by `` Son of God '' , nor when the sonship was conferred . The New Testament as a whole presents four different understandings : Jesus became God 's son at his resurrection , God `` begetting '' Jesus to a new life by raising him from the dead -- this was the earliest understanding , preserved in Paul 's Epistle to the Romans , 1 : 3 -- 4 , and in Acts 13 : 33 ; Jesus became God 's son at his baptism , the coming of the Holy Spirit marking him as messiah , while `` Son of God '' refers to the relationship then established for him by God -- this is the understanding implied in Mark 1 : 9 -- 11 ; Matthew and Luke present Jesus as `` Son of God '' from the moment of conception and birth , with God taking the place of a human father ; John , the last of the gospels , presents the idea that the Christ was pre-existent and became flesh as Jesus -- an idea also found in Paul . Mark also calls Jesus `` christos '' ( Christ ) , translating the Hebrew `` messiah , '' ( anointed person ) . In the Old Testament the term messiah ( `` anointed one '' ) described prophets , priests and kings ; by the time of Jesus , with the kingdom long vanished , it had come to mean an eschatological king ( a king who would come at the end of time ) , one who would be entirely human though far greater than all God 's previous messengers to Israel , endowed with miraculous powers , free from sin , ruling in justice and glory ( as described in , for example , the Psalms of Solomon , a Jewish work from this period ) . The most important occurrences are in the context of Jesus ' death and suffering , suggesting that , for Mark , Jesus can only be fully understood in that context . A third important title , `` Son of Man '' , has its roots in Ezekiel , the Book of Enoch , ( a popular Jewish apocalyptic work of the period ) , and especially in Daniel 7 : 13 -- 14 , where the Son of Man is assigned royal roles of dominion , kingship and glory . Mark 14 : 62 combines more scriptural allusions : before he comes on clouds ( Daniel 7 : 13 ) the Son of Man will be seated on the right hand of God ( psalm 110 : 1 ) , pointing to the equivalence of the three titles , Christ , Son of God , Son of Man , the common element being the reference to kingly power . Eschatology and salvation : the meaning of Christ 's death , resurrection and return ( edit ) Eschatology means the study of the end - times , and the Jews expected the messiah to be an eschatological figure , a deliverer who would appear at the end of the age to usher in an earthly kingdom . The earliest Jewish Christian community saw Jesus as a messiah in this Jewish sense , a human figure appointed by God as his earthly regent ; but they also believed in Jesus ' resurrection and exultation to heaven , and for this reason they also viewed him as God 's agent ( the `` son of God '' ) who would return in glory ushering in the Kingdom of God . The term `` Son of God '' likewise had a specific Jewish meaning , or range of meanings , one of the most significant being the earthly king adopted by God as his son at his enthronement , legitimising his rule over Israel . In Hellenistic culture , in contrast , the phrase meant a `` divine man '' , covering legendary heroes like Hercules , god - kings like the Egyptian pharaohs , or famous philosophers like Plato . When the gospels call Jesus `` Son of God '' the intention is to place him in the class of Hellenistic and Greek divine men , the ' sons of God '' who were endowed with supernatural power to perform healings , exorcisms and other wonderful deeds . Mark 's `` Son of David '' is Hellenistic , his Jesus predicting that his mission involves suffering , death and resurrection , and , by implication , not military glory and conquest . This reflects a move away from the Jewish - Christian apocalyptic tradition and towards the Hellenistic message preached by Paul , for whom Christ 's death and resurrection , rather than the establishment of the apocalyptic Jewish kingdom , is the meaning of salvation , the `` gospel '' . Comparison with other writings ( edit ) `` Entering into the sepulchre , they saw a young man sitting on the right side , clothed in a long white garment '' -- Mark 's description of the discovery of the empty tomb ( from the Pericopes of Henry II ) Mark and the New Testament ( edit ) All four gospels tell a story in which Jesus ' death and resurrection are the crucial redemptive events . There are , however , important differences between the four : Unlike John , Mark never calls Jesus `` God '' , or claims that Jesus existed prior to his earthly life ; unlike Matthew and Luke , the author does not mention a virgin birth , and apparently believes that Jesus had a normal human parentage and birth ; unlike Matthew and Luke , he makes no attempt to trace Jesus ' ancestry back to King David or Adam with a genealogy . Christians of Mark 's time expected Jesus to return as Messiah in their own lifetime -- Mark , like the other gospels , attributes the promise to Jesus himself ( Mark 9 : 1 and 13 : 30 ) , and it is reflected in the letters of Paul , in the epistle of James , in Hebrews , and in Revelation . When return failed , the early Christians revised their understanding . Some acknowledged that the Second Coming had been delayed , but still expected it ; others redefined the focus of the promise , the Gospel of John , for example , speaking of `` eternal life '' as something available in the present ; while still others concluded that Jesus would not return at all ( 2 Peter argues against those who held this view ) . Mark 's despairing death of Jesus was changed to a more victorious one in subsequent gospels . Mark 's Christ dies with the cry , `` My God , my God , why have you forsaken me ? '' ; Matthew , the next gospel to be written , repeats this word for word but manages to make clear that Jesus 's death is the beginning of the resurrection of Israel ; Luke has a still more positive picture , replacing Mark 's ( and Matthew 's ) cry of despair with one of submission to God 's will ( `` Father , into your hands I commend my spirit '' ) ; while John , the last gospel , has Jesus dying without apparent suffering in fulfillment of the divine plan . Sayings unique to Mark ( edit ) The Sabbath was made for man , not man for the Sabbath ( Mark 2 : 27 ) . Not present in either Matthew 12 : 1 -- 8 or Luke 6 : 1 -- 5 . This is also a so - called `` Western non-interpolation '' . The passage is not found in the Western text of Mark . People were saying , `` ( Jesus ) has gone out of his mind '' , see also Rejection of Jesus ( Mark 3 : 21 ) . Mark is the only gospel with the combination Mark 4 : 24 -- 25 , the other gospels split them up : Mark 4 : 24 being found in Luke 6 : 38 and Matthew 7 : 2 ; Mark 4 : 25 being found in Matthew 13 : 12 and 25 : 29 , Luke 8 : 18 and 19 : 26 . Parable of the Growing Seed ( 4 : 26 -- 29 ) . Only Mark counts the possessed swine ; there are about two thousand ( Mark 5 : 13 ) . Two consecutive healing stories of women ; both make use of the number twelve ( Mark 5 : 25 and Mark 5 : 42 ) . Only Mark gives healing commands of Jesus in the ( presumably original ) Aramaic : Talitha koum ( Mark 5 : 41 ) , Ephphatha ( Mark 7 : 34 ) . See Aramaic of Jesus . Only place in the New Testament Jesus is referred to as `` the son of Mary '' ( Mark 6 : 3 ) . Mark is the only gospel where Jesus himself is called a carpenter ( Mark 6 : 3 ) ; in Matthew he is called a carpenter 's son ( Matthew 13 : 55 ) . Only place that both names his brothers and mentions his sisters ( Mark 6 : 3 ) ; Matthew has a slightly different name for one brother ( Matthew 13 : 55 ) . The taking of a staff and sandals is permitted in Mark 6 : 8 -- 9 but prohibited in Matthew 10 : 9 -- 10 and Luke 9 : 3 . Only Mark refers to Herod as a king ( Mk 6 : 14 , 24 ) ; Matthew and Luke refer to him ( more properly ) as a tetrarch ( Mt 14 : 1 ; Lk 3 : 19 ; 9 : 7 ) . The longest version of the story of Herodias ' daughter 's dance and the beheading of John the Baptist ( Mark 6 : 14 -- 29 ) . Mark 's literary cycles : 6 : 30 -- 44 -- Feeding of the five thousand ; 6 : 45 -- 56 -- Crossing of the lake ; 7 : 1 -- 13 -- Dispute with the Pharisees ; 7 : 14 -- 23 -- Discourse on Defilement Then : 8 : 1 -- 9 -- Feeding of the four thousand ; 8 : 10 -- Crossing of the lake ; 8 : 11 -- 13 -- Dispute with the Pharisees ; 8 : 14 -- 21 -- Incident of no bread and discourse about the leaven of the Pharisees . Customs that at that time were unique to Jews are explained ( hand , produce , and utensil washing ) : 7 : 3 -- 4 . `` Thus he declared all foods clean '' . 7 : 19 NRSV , not found in the Matthean parallel Matthew 15 : 15 -- 20 . There is no mention of Samaritans Jesus heals using his fingers and spit at the same time : 7 : 33 ; cf . Mark 8 : 23 , Luke 11 : 20 , John 9 : 6 , Matthew 8 : 16 ; see also Exorcism . Jesus lays his hands on a blind man twice in curing him : 8 : 23 -- 25 ; cf. 5 : 23 , 16 : 18 , Acts 6 : 6 , 9 : 17 , 28 : 8 , laying on of hands . Jesus cites the Shema Yisrael : `` Hear O Israel ... '' ( 12 : 29 -- 30 ) ; in the parallels of Matt 22 : 37 -- 38 and Luke 10 : 27 the first part of the Shema ( Deut 6 : 4 ) is absent . Mark points out that the Mount of Olives is across from the temple ( 13 : 3 ) . When Jesus is arrested , a young naked man flees : 14 : 51 -- 52 . A young man in a robe also appears in 16 : 5 -- 7 , see also Secret Gospel of Mark . Mark does not name the High Priest , cf . Matt 26 : 57 , Luke 3 : 2 , Acts 4 : 6 , John 18 : 13 . Witness testimony against Jesus does not agree ( 14 : 56 , 14 : 59 ) . The cock crows `` twice '' as predicted ( Mark 14 : 72 ) . See also Fayyum Fragment . The other Gospels simply record , `` the cock crew '' . Early codices 01 , W , and most Western texts have the simpler version . Pilate 's position ( Governor ) is not specified , 15 : 1 , cf . Matt 27 : 2 , Luke 3 : 1 , John 18 : 28 -- 29 . Simon of Cyrene 's sons are named ( Mark 15 : 21 ) . A summoned centurion is questioned ( Mark 15 : 44 -- 45 ) . The women ask each other who will roll away the stone ( Mark 16 : 3 ) , cf . Matt 28 : 2 -- 7 . A young man sits on the `` right side '' ( Mark 16 : 5 ) , cf . Luke 24 : 4 , John 20 : 12 . Mark is the only canonical gospel with significant various alternative endings ( see Mark 16 , Possible Scenarios ) ; however , most of the contents of the traditional `` Longer Ending '' ( Mark 16 : 9 -- 20 ) are found in other New Testament texts and are not unique to Mark , see Mark 16 # The Longer Ending . The one significant exception is 16 : 18b `` and if they drink any deadly thing '' , it will not harm those who believe , which is unique to Mark . See also ( edit ) Gospel of Mark Chapters Mark 1 Mark 2 Mark 3 Mark 4 Mark 5 Mark 6 Mark 7 Mark 8 Mark 9 Mark 10 Mark 11 Mark 12 Mark 13 Mark 14 Mark 15 Mark 16 Gospel harmony Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark Two - source hypothesis Apocalyptic literature Acts of the Apostles ( genre ) Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus ( reference to Mark ) Secret Gospel of Mark List of Gospels List of omitted Bible verses Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Similar to a rabbinical saying from the 2nd century BC , `` The Sabbath is given over to you ( '' the son of man `` ) , and not you to the Sabbath . '' Misunderstood Passages Jump up ^ The verb katharizo means both `` to declare to be clean '' and `` to purify . '' The Scholars Version has : `` This is how everything we eat is purified '' , Gaus ' Unvarnished New Testament has : `` purging all that is eaten . '' Jump up ^ Willker , Wieland . `` A Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels . Vol. 2 : Mark , p. 448 '' ( PDF ) . TCG 2007 : An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels , 5th ed . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 252 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Boring 2006 , pp. 1 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins 1998 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Perkins 2009 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Beaver 2009 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Sanders 1995 , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Reddish 2011 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Boring 2006 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo , Harmony of the Gospels , Book 1 , Chapter 2 Jump up ^ Koester 2000 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson 1983 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Joel 2000 , p. 859 . Jump up ^ Powell 1998 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Lössl 2010 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Gamble 1995 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Collins 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Aune 1987 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Cole 1989 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Cole 1989 , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ France 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Smith 1995 , pp. 209 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Meyer 's NT Commentary on Mark 6 , accessed 8 June 2017 ; Donahue , J.R. and Harrington D.J. , Sacra Pagina : the Gospel of Mark , published by Liturgical Press ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , pp. 500 -- 01 . ^ Jump up to : Schröter 2010 , p. 279 . ^ Jump up to : Horsely 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , p. 500 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Morris 1990 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Kee 1993 , p. 483 . Jump up ^ Powell 1998 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Welch 2006 , p. 362 . ^ Jump up to : Aune 1987 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005 , p. 1083 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , pp. 38 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Telford 1999 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Ehrman 1993 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 68 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue 2005 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Edwards 2002 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2001 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Donahue 2005 , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Witherington 2001 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Telford 1999 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , pp. 709 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Strecker 2000 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Dunn 2003 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Telford 1999 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Hurtado 2005 , p. 587 . ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 69 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Moyise 2013 , p. unpaginated . Jump up ^ Twelftree 1999 , p. 79 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aune , David E. ( 1987 ) . The New Testament in its literary environment . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25018 - 8 . Beaver , Caurie ( 2009 ) . Mark : A Twice - Told Story . Wipf and Stoc . ISBN 9781608991211 . Boring , M. Eugene ( 2006 ) . Mark : A Commentary . Presbyterian Publishing Corp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22107 - 2 . Brown , Raymond E. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 24767 - 2 . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Cole , R. Alan ( 1989 ) . The Gospel According to Mark : An Introduction and Commentary ( 2 ed . ) . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0481 - 5 . Collins , Adela Yarbro ( 2000 ) . Cosmology and Eschatology in Jewish and Christian Apocalypticism . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11927 - 7 . Cross , Frank L. ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. , eds. ( 2005 ) ( 1997 ) . `` Messianic Secret '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 1083 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 . Donahue , John R. ( 2005 ) ( 2002 ) . The Gospel of Mark . Liturgical Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5965 - 6 . Dunn , James D.G. ( 2003 ) . Jesus Remembered . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3931 - 2 . Edwards , James ( 2002 ) . The Gospel According to Mark . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85111 - 778 - 2 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1993 ) . The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture : The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510279 - 6 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 1 May 2006 ) . Peter , Paul and Mary Magdalene : The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend . Oxford University Press . pp. 6 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974113 - 7 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 15 September 2005 ) . Lost Christianities : The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew . Oxford University Press . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975668 - 1 . Most scholars today have abandoned these identifications ... France , R.T. ( 2002 ) . The Gospel of Mark : A Commentary on the Greek text . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2446 - 2 . Gamble , Harry Y. ( 1995 ) . Books and Readers in the Early Church : A History of Early Christian Texts . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06918 - 1 . Horsely , Richard A. ( 2007 ) . `` Mark '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books : New Revised Standard Version . Oxford University Press . pp. 56 -- 92 New Testament . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 528881 - 0 . Hurtado , Larry W. ( 2005 ) ( 2003 ) . Lord Jesus Christ : Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 3167 - 5 . Joel , Marcus ( 2000 ) . Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Kee , Howard Clark ( 1993 ) . `` Magic and Divination '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Metzger , Bruce M. The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford University Press . pp. 483 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504645 - 8 . Koester , Helmut ( 2000 ) ( 1982 ) . Introduction to the New Testament : History and literature of early Christianity ( 2 ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9 . Lössl , Josef ( 2010 ) . The Early Church : History and Memory . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 16561 - 9 . Malbon , Elizabeth Struthers ( 2000 ) . In the Company of Jesus : Characters in Mark 's Gospel . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664222550 . Morris , Leon ( 1990 ) ( 1986 ) . New Testament Theology . Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 45571 - 4 . Moyise , Steve ( 2013 ) . Introduction to Biblical Studies . Bloomsbury . ISBN 9780567189264 . Perkins , Pheme ( 1998 ) . `` The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles : Telling the Christian Story '' . In Barton , John . The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation . Westminster John Knox Press . pp. 241 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 . Perkins , Pheme ( 2009 ) ( 2007 ) . Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6553 - 3 . Powell , Mark Allan ( 1998 ) . Jesus as a Figure in History : How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25703 - 3 . Reddish , Mitchell ( 2011 ) . An Introduction to The Gospels . Abingdon Press , 2011 . ISBN 9781426750083 . Sanders , E ( 1995 ) . The Historical Figure of Jesus . Penguin UK . Schröter , Jens ( 2010 ) . `` The Gospel of Mark '' . In Aune , David E. The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Wiley -- Blackwell . pp. 272 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0825 - 6 . Smith , Stephen H. ( 1995 ) . `` A Divine Tragedy : Some Observations on the Dramatic Structure of Mark 's Gospel '' . Novum Testamentum . E.J. Brill , Leiden. 37 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 31 . doi : 10.1163 / 1568536952662709 . JSTOR 1561221 . Strecker , Georg ( 2000 ) . Theology of the New Testament . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22336 - 6 . Telford , William R. ( 1999 ) . The Theology of the Gospel of Mark . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43977 - 0 . Twelftree , Graham H. ( 1999 ) . Jesus the miracle worker : a historical & theological study . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 1596 - 8 . Welch , John W. ( 2006 ) . `` Miracles , Maleficium , and Maiestas in the Trial of Jesus '' . In Charlesworth , James H. Jesus and Archaeology . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4880 - 2 . Williamson , Lamar ( 1983 ) . Mark . John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237608 . Witherington , Ben ( 2001 ) . The Gospel of Mark : A Socio - rhetorical Commentary . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4503 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Raymond E. ( 1994 ) . An Introduction to New Testament Christology . Paulist Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8091 - 3516 - 5 . Crossan , John Dominic ( 2010 ) ( 1998 ) . The Birth of Christianity : Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Jesus . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 197815 - 9 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 085951 - 0 . Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2009 ) . Jesus Interrupted . Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 117394 - 3 . Ladd , George Eldon ( 1993 ) . A Theology of the New Testament . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0680 - 2 . Lane , William L. ( 1974 ) . The Gospel According to Mark : The English Text with Introduction , Exposition and Notes . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2502 - 5 . Levine , Amy - Jill ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . `` Visions of kingdoms : From Pompey to the first Jewish revolt '' . In Coogan , Michael D . The Oxford History of the Biblical World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513937 - 2 . Mack , Burton L. ( 1994 ) ( 1993 ) . The Lost Gospel : The Book of Q and Christian origins . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065375 - 0 . Perrin , Norman ; Duling , Dennis C. ( 1982 ) . The New Testament : An Introduction ( 2 ed . ) . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 565726 - 7 . Schnelle , Udo ( 1998 ) . The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2952 - 6 . ( M. Eugene Boring translator ) Theißen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) . The Historical Jesus : A Comprehensive Guide . Augsburg Fortress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 3123 - 9 . Van Linden , Philip ( 1992 ) ( 1989 ) . `` Mark '' . In Karris , Robert J. The Collegeville Bible Commentary : New Testament , NAB . Liturgical Press . pp. 903 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 2211 - 7 . Weeden , Theodore J. ( 1995 ) . `` The Heresy that Necessitated Mark 's Gospel '' . In Telford , William . Interpretation of Mark . Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 29256 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about Biblical Studies ( NT ) # The Gospels : The Life and Ministry of Jesus Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gospel of Mark Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gospel of Mark . Online translations of the Gospel of Mark Bible Gateway 35 languages / 50 versions at GospelCom.net Unbound Bible 100 + languages / versions at Biola University Online Bible at gospelhall.org Early Christian Writings : Mark in numerous English translations , on - line scholarly resources Mark on Wikisource ( King James version ) Bible : Mark public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related articles A Brief Introduction to Mark Resources for the Book of Mark at The Text This Week An Online Textual Commentary on the Greek Gospels by Wieland Willker , including detailed text - critical discussion of the 300 most important variants of the Greek text ( PDF , 411 pages ) and the variant endings ( PDF , 17 pages ) . Catholic Commentary on Sacred Scripture Gospel of Mark , Author Dr. Mary Healy Gospel of Mark Synoptic Gospel Preceded by Gospel of Matthew New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Gospel of Luke Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount Plain Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Gospel of Mark Bible Mark 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Places Bethany Bethsaida Capernaum Dalmanutha Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Nazareth Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod Antipas Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph of Arimathea Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Philip Pontius Pilate Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Pharisees Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Events Feeding the 5000 Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of Matthew ( chapter 28 ) Gospel of Luke ( chapter 1 ) → ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 179823714 GND : 4037658 - 8 BNF : cb120084265 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gospel_of_Mark&oldid=826276504 '' Categories : Gospel of Mark Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles containing Greek - language text Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം مصرى Mìng - dĕ̤ng - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did mark get his information to write his gospel | [
"The Gospel of Mark was written anonymously.[7] Early Christian tradition ascribes it to John Mark, a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter.[8] Hence its author is often called Mark, even though most modern scholars are doubtful of the Markan tradition and instead regard the author as unknown.[9] It was probably written c. AD 66–70, during Nero's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt, as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution.[3] The author used a variety of pre-existing sources, such as conflict stories (Mark 2:1–3:6), apocalyptic discourse (4:1–35), and collections of sayings (although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source).[10]"
] | [
"a variety of pre-existing sources, such as conflict stories (Mark 2:1–3:6), apocalyptic discourse (4:1–35), and collections of sayings"
] |
-4420924398767108027 | Shot Caller (film) | Shot Caller ( film ) - wikipedia Shot Caller ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Shot Caller Teaser poster Directed by Ric Roman Waugh Produced by Michel Litvak Gary Michael Walters Jonathan King Ric Roman Waugh Written by Ric Roman Waugh Starring Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Omari Hardwick Lake Bell Jon Bernthal Emory Cohen Jeffrey Donovan Evan Jones Benjamin Bratt Holt McCallany Music by Antônio Pinto Cinematography Dana Gonzales Edited by Michelle Tesoro Production companies Bold Films Participant Media Distributed by Saban Films Release date June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) ( LA Film Fest ) August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) ( United States ) Country United States Language English Box office $2.8 million Shot Caller is an American crime thriller film directed and written by Ric Roman Waugh . The film tells about the businessman forced to sit behind bars as a result of the accident , that occurred due to his fault , in which one person died . The film stars Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Omari Hardwick , Lake Bell , Jon Bernthal , Emory Cohen , Jeffrey Donovan , Evan Jones , with Benjamin Bratt , and Holt McCallany . It premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 16 , 2017 . It was released on July 20 , 2017 , through DirecTV Cinema , and received a theatrical release on August 18 , 2017 by Saban Films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Jacob Harlon ( Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ) is a successful stock broker living in Pasadena , California with his wife Katherine and young child Joshua . One night after departing a baseball game with his wife and friends , he unintentionally runs a red light while drunk , causing an accident that results in the death of his friend and business partner Tom ( Max Greenfield ) . Arrested and arraigned on driving under the influence and vehicular manslaughter , his lawyer urges him to take a plea deal instead of going to trial , citing the fact that he could do up to seven years if he lost his case . Harlon agrees , much to his wife 's dismay , and is sentenced to incarceration at California Institution for Men ( Chino ) for 30 months , 16 of which he will have to serve . Upon his arrival , Jacob is shocked by the brutal realities of the prison environment , and is shaken after witnessing a gang rape during his first night . Upon entering the yard for exercise his first time , he accidentally stumbles into an African - American prisoner who responds aggressively . Harlon attacks the man , having been told by his lawyer that he was going to be housed with ' the big boys ' , and that if he was tested he would have to fight back , or face possible endless harassment . Both Harlon and the man are pepper sprayed and detained , and Harlon is thrown into the SHU ( Secured Housing Unit ) for thirty days . Upon entering the yard after his release from the SHU , he is approached by Shotgun ( John Bernthal ) , a lieutenant for the PEN1 gang , and is brought to see Bottles ( Jeffery Donovan ) , the shotcaller for PEN1 in Chino . PEN1 , also known as Public Enemy No. 1 , is a violent white supremacist gang with close associations to the Aryan Brotherhood . Bottles inquires why Jacob attacked the other prisoner , and under the assumption that Harlon did it for racial reasons , offers him protection and entry into the gang . He also warns him that his protection would have a price , saying that there were no free rides . Harlon proceeds to carry out various tasks for the gang , from smuggling heroin into the yard to eventually even aiding in a murder with another brother . Harlon is given the nickname Money , referring to his past as a stockbroker , and seen slowly acquiring various gang - related tattoos as his personality begins to change rapidly , hardened by his environment . During a prison riot , Harlon unintentionally gets caught on camera murdering another prisoner while protecting the shotcaller for a Hispanic gang , and although he gains recognition for it , he is sentenced to 4 years for assault with a deadly weapon and another 5 years for aiding in gang - related activity . Because of the nature of his crimes , he will have to serve a minimum of 85 % for both terms before he 's eligible for parole , effectively quintupling his original sentence . During the sentencing , he turns to a grief - stricken Katherine and tells her that it 's over , and to forget about him . He is then transferred to Corcaron State Prison to be placed under maximum - security with the ' heavy hitters ' . His new convictions effectively almost validate him as a gang member , and he is remanded to the SHU for the remainder of his sentence according to California law , where he will be on lockdown in his cell for 23 hours a day , and is only allowed yard time for one hour in a steel cage . Katherine files for divorce , effectively severing all ties to his former life . After further displaying his support for the brotherhood by attacking another gang member while being led out to the yard one day , he is introduced to the Beast ( Holt McCallany ) , the head shot caller for the Aryan Brotherhood who has been in solitary for the last seven years , all the while managing the gang 's activities from the inside via corrupt correctional officers . The Beast , impressed with Harlon 's dedication , gives him ' the keys ' to the gang in the prison , effectively putting him in charge under him . Harlon serves out his time in the SHU , and before being released is told by Beast that he will have to continue serving the gang 's interests outside of prison , or else he and his family would be at considerable risk . Upon his release is greeted by Shotgun and other gang members , taking him to a party . During the party , Harlon survives an attempt on his life , and a young girl is shot forcing him to leave . Harlon 's parole officer Kutcher ( Omari Hardwick ) , having recently survived a shooting of his own , is approached by Sheriff Sanchez ( Benjamin Bratt ) and other heads of a task force informing him that they believe Harlon is putting together a large arms deal with another gang . Harlon is indeed putting together the deal , and although he is sidelined by the appearance of his former wife and son , he sets the deal in motion . Harlon becomes suspicious of Shotgun 's behavior , and following him one night he discovers him talking to Kutcher and other police behind his back , who are blackmailing Shotgun into cooperation . Harlon forces his wife to sign a release of all of his funds , clean money earned through his association with gang , and after giving her the money he tells her and his son to forget about him , and go on with their lives . Harlon then goes to Shotgun 's home , and after getting him to open the door , stabs him to death for the betrayal . Kutcher finds the body , and after locating his cell phone , finds coordinates to the deal 's location . Although Harlon knows he murdered Shotgun , he still responds when he get 's a text from Shotgun 's phone sent by Kutcher , and knowingly gives up the deal 's location . The deal goes down , and after it is completed , Kutcher and Sanchez and the rest of the police 's tactical force storm the deal and arrest or kill the various gang members . Harlon is arrested , fully validated , and given life imprisonment with no possibility of parole , all of it to be served in the SHU . When Kutcher offers to release Harlon with a full pardon of his crimes if he gives them Beast and the rest of the organization , Harlon refuses . Put back in his old cell , he is soon brought to see Beast again , who is furious that Harlon knowingly fumbled the deal . Beast threatens him by saying his family will be killed for it , and as Harlon is about to be taken away by the corrupt correctional officer , he removes a handcuff key and a razor blade that he had smuggled in through his anus . Overpowering the guard , he unlocks Beast 's cell and proceeds to fight him , stabbing him in the neck and killing him . It is then discovered that Harlon had orchestrated the entire scheme and his arrest to get to Beast , knowing it was the only way he could truly spare his family from possible damages for his gang association . Covered in blood , Harlon looks at the guard and says the deal that he has with the gang can remain the same , as long as he acknowledges that Harlon 's in charge now . Harlon is then seen in his cell , reading a letter from his son saying he 's forgiven him . Content , and having assumed Beast 's place at the top of the Aryan Brotherhood 's hierarchy , he begins to serve his life sentence knowing that this was the best way he could safely protect his family . Cast ( edit ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jacob Harlon / Money Omari Hardwick as Kutcher , Money 's parole officer Lake Bell as Kate Harlon , Jacob 's wife Jon Bernthal as Frank `` Shotgun '' , a former prison buddy and associate of Money , PEN1 member Emory Cohen as Howie , a young acolyte of Money and war veteran Jeffrey Donovan as Bottles , one of his key prison influences and PEN1 shot caller Evan Jones as Chopper , Money 's former cellmate and associate of Shotgun Benjamin Bratt as Sheriff Sanchez , who is partnered with Kutcher Holt McCallany as Jerry `` The Beast '' Manning , an Aryan Brotherhood shot caller Juan Pablo Raba as Herman Gómez , Leader of the Sureños Matt Gerald as Phil Cole , a parole officer chasing some gang members . Michael Landes as Steve Jessy Schram as Jennifer Keith Jardine as Ripper , a member of the Nazi Low Riders Chris Browning as Redwood / Toby Simms Max Greenfield as Tom , Jacob 's best friend Monique Candelaria as Lola Gomez , Herman 's wife Production ( edit ) On April 9 , 2015 , Bold Films came on board to fully finance and produce the crime thriller film , titled Shot Caller to be directed by Ric Roman Waugh , based on his own script . Participant Media developed the project , while Participant 's Jonathan King would produce along with Michel Litvak and Matthew Rhodes of Bold Films , along with Waugh . In April 2015 , Relativity Media acquired the US rights to the film for $3 million with a wide release commitment , and Sierra / Affinity was on board to handle international sales . Due to the fact that Relativity Media filed for bankruptcy on July 2015 , the film 's release was postponed until Saban Films acquired the U.S. distribution rights on April 2017 . Principal photography on the film began on May 26 , 2015 in Albuquerque and Santa Fe , New Mexico . Reception ( edit ) Reviews for the film have been positive , with many reviewers praising Nikolaj Coster - Waldau 's performance . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 74 % based on 23 reviews , with an average score of 6.2 / 10 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shot Caller '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LA Film Fest 's Closing Night Film : Matt Spicer 's `` Ingrid Goes West '' `` . SHOOTonline.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ EXCLUSIVE : ' Game of Thrones ' Star Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Transforms For New Movie ' Shot Caller ' , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Relativity Plunks Down $3 M To Pick Up Bold Films ' ' Shot Caller ' With ' Games Of Thrones ' Actor In Lead '' . deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Cannes : Lake Bell , Jon Bernthal Join Prison Drama ' Shot Caller ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` James Buckley Joins Lonely Island Pic ' Conner4real ' ; Evan Jones Set For ' Shot Caller ' ; Goldenthal Lauded In Krakow '' . deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Benjamin Bratt Joins Bold Films ' ' Shot Caller ' , Netflix 's ' Special Correspondents ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Holt McCallany Joins Prison Thriller ' Shot Caller ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Rose McGowan , 2 Others Cast In ' Lower Bay ' ; Juan Pablo Raba Joins ' Shot Caller ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Daredevil ' Actor Joins Nikolaj Coster - Waldau in ' Shot C , aller ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Landes Joins Matthew McConaughey in ' Gold ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Bold Films to Produce Ric Roman Waugh 's Prison Thriller ' Shot Caller ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , David Lieberman , Anita ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Relativity Media & Ryan Kavanaugh : A Walk Down Memory Lane Of Hype '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Saban Picks Up ' Shot Caller ' Starring ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Shot Caller ' to begin filming in NM with ' GoT ' lead '' . abqjournal.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call in New Mexico for `` Shot Caller '' Feature Film `` . auditionsfree.com . June 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shot Caller , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 External links ( edit ) Shot Caller on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shot_Caller_(film)&oldid=812100612 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films Films shot in New Mexico Films about organized crime in the United States Gangster films American crime thriller films American crime films 2010s crime thriller films 2010s crime films Bold Films films Participant Media films Relativity Media films Prison films Mafia films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Polski Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 00 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the beast in the movie shot caller | [
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-6171549171254387124 | Gnomeo & Juliet | Gnomeo & Juliet - wikipedia Gnomeo & Juliet Jump to : navigation , search Gnomeo & Juliet Theatrical release poster Directed by Kelly Asbury Produced by Baker Bloodworth David Furnish Steve Hamilton Shaw Screenplay by Kelly Asbury Mark Burton Andy Riley Kevin Cecil Emily Cook Kathy Greenberg Steve Hamilton Shaw Story by Kelly Asbury John R. Smith Rob Sprackling Andy Riley Kevin Cecil Steve Hamilton Shaw Based on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare an Original Screenplay by John R. Smith Rob Sprackling Starring James McAvoy Emily Blunt Michael Caine Jason Statham Maggie Smith Patrick Stewart Ashley Jensen Stephen Merchant Ozzy Osbourne Music by Chris Bacon James Newton Howard Edited by Catherine Apple Production company Touchstone Pictures Rocket Pictures Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Entertainment One Films ( United Kingdom and Canada ) Release date January 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 23 ) ( Hollywood ) February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) ( US and UK ) Running time 84 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $36 million Box office $194 million Gnomeo & Juliet is a 2011 3D computer - animated fantasy romantic comedy film loosely based on William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . Financed by Disney and released through its Touchstone Pictures banner , the film was independently produced by Rocket Pictures and animated by Starz Animation . It was written and directed by Kelly Asbury and starring the voices of James McAvoy , Emily Blunt , Michael Caine , Jason Statham , Maggie Smith , Patrick Stewart , Ashley Jensen , Stephen Merchant , and Ozzy Osbourne . The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23 , 2011 . It was theatrically released in the United Kingdom and United States on February 11 , 2011 . Despite mixed reviews , the film earned $194 million on a $36 million budget . The film received nominations for the Satellite Award for Original Song , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , the Critics ' Choice Award for Best Song and the Annie Award for Directing in a Feature Production , Storyboarding in a Feature Production , Voice Acting in a Feature Production and Writing in a Feature Production . A sequel titled Sherlock Gnomes was released in 2018 , with Paramount Pictures and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer replacing Touchstone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Musicians 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Miss . Montague ( blue ) and Mr. Capulet ( red ) ( Julie Walters and Richard Wilson ) are two elderly neighbors who despise each other . When they leave their respective gardens , their garden gnomes and other lawn ornaments come alive . The Montague garden is filled with blue - hat gnomes led by Lady Bluebury ( Maggie Smith ) , and the Capulet garden has red - hat gnomes led by Lord Redbrick ( Michael Caine ) . Like their human gardeners , the gnomes also despise each other . The gnomes hold a back alley lawnmower race , with Lady Bluebury 's son Gnomeo ( James McAvoy ) driving for the blues and Tybalt ( Jason Statham ) for the reds . Tybalt cheats to win the race , destroying Gnomeo 's lawnmower . Gnomeo and his best friend , Benny ( Matt Lucas ) , are disappointed to see Mrs. Montague ordering a new `` Kitty Clipper '' lawnmower to replace it . That night , Gnomeo and Benny infiltrate the red garden in black disguise . Benny sprays Tybalt 's well and accidentally triggers a security light . During the escape Gnomeo ends up in a nearby garden where he bumps into a disguised Juliet ( Emily Blunt ) , the daughter of Lord Redbrick . Juliet is attempting to retrieve a unique orchid , and the two romantically fight over it . They each discover the other 's color before fleeing the garden . When they both go back to their own gardens , Juliet tells her frog - sprinkler friend Nanette ( Ashley Jensen ) about her newfound love . Nanette states that the relationship is romantically tragic . Gnomeo and Juliet have secret meetings in the nearby garden , where they meet a pink plastic flamingo named Featherstone ( Jim Cummings ) who encourages their love . Lord Redbrick pairs Juliet with a Red Gnome named Paris ( Stephen Merchant ) , but Juliet is n't interested in him and distracts him with Nanette who has feelings for him . Lady Bluebury is distraught after the reds infiltrate the garden and destroy the plant nurtured by Gnomeo 's late father . The blues want Gnomeo to take revenge on the reds , and he realizes that he can not refuse unless he tells his secret . Just as he is about to spray the prized tulips of the reds , Juliet sees him and he backs out of the attack . When he and Juliet meet up again , they argue until Featherstone stops them , telling them he lost his wife when the couple living in the house , where the garden is , broke up and never saw each other again . Benny sees them and runs away into the alleyway , where Tybalt is waiting with his lawnmower , attempting to run Benny down and ends up chops off his hat . Gnomeo intervenes , and he and Tybalt fight on the red lawnmower until the lawnmower runs into the wall . Gnomeo jumps off at the last minute , but Tybalt crashes into the wall , causing him to shatter himself . The reds attempt to attack Gnomeo , thinking that Tybalt died because of him . To the surprise of her clan , Juliet defends Gnomeo , saying that she loves him . Gnomeo ends up on a road , and everyone believes he was run over by a truck . Lord Redbrick has the other red gnomes glue Juliet 's feet to her fountain because he does not want to lose her like he lost her mother . Gnomeo 's mushroom friend , Shroom , finds out that Gnomeo is still alive as blue teapots fell out of the truck that `` ran him over '' , which all the gnomes came to believe was Gnomeo . He and Featherstone eventually reaches a park where Gnomeo climbs onto a statue of William Shakespeare ( Patrick Stewart ) and tells him his story . Shakespeare tells Gnomeo that his story is very similar to another and that it is likely Gnomeo 's will have a sad ending as well . Benny gets onto Miss . Montague 's computer and changes her lawnmower order to a powerful Terrafirminator unit , intending to get revenge on the reds . However , the Terrafirminator goes out of control , destroys most of the two gardens , and gets itself stuck while the gnomes wage a full - scale war . Gnomeo returns to Juliet with the help of Featherstone . However , when he arrives , the Terrafirminator frees itself , sending it flying . Gnomeo tries to un-glue Juliet , but is unable to . She tells him to go , but he refuses . The two share a passionate kiss just as the lawnmower crashes into the fountain , self - destructing in the process . When everyone believes that both are dead , Lord Redbrick and Lady Bluebury decide to end the feud . Miraculously , Gnomeo and Juliet emerge from the ruins and the two clans celebrate . Miss . Montague and Mr. Capulet come home to find their backyards a mess . The film ends happily with the red and blue gnomes finally coming together to celebrate their newfound peace . Tybalt is revealed to still be alive having been glued back together , Featherstone is reunited with his wife after Benny finds and orders her online , and Gnomeo and Juliet are married on a purple lawnmower , which symbolizes the new union of both gnome clans . Cast ( edit ) James McAvoy as Gnomeo , Lady Bluebury 's son , Juliet 's love interest ( later husband ) , and a blue gnome counterpart to Romeo Montague . Emily Blunt as Juliet , Lord Redbrick 's daughter , Gnomeo 's love interest ( later wife ) , and a red gnome counterpart to Juliet Capulet . Michael Caine as Lord Redbrick , the leader of the red gnomes , Juliet 's overprotective widower father this husband deceased of juliet _́ s mother lady bluebury _́ s new husband of gnomeo _́ s mother and Paris ' boss ; counterpart to Lord Capulet . Jason Statham as Tybalt , Gnomeo and Benny 's arch - nemesis and a red gnome counterpart to Tybalt . Maggie Smith as Lady Bluebury , the leader of the blue gnomes and Gnomeo 's widowed mother this wife deceased of gnomeo _́ s father and lord redbrick _́ s new wife of juliet _́ s father ; counterpart to Lady Montague . Patrick Stewart as William Shakespeare who wrote Romeo and Juliet . Ashley Jensen as Nanette , a Scottish - accented plastic garden frog , Juliet 's best friend and Paris ' love interest counterpart to Nurse . Stephen Merchant as Paris , a nerdy red gnome who was arranged to marry Juliet and nanette _́ s love interest ; counterpart to Count Paris . Ozzy Osbourne as Fawn , a garden deer and Tybalt 's best friend ; counterpart to Peter . Matt Lucas as Benny , Gnomeo 's impulsive and tall - hatted best friend and call me doll _́ s love interest ; counterpart to Benvolio . Jim Cummings as Featherstone , a lonely plastic flamingo with a thick Spanish accent ; counterpart to Friar Laurence . Hulk Hogan as Terrafirminator Announcer , an unseen person who promotes the Terrafirminator lawnmower on TV . Julie Walters as Ms. Montague , the elderly owner of the Blue garden whose face is not seen . Richard Wilson as Mr. Capulet , the elderly owner of the Red garden whose face is not seen . Kelly Asbury as Red Goon Gnomes ; counterparts to Gregory , Sampson , Anthony , and Potpan . Dolly Parton as Dolly Gnome , the lawnmower race announcer and mankini gnome _́ s love interest . Julia Braams as Stone Fish , a stone fish that attached to the Fishing Gnome . In the end , it is seen being dragged by Gnomeo and Juliet 's purple lawnmower . James Daniel Wilson as Fishing Gnome , a red gnome . Tim Bentinck as Conjoined Gnome Left , a red gnome . Julio Bonet as Mankini Gnome , dolly gnome _́ s love interest and a red gnome . Neil McCaul as Conjoined Gnome Right , a red gnome . Maurissa Horwitz as Call Me Doll , Benny 's love interest . John Todd as Dancer . Silent characters include : Shroom , a silent mushroom and Gnomeo 's friend / pet ; counterpart to Romeo 's servant Balthasar . The Bunnies , a group of small , cement bunnies that act as servants for Lady Bluebury and others in the Blue Garden ; counterparts to Abram and other miscellaneous servants of the Montagues . There is no counterpart for Mercutio , as stated by James McAvoy in an interview with NBC , '' Gnomeo in this is a little bit of amalgamation between Romeo and Mercutio . We do n't have that Mercutio character in this . We do n't have that leader of the pack , which Romeo is n't but Gnomeo is a little bit . '' Prince Escalus also does n't have a counterpart . Production ( edit ) The film was the original idea of Sprackling and Smith , who sold the spec script to Disney through Rocket Pictures . Disney studio chairman Dick Cook greenlit the film , under the Disney - owned Miramax Films . Miramax was later sold by Disney in 2010 , but the latter studio retained the rights to the film . Disney then opted to release the film through its Touchstone Pictures banner , when Starz Animation decided to produce and animate the film . Disney Australian director Adam Elliot was approached and asked to direct the film , but he rejected the offer due the film 's incompatibility with his style , as well as his lack of experience with CGI . Starz Animation Toronto ( which also made 9 ) produced all of the animation for the film , including the stereoscopic version . Asbury got on board in 2006 , and was attracted the movie in order to work with Elton John . Asbury and Hamilton Shaw then rewrote the film `` sort of from scratch , '' A particular challenge , according to Asbury was how to differentiate the ending between the original play and the movie in order to `` keep daggers and poison and suicide out '' . Ashbury had free range of the casting and conducted the process only through listening to voices , not knowing which actor was auditioning until he felt they were right for the character . Prior to the casting of James McAvoy and Emily Blunt , the roles of Gnomeo and Juliet were to be voiced by Ewan McGregor and Kate Winslet , respectively . Soundtrack ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( Original Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Elton John Released February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) Recorded 2009 - 2010 Genre Orchestral , pop , rock Length 60 : 24 Label Buena Vista Producer Elton John and David Furnish Elton John chronology The Union ( 2010 ) The Union 2010 Gnomeo & Juliet Soundtrack ( 2011 ) Good Morning to the Night ( 2012 ) Good Morning to the Night 2012 Gnomeo & Juliet : Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album and was released by Buena Vista Records on February 8 , 2011 . It features music by Elton John ( who was also the film 's executive producer ) , Nelly Furtado , Kiki Dee , and selections from the score composed by Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard ( who played keyboards for Elton John and arranged strings on many previous projects ) . The duet of John and Lady Gaga for `` Hello , Hello '' was featured in the film , released on February 11 , 2011 , but the soundtrack version only features John . Additionally , on May 4 , 2011 the duet was leaked online and available for download on most sharing websites . Track listing ( edit ) `` Hello Hello '' ( Album Version ) -- Elton John `` Crocodile Rock '' -- Nelly Furtado & Elton John `` Saturday Night 's Alright For Fighting '' -- Elton John `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' -- Elton John & Kiki Dee `` Love Builds a Garden '' -- Elton John `` Your Song '' -- Elton John `` Rocket Man '' -- Elton John `` Tiny Dancer '' -- Elton John `` Bennie and the Jets '' -- Elton John `` Gnomeo & Juliet ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` Dandelions ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` Bennie and the Bunnies ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` Terrafirminator ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` The Tiki Tiki Tiki Room '' -- Wally Boag , Thurl Ravenscroft , Fulton Burley & The Mellomen Track 1 - 9 : Original lyrics by Bernie Taupin , all music by Elton John & band . Track 10 : Written by James Newton Howard , contains music by Elton John . Track 11 & 13 : Written by James Newton Howard & Chris P. Bacon , contains music by Elton John . Track 12 : Written by James Newton Howard & Stuart Michael Thomas , contains music by Elton John . Track 14 : Written by Robert & Richard Sherman . Musicians ( edit ) Elton John & band : Elton John : Piano , vocals Davey Johnstone : Guitars , backing vocals Bob Birch : Bass , backing vocals Nigel Olsson : Drums , backing vocals John Mahon : Percussion , backing vocals James Newton Howard : Keyboards Release ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet 's worldwide premiere was at El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23 , 2011 . The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under the Touchstone Pictures banner on February 11 , 2011 . The film was Touchstone 's first animated film since 1993 's The Nightmare Before Christmas and also Touchstone 's first and , so far , only film to receive a G rating from the MPAA , despite some mild language . The film was distributed in the United Kingdom and Canada by Entertainment One Films . Elton John and director Asbury presented 10 minutes of the film at the Cannes Film Festival . Home Media ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray , and DVD on May 24 , 2011 . The film was produced as three different packages : a 1 - disc DVD , a 2 - disc Blu - ray / DVD combo pack , and a 3 - disc Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray , and DVD combo pack . The 3 - disc package also includes access to a digital download of the film . Both the DVD and Blu - ray versions of the release include the music video for Elton John and Nelly Furtado 's version of John 's `` Crocodile Rock '' , as well as the extras `` Elton Builds a Garden '' and `` Frog Talk '' with Ashley Jensen . In addition , the Blu - ray version also has several deleted and alternate scenes , as well as a feature with Ozzy Osbourne called `` The Fawn of Darkness '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet received generally mixed reviews . Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 55 % of professional critics gave positive reviews , based on 121 reviews with an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` While it has moments of inspiration , Gnomeo & Juliet is often too self - referential for its own good . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a 53 rating based on 28 reviews on its review scale , meaning `` mixed or average reviews '' . Box Office ( edit ) Gnomeo and Juliet earned about $100,000,000 in North America and $94,000,000 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $194,000,000 . Gnomeo & Juliet was ultimately a sleeper hit for Disney , outperforming the much higher - budgeted ( and eventual box office bomb ) Mars Needs Moms the studio released a month following Gnomeo & Juliet . On its first weekend , the film had a worldwide opening of $30.7 , 000,000 , finishing in second place behind Just Go with It ( $35.8 , 000,000 ) . However , on its second weekend -- Presidents ' Day weekend -- it topped the worldwide box office ( although not being in first place either in North America or overseas ) with $29.8 , 000,000 , ahead of Unknown which ranked second ( $26.4 , 000,000 ) . It opened in 2,994 theaters in North America on Friday , February 11 , 2011 , grossing $6.2 , 000,000 on its first day and ranking third behind Justin Bieber : Never Say Never and Just Go with It . It then finished the weekend with $25.4 , 000,000 in 3rd place . However , it scored the largest opening weekend ever for an animated feature released during the winter period ( both January and February ) . It also made the largest debut on record for a minor animated movie ( i.e. , one with little status , expectations and / or built - in audience ) , according to Box Office Mojo . With a $99.97 , 000,000 total it became the highest - grossing animated feature among those released in winter , until it was surpassed by The Lego Movie in 2014 . In the United Kingdom , Ireland , and Malta , it topped the weekend box office by earning £ 2.9 , 000,000 ( $4.7 , 000,000 ) on its opening . In total it has grossed $25.3 , 000,000 , making the UK the only market , except North America , where it grossed more than $10,000,000 . Accolades ( edit ) Award Winner / Nominee Result Annie Awards Directing in a Feature Production Kelly Asbury Nominated Storyboarding in a Feature Production Nelson Yokota Voice Acting in a Feature Production Jim Cummings Writing in a Feature Production Andy Riley , Kevin Cecil , Mark Burton , Kathy Greenburg , Emily Cook , Rob Sprackling , John R. Smith , Kelly Asbury , Steve Hamilton Shaw Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song Hello Hello , performed by Elton John and Lady Gaga / written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song `` Hello Hello '' Satellite Awards Original Song Sequel ( edit ) In March 2012 , it was reported that a sequel titled Sherlock Gnomes was in development at Rocket Pictures . Andy Riley and Kevin Cecil , two of the nine writers on the first film , are writing the script for the sequel . Steve Hamilton Shaw and David Furnish are producing the film , and Elton John , an exec producer , is again composing new songs for the film . The film will feature Sherlock Gnomes , `` the greatest ornamental detective '' hired by the characters from the first film , who will try to solve the mystery of disappearing gnomes . In September 2012 , it was reported that John Stevenson , the director of Kung Fu Panda , has been set to direct the sequel . In November 2015 , it was announced that Johnny Depp would voice Sherlock Gnomes and that the film is scheduled for release on January 12 , 2018 . Paramount Animation and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer will produce the film , with McAvoy and Blunt reprising their roles . On May 26 , 2017 , Paramount delayed the film 's release date to March 23 , 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2D ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . 83m 45s ^ Jump up to : Vlessing , Etan ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Film and TV Focus Lifts Entertainment One Profits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Among Entertainment One 's movie releases was Gnomeo & Juliet 3D released in Canada and Britain , ... Jump up ^ Screened Forums - Gnomeo and Juliet ^ Jump up to : `` Gnomeo and Juliet '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Cultivating ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' '' . Animated World Network . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Critical Mass : ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A dazzling Emily Blunt has the white stuff at the Hollywood premiere of Gnomeo and Juliet '' . Daily Mail Online . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott . `` Emily Blunt and James MacAvoy on the Terror of Gnomes '' . NBC . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp Lending His Voice To Paramount / MGM Sequel ' Sherlock Gnomes ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Adam Elliot , writer / director / designer of Mary and Max '' . Crickey.com.au . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , Eric . `` Exclusive Interview : Gnomeo And Juliet Director Kelly Asbury '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon . `` Gnomeo & Juliet '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buena Vista Records to Release Gnomeo & Juliet Original Soundtrack 2 / 8 '' . PR Newsire . January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga , Elton John Duet Wo n't Appear On ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard.com . Associated Press . February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A dazzling Emily Blunt has the white stuff at the Hollywood premiere of Gnomeo and Juliet '' . Daily Mail Online . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John in Cannes to promote Gnomeo And Juliet '' . Citizenside.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomeo & Juliet Get Together '' . IGN . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grabert , Jessica ( April 3 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomeo & Juliet Rushing Out Of Theaters And On To DVD '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Propst , Andy ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomeo and Juliet , Featuring Elton John Songs , Set for May 24 DVD Release '' . Theater Mania . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gnomeo & Juliet Announced and Detailed for Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D '' . High - Def Digest . April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ribera , J.C. ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Brings Gnomeo & Juliet to Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gnomeo and Juliet ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gnomeo and Juliet Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ben Riley - Smith ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Mars Needs Moms ' : does flop mean 3D is history ? '' . thefirstpost.co.uk . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 11 -- 13 , 2011 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 18 -- 20 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 11 -- 13 , 2011 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( February 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Just , ' ' Justin , ' ' Juliet ' Jumpin ' '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GNOMEO AND JULIET '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rango ' Wins Annie Award for Best Animated Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karger , Dave ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Artist ' and ' Hugo ' lead Broadcast Film Critics nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2012 : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Rocket Pictures Plots ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Sequel , With New Tunes By Elton John '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` John Stevenson Tapped To Direct ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Sequel ' Sherlock Gnomes ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( November 7 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp takes lead in Sherlock Gnomes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CS ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Animation Announces Release Dates '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greg Evans ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Nudges ' Sherlock Gnomes ' To Later Release Date '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . 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Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnomeo_%26_Juliet&oldid=833868336 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2011 3D films 2011 animated films 2011 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s romantic comedy films American animated fantasy films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American films American romantic comedy films Animated duos Animated musical films British 3D films British animated films British animated fantasy films British children 's comedy films British children 's fantasy films British films British romantic comedy films Children 's fantasy films Disney animated films Elton John Fantasy - comedy films Fictional gnomes Films about gnomes Films based on Romeo and Juliet Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in England Rocket Pictures films Touchstone Pictures animated films Films directed by Kelly Asbury Films scored by James Newton Howard Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 20 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the frog on gnomeo and juliet | [
"Ashley Jensen as Nanette, a Scottish-accented plastic garden frog, Juliet's best friend and Paris' love interest counterpart to Nurse."
] | [
"Ashley Jensen"
] |
9174262872430218209 | Pale Rider | Pale Rider - wikipedia Pale Rider Jump to : navigation , search For the albums , see Pale Rider ( Drapht album ) and Pale Rider ( Ricky Ross album ) . Pale Rider Theatrical release poster Directed by Clint Eastwood Produced by Clint Eastwood Written by Michael Butler Dennis Shryack Starring Clint Eastwood Michael Moriarty Carrie Snodgress Christopher Penn Richard Dysart Sydney Penny Richard Kiel Doug McGrath John Russell Music by Lennie Niehaus Cinematography Bruce Surtees Edited by Joel Cox Production company The Malpaso Company Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date June 26 , 1985 ( 1985 - 06 - 26 ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6.9 million Box office $41,410,568 Pale Rider is a 1985 American western film produced and directed by Clint Eastwood , who also stars in the lead role . The title is a reference to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , as the rider of a pale horse is Death . The film , which took in nearly $41 million at the box office , became the highest grossing Western of the 1980s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Crew 5 Religious themes 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Outside the snowy mountain town of Lahood , California , thugs working for big - time miner Coy LaHood ride in and destroy the camp of a group of prospectors and their families who have settled to pan for gold in nearby Carbon Canyon . While leaving , they shoot a dog belonging to fourteen - year - old Megan Wheeler . As Megan buries her dog in the woods and prays for a miracle , thunder rolls and a stranger rides down the slopes . Megan 's mother , Sarah , is being courted by Hull Barret . When Hull heads to town to pick up supplies , four of the thugs begin to beat him with axe staves but he is rescued by the stranger . Hull invites him to dinner and while the stranger is washing , Hull notices what look like six bullet wounds in his back . Shortly after , he appears wearing a clerical collar and is thereafter called `` Preacher '' . Coy LaHood 's son Josh attempts to scare the Preacher off with a show of strength from his giant work - hand , Club , who breaks a large rock in half with a single hammer blow . When Club attempts to attack the Preacher , he hits Club in the face with his hammer and delivers a blow to Club 's groin , then gently helps him onto his horse . The miners now team together to smash the rest of the boulder . Meanwhile , Coy LaHood returns from Sacramento and is furious to learn about the Preacher 's arrival , saying that his presence would strengthen the resolve of the tin - panners . Failing to bribe the Preacher into settling in the town instead , LaHood is persuaded to offer the miners $1000 per claim provided they evacuate within 24 hours . LaHood threatens to hire a corrupt Marshal named Stockburn to clear them out if they refuse . The miners initially consider accepting the offer but when Hull reminds them of their purpose and sacrifices , they decide to stay and fight . The next morning , however , the Preacher leaves without notice and retrieves his revolver from a bank box . Meanwhile the miners find that LaHood 's men have blown up the creek running through their camp , causing it to dam up . They have a brief discussion but agree to stay and continue mining the now drying creek bed . Megan , who has grown fond of the Preacher , goes looking for him and rides into the Lahood strip mining camp , where Josh attempts to rape her , while his cohorts look on and encourage him . At that moment , the Preacher arrives on horseback and rescues Megan , shooting Josh in the hand in the process . Stockburn and his six deputies arrive at the town and LaHood describes the Preacher to Stockburn , who appears startled and says that he sounds like someone that he once knew , but it could n't be , since that man was dead . Spider Conway , a miner at the camp , recovers a large gold nugget and rides into town , where he yells drunken abuse at LaHood from the street . After gunning him down , Stockburn tells Spider 's sons to tell the Preacher to meet him in town the next morning . The following morning , the Preacher and Hull blow up LaHood 's site with dynamite . To stop Hull from following him , the Preacher then scares off Hull 's horse and rides into town alone . In the gun fight that follows he kills all but two of LaHood 's men and then , one by one , all six of Stockburn 's deputies as they spread through the town searching for him . When he goes face - to - face with Stockburn , the latter recognizes him in disbelief and goes for his gun . The Preacher draws first and shoots him , sending six bullets out through his back , before shooting him in the head . LaHood , watching from his office , aims a rifle at the Preacher , only to be shot and killed by Hull , who enters through a back door . The Preacher nods at Hull and remarks , `` Long walk , '' before galloping toward the snow - capped mountains . Megan now drives into town and shouts her love and thanks after the Preacher . Her words echo through the canyon as he rides off . Cast ( edit ) Clint Eastwood as `` The Preacher '' Clint Eastwood as The Preacher Michael Moriarty as Hull Barret Carrie Snodgress as Sarah Wheeler Richard Dysart as Coy LaHood Chris Penn as Josh LaHood Sydney Penny as Megan Wheeler Richard Kiel as Club Doug McGrath as Spider Conway Chuck Lafont as Eddie Conway Jeffrey Weissman as Teddy Conway John Russell as Marshal Stockburn S.A. Griffin as Deputy Folke Jack Radosta as Deputy Grissom Robert Winley as Deputy Kobold Billy Drago as Deputy Mather Jeffrey Josephson as Deputy Sedge John Dennis Johnston as Deputy Tucker Charles Hallahan as McGill Marvin J. McIntyre as Jagou Fran Ryan as Ma Blankenship Richard Hamilton as Pa Blankenship Terrence Evans as Jake Henderson Production ( edit ) Pale Rider was primarily filmed in the Boulder Mountains and the Sawtooth National Recreation Area in central Idaho , just north of Sun Valley in late 1984 . The opening credits scene featured the jagged Sawtooth Mountains south of Stanley . Train - station scenes were filmed in Tuolumne County , California , near Jamestown . Scenes of a more established Gold Rush town ( in which Eastwood 's character picks up his pistol at a Wells Fargo office ) were filmed in the real Gold Rush town of Columbia , also in Tuolumne County , California . Crew ( edit ) Clint Eastwood Producer / Director / Star Lennie Niehaus Composer Bruce Surtees Director of Photography Joel Cox Film Editing Edward Carfagno Production Design Chuck Gaspar Special Effects Buddy Van Horn Stunt Coordinator Jack N. Green Camera Operator Marcia Reed Still Photographer Deborah Hopper Costume Designer / Wardrobe : Women Religious themes ( edit ) In an audio interview , Clint Eastwood said that his character Preacher `` is an out - and - out ghost '' . However , whereas Eastwood 's 1973 western , High Plains Drifter resolves its storyline by means of a series of unfolding flashback narratives ( although ambiguity still remains ) , Pale Rider does not include any such obvious clues to the nature and past of the ' Preacher ' other than six bullet wound scars on his back . The viewer is left to draw different conclusions regarding the overall story line and its meaning . The movie 's title is taken from the Book of Revelation , chapter 6 , verse 8 : `` And I looked , and behold a pale horse : and his name that sat on him was Death , and Hell followed with him . '' The reading of the biblical passage describing this character is neatly choreographed to correspond with the sudden appearance of the Preacher , who arrived as a result of a prayer from Megan , in which she quoted Psalm 23 . Preacher 's comment after beating one of the villains is , `` Well , the Lord certainly does work in mysterious ways . '' After the temptation to shift his ministry to the town , Preacher says , `` You ca n't serve God and Mammon , Mammon being money . '' According to Robert Jewett the film 's dialogue parallels Paul the Apostle 's teaching on divine retribution ( Romans 12 : 19 - 21 ) . Reception ( edit ) Pale Rider was released in the United States in June , 1985 , and became the highest grossing western of the 1980s . It was the first mainstream Hollywood western to be produced after the massive financial failure of Heaven 's Gate . Borrowing heavily in screenplay and cinematography from George Steven 's critically acclaimed 1953 western classic , Shane , Pale Rider received positive reviews , and currently holds a 92 % score on Rotten Tomatoes . Roger Ebert praised the film , giving it four out of four stars . Further he stated , `` Pale Rider '' is , over all , a considerble ( sic ) achievement , a classic Western of style and excitement . '' The movie was a success at the North American box office , grossing $41,410,568 against a $6,900,000 budget . The film was entered into the 1985 Cannes Film Festival . Film portal The film is recognized by the American Film Institute in these lists : 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Western Film References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Pale Rider . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Pale Rider . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Dennis Shryack , Screenwriter on Clint Eastwood 's ' The Gauntlet ' and ' Pale Rider , ' Dies at 80 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Eastwood film gives boost '' . Spokane Chronicle . Washington . Associated Press . November 30 , 1984 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hughes , p. 36 Jump up ^ `` Clint Eastwood.net Filmography / Pale Rider '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Clive Marsh , Gaye Ortiz , Explorations in theology and film : movies and meaning , Blackwell Publishers 1997 ( reprint 2001 ) , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Hughes , p. 38 Jump up ^ `` Pale Rider '' , Roger Ebert , June 28 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Pale Rider ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pale Rider movie info '' . Mooviees ! . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disasters Outnumber Movie Hits '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Pale Rider '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Bibliography Hughes , Howard ( 2009 ) . Aim for the Heart . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 902 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Pale Rider on IMDb Pale Rider at Rotten Tomatoes Pale Rider at the TCM Movie Database Pale Rider at AllMovie ( hide ) Films directed by Clint Eastwood Play Misty for Me ( 1971 ) High Plains Drifter ( 1973 ) Breezy ( 1973 ) The Eiger Sanction ( 1975 ) The Outlaw Josey Wales ( 1976 ) The Gauntlet ( 1977 ) Bronco Billy ( 1980 ) Firefox ( 1982 ) Honkytonk Man ( 1982 ) Sudden Impact ( 1983 ) Pale Rider ( 1985 ) Heartbreak Ridge ( 1986 ) Bird ( 1988 ) White Hunter Black Heart ( 1990 ) The Rookie ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) A Perfect World ( 1993 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil ( 1997 ) True Crime ( 1999 ) Space Cowboys ( 2000 ) Blood Work ( 2002 ) Piano Blues ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Gran Torino ( 2008 ) Invictus ( 2009 ) Hereafter ( 2010 ) J. Edgar ( 2011 ) Jersey Boys ( 2014 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Sully ( 2016 ) The 15 : 17 to Paris ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pale_Rider&oldid=795020593 '' Categories : 1985 films English - language films 1980s Western ( genre ) films American films American Western ( genre ) films Mining in film Films directed by Clint Eastwood Films produced by Clint Eastwood Malpaso Productions films Warner Bros. films Films shot in Idaho Films set in California Films set in the 1880s Film scores by Lennie Niehaus Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 14 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the pale rider supposed to be | [
"Pale Rider is a 1985 American western film produced and directed by Clint Eastwood, who also stars in the lead role. The title is a reference to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, as the rider of a pale horse is Death. The film, which took in nearly $41 million at the box office, became the highest grossing Western of the 1980s.[3]"
] | [
"Death"
] |
-1355077862678085974 | Ryan Hurst | Ryan Hurst - wikipedia Ryan Hurst Jump to : navigation , search Ryan Hurst Hurst at the 2017 Phoenix Comicon Ryan Douglas Hurst ( 1976 - 06 - 19 ) June 19 , 1976 ( age 41 ) Santa Monica , California , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1993 -- present Spouse ( s ) Molly Cookson ( m . 2005 ) Parent ( s ) Rick Hurst ( father ) Ryan Douglas Hurst ( born June 19 , 1976 ) is an American actor , best known for his roles as Gerry Bertier in Disney 's Remember the Titans , Tom Clark in Taken , Opie Winston in the FX network drama series Sons of Anarchy , and as Chick in Bates Motel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hurst was born in Santa Monica , California , the son of Candace Kaniecki , an acting coach , and Rick Hurst , an actor . He attended Santa Monica High School . Career ( edit ) Growing up in a Hollywood family , Hurst made a very early start in the show business , with a recurring role in the NBC teen situation comedy series Saved by the Bell : The New Class . In the 1998 epic war drama film Saving Private Ryan , Hurst portrayed Mandelsohn , a paratrooper who , because of temporary hearing loss , can not understand Captain Miller 's ( Tom Hanks ) questions about sighting Private Ryan , which forces Miller to ask the questions in writing . Additionally , he appeared in the 2002 war film We Were Soldiers as Sgt . Ernie Savage , played the football player Lump Hudson in the black comedy thriller film The Ladykillers ( 2004 ) , and starred in the TNT police drama series Wanted ( 2005 ) . From 2005 to 2007 , Hurst gained recognition for portraying the recurring role of Allison DuBois ' half - brother , Michael Benoit , in NBC 's supernatural procedural drama series Medium . Hurst 's big break came when he was cast as Opie Winston in the FX crime drama series Sons of Anarchy . Originally a recurring cast member in the first season , he was promoted to main cast member for the following season and went on to become a fan favorite . His character , newly released from a five - year prison stint and `` living right '' , but not making ends meet , goes back to SAMCRO to provide for his family , despite his wife 's objections and his knowing the risks . Hurst 's portrayal of Opie earned him the 2011 Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film . Also in 2011 , Hurst voiced Jedidiah in the animated box office hit Rango . Also stars in the series , Outsiders . Personal life ( edit ) In 1994 , Hurst met Molly Cookson and the couple married in May 2005 . Together , they founded the production company Fast Shoes . In April 2013 , Hurst purchased a 3,400 square - foot home in Woodland Hills , California for $1.71 million . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Postman Eddie March 1998 Patch Adams Neil 1998 Saving Private Ryan Paratrooper Mandelsohn 2000 Rules of Engagement Captain Hustings 2000 Remember the Titans Gerry Bertier 2001 Perfect Lover Guy 2001 Venus and Mars Roberto 2002 We Were Soldiers Sgt . Ernie Savage 2002 Lone Star State of Mind Tinker The Ladykillers Lump Hudson 2006 Noble Things Kyle Collins 2008 Chasing the Green Ross Franklin 2011 Rango Jedidiah ( voice ) 2013 CBGB Mad Mountain Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Saved by the Bell : The New Class Crunch Grabowski 2 episodes Beverly Hills , 90210 Student Actor Episode : `` Divas '' 1995 -- 96 Campus Cops Wayne Simko 9 episodes 1995 JAG Dirk Grover Episode : `` Shadow '' Boston Common Nikolai 2 episodes Wings Barry Episode : `` Too Beautiful for You '' 1999 L.A. Doctors Kevn Raives 2 episodes 2002 Touched by an Angel Doug Episode : `` Two Sides to Every Angel '' 2002 John Doe Elvis Braithwaite Episode : `` Mind Games '' 2002 Taken Adult Tom Clarke 5 episodes Dr. Vegas Steve Episode : `` All In '' 2005 House Sam McGinley Episode : `` The Mistake '' 2005 Wanted Agent Jimmy McGloin 13 episodes 2005 -- 07 Medium Michael Benoit 3 episodes 2006 Everwood Ed Carnahan Episode : `` Across the Lines '' 2006 CSI : Miami Detective Michael Lloyd Episode : `` Curse of the Coffin '' 2007 Raines Marko Rossi Episode : `` Pilot '' 2007 Heartland Mark Evans Episode : `` Pilot '' 2008 -- 12 Sons of Anarchy Opie Winston 54 episodes 2011 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Doug Loveless Episode : `` Bombshell '' 2013 King & Maxwell Edgar Roy 10 episodes 2015 -- 17 Bates Motel Chick Hogan 15 episodes 2015 Axe Cop N / A Episode : `` Night Mission : The Extincter '' 2016 -- 17 Outsiders Lil Foster Farrell 26 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result 2011 16th Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Sons of Anarchy Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foley , F. Kathleen ( July 23 , 2004 ) . `` Same inmates , different asylum in this ' Nest ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Hurst Biography ( 1976 - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Hurst Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Hurst Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies Canada . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Tour of Ryan Hurst 's Woodland Hills House '' . ICouldLiveHere.org . July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Son of Anarchy ' star Ryan Hurst shaves his beard on camera for fans '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Sherman , Catherine ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' Star Buys Woodland Hills Home '' . Zillow.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Sons of Anarchy ' Star Ryan Hurst - Drops $1.7 Million ... On Mansion To Die For '' . TMZ.com . July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Satellite Award Nominees and Winners '' . Press Academy . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ryan Hurst on IMDb Ryan Hurst on Twitter ( hide ) Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Stanley Tucci ( 1996 ) Vondie Curtis - Hall ( 1997 ) David Clennon ( 1998 ) David Schwimmer ( 2001 ) Linus Roache ( 2002 ) Justin Kirk ( 2003 ) Bill Nighy ( 2004 ) Randy Quaid ( 2005 ) Tony Plana ( 2006 ) David Zayas ( 2007 ) Nelsan Ellis ( 2008 ) John Lithgow ( 2009 ) David Strathairn ( 2010 ) Peter Dinklage / Ryan Hurst ( 2011 ) Neal McDonough ( 2012 ) Aaron Paul ( 2013 ) Rory Kinnear ( 2014 ) Christian Slater ( 2015 ) Ben Mendelsohn ( 2016 ) VIAF : 46447675 LCCN : no2003034270 GND : 1062023242 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Hurst&oldid=809679857 '' Categories : 1976 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors Living people Male actors from Santa Monica , California Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 18 : 30 . 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"Ryan Douglas Hurst[1] (born June 19, 1976) is an American actor, best known for his roles as Gerry Bertier in Disney's Remember the Titans, Tom Clark in Taken, Opie Winston in the FX network drama series Sons of Anarchy, and as Chick in Bates Motel."
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3607622863814812900 | Green Arrow and Black Canary | Green Arrow and Black Canary - wikipedia Green Arrow and Black Canary Jump to : navigation , search Green Arrow and Black Canary Variant cover art for Green Arrow and Black Canary # 1 Art by Cliff Chiang Publication information Publisher DC Comics Schedule Monthly Format Ongoing series Genre Superhero Publication date December 2007 -- 2010 No. of issues 32 Main character ( s ) Green Arrow Black Canary Connor Hawke Speedy Red Arrow Creative team Created by Judd Winick Cliff Chiang Written by J.T. Krul Penciller ( s ) Federico Dallocchio Inker ( s ) Ruy Jose Letterer ( s ) Sal Cipriano Colorist ( s ) Michael Atiyeh Editor ( s ) Adam Schlagman Collected editions The Wedding Album ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1841 - 6 Green Arrow and Black Canary was a comic book ongoing series published by DC Comics starring superheroes Green Arrow and Black Canary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Characters 3 Plot synopsis 3.1 Dead Again 3.2 Family Business 3.3 A League of their Own 3.4 Tough Love 3.5 Repackaging as Green Arrow 4 Collected editions 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) The first issue ( December 2007 ) was written by Judd Winick with art by Cliff Chiang . The series spun out of Green Arrow / Black Canary : Wedding Special ( November 2007 ) by Winick and artist Amanda Conner . With issue # 7 , Mike Norton replaced Chiang . With issue # 15 , Andrew Kreisberg replaced Winick . According to the announcements of upcoming titles at DCComics.com , the title will revert to Green Arrow beginning with issue 31 ; After the events of Justice League : Cry For Justice , wherein Green Arrow killed the villain Prometheus for destroying Star City ( which killed Roy Harper 's daughter ) , Black Canary took Green Arrow 's not telling her as a sign he wants to be alone and left him , supposedly ending the marriage . This series ended in 2011 when DC relaunched its entire universe . Green Arrow went to Star City in his own solo series while Black Canary currently stars in Birds of Prey . Characters ( edit ) Black Canary ( Dinah Laurel Lance ) - The daughter of the original Black Canary , trained against her mother 's wishes to become one of the best fighters in the world , along with her trademarked `` Canary Cry '' sonic scream . The wife of Green Arrow . Green Arrow ( Oliver Queen ) - Playboy billionaire turned contemporary Robin Hood , trained to be one of the greatest archers in the world . The husband of Black Canary , and the father of Connor Hawke . Green Arrow ( Connor Hawke ) - Oliver Queen 's biological son , he replaced his father after his death and they now share the name . Speedy ( Mia Dearden ) - The newest sidekick to use the name , after living on the streets , she was taken in by Oliver and eventually trained . Red Arrow ( Roy Harper ) - Green Arrow 's original sidekick and first Speedy , grew up to be Arsenal and now has a new codename . Plot synopsis ( edit ) Dead again ( edit ) After Black Canary murders `` Green Arrow '' on their wedding night , it is discovered that it was actually Everyman posing as him . Black Canary and Speedy , along with Connor Hawke venture to Themyscira on a hunch that Green Arrow may be a captive of the Amazons . Family business ( edit ) Green Arrow , Black Canary and Speedy travel to Europe to hunt down who is responsible for wounding Connor Hawke . Along the way they join up with Batman , Plastic Man Dodger and encounter a new League of Assassins ... A League of their own ( edit ) The missing Connor Hawke is found and it is discovered that this League of Assassins is a fake , tricked by a disguised Shado to fight Green Arrow . Shado 's son Robert , who is also Green Arrow 's son was diagnosed with cancer , to cure him she employed Dr. Sivana to abduct and experiment on Connor . In the end Connor is rescued but possesses nothing of his former self , acting differently , abandoning archery and apparently gaining healing abilities . Speedy leaves to pursue a relationship with Dodger and Connor Hawke leaves to rediscover himself . Tough love ( edit ) A new villainess named Cupid begins killing Green Arrow 's enemies to gain his love and approval . She kills Brick and several other low level villains and attempts to kill Merlyn as well . Oliver 's and Dinah 's marriage is put to the test as Green Arrow becomes increasingly more violent and ignores Black Canary 's warnings . A music teacher is deafened by Black Canary 's Canary Cry and becomes the hypersonic villain known as Discord . Starting with July 's issue , # 22 , the title gets divided into a Green Arrow and Black Canary double feature . Repackaging as Green Arrow ( edit ) During the events of the `` Blackest Night '' the series for issue 30 was retitled Black Lantern Green Arrow for a Blackest Night tie - in before switching to simply Green Arrow as part of the Rise and Fall storyline which is aftermath of Justice League : Cry for Justice . The series picked up loose ends of Green Arrow killing the villain Prometheus and the destruction of Star City as well as Black Canary leaving Green Arrow for not telling her of his actions assuming he wants to be alone . A new Green Arrow series is set to debut from J.T. Krul and artist Diogenes Neves . Collected editions ( edit ) Also relevant is the lead - up to this series `` Road to the Altar '' , see Green Arrow Collected Editions Title Collects Date ISBN Vol. 1 : The Wedding Album Wedding Special , # 1 - 5 October 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1841 - 6 Vol. 2 : Family Business # 6 - 10 January 2009 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2016 - 7 Vol. 3 : A League of Their Own # 11 - 14 , Green Arrow Secret Files # 1 May 2009 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2250 - 5 Vol. 4 : Enemies List # 15 - 20 December 16 , 2009 Vol. 5 : Big Game # 21 - 26 June 9 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2709 - 8 Vol. 6 : Five Stages # 27 - 30 November 2010 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2898 - 9 Justice League : Rise and Fall # 31 - 32 , Justice League : Rise and Fall Special , the Rise of Arsenal # 1 - 4 March 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 3013 - 5 Reception ( edit ) IGN gave the first issue a 5.7 out of 10 . Issue # 15 , the first issue of Kreisberg 's run , received a 7.5 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Upcoming Comics , Green Arrow 31 , accessed 27 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Green Arrow volume 4 issue 32 Jump up ^ http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/01/13/what-does-black-lantern-green-arrow-30-have-in-store/ Jump up ^ http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2009/12/11/dcu-in-2010-the-rise-of-arsenal-and-the-fall-of-green-arrow/ Jump up ^ http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/03/16/the-fall-of-green-arrow-kicks-off-in-green-arrow-31/ Jump up ^ http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/04/14/rise-and-fall-continues-in-green-arrow-32/ Jump up ^ Justice League : Cry for Justice issue 7 Jump up ^ Green Arrow volume 4 issue 32 Jump up ^ http://dcu.blog.dccomics.com/2010/03/18/after-the-fall-green-arrow-rises-again/ Jump up ^ ( 5 ) External links ( edit ) Green Arrow and Black Canary at the Comic Book DB Green Arrow George Papp Mort Weisinger Green Arrow Oliver Queen Connor Hawke Supporting characters Arrowette Black Canary Eddie Fyers Speedy Roy Harper Mia Dearden Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Katana Felicity Smoak Shado Enemies Hannibal Bates Brick China White Clock King Count Vertigo Cupid Deathstroke Richard Dragon ( Ricardo Diaz , Jr . ) Constantine Drakon Merlyn Onomatopoeia Equipment Arrowcar Trick arrows Publications More Fun Comics Green Lantern / Green Arrow The Dark Knight Returns Green Arrow : The Longbow Hunters The Dark Knight Strikes Again Green Arrow : Year One Green Arrow and Black Canary Storylines `` Snowbirds Do n't Fly '' `` Quiver '' Locations Queen Industries / Q - Core Star City Starfish Island Vlatava In other media Justice League Unlimited Smallville Batman : The Brave and the Bold DC Universe Online DC Showcase : Green Arrow Young Justice Batman : The Dark Knight Returns -- Part 2 Arrowverse and related shows Arrow characters episodes The Flash Vixen DC 's Legends of Tomorrow Related articles The Outsiders The Green Archer ( 1940 serial ) Robin Hood Black Canary Robert Kanigher Carmine Infantino Supporting characters Barbara Gordon Batman Green Arrow Hal Jordan Huntress ( Helena Bertinelli ) Kurt / Larry Lance Sin Speedy Wildcat Enemies Hannibal Bates Cheshire Count Vertigo Cupid Lady Shiva Merlyn Tigress Twelve Brothers in Silk and White Canary Wizard Publications Flash Comics Action Comics World 's Finest Comics Black Canary Birds of Prey Green Arrow and Black Canary Batgirl and the Birds of Prey In other media Legends of the Superheroes Birds of Prey Justice League Unlimited Smallville Batman : The Brave and the Bold DC Showcase : Green Arrow Young Justice Arrow The Flash Legends of Tomorrow Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Arrow_and_Black_Canary&oldid=785262330 '' Categories : DC Comics titles 2007 comics debuts 2010 comics endings Superhero comics Black Canary Hidden categories : Title pop Redundant infobox title param Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 June 2017 , at 14 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the green arrow marry in the comics | [
"Green Arrow (Oliver Queen) - Playboy billionaire turned contemporary Robin Hood, trained to be one of the greatest archers in the world. The husband of Black Canary, and the father of Connor Hawke."
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6828165020402465222 | People's Party (United States) | People 's Party ( United States ) - wikipedia People 's Party ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American political party also known as the ' Populists ' which existed from 1891 to 1919 . For other American and worldwide parties using the term populists , see Populist Party . For 1850s groups in Ohio and Indiana affiliated with the Anti-Nebraska movement and Know - Nothing party , see Fusion Party . For the American party with the same name which was active in the 1970s , see People 's Party ( United States , 1971 ) . For the party existing in the Utah Territory from 1870 -- 1891 , see People 's Party ( Utah ) . People 's Party Leader James B. Weaver William Jennings Bryan Thomas E. Watson Founded 1891 ( 1891 ) Dissolved 1908 ( 1908 ) Preceded by Farmers ' Alliance Greenback Party Union Labor Party Merged into Democratic Party Ideology Populism Agrarianism Bimetallism Political position Left - wing Politics of United States Political parties Elections The People 's Party , also known as the Populist Party or the Populists , was an agrarian - populist political party in the United States . For a few years , 1892 -- 96 , it played a major role as a left - wing force in American politics . It was merged into the Democratic Party in 1896 ; a small independent remnant survived until 1908 . It drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left - wing of American politics . It was highly critical of capitalism , especially banks and railroads , and allied itself with the labor movement . Established in 1891 , as a result of the Populist movement , the People 's Party reached its peak in the 1892 presidential election , when its ticket , composed of James B. Weaver and James G. Field , won 8.5 % of the popular vote and carried five states ( Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Nevada and North Dakota ) , and the 1894 House of Representatives elections , when it took over 10 % of the vote . Built on a coalition of poor , white cotton farmers in the South ( especially North Carolina , Alabama and Texas ) and hard - pressed wheat farmers in the Plains states ( especially Kansas and Nebraska ) , the Populists represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to elites , cities , banks , railroads , and gold . The party sometimes allied with labor unions in the North and Republicans in the South . In the 1896 presidential elections the Populists endorsed the Democratic presidential nominee , William Jennings Bryan , adding their own vice presidential nominee . By joining with the Democrats , the People 's Party lost its independent identity and rapidly withered away . The terms `` populism '' and `` populist '' have been used in the 20th and 21st centuries to describe anti-elitist appeals against established interests or mainstream parties , referring to both the political left and right . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formation 2 Presidential election of 1896 3 Populist - GOP fusion in North Carolina 4 Collapse 5 Debate by historians over populism 6 Elected officials 6.1 Governors 6.2 United States Congress 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 Contemporary accounts 10.2 Party publications and materials 10.3 Secondary sources Formation ( edit ) People 's Party candidate nominating convention held at Columbus , Nebraska , July 15 , 1890 . A People 's Party grew out of a large mood of agrarian unrest in response to low agricultural prices in the South and the trans - gender West , as well as thought that the `` Eastern Elites '' were taking advantage of the farmers by charging higher rates on loans and trains . The Farmers ' Alliance , formed in Lampasas , Texas , in 1876 , promoted collective economic action by farmers and achieved widespread popularity in the South and Great Plains . The Farmers ' Alliance ultimately did not achieve its wider economic goals of collective economic action against brokers , railroads , and merchants , and many in the movement advocated for changes in national policy . By the late 1880s , the Alliance had developed a political agenda that called for regulation and reform in national politics , most notably an opposition to the gold standard to counter the high deflation in agricultural prices in relation to other goods such as farm implements . In 1886 , an entirely different `` People 's Party '' elected 6 assemblymen to the Wisconsin State Assembly and 1 senator to the Wisconsin State Senate . However this was a labor party , and by the 1888 elections it was using the Union Labor Party label . In December 1888 the National Agricultural Wheel and the Southern Farmer 's Alliance met at Meridian , Mississippi , where the national farmers convention was held that year . In that meeting they decided to consolidate the two parties pending ratification . This consolidation gave the organization a new name , the Farmers and Laborers ' Union of America , and by 1889 the merger had been ratified , although there were conflicts between `` conservative '' Alliance men and `` political '' Wheelers in Texas and Arkansas , which delayed the unification in these states until 1890 and 1891 respectively . The merger eventually united white Southern Alliance and Wheel members , but it would not include African American members of agricultural organizations . During their move towards consolidation in 1889 , the leaders of both Southern Farmers ' Alliance and the Agricultural Wheel organizations contacted Terence V. Powderly , leader of the Knights of Labor . `` This contact between leaders of the farmers ' movement and Powderly helped pave the way for a series of reform conferences held between December 1889 and July 1892 that resulted in the formation of the national People 's ( or Populist ) Party . '' 1892 People 's Party campaign poster promoting James Weaver for President of the United States . The drive to create a new political party out of the movement arose from the belief that the two major parties , Democrats and Republicans , were controlled by bankers , landowners and elites hostile to the needs of the small farmer . The movement reached its peak in 1892 when the party held a convention chaired by Frances Willard ( leader of the WCTU and a friend of Powderly 's ) in Omaha , Nebraska and nominated candidates for the national election . The party 's platform , commonly known as the Omaha Platform , called for the abolition of national banks , a graduated income tax , direct election of Senators , civil service reform , a working day of eight hours and Government control of all railroads , telegraphs , and telephones . In the 1892 Presidential election , James B. Weaver received 1,027,329 votes . Weaver carried four states ( Colorado , Kansas , Idaho , and Nevada ) and received electoral votes from Oregon and North Dakota as well . The party flourished most among farmers in the Southwest and Great Plains , as well as making significant gains in the South , where they faced an uphill battle given the firmly entrenched monopoly of the Democratic Party . Success was often obtained through electoral fusion , with the Democrats outside the South , but with alliances with the Republicans in Southern states like Alabama , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Texas . For example , in the elections of 1894 , a coalition of Populists and Republicans led by Populist Marion Butler swept state and local offices in North Carolina , and the coalition would go on to elect Republican Daniel Lindsay Russell as Governor in 1896 . Quite separate from the Populists were the Silverites in the western mining states , who demanded Free silver to solve the Panic of 1893 . By allowing the coining of silver coins , they hoped to make the value of the money more than what it represented , which would lead to inflation of the currency , and thus , reduce the debt of the farmers to the Eastern Elites . This idea led former Greenback Party members to join the Populist Party . The Populists followed the Prohibition Party in actively including women in their affairs . Some southern Populists , including Thomas E. Watson of Georgia , openly talked of the need for poor blacks and poor whites to set aside their racial differences in the name of shared economic self - interest . Regardless of these rhetoric appeals , however , racism did not evade the People 's Party . Prominent Populist Party leaders such as Marion Butler , a United States Senator from North Carolina , at least partially demonstrated a dedication to the cause of white supremacy , and there appears to have been some support for this viewpoint among the rank - and - file of the party 's membership . After 1900 Watson himself became an outspoken white supremacist and became the party 's presidential nominee in 1904 and 1908 , winning 117,000 and 29,000 votes . Presidential election of 1896 ( edit ) In 1896 , the 36 - year - old William Jennings Bryan was the chosen candidate resulting from the fusion of the Democrats and the People 's Party . By 1896 , the Democratic Party took up many of the People 's Party 's causes at the national level , and the party began to fade from national prominence . In that year 's presidential election , the Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan , who focused on the free silver issue as a solution to the economic depression and the maldistribution of power . One of the great orators of the day , Bryan generated enormous excitement among Democrats with his `` Cross of Gold '' speech , and appeared in the middle of 1896 to have a good chance of winning the election , if the Populists voted for him . The Populists had the choice of endorsing Bryan or running their own candidate . After great infighting at their St. Louis convention they decided to endorse Bryan but with their own vice presidential nominee , Thomas E. Watson of Georgia . Watson was cautiously open to cooperation , but after the election would recant any hope he had in the possibility of cooperation as a viable tool . Bryan 's strength was based on the traditional Democratic vote ( minus the middle class and German Catholics ) ; he swept the old Populist strongholds in the west and South , and added the silverite states in the west , but did poorly in the industrial heartland . He lost to Republican William McKinley by a margin of 600,000 votes and lost again in a rematch in 1900 by a larger margin . Historians believe this was because of the tactics Bryan used , which had not been used before ; he had aggressively `` run '' for president , while traditional candidates would use `` front porch campaigns . '' Populist - GOP fusion in North Carolina ( edit ) In 1894 - 96 the Populist wave of agrarian unrest swept through the cotton and tobacco regions of the South . The most dramatic impact came in North Carolina , where the poor white farmers who comprised the Populist party formed a working coalition with the Republican Party , then largely controlled by blacks in the low country , and poor whites in the mountain districts . They took control of the state legislature in both 1894 and 1896 , and the governorship in 1896 . Restrictive rules on voting were repealed . In 1895 the Legislature rewarded its black allies with patronage , naming 300 black magistrates in eastern districts , as well as deputy sheriffs and city policemen . They also received some federal patronage from the coalition congressman , and state patronage from the governor . Collapse ( edit ) The Populist movement never recovered from the failure of 1896 , and national fusion with the Democrats proved disastrous to the party in the South . National alliance with the Democrats sapped the ability of the Populists to fight the Democrats locally in the South . Early on , this was less of an issue in the Western states where Republicans were strong , as the Democratic - Populist alliance was a more natural fit there , but eventually ended the party . In North Carolina , the state Democratic - party orchestrated propaganda campaign in newspapers across the state , and created a brutal and violent white supremacy election campaign to defeat the North Carolina Populists and GOP , the Fusionist revolt in North Carolina collapsed in 1898 , and white Democrats returned to power . The gravity of the crisis was underscored by a major race riot in Wilmington , in 1898 , two days after the election . Knowing they had just retaken control of the state legislature , the Democrats were confident they could not be overcome . They attacked and overcame the Fusionists ; mobs roamed the black neighborhoods , shooting , killing , burning buildings , and making a special target of the black newspaper . There were no further insurgencies in any Southern states involving a successful black coalition at the state level . < / ref > By 1900 , the gains of the populist - Republican coalition were reversed , and the Democrats ushered in disfranchisement : practically all blacks lost their vote . The Populist / Republican alliance which had governed North Carolina , the only state in which it had any success , fell apart . Tennessee 's Populist Party was demoralized by a diminishing membership , and puzzled and split by the dilemma of whether to fight the state - level enemy ( the Democrats ) or the national foe ( the Republicans and Wall Street ) . By 1900 the People 's Party of Tennessee was a shadow of what it once was . A similar pattern was repeated elsewhere throughout the South , where the Populist Party had previously sought alliances with the Republican Party against the dominant state Democrats , including in Watson 's Georgia . In 1900 , while many Populist voters supported Bryan again , the weakened party nominated a separate ticket of Wharton Barker and Ignatius L. Donnelly , and disbanded afterwards . Populist activists either retired from politics , joined a major party , or followed Eugene Debs into his new Socialist Party . In 1904 , the party was re-organized , and Thomas E. Watson was their nominee for president in 1904 and in 1908 , after which the party disbanded again . In A Preface to Politics , published in 1913 , Walter Lippmann wrote , `` As I write , a convention of the Populist Party has just taken place . Eight delegates attended the meeting , which was held in a parlor . '' This may record the last gasp of the party organization . Debate by historians over Populism ( edit ) Since the 1890s historians have vigorously debated the nature of Populism ; most scholars have been liberals who admired the Populists for their attacks on banks and railroads . Some historians see a close link between the Populists of the 1890s and the progressives of 1900 - 1912 , but most of the leading progressives ( except Bryan himself ) fiercely opposed Populism . For example , Theodore Roosevelt , George W. Norris , Robert La Follette Sr. , William Allen White and Woodrow Wilson all strongly opposed Populism . It is debated whether any Populist ideas made their way into the Democratic party during the New Deal era . The New Deal farm programs were designed by experts ( like Henry Wallace ) who had nothing to do with Populism . People 's Party campaign poster from 1904 touting the candidacy of Thomas E. Watson Some historians see the populists as forward - looking liberal reformers . Others view them as reactionaries trying to recapture an idyllic and utopian past . For some they were radicals out to restructure American life , and for others they were economically hard - pressed agrarians seeking government relief . Much recent scholarship emphasizes Populism 's debt to early American republicanism . Clanton ( 1991 ) stresses that Populism was `` the last significant expression of an old radical tradition that derived from Enlightenment sources that had been filtered through a political tradition that bore the distinct imprint of Jeffersonian , Jacksonian , and Lincolnian democracy . '' This tradition emphasized human rights over the cash nexus of the Gilded Age 's dominant ideology . Frederick Jackson Turner and a succession of western historians depicted the Populist as responding to the closure of the frontier . Turner explained : The Farmers ' Alliance and the Populist demand for government ownership of the railroad is a phase of the same effort of the pioneer farmer , on his latest frontier . The proposals have taken increasing proportions in each region of Western Advance . Taken as a whole , Populism is a manifestation of the old pioneer ideals of the native American , with the added element of increasing readiness to utilize the national government to effect its ends . The most influential Turner student of Populism was John D. Hicks , who emphasized economic pragmatism over ideals , presenting Populism as interest group politics , with have - nots demanding their fair share of America 's wealth which was being leeched off by nonproductive speculators . Hicks emphasized the drought that ruined so many Kansas farmers , but also pointed to financial manipulations , deflation in prices caused by the gold standard , high interest rates , mortgage foreclosures , and high railroad rates . Corruption accounted for such outrages and Populists presented popular control of government as the solution , a point that later students of republicanism emphasized . In the 1930s C. Vann Woodward stressed the southern base , seeing the possibility of a black - and - white coalition of poor against the overbearing rich . Georgia politician Tom Watson served as Woodward 's hero . In the 1950s , however , scholars such as Richard Hofstadter portrayed the Populist movement as an irrational response of backward - looking farmers to the challenges of modernity . He discounted third party links to Progressivism and argued that Populists were provincial , conspiracy - minded , and had a tendency toward scapegoatism that manifested itself as nativism , anti-Semitism , anti-intellectualism , and Anglophobia . The antithesis of anti-modern Populism was modernizing Progressivism according to Hofstadter 's model , with such leading progressives as Theodore Roosevelt , Robert La Follette Sr. , George Norris and Woodrow Wilson pointed as having been vehement enemies of Populism , though William Jennings Bryan did cooperate with them and accepted the Populist nomination in 1896 . Michael Kazin 's The Populist Persuasion ( 1995 ) argued that Populism reflected a rhetorical style that manifested itself in spokesmen like Father Charles Coughlin in the 1930s and Governor George Wallace in the 1960s . Goodwyn ( 1976 ) and Postel ( 2007 ) reject the notion that the Populists were traditionalistic and anti-modern . Quite the reverse , they argue , the Populists aggressively sought self - consciously progressive goals . Goodwyn criticizes Hofstadter 's reliance on secondary sources to characterize the Populists , working instead with the material generated by the Populists themselves . Goodwyn determined that the farmers ' cooperatives gave rise to a Populist culture , and their efforts to free farmers from lien merchants revealed to them the political structure of the economy , which propelled them into politics . The Populists sought diffusion of scientific and technical knowledge , formed highly centralized organizations , launched large - scale incorporated businesses , and pressed for an array of state - centered reforms . Hundreds of thousands of women committed to Populism seeking a more modern life , education , and employment in schools and offices . A large section of the labor movement looked to Populism for answers , forging a political coalition with farmers that gave impetus to the regulatory state . Progress , however , was also menacing and inhumane , Postel notes . White Populists embraced social - Darwinist notions of racial improvement , Chinese exclusion and separate - but - equal . Populists saw the Panic of 1893 as confirmation that evil global conspiracies and big city villains were to blame . Historian Hasia Diner says : Some Populists believed that Jews made up a class of international financiers whose policies had ruined small family farms , they asserted , owned the banks and promoted the gold standard , the chief sources of their impoverishment . Agrarian radicalism posited the city as antithetical to American values , asserting that Jews were the essence of urban corruption . Elected officials ( edit ) Governors ( edit ) Colorado : Davis Hanson Waite , 1893 -- 1895 Idaho : Frank Steunenberg , 1897 -- 1901 ( Fusion of Democrats and Populists ) Kansas : Lorenzo D. Lewelling , 1893 -- 1895 Kansas : John W. Leedy , 1897 -- 1899 Nebraska : Silas A. Holcomb , 1895 -- 1899 ( Fusion of Democrats and Populists ) Nebraska : William A. Poynter , 1899 -- 1901 ( Fusion of Democrats and Populists ) North Carolina : Daniel Lindsay Russell , 1897 -- 1901 ( Coalition of Republicans and Populists ) Oregon : Sylvester Pennoyer , 1887 -- 1895 ( Fusion of Democrats and Populists ) South Dakota : Andrew E. Lee , 1897 -- 1901 Tennessee : John P. Buchanan , 1891 -- 1893 Washington : John Rogers , 1897 -- 1901 ( Fusion of Democrats and Populists ) United States Congress ( edit ) Approximately forty - five members of the party served in the U.S. Congress between 1891 and 1902 . These included six United States Senators : William A. Peffer and William A. Harris from Kansas Marion Butler of North Carolina James H. Kyle from South Dakota Henry Heitfeld of Idaho William V. Allen from Nebraska The following were Populist members of the U.S. House of Representatives : 52nd United States Congress Thomas E. Watson , Georgia 's 10th congressional district Benjamin Hutchinson Clover , Kansas 's 3rd congressional district John Grant Otis , Kansas 's 4th congressional district John Davis , Kansas 's 5th congressional district William Baker , Kansas 's 6th congressional district Jerry Simpson , Kansas 's 7th congressional district Kittel Halvorson , Minnesota 's 6th congressional district William A. McKeighan , Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district Omer Madison Kem , Nebraska 's 3rd congressional district 53rd United States Congress Haldor Boen , Minnesota 's 7th congressional district Marion Cannon , California 's 6th congressional district Lafayette Pence , Colorado 's 1st congressional district John Calhoun Bell , Colorado 's 2nd congressional district Thomas Jefferson Hudson , Kansas 's 3rd congressional district John Davis , Kansas ' 5th congressional district William Baker , Kansas ' 6th congressional district Jerry Simpson , Kansas ' 7th congressional district William A. Harris , Kansas Member - at - large William A. McKeighan , Nebraska 's 5th congressional district Omer Madison Kem , Nebraska 's 6th congressional district Alonzo C. Shuford , North Carolina 's 7th congressional district 54th United States Congress Albert Taylor Goodwyn , Alabama 's 5th congressional district Milford W. Howard , Alabama 's 7th congressional district William Baker , Kansas ' 6th congressional district Omer Madison Kem , Nebraska 's 6th congressional district Harry Skinner , North Carolina 's 1st congressional district William F. Strowd , North Carolina 's 4th congressional district Charles H. Martin ( 1848 -- 1931 ) , North Carolina 's 6th congressional district Alonzo C. Shuford , North Carolina 's 7th congressional district 55th United States Congress Albert Taylor Goodwyn , Alabama 's 5th congressional district Charles A. Barlow , California 's 6th congressional district Curtis H. Castle , California 's 7th congressional district James Gunn , Idaho 's 1st congressional district Mason Summers Peters , Kansas 's 2nd congressional district Edwin Reed Ridgely , Kansas 's 3rd congressional district William Davis Vincent , Kansas 's 5th congressional district Nelson B. McCormick , Kansas 's 6th congressional district Jerry Simpson , Kansas 's 7th congressional district Jeremiah Dunham Botkin , Kansas Member - at - large Samuel Maxwell , Nebraska 's 3rd congressional district William Ledyard Stark , Nebraska 's 4th congressional district Roderick Dhu Sutherland , Nebraska 's 5th congressional district William Laury Greene , Nebraska 's 6th congressional district Harry Skinner , North Carolina 's 1st congressional district John E. Fowler , North Carolina 's 3rd congressional district William F. Strowd , North Carolina 's 4th congressional district Charles H. Martin , North Carolina 's 5th congressional district Alonzo C. Shuford , North Carolina 's 7th congressional district John Edward Kelley , South Dakota 's 1st congressional district Freeman T. Knowles , South Dakota 's 2nd congressional district 56th United States Congress William Ledyard Stark , Nebraska 's 4th congressional district Roderick Dhu Sutherland , Nebraska 's 5th congressional district William Laury Greene , Nebraska 's 6th congressional district John W. Atwater , North Carolina 's 4th congressional district 57th United States Congress Thomas L. Glenn , Idaho 's 1st congressional district Caldwell Edwards , Montana 's 1st congressional district William Ledyard Stark , Nebraska 's 4th congressional district William Neville , Nebraska 's 6th congressional district See also ( edit ) Greenback Party Left - wing populism List of political parties in the United States Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Bryant W. Bailey ( Louisiana Populist ) William Jennings Bryan ( leading Populist politician ) Annie Le Porte Diggs ( 1853 - 1916 ) , Populist advocate Leonard M. Landsborough ( California Populist ) Bring The Jubilee by Ward Moore ; set in a parallel universe where the Confederacy won the Southern War of Independence , the right - wing Whigs and the left - wing Populists replace the Democratic and Republican parties as the two main political parties in the rump United States , with William Jennings Bryan being mentioned as a former three term president . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peter Knight ( 1 January 2003 ) . Conspiracy Theories in American History : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 82 . Jump up ^ Norman Pollack ( 1 January 1976 ) . The Populist Response to Industrial America : Midwestern Populist Thought . Harvard University Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Bruce ( 1980 ) . `` Man Over Money '' : the Southern Populist Critique of American Capitalism . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1427 - X . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( 2005 ) . Give Me Liberty ! An American History , Volume Two Second Edition . W.W. Norton & Company , New York , London . Jump up ^ Hild , Matthew ( 2007 ) . Greenbackers , Knights of Labor , and Populists , Farmer - Labor Insurgency in the Late - Nineteenth - Century South . The University of Georgia Press , Athens & London . Jump up ^ Hild , Matthew ( 2007 ) . Greenbackers , Knights of Labor , and Populists , Farmer - Labor Insurgency in the Late - Nineteenth - Century South. The University of Georgia Press , Athens & London , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Gusfield , Joseph ( 1963 ) . Symbolic Crusade : Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement The University of Illinois Press , Urbana , Chicago & London , p. 78 , 93 . Jump up ^ http://history.missouristate.edu/wrmiller/Populism/Texts/bibliography.htm Jump up ^ William S. Powell , `` Marion Butler '' , Dictionary of North Carolina Biography ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ James L. Hunt , Marion Butler and American Populism ( 2003 ) , pp. 3 - 7 Jump up ^ James L. Hunt , Marion Butler and American Populism ( 2003 ) , pp. 4 - 6 . Jump up ^ R. Hal Williams , Realigning America : McKinley , Bryan , and the Remarkable Election of 1896 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Helen G. Edmonds , The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina , 1894 - 1901 ( 1951 ) . pp 97 - 136 Jump up ^ Andrea Meryl Kirshenbaum , `` ' The Vampire That Hovers Over North Carolina ' : Gender , White Supremacy , and the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 , '' Southern Cultures 4 # 3 ( 1998 ) pp. 6 - 30 online Jump up ^ Eric Anderson , Race and Politics in North Carolina , 1872 - 1901 ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Connie L. Lester , Up from the Mudsills of Hell : The Farmers ' Alliance , Populism , and Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee , 1870 - 1915 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Walter Lippmann , A Preface to Politics , New York and London : Mitchell Kennerley , 1913 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ For a summary or how historians approach the topic see Worth Robert Miller , `` A Centennial Historiography of American Populism . '' Kansas History 1993 16 ( 1 ) : 54 - 69 . Jump up ^ See Worth Robert Miller , `` The Republican Tradition , '' in Miller , Oklahoma Populism : A History of the People 's Party in the Oklahoma Territory ( 1987 ) online edition Jump up ^ Gene Clanton , Populism : The Humane Preference in America , 1890 - 1900 ( 1991 ) p , xv Jump up ^ Frederick Jackson Turner , The Frontier in American History , ( 1920 ) p. 148 ; online edition Jump up ^ Martin Ridge , `` Populism Revolt : John D. Hicks and The Populist Revolt , '' Reviews in American History 13 ( March 1985 ) : 142 - 54 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Tom Watson : Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) ; Woodward , `` Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics , '' The Journal of Southern History , Vol. 4 , No. 1 ( Feb. , 1938 ) , pp. 14 - 33 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , The Age of Reform : From Bryan to F.D.R. ( 1955 ) Jump up ^ Goodwyn , Lawrence ( 1976 ) . Democratic promise : the populist moment in America . Oxford University Press . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Charles Postel , The Populist Vision ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Hasia R. Diner ( 2004 ) . The Jews of the United States , 1654 to 2000 . U. of California Press . p. 170 . Further reading ( edit ) Beeby , James M. Revolt of the Tar Heels : The North Carolina Populist Movement , 1890 -- 1901 ( 2008 ) Clanton , Gene . Populism : The Humane Preference in America , 1890 - 1900 ( 1991 ) . Formisano , Ronald P. For the People : American Populist Movements from the Revolution to the 1850s ( 2009 ) , populist movements flourished long before People 's Party began Goodwyn , Lawrence . The Populist Moment : A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America . ( 1978 ) . Hackney , Sheldon , ed . Populism : The Critical Issues ( 1971 ) . Hicks , John D . `` The Sub-Treasury : A Forgotten Plan for the Relief of Agriculture '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol. 15 , No. 3 ( Dec. , 1928 ) , pp. 355 -- 373 . in JSTOR . Hicks , John D . The Populist Revolt : A History of the Farmers ' Alliance and the People 's Party Minneapolis , MN : University of Minnesota Press , 1931 . Kazin , Michael . The Populist Persuasion : An American History . New ( 1995 ) . Knoles , George Harmon . `` Populism and Socialism , with Special Reference to the Election of 1892 , '' Pacific Historical Review , vol. 12 , no . 3 ( Sept. 1943 ) , pp. 295 -- 304 . In JSTOR Lester , Connie . Up from the Mudsills of Hell : The Farmers ' Alliance , Populism , And Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee , 1870 - 1915 . University of Georgia Press , 2006 . McMath , Robert C. , Jr . American Populism : A Social History , 1877 - 1898 . ( 1993 ) . Miller , Worth Robert . `` A Centennial Historiography of American Populism . '' Kansas History 1993 16 ( 1 ) : 54 - 69 . online edition Miller , Worth Robert . `` Farmers and Third - Party Politics in Late Nineteenth Century America , '' in Charles W. Calhoun , ed . The Gilded Age : Essays on the Origins of Modern America ( 1995 ) online edition Nugent , Walter T.K. The Tolerant Populists : Kansas Populism and Nativism . Chicago : University of Chicago Press 1962 . Peterson , James . `` The Trade Unions and the Populist Party , '' Science & Society , vol. 8 , no . 2 ( Spring 1944 ) , pp. 143 -- 160 . In JSTOR . Postel , Charles . The Populist Vision ( 2007 ) . Rogers , William Warren The One - Gallused Rebellion : Agrarianism in Alabama , 1865 - 1896 . Baton Rouge , LA : Louisiana State University Press , 1970 . Stock , Catherine McNicol . Rural Radicals : Righteous Rage in the American Grain . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . 1996 . Woodward , C. Vann . Tom Watson : Agrarian Rebel ( 1938 ) online edition Woodward , C. Vann . `` Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics , '' The Journal of Southern History , Vol. 4 , No. 1 ( Feb. , 1938 ) , pp. 14 -- 33 in JSTOR External links ( edit ) 40 original Populist cartoons , primary sources Peffer , William A . `` The Mission of the Populist Party , '' The North American Review ( Dec 1993 ) v. 157 # 445 pp 665 -- 679 ; full text online . important policy statement by leading Populist senator People 's Party Hand - Book of Facts . Campaign of 1898 96 p. , official party pamphlet for North Carolina election of 1898 Populist , republican and Democratic cartoons , 189s election , primary sources Populist Party timeline and texts ; edited by Professor Edwards , secondary and primary sources Contemporary accounts ( edit ) Gompers , Samuel ( July 1892 ) . `` Organized Labor in the Campaign '' . The North American Review . University of Northern Iowa . 155 ( 428 ) : 91 -- 97 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Dolph , Senator Joseph N. ( January 1893 ) . `` Does the Republican Party Need Reorganization ? , '' . The North American Review . University of Northern Iowa . 156 ( 434 ) : 54 -- 61 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Peffer , Senator William A. ( December 1893 ) . `` The Mission of the Populist Party '' . The North American Review . University of Northern Iowa . 157 ( 445 ) : 665 -- 679 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Lewelling , L.D. ( January 1895 ) . `` Problems Before the Western Farmer '' . The North American Review . University of Northern Iowa . 160 ( 458 ) : 16 -- 21 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Stahl , John M. ( September 1896 ) . `` Are the Farmers Populists ? '' . The North American Review . University of Northern Iowa . 163 ( 478 ) : 266 -- 276 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Trent , W.P. ( January 1897 ) . `` Dominant Forces in Southern Life '' . The Atlantic Monthly . University of Northern Iowa . 79 ( 471 ) : 42 -- 53 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Turner , Frederick J. ( April 1897 ) . `` Dominant Forces in Western Life '' . The Atlantic Monthly . University of Northern Iowa . 79 ( 474 ) : 433 -- 443 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Peffer , Senator William A. ( January 1898 ) . `` The Passing of the People 's Party '' . The North American review . University of Northern Iowa . 166 ( 494 ) : 12 -- 24 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Party publications and materials ( edit ) The People 's Advocate ( 1892 - 1900 ) , digitized copies of the Populist Party 's newspaper in Washington State , from The Labor Press Project . Populist Cartoon Index . Archived at Missouri State University . Retrieved August 24 , 2006 . Buttons , tokens and ribbons of the Populist Party . Reprinted from Issue 19 , Buttons and Ballots , Fall 1998 . Retrieved August 26 , 2006 . People 's Party Hand - Book of Facts . Campaign of 1898 : Electronic Edition . Populist Party ( N.C. ) . State Executive Committee . Reformated and reprinted by the University Library , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Populist materials online courtesy University Library , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Secondary sources ( edit ) The Populist Movement in the United States by Anna Rochester , 1943 . Farmers , the Populist Party , and Mississippi ( 1870 - 1900 ) . By Kenneth G. McCarty . Published by Mississippi History Now a project of the Mississippi Historical Society . Retrieved August 24 , 2006 . The Populist Party in Nebraska . Published by the Nebraskastudies.org , a project of the Nebraska Department of Education . Fusion Politics . The Populist Party in North Carolina . A project of the John Locke Foundation . Retrieved August 24 , 2006 . The Decline of the Cotton Farmer . Anecdotal account of rise and fall of Farmers Alliance and Populist Party in Texas . `` Populist Party '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . ( hide ) National political parties in the United States List of political parties in the United States Major parties Democratic Republican Third parties Larger Green Libertarian Constitution Smaller America 's American ( 1969 ) American Freedom American Populist American Reform American Solidarity Black Riders Liberation Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Freedom Road Socialist Freedom Socialist Humane Independent American Justice Legal Marijuana Now Marijuana Modern Whig National Socialist Movement New Afrikan Black Panther New Black Panther Objectivist Pacifist Peace and Freedom Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Revolutionary Communist Socialism and Liberation Socialist Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Workers Traditionalist Worker Unity Veterans Working Families Workers World World Socialist Former parties America First American ( Know Nothing ) American ( 1924 ) American Nazi American Vegetarian Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Commonwealth Land Constitution ( 1952 ) Constitutional Union Democratic - Republican Farmer -- Labor Federalist Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Independence ( 2007 ) Labor ( 1919 ) Labor ( 1996 ) Liberal Republican Liberty National Republican National States ' Rights National Union ( 1864 ) Natural Law New Alliance New Union Nullifier Opposition Populist ( People 's ) Personal Choice Progressive ( 1912 ) Progressive ( 1924 ) Progressive ( 1948 ) Radical Democracy Raza Unida Readjuster Silver Silver Republican Socialist Socialist Labor States Rights ( Dixiecrat ) Unconditional Union Union ( 1936 ) Unionist ( 1850s / 60s ) U.S. Labor Whig Youth International Recognized as a major national party by the FEC Not recognized as a major national party by the FEC State and local political parties ( without national body ) Presidential nominating conventions Politics of the United States Politics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Party_(United_States)&oldid=810172816 '' Categories : People 's Party ( United States ) Populism Political parties established in 1887 Political parties disestablished in 1908 Progressive Era in the United States Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 19 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the peoples party nominate for president in 1892 | [
"Established in 1891, as a result of the Populist movement, the People's Party reached its peak in the 1892 presidential election, when its ticket, composed of James B. Weaver and James G. Field, won 8.5% of the popular vote and carried five states (Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Nevada and North Dakota), and the 1894 House of Representatives elections, when it took over 10% of the vote. Built on a coalition of poor, white cotton farmers in the South (especially North Carolina, Alabama and Texas) and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the Plains states (especially Kansas and Nebraska), the Populists represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to elites, cities, banks, railroads, and gold."
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"James B. Weaver"
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3399177091492358416 | The Twelve Spies | The twelve spies - wikipedia The twelve spies Jump to : navigation , search The Grapes of Canaan by James Tissot . Although the spies brought back a cluster of grapes so large that it took two men to carry it ( Numbers 13 : 23 ) , only two of the twelve brought back a good report of the land . The Twelve Spies ( Hebrew : שנים עשר המרגלים ) , as recorded in the Book of Numbers , were a group of Israelite chieftains , one from each of the Twelve Tribes , who were dispatched by Moses to scout out the Land of Canaan for 40 days as a future home for the Israelite people , during the time when the Israelites were in the wilderness following their Exodus from Ancient Egypt . The account is found in Numbers 13 : 1 - 33 . God had promised Abraham that there would be a Promised Land for the nations to come out of his son , Isaac . The land of Canaan which the spies were to explore was the same Promised Land . Moses asked for an assessment of the geographical features of the land , the strength and numbers of the population , the agricultural potential and actual performance of the land , civic organization ( whether their cities were like camps or strongholds ) , and forestry conditions . He also asked them to be positive in their outlook and to return with samples of local produce . When ten of the twelve spies showed little faith in the doom and gloom report they gave about the land , they were slandering what they believed God had promised them . They did not believe that God could help them , and the people as a whole were persuaded that it was not possible to take the land . As a result , the entire nation was made to wander in the desert for 40 years , until almost the entire generation of men had died . Joshua and Caleb were the two spies who brought back a good report and believed that God would help them succeed . They were the only men from their generation permitted to go into the Promised Land after the time of wandering . Contents ( hide ) 1 About the spies 2 Consequences 3 Tisha B'Av 4 References About the spies ( edit ) God had promised the Israelites that they would be able to conquer the land with its indigenous Canaanite nations . Moses instructed the spies to report back on the agriculture and lay of the land . However , during their tour , the spies saw fortified cities and resident giants , which frightened them and led them to believe that the Israelites would not be able to conquer the land as God had promised . Ten of the spies decided to bring back an unbalanced report , emphasizing the difficulty of the task before them . They gave Moses this account , `` We went into the land to which you sent us , and it does flow with milk and honey ! Here is its fruit . But the people who live there are very powerful , and the cities are fortified and very large . We even saw descendants of Anak there . '' -- Numbers , 13 : 27 - 28 Two of the spies -- Joshua and Caleb -- did not go along with the majority and tried to convince the Israelites that they could conquer the land : Then Caleb silenced the people before Moses and said , `` We should go up and take possession of the land , for we can certainly do it . '' -- Numbers , 13 : 30 However , the Israelite community believed the majority 's conclusions . All of the spies , except Joshua and Caleb , were struck down with a plague and died . Joshua was at first a fierce warrior . He was chosen as the representative from his tribe , Ephraim , to explore the land of Canaan , and was in agreement with Caleb that the Promised Land could be conquered . After the incident with the 12 spies , Joshua lived through the 40 year wandering period , and was named successor to Moses as instructed by God . Joshua completed the task of leading the Israelites into the Promised Land and of taking possession of it . Joshua also was the leader in renewing the Mosaic covenant with their God . Caleb was from the tribe of Judah . He was also chosen to explore the land of Canaan , and he was ( along with Joshua ) the other man who said that the God of Israel could help the Israelite people to victory against the Canaanites . God promised Caleb and Joshua that they would receive the land which they had explored for themselves and their descendants . Caleb was also told that he would live to go into the Promised Land . The names of the twelve spies were : Shammua son of Zaccur , from the tribe of Reuben Shaphat son of Hori , from the tribe of Simeon Caleb son of Jephunneh , from the tribe of Judah Igal son of Joseph , from the tribe of Issachar Hoshea ( Joshua ) son of Nun , from the tribe of Ephraim Palti son of Raphu , from the tribe of Benjamin Gaddiel son of Sodi , from the tribe of Zebulin Gaddi son of Susi , from the tribe of Manasseh Ammiel son of Gemalli , from the tribe of Dan Sethur son of Michael , from the tribe of Asher Nahbi son of Vophsi , from the tribe of Naphtali Geuel son of Maki , from the tribe of Gad Some people think the word `` spies '' is an incorrect translation . The Hebrew word that the Torah uses is מרגלים ( `` meraglim '' ) , which can also mean `` traitors '' or `` deserters '' . In Numbers 13 : , the Hebrew word describing the group is also the word usually translated as `` men '' or the word usually translated as `` princes '' . In addition , the twelve were clearly not trained as spies , nor did they conduct any covert activity , nor did they enlist any indigenous people for later help . Thus , the phrase `` Twelve Scouts '' or `` Twelve Observers '' might be an alternative way of describing the group . However , the final point remains that their `` report '' resulted in a great outcry and the Israelites despaired of entering the promised land and were punished by God accordingly , as outlined above . Consequences ( edit ) The Israelites ' belief of the false report amounted to the acceptance of lashon hara ( lit . '' `` evil tongue '' / `` slander '' in Hebrew ) against the Land of Israel . But the men who had gone up with him said , `` We ca n't attack those people ; they are stronger than we are . '' And they spread a bad report about the land they had explored . They said , `` The land we explored devours those living in it . All the people we saw there were of great size . We saw the Nephilim there ( the descendants of Anak come from the Nephilim ) . We seemed like grasshoppers in our own eyes , and we looked the same to them . '' -- Numbers , 13 : 31 - 33 This was considered a grave sin by God . Corresponding to the 40 days that the spies toured the land , God decreed that the Israelites would wander in the wilderness for 40 years as a result of their unwillingness to take the land . Moreover , the entire generation of men who left Egypt during the Exodus would die in the desert , save for Joshua and Caleb who did not slander the land . For 40 years , the Israelites wandered in the wilderness , eating quail and manna . They were led into the Promised Land by Joshua ; the victory at Jericho marked the beginning of possession of the land . As victories were won , the tracts of land were assigned to each tribe , and they lived peacefully with each other . God brought victories where needed , and his promise to Abraham was fulfilled . Tisha B'Av ( edit ) According to Rabbinic tradition ( as seen in the Mishnah Taanit 4 : 6 ) , the sin of the spies produced the annual fast day of Tisha B'Av . When the Israelites accepted the false report , they wept over the false belief that God was setting them up for defeat . The night that the people cried was the ninth of Av , which became a day of weeping and misfortune for all time . Rashi , commenting on Numbers 13 : 25 , notes that the journey was shortened by God , as God foresaw their downfall and subsequent proportionate punishment ( 1 day equaling 1 year ) . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Israelites carrying grapes of Canaan . Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 34 ^ Jump up to : Numbers 14 : 30 ; Dummelow , J.R. The One Volume Bible Commentary. 1950 . Macmillan Company . pp. 107 - 108 Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 20 - 31 ; Caleb , and Joshua , in Freeman , David Noel . The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 1 A-C and Volume 2 ( H-J ) . 1992 . Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19351 - 3 , pp. 808 - 809 Jump up ^ Numbers 13 : 26 - 33 ; Wigoder , Geoffrey . Illustrated Dictionary and Concordance of the Bible . 1986 . The Jerusalem Publishing House . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 407 - 0 , pp. 563 - 564 Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 36 - 38 ; Clarke , Adam . Commentary on the Holy Bible . 1967 . Beacon Hill Press . SBN 081023211 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 20 - 31 ; Joshua , Freeman , David Noel . The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 2 H-J. 1992 . Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19360 - 2 , p. 999 Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 20 - 31 ; Caleb , Freeman , David Noel . The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 1 A-C. 1992 . Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19351 - 3 , pp. 808 - 809 Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , New International Version , Zondervan , 1984 , LOC 73174297 , pp. 104 - 105 Jump up ^ Mishna Taanit 4 : 6 read online ; Orthodox Union page on Tisha B'Av . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Mid . Tanchuma 8 , quoted in The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary on Numbers 13 , accessed 24 February 2016 ( hide ) The Three Weeks Periods of observance The Three Weeks The Nine Days Week in which Tisha B'Av occurs Days of obervance Seventeenth of Tammuz Tisha B'Av Observances and events Seudah HaMafseket Texts Book of Lamentations Kinnot Book of Job Historic events Siege of Jerusalem ( AD 70 ) Alhambra Decree The Twelve Spies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Twelve_Spies&oldid=830253336 '' Categories : Book of Numbers Tisha B'Av Torah people Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 18 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who took the israelites to the promised land | [
"Joshua was at first a fierce warrior. He was chosen as the representative from his tribe, Ephraim, to explore the land of Canaan, and was in agreement with Caleb that the Promised Land could be conquered. After the incident with the 12 spies, Joshua lived through the 40 year wandering period, and was named successor to Moses as instructed by God. Joshua completed the task of leading the Israelites into the Promised Land and of taking possession of it. Joshua also was the leader in renewing the Mosaic covenant with their God.[6]"
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"Joshua"
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2538125365779220759 | SAP ERP | SAP ERP - Wikipedia SAP ERP Jump to : navigation , search This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ERP Developer ( s ) SAP SE Written in C , C++ , ABAP / 4 Type ERP Website www.sap.com/products/erp.html SAP ERP is enterprise resource planning software developed by the German company SAP SE . SAP ERP incorporates the key business functions of an organization . The latest version ( SAP ERP 6.0 ) was made available in 2006 . The most recent Enhancement Package ( EHP8 ) for SAP ERP 6.0 was released in 2016 . Business Processes included in SAP ERP are Operations ( Sales & Distribution , Materials Management , Production Planning , Logistics Execution , and Quality Management ) , Financials ( Financial Accounting , Management Accounting , Financial Supply Chain Management ) , Human Capital Management ( Training , Payroll , e-Recruiting ) and Corporate Services ( Travel Management , Environment , Health and Safety , and Real - Estate Management ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Implementation 3 Deployment and maintenance costs 4 SAP Transport Management System 5 ERP advantages and disadvantages 6 Releases 6.1 SAP Enhancement Packages for SAP ERP 6.0 ( SAP EhPs ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) An ERP was built based on the former SAP R / 3 software . SAP R / 3 , which was officially launched on 6 July 1992 , consisted of various applications on top of SAP Basis , SAP 's set of middle ware programs and tools . All applications were built on top of the SAP Web Application Server . Extension sets were used to deliver new features and keep the core as stable as possible . The Web Application Server contained all the capabilities of SAP Basis . A complete architecture change took place with the introduction of mySAP ERP in 2004 . R / 3 Enterprise was replaced with the introduction of ERP Central Component ( SAP ECC ) . The SAP Business Warehouse , SAP Strategic Enterprise Management and Internet Transaction Server were also merged into SAP ECC , allowing users to run them under one instance . The SAP Web Application Server was wrapped into SAP NetWeaver , which was introduced in 2003 . Architectural changes were also made to support an enterprise service architecture to transition customers to a Service - oriented architecture . The latest version , SAP ERP 6.0 , was released in 2006 . SAP ERP 6.0 has since then been updated through SAP enhancement packs , the most recent : SAP enhancement package 8 for SAP ERP 6.0 in 2016 ... Implementation ( edit ) SAP ERP consists of several modules , including Financial Accounting ( FI ) , Controlling ( CO ) , Asset Accounting ( AA ) , Sales & Distribution ( SD ) , Material Management ( MM ) , Product Planning ( PP ) , Quality Management ( QM ) , Project System ( PS ) , Plant Maintenance ( PM ) , Human Resources ( HR ) . SAP ERP collects and combines data from the separate modules to provide the company or organization with enterprise resource planning . Typical implementation phases : Phase 1 - Project Preparation Phase 2 - Business Blueprint Phase 3 - Realization Phase 4 - Final Preparation Phase 5 - Golive Support Companies planning to implement or upgrade an SAP ERP system should pay strict attention to system integration to save their SAP ERP implementation from failure . With system integration in place , data flows move completely and correctly among various SAP ERP components , thereby not only streamlining business processes but also eliminating or minimizing redundant data entry efforts . Analyst firm Gartner estimates that 55 % to 75 % of all ERP projects fail to meet their objectives ... Of the top 10 barriers to a successful ERP journey , 5 can be addressed by developing and implementing a structured change management program. ( 1 ) Deployment and maintenance costs ( edit ) It is estimated that `` for a Fortune 500 company , software , hardware , and consulting costs can easily exceed $100 million ( around $50 million to $500 million ) . Large companies can also spend $50 million to $100 million on upgrades . Full implementation of all modules can take years , '' which also adds to the end price . Midsized companies ( fewer than 1,000 employees ) are more likely to spend around $10 million to $20 million at most , and small companies are not likely to have the need for a fully integrated SAP ERP system unless they have the likelihood of becoming midsized and then the same data applies as would a midsized company . Independent studies have shown that deployment and maintenance costs of a SAP solution can greatly vary depending on the organization . For example , some point out that because of the rigid model imposed by SAP tools , a lot of customization code to adapt to the business process may have to be developed and maintained . Some others pointed out that a return on investment could only be obtained when there was both a sufficient number of users and sufficient frequency of use . Deploying SAP itself can also involve a lot of time and resources . SAP Transport Management system ( edit ) SAP Transport Management System ( TMS ) is a tool within SAP ERP systems to manage software updates , termed transports , on one or more connected SAP systems . This should not be confused with SAP Transportation Management , a stand - alone module for facilitating logistics and supply chain management in the transportation of goods and materials . ERP advantages and disadvantages ( edit ) Advantages Allows easier global integration ( barriers of currency exchange rates , language , and culture can be bridged automatically ) Updates only need to be done once to be implemented company - wide Provides real - time information , reducing the possibility of redundancy errors May create a more efficient work environment for employees Vendors have past knowledge and expertise on how to best build and implement a system User interface is completely customizable allowing end users to dictate the operational structure of the product Disadvantages Locked into relationship by contract and manageability with vendor - a contract can hold a company to the vendor until it expires and it can be unprofitable to switch vendors if switching costs are too high Inflexibility - vendor packages may not fit a company 's business model well and customization can be expensive Return on Investment may take too long to be profitable Implementations have a risk of project failure Releases ( edit ) SAP R / 1 System RF : 1973 SAP R / 2 Mainframe System : 1979 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 1.0 A : July 1992 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 3.0 B ( SAP R / 3 4.0 B ) : 6 April 1998 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 3.1 l ( SAP R / 3 3.1 I ) : 11 May 1998 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 4.3 ( SAP R / 3 4.3 ) : June 1998 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 4.5 B ( SAP R / 3 4.5 B ) : 29 March 1999 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 4.6 B ( SAP R / 3 4.6 B ) : 6 December 1999 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 4.6 C ( SAP R / 3 4.6 C ) : 3 April 2000 SAP R / 3 Enterprise Edition 4.6 F SAP R / 3 ENTERPRISE 47X110 : 15 July 2002 SAP R / 3 ENTERPRISE 47X200 : 22 September 2003 SAP ERP Central Component ( ECC ) 5.0 : 21 June 2004 SAP ERP Central Component ( ECC ) 6.0 : 24 October 2005 SAP Enhancement Packages for SAP ERP 6.0 ( SAP EhPs ) ( edit ) The latest version ( SAP ERP 6.0 ) was made available in 2006 . Since then , additional functionality for SAP ERP 6.0 has been delivered through SAP Enhancement Packages ( EhP ) . These Enhancement Packages allow SAP ERP customers to manage and deploy new software functionality . Enhancement Packages are optional ; customers choose which new capabilities to implement . SAP EhPs do not require a classic system upgrade . The installation process of Enhancement Packages consists of two different steps : Technical installation of an Enhancement Package Activation of new functions The technical installation of business functions does not change the system behavior . The installation of new functionalities is decoupled from its activation and companies can choose which business functions they want to activate . This means that even after installing a new business function , there is no change to existing functionality before activation . Activating a business function for one process will have no effect on users working with other functionalities . The most recent SAP Enhancement Package for SAP ERP 6.0 was EhP8 , which was released in 2016 . EhP8 delivers innovations and serves as a foundation to transition to SAP 's new business suite : SAP S / 4HANA . SAP EhP Releases SAP enhancement package 1 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP1 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 21 December 2006 SAP enhancement package 2 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP2 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 27 July 2007 SAP enhancement package 3 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP3 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 7 December 2007 SAP enhancement package 4 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP4 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 21 November 2008 SAP enhancement package 4 for SAP ERP 6.0 on SAP enhancement package for SAP NetWeaver 7.0 ( EHP4 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 / NW7. 01 ) : 21 November 2008 SAP enhancement package 5 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP5 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 12 July 2010 SAP enhancement package 6 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP6 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 24 August 2011 SAP enhancement package 7 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP7 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 13 August 2013 SAP Fiori 1.0 for SAP ERP ( UI FOR EHP7 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 29 November 2013 SAP enhancement package 8 for SAP ERP 6.0 ( EHP8 FOR SAP ERP 6.0 ) : 20 January 2016 See also ( edit ) SAP NetWeaver SOA List of ERP software packages SAPgui Secure Network Communications Secure Socket Layer T - code GuiXT References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lextrait , Vincent ( January 2010 ) . `` The Programming Languages Beacon , v10. 0 '' . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of SAP ERP Applications - R / 3 and ECC '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Overview SAP Enhancement Packages - SAP Enhancement Packages - SCN Wiki '' . wiki.scn.sap.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Boeder , Jochen ; Groene , Bernhard ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) . The Architecture of SAP ERP : Understand how successful software works . tredition . ISBN 9783849576622 . Jump up ^ Darmawan , Budi ; Dvorak , Miroslav ; Harnal , Dhruv ; Murugan , Rennad ; Silva , Marcos ( 2009 ) . SAP Backup using Tivoli Storage Manager ( PDF ) . ibm.com/redbooks . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 0738432970 . Jump up ^ `` About SAP Modules - SAP Modules List Overview '' . www.saponlinetutorials.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` SAP Project - A Step - by - step SAP Implementation Guide '' . Udemy . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Prevent SAP ERP implementation failure '' . SearchSAP . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Monk , Ellen F. ; Wagner , Brej J. ( 2009 ) . Concepts in enterprise resource planning ( 3rd ed . ) . Boston : Thomson Course Technology . pp. 23 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4239 - 0179 - 2 . Jump up ^ Everett , Cath ( 2008 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Companies warned over custom SAP costs '' . UK : zdnet . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Around 90 percent of European SAP customers could save six - or seven quid each year by avoiding the creation of bespoke code on top of the ERP platform , an IT consultant has claimed Jump up ^ Vance , Ashlee ( 2003 - 03 - 31 ) . `` SAP costs too much -- customers ROI challenged '' . UK : The Register . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Nucleus Research finds 57 percent of SAP Reference Customers have not Achieved a Positive ROI '' . Nucleus Research . 2003 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 08 . Customers will see benefits after lengthy implementations , but many deployments anchored down by excessive consulting costs Jump up ^ `` How to plan your budget for SAP '' . USA : Fingent . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Tesha ; Schattka , Karin ( 15 December 2009 ) . `` SAP ERP 6.0 '' . SAP Community WIKI . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Naveh , Moshe ( 24 December 2014 ) . `` Overview SAP Enhancement Packages '' . SAP Community WIKI . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bui , Vi ( 11 January 2006 ) . `` THE RELEASE CHANGE CHALLENGE '' . Noventum . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Oehler , Christian ; Weiss , Thomas ( 15 December 2009 ) . `` Get Ready to Implement SAP Enhancement Packages for SAP ERP 6.0 '' . SAP Experts . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Weiss ; Christian , Oehler ( 1 January 2009 ) . `` Innovation Without Disruption : A Deep Dive into SAP 's Enhancement Package Strategy for SAP ERP '' . SAPinsider . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Rau , Sabine ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` SAP ERP Enhancement Package 8 , what is new ? '' . SAP Blogs . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Gargeya , VB 2005 , ' Success and failure factors of adopting SAP in ERP system implementation ' , Business Process Management Journal , Vol. 11 , No. 5 , pp501 -- 516 , Retrieved 21 / 04 / 2010 . In White Paper Review , Industry Week OCT 2009 , ' ERP Best Practices : The SaaS Difference , Plex Systems , Retrieved 21 / 04 / 2012 . Malhorta , A & Temponi , C 2010 , ' Critical decisions for ERP integration : Small business issues ' , International Journal of Information Management , Vol. 30 , Issue No. 1 , Pages 28 -- 37 , 21 / 04 / 2010 , Science Direct . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) ERP software List of ERP software packages Open - source Adaxa Suite Adempiere Apache OFBiz Compiere Dolibarr Epesi ERP5 ERPNext GNU Enterprise HeliumV iDempiere inoERP IntarS Kuali LedgerSMB metasfresh Odoo Openbravo ERP Postbooks Tryton Commercial Acumatica Eclipse ERP FinancialForce.com JD Edwards Enterprise One Microsoft Dynamics 365 NetSuite Oracle ERP Cloud Oracle Applications Sage 300 SAP ERP Tally Solutions Traverse Unit4 Business World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SAP_ERP&oldid=841982333 '' Categories : SAP SE ERP software Hidden categories : Articles needing POV - check from December 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Alemannisch Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Slovenčina తెలుగు ไทย 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 11 : 49 . About Wikipedia | what is the meaning of sap erp system | [
"SAP ERP[2] is enterprise resource planning software developed by the German company SAP SE. SAP ERP incorporates the key business functions of an organization. The latest version (SAP ERP 6.0) was made available in 2006. The most recent Enhancement Package (EHP8) for SAP ERP 6.0 was released in 2016.[3]"
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"enterprise resource planning software"
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7682879391176622750 | Hạ Long Bay | Ha Long Bay - wikipedia Ha Long Bay Jump to : navigation , search `` The template Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site is being considered for merging . '' Ha Long Bay UNESCO World Heritage Site Location Vietnam Criteria Natural : vii , viii Reference 672 Inscription 1994 ( 18th Session ) Extensions 2000 Coordinates 20 ° 54 ′ N 107 ° 12 ′ E / 20.9 ° N 107.2 ° E / 20.9 ; 107.2 Coordinates : 20 ° 54 ′ N 107 ° 12 ′ E / 20.9 ° N 107.2 ° E / 20.9 ; 107.2 Location of Hạ Long Bay in Vietnam . This article contains Vietnamese text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of chữ nôm , chữ Hán and chữ quốc ngữ . Ha Long Bay ( Vietnamese : Vịnh Hạ Long , IPA : ( vînˀ hâːˀ lawŋm ) ( listen ) ) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and popular travel destination in Quang Ninh Province , Vietnam . Administratively , the bay belongs to Ha Long City , Cam Pha town , and is a part of Van Don District . The bay features thousands of limestone karsts and isles in various shapes and sizes . Ha Long Bay is a center of a larger zone which includes Bai Tu Long Bay to the northeast , and Cat Ba Island to the southwest . These larger zones share a similar geological , geographical , geomorphological , climate , and cultural characters . Ha Long Bay has an area of around 1,553 km , including 1,960 -- 2,000 islets , most of which are limestone . The core of the bay has an area of 334 km with a high density of 775 islets . The limestone in this bay has gone through 500 million years of formation in different conditions and environments . The evolution of the karst in this bay has taken 20 million years under the impact of the tropical wet climate . The geo - diversity of the environment in the area has created biodiversity , including a tropical evergreen biosystem , oceanic and sea shore biosystem . Ha Long Bay is home to 14 endemic floral species and 60 endemic faunal species . Historical research surveys have shown the presence of prehistoric human beings in this area tens of thousands years ago . The successive ancient cultures are the Soi Nhu culture around 18,000 -- 7000 BC , the Cai Beo culture 7000 -- 5000 BC and the Ha Long culture 5,000 -- 3,500 years ago . Ha Long Bay also marked important events in the history of Vietnam with many artifacts found in Bai Tho Mountain , Dau Go Cave , Bai Chay . 500 years ago , Nguyen Trai praised the beauty of Ha Long Bay in his verse Lộ nhập Vân Đồn , in which he called it `` rock wonder in the sky '' . In 1962 , the Ministry of Culture , Sports and Tourism of North Vietnam listed Ha Long Bay in the National Relics and Landscapes publication . In 1994 , the core zone of Ha Long Bay was listed as a World Heritage Site according to Criterion VII , and listed for a second time according to Criterion VIII . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Overview 2.1 Location 2.2 Climate 2.3 Population 3 History 3.1 Soi Nhu culture ( 16,000 -- 5000 BC ) 3.2 Cai Beo culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) 3.3 Feudal period 4 Geology and geomorphology 4.1 History of tectonics 4.2 Karst geomorphology value 4.3 Timeline of geologic evolution 5 Ecology 5.1 Environmental damage 6 Awards and designations 7 In literature 7.1 Ancient tales 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name Ha Long means `` descending dragon '' . Before 19th century , the name Ha Long Bay had not been recorded in the old books of the country . It has been called An Bang , Luc Thuy , Van Don ... In the late 19th century , the name Ha Long Bay appeared on the Maritime Map of France . The French - language Hai Phong News reported `` Dragon appears on Ha Long Bay '' . According to local legend , when Vietnam had just started to develop into a country , they had to fight against invaders . To assist the Vietnamese in defending their country , the gods sent a family of dragons as protectors . This family of dragons began spitting out jewels and jade . These jewels turned into the islands and islets dotting the bay , linking together to form a great wall against the invaders . Under magics , numerous rock mountains abruptly appeared on the sea , ahead of invaders ' ships ; the forward ships struck the rocks and each other . After winning the battle , the dragons were interested in peaceful sightseeing of the Earth , and then decided to live in this bay . The place where the mother dragon descended was named Ha Long , the place where the dragon 's children attended upon their mother was called Bai Tu Long island ( Bai : attend upon , Tu : children , Long : dragon ) , and the place where the dragon 's children wriggled their tails violently was called Bach Long Vy island ( Bach : white - color of the foam made when Dragon 's children wriggled , Long : dragon , Vy : tail ) , present day Tra Co peninsula , Mong Cai . Overview ( edit ) Thien Cung grotto The bay consists of a dense cluster of some 1,600 limestone monolithic islands each topped with thick jungle vegetation , rising spectacularly from the ocean . Several of the islands are hollow , with enormous caves . Hang Dau Go ( Wooden stakes cave ) is the largest grotto in the Ha Long area . French tourists visited in the late 19th century , and named the cave Grotte des Merveilles . Its three large chambers contain large numerous stalactites and stalagmites ( as well as 19th - century French graffiti ) . There are two bigger islands , Tuan Chau and Cat Ba , that have permanent inhabitants , as well as tourist facilities including hotels and beaches . There are a number of beautiful beaches on the smaller islands . Fisherman 's house , Ha Long Bay , Vietnam A community of around 1,600 people live on Ha Long Bay in four fishing villages : Cua Van , Ba Hang , Cong Tau and Vong Vieng in Hung Thang commune , Ha Long city . They live on floating houses and are sustained through fishing and marine aquaculture ( cultivating marine biota ) , plying the shallow waters for 200 species of fish and 450 different kinds of mollusks . Many of the islands have acquired their names as a result of interpretation of their unusual shapes . Such names include Voi Islet ( elephant ) , Ga Choi Islet ( fighting cock ) , Khi Islet ( monkey ) , and Mai Nha Islet ( roof ) . 989 of the islands have been given names . Birds and animals including bantams , antelopes , monkeys , and lizard also live on some of the islands . Floating fishing village Almost all these islands are as individual towers in a classic fenglin landscape with heights from 50m to 100m , and height / width ratios of up to about six . Another specific feature of Ha Long Bay is the abundance of lakes inside the limestone islands . For example , Dau Be island has six enclosed lakes . All these island lakes occupy drowned dolines within fengcong karst . Location ( edit ) Ha Long Bay is located in northeastern Vietnam , from E106 ° 56 ' to E107 ° 37 ' and from N20 ° 43 ' to N21 ° 09 ' . The bay stretches from Yen Hung district , past Ha Long city , Cam Pha town to Van Don District , bordered on the south and southeast by Lan Ha Bay , on the north by Ha Long city , and on the west by Bai Tu Long Bay . The bay has a 120 km long coastline and is approximately 1,553 km2 in size with about 2,000 islets . The area designated by UNESCO as the World Natural Heritage Site incorporates 434 km2 with 775 islets , of which the core zone is delimited by 69 points : Dau Go island on the west , Ba Ham lake on the south and Cong Tay island on the east . The protected area is from the Cái Dăm petrol store to Quang Hanh commune , Cam Pha town and the surrounding zone . Climate ( edit ) The climate of the bay is tropical , wet , sea islands , with two seasons : hot and moist summer , and dry and cold winter . The average temperature is from 15 ° C - 25 ° C , and annual rainfall is between 2 meters and 2.2 meters . Ha Long Bay has the typical diurnal tide system ( tide amplitude ranges from 3.5 - 4m ) . The salinity is from 31 to 34.5 MT in the dry season and lower in the rainy season . Population ( edit ) Of the 1,969 islands in Ha Long , only approximately 40 are inhabited . These islands range from tens to thousands of hectares in size , mainly in the East and Southeast of Ha Long Bay . In recent decades , thousands of villagers have been starting to settle down on the pristine islands and build new communities such as Sa Tô Island ( Hạ Long City ) , Thắng Lợi Island ( Vân Đồn district ) . The population of Ha Long Bay is about 1,540 , mainly in Cửa Vạn , Ba Hang and Cặp Dè fishing villages ( Hùng Thắng Ward , Hạ Long City ) . Residents of the bay mostly live on boats and rafts to facilitate the fishing , cultivating and breeding of aquatic and marine species . Today the life of Ha Long Bay inhabitants has much improved due to new travel businesses . At present , the Quảng Ninh provincial government has a policy to relocate the households living in the bay to resettle , in order to stabilize their life and to protect the landscape of the heritage zone . More than 300 households living in fishing villages in Ha Long Bay have been relocated ashore in Khe Cá Resettlement Area , now known as Zone 8 ( Hà Phong Ward , Hạ Long City ) since May 2014 . This project will continue to be implemented . The province will only retain a number of fishing villages for sightseeing tours . History ( edit ) Soi Nhu culture ( 16,000 -- 5000 BC ) ( edit ) Located in Ha Long and Bai Tu Long are archaeological sites such as Me Cung and Thien Long . There are remains from mounds of mountain shellfish ( Cyclophorus ) , spring shellfish ( Melania , also called Thiana ) , some fresh water mollusc and some rudimentary labour tools . The main way of life of Soi Nhu 's inhabitants included catching fish and shellfish , collecting fruits and digging for bulbs and roots . Their living environment was a coastal area unlike other Vietnamese cultures , for example , like those found in Hoa Binh and Bac Son . Cai Beo culture ( 5000 -- 3000 BC ) ( edit ) Located in Ha Long and Cat Ba island , its inhabitants developed to the level of sea exploitation . Cai Beo culture is a link between Soi Nhu culture and Ha Long culture . Feudal period ( edit ) History shows that Ha Long Bay was the setting for local naval battles against Vietnam 's coastal neighbors . On three occasions , in the labyrinth of channels in Bach Dang River near the islands , the Vietnamese army stopped the Chinese from landing . In 1288 , General Tran Hung Dao stopped Mongol ships from sailing up the nearby Bach Dang River by placing steel - tipped wooden stakes at high tide , sinking the Mongol Kublai Khan 's fleet . During the Vietnam War , many of the channels between the islands were heavily mined by the United States Navy , some of which pose a threat to shipping to this day . Geology and geomorphology ( edit ) In 2000 , the UNESCO 's World Heritage Committee has inscribed the Ha Long Bay in the World Heritage List according to its outstanding examples representing major stages of the Earth 's history and its original limestone karstic geomorphologic features . The Ha Long Bay and its adjacent areas consist of a part of the Sino - Vietnamese composite terrane having its development history from pre-Cambrian up to present day . During Phanerozoic , terrigenous , volcanogenic and cherty - carbonate sediments containing in abundance graptolites , brachiopods , fishes , corals , foraminiferas , radiolarias , bivalves and flora , separated one from another by 10 stratigraphic gaps , but the boundary between Devonian and Carboniferous has been considered as continuous . The limestone karstic geomorphology of the bay was developed since Miocene , especially the cone - shaped hills ( fengcong ) , or isolated high limestone karst towers ( fenglin ) with many remnants of old phreatic caves , old karstic foot caves , marine notch caves form magnificent limestone karst landforms as unique on the world . The Quaternary geology was developed through 5 cycles with the intercalation of marine and continental environments . The present Ha Long Bay , in fact , appeared after the Middle Holocene maximum transgression , leaving ultimate zone of lateral undercutting in the limestone cliffs bearing many shells of oysters , having the 14C age as 2280 to > 40,000 y . BP . Geological resources are abundant : anthracite , lignite , oil shale , petroleum , phosphate , limestone and cement additives , kaolin , silica sand , dolomite , quartzite of exogenous origin , and antimony , mercury of hydrothermal origin . Besides , there still are surface water , groundwater and thermal mineral water on the shore of the Ha Long - Bái Tử Long Bays and other environmental resources . In terms of marine geology , this area is recorded as an especially coastal sedimentary environment . In the alkaline seawater environment , the chemical denudation process of calcium carbonate proceeds rapidly , creating wide , strangely shaped marine notches . The bottom surface sediments are various from clay mud to sand , however , silty mud and clay mud are dominated in distribution . Especially , the carbonate materials originated from organisms make up from 60 - 65 % sedimentary content . The surface sediments of coral reefs are mainly sand and pebbles of which the carbonate materials occupy for more than 90 % . The intertidal zone sediments are various from clay mud to sand and gravel depending to distinguished sedimentary environments such as mangrove marshes , tidal flats , beaches etc . At the small , but wonderfully beautiful beaches , the sand sediments may be dominated quartz or carbonate materials . The sediment layers of intertidal zone , the upper sea bed with a plain surface conserving ancient rivers , systems of caves and it 's sediments , traces of ancient marine action forming distinctive notches , beaches and marine terraces , mangrove swamps are important evidence of geological events and processes taking place during Quaternary . History of tectonics ( edit ) Ha Long Bay has experienced at least 500 million years in various geological states of orogeny , marine transgression and marine regression . During the Ordovician and Silurian periods ( 500 - 410 million years ago ) , Ha Long Bay was deep sea . During the Carboniferous and Permian periods ( 340 - 250 million years ago ) , Ha Long Bay was at shallow sea level . The dominated uplift movement of neotectonic and recent tectonic influenced deeply on topography of this area , and the present landscape of sea - islands was formed around 7 or 8 thousand years ago by the sea invasion during Holocene transgression begun at about 17 - 18 thousand years ago . Particularly from the Holocene time , from about 11,000 years ago Cat Ba - Ha Long area has much archaeological evidence connecting variations in sea levels with the development of ancient cultures such as the Soi Nhu and Ha Long cultures . Karst geomorphology value ( edit ) Due to a simultaneous combination of ideal factors such as thick , pale , grey , and strong limestone layers , which are formed by fine - grained materials ; hot and moist climate and slow tectonic process as a whole ; Ha Long Bay has had a complete karst evolution for 20 million years . There are many types of karst topography in the bay , such as karst field . Ha Long Bay is a mature karst landscape developed during a warm , wet , tropical climate . The sequence of stages in the evolution of a karst landscape over a period of 20 million years requires a combination of several distinct elements including a massive thickness of limestone , a hot wet climate and slow overall tectonic up lift . The process of karst formation is divided into five stages , the second of which is the formation of the distinctive do line karst . This is followed by the development of fengcong karst , which can be seen in the groups of hills on Bo Hon and Dau Be Inland . These cones with sloping sides average 100m in height with the tallest exceeding 200m . Fenglin karst is characterised by steep separate towers . The hundreds of rocky islands with form the beautiful and famous landscape of the Bay are the individual towers of a classic Fenglin landscape where the intervening plains have been submerged by the sea . Most towers reach a height of between 50 and 100m with a height to width ratio of about 6 . The karst dolines were flooded by the sea , becoming the abundance of lakes that lie within the limestone islands . For example , Dau Be island at the mouth of the Bay has six enclosed lakes including those of the Ba Ham lakes lying within its fencong karst . The Bay contains examples of the landscape elements of fengcong , fenglin and karst plain . These are not separate evolutionary stages but the result of natural non -- uniform processes in the denudation of a large mass of limestone . Marine erosion created the notches which in some places have been enlarged into caves . The marine notch is a feature of limestone coastline but , in Ha Long Bay , it has created the mature landscape . Within Ha Long Bay , the main accessible caves are the older passages that survive from the time when the karst was evolving though its various stages of fengcong and fenglin . Three main types of caves can be recognized in the limestone islands ( Waltham , T. 1998 ) : Remnants of old phreatic caves Old karstic foot caves Marine notch caves The first group of caves is old phreatic caves which include Sung Sot , Tam Cung , Lau Dai , Thien Cung , Dau Go , Hoang Long , Thien Long . Nowadays , these caves lie at various high levels . Sung Sot cave is on Bo Hon island . From its truncated entrance chambers on a ledge high on the cliff , a passage of more that 10m high and wide descends to the south . Tam Cung is a large phreatic fissure cave that developed in the bedding planes of the limestone dividing the fissure cave into three chambers . Lau Dai is a cave with a complex of passages extending over 300m opening on the south side of Con Ngua island . Thien Cung and Dau Go are remnants of the same old cave system . They both survive in the northern part of Dau Go island at between 20 and 50m above sea level . Thien Cung has one large chamber more that 100m long , blocked at its ends and almost subdivided into smaller chambers by massive wall of stalactites and stalagmites . Dau Go is a single large tunnel descending along a major set of fractures to a massive choke . The second group of caves is the old karstic foot caves which include Trinh Lu , Bo Nau , Tien Ong and Trong caves . Foot caves are a ubiquitous feature of karst landscapes which have reached a stage of widespread lateral undercutting at base level . They may extend back into maze caves of stream caves draining from larger cave systems within the limestone . They are distinguished by the main elements of their passages being close to the horizontal and are commonly related to denuded or accumulated terraces at the old base levels . Trinh Nu , which is one of the larger foot caves in Ha Long Bay with its ceiling at about 12m above sea level and about 80m in length , was developed in multiple stages . Bo Nau , a horizontal cave containing old stalactite deposits , cuts across the 25o dip of the bedding plane . The third group is the marine notch caves that are a special feature of the karst of Ha Long Bay . The dissolution process of sea water acting on the limestone and erosion by wave action crates notches at the base of the cliffs . In advantageous conditions , dissolution of the limestone allows the cliff notches to be steadily deepened and extended into caves . Many of these at sea level extend right though the limestone hills into drowned dolines which are now tidal lakes . A distinguishing feature of marine notch caves is an absolutely smooth and horizontal ceiling cut through the limestone . Some marine notch caves had been not formed at present sea level , but old sea levels related to sea level changes in Holocene transgression , event to Pleistocene sea levels . Some of them passed preserved the development of old karstic foot cave in mainland environment or preserved the remnants of older phreatic caves . One of the most unusual features of Ha Long Bay is the Bo Ham lake group of hidden lakes and their connecting tunnel -- notch caves in Dau Be island . From the island 's perimeter cliff a cave , 10m wide at water level and curving so that it is almost completely dark , extends about 150m to Lake 1 . Luon cave is on Bo Hon island and extends 50m though to an enclosed tidal lake . It has a massive stalactite hanging 2m down and truncated at the modern tidal level . It has passed though many stages in its formation . The karst landscape of Ha Long Bay is of international significance and of fundamental importance to the science of geomorphology . The fenglin tower karst , which is the type present in much of Ha Long Bay , is the most extreme form of limestone landscape development . If these karst landscapes are broadly compared in terms of their height , steepness and number of their limestone towers , Ha Long Bay is probably second in the entire world only to Yangshou , in China . However , Ha Long Bay has also been invaded by the sea so that the geomorphology of its limestone is lands are , at least in part , the consequence of marine erosion . The marine invasion distinguishes Ha Long Bay and makes it unique in the world . There are other areas of submerged karst towers which were invaded by the sea , but none is as extensive as Ha Long Bay . Timeline of geologic evolution ( edit ) Some of the most remarkable geological events in Ha Long Bay 's history have occurred in the last 1,000 years , include the advance of the sea , the raising of the bay area , strong erosion that has formed coral , and , pure blue and heavily salted water . This process of erosion by seawater has deeply engraved the stone , contributing to its fantastic beauty . Present - day Ha Long Bay is the result of this long process of geological evolution that has been influenced by so many factors . Due to all these factors , tourists visiting Ha Long Bay are not only treated to one of the natural wonders of the world , but also to a precious geological museum that has been naturally preserved in the open air for the last 300 million years . Date Geologic period Events 570,000,000 - 500,000,000 BC beginning of the Cambrian Period The area , which now forms Ha Long Bay , was basically mainland , submitted to a process of rain erosion . end of the Cambrian Period The area was flooded , commencing the existence of Ha Long Bay . 500,000,000 - 400,000,000 BC Ordovician and Silurian periods The area of north - east Vietnam was almost like a deep sea , submitted to the constant activity of tectonic plates . end of the Silurian Period It underwent a phase of inverse - motion that created mountains deep under the water . 420,000,000 - 340,000,000 BC end of the Silurian Period and throughout the whole Devonian Period The area was subjected to powerful forces of erosion from the hot and dry climate . At this point , Ha Long was part of a wide mainland that comprised most of today 's South China Sea and Chinese continental shelf . end of the Devonian Period Due to tectonic activity , the Ha Long area and the entire north - east region were raised from the depths 340,000,000 - 240,000,000 BC later Carboniferous and Permian periods The formation of the limestone layer more than 1,000 m thick . A shallow and warm sea reformed , which existed for approximately 100 million years . It created two kinds of limestone : the Cát Bà layer of the early Carboniferous period ( 450 m thick ) ; and the Quang Hanh layer of the middle Carboniferous and the early Permian period ( 750 m thick ) . These two layers constitute the majority of the islands of the Bay . 67,000,000 BC end of the Cretaceous Period Ha Long Bay existed in the environment of a high mountainous mainland due to the influence of strong mountain - forming phases . middle of the Paleogene Period These motions remain continuous and stable , while strong processes of erosion began , and after millions of years , a form of semi-highland topography took shape . The continuation of this erosion has progressively cut the highlands into blocks with altitudes similar to today 's mountains 26,000,000 - 10,000,000 BC Neogene Period The development of the Ha Long depression 2,000,000 - 9000 BC Pleistocene epoch of the Quaternary period The process of erosion began dissolving the limestone - rich region of Ha Long , after that , forming the limestone plain was most active 68,000 - 9000 BC middle and late Pleistocene Epoch Period when the caves and grottoes of the area formed . early Holocene Epoch The islands of today 's Ha Long Bay are basically remnants of these mountains , flooded . Rainwater flowed into crevices in the limestone that had formed from tectonic activity . This steady erosion constantly widened the cracks , eventually creating today 's formations . 9000 - 5000 BC Holocene Epoch This period is notable for the advance of the sea . 5000 - 2000 BC The movement of the sea reached its peak and forming today 's Ha Long Bay . 2000 -- 1000 BC With the sea in a steady process of recession , Ha Long culture began to develop . beginning of the late Holocene Epoch The level of the water once again increased , forming a marshy floor of canals and streams , and creating the water marks that can be seen on the stone cliffs of today . Ecology ( edit ) Ha Long Bay is host to two ecosystems : a tropical , moist , evergreen rainforest ecosystem ; and a marine and coastal ecosystem . The bay is home to seven endemic species : Livistona Ha Longensis , Impatiens Ha Longensis , Chirita Ha Longensis , Chirita hiepii , Chirita modesta , Paraboea Ha Longensis and Alpinia calcicola . The many islands that dot the bay are home to a great many other species , including ( but likely not limited to ) : 477 magnoliales , 12 pteris , 20 salt marsh flora ; and 4 amphibia , 10 reptilia , 40 aves , and 4 mammalia . Common aquatic species found in the bay include : cuttlefish ( mực ) ; oyster ( hào ) ; cyclinae ( ngán ) ; prawns ( penaeidea ( tôm he ) , panulirus ( tôm hùm ) , parapenaeopsis ( tôm sắt ) , etc . ) ; sipunculoideas ( sá sùng ) ; nerita ( ốc đĩa ) ; charonia tritonis ( ốc tù và ) ; and cà sáy . Environmental damage ( edit ) With an increasing tourist trade , mangroves and seagrass beds have been cleared and jetties and wharves have been built for tourist boats . Game fishing , often near coral reefs , is threatening many endangered species of fish . Local government and businesses are aware of problems and many measures have been taken to minimize tourism affect to the bay environment for sustainable economic growth like introducing eco friendly tours and introducing tight waste control on resorts . Awards and designations ( edit ) In 1962 , the Vietnam Ministry of Culture , Sport and Tourism designated Ha Long Bay a ' Renowned National Landscape Monument ' . Ha Long Bay was first listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 , in recognition of its outstanding , universal aesthetic value . In 2000 the World Heritage Committee additionally recognised Ha Long Bay for its outstanding geological and geomorphological value , and its World Heritage Listing was updated . In October 2011 , World Monuments Fund included the bay on the 2012 World Monuments Watch , citing tourism pressures and associated development as threats to the site that must be addressed . The goal of Watch - listing is to promote strategies of responsible heritage - driven development for a sustainable future . In 2012 , New 7 Wonders Foundation officially named Ha Long Bay as one of New Seven Natural Wonders of the world . Ha Long Bay is also a member of the Club of the Most Beautiful Bays of the World . In literature ( edit ) In writings about Ha Long Bay , the following Vietnamese writers said : Nguyễn Trãi : `` This wonder is ground raising up into the middle of the high sky '' . Xuân Diệu : `` Here is the unfinished works of the Beings ... Here is the stones which the Giant played and threw away '' . Nguyên Ngọc : `` ... to form this first - rate wonder , nature only uses : Stone and Water ... There are just only two materials themselves chosen from as much as materials , in order to write , to draw , to sculpture , to create everything ... It is quite possible that here is the image of the future world '' . Ho Chi Minh : `` It is the wonder that one can not impart to others '' . Phạm Văn Đồng : `` Is it one scenery or many sceneries ? Is it the scenery in the world or somewhere ? '' . Nguyễn Tuân : `` Only mountains accept to be old , but Ha Long sea and wave are young forever '' . Huy Cận : `` Night breathes , stars wave Ha Long 's water '' . Chế Lan Viên : `` Ha Long , Bái Tử Long - Dragons were hidden , only stones still remain On the moonlight nights , stones meditate as men do ... '' Lord Trịnh Cương overflowed with emotion : `` Mountains are glistened by water shadow , water spills all over the sky '' . Ancient tales ( edit ) Ha Long bay 's inhabitants have developed numerous tales explaining names given to various isles and caves in the bay . Dau Go cave ( literally : `` the end of wooden bars '' cave ) : these wooden bars in this cave are the remnants of sharped wooden columns built under the water level by the order of Trần Hưng Đạo commander in order to sink Mongolian invaders ' ships in the 13th century . Kim Quy cave ( literally : `` Golden Turtle '' cave ) : it is told that the Golden Turtle swam toward the Eastern Sea ( international name : South China Sea ) after returning the holy sword which had assisted King Lê Thái Tổ in the combat against Ming invaders from China . Next , with the approval of the Sea King , Golden Turtle continued to fight against monsters in this marine area . The turtle became exhausted and died in a cave . Consequently , the cave was named after the Golden Turtle . Con Coc islet ( literally : Frog islet ) : is a frog - like isle . According to ancient tales , in a year of severe drought , a frog directed all animals to the Heaven and protested against the God . They demonstrated in favour of making rain . As a result , the God must accept the frog as his uncle . Since then , whenever frogs grind their teeth , the God has to pour water down the ground . Hang Trong and Hang Trinh Nu ( litterally : Male cave and Virgin cave ) : the tale 's about a beautiful woman had fallen in love with a fisherman whom must sail to the sea not so long after their engagement , the landlord saw this beautiful girl and captured her , but with her resistance , the landlord exiled the girl to remote island . After being left to starve , the girl was death and turned into a statue in which people called as Hang Trinh Nu ( Virgin Cave ) . Her betrothed ran to the girl 's place and found out what had happened , he turned into an islet which situated nearby and called as Hang Trong ( Male Cave ) Panorama of Hạ Long Bay , taken on Monkey Island , 2013 See also ( edit ) Ha Long Việt Nam Guilin Krabi References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vịnh Hạ Long . Website chính thức của Ủy ban tổ chức Đại lễ Phật đản Liên Hiệp Quốc 2008 ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ Giá trị địa chất -- địa mạo của vịnh Hạ Long . Archived 2009 - 01 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . - Trang web chính thức của vịnh Hạ Long ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ Giá trị đa dạng sinh học của vịnh Hạ Long . Archived 2009 - 01 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . - Trang web chính thức của vịnh Hạ Long ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ Bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học vịnh Hạ Long '' Archived 2009 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - Tuổi Trẻ Online . Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 10 năm 2007 , 17 : 26GMT ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ Khu văn hóa và lịch sử các đảo vịnh Hạ Long . - Website Trường Đại học Khoa học Tự Nhiên Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ Giá trị lịch sử - văn hóa của vịnh Hạ Long . Archived 2009 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - Trang web chính thức của vịnh Hạ Long ( in Vietnamese ) ^ Jump up to : `` Có một nền văn hóa Hạ Long '' Archived 2009 - 02 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - Tuổi Trẻ Online ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ `` Từ hơn 500 năm trước , vịnh Hạ Long đã được tôn vinh là kỳ quan '' - Tuổi Trẻ Online ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ Vị trí địa lý , khí hậu của vịnh Hạ Long . Archived 2009 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . - Trang web chính thức của vịnh Hạ Long ( in Vietnamese ) Jump up ^ `` Hạ Long Bay '' . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Official website of Communist Party of Vietnam - Introduction of Ha Long City Archived 2013 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Report of Twenty - fourth session of the World Heritage Committee , Cairns , Australia '' . UNESCO World Heritage Committee . 27 November 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.idm.gov.vn/nguon_luc/Xuat_ban/2003/22/t1.htm ^ Jump up to : Tran Duc Thanh ; Waltham Tony ( 1 September 2001 ) . `` The outstanding value of the geology of Ha Long Bay '' . Advances in Natural Sciences . ResearchGate. 2 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0866 - 708X . Jump up ^ Tran Duc Thanh , 1998 . Geological History of Ha Long Bay Jump up ^ Trần Văn Trị , Trần Đức Thạnh , Tony Waltham , Lê Đức An , Lại Huy Anh , 2003 . The Ha Long Bay World Heritage : Outstanding geological values . Journal of Geology , Series B. No. 22 / 2003 . p. 1 - 18 Jump up ^ Charles Sturt University . `` HSC Online - Ha Long Bay , Vietnam - a coastal ecosystem in Vietnam '' . csu.edu.au . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the 18th Session of the World Heritage Committee , Phuket , Thailand , 12 -- 17 December 1994 '' . UNSECO World Heritage Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Hạ Long Bay - UNESCO World Heritage Site '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Beautiful Bays in the World '' . Club of the Most Beautiful Bays of the World . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Ha Long bay - the beauty from tales and history '' . www.daidoanket.vn . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.halong-bay-cruise.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vịnh Hạ Long . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ha Long Bay . UNESCO 's World Heritage Convention : Ha Long Bay * Environmental capacity Ha Long Bay - Bai Tu Long . Publisher : Natural Science and Technology . Hanoi . Editor : Nguyen Khoa Son , ISBN 978 - 604 - 913 - 063 - 2 -- In Vietnamese Vietnamese Sea and Islands -- position Resources , and typical geological and ecological wonders . Publisher Science and Technology . Ha Noi , Editor : Nguyen Khoa Son , ISBN 978 - 604 - 913 - 063 - 2 . In Vietnamese World Heritage Sites in Vietnam Cultural heritage Complex of Huế Monuments Hội An Ancient Town Mỹ Sơn Sanctuary Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long Citadel of the Hồ Dynasty Natural heritage Hạ Long Bay Phong Nha - Kẻ Bàng National Park Mixed Tràng An Scenic Landscape Complex New 7 Wonders of Nature Amazon rainforest and river Hạ Long Bay Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls Jeju Island Komodo Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain History of fishing History History of fishing Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture Chasse - marée Fishing in Cornwall Fishery Protection Squadron Fishing stage Garum Harold Innis and the cod fishery Migratory Fishery of Labrador Munster pilchard fishery 1570 -- 1750 Pearling in Western Australia S'Argamassa Roman fish farm Scania Market Scottish east coast fishery Traditional fishing boat Conflicts Bering Sea Arbitration Cod Wars Crab Wars Lobster War Newlyn riots Oyster Wars Shetland bus Turbot War Disasters and memorials 1959 Escuminac disaster 2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster Eyemouth disaster Moray Firth fishing disaster Steveston Fisherman 's Memorial Stotfield fishing disaster ( hide ) Historic fishing villages and communities Fishing villages Akwidaa Algajola Ardglass Bermeo Bethsaida Bolungarvík Cadgwith Catalan Bay Chorkor Ciboure Clovelly Cullercoats Dunmore East Ea Elantxobe Findon Getaria Gilleleje Grip Guéthary Gümüşlük Hondarribia Hovden Huanchaco Kaunolu Village Ladner Lamorna Lekeitio Marsaxlokk Moskenes Mundaka Mutriku Newhaven Nyksund Old Perlican Ondarroa Ona Orio Pasaia Peggys Cove Pittenweem Plentzia Po Toi O Polperro Port Isaac Portavogie Portmahomack Portofino Red Bay Reine Sa Riera St Abbs Saint - Jean - de-Luz Saint Malo Sayulita Sigri Staithes Steveston Súðavík Suðureyri Tai O Tilting Trinity Udappu Vernazza Walraversijde Zumaia more ... Communities Atlit Yam Bhoi Hạ Long Bay Lofoten Makassan Newfoundland outports Póvoa de Varzim Sørvágur Tlingit Uros Vezo more ... List of fishing villages Glossary Index Outline VIAF : 235704116 LCCN : sh00006010 GND : 7538052 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Hạ_Long_Bay&oldid = 828103056 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites in Vietnam Bays of Vietnam Gulf of Tonkin Association of Southeast Asian Nations heritage parks Landforms of Quang Ninh Province Fishing communities in Vietnam Tourist attractions in Quang Ninh Province Hidden categories : Articles with Vietnamese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 16 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did ha long bay become a world heritage site | [
"500 years ago, Nguyen Trai praised the beauty of Ha Long Bay in his verse Lộ nhập Vân Đồn, in which he called it \"rock wonder in the sky\".[8] In 1962, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of North Vietnam listed Ha Long Bay in the National Relics and Landscapes publication.[9] In 1994, the core zone of Ha Long Bay was listed as a World Heritage Site according to Criterion VII, and listed for a second time according to Criterion VIII.[10]"
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"1994"
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-2516653022072675445 | Red Red Wine | Red Red Wine - wikipedia Red Red Wine Jump to : navigation , search `` Red Red Wine '' Single by Neil Diamond from the album Just for You B - side `` Red Rubber Ball '' Released 1967 ( 1967 ) Format 7 '' Genre Pop soft rock Length 2 : 42 Label Bang Songwriter ( s ) Neil Diamond Producer ( s ) Jeff Barry Ellie Greenwich Neil Diamond singles chronology `` New Orleans '' ( 1968 ) `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1967 ) `` Brooklyn Roads '' ( 1968 ) `` New Orleans '' ( 1968 ) `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1968 ) `` Brooklyn Roads '' ( 1968 ) `` Red Red Wine '' is a song originally written , performed , and recorded by American singer Neil Diamond in 1967 . It is included on Neil 's second studio album , Just for You . The lyrics are sung from the perspective of a person who finds that drinking red wine is the only way to forget his woes . When Neil left the Bang Records label in 1968 , Bang continued to release Neil Diamond singles , often adding newly recorded instruments and background vocals to album tracks from the two Neil Diamond albums that Bang had issued . For the `` Red Red Wine '' single , Bang added a background choir without Neil 's involvement or permission . Diamond 's version reached number sixty - two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1968 . A live version was released on Diamond 's The Greatest Hits ( 1966 -- 92 ) but the 1968 single version has never been issued on a vinyl album or CD . The song was covered by several artists shortly after Diamond 's recording was released . In 1968 , the Dutch singer Peter Tetteroo ( from the band Tee Set ) had a hit with a cover of the song in Netherlands . Tony Tribe covered the song in 1969 in a reggae - influenced style . In 1983 , UB40 recorded perhaps the best known version of the song , in a lighter reggae style . The UB40 version topped the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart . Diamond later performed a UB40 - inspired version of the song while on tour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 2 UB40 version 2.1 Charts 2.2 Certifications 2.3 Chart successions 3 Other cover songs 4 References Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 62 UB40 version ( edit ) `` Red Red Wine '' Single by UB40 from the album Labour of Love B - side `` Sufferin ' '' Released 8 August 1983 ( 1983 - 08 - 08 ) 1988 -- 2000 ( re-releases ) Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded 1982 Genre Reggae fusion Length 5 : 20 Label DEP ( UK ) A&M ( US ) Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Neil Diamond Producer ( s ) Ray `` Pablo '' Falconer UB40 UB40 singles chronology `` I 've Got Mine '' ( 1983 ) `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1983 ) `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' ( 1983 ) `` I 've Got Mine '' ( 1983 ) `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1983 -- 2000 ) `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' ( 1983 ) UB40 recorded their rendition for their album of cover versions , Labour of Love . According to the band , they were only familiar with Tony Tribe 's version ( they apparently did n't realise that the writer , credited simply as `` Diamond '' , was in fact Neil Diamond ) , and their version featured a lighter , reggae - style flavor compared to Diamond 's somber , acoustic ballad . The UB40 version adds a toasted verse by UB40 member Astro , opening : `` Red Red Wine , you make me feel so fine / You keep me rocking all of the time '' , which was edited from the single that reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in August 1983 and number 34 in the United States in March 1984 but not from the version that reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 a few months after being performed at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Concert in 1988 . In September 2014 , the Official Charts Company announced that sales in the UK had reached one million . Songwriter Neil Diamond has stated that it is one of his favorite covers of his songs . Diamond frequently performs the song live using the UB40 reggae arrangement as opposed to the original version . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 -- 2001 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Canada ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 12 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 1,245,324 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` Give It Up '' by KC & The Sunshine Band UK number - one single 3 September 1983 -- 17 September 1983 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Karma Chameleon '' by Culture Club Preceded by `` Love Bites '' by Def Leppard Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 15 October 1988 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' by Phil Collins Other cover songs ( edit ) Swedish group Tom & Mick & Maniacs released their version of the song in 1967 . This appears to be the first recorded version of the song . Jimmy James and The Vagabonds released a cover version the same year as Diamond 's version ( 1968 ) , for the UK market . It charted at number thirty - six . In 1968 , singer Peter Tetteroo , of Dutch beat group Tee Set , released a cover version that reached number six on the Dutch top - 40 chart . Tony Tribe , a Jamaican singer , recorded a reggae - influenced version in 1969 which reached number forty - six on the UK Singles Chart , this became Trojan Records first chart hit and has been included in numerous reggae compilations since . The song was also covered in 1969 by singer Charles Mann . In 1970 , a remake by Vic Dana became a minor Billboard Hot 100 hit , peaking at number 72 and reached number 30 on the Adult Contemporary chart . In early 1972 , singer Roy Drusky enjoyed a top 20 hit with his version , reaching number 17 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and number 16 on the Canada Country chart . Mexican ballad band Los Rehenes recorded a Spanish version named Vino Tinto ( lit . Red Wine ) . The Hobos included the song on their 2004 double studio album , Radio Jah Jah . `` Red Red Wine '' was also performed by Peter Tetteroo , former singer of Tee Set , a Dutch band , in 1968 . The song has also been performed by Cas Haley along with UB40 on the last episode of the season two show America 's Got Talent . In 2001 , singer Elan Atias released a dancehall version on the Buy Out Riddim instrumental , best known performed by Sean Paul , with the song entitled , `` Like Glue '' . This was the first time the song was performed on a totally different instrumental tracking . The lyrics were also re-written . In 2008 , Sizzla also released a dancehall single ( `` No Time To Gaze '' ) based on the UB40 version . In March 2017 , Andrew Bogut posted the UB40 version on his Twitter to signify he was joining the Cleveland Cavaliers -- the team 's colours include the darkish red `` wine '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( 22 September 2014 ) . `` Now That 's What I Call A Million tracklisting revealed ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Singer / songwriter Neil Diamond here , AMA ! '' . Reddit. 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St. Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Weekly February 18 , 1984 '' . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- UB40 Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` De Nederlandse Top 40 , week 39 , 1983 '' . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- UB40 -- Red Red Wine '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` UB40 Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- UB40 '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart -- 20 November 1983 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- UB40 '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter UB40 in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- UB40 '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 565 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.trojanrecords.com/the-trojan-records-story Jump up ^ Andrew Bogut ( @ andrewbogut ) ( 1 March 2017 ) . ( Tweet ) https://twitter.com/andrewbogut/status/836738332306595840 -- via Twitter . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Neil Diamond singles discography Singles 1960s 1962 `` You Are My Love at Last '' `` I 'm Afraid '' 1963 `` At Night '' 1966 `` Solitary Man '' `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` I Got the Feelin ' ( Oh No No ) '' 1967 `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' `` Kentucky Woman '' `` Some Day Baby '' 1968 `` New Orleans '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Brooklyn Roads '' `` Two - Bit Manchild '' `` Shilo '' `` Sunday Sun '' 1969 `` Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Holly Holy '' Singles 1970s 1970 `` Shilo '' `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` Soolaimon '' `` And The Grass Wo n't Pay No Mind '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` Do It '' 1971 `` I Am ... I Said '' `` Done Too Soon '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Stones '' 1972 `` Song Sung Blue '' `` Play Me '' `` Walk on Water '' 1973 `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` The Long Way Home '' `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Be '' `` Skybird '' `` Longfellow Serenade '' `` Morningside '' `` I 've Been This Way Before '' `` The Last Picasso '' 1976 `` If You Know What I Mean '' `` Do n't Think ... Feel '' `` Beautiful Noise '' 1977 `` Stargazer '' `` Lady - Oh '' `` Desiree '' 1978 `` God Only Knows '' `` Let Me Take You In My Arms Again '' `` I 'm Glad You 're Here With Me Tonight '' `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' `` The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie '' 1979 `` Forever in Blue Jeans '' `` Say Maybe '' `` The American Popular Song '' `` September Morn '' Singles 1980s 1980 `` That Kind '' `` The Good Lord Loves You '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Love on the Rocks '' 1981 `` Hello Again '' `` America '' `` Yesterday 's Songs '' 1982 `` On the Way to the Sky '' `` Be Mine Tonight '' `` Rainy Day Song '' `` Heartlight '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Turn Around '' UB40 Jimmy Brown Robin Campbell Earl Falconer Norman Hassan Brian Travers Duncan Campbell Ali Campbell Yomi Babayemi Jimmy Lynn Mickey Virtue Astro Studio albums Signing Off Present Arms UB44 Labour of Love Geffery Morgan Baggariddim Rat in the Kitchen UB40 Labour of Love II Promises and Lies Guns in the Ghetto Labour of Love III Cover Up Homegrown Who You Fighting For ? TwentyFourSeven Labour of Love IV Getting Over the Storm Compilation albums The Singles Album More UB40 Music The UB40 File The Best of UB40 -- Volume One Labour of Love , Volumes I and II The Best of UB40 - Volume Two UB40 Present the Dancehall Album The Very Best of UB40 1980 - 2000 UB40 Present the Fathers of Reggae Labour of Love , Volumes I , II and III - Platinum Collection The Best Of UB40 , Volumes 1 & 2 Love Songs Best of Labour of Love All the Best Live albums UB40 Live UB40 CCCP : Live in Moscow Remix albums Present Arms in Dub Dub Sessions Notable songs `` Food for Thought '' `` One in Ten '' `` Do n't Slow Down '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` Cherry Oh Baby '' `` If It Happens Again '' `` Sing Our Own Song '' `` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Breakfast in Bed '' `` Homely Girl '' `` Kingston Town '' `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' `` ( I Ca n't Help ) Falling in Love With You '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Reasons '' `` Swing Low '' See also UB40 discography Dep International Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Red_Wine&oldid=814514760 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles 1983 singles 1988 singles Neil Diamond songs UB40 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand RPM Top Singles number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Neil Diamond Reggae songs Songs about alcohol Bang Records singles Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Cite tweet templates with errors Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Use dmy dates from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Latina Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 07 : 28 . About Wikipedia | who sang the original version of red red wine | [
"\"Red Red Wine\" is a song originally written, performed, and recorded by American singer Neil Diamond in 1967. It is included on Neil's second studio album, Just for You. The lyrics are sung from the perspective of a person who finds that drinking red wine is the only way to forget his woes."
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"Neil Diamond"
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-6675132013962274168 | Reserve Bank of India | Reserve bank of India - Wikipedia Reserve bank of India This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( June 2017 ) Reserve Bank of India Bhāratīya Rija़rva Baiṃka Seal of RBI Headquarters Mumbai , Maharashtra , India 18 ° 55 ′ 58 '' N 72 ° 50 ′ 13 '' E / 18.932679 ° N 72.836933 ° E / 18.932679 ; 72.836933 Established 1 April 1935 ; 83 years ago ( 1935 - 04 - 01 ) Ownership Government of India ( 100 % ) Governor Urjit Patel Central bank of India Currency Indian rupee ( ₹ ) Reserves ₹ 2,751,400 crore ( US $380 billion ) Bank rate 6.75 % Interest on reserves 4.00 % ( market determined ) Website Official website Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform The Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) ( IAST : Bhāratīya Rijarva Baiṃka ) is India 's central banking institution , which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee . It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 . The original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid , which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders . Following India 's independence on 15 August 1947 , the RBI was nationalised on 1 January 1949 . The RBI plays an important part in the Development Strategy of the Government of India . It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union . The general superintendence and direction of the RBI is entrusted with the 21 - member central board of directors : the governor ; four deputy governors ; two finance ministry representatives ( usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary ) ; ten government - nominated directors to represent important elements of India 's economy ; and four directors to represent local boards headquartered at Mumbai , Kolkata , Chennai and the capital New Delhi . Each of these local boards consists of five members who represent regional interests , the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks . The central bank was an independent apex monetary authority which regulates banks and provides important financial services like storing of foreign exchange reserves , control of inflation , monetary policy report till August 2016 . A central bank is known by different names in different countries . The functions of a central bank vary from country to country and are autonomous or quasi-autonomous body and perform or through another agency vital monetary functions in the country . A central bank is a vital financial apex institution of an economy and the key objects of central banks may differ from country to country still they perform activities and functions with the goal of maintaining economic stability and growth of an economy . The bank is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion ( AFI ) . The bank is often referred to by the name Mint Street . RBI is also known as banker 's bank . Contents 1 Preamble 2 History 2.1 1935 -- 1950 2.2 1950 -- 1960 2.3 1960 -- 1969 2.4 1969 -- 1985 2.5 1985 -- 1991 2.6 1991 -- 2000 the new century 2.7 Since 2000 3 Structure 4 Branches and support bodies 5 Functions 5.1 Financial Supervision 5.2 Regulator and supervisor of the financial system 5.3 Regulator and Supervisor of the Payment and Settlement Systems 5.4 Banker and Debt Manager to Government 5.5 Managing foreign exchange 5.6 Issue of currency 5.7 Banker 's bank 5.8 Regulator of the Banking System 5.9 Detection of fake currency 5.10 Developmental role 5.11 Related functions 5.12 Custodian to foreign exchange 6 2016 Demonetisation 6.1 Cash crunch and effects 7 Policy Rates and Reserve Ratios 7.1 Repo Rate 7.2 Reverse Repo Rate ( RRR ) 7.3 Statutory liquidity ratio ( SLR ) 7.4 Bank Rate 7.5 Liquidity Adjustment Facility ( LAF ) 7.6 Cash Reserve Ratio ( CRR ) 7.7 Open Market Operation ( OMO ) 7.8 Marginal Standing Facility ( MSF ) 8 Qualitative Tools 8.1 Margin Requirements or LTV 8.2 Selective credit control 8.3 Moral Suasion 9 Limitations of Monetary Policy 10 Publications 11 Further reading 12 References 13 External links Preamble ( edit ) The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the reserve bank as : `` to regulate the issue of Bank notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage ; to have a modern monetary policy framework to meet the challenge of an increasingly complex economy , to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth . '' History ( edit ) The Reserve Bank of India was established following the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934 . Though privately owned initially , it was nationalised in 1949 and since then fully owned by Government of India ( GoI ) . 1935 -- 19.50 ( edit ) Reserve Bank of India - 10 Rupees ( 1938 ) , first year of banknote issue . The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1 April 1935 to respond to economic troubles after the First World War . The Reserve Bank of India was conceptualized based on the guidelines presented by the Central Legislative Assembly which passed these guidelines as the RBI Act 1934 . RBI was conceptualized as per the guidelines , working style and outlook presented by B.R. Ambedkar in his book titled `` The Problem of the Rupee -- Its origin and its solution '' and presented to the Hilton Young Commission . The bank was set up based on the recommendations of the 1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance , also known as the Hilton -- Young Commission . The original choice for the seal of RBI was The East India Company Double Mohur , with the sketch of the Lion and Palm Tree . However , it was decided to replace the lion with the tiger , the national animal of India . The Preamble of the RBI describes its basic functions to regulate the issue of bank notes , keep reserves to secure monetary stability in India , and generally to operate the currency and credit system in the best interests of the country . The Central Office of the RBI was established in Calcutta ( now Kolkata ) but was moved to Bombay ( now Mumbai ) in 1937 . The RBI also acted as Burma 's ( now Myanmar ) central bank until April 1947 ( except during the years of Japanese occupation ( 1942 -- 45 ) ) , even though Burma seceded from the Indian Union in 1937 . After the Partition of India in August 1947 , the bank served as the central bank for Pakistan until June 1948 when the State Bank of Pakistan commenced operations . Though set up as a shareholders ' bank , the RBI has been fully owned by the Government of India since its nationalization in 1949 . RBI has monopoly of note issue . 19.50 -- 1960 ( edit ) In the 1950s , the Indian government , under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , developed a centrally planned economic policy that focused on the agricultural sector . The administration nationalized commercial banks and established , based on the Banking Companies Act , 1949 ( later called the Banking Regulation Act ) , a central bank regulation as part of the RBI . Furthermore , the central bank was ordered to support economic plan with loans . 1960 -- 1969 ( edit ) As a result of bank crashes , the RBI was requested to establish and monitor a deposit insurance system . Meant to restore the trust in the national bank system , it was initialized on 7 December 1961 . The Indian government founded funds to promote the economy , and used the slogan `` Developing Banking '' . The government of India restructured the national bank market and nationalized a lot of institutes . As a result , the RBI had to play the central part in controlling and supporting this public banking sector . 1969 -- 1985 ( edit ) In 1969 , the Indira Gandhi - headed government nationalized 14 major commercial banks . Upon Indira Gandhi 's return to power in 1980 , a further six banks were nationalized . The regulation of the economy and especially the financial sector was reinforced by the Government of India in the 1970s and 1980s . The central bank became the central player and increased its policies a lot for a lot of tasks like interests , reserve ratio and visible deposits . These measures aimed at better economic development and had a huge effect on the company policy of the institutes . The banks lent money in selected sectors , like agricultural business and small trade companies . The branch was forced to establish two new offices in the country for every newly established office in a town . The oil crises in 1973 resulted in increasing inflation , and the RBI restricted monetary policy to reduce the effects . 1985 -- 1991 ( edit ) A lot of committees analysed the Indian economy between 1985 and 1991 . Their results had an effect on the RBI . The Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction , the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research and the Security & Exchange Board of India investigated the national economy as a whole , and the security and exchange board proposed better methods for more effective markets and the protection of investor interests . The Indian financial market was a leading example for so - called `` financial repression '' ( Mckinnon and Shaw ) . The Discount and Finance House of India began its operations in the monetary market in April 1988 ; the National Housing Bank , founded in July 1988 , was forced to invest in the property market and a new financial law improved the versatility of direct deposit by more security measures and liberalisation . 1991 -- 2000 the new century ( edit ) The national economy contracted in July 1991 as the Indian rupee was devalued . The currency lost 18 % of its value relative to the US dollar , and the Narsimham Committee advised restructuring the financial sector by a temporal reduced reserve ratio as well as the statutory liquidity ratio . New guidelines were published in 1993 to establish a private banking sector . This turning point was meant to reinforce the market and was often called neo-liberal . The central bank deregulated bank interests and some sectors of the financial market like the trust and property markets . This first phase was a success and the central government forced a diversity liberalisation to diversify owner structures in 1998 . The National Stock Exchange of India took the trade on in June 1994 and the RBI allowed nationalized banks in July to interact with the capital market to reinforce their capital base . The central bank founded a subsidiary company -- the Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited -- on 3 February 1995 to produce banknotes . Since 2000 ( edit ) The Foreign Exchange Management Act , 1999 came into force in June 2000 . It should improve the item in 2004 -- 2005 ( National Electronic Fund Transfer ) . The Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd. , a merger of nine institutions , was founded in 2006 and produces banknotes and coins . The national economy 's growth rate came down to 5.8 % in the last quarter of 2008 -- 2009 and the central bank promotes the economic development . Structure ( edit ) RBI runs a monetary museum in Mumbai The central board of directors is the main committee of the central bank . The Government of India appoints the directors for a four - year term . The Board consists of a governor , and not more than four deputy governors ; four directors to represent the regional boards ; 2 -- usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary -- from the Ministry of Finance and 10 other directors from various fields . The Reserve Bank -- under Raghuram Rajan 's governorship -- wanted to create a post of a chief operating officer ( COO ) , in the rank of deputy governor and wanted to re-allocate work between the five of them ( four deputy governor and COO ) . The bank is headed by the governor and the post is currently held by economist Urjit Patel . There are four deputy governors BP Kanungo , , NS Vishwanathan and Viral Acharya , Mahesh Kumar Jain . Two of the four deputy governors are traditionally from RBI ranks and are selected from the Bank 's Executive Directors . One is nominated from among the Chairpersons of public sector banks and the other is an economist . An Indian Administrative Service officer can also be appointed as deputy governor of RBI and later as the governor of RBI as with the case of Y . Venugopal Reddy and Duvvuri Subbarao . Other persons forming part of the central board of directors of the RBI are Dr. Nachiket Mor , YC Deveshwar , Prof Damodar Acharya , Ajay Tyagi and Anjuly Duggal . Uma Shankar , chief general manager ( CGM ) in charge of the Reserve Bank of India 's financial inclusion and development department has taken over as executive director ( ED ) in the central bank . Sudha Balakrishnan , a former vice president at National Securities Depository Limited , assumed charge as the first chief financial officer ( CFO ) of the Reserve Bank on 15 May 2018 ; she was given the rank of an executive director . Branches and support bodies ( edit ) RBI Headquarters in Mumbai The RBI has four zonal offices at Chennai , Delhi , Kolkata and Mumbai . It has 19 regional offices and 11 sub-offices throughout India . Regional offices are located in Ahmedabad , Bangalore , Bhopal , Bhubaneswar , Chandigarh , Chennai , Delhi , Guwahati , Hyderabad , Jaipur , Jammu , Kanpur , Kochi , Kolkata , Dewas , Lucknow , Mumbai , Nagpur , Patna , Dehradun and Thiruvananthapuram and sub-offices are located in Agartala , Aizawal , Dehradun , Gangtok , Imphal , Panaji , Raipur , Ranchi , Shillong , Shimla and Srinagar . The RBI has four regional representations : North in New Delhi , South in Chennai , East in Kolkata and West in Mumbai . The representations are formed by five members , appointed for four years by the central government and with the advice of the central board of directors serve as a forum for regional banks and to deal with delegated tasks from the Central Board . It has two training colleges for its officers , viz . Reserve Bank Staff College , Chennai and College of Agricultural Banking , Pune . There are three autonomous institutions run by RBI namely National Institute of Bank Management ( NIBM ) , Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research ( IGIDR ) , Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology ( IDRBT ) . There are also four Zonal Training Centres at Mumbai , Chennai , Kolkata and New Delhi . The Board of Financial Supervision ( BFS ) , formed in November 1994 , serves as a CCBD committee to control the financial institutions . It has four members , appointed for two years , and takes measures to strength the role of statutory auditors in the financial sector , external monitoring and internal controlling systems . The Tarapore committee was set up by the Reserve Bank of India under the chairmanship of former RBI deputy governor S.S. Tarapore to `` lay the road map '' to capital account convertibility . The five - member committee recommended a three - year time frame for complete convertibility by 1999 -- 2000 . On 8 December 2017 , Surekha Marandi , Executive Director ( ED ) of Reserve Bank of India , said RBI will open an office in the north - eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh Functions ( edit ) Reserve Bank of India regional office , Delhi entrance with the Yakshini sculpture depicting `` Prosperity through agriculture '' . RBI - Tower in Mumbai The regional office of RBI ( right ) in front of GPO ( left ) at Dalhousie Square , Kolkata . The central bank of any country executes many functions such as overseeing monetary policy , issuing currency , managing foreign exchange , working as a bank for government and as a banker of scheduled commercial banks . It also works for overall economic growth of the country . The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes its main functions as : ... to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage . Financial supervision ( edit ) The primary objective of RBI is to undertake consolidated supervision of the financial sector comprising commercial banks , financial institutions and non-banking finance companies . The Board is constituted by co-opting four Directors from the Central Board as members for a term of two years and is chaired by the governor . The deputy governors of the reserve bank are ex-officio members . One deputy governor , usually , the deputy governor in charge of banking regulation and supervision , is nominated as the vice-chairman of the board . The Board is required to meet normally once every month . It considers inspection reports and other supervisory issues placed before it by the supervisory departments . BFS through the Audit Sub-Committee also aims at upgrading the quality of the statutory audit and internal audit functions in banks and financial institutions . The audit sub-committee includes deputy governor as the chairman and two Directors of the Central Board as members . The BFS oversees the functioning of Department of Banking Supervision ( DBS ) , Department of Non-Banking Supervision ( DNBS ) and Financial Institutions Division ( FID ) and gives directions on the regulatory and supervisory issues . Regulator and supervisor of the financial system ( edit ) The institution is also the regulator and supervisor of the financial system and prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country 's banking and financial system functions . Its objectives are to maintain public confidence in the system , protect depositors ' interest and provide cost - effective banking services to the public . The Banking Ombudsman Scheme has been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) for effective addressing of complaints by bank customers . The RBI controls the monetary supply , monitors economic indicators like the gross domestic product and has to decide the design of the rupee banknotes as well as coins . Regulator and supervisor of the payment and settlement systems ( edit ) Payment and settlement systems play an important role in improving overall economic efficiency . The Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007 ( PSS Act ) gives the Reserve Bank oversight authority , including regulation and supervision , for the payment and settlement systems in the country . In this role , the RBI focuses on the development and functioning of safe , secure and efficient payment and settlement mechanisms . Two payment systems National Electronic Fund Transfer ( NEFT ) and Real Time Gross Settlement ( RTGS ) allow individuals , companies and firms to transfer funds from one bank to another . These facilities can only be used for transferring money within the country . NEFT operates on a deferred net settlement ( DNS ) basis and settles transactions in batches . The settlement takes place for all transactions received till a particular cut - off time . It operates in hourly batches -- there are 12 settlements from 8 am to 7 pm on weekdays and SIX between 8 am and 1 pm on Saturdays . Any transaction initiated after the designated time would have to wait till the next settlement time . In RTGS , transactions are processed continuously , all through the business hours . RBI 's settlement time is 9 am to 4 : 30 pm on weekdays and 9 am to 2 : 00 pm on Saturdays . Banker and debt manager to government ( edit ) Just like individuals need a bank to carry out their financial transactions effectively & efficiently , Governments also need a bank to carry out their financial transactions . RBI serves this purpose for the Government of India ( GoI ) . As a banker to the GoI , RBI maintains its accounts , receive payments into & make payments out of these accounts . RBI also helps GoI to raise money from public via issuing bonds and government approved securities . Managing foreign exchange ( edit ) The central bank manages to reach different goals of the Foreign Exchange Management Act , 1999 . Their objective is to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India . With increasing integration of the Indian economy with the global economy arising from greater trade and capital flows , the foreign exchange market has evolved as a key segment of the Indian financial market and RBI has an important role to play in regulating & managing this segment . RBI manages forex and gold reserves of the nation . On a given day , the foreign exchange rate reflects the demand for and supply of foreign exchange arising from trade and capital transactions . The RBI 's Financial Markets Department ( FMD ) participates in the foreign exchange market by undertaking sales / purchases of foreign currency to ease volatility in periods of excess demand for / supply of foreign currency . Issue of currency ( edit ) Reserve bank of India is the sole body who is authorized to issue currency in India . The bank also destroys the same when they are not fit for circulation . All the money issued by the central bank is its monetary liability , i.e. , the central bank is obliged to back the currency with assets of equal value , to enhance public confidence in paper currency . The objectives are to issue bank notes and give public adequate supply of the same , to maintain the currency and credit system of the country to utilize it in its best advantage , and to maintain the reserves . RBI maintains the economic structure of the country so that it can achieve the objective of price stability as well as economic development because both objectives are diverse in themselves . For printing of notes , the Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited ( SPMCIL ) , a wholly owned company of the Government of India , has set up printing presses at Nashik , Maharashtra and Dewas , Madhya Pradesh . The Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited ( BRBNMPL ) , also has set up printing presses in Mysore in Karnataka and Salboni in West Bengal . In all , there are four printing presses . And for the minting of coins , SPMCIL has four mints at Mumbai , Noida ( UP ) , Kolkata and Hyderabad for coin production . While coins and one rupee notes are minted by Government of India ( GoI ) , the RBI works as an agent of GoI for distributing and handling of coins . RBI also works to prevent counterfeiting of currency by regularly upgrading security features of currency . For printing currency , RBI has four facilities at Dewas , Nasik , Mysore and Salboni . The RBI is authorized to issue notes up to value of Rupees ten thousands and coin up to one thousands . New notes of Rupees 500 and 2000 have been issued on 8 November 2016 . The old series note of Rupees 1000 and 500 are considered illegal and just paper from midnight on 8 November 2016 . Earlier 1000 notes have been discarded by RBI . Banker 's bank ( edit ) Nagpur branch holds most of India 's gold deposits Reserve Bank of India also works as a central bank where commercial banks are account holders and can deposit money . RBI maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks . Commercial banks create credit . It is the duty of the RBI to control the credit through the CRR , bank rate and open market operations . As banker 's bank , the RBI facilitates the clearing of cheques between the commercial banks and helps the inter-bank transfer of funds . It can grant financial accommodation to schedule banks . It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing emergency advances to the banks . It supervises the functioning of the commercial banks and takes action against it if the need arises . The RBI also advises the banks on various matters for example Corporate Social Responsibility . Regulator of the banking system ( edit ) RBI has the responsibility of regulating the nation 's financial system . As a regulator and supervisor of the Indian banking system it ensures financial stability & public confidence in the banking system . RBI uses methods like On - site inspections , off - site surveillance , scrutiny & periodic meetings to supervise new bank licenses , setting capital requirements and regulating interest rates in specific areas . RBI is currently focused on implementing Basel III norms . Detection of fake currency ( edit ) In order to curb the fake currency problem , RBI has launched a website to raise awareness among masses about fake notes in the market . www.paisaboltahai.rbi.org.in provides information about identifying fake currency . On 22 January 2014 ; RBI gave a press release stating that after 31 March 2014 , it will completely withdraw from circulation of all banknotes issued prior to 2005 . From 1 April 2014 , the public will be required to approach banks for exchanging these notes . Banks will provide exchange facility for these notes until further communication . The reserve bank has also clarified that the notes issued before 2005 will continue to be legal tender . This would mean that banks are required to exchange the notes for their customers as well as for non-customers . From 1 July 2014 , however , to exchange more than 15 pieces of ` 500 and ` 1000 notes , non-customers will have to furnish proof of identity and residence as well as show aadhar to the bank branch in which she / he wants to exchange the notes . This move from the reserve bank is expected to unearth black money held in cash . As the new currency notes have added security features , they would help in curbing the menace of fake currency . Developmental role ( edit ) The central bank has to perform a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives and industries . The RBI faces a lot of inter-sectoral and local inflation - related problems . Some of these problems are results of the dominant part of the public sector . Key tools in this effort include Priority Sector Lending such as agriculture , micro and small enterprises ( MSE ) , housing and education . RBI work towards strengthening and supporting small local banks and encourage banks to open branches in rural areas to include large section of society in banking net . Related functions ( edit ) The RBI is also a banker to the government and performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments . It also acts as their banker . The National Housing Bank ( NHB ) was established in 1988 to promote private real estate acquisition . The institution maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks , too . RBI on 7 August 2012 said that Indian banking system is resilient enough to face the stress caused by the drought - like situation because of poor monsoon this year . Custodian to foreign exchange ( edit ) The Reserve Bank has custody of the country 's reserves of international currency , and this enables the Reserve Bank to deal with crisis connected with adverse balance of payments position . 2016 Demonetisation ( edit ) People gathered at ATM of Axis Bank in Mehsana , Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016 . Main article : 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation On 8 November 2016 , the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹ 500 ( US $7.00 ) and ₹ 1,000 ( US $14 ) banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series on the recommendation of the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) . The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism . The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series and ₹ 100 banknotes of the preceding Mahatma Gandhi Series . Following are the key points : Long queue in front of SBI ATM at Paravur near the city of Kollam in Kerala , 19 November 2016 . Citizens will have until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts . Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹ 10,000 per day and ₹ 20,000 per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016 . This limit was increased to ₹ 24,000 per week from 14 November . For immediate cash needs , the old banknotes could be exchanged for the new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2,000 banknotes as well as ₹ 100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof . It was announced that this facility would be available until 30 December 2016 . Initially , the limit was fixed at ₹ 4,000 per person from 8 to 13 November 2016 . This limit was increased to ₹ 4,500 per person from 14 to 17 November 2016 . The limit was reduced to ₹ 2,000 per person from 18 November 2016 . All exchange of banknotes was abruptly stopped from 25 November 2016 . Initially , all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹ 50 and ₹ 100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹ 2000 per day . From 14 November onwards , ATMs recalibrated to dispense new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2000 notes will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹ 2,500 per day , while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹ 50 and ₹ 100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹ 2000 per day . However , exceptions were given to petrol , CNG and gas stations , government hospitals , railway and airline booking counters , state - government recognised dairies and ration stores , and crematoriums to accept the old ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 banknotes until 11 November 2016 , which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016 . International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹ 5,000 for foreign tourists and out - bound passengers . Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016 , families were allowed to withdraw ₹ 250,000 for wedding expenses from one account provided it was KYC compliant . The rules were also changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹ 25,000 per week from their accounts against crop loan . Cash crunch and effects ( edit ) Queue at an ATM for ₹ 100 banknotes in Howrah , on 8 November 2016 , 22 : 23 ( IST ) People queue outside a private bank to deposit and exchange old ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes in Kolkata on 10 November 2016 . The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos , and most people holding old banknotes faced difficulties exchanging them due to endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India , which became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 banknotes since 9 November . ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional , and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional . Sporadic violence was reported in New Delhi , but there were no reports of any grievous injury , people attacked bank premises and ATMs , and a ration shop was looted in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept ₹ 500 banknotes . Policy rates and Reserve ratios ( edit ) Rates as of October 2018 monetary policy meet Policy rates Policy Repo Rate 6.50 % Reverse Repo Rate 6.25 % Marginal Standing Facility Rate 6.75 % Bank Rate 6.75 % Reserve ratios Cash Reserve Ratio ( CRR ) 4 % Statutory Liquidity Ratio ( SLR ) 19.5 % Lending and deposit rates Base Rate 8.65 % -- 9.45 % MCLR ( overnight ) 7.70 % -- 7.95 % Savings Deposit Rate 3.50 % -- 4.00 % Term Deposit Rate for > 1year 6.25 % -- 6.75 % Repo rate ( edit ) Repo ( Repurchase ) rate also known as the benchmark interest rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to the commercial banks for a short - term ( max. 90 days ) . When the repo rate increases , borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive . If RBI wants to make it more expensive for the banks to borrow money , it increases the repo rate similarly , if it wants to make it cheaper for banks to borrow money it reduces the repo rate . If the repo rate is increased , banks ca n't carry out their business at a profit whereas the very opposite happens when the repo rate is cut down . Generally , repo rates are cut down whenever the country needs to progress in banking and economy . Currently , the new RBI governor Sri Urjit Patel has cut the previous Repo rate to 6 % for facilitation of India 's economy . In its fifth bi-monthly Monetary policy review on 6 December 2017 , RBI unchanged Repo Rate and kept at 6 % . If banks want to borrow money ( for short term , usually overnight ) from RBI then banks have to charge this interest rate . currently , Repo rate is set to 6 % w.e.f 9 August 2017 . Banks have to pledge government securities as collateral . This kind of deal happens through a re-purchase agreement . If a bank wants to borrow Rs. 100 crores , it has to provide government securities at least worth Rs. 100 crore ( could be more because of margin requirement which is 5 % - 10 % of loan amount ) and agree to repurchase them at Rs. 106.75 crore at the end of borrowing period . So the bank has paid Rs. 6.75 crore as interest . This is the reason it is called repo rate . The government securities which are provided by banks as collateral can not come from SLR quota ( otherwise the SLR will go below 19.5 % of NDTL and attract penalty ) . Banks have to provide these securities additionally . To curb inflation , RBI increases Repo rate which will make borrowing costly for banks . Banks will pass this increased cost to their customers which make borrowing costly in whole economy . Fewer people will apply for loan and aggregate demand will get reduced . This will result in inflation coming down . RBI does the opposite to fight deflation . Although when RBI reduce Repo rate , banks are not legally required to reduce their base rate . Reverse repo rate ( rrr ) ( edit ) As the name suggest , reverse repo rate is just the opposite of repo rate . Reverse Repo rate is the short term borrowing rate at which RBI borrows money from banks . The reserve bank uses this tool when it feels there is too much money floating in the banking system . An increase in the reverse repo rate means that the banks will get a higher rate of interest from RBI . As a result , banks prefer to lend their money to RBI which is always safe instead of lending it to others ( people , companies etc . ) which is always risky . Repo Rate signifies the rate at which liquidity is injected into the banking system by RBI , whereas Reverse Repo rate signifies the rate at which the central bank absorbs liquidity from the banks . Currently , Reverse Repo Rate is pegged to be 0.25 % below Repo Rate . Statutory liquidity ratio ( SLR ) ( edit ) Apart from the CRR , banks are required to maintain liquid assets in the form of gold , cash and approved securities . Higher liquidity ratio forces commercial banks to maintain a larger proportion of their resources in liquid form and thus reduces their capacity to grant loans and advances , thus it is an anti-inflationary impact . A higher liquidity ratio diverts the bank funds from loans and advances to investment in government and approved securities . In well - developed economies , central banks use open market operations -- buying and selling of eligible securities by the central bank in the money market -- to influence the volume of cash reserves with commercial banks and thus influence the volume of loans and advances they can make to the commercial and industrial sectors . In the open money market , government securities are traded at market - related rates of interest . The RBI is resorting more to open market operations in the more recent years . Generally , RBI uses Minimum margins for lending against specific securities . Ceiling on the amounts of credit for certain purposes . The discriminatory rate of interest charged on certain types of advances . Direct credit controls in India are of three types : Part of the interest rate structure , i.e. , on small savings and provident funds , are administratively set . Banks are mandatory required to keep 19.50 % of their NDTL ( Net Demand and Time Liabilities ) in the form of liquid assets . Banks are required to lend to the priority sectors to the extent of 40 % of their advances . The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain in safe and liquid assets , such as government securities , cash and gold . The present SLR is 19.5 % . Bank rate ( edit ) It is defined in Sec 49 of RBI Act of 1934 as the ' standard rate at which RBI is prepared to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers eligible for purchase ' . When banks want to borrow long term funds from RBI , it is the interest rate which RBI charges to them . It is currently set to 6.75 % ( Second Bi-monthly Monetary Policy Statement , 2018 -- 19 ) . The bank rate is not used to control money supply these days . Although penal rates are linked to bank rate . If a bank fails to keep SLR or CRR then RBI will impose penalty & it will be 300 basis points above bank rate . Liquidity Adjustment facility ( LAF ) ( edit ) Liquidity Adjustment facility was introduced in 2000 . LAF is a facility provided by the Reserve Bank of India to scheduled commercial banks to avail of liquidity in case of need or to park excess funds with the RBI on an overnight basis against the collateral of Government securities . RBI accept application for a minimum amount of Rs. 5 crore and in multiples of Rs. 5 crore thereafter . LAF enables liquidity management on a day - to - day basis . The operations of LAF are conducted by way of repurchase agreements called Repos & Reverse Repos . Cash Reserve ratio ( CRR ) ( edit ) CRR refers to the ratio of bank 's cash reserve balances with RBI with reference to the bank 's net demand & time liabilities to ensure the liquidity & solvency of the scheduled banks . The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain as cash with RBI . The RBI has set CRR at 4 % . 1 % change in it today affects the economy with Rs. 96000 crores . An increase sucks this amount from the economy , while a decrease injects this amount into the economy.So if a bank has 200 Crore of NDTL then it has to keep Rs. 8 Crore in cash with RBI . RBI pays no interest on CRR . Let 's assume economy is showing inflationary trends & RBI wants to control this situation by adjusting SLR & CRR . If RBI increases SLR to 50 % and CRR to 20 % then bank will be left only with Rs. 60 crore for operations . Now it will be very difficult for bank to maintain profitability with such small capital . Bank will be left with no choice but to raise interest rate which will make borrowing costly . This will in turn reduce the overall demand & hence price will come down eventually . Open market operation ( omo ) ( edit ) Open market operation is the activity of buying and selling of government securities in open market to control the supply of money in banking system . When there is excess supply of money , central bank sells government securities thereby sucking out excess liquidity . Similarly , when liquidity is tight , RBI will buy government securities and thereby inject money supply into the economy . Marginal standing facility ( MSF ) ( edit ) This scheme was introduced in May , 2011 and all the scheduled commercial bank can participate in this scheme . Banks can borrow up to 2.5 % percent of their respective Net Demand and Time Liabilities . RBI receive application under this facility for a minimum amount of Rs . One crore and in multiples of Rs . One crore thereafter . The important difference with repo rate is that bank can pledge government securities from SLR quota ( up to one percent ) . So even if SLR goes below 20.5 % ( RBI / 2014 - 15 / 445 DBR. Ret. BC. 70 / 12.02. 001 / 2014 - 15 , dt. 16.10. 2016 ) by pledging SLR quota securities under MSF , bank will not have to pay any penalty . The MSF rate is set to 100 basis point above bank rate and currently is at 6.50 % as of 1.6. 17 . Qualitative tools ( edit ) Margin requirements or LTV ( edit ) Loan to Value is the ratio of loan amount to the actual value of asset purchased . RBI regulates this ratio so as to control the amount bank can lend to its customers . For example , if an individual wants to buy a car from borrowed money and the car value is Rs. 10 Lac , he can only avail a loan amount of Rs. 7 Lac if the LTV is set to 70 % . RBI can decrease or increase to curb inflation or deflation respectively . Selective credit control ( edit ) Under this measure , RBI can specifically instruct banks not to give loans to traders of certain commodities e.g. sugar , edible oil etc . This prevents speculations / hoarding of commodities using money borrowed from banks . Moral suasion ( edit ) Under this measure RBI try to persuade bank through meetings , conferences , media statements to do specific things under certain economic trends . For example , when RBI reduces repo rate , it asks banks to reduce their base rate as well . Another example of this measure is to ask banks to reduce their Non-performing assets ( NPAs ) . Limitations of monetary policy ( edit ) In developing countries like India , Monetary Policy fails to show immediate or no results because of below factors : People do not employ alternative investment options . A large section of society still depends on saving accounts , fixed deposits , Public Provident Fund for investment . Commercial banks have large deposits . RBI is not the main or even prominent money supplier for these banks . So whatever monetary action central bank takes has little or late impact on the economy . Many people in rural areas are out of banking net and whatever RBI does has no impact on their financial activities . Monsoon uncertainty adversely affects food production and thereby cause food inflation . Monetary Policy has no impact on food inflation . Publications ( edit ) A report titled `` Trend and Progress of Banking In India '' is published annually , as required by the Banking Regulation Act , 1949 . The report sums up trends and developments throughout the financial sector . Starting in April 2014 , the Reserve Bank of India publishes bi-monthly policy updates . Further reading ( edit ) S.L.N. Simha . History of the Reserve Bank of India , Volume 1 : 1935 -- 1951 . RBI. 1970 . ISBN 81 - 7596 - 247 - X . ( 2005 reprint PDF ) Reserve Bank of India : Functions and Working . RBI. 2005. ( 2005 reprint PDF ) G. Balachandran . The Reserve Bank of India , 1951 -- 1967 . Oxford University Press . 1998 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564468 - 9 . ( PDF ) A. Vasudevan et al . The Reserve Bank of India , Volume 3 : 1967 -- 1981 . RBI. 2005 . ISBN 81 - 7596 - 299 - 2 . ( PDF ) Cecil Kisch : Review `` The Monetary Policy of the Reserve Bank of India '' by K.N. Raj . In : The Economic Journal . Vol. 59 , No. 235 ( Sep. , 1949 ) , pp. 436 -- 438 . Findlay G. Shirras : The Reserve Bank of India . In The Economic Journal . Vol. 44 , No. 174 ( Jun. , 1934 ) , pp. 258 -- 274 . Narenda Jadhav , Partha Ray , Dhritidyuti Bose , Indranil Sen Gupta : The Reserve Bank of India 's Balance Sheet : Analytics and Dynamics of Evolution , November 2004 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Urjit Patel takes over as RBI governor '' . The Hindu . 22 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RBI '' . Business Standard . Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of India . Rbi.org.in ( 2005 - 02 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of India -- India 's Central Bank . Rbi.org.in . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India -- India 's Central Bank '' . rbi.org.in . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 '' ( PDF ) . p. 115 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT , 1934 ( As modified up to 27 February 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RBI History - Reserve Bank of India Nationalisation Newspaper Clipping '' . Jump up ^ Kolekar , Yogesh Prasad ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` Central Bank -- A Vital Organization of an Economy '' . SSRN 2640638 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Srinivas , Yanamandra ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Minsky , Monetary Policy and Mint Street : Challenges for the Art of Monetary Policymaking in Emerging Economies '' . Levy Economics Institute Working Paper Collection . SSRN 2532526 . Jump up ^ http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/OccasionalPublications.aspx?head=Reserve%20Bank%20of%20India%20Act Jump up ^ Cecil Kisch : Review `` The Monetary Policy of Reserve Bank of India '' by Rohit . In : The Economic Journal . Vol. 59 , No. 235 ( Sep. , 1949 ) , PP. 436 -- 438 , p. 436 . It began according to the guidelines laid down by Dr. BR Ambedkar . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Pranab , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Lecture 2014 on vision of India in 21st century , as envisaged by Dr. Ambedkar , pib.nic.in ^ Jump up to : `` Reserve Bank of India : Platinum Jubilee ( PDF ) '' . RBI.org.in. 2010 . 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Luintel : Financial Development , Economic Growth and Banking Sector Controls : Evidence from India . in The Economic Journal . Vol. 106 , No. 435 ( March 1996 ) , pp. 359 -- 374 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Alpana Killawala : `` History of The Reserve Bank of India -- Summary '' , Reserve Bank of India Press Release , 18.03. 2006 ( RBI ) Jump up ^ Narenda Jadhav , Partha Ray , Dhritidyuti Bose , Indranil Sen Gupta : The Reserve Bank of India 's Balance Sheet : Analytics and Dynamics of Evolution , November 2004 , S. 40 . Jump up ^ Sunil Kumar , Rachita Gulati : Did efficiency of Indian public sector banks converge with banking reforms ? in Int Rev Econ ( 2009 ) 56 : 47 -- 84 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Chronology of Events , Developing the Markets : Seeds of Liberalization - 1985 to 1991 ( RBI ) Jump up ^ Amal Kanti Ray : India 's Social Development in a Decade of Reforms : 1990 -- 91 / 1999 -- 2000 in Social Indicators Research , Volume 87 , Number 3 / July , 2008 , p. 410 . 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Times of India . 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Bank of India '' . rbi.org.in . Jump up ^ Samarjit Das , Kaushik Bhattacharya : Price convergence across regions in India in Empirical Economics ( 2008 ) 34 : 299 -- 313 , S. 312 . Jump up ^ Alpana Sivam , Sadasivam Karuppannan : Role of state and market in housing delivery for low - income groups in India in Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 17 : 69 -- 88 , 2002 , S. 85 . Jump up ^ `` Indian banks can weather impact of drought : RBI '' . August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes : RBI Notice ( Revised ) '' . Reserve Bank of India . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500 , Rs 2000 notes and black money '' . India Today . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Notes out of circulation '' . The Times of India . 8 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500 / - and ₹ 1000 / - Bank Notes -- Revision in limits '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Central Government takes several decisions to facilitate farmers , small traders , Group ' C ' Employees of Central Government including equivalent levels in the Defence and Para Military Forces , Railways and Central Public Sector Enterprises in the aftermath of the cancellation of the legal tender character of the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes ; Also decides to reduce the limit of exchange of old Rs. 500 / - and Rs. 1000 / - notes across the counter in banks from Rs. 4500 / - to Rs. 2000 / - with effect from 18th November , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-modi-said-exchange-limit-to-be-hiked-after-november-24-exchange-stopped-4393985/ Jump up ^ `` ATMs -- Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes -- Closure of operations '' . Reserve Bank of India . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Govt extends old notes exemption deadline to midnight Nov 24 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs on Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of the existing Bank Notes in the denominations of ₹ 500 / - and ₹ 1000 / - '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours '' . The Economic Times . 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation rule modified , families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account '' . India Today . 17 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India demonetisation : Chaos as ATMs run dry '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demonetisation : Chaos grows , queues get longer at banks , ATMs on weekend '' . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India : Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor '' . Al Jazeera. 16 November 2016 . Retrieved 17 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queues get longer at banks , ATMs on weekend '' . The Hindu . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Sporadic violence in Delhi , cops receive 4.5 K calls '' . New Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In western UP , violence marks day 13 of demonetisation -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation effect : ATM vandalism on rise '' . 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Angry customers break bank 's glass door in Kollam '' . The Indian Express . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Reporter , Staff ( 13 November 2016 ) . `` No cash : ' frustrated ' man smashes ATM glass wall '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Hid in Washroom For an Hour : Official After Attack at IDBI Bank '' . Jump up ^ `` Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes '' . Hindustan Times . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nerves snap in long cash wait , shop looted '' . Jump up ^ `` Villagers looted ration shops in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept old notes '' . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation Fallout : Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP 's Chhatarpur Village '' . 12 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.rbi.org.in/home.aspx Jump up ^ http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Wss/DOCs/5T_08121744615763C4DE4D6F9DC464E9EB70E7B4.XLSX Jump up ^ https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=8248&Mode=0 Jump up ^ Monetary policy of India Jump up ^ C.R.L. Narasimhan ( 2 December 2013 ) . `` NPA reduction , a key issue '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maintaining the status quo '' . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . 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"The central board of directors is the main committee of the central bank. The Government of India appoints the directors for a four-year term. The Board consists of a governor, and not more than four deputy governors; four directors to represent the regional boards;[35] 2 — usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary — from the Ministry of Finance and 10 other directors from various fields. The Reserve Bank — under Raghuram Rajan's governorship — wanted to create a post of a chief operating officer (COO), in the rank of deputy governor and wanted to re-allocate work between the five of them (four deputy governor and COO).[36][37]\n"
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"The Government of India"
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-6492339704985208826 | We Bare Bears | We Bare Bears - wikipedia We Bare Bears Jump to : navigation , search We Bare Bears Genre Animation Comedy Created by Daniel Chong Based on The Three Bare Bears by Daniel Chong Directed by Tony Pulham ( art ) Manny Hernandez ( also supervising ) Creative director ( s ) Lauren Sassen Voices of Eric Edelstein Bobby Moynihan Demetri Martin Jason Lee Patton Oswalt Charlyne Yi Cameron Esposito Ellie Kemper Sam Lavagnino Duncan Joiner Theme music composer Ivan Barias Opening theme `` We 'll Be There '' , performed by Estelle Composer ( s ) Brad Breeck Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 74 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Daniel Chong Producer ( s ) Carrie Wilksen Randy Myers ( supervising producer ) Running time 11 minutes Production company ( s ) Cartoon Network Studios Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Cartoon Network Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) -- present ( present ) Website www.cartoonnetwork.com/video/we-bare-bears/index.html We Bare Bears is an American animated sitcom created by Daniel Chong for Cartoon Network . The show made its premiere on July 27 , 2015 and follows three bear siblings , Grizzly , Panda and Ice Bear ( respectively voiced by Eric Edelstein , Bobby Moynihan , and Demetri Martin ) , and their awkward attempts at integrating with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area . Based on Chong 's webcomic The Three Bare Bears , the pilot episode made its world premiere at the KLIK ! Amsterdam Animation Festival , where it won in the `` Young Amsterdam Audience '' category . The series premiered on July 27 , 2015 . Nintendo has also partnered with Cartoon Network to make ads of the show 's characters playing the Nintendo Switch . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Bears 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Broadcast and reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 International 5.3 Other media 6 Home media 6.1 DVD releases 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) We Bare Bears follows three adoptive bear brothers : Grizzly , Panda and Ice Bear . The bears attempt to integrate with human society , such as by purchasing food , making human companions or trying to become famous on the Internet , although these attempts see the bears struggle to do so due to the civilized nature of humans and their own animal instincts . However , in the end , they figure out that they have each other for support . One notable aspect of the show 's humor is the bears ' ability to form a `` bear stack '' . As its name implies , the bears stack on top of each other , which serves as their unique way of transportation . Occasionally , the bears share adventures with their friends , such as child prodigy Chloe , bigfoot Charlie , internet sensation Nom Nom , Park Ranger Tabes and produce saleswoman Lucy . Occasionally , there are flashback episodes which chronicle the adventures of the bears as cubs trying to find a home . So far the only cub episodes of the series are `` The Road '' , `` Pet Shop '' , `` The Island '' , `` Baby Bears on a Plane '' , `` $100 '' and `` The Fair '' . There have been two episodes centered on one bear , `` Burrito '' ( Grizz ) , and `` Yuri and the Bear '' ( Ice Bear ) . There is a Panda one in development . Characters ( edit ) Bears ( edit ) Grizzly ( `` Grizz '' for short ) ( voiced by Eric Edelstein , Sam Lavagnino as a cub ) is a grizzly bear . The oldest and the de facto leader of the brothers , Grizz is a fun - loving bear who tends to get the others into random hijinks . Grizz is paradoxically highly sociable yet socially inept . Despite this , he is constantly wanting to meet new people and tries to befriend everyone he comes across . As a baby , he was rescued by a team of firemen who prevented him from falling off a tree - top during a storm . It seems that he was younger than in most baby bear episodes according to the flashback pictures in `` Burrito . '' It was mentioned by Ice Bear that Grizz writes poems in English , as well as being a DJ and a beatboxer . He also possesses an alter ego as Crowbar Jones who is the star of a series of cheesy home made action movies . Despite Grizz 's desire to be loved by everyone , he still puts his brothers first and foremost and ca n't bare to be separated from them . He has a strange love - hate relationship with Nom Nom , whom he looks up to due to his popularity , yet acknowledges that he can be mean and sometimes untrustworthy . Panda ( voiced by Bobby Moynihan , Duncan Joiner as a cub ) is a giant panda . He is the middle brother and is nicknamed Pan-Pan by Grizz . He is tender - hearted and gets embarrassed or anxious easily . Panda has a lot less self - confidence than his brothers . He is good with technology , and uses that skill on online social media and dating sites , with which he finds little to no success . He is also the one who `` falls in love '' the most quickly . Often several times to court several human girls , most notably Lucy the produce girl who has platonic feelings for him . He is the most creative of the brothers , having written songs in `` Everyone 's Tube '' , and undoubtedly the `` cutest '' as settled in `` Panda 's Sneeze . '' Panda is a vegetarian and has severe allergies to peanuts and cats . It has been revealed that Panda likes Anime and enjoys other things related to Japanese culture . He can be seen eating Ramen in multiple episodes , and in `` Hibernation '' he is seen eating a snack similar to Pocky . Panda also attends community college where he majors in art as revealed in `` Panda 's Art . '' Ice Bear ( voiced by Demetri Martin ) is a polar bear and the youngest brother . Ice Bear is often stoic and rarely speaks . When he does , he speaks mostly in the third person and mostly says his name first before anything else . He learned to talk much later than his two brothers , as revealed in `` The Island '' . He is multilingual , having been shown to speak Korean , French , Japanese ( on `` Losing Ice '' ) and Russian fluently . Ice Bear also is able to speak to pigeons in the episode `` Our Stuff . '' He is also a skilled chef , dancer , piano player , a novice at robotics , charade player ( on `` My Clique '' ; it was revealed on `` The Island '' that he learnt to speak very late , and originally used his charades skills to communicate ) , welder , poet ( which he writes in French ) and a mixed martial artist ( cited as Brazilian jiu - jitsu on `` Chloe '' , but his skill set is closer to Taekwondo and judo with skills in Nunchaku , Shuriken and swords ) . Ice is the most composed of the brothers , always maintaining an `` ice - cool attitude '' in even the most awkward and embarrassing of situations . As seen in `` Losing Ice '' , his brothers often take him for granted and are unappreciative of all the cooking and cleaning he does , although they eventually realize the error of their ways . Ice Bear sleeps in the refrigerator with a fire axe which he can use with either hand . It was revealed in `` Yuri and the Bear '' that Ice bear was raised by a Russian man named Yuri . This is how he learned to speak Russian , and because Yuri spoke exclusively in third person , this is most likely how Ice Bear obtained the habit . He earned accommodation by learning to chop wood , cook salmon , read maps , study calculus , knit , play Uno with standard cards and speak Russian and English , but was cut adrift when Yuri let him go to save him from the poachers , and the ice floated down to the Bay Area . All three bears are ambidextrous . Recurring ( edit ) Chloe Park ( voiced by Charlyne Yi ) is a 10 - year - old ( 9 in Season 1 ) Korean - American girl . She is a child prodigy and attends college in the city . In `` Chloe , '' she breaks into the Bears ' cave to study them for a college presentation , and along the way , she befriends the bears . She does n't have many friends other than the bears and has a hard time relating to her much older peers . In `` My Clique , '' Chloe finally makes some friends with her college classmates , albeit with the help of the Bears . In the same episode she is revealed to be bilingual . Chloe devotes most of her time to studying in the hopes of having a secure future and becomes stressed when it seems like she is on the verge of failing as evidenced in `` The Library '' and `` Professor Lampwick '' . Despite knowing full well that the bears mean well , their antics sometimes stress her too . Nevertheless , she adores them and will often rely on them for help . Mr. Park ( voiced by Jinkoo Jeong ) is Chloe 's father . He was initially reserved about Chloe hanging out with the bears , but warms up to their presence in `` Slumber Party '' . He is bilingual . Mrs. Park ( voiced by Niki Yang ) is Chloe 's mother . She is very supportive of Chloe 's friendship with the bears as evidenced when she makes sandwiches for them in `` Chloe and Ice Bear '' . She is bilingual . Nom Nom ( voiced by Patton Oswalt ) is a koala . He is a famous internet star , known for his `` cute '' videos . While he does n't talk in any of his videos , Nom Nom often swears angrily towards everyone he comes in contact with , especially the bears . Grizzly imposes him enough to talk to him and admits that he liked his video , but Nom Nom is self - centered and more concerned with materialistic things , and is very selfish and lashes out at anyone who he does n't like . In `` Viral Video , '' Nom Nom says that he does not want any friends because he finds them unimportant and too loud , and proves his point by kicking Grizz out of his limo . His temper is so short , he lashes out at anyone who even slightly annoys him . In `` Anger Management '' , it 's revealed that Grizz 's hugs genuinely calm him to the point of making him optimistic . He has further shown a more tolerant side . In `` Nom Nom 's Entourage , '' he saves a picture of his time with the Bears and in `` Kyle , '' opened his home to another koala who claimed to be his brother . Charlie ( voiced by Jason Lee ) is a bigfoot who wanders alone around the San Francisco woods until he meets the Bears in `` Charlie , '' where they agree to let him live in their cave for a little while via a website called CaveShare . It is revealed that , due to his life of solitude , he is socially inept and does n't know how to be a good friend . This results in him unintentionally causing havoc for the Bears whenever he hangs out with them . He is also constantly harassed by the media trying to get pictures of him , which results in him being afraid of cameras . In the episode `` Charlie Ball , '' we see that Charlie is extremely skilled at ball - handling , and that his height makes him perfect for basketball . In `` Charlie 's Big Foot , '' Charlie is revealed to have blue colored blood and a very bendable body due to constantly being harmed by the wilderness which he seems to view as perfectly normal . He also sees Panda as his best friend . Ranger Dana Tabes ( voiced by Cameron Esposito ) is a park ranger . She lives in a cabin located in the park where the Bears live . They first meet her in `` Ranger Tabes '' where she helps them locate a missing package . She is shown to be overly confident , persistent and even downright obsessive with wanting to help the Bears . Her obsession is explored in `` Creature Mysteries '' where she tries to capture and prove Charlie 's existence . In that same episode , it 's revealed that her mother was also a park ranger and the one who inspired her to become one . Her obsession is also prominent in `` Poppy Rangers '' where she was willing to lead a team of girl scouts into a dangerous cave , against Grizz 's wishes . Despite her personality , the Bears consider her their friend . In `` Citizen Tabes '' , it is revealed that her first name is Dana . Kirk Is a dog that Tabes was given as a Christmas present by the Bears in `` Christmas Parties '' . In `` Lunch with Tabes , '' he is shown to be rather clever and mischievous . Ranger Martinez ( voiced by Keith Ferguson ) is Tabes ' partner . He has been a park ranger since Tabes was a child and was initially her mother 's partner . In his old age he is always asleep in a swivel chair and is shown to be rather laid back . He is also very friendly with the Bears . In `` Lunch with Tabes , '' a simple work fan is capable of moving him about the room while he is snoozing . Lucy ( voiced by Ellie Kemper ) is a friend to the Bears and runs a produce delivery service called Lucy 's Produce . She first appears in `` Panda 's Date '' where she takes an immediate liking to the Bears and their goofy personalities . Panda quickly ( as usual ) develops a crush on her , but she seems to be unaware of his feelings . She finally returns in `` Lucy 's Brother '' where it is revealed that she delivers fruit to the Bears every Friday . In that same episode she is shown to have a younger brother named Clifford whom she cares for and worries over immensely . She is shown to be a terrible dancer . She has a mutual friendship with Panda and considers him a great friend . Clifford ( voiced by Hudson West ) is Lucy 's younger brother . He has many allergies and has trouble socializing with others . He constantly wanders off and is very shy . He starts to like Panda once he is considered a friend . He gets defensive of his sister , seen as he is aware that many boys attempts to get close to her . He and Panda reconciled and consider each other close friends . Miki - Chan is a pillow with a picture of an anime school girl on it . Miki - Chan belongs to Panda who acts as something akin to a security blanket for him . He also uses `` her '' as a pretend girlfriend when he feels lonely or stressed . Panda is very protective of Miki - Chan and hates it when others use or steal her . In `` Crowbar Jones , '' Grizz uses her as the girlfriend of the titular movie character which annoys Panda . Captain Craboo is the Bears ' pet crab whom they adopted in the episode `` Emergency '' . He actually came from the super market which Grizz went to buy food and immediately fell in love with the crab . Unfortunately , it pinches onto Ice Bear 's ear causing him to become catatonic and deranged . Grizz and Panda eventually get Craboo off of Ice Bear and resort to giving him tiny mitts so that he does n't pinch Ice Bear again . He returns in `` Captain Craboo '' where it is revealed that he has been gone for quite some time and that Ice Bear still has not forgiven him . However , the two later make up . In that same episode , Craboo attacks Nom Nom , making him a wanted fugitive . By the end of the episode , Craboo solemnly leaves the Bears . The Mailman ( voiced by Keith Ferguson ) is a friendly mailman that occasionally visits the Bears . He first appears in `` Nom Nom '' where he delivers a toy helicopter to the Bears . He falls into a pit where Ice Bear was trapped by Nom Nom . He shows that he does n't mind the situation and also did n't seem to mind being left there . He returns in `` Crowbar Jones '' where he was invited to see the titular movie that Grizz had made . He was easily impressed by it and based on his reactions , simply wishes to have friends . In `` Citizen Tabes , '' he was also impressed with Tabes ' packaging to the point that he was willing to listen to her ramble about how she did it . Mad Scientist ( voiced by Jason Mantzoukas ) is an unnamed scientist who is constantly plotting against the government . He first appears in `` Grizz Helps '' where Grizz answers a want ad for someone to aid him in traveling back in time . He was going to use a chicken named Mark as a test subject and Grizz had to rescue him for its owner . The scientist reappeared in `` Summer Love '' with a pelican assistant named Gary and tried to use a body swapping machine on Panda . He revealed that he once had a girlfriend named Amelia who joined the space program , implying one of reasons he kept conspiring against the government . Production ( edit ) ( From top to bottom ) Grizzly , Panda and Ice Bear ( pictured left ) forming their `` bear stack '' . The show was created by cartoonist Daniel Chong , who had previously worked as a story artist for Pixar and Illumination Entertainment . The show is based on his webcomic The Three Bare Bears , which also features the identifying characters . The comic was published from 2010 to 2011 . Billed as a comedy , the show is a production of Cartoon Network Studios , which developed the program with Chong as part of their shorts development program . It was announced during the network 's 2014 upfront . Nom Nom and Charlie were initially voiced by Ken Jeong and Tom Arnold , respectively , before getting recast sometime before airing . The show 's visual simplistic look was inspired by classic hand - drawn animation akin to Charlie Brown and The Many Adventures of Winnie - the - Pooh . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of We Bare Bears episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) ( KLIK ! Festival ) August 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 26 ) ( UK and Ireland ) 26 July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 26 February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) TBA April 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) TBA Broadcast and reception ( edit ) The pilot episode made its world premiere as part of two separate venues of the KLIK ! Amsterdam Animation Festival at the EYE Film Institute Netherlands : the `` Animated Shorts 5 '' , and the `` Animated Shorts for Kids '' ages 9 to 12 . The short was screened alongside the Dutch premiere of Clarence , the Steven Universe episodes `` Mirror Gem '' and `` Ocean Gem '' , and a live interview with the creator of the latter series , Rebecca Sugar . Described by the institute as `` hilarious and endearing '' , the pilot won in the `` Young Amsterdam Audience '' category . Critical response ( edit ) We Bare Bears has received generally positive reviews from critics . Kevin Johnson from The A.V. Club gave `` Everyday Bears '' a B. He thought the show was charming enough to enjoy , but not `` must - watch '' . He praised the voice actors , but was disappointed that the show did not thoroughly explore the discrimination humans have towards the bears and ended by calling it a `` very good ' just okay ' kind of show '' until the discrimination is explored . International ( edit ) We Bare Bears premiered on Cartoon Network in Canada on July 27 , 2015 and on Cartoon Network in the United Kingdom and Ireland on September 7 , 2015 . The series debuted on Cartoon Network channels in Australia and New Zealand and the Philippines on November 16 . It premiered on Cartoon Network in India on November 29 , 2015 , and in Italy on December 8 , 2015 . We Bare Bears premiered in Pakistan on Cartoon Network on July 13 , 2016 and airs on every Saturday and Sunday at 11 : 00 PM , according to Pakistan Standard Time . In Germany , Austria and Switzerland it airs on Cartoon Network ( Pay - TV ) and Disney Channel ( Free - TV ) . In the Czech Republic it airs on Cartoon Network ( Pay - TV ) and ČT Déčko ( Free - TV ) . Other media ( edit ) See also : List of We Bare Bears episodes § Shorts Penguin Random House announced in 2014 that it will publish books based on various programs for Cartoon Network , including We Bare Bears . The books are produced out of the company 's Cartoon Network Books imprint , a division of the Penguin Young Readers Group , and is based on a partnership with the network that started in 2013 . Home media ( edit ) DVD releases ( edit ) Region 1 DVD title Season ( s ) Aspect ratio Episode count Total running time Release dates Viral Video 16 : 9 12 132 minutes October 4 , 2016 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2016 Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Storyboarding in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Madeline Sharafian , Manny Hernandez , and Bert Youn ( for `` Burrito '' ) Nominated 2016 BAFTA Children 's Awards International Won 2017 17th Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series Won Best Writing Won 2017 24th International Trickfilm Festival Stuttgart Best International Animation Series For Kids Won 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite Cartoon Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CartoonNetworkPR on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Musni , Lauren ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Offbeat : Switch shines in new cross-promotion between Nintendo and Cartoon Network '' . Nintendo Wire . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annecy : Daniel Chong on Cartoon Network 's Big New Play , ' We Bare Bears ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartoon Network Unveils Upfront Slate For 2014 -- 15 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . March 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://mobile.twitter.com/threebarebears/status/847853606715785217 Jump up ^ Hernandez , Manny ( director ) ; Christina Chang , Guillermo Martinez ( writers ) ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Bear Flu '' . We Bare Bears . Season 2 . Episode 11 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Chong , Daniel . The Three Bare Bears ( Online comic ) . Blogger . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We Bare Bears - Interview with Daniel Chong , the Show Creator '' . YouTube . Cartoon Network Australia . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KLIK ! Festival : Animated Shorts 5 '' . EYE Film Institute Netherlands . 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 -- via archive. today ( subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries ) . Jump up ^ `` KLIK ! Festival : Animated Shorts for Kids ( 9 -- 12 ) '' . EYE Film Institute Netherlands . 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 -- via archive. today ( subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries ) . Jump up ^ `` KLIK ! Festival : Cartoon Network : Next Generation '' . EYE Film Institute Netherlands . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 -- via archive. today ( subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries ) . Jump up ^ `` We Bare Bears wint ' Young Amsterdam Audience Award 2014 ' '' ( We Bare Bears wins ' Young Amsterdam Audience Award 2014 ' ) . TV - Visie ( in Dutch ) . Exsite . November 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin . `` We Bare Bears : `` Everyday Bears '' `` babies prolly hate you too '' `` . The A.V. Club . Onion Inc . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Canada ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Do n't miss the NEW series , WE BARE BEARS , premiering tonight at 7PM et / pt ! '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ White , Grant ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` UK Cartoon Network , Boomerang and Cartoonito Announce September Highlights '' . Toonzone . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network UK September 2015 Highlights '' . RegularCapital.com . Turner Broadcasting System Europe ( Press Release ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turner Broadcasting System . `` Cartoon Network Highlights November 2015 '' . US Campaign Archive . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Catch the premiere of ' We Bare Bears ' on November 16 , only on Cartoon Network '' . Click the City . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhatnagar , Richa ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Cartoon Network Launches We Bare Bears in India '' . Cinespeaks . Mumbai . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Partners with Penguin Young Readers Group on New Book Imprint . Children 's Book Council . September 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We Bare Bears DVD news : Box Art for Volume 1 : Viral Video '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.regularcapital.com/2017/05/we-bare-bears-wins-best-international-animation-series-for-kids-at-24th-international-trickfilm-festival-stuttgart/ Jump up ^ https://www.regularcapital.com/2017/08/we-bare-bears-nomination-finalist-nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-mexico-2017/ External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : We Bare Bears 2010s portal Cartoon portal Cartoon Network portal Official website We Bare Bears on IMDb We Bare Bears at the Big Cartoon DataBase Original Webcomic ( hide ) Cartoon Network original programming Former 1990s debuts The Moxy Show ( 1993 -- 2000 ) Space Ghost Coast to Coast ( 1994 -- 2001 ) What a Cartoon ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who voices the bears in we bare bears | [
"We Bare Bears is an American animated sitcom created by Daniel Chong for Cartoon Network. The show made its premiere on July 27, 2015 and follows three bear siblings, Grizzly, Panda and Ice Bear (respectively voiced by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin), and their awkward attempts at integrating with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area. Based on Chong's webcomic The Three Bare Bears, the pilot episode made its world premiere at the KLIK! Amsterdam Animation Festival, where it won in the \"Young Amsterdam Audience\" category. The series premiered on July 27, 2015. [1] Nintendo has also partnered with Cartoon Network to make ads of the show's characters playing the Nintendo Switch.[2]",
"We Bare Bears is an American animated sitcom created by Daniel Chong for Cartoon Network. The show made its premiere on July 27, 2015 and follows three bear siblings, Grizzly, Panda and Ice Bear (respectively voiced by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin), and their awkward attempts at integrating with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area. Based on Chong's webcomic The Three Bare Bears, the pilot episode made its world premiere at the KLIK! Amsterdam Animation Festival, where it won in the \"Young Amsterdam Audience\" category. The series premiered on July 27, 2015. [1] Nintendo has also partnered with Cartoon Network to make ads of the show's characters playing the Nintendo Switch.[2]",
"We Bare Bears is an American animated sitcom created by Daniel Chong for Cartoon Network. The show made its premiere on July 27, 2015 and follows three bear siblings, Grizzly, Panda and Ice Bear (respectively voiced by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin), and their awkward attempts at integrating with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area. Based on Chong's webcomic The Three Bare Bears, the pilot episode made its world premiere at the KLIK! Amsterdam Animation Festival, where it won in the \"Young Amsterdam Audience\" category. The series premiered on July 27, 2015. [1] Nintendo has also partnered with Cartoon Network to make ads of the show's characters playing the Nintendo Switch.[2]"
] | [
"Eric Edelstein",
"Bobby Moynihan",
"Demetri Martin"
] |
-7502388876968236625 | Amy Dowden | Amy Dowden - wikipedia Amy Dowden Amy Dowden Amy Dowden ( 1991 - 08 - 10 ) 10 August 1991 ( age 27 ) Caerphilly , South Wales Residence Wolverhampton , England Occupation Dancer Partner ( s ) Gino Gabriela 2002 -- 2008 Tom Parkes 2008 -- 2011 Benjamin Jones 2011 -- present Amy Dowden ( born 10 August 1991 ) is a Welsh ballroom and Latin American dancer . Dowden and her dancing partner Ben Jones are the current British National Champions in Latin American Dance . In 2017 , Dowden appeared as a professional dancer in the fifteenth series of the British BBC TV talent show Strictly Come Dancing , partnered with comedian Brian Conley . She is the first Welsh professional to take part in the show . Following her elimination with Conley , Dowden won the Children in Need Special partnered with Blue Peter presenter Mark Curry . She returned for her second series in 2018 where she is partnered with Danny John - Jules . The couple were awarded the first 10 score of the series when Darcey Bussell marked their Jive to `` Flip , Flop and Fly '' in week 5 . Contents 1 Strictly Come Dancing 1.1 Performances with Brian Conley 1.2 Performances with Danny John - Jules 2 Personal life 3 References 4 External links Strictly Come Dancing ( edit ) Performances with Brian Conley ( edit ) show Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Revel Horwood Bussell Ballas Tonioli Total Tango / `` Temptation '' 5 16 No Elimination Cha - cha - cha / `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' 5 5 6 19 Bottom Two American Smooth / `` If I Only Had a Brain '' 5 5 6 6 22 Safe Paso Doble / `` I Believe in a Thing Called Love '' 6 6 5 21 Safe 5 Jive / `` It 's Not Unusual '' 6 6 N / A 16 Eliminated Performances with Danny John - Jules ( edit ) show Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Revel Horwood Bussell Ballas Tonioli Total Foxtrot / `` Top Cat ( Theme Song ) '' 6 7 7 7 27 No Elimination Cha - cha - cha / `` Beggin ' '' 7 7 7 7 28 Safe Paso Doble / `` The Greatest Show '' 6 7 7 8 28 Safe Viennese waltz / `` I 've Gotta Be Me '' 6 7 7 7 27 Safe 5 Jive / `` Flip , Flop and Fly '' 9 10 9 9 37 Safe Green number indicates Danny & Amy were at the top of the leaderboard Personal life ( edit ) Dowden is from Caerphilly , South Wales and began dancing at the age of eight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 20 October 2018 ) . `` Who is Amy Dowden ? Strictly Come Dancing star 's age , height , career and more facts '' . Smooth Radio . Retrieved 21 October 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mainwaring , Rachel ( 9 September 2017 ) . `` Who is Strictly pro dancer Amy Dowden ? '' . Wales Online . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gino Gabriela ( England ) & Amy Dowden ( England ) '' . DancesportInfo . Retrieved 21 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Parkes ( England ) & Amy Dowden ( England ) '' . DancesportInfo . Retrieved 21 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Jones ( England ) & Amy Dowden ( England ) '' . DancesportInfo . Retrieved 21 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Amy Dowden ? Strictly Come Dancing star 's age , height , career and more facts '' . Smooth Radio . 27 October 2018 . Retrieved 29 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Laws , Roz ( 14 October 2017 ) . `` Strictly Come Dancing star runs Zumba classes in Great Barr '' . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Strictly Come Dancing - Amy Dowden '' . BBC . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We reveal our biggest pro-dancer line - up ever ! As a trio of outstanding dancers join the show '' . Strictly Come Dancing . 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 23 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Caerphilly dancer becomes first Welsh professional on Strictly Come Dancing - Caerphilly. Observer '' . caerphillyobserver.co.uk. 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Amy Dowden on IMDb Strictly Come Dancing Contestants Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Christmas Specials Winners Celebrities Natasha Kaplinsky Jill Halfpenny Darren Gough Mark Ramprakash Alesha Dixon Tom Chambers Chris Hollins Kara Tointon Harry Judd Louis Smith Abbey Clancy Caroline Flack Jay McGuiness Ore Oduba Joe McFadden Professionals Brendan Cole Darren Bennett Lilia Kopylova Karen Hardy Matthew Cutler Camilla Dallerup Ola Jordan Artem Chigvintsev Aliona Vilani Flavia Cacace Aljaž Skorjanec Pasha Kovalev Aliona Vilani Joanne Clifton Katya Jones Other professionals Erin Boag Dianne Buswell Nadiya Bychkova Karen Clifton Kevin Clifton Andrew Cuerden Graziano Di Prima Amy Dowden Anton du Beke Brian Fortuna Anya Garnis Hanna Haarala Izabela Hannah Chloe Hewitt Hayley Holt Kylie Jones Neil Jones James Jordan Hanna Karttunen Paul Killick Natalie Lowe Oti Mabuse Tristan MacManus Janette Manrara Gorka Márquez Jared Murillo Luba Mushtuk Hazel Newberry Giovanni Pernice Oksana Platero AJ Pritchard Johannes Radebe Kristina Rihanoff Gleb Savchenko Vincent Simone Katya Virshilas Ian Waite Trent Whiddon Robin Windsor Related It Takes Two Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amy_Dowden&oldid=866330919 '' Categories : Living people Welsh female dancers British ballroom dancers 21st - century British dancers People from Caerphilly Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 18 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was amy dowden partner on strictly 2017 | [
"In 2017, Dowden appeared as a professional dancer in the fifteenth series of the British BBC TV talent show Strictly Come Dancing, partnered with comedian Brian Conley.[8] She is the first Welsh professional to take part in the show.[2] Following her elimination with Conley, Dowden won the Children in Need Special partnered with Blue Peter presenter Mark Curry.[citation needed]\n"
] | [
"comedian Brian Conley"
] |
5711948432777475497 | Jane Darwell | Jane Darwell - wikipedia Jane Darwell This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jane Darwell In The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) Patti Woodard ( 1879 - 10 - 15 ) October 15 , 1879 Palmyra , Missouri , U.S. August 13 , 1967 ( 1967 - 08 - 13 ) ( aged 87 ) Woodland Hills , California , U.S. Resting place Forest Lawn Memorial Park , Glendale , California Occupation Actress Years active 1913 -- 1964 Jane Darwell ( born Patti Woodard , October 15 , 1879 -- August 13 , 1967 ) was an American actress of stage , film , and television . With appearances in more than one hundred major motion pictures spanning half a century , Darwell is perhaps best - remembered for her poignant portrayal of the matriarch and leader of the Joad family in the film adaptation of John Steinbeck 's The Grapes of Wrath , for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , and her role as the Bird Woman in Disney 's musical family film , Mary Poppins . Darwell has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Woodard vs. Woodward 2 Career 3 Death 4 Selected filmography 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Born to William Robert Woodard , president of the Louisville Southern Railroad , and Ellen Booth in Palmyra in Marion County in northeastern Missouri , she originally intended to become a circus rider , then later an opera singer . Her father objected , however , and she compromised by becoming an actress but changed her name to Darwell to avoid sullying the family name . The Jane Darwell Birthplace was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 . Woodard vs. Woodward ( edit ) Some sources give Darwell 's birth name as Patti Woodward . They include Women in World History : A Biographical Encyclopedia , Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors : From the silent era to 1965 , Missouri Biographical Dictionary , Screen World 1968 , The New Biographical Dictionary of Film , and Dictionary of Missouri Biography . Career ( edit ) Darwell in the play A Doll 's House , 1945 . She took up voice culture and the piano followed by a course in dramatics . At one point , she decided to enter a convent but instead changed her mind and became an actress . Darwell began acting in theater productions in Chicago and made her first film appearance in 1913 . She appeared in almost twenty films over the next two years before returning to the stage . After a 15 - year absence from films , she resumed her film career in 1930 with a role in Tom Sawyer , and her career as a Hollywood character actress began . Short , stout , and plain , she was quickly cast in a succession of films usually as the mother of one of the major characters . She also appeared in five Shirley Temple films , usually as the housekeeper or grandmother . She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress as `` Ma Joad '' in The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) , a role she was given at the insistence of the film 's star , Henry Fonda . A contract player with 20th Century Fox , Darwell was memorably cast in The Ox - Bow Incident , and occasionally starred in `` B '' movies and played featured parts in scores of major films . Darwell had noted appearances on the stage as well ; in 1944 , she was popular in the stage comedy Suds in Your Eye , in which she played an Irishwoman who had inherited a junkyard . By the end of her career she had appeared in more than 170 films , including Huckleberry Finn ( 1931 ) , Jesse James ( 1939 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) , The Ox - Bow Incident ( 1943 ) , and My Darling Clementine ( 1946 ) . Darwell was among the guest stars on an episode of Faye Emerson 's Wonderful Town , a variety television series which aired on CBS from 1951 to 1952 in which hostess Faye Emerson visits a different city each week to accent the local music . In 1954 , Darwell appeared with Andy Clyde in the episode `` Santa 's Old Suit '' of the series , The Pepsi - Cola Playhouse . This same episode was re-run the following Christmas 1955 on Studio 57 . In 1959 , she appeared with child actor Roger Mobley in the episode `` Mr. Rush 's Secretary '' on the NBC western series , Buckskin , starring Tom Nolan and Sally Brophy . She guest starred on John Bromfield 's crime drama in a modern western setting , Sheriff of Cochise . On July 27 , 1961 , Darwell appeared as `` Grandmother McCoy '' in an episode of the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys . In the story line , the series characters played by Walter Brennan , Richard Crenna , and Kathleen Nolan return to fictitious Smokey Corners , West Virginia for Grandmother McCoy 's 100th birthday gathering . Darwell was fifteen years older than `` son '' , Walter Brennan . Pat Buttram and Henry Jones appeared in this episode as Cousin Carl and Jed McCoy , respectively . Darwell 's final role as the old woman feeding the birds in Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) was personally assigned to her by Walt Disney . On February 8 , 1960 , Darwell received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contributions to the motion - picture industry ; it is located at 6735 Hollywood Boulevard . Death ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In her last years , Darwell 's health was poor . It took personal persuasion from Walt Disney for her to appear in Disney 's Mary Poppins as she was , by then , tired , frail and in her middle eighties . Darwell died August 13 , 1967 , at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills , from a myocardial infarction at the age of 87 . She is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . Selected filmography ( edit ) Brewster 's Millions ( 1914 ) as Mrs. Dan De Mille The Master Mind ( 1914 ) as Milwaukee Sadie The Only Son ( 1914 ) as Mrs. Brainerd The Man on the Box ( 1914 ) as Mrs. Chadwick Ready Money ( 1914 ) as Mrs. Tyler Rose of the Rancho ( 1914 ) as Senora Castro Kenton / Juanita 's Mother The Hypocrites ( 1915 ) as Madam ( uncredited ) The Goose Girl ( 1915 ) as Irma After Five ( 1915 ) as Mrs. Russell - Aunt Diddy The Rug Maker 's Daughter ( 1915 ) as Mrs. Van Buren The Reform Candidate ( 1915 ) as Mrs. Haggerty Little Church Around the Corner ( 1923 ) as Anxious Woman at Mine Disaster ( uncredited ) Tom Sawyer ( 1930 ) as Widow Douglas Fighting Caravans ( 1931 ) as Pioneer Woman ( uncredited ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1931 ) as Widow Douglas Ladies of the Big House ( 1931 ) as Mrs. Turner No One Man ( 1932 ) as Patient ( uncredited ) Young America ( 1932 ) as Schoolteacher ( uncredited ) The Strange Case of Clara Deane ( 1932 ) as Mortimer 's Wife ( uncredited ) Back Street ( 1932 ) as Mrs. Adolph Schmidt Washington Merry - Go - Round ( 1932 ) as Alice 's Aunt ( uncredited ) Hot Saturday ( 1932 ) as Mrs Ida Brock Women Wo n't Tell ( 1932 ) as Mrs. Walter Robinson Air Hostess ( 1933 ) as Ma Kearns The Past of Mary Holmes ( 1933 ) Child of Manhattan ( 1933 ) as Mrs. McGonegle Murders in the Zoo ( 1933 ) as Banquet Guest ( uncredited ) Bondage ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Elizabeth Wharton The Girl in 419 ( 1933 ) as Nurse Esmond ( uncredited ) Emergency Call ( 1933 ) as Head Nurse Brown ( uncredited ) Jennie Gerhardt ( 1933 ) as Boardinghouse Keeper ( uncredited ) Bed of Roses ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Webster - Head Prison Matron ( uncredited ) Before Dawn ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Marble He Could n't Take It ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Case One Sunday Afternoon ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Lind Ann Vickers ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Gage ( uncredited ) Aggie Appleby , Maker of Men ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Spence - Landlady ( uncredited ) Only Yesterday ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Lane Design for Living ( 1933 ) as Curtis ' Housekeeper Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) as Roman Spa Proprietress ( uncredited ) King for a Night ( 1933 ) as Mrs. Williams ( uncredited ) Cross Country Cruise ( 1934 ) as Mrs. O'Hara ( uncredited ) Fashions of 1934 ( 1934 ) as Customer at Maison Elegance ( uncredited ) Wonder Bar ( 1934 ) as Baroness ( uncredited ) Heat Lightning ( 1934 ) as Gladys David Harum ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Woolsey ( uncredited ) Journal of a Crime ( 1934 ) as Dinner Guest ( uncredited ) Once to Every Woman ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Wood Finishing School ( 1934 ) as Maude - interns ' Receptionist ( uncredited ) The Scarlet Empress ( 1934 ) as Miss Cardell , Sophia 's Nurse ( uncredited ) Change of Heart ( 1934 ) as Mrs. McGowan Let 's Talk It Over ( 1934 ) as Mrs. O'Keefe The Most Precious Thing in Life ( 1934 ) as Mrs. O'Day Blind Date ( 1934 ) as Ma Taylor Million Dollar Ransom ( 1934 ) as Ma McGarry ( uncredited ) Embarrassing Moments ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Stuckelberger One Night of Love ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Barrett - Mary 's Mother ( uncredited ) Desirable ( 1934 ) as Frederick 's Mother ( uncredited ) Wake Up and Dream ( 1934 ) as Landlady Happiness Ahead ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Davis - the Landlady Tomorrow 's Youth ( 1934 ) as Mary O'Brien The Firebird ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Miller - Apartment House Tenant ( uncredited ) The White Parade ( 1934 ) as Miss ' Sailor ' Roberts Gentlemen Are Born ( 1934 ) as Landlady ( uncredited ) Bright Eyes ( 1934 ) as Elizabeth Higgins One More Spring ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Mary Sweeney McFadden 's Flats ( 1935 ) as Nora McFadden Life Begins at 40 ( 1935 ) as Ida Harris Curly Top ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Henrietta Denham Navy Wife ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Louise Keats Metropolitan ( 1935 ) as Grandma ( uncredited ) We 're Only Human ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Walsh Paddy O'Day ( 1936 ) as Dora The Country Doctor ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Graham The First Baby ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Ellis Captain January ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Eliza Croft Private Number ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Meecham Little Miss Nobody ( 1936 ) as Martha Bradley The Poor Little Rich Girl ( 1936 ) as Woodward White Fang ( 1936 ) as Maud Mahoney Star for a Night ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Martha Lind Ramona ( 1936 ) as Aunt Ri Hyar Craig 's Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Harold Laughing at Trouble ( 1936 ) as Glory Bradford Love Is News ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Flaherty Nancy Steele Is Missing ! ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Mary Flaherty The Great Hospital Mystery ( 1937 ) as Miss Sarah Keats Fifty Roads to Town ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Henry Slave Ship ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Marlowe The Singing Marine ( 1937 ) as `` Ma '' Marine Wife , Doctor and Nurse ( 1937 ) Mrs. Krueger Dangerously Yours ( 1937 ) as Aunt Cynthia Barton Change of Heart ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Thompson The Jury 's Secret ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Sheldon Battle of Broadway ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Rogers Three Blind Mice ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Killan Little Miss Broadway ( 1938 ) as Miss Hutchins Time Out for Murder ( 1938 ) as Polly - Helen 's Supervisor Five of a Kind ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Waldron Up the River ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Graham Jesse James ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Samuels Inside Story ( 1939 ) as Aunt Mary Perkins The Zero Hour ( 1939 ) as Sophie Unexpected Father ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Callahan Grand Jury Secrets ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Keefe The Rains Came ( 1939 ) as Aunt Phoebe - Mrs. Smiley 20,000 Men a Year ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Allen Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Merriwether Miracle on Main Street ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Herman The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) as Ma Joad Untamed ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Maggie Moriarty Brigham Young ( 1940 ) as Eliza Kent Youth Will Be Served ( 1940 ) as Supervisor Stormer Chad Hanna ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Huguenine Thieves Fall Out ( 1941 ) as Grandma Allen Private Nurse ( 1941 ) as Miss Adams The Devil and Daniel Webster ( 1941 ) as Ma Stone All Through the Night ( 1942 ) as Mrs. ' Ma ' Donahue Young America ( 1942 ) as Grandmother Nora Campbell On the Sunny Side ( 1942 ) as Annie Small Town Deb ( 1942 ) as Katie It Happened in Flatbush ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Maguire Men of Texas ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Scott aka Aunt Hattie The Loves of Edgar Allan Poe ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Mariah Clemm Highways by Night ( 1942 ) as Grandma Fogarty The Great Gildersleeve ( 1942 ) as Aunt Emma Forrester Gildersleeve 's Bad Day ( 1943 ) as Aunt Emma Forrester The Ox - Bow Incident ( 1943 ) as Ma Grier Stage Door Canteen ( 1943 ) as Jane Darwell Government Girl ( 1943 ) as Miss Trask ( uncredited ) Tender Comrade ( 1943 ) as Mrs. Henderson Reckless Age ( 1944 ) as Mrs. Connors The Impatient Years ( 1944 ) as Minister 's Wife Music in Manhattan ( 1944 ) as Mrs. Pearson She 's a Sweetheart ( 1944 ) as Mom Sunday Dinner for a Soldier ( 1944 ) as Mrs. Helen Dobson I Live in Grosvenor Square ( 1945 ) as Mrs. Patterson Captain Tugboat Annie ( 1945 ) as Tugboat Annie The Dark Horse ( 1946 ) as Aunt Hattie Three Wise Fools ( 1946 ) as Sister Mary Brigid My Darling Clementine ( 1946 ) as Kate Nelson Keeper of the Bees ( 1947 ) as Mrs. Ferris The Red Stallion ( 1947 ) as Mrs. Aggie Curtis Train to Alcatraz ( 1948 ) as Aunt Ella 3 Godfathers ( 1948 ) as Miss Florie Red Canyon ( 1949 ) as Aunt Jane The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Murphy Wagon Master ( 1950 ) as Sister Ledyard Caged ( 1950 ) as Isolation Matron Surrender ( 1950 ) as Molly Hale Redwood Forest Trail ( 1950 ) as Hattie Hickory Three Husbands ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Wurdeman The Second Face ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Lockridge Father 's Wild Game ( 1950 ) as Minverva Bobbin The Lemon Drop Kid ( 1951 ) as Nellie Thursday Excuse My Dust ( 1951 ) as Mrs. Belden Journey Into Light ( 1951 ) as Mack We 're Not Married ! ( 1952 ) as Mrs. Bush The Sun Shines Bright ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Aurora Ratchitt It Happens Every Thursday ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Eva Spatch Affair With a Stranger ( 1953 ) as Ma Stanton The Bigamist ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Connelley Hit the Deck ( 1955 ) as Jenny There 's Always Tomorrow ( 1955 ) as Mrs. Rogers A Life at Stake ( 1955 ) as Landlady Girls in Prison ( 1956 ) as Matron Jamieson The Last Hurrah ( 1958 ) as Delia Boylan Hound - Dog Man ( 1959 ) as Granndma Wilson Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) as The Bird Woman ( final film role ) See also ( edit ) List of actors with Academy Award nominations Biography portal Missouri portal California portal Theatre portal Film portal Television portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Obituary Variety , August 16 , 1967 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( 1967 - 08 - 15 ) . `` Jane Darwell , 87 , Actress , Is Dead '' ( PDF , fee required ) . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Morgan , Barbara . `` Darwell , Jane ( 1879 -- 1967 ) '' . Encyclopedia.com . Gale Research , Inc . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Monush , Barry ( 2003 ) . Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors : From the silent era to 1965 . Hal Leonard Corporation . pp. 174 -- 75 . ISBN 9781557835512 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onofrio , Jan ( 2001 ) . Missouri Biographical Dictionary . Somerset Publishers , Inc. p. 197 . ISBN 9780403095988 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willis , John ( 1968 ) . Screen World 1968 . Biblo & Tannen Publishers . p. 230 . ISBN 9780819603098 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomson , David ( 2014 ) . The New Biographical Dictionary of Film . ALFRED A KNOPF . p. 251 . ISBN 9780375711848 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Lawrence O. ; Foley , William E. ; Kremer , Gary ( 1999 ) . Dictionary of Missouri Biography . University of Missouri Press . p. 230 . ISBN 9780826260161 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MovieActors.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Jane Darwell Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . www.walkoffame.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Darwell '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jane Darwell . Jane Darwell on IMDb Jane Darwell at the Internet Broadway Database Jane Darwell at Find a Grave Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 1936 -- 1950 Gale Sondergaard ( 1936 ) Alice Brady ( 1937 ) Fay Bainter ( 1938 ) Hattie McDaniel ( 1939 ) Jane Darwell ( 1940 ) Mary Astor ( 1941 ) Teresa Wright ( 1942 ) Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Ethel Barrymore ( 1944 ) Anne Revere ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Claire Trevor ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Gloria Grahame ( 1952 ) Donna Reed ( 1953 ) Eva Marie Saint ( 1954 ) Jo Van Fleet ( 1955 ) Dorothy Malone ( 1956 ) Miyoshi Umeki ( 1957 ) Wendy Hiller ( 1958 ) Shelley Winters ( 1959 ) Shirley Jones ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Patty Duke ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Lila Kedrova ( 1964 ) Shelley Winters ( 1965 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1966 ) Estelle Parsons ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) Helen Hayes ( 1970 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1971 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1972 ) Tatum O'Neal ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Lee Grant ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Beatrice Straight ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Geena Davis ( 1988 ) Brenda Fricker ( 1989 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Marisa Tomei ( 1992 ) Anna Paquin ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Lupita Nyong'o ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Allison Janney ( 2017 ) BNE : XX1498647 BNF : cb13940366q ( data ) GND : 137810768 ISNI : 0000 0000 5886 3555 LCCN : n85378408 SNAC : w69b17h2 SUDOC : 090300696 VIAF : 5635149919442606650003 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Darwell&oldid=851635347 '' Categories : 1879 births 1967 deaths Actresses from Missouri American film actresses American stage actresses Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners People from Marion County , Missouri Actresses from Los Angeles Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Glendale ) 20th - century American actresses 20th Century Fox contract players Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 16 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the bird woman in mary poppins | [
"Jane Darwell (born Patti Woodard, October 15, 1879 – August 13, 1967) was an American actress of stage, film, and television.[1] With appearances in more than one hundred major motion pictures spanning half a century, Darwell is perhaps best-remembered for her poignant portrayal of the matriarch and leader of the Joad family in the film adaptation of John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath, for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and her role as the Bird Woman in Disney's musical family film, Mary Poppins. Darwell has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.\n"
] | [
"Jane Darwell"
] |
2256159845986641982 | When pigs fly | When pigs fly - wikipedia When pigs fly Jump to : navigation , search For the sketch comedy group , see The Flying Pigs . For other uses , see When Pigs Fly ( disambiguation ) . A doctored photograph showing a winged pig The phrase `` when pigs fly '' ( alternatively , `` pigs might fly '' ) is an adynaton -- a figure of speech so hyperbolic that it describes an impossibility . The implication of such a phrase is that the circumstances in question ( the adynaton , and the circumstances to which the adynaton is being applied ) will never occur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meaning 2 In popular culture 3 References 4 External links Meaning ( edit ) `` When pigs fly '' is an adynaton , a way of saying that something will never happen . The phrase is often used for humorous effect , to scoff at over-ambition . There are numerous variations on the theme ; when an individual with a reputation for failure finally succeeds , onlookers may sarcastically claim to see a flying pig . ( `` Hey look ! A flying pig ! '' ) Other variations on the phrase include `` And pigs will fly '' , this one in retort to an outlandish statement . An example occurs in the film The Eagle Has Landed : an Irish secret agent working for the Nazis replies to a German general speaking of Germany 's shortly winning World War II , `` Pigs may fly , General , but I doubt it ! '' Later , when the Irishman sees German soldiers parachuting before an attack , he says to himself , `` Mother of God ! Flying pigs ! '' An identical phrase , used to express impossibilities , exists in Romanian , Când o zbura porcul , literally meaning `` When the pig shall fly '' ; an equivalent also implying an animal is La Paștele cailor , literally : `` on horses ' Easter '' . Similar phrases in English include `` when hell freezes over '' , the Latin expression `` to the Greek calends '' , and `` and monkeys might fly out of my butt '' , popularized in Wayne 's World skits and movies . They are examples of adynata . In Finnish , the expression `` kun lehmät lentävät '' ( when cows fly ) is used because of its alliteration . In French , the most common expression is `` quand les poules auront des dents '' ( when hens will have teeth ) . In Polish , a similar expression is `` See a tank rolling in here ? '' , while simultaneously lowering a lower eyelid with a finger . Sometimes , when in return to this a slightly more limited , but still improbable answer is given , the speaker repeats the gesture , stating : `` Maybe at least a gun barrel sticks out ? '' : `` I 'm sure that the cows will make a permanent colony on the Moon by the end of 2012 . '' `` Yeah , sure . See a tank rolling in here ? '' ( lowering the eyelid ) `` Well , maybe not 2012 , but 2013 , surely . '' `` Maybe at least a gun barrel sticks out ? '' ( repeating the gesture . ) The idiom is apparently derived from a centuries - old Scottish proverb , though some other references to pigs flying or pigs with wings are more famous . At least one appears in the works of Lewis Carroll : `` Thinking again ? '' the Duchess asked , with another dig of her sharp little chin . `` I 've a right to think , '' said Alice sharply , for she was beginning to feel a little worried . `` Just about as much right , '' said the Duchess , `` as pigs have to fly ... '' -- Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , Chapter 9 . American literature author John Steinbeck was told by his professor that he would be an author when pigs flew . When he eventually became a novelist , he started to print every book he wrote with the insignia `` Ad astra per alas porci '' ( to the stars on the wings of a pig ) . He sometimes added an image of a flying pig , called `` Pigasus '' . In popular culture ( edit ) Fliegende Schweine by Michael Maschka In Lewis Carroll 's Through the Looking - Glass ( 1872 ) , the poem `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' poses the question of `` whether pigs have wings '' . Pigasus was a flying pig character in the Oz books written by Ruth Plumly Thompson in the 1930s . Because of the historical importance of the pig industry to the city , prominent in the local iconography of Cincinnati ( nicknamed ' Porkopolis ' ) are such events as the Big Pig Gig and the Flying Pig Marathon . Public art around town features flying pigs . In Grand Prairie , TX , the semi-pro baseball team is the ( Grand Prairie AirHogs ) . In advertising , they have used the slogan `` Where Hogs fly '' . In the 1968 movie The Lion in Winter , King Henry II tells his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine `` When pigs have wings ! '' . She replies `` There 'll be pork in the trees come morning ! '' Pink Floyd had a flying pig on the cover of the Animals album . This clearly ties in with the album 's songs `` Pigs On The Wing '' . Since then the group has used a flying pig as a prop for concerts . See Pink Floyd pigs . This album cover is one of the many cultural references in the game Jet Set Willy ; the Emergency Power Generator is a miniature indoor version of Battersea Power Station with a pig flying over it . That flying - pig sprite is also used in several other rooms . In Alice , a popular TV series based on the 1974 movie Alice Does n't Live Here Any More . Alice ( Linda Lavin ) worked at Mel 's Diner along with a spunky waitress named Flo ( Polly Holliday ) . Flo spoke with a southern twang , and one of her favorite sayings was , `` When Pigs Fly ! '' In The Simpsons episode , `` Lisa the Vegetarian '' , Lisa pushes Homer 's prize pig down a hill into a river , where it ends up getting shot through the air by a dam 's spillway suction . In his office Mr. Burns says to Smithers he would like to do something charitable with his wealth , donating a million dollars to the orphanage . Smithers becomes confused at this , and Burns answers `` when pigs fly '' . The pig then passes his window in flight , much to their surprise , at which point he admits he would still like to keep his money . In the Scott Pilgrim vs. the World : The Game subspace highway screens , players may be rewarded with money by destroying flying Piggy Banks . In Hexen the player can be turned into a pig and use wings of wrath , this results in a flying pig . Arjen Anthony Lucassen 's second solo album , Lost in the New Real features a track titled `` Where pigs fly '' . In the UK BBC One series called ShakespeaRe - Told adaptation of Macbeth , the character Joe Macbeth 's monologue `` Is that a ( police ) helicopter ? Is it landing on this building ? Pigs will fly ! Pigs will fly ! '' It is the film 's translation of `` The Birnam Wood '' reference to the warning given to Macbeth in the Shakespeare play of the same name , in which he is warned that `` Macbeth shall never vanquish 'd be until / Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill / Shall come against him . '' After the New Orleans Saints , long known for their lack of success , won the 2009 NFC Championship Game by making a field goal in sudden death overtime , longtime Saints radio announcer Jim Henderson exclaimed , `` Pigs have flown ! Hell has frozen over ! The Saints are on their way to the Super Bowl ! '' Flying pigs were seen in the film Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang and were a large part of the promotion related to it , including its major promotional posters . The original Nanny McPhee film had featured the phrase `` snow in August '' as a similar reference to something that was supposed to be impossible . The cover of Stephen Colbert 's adult - targeted picture book I Am a Pole ( And So Can You ! ) features an emblem stating that it is a `` Caldecott Eligible Book '' and a picture of Colbert riding a flying pig , a tongue - in - cheek reference to the book 's actual likelihood of being nominated for this award . In the third season of the Canadian sketch comedy series The Kids in the Hall , a flying pig ( portrayed by Bruce McCulloch ) appeared in several sketches to entertain people who had been waiting in long lines . In Eminem 's 2013 song `` Legacy '' , a variant phrase of this is said : `` The day you beat me , pigs will fly out my ass into a flying saucer full of Italian sausage ! '' In The 7D episode `` When Pigs Fly '' , Hildy and Grim Gloom use a spell to give the pigs owned by the farmer Zoinky McZoinks wings and control them as part of their plan to eat all the food in Jollywood in order to cause its citizens to head to Hildegard Estates to become their minions . The 7D managed to thwart the plan by coating the Glooms ' house in chocolate . By the end of the episode , the flying pigs were returned to Zoinky McZoinks who managed to make some money off the flying pigs . In Star vs. the Forces of Evil episode `` Brittney 's Party '' , Brittney Wong told Star that she will be invited to her birthday party `` when pigs fly '' . Star took it literally and used her wand to create an actual flying pig in order to get invited . On the wall of a building along Biscayne Blvd . near 81st St. in Miami , Florida ( see illustration ) . In a self - effacing reference to their less - than - stellar record , the log canoe Edmee S. has adopted a flying pig as their mascot . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pigs might fly '' . World Wide Words. 2002 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Haylett , Trevor ( June 4 , 1993 ) . `` Tennis : Martina primed for revenge '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ John Steinbeck : A Biography , Jay Parini , Holt Publishing , 1996 Jump up ^ Jack Snow , Who 's Who in Oz , Chicago , Reilly & Lee , 1954 ; New York , Peter Bedrick Books , 1988 ; p. 161 . Jump up ^ Grace , Kevin ( Jan 4 , 2012 ) . `` Legendary Locals of Cincinnati '' . Arcadia Publishing . p. 9 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rick Jervis , `` Saints , Colts fans celebrate victories '' , USA Today , January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sean O'Neal ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` 10 episodes that take you inside the weird world of The Kids In The Hall '' . The A.V. Club . External links ( edit ) Look up when pigs fly in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Humorous Internet memorandum RFC 1925 insists that `` with sufficient thrust , pigs fly just fine '' . ( hide ) Pigs Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd As food Bacon Ham Lard Pork Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Scottish pork taboo Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig 's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and Feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting In the Philippines Razorback Pigs in culture Iron Age pig Flitch of bacon custom Miss Piggy Pigs in Space Porky Pig Piglet `` The Three Little Pigs '' Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe : Pig in the City Bad Piggies My Brother the Pig Charlotte 's Web The Sheep - Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Fair , then Partly Piggy Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Olivia ( character TV series ) Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Spider - Ham Spider pig The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland `` This Little Piggy '' Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Other List of pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus ( politics ) `` When pigs fly '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_pigs_fly&oldid=804566756 '' Categories : Fictional pigs Figures of speech Hidden categories : Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latina 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the phrase when pigs fly come from | [
"The idiom is apparently derived from a centuries-old Scottish proverb, though some other references to pigs flying or pigs with wings are more famous. At least one appears in the works of Lewis Carroll:"
] | [
"Scottish proverb"
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1773144342058789458 | Leave It to Beaver | Leave It to Beaver - wikipedia Leave It to Beaver Jump to : navigation , search Leave It to Beaver Season one title screen Genre Sitcom , children 's television series Created by Joe Connelly Bob Mosher Starring Barbara Billingsley Hugh Beaumont Tony Dow Jerry Mathers Theme music composer David Kahn Melvyn Leonard Mort Greene Opening theme `` The Toy Parade '' Composer ( s ) Pete Rugolo ( 1962 -- 63 ) Paul Smith ( 1962 -- 63 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 234 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Joe Connelly Bob Mosher Location ( s ) Republic Studios Universal Studios Los Angeles Camera setup Single - camera Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Revue Studios MCA TV Gomalco Productions ( 1957 -- 61 ) Kayro Productions ( 1961 -- 63 ) Distributor Universal Television NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network CBS ( 1957 -- 58 ) ABC ( 1958 -- 63 ) Picture format Black - and - white Audio format Monaural Original release October 4 , 1957 ( 1957 - 10 - 04 ) -- June 20 , 1963 ( 1963 - 06 - 20 ) Chronology Followed by Still the Beaver The New Leave It to Beaver Leave It to Beaver ( 1997 film ) Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom about an inquisitive and often naïve boy , Theodore `` The Beaver '' Cleaver ( portrayed by Jerry Mathers ) , and his adventures at home , in school , and around his suburban neighborhood . The show also starred Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont as Beaver 's parents , June and Ward Cleaver , and Tony Dow as Beaver 's brother Wally . The show has attained an iconic status in the United States , with the Cleavers exemplifying the idealized suburban family of the mid-20th century . The show was created by the writers Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher . These veterans of radio and early television found inspiration for the show 's characters , plots and dialogue in the lives , experiences and conversations of their own children . Leave It to Beaver is one of the first primetime sitcom series written from a child 's point of view . Like several television dramas and sitcoms of the late 1950s and early 1960s ( Lassie and My Three Sons ) , Leave It to Beaver is a glimpse of middle - class American boyhood . In a typical episode , Beaver gets into some sort of boyish scrape , then faces his parents for reprimand and correction . Neither parent was omniscient ; the series often showed the parents debating their approach to child rearing , and some episodes were built around parental gaffes . Leave It to Beaver ran for six full 39 - week seasons ( 234 episodes ) . The series had its debut on CBS on October 4 , 1957 . The following season , it moved to ABC , where it stayed until completing its run on June 20 , 1963 . Throughout the show 's run , it was shot with a single camera on black - and - white 35mm film . The show 's production companies included the comedian George Gobel 's Gomalco Productions ( 1957 -- 61 ) and Kayro Productions ( 1961 -- 63 ) with filming at Revue Studios / Republic Studios and Universal Studios in Los Angeles . The show was distributed by MCA TV . The still - popular show ended its run in 1963 primarily because it had reached its natural conclusion : In the show , Wally was about to enter college and the brotherly dynamic at the heart of the show 's premise would be broken with their separation . Contemporary commentators praised Leave It to Beaver , with Variety comparing Beaver to Mark Twain 's Tom Sawyer . Much juvenile merchandise was released during the show 's first run , including board games , novels , and comic books . The show has enjoyed a renaissance in popularity since the 1970s through off - network syndication , a reunion telemovie ( Still the Beaver , 1983 ) and a sequel series , The New Leave It to Beaver ( 1985 -- 89 ) . In 1997 , a movie version based on the original series was released to negative reviews . In October 2007 , TV Land celebrated the show 's 50th anniversary with a marathon . Although the show never broke into the Nielsen ratings top 30 or won any awards , it placed on Time magazine 's unranked 2007 list of `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - Time '' . According to Tony Dow , `` If any line got too much of a laugh , they 'd take it out . They did n't want a big laugh ; they wanted chuckles . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Concept , pilot , and premiere 1.2 Sponsors and budget 1.3 Characters and casting 1.4 Writers and directors 1.5 Filming 1.6 Opening and closing sequences 1.7 Music 1.8 Settings 1.8. 1 Time setting 1.8. 1.1 Mapleton Drive house 1.8. 1.2 Pine Street house 2 Themes and recurring elements 2.1 Format and content 2.2 Themes 2.3 Signature show elements 2.3. 1 Slang 2.3. 2 Punishment 2.3. 3 Cleanliness 2.3. 4 Bathrooms 2.3. 5 Beaver and girls 3 Cancellation and subsequent developments 3.1 Final episode 3.2 Cast appearances on Lassie 3.3 Reunion telemovie ( 1983 ) 3.4 Sequel series ( 1984 -- 1989 ) 4 Media information 4.1 Broadcast history 4.2 Marketing and merchandise 4.2. 1 Books 4.2. 2 Dell comic books 4.2. 3 Hasbro board games 4.3 Feature film adaptation 4.4 DVD releases 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) Concept , pilot , and premiere ( edit ) In 1957 , the radio , film and television writers Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher developed a concept for a TV show about childhood and family life featuring a fictional suburban couple and their children . Unlike The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet , Father Knows Best and other sitcoms and domestic comedies of the era , the show would not focus on the parents , but rather on their children , with the series being told from the kids ' point of view . Working titles during the show 's gestation period included It 's a Small World and Wally and the Beaver . The pilot aired April 23 , 1957 , as `` It 's a Small World '' on the anthology series Heinz Studio 57 . Jerry Mathers and Paul Sullivan The stars of the pilot were Casey Adams and Paul Sullivan ( as father and son Ward and Wally Cleaver ) . They were replaced as production of the series neared . Six months after the broadcast of the pilot , the series debuted on CBS on Friday October 4 , 1957 , as Leave It to Beaver , with the episode third in production order , `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' . The intended premiere , `` Captain Jack '' , displayed a toilet tank ( which did n't pass the censor 's office in time for the show 's scheduled debut ) and aired the week following the premiere . `` Captain Jack '' has claimed its place in television history as the first American TV show to display a toilet tank . In 1997 , it was ranked number 42 in TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . Sponsors and budget ( edit ) Remington Rand was a potential sponsor during the show 's conception and counseled against the show 's suggested title , Wally and the Beaver , believing viewers would think the show was a nature program . The show was ultimately sponsored by Ralston Purina , with General Electric ( the GE logo was clearly visible on all kitchen appliances ) and Chrysler Corporation sponsoring the later seasons ( Ward Cleaver was often seen driving the newest Plymouth Fury during the opening credits or coming home from work , starting in Season 3 . In the first two seasons , he drove a 1957 Ford ) . Episodes were budgeted at $30,000 to $40,000 each ( $250,592.88 to $334,123.84 in 2015 dollars ) , making the show one of the most costly to produce at the time . High production costs were in part due to many outdoor scenes . The most expensive single episode , `` In the Soup '' ( in which Beaver gets stuck in an advertising billboard with a gigantic make - believe cup of soup , curious as to how `` steam '' came out of the cup ) , was budgeted at $50,000 . Two billboards were built for the episode : one outside on the back lot , and the other inside the studio . Characters and casting ( edit ) Leave It to Beaver cast ( L -- R ) : Hugh Beaumont , Tony Dow , Barbara Billingsley and Jerry Mathers , circa 1959 Casting directors interviewed hundreds of child actors for the role of Beaver but kept calling back Jerry Mathers , an eight - year - old with substantial acting experience . At one of many auditions , Mathers wore his Cub Scout uniform and told casting personnel he was anxious to leave for his den meeting . Connelly and Mosher were charmed with Mathers 's innocent candor and cast him in the title role . Barbara Billingsley , an actress with experience in several B movies and one failed television series ( Professional Father ) , was then hired to play Beaver 's mother , June . Preteen Tony Dow accompanied a friend auditioning for Johnny Wildlife to the studio , and , although Dow had no aspirations to an acting career , tried out for the role of Beaver 's brother , Wally , and was hired . Several adult candidates then auditioned for the role of Beaver 's father , Ward , but Connelly and Mosher finally signed Hugh Beaumont , an actor and Methodist lay minister who had worked with Mathers in a religious film . Recurring characters include Eddie Haskell ( played by Ken Osmond ) , Larry Mondello ( Rusty Stevens ) , Hubert `` Whitey '' Whitney ( Stanley Fafara ) , Tooey Brown ( Tiger Fafara ) , Gilbert Bates ( Stephen Talbot ) , Judy Hensler ( Jeri Weil ) , Clarence `` Lumpy '' Rutherford ( Frank Bank ) , his younger sister Violet ( Veronica Cartwright ) and Mary Ellen Rogers ( Pamela Beaird ) . Burt Mustin played elderly fireman Gus , Richard Deacon played Ward 's co-worker Fred Rutherford and Sue Randall played a schoolteacher , Miss Landers . Main article : Leave It to Beaver characters Main article : List of Leave It to Beaver cast members Writers and directors ( edit ) The show 's chief writers , Bob Mosher and Joe Connelly , met while working in New York City for the J. Walter Thompson Agency . Once in Hollywood , the men became head writers for the radio show Amos ' n ' Andy and continued to write the well - received show when it moved to CBS television in 1950 . Although both men initially wrote all the scripts for earlier episodes of Leave It to Beaver , after becoming executive producers they began accepting scripts from other writers , refining them , if necessary . With Mosher the father of two children and Connelly six , the two had enough source material and inspiration for the show 's dialogue and plot lines . Connelly 's eight - year - old son , Ricky , served as the model for Beaver and his fourteen - year - old son , Jay , for Wally , while Eddie Haskell and Larry Mondello were based on friends of the Connelly boys . Connelly often took the boys on outings while carrying a notebook to record their conversations and activities . Other writers who contributed to the show were Bill Manhoff , Mel Diamond , Dale and Katherine Eunson , Ben Gershman , George Tibbles ( who later became the head writer on My Three Sons ) , Fran van Hartesvelt , Bob Ross , Alan Manings , Mathilde and Theodore Ferro , John Whedon and the team of Dick Conway and Roland MacLane , who wrote many of the shows for the last two seasons . Connelly told an interviewer , `` If we hire a writer we tell him not to make up situations , but to look into his own background . It 's not a ' situation ' comedy where you have to create a situation for a particular effect . Our emphasis is on a natural story line . '' Connelly and Mosher worked to create humorous characters in simple situations , rather than relying on contrived jokes . The two often adapted real - life situations in the lives of their children . `` The Haircut '' , for example , was directly based on an incident involving Bobby Mosher , who was compelled to wear a stocking cap in a school play after giving himself a ragged haircut . Fourteen - year - old Jay Connelly 's preening habits became Wally 's frequent hair combing . Seven - year - old Ricky Connelly 's habit of dropping the initial syllables of words was incorporated into Beaver 's character . Norman Tokar , a director with a talent for working with children , was hired to direct most of the episodes for the first three years and developed the characters of Eddie Haskell and Larry Mondello . Other directors included Earl Bellamy , David Butler ( who had directed child actress Shirley Temple ) , Bretaigne Windust , Gene Reynolds and Hugh Beaumont . Norman Abbott directed most of the episodes through the last three years . Filming ( edit ) For the first two seasons , Leave It to Beaver was filmed at Republic Studios in Studio City , Los Angeles . For its final four seasons , production moved to Universal Studios . Exteriors , including the façades of the two Cleaver houses , were filmed on the respective studio back lots . Stock footage was often used for establishing shots . The script for an upcoming episode would be delivered to the cast late in the week , with a read - through the following Monday , awkward lines or other problems being noted for rewrites . On Tuesday afternoon , the script was rehearsed in its entirety for the camera and lighting crew . Over the following three days , individual scenes would be filmed with a single camera . Filming was limited to one episode per week ( rather than the two typical of television production of the period ) to accommodate the large number of child actors , who were allowed to work only four hours a day . Scenes with children were usually filmed first , with adult actors having to wait until after 5 : 00 pm for filming . Series cinematographers included Mack Stengler with 122 episodes between 1958 and 1962 , Jack MacKenzie with 40 episodes between 1962 and 1963 , and William A. Sickner with 37 episodes between 1957 and 1959 . Fred Mandl ( 1962 ) , Ray Rennahan ( 1958 ) , and Ray Flin ( 1960 ) served as cinematographers on less than five episodes each . Opening and closing sequences ( edit ) In the first season , each episode opens with a teaser featuring clips from the episode ( or generic footage from other episodes ) and a voice - over introduction by Beaumont briefly stating the episode 's theme . The teaser is followed by the main title and credits in which the show 's four main stars are introduced . Midway through the first season , the Beaumont voice - over introduction was discarded in favor of a brief scene extracted from the episode at hand , and , at the end of the first season , the teaser was entirely discarded , moving immediately to the title and credits . In seasons five and six , significant crew are listed in an extension of the opening credits after a commercial break . Each season had an individually filmed sequence for the opening credits . In season one , for example , a cartoon - like drawing of a freshly laid concrete sidewalk was displayed with the show title and stars ' names scratched into its surface , while in the final season , the Cleavers left the house through the front door carrying picnic items . ( See List of Leave It to Beaver episodes for specific season opening sequences . ) Billingsley was the first to be introduced in all opening sequences , followed by Beaumont and Dow . Mathers was introduced last , with the voice - over line , `` ... and Jerry Mathers as The Beaver '' . The closing sequence for the first season featured a simple , dark background as the credits rolled . In the second season , Wally and Beaver are seen walking home from school with their schoolbooks and entering the house through the front door . In the third through fifth seasons , Wally and Beaver are seen walking towards the Pine Street house . Beaver carries a baseball glove and limps along the curbstone . In the last season , Beaver , arguing with Wally as the two are walking home , pushes Wally into the street and they start chasing each other around a tree and into the house . Music ( edit ) The show 's opening and closing sequences are accompanied by an orchestral rendition of the show 's bouncy theme music , `` The Toy Parade '' , by David Kahn , Melvyn Leonard , and Mort Greene . For the third season , the tempo was quickened and the tune whistled by a male chorus over an orchestral accompaniment for the closing credits and for the production credits following the opening sequence . For the final season , the song was given a jazz - like arrangement by the veteran composer and arranger Pete Rugolo . Though lyrics exist for the theme tune , an instrumental arrangement was used for the show 's entire run . Elements of the theme tune were given a subdued musical arrangement , which was then used as background music for tender and sentimental scenes . Occasionally , a few phrases from well - known musical compositions , such as Chopin 's `` Funeral March '' and `` La Marseillaise '' , the French national anthem , were quoted . This CBS show required `` wall - to - wall '' music , a term for productions that utilize musical `` tag '' pieces between scenes as needed . While `` The Toy Parade '' theme was written for the show , incidental music was not . This is evident through the progression of the series , as the theme matured , the usual background music did not . This is the equivalent of the `` needle - drop '' library of prerecorded music that is still prevalent today . This incidental music was likely a product of the CBS Television Orchestra and clearly sounds reminiscent of the early 1950s , especially by 1963 . Settings ( edit ) Time setting ( edit ) The time setting of Leave It to Beaver is contemporary with its production -- the late 1950s and the early 1960s . References to contemporary news issues or topics are infrequent . Communism is mentioned in the episode `` Water , Anyone ? '' The launching of the Russian satellite Sputnik , which coincided with the debut of the series , is mentioned in several episodes , as is the rapidly expanding missile defense sector in the 1962 episode `` Stocks and Bonds '' . Contemporary cultural references are more frequent but not overwhelming . The show acknowledges the greaser subculture and , in the last season , `` The Twist '' , a popular song and dance craze of the early 1960s . The dance 's promoter , Chubby Checker , is hinted at in the episode 's fictional `` Chubby Chadwick '' and his fictional hit tune , `` Surf Board Twist '' . Wally and his friends perform a tepid version of The Twist at Wally 's party in `` The Party Spoiler '' . The 1960 Kirk Douglas vehicle Spartacus is brought up in `` Teacher 's Daughter '' , Eisenhower is mentioned and , in one episode , Beaver 's best friend Gilbert says Angela Valentine wore a `` Jackie Kennedy wig '' to class . Contemporary celebrities mentioned on the show include Rock Hudson , Tuesday Weld , Cary Grant , Sal Mineo , Frank Sinatra , Tony Curtis , Sonny Liston , Cassius Clay , Bob Cousy , Chet Huntley , David Brinkley , Jack Paar , John Glenn , Bennett Cerf , Warren Spahn , Fabian Forte and others . Then current Los Angeles Dodgers celebrity star Don Drysdale appears as himself in the 1962 episode titled `` Long Distance Call '' . When Beaver appears on a TV show , not knowing it is being recorded to air another day , Gilbert compares the misunderstanding with `` a Rod Serling Twilight Zone '' . The episode in which Beaver graduates from grammar school ( 8th grade ) is perhaps the only time a year is mentioned . June and Ward inspect the gift they have for Beaver 's graduation and read the inscription , `` ... Class of ' 63 '' . Leave It to Beaver is set in the fictitious community of Mayfield and its environs . The principal setting is the Cleaver home . The Cleavers live in two houses over the series ' run . The move was necessary when the façade of the original house , located at Republic Studios . became unavailable for filming following the production 's move to Universal . The new house stood on the Universal backlot . The address of the first house is 485 Mapleton ( sometimes Maple ) Drive , and the second at 211 Pine Street . Mapleton Drive house ( edit ) Mapleton Drive house Surrounded by a picket fence , the Mapleton Drive house is two stories with a first floor kitchen , dining room , living room and adjoining patio , and at least three bedrooms on the second floor -- one for the boys , one for the parents , and a guest room into which Beaver moves for a night . The cellar is accessible through a diagonal door in the kitchen . A kitchen door opens onto a small side yard , the driveway , and a single - car garage -- a frequent setting for get - togethers between the boys , their father , and the boys ' friends . Toward the close of season two , the Cleavers discuss moving . In the season 's closer , Ward tells the boys the Mapleton Drive house has been sold . In the season three opener , the Cleavers are comfortably settled in their new home . No episode features the actual move . Pine Street house ( edit ) The Pine Street house consists of several rooms ( kitchen and laundry room , dining room , living room , den ) on the ground floor and at least three bedrooms on the second floor . None of the furnishings from the Mapleton Drive house appear in the new house . Reproductions of Gainsborough 's The Blue Boy and Lawrence 's Pinkie hang in the front entry above graceful bergères . An upholstered wing chair at the edge of the hearth in the living room is covered in a chinoiserie print . Pine Street house in 2003 During the final episode at the Mapleton Drive house , the boys announce they are excited for the move as the new house will afford them their own separate bedrooms . Yet in subsequent episodes taking place at the Pine Street residence , the brothers apparently still share the same bedroom . Even the arrangement of the furniture is nearly identical . After the move to Pine Street , the boys continue to attend the same schools , frequent the same hang - outs , and visit the same friends . The Pine Street house is in the vicinity of the Mapleton Drive house ; in one episode , Beaver and Larry walk to the Mapleton Drive house , uproot a small tree , and transport it to the Pine Street house in a wagon . In the Pine Street house , Ward has a den near the main entry , which serves as a setting for many scenes . The garage at the Pine Street house is used less often as a setting for masculine get - togethers than the Mapleton Drive garage had been . June and Ward 's bedroom is seen for the first time in the Pine Street house . They have their own bath , sleep in twin beds and have a portable TV in the room . Two years before Leave It to Beaver went into production , the Pine Street façade and its neighborhood were employed extensively in the 1955 Humphrey Bogart film The Desperate Hours . In 1969 , the Pine Street house was reused for another Universal - produced television hit , Marcus Welby , M.D. This house can still be seen at Universal Studios , though the original façade was replaced in 1988 for the following year 's The ' Burbs and sat in storage elsewhere on the Universal lot . The façade was replaced again for the 1997 Leave It to Beaver movie . The house and the street it sits on were used as the main exterior set for Wisteria Lane of Desperate Housewives , was also previously used as the Pearson family house on The Bill Engvall Show and also for a time shown on CBS daytime 's The Young and the Restless as Victoria Newman Abbott and Billy Abbott 's home . Themes and recurring elements ( edit ) Format and content ( edit ) Leave It to Beaver is light drama with the underlying theme that proper behavior brings rewards while improper behavior entails undesirable consequences . The juvenile viewer finds amusement in Beaver 's adventures while learning that certain behaviors and choices ( such as skipping school or faking an illness in order to be the recipient of `` loot '' from parents and schoolmates ) are wrong and invite reprimand . The adult viewer enjoys Beaver 's adventures while discovering tips for teaching children correct behavior and methods for successfully handling common childhood problems . Parents are reminded that children view the world from a different perspective and should not be expected to act like miniature adults . The writers urged parents to serve as moral role models . A typical episode generally follows a simple formula : Beaver or Wally ( or both ) get into a scrape and then face their parents for a lecture regarding the event . Lectures sometimes take the form of fables , with Ward allowing the boys to discover their moral meanings and applying those meanings to their lives . Occasionally , when offenses are serious , punishments such as being grounded are dealt the miscreants . The parents are sometimes shown debating the best approach to the situation . Other episodes ( especially in earlier seasons ) even reverse the formula , with Ward making a parenting mistake and having to figure out how to make up for it . While the earlier seasons focus on Beaver 's boyhood adventures , the later seasons give greater scope to Wally 's high school life , dating , and part - time work . Several episodes follow Wally 's acquisition of a driver 's license and a car . The show 's focus is consistently upon the children ; June and Ward are depicted from one episode to the next as an untroubled , happily married couple . Themes ( edit ) Education , occupation , marriage and family are presented in Leave It to Beaver as requisites for a happy and productive life . Beaver and Wally both attend public schools and are encouraged to pursue college educations as a means to prepare for their futures . Ward and June attended prep school and boarding school , respectively , and both attended college ; their sons are expected to do the same . While both boys consider prep - school educations -- Wally at the Bellport Military Academy and Beaver at an eastern school called Fallbrook -- both remain at home and attend Mayfield High with their friends . School and homework are the bane of Beaver 's existence . In `` Beaver 's Secret Life '' , the boy decides to become a writer in adulthood because `` you do n't have to go to school or know nothing ... You only have to make up adventures and get paid for it . '' Beaver 's attitude toward education provides comic counterpoint to the backgrounds , values and ambitions of his parents . Occupation is presented as important to the happy life with Ward representing the successful , college - educated , middle - class professional with a steady but obscure office job , and June , the competent and happy homemaker . When Beaver expresses interests in lower - class occupations ( such as garbage collector ) , his parents squirm with embarrassment and discomfort . According to the social mores represented in the show , a happy marriage is the cornerstone of successful middle - class family life , and June and Ward represent the warm , happily married , successful middle class couple . In contrast , the parents of Beaver 's friend Larry Mondello are a husband frequently out of town on business and an exasperated wife struggling single - handedly to raise a son and sometimes depending on Ward to help discipline him . Singles like prim Aunt Martha and globe - trotting , yarn - spinning Uncle Billy are shown as either out - of - touch and irksome or untrustworthy . The one episode dealing with divorce shows it as having negative effects on children and family life . Religion is lightly touched upon in the series , if only as one of the pillars of traditional Americana . In a sprinkling of episodes , Beaver refers to having attended church earlier on a Sunday or referring to a lesson learned in Sunday School . Ward uses parables -- some from the Bible -- to impart wisdom to the boys after they 've experienced a difficult situation . He also often paraphrased from Greek fables to educate Wally and The Beaver about morality issues . June and Ward are keenly aware of their duty to impart traditional , but proven , middle - class family values to their boys . They do so by serving as examples in word and deed , rather than using punitive means . Ward and June are models of late - 1950s , conscientious parenting . Stay - at - home June maintains a loving , nurturing home and Ward consistently supervises the behavior and moral education of his sons . While the series portrays the world through the eyes of a young boy , it sometimes dealt with controversial and adult subjects such as alcoholism and divorce . June remains calm amid household tumult , providing crucial guidance to her sons while shielding them from nefarious outside influences with a matronly force of will . Her protection is frequently needed against the pernicious intrigues of Eddie Haskell , who engages in impulsive , selfish , disruptive , and malevolent schemes . For crafty Eddie , each day is one more step toward the twilight of the adults , which will herald his ascension to neighborhood ruler . Ward is a Solomon - like figure of quiet dignity who dispenses parental justice tempered with understanding . He sometimes finds himself punishing his sons for deeds he admits he committed as a child . Ward relates to the peer - pressure the boys sometimes face as when he defends them for wanting to view a horror movie with Eddie Haskell . June objects , but Ward responds by telling her he saw hundreds of horror films as a boy and even had a subscription to Weird Tales . Ward often finds himself learning the most in the episode from something his sons , or sometimes his wife , do . Signature show elements ( edit ) June supervises the boys and their friends , Tooey and Eddie . Slang ( edit ) The show employs contemporary kid - slang extensively . Wally and Beaver both use `` gyp '' ( to swindle ) , `` mess around '' ( to play ) , and `` hunka '' ( meaning `` hunk of '' in relation to food portions such as `` hunka cake '' or `` hunka milk '' ) . `` Junk '' , `` crummy '' , `` gee whiz '' , `` gosh '' , `` wiseguy '' , `` grubby '' , `` rat '' , and `` creep '' are frequently heard . The word `` beef '' was also used at times ( mostly by Wally ) over the course of the show 's run , meaning `` disagreement '' ( as in contemporary hip - hop ) . Ward and June disapprove . Wally uses `` sweat '' to his mother 's annoyance ; she prefers `` perspiration '' and asks him not to use the slang words `` flip '' or `` ape '' . `` Goofy '' is one of Beaver 's favorite adjectives , and it is applied to anything that lies outside the bounds of 1950s conformism . `` Giving me / you / him / her the business '' was a phrase used to describe a character being sarcastic with or otherwise teasing another character . `` Flake off '' was often used by Wally 's friends to tell the Beaver to leave them alone . Punishment ( edit ) Physical punishment looms large in the boys ' imaginations , but such punishment is never seen . Though Ward tells Wally and Beaver he has never physically punished them , both boys remind their father of past incidents when he did . In one episode , Beaver mentioned a time when he spilled ink on a rug and his father spanked him . Ward himself mentions that his father used a belt on him , and Larry 's homelife is described as one of being hollered at and hit . In one episode , Larry begs , `` Do n't hit me ! Do n't hit me ! '' when his mother discovers him reading his sister 's diary . Punishment in the show is restricted to being grounded , spending time in one 's bedroom , losing movie - going or television privileges , or pulling weeds in the yard . Cleanliness ( edit ) Recurrent humor is generated on the show by contrasting the ' squeaky - clean ' habits of June and Ward with the ' grubby ' ones of Wally and Beaver . While Ward and June stress cleanliness , bathing , and good grooming ( ordering both boys to wash their faces , hands , and fingernails before dinner ) , both boys generally prefer being unwashed and dressed in dirty clothes . In the premiere episode , Wally and Beaver fake bathing by rumpling towels and tossing `` turtle dirt '' in the bathtub . In `` Cleaning Up Beaver '' , June and Ward commend Wally on his neat appearance and chide Beaver for his untidiness . When Wally calls Beaver a `` pig '' , Beaver moves into the guest room where he can be his own dirty , messy self without comment or criticism from others . Frightening shadows in the room force him back to his old bedroom and the safety of being with his brother . The two boys strike a middle ground : Beaver will be a bit tidier than he usually is and Wally will be a bit sloppier . Bathrooms ( edit ) Leave It to Beaver is unique in 1950s television sitcom history for its extraordinary number of bathroom scenes . Beaver and Wally have an en - suite bathroom , and many scenes are set in it . One early episode , `` Child Care '' , is set almost entirely in their bathroom . Other episodes include major scenes set in the boys ' bathroom . Additionally , in almost every scene set in the boys ' bedroom , the bathtub , shower curtain , or vanity can be seen through the open bathroom door . Beaver uses the bathroom several times to escape his brother when angry , slamming the door to express his emotions . At such times , June and Ward are called upon to order Beaver to vacate his refuge . In `` Beaver 's Good Deed '' , a scene is set in Ward and June 's bathroom . A tramp takes a bath in their tub and slips away wearing one of Ward 's suits and a pair of his shoes . In the `` Captain Jack '' episode , Wally and Beaver try to hide a baby alligator they bought by keeping it in their bathroom 's toilet tank . Beaver and girls ( edit ) Beaver 's attitude toward girls is a thread that runs throughout the series , providing comic contrast to his brother 's successful dating life and his parents ' happy marriage . Beaver tells off his female classmates , telling Violet Rutherford she drinks gutter water , calling Linda Dennison a `` smelly old ape '' and threatening to punch Judy Hensler if she `` gets mushy '' on him . Though loathing girls his own age , Beaver develops crushes on schoolteachers Miss Canfield and Miss Landers , and in one episode says he 's going to marry a `` mother '' when the time comes . Beaver disparages marriage saying , `` just because you 're married does n't mean you have to like girls . '' In the later seasons , Beaver has adjusted his outlook somewhat and dates a few girls . Cancellation and subsequent developments ( edit ) Final episode ( edit ) In its first season on CBS ( 1957 -- 58 ) , Leave It To Beaver received disappointing Nielsen ratings and CBS canceled it . ABC then picked up the program , and although the series never entered the list of the top 30 television shows , its ratings were nonetheless solid enough to warrant a five - year run . By the start of the 1962 -- 63 season , the show was reaching an impasse . The series was still popular with audiences , but Jerry Mathers wanted to retire from acting at the end of the sixth year to attend regular high school . As a result , Leave It To Beaver ended its network run on June 20 , 1963 . The series finale , `` Family Scrapbook '' , was directed by Hugh Beaumont , written by Connelly and Mosher , and is regarded as being one of the first sitcom episodes written expressly as a series finale . Cast appearances on Lassie ( edit ) Beaumont in Lassie with Jan Clayton and George Cleveland Several Leave It to Beaver performers appeared on the long - running CBS television series Lassie . Hugh Beaumont had yet to snag his signature role as Ward Cleaver when he appeared in `` The Well '' , one of the two pilots filmed for the series . The episode was filmed in color and aired monochromatically in the series ' first season ( 1954 ) . In 1968 , Jerry Mathers appeared in `` Lassie and the 4 - H Boys '' , an episode about two teen brothers quarreling over the disposition of a prize - winning bull , while , the same year , Tony Dow appeared with Jan - Michael Vincent as a hippie - type character in a three - part story called `` Hanford 's Point '' . Stephen Talbot ( Gilbert ) was featured in two episodes of `` Lassie '' in 1959 , `` The Flying Machine '' and `` Growing Pains '' . Before their commitments to Leave It to Beaver , `` Tiger '' Fafara appeared in one Lassie episode while Madge Blake made appearances in two episodes . In the 1960 -- 61 season , Richard Correll played Steve Johnson , one of Timmy Martin 's Calverton friends in two episodes . Ken Osmond played a delivery boy in a season two episode and a smart - aleck kid whose carelessness causes a forest fire in the season four episode `` The Cub Scout '' . Reunion telemovie ( 1983 ) ( edit ) Except for Beaumont , who had died in 1982 , and Stanley Fafara , who was replaced as Whitey by Ed Begley , Jr. , the main cast appeared in the reunion telemovie Still the Beaver ( 1983 ) . The film followed adult Beaver 's struggle to reconcile his recent divorce and single parenthood , while facing the possibility of his widowed mother selling their childhood home . June Cleaver is later elected to the Mayfield City Council . Sequel series ( 1984 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Its reception led to a new first - run , made - for - cable series , The New Leave It to Beaver ( 1984 -- 1989 ) , with Beaver and Lumpy Rutherford running Ward 's old firm ( where Lumpy 's pompous , demanding father -- played by Richard Deacon in the original series before his death in 1984 -- had been the senior partner ) , Wally , who married his high school girlfriend Mary Ellen Rogers , as a practicing attorney and expectant father , and June having sold the old house to Beaver himself but living with him as a doting grandmother to Beaver 's two young sons . Eddie Haskell runs his own contracting business and has two sons ; eldest son Freddie ( played by Ken Osmond 's real - life son , Eric Osmond ) , who was every inch his father 's son -- right down to the dual - personality , and a younger son , Eddie , Jr. , aka `` Bomber '' ( played by Osmond 's younger real - life son , Christian Osmond ) , who was often away at military school , but would periodically come home to visit . Media information ( edit ) Broadcast history ( edit ) The show proved to be a scheduling headache for CBS and ABC , airing on four different evenings ( Wednesday through Saturday ) during the series ' run . CBS first broadcast the show on Friday , October 4 , 1957 , at 7 : 30 pm ( EST ) opposite Saber of London on NBC and The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin on ABC . In March 1958 , Beaver was moved to Wednesdays at 8 : 00 pm opposite Wagon Train , then on NBC . CBS dropped the show after one season . ABC picked it up and ran it for another five seasons , from October 2 , 1958 , to June 20 , 1963 . In his memoirs , Jerry Mathers states the move was the decision of the sponsor , Ralston Purina , who arranged a better deal with ABC than with CBS . On ABC , the show saw several time slots over its run . From October 1958 to June 1959 it aired on Thursdays at 7 : 30 pm ( EST ) , with summer 1959 reruns airing at 9 : 00 pm . From October 1959 to September 1962 the show was televised Saturdays at 8 : 30 pm , and during its last season ( 1962 -- 63 ) the show aired Thursdays at 8 : 30 pm . The series entered syndication in many cities four days following completion of the ABC summer repeats . By the mid-1970s , the show was only on in a few markets , one of which was Atlanta , Georgia on Ted Turner 's Channel 17 , WTCG . In 1976 , when WTGC went on satellite and became a Superstation available nationwide , Leave It To Beaver was exposed nationwide . From the late 1970s to the mid-1980s , Leave It To Beaver gained in popularity . In Chicago , the show aired on a shaky independent station 44 WSNS . But when WSNS began to phase in subscription TV in 1980 , they did not renew and WGN - TV , which also became a Superstation picked it up . So in the early 1980s the show was airing in most large , major , and medium TV markets . Still , TBS and WGN showed it for many years in the late 1980s and into the 90s ( TBS sometimes running it back - to - back with the New Leave It to Beaver on occasion ) , and briefly on Nick at Nite from July 12 , 2002 -- August 10 , 2002 as part of TV Land Sampler . It aired on TV Land in July 1998 where it has been shown until November 2012 . Today , NBC Universal Television owns the syndication rights and all properties related to the series . The show also aired on the digital TV network Retro TV from 2006 to July 2011 , when Retro 's rights to MCA / Universal product expired . Digital TV network Antenna TV picked the series up and ran it from October 3 , 2011 , to April 27 , 2013 , when it moved over to Me - TV On January 5 , 2015 , the series moved back to Antenna TV , airing on weekday afternoons . On January 2 , 2017 it went back to Me - TV . In early 2014 , Netflix video streaming service acquired rights for all 6 seasons . The broadcast rights were for one year . The seasons were remastered for digital TV . All of 6 seasons are available for purchase through the Amazon Prime video on demand service . Marketing and merchandise ( edit ) Pinback , circa 1960 During the show 's first run , merchandise including novels , records , and board games was generated for the juvenile market . With the show 's renaissance in popularity decades later , merchandise produced was aimed toward the adult babyboomer / nostalgia collectors market and included pinback buttons , clocks , greeting cards , calendars , non-fiction books about the show 's production , memoirs , and miscellaneous items . In 1983 , Jerry Mathers and Tony Dow appeared on boxes of Kellogg 's Corn Flakes . In 2007 , one of the cereal boxes fetched $300 at auction . Promotional photographs from the studio , autographs , original scripts , copies of TV Guide and other magazines from the period featuring articles about the show are all collectibles . Props and costumes from the show with documentation establishing provenance are highly prized . Books ( edit ) During the series ' run , Little Golden Books published Leave It to Beaver ( 1959 ) , an inexpensive storybook for young children . Distinguished children 's author Beverly Cleary published three softcover novels based on the series , Leave It to Beaver ( 1960 ) , Here 's Beaver ! ( 1961 ) , and Beaver and Wally ( 1961 ) . Whitman Publishing printed Leave It to Beaver : Fire ! ( 1962 ) , a hardcover novel by Cole Fanin . In 1983 , The Beaver Papers ( ISBN 0 - 517 - 54991 - 3 ) by Will Jacobs and Gerard Jones was published . The book is a parody of a lost season comprising twenty - five episodes written in the style of various authors such as Tennessee Williams , Ernest Hemingway , and William Faulkner -- a 30th Anniversary Edition was published in 2013 by Atomic Drop Press . Dell comic books ( edit ) Dell Comics published six Leave It to Beaver comic books with photo covers of Beaver , Beaver and Wally , or Beaver and Ward . The first comic book ( Four Color No. 912 ) is dated June 1958 and the last ( Four Color No. 01 - 428 - 207 ) May -- July 1962 . In 2004 , all six Dell Leave It to Beaver comic books in ' Near Mint ' condition were valued in excess of two hundred dollars each . Hasbro board games ( edit ) Three Leave It to Beaver juvenile board games were released in 1959 by toymaker Hasbro . The games were typical roll - and - move track games for two to four players . All three game box covers feature photographic portraits of Jerry Mathers as Beaver . `` Leave It to Beaver Money Maker Game '' suggests one of the show 's recurrent themes -- Beaver 's attempts to make money . Equipment includes a center - seamed board with illustrations of Beaver and Ward . One player distributes and collects money as `` Father '' . `` Leave It to Beaver Rocket to the Moon Space Game '' , rather than using dice or a spinner to advance players along the track , employs a rocket - shaped cone that is flipped onto a board to determine the number of spaces to be moved . `` Leave It to Beaver Ambush Game '' is a track game with an Old West theme . Feature film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Leave It to Beaver ( film ) 1997 's movie adaptation of the series starred Christopher McDonald as Ward , Janine Turner as June , Erik von Detten as Wally , and Cameron Finley as the Beaver . It was panned by many critics , with the notable exception of Roger Ebert , who gave it a three - star rating . It performed poorly at the box office , earning only $11,713,605 . Barbara Billingsley , Ken Osmond and Frank Bank made cameo appearances in the film . DVD releases ( edit ) Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the first two seasons of Leave It to Beaver on DVD in Region 1 in 2005 / 2006 . Season one was released in two versions : an inexpensive cardboard slip - cased collection and a costlier version in which the DVDs were contained in a retro - styled , plastic photo album tucked inside a plaid metal lunch box displaying portraits of the cast on its exterior . Both of these seasons were released in the troublesome DVD - 18 format which plagued many of Universal Studios ' boxed set releases . On January 26 , 2010 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had acquired the rights to the series ( under license from Universal ) . They subsequently released the remaining seasons on DVD as well as a complete series box set . On January 31 , 2012 , Shout ! Factory released a 20 episode best - of set entitled Leave It to Beaver : 20 Timeless Episodes . DVD name Ep # Release date The Complete First Season 39 November 22 , 2005 The Complete Second Season 39 May 2 , 2006 Season Three 39 June 15 , 2010 Season Four 39 September 14 , 2010 Season Five 39 December 14 , 2010 Season Six 39 March 1 , 2011 The Complete Series 234 June 29 , 2010 Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In spite of solid and consistent ratings , Leave It to Beaver never climbed into the Nielsen 's top - 30 though similar sitcoms of the period like Father Knows Best , The Donna Reed Show , The Real McCoys , and Dennis the Menace managed to do so . Leave It to Beaver faced stiff competition in its time slots . During its next to last season , for example , the show ran against The Defenders , a program examining highly charged courtroom cases about abortion and the death penalty . In its final season , the show was up against Perry Mason and Dr. Kildare but was in the ABC line - up with television greats The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet , The Donna Reed Show , and My Three Sons . Critical response ( edit ) Critical reception was generally favorable . In the New York Herald Tribune , John Crosby stated the show was `` charming and sincere '' and featured `` the wonderful candor and directness with which children disconcert and enchant you '' . Variety favorably compared the premiere episode with the classic Tom Sawyer and noted at the fourth season 's opening that the show had `` never been a yock show in the sense of generating big and sustained laughs , but it has consistently poured forth warmth , wit and wisdom without condescension or pretense . '' TV Guide dubbed the show `` the sleeper of the 1957 -- 58 season '' and later noted that the show was `` one of the most honest , most human and most satisfying situation comedies on TV . '' The New York Times , however , found the show was `` too broad and artificial to be persuasive '' . A comparison of how children interact with their brothers and sisters on such 1950s situation comedy television programs as Leave It To Beaver and Father Knows Best with those on such 1980s programs as The Cosby Show and Family Ties found that children interacted more positively in the early period but were important and central -- if more conflictual -- to the main story action in the 1980s . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The show received two Emmy nominations in 1958 for Best New Program Series of the Year and Best Teleplay Writing -- Half Hour or Less ( Joe Connelly and Bob Mosher ) for the premiere episode , `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' . In 1984 , Jerry Mathers was awarded the Young Artist 's Former Child Star Special Award , and in 1987 , Ken Osmond and Tony Dow were both honored with the Young Artist 's Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2003 , Diane Brewster was nominated for TV Land 's Classic TV Teacher of the Year Award while , in 2005 , Ken Osmond was nominated for TV Land 's Character Most Desperately in Need of a Timeout Award . Leave It to Beaver placed on Time 's `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - Time '' list . Bravo ranked Beaver 74th on their list of the 100 greatest TV characters . See also ( edit ) 1950s portal 1960s portal Television in the United States portal References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Bornstein , Kate ( 2013 ) . My New Gender Workbook . Routledge . p. 63 ... ^ Jump up to : Applebaum , Irwyn ( 1984 , 1998 ) . The World According to Beaver . TV Books . ^ Jump up to : Mathers , Jerry ( 1998 ) ... and Jerry Mathers as The Beaver . Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0425163709 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - Time '' . Time . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Newcott , Bill ( July -- August 2010 ) . `` Beaver 's Back ! '' . AARP The Magazine . Vol. 53 no . 4 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Orlick , Peter . Leave It to Beaver . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Leave It to Beaver , episode 1 : `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' . ^ Jump up to : Leave It to Beaver , episode 2 : `` Captain Jack '' . Jump up ^ `` Snopes '' . Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors ' Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl?cost1=30%2C000.00&year1=1957&year2=2015 Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 149 : `` In the Soup '' Jump up ^ Interview with Jerry Mathers PARADE Magazine Archived March 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 4 : `` The Haircut '' . ^ Jump up to : Leave It to Beaver , episode 1 : `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 40 : `` Beaver 's Poem '' . ^ Jump up to : Leave It to Beaver , episode 79 : `` Blind Date Committee '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 196 : `` Wally 's Dinner Date '' . Jump up ^ `` '' The Toy Parade '' lyrics `` . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 7 : `` Water , Anyone ? '' Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 73 : `` Wally 's Haircomb '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 204 : `` Beaver Joins a Record Club '' . ^ Jump up to : Leave It to Beaver , episode 21 : `` Cleaning Up Beaver '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 55 : `` The Boat Builders '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 28 : `` Next Door Indians '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 24 : `` The State vs. Beaver '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 57 : `` The Garage Painters '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 68 : `` Beaver Says Goodbye '' Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 78 : `` Most Interesting Character '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 79 : `` Blind Date Committee '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 86 : `` Beaver 's Tree '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 56 : `` Beaver Plays Hooky '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 31 : `` New Doctor '' . ^ Jump up to : Lillico , Neil B. Television as Popular Culture : An attempt to influence North American Society ? An Ideological analysis of Leave it to Beaver ( 1957 -- 1961 ) . A memoir submitted to the School of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.A. degree in History . University of Ottawa. 1993 . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 100 : `` Larry 's Club '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 115 : `` Wally 's Play '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 82 : `` Beaver 's Prize '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 126 : `` Beaver 's I.Q '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 222 : `` Beaver 's Prep School '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 14 : `` Part Time Genius '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 77 : `` Found Money '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 93 : `` Larry Hides Out '' , Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 119 : `` Beaver 's House Guest '' . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Shaffer , `` Epic Beaver Cleaver '' , The Christian Science Monitor , May 28 , 1999 , Vol. 91 , Issue 128 Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 102 : `` The Hypnotist '' . ^ Jump up to : Leave It to Beaver , episode 93 : `` Larry Hides Out '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 1 : `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 18 : `` Child Care '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 47 : `` The Shave '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 80 : `` Beaver Takes a Bath '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 214 : `` Beaver 's Good Deed '' . Jump up ^ Leave It to Beaver , episode 8 : `` Beaver 's Crush '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 24 : `` The Well '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 485 : `` Lassie and the 4 - H Boys '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episodes 470 , 471 , 472 : `` Hanford 's Point '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 66 : `` Friendship '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 29 : `` The Kittens '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 89 : `` The Artist '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 250 : `` The Greyhound '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 253 : `` Timmy and the Martians '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 36 : `` The Rival '' . Jump up ^ Lassie , episode 138 : `` The Cub Scout '' . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` Leave It to Beaver '' . TV.com . Jump up ^ `` Nick at Nite Summer Camp 2002 '' . sitcomsonline . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Overstreet , Robert M. Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide , 2004 . Gemstone Publishing , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Leave It to Beaver DVD news : Date Change for Leave It to Beaver - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ `` Leave It to Beaver DVD news : Box Art for Leave It to Beaver - 20 Timeless Episodes - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : The Complete First Season ( DVD 1957 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : The Complete Second Season ( DVD 1958 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : Season Three ( DVD 1959 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : Season Four ( DVD 1960 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : Season Five ( DVD 1961 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : Season Six ( DVD 1962 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Leave It To Beaver : The Complete Series ( DVD 2010 ) - DVD Empire '' . Jump up ^ Mary Strom Larson , `` Sibling Interactions in 1950s Versus 1980s Sitcoms : A Comparison '' , Journalism Quarterly 1991 68 ( 3 ) : 381 -- 387 Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest TV Characters '' . Bravo . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . General Applebaum , Irwyn . The World According to Beaver . TV Books , 1984 , 1998 . ( ISBN 1575000520 ) . Osmond , Ken . Eddie : The life and times of America 's preeminent bad boy . 2014 ( ISBN 0990727300 ) Bank , Frank . Call Me Lumpy : My Leave It To Beaver Days and Other Wild Hollywood Life . Addax , 2002 . ( ISBN 1886110298 ) , ( ISBN 978 - 1886110298 ) . Colella , Jennifer . The Leave It to Beaver Guide to Life : Wholesome Wisdom from the Cleavers ! Running Press , 2006 . ( ISBN 0762427736 ) , ( ISBN 9780762427734 ) . Kassel , Michael B. `` Mass Culture , History and Memory and the Image of the American Family '' , PdD dissertation , Michigan State U. 2005 65 ( 9 ) : 3537 - A. DA3146050 613p . Keck , William . `` Leave It to Jerry ' Beaver ' Mathers , Tony Dow '' . USA Today Mathers , Jerry ... And Jerry Mathers as `` The Beaver '' . Berkley Boulevard Books , 1998 . ( ISBN 0425163709 ) Shaffer , Jeffrey . `` Epic Beaver Cleaver '' , Christian Science Monitor , May 28 , 1999 , Vol. 91 , Issue 128 Leave It to Beaver : the complete first season . Universal Studios , 2005 . Leave It to Beaver : the complete second season . Universal Studios , 2006 . ( ISBN 1417074876 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leave It to Beaver . Neil Genzlinger ( June 25 , 2010 ) , `` Golly , Beav , We 're Historic '' , The New York Times episodes of Leave It to Beaver on TVLand.com ( USA only ) Leave It to Beaver on IMDb Leave It to Beaver at TV.com Leave It to Beaver Characters June Cleaver Ward Cleaver Wally Cleaver Beaver Cleaver Martha Bronson Lumpy Rutherford Eddie Haskell Larry Mondello Judy Hensler Fred Rutherford Miss Canfield Episodes Season 1 `` It 's a Small World '' `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 `` Family Scrapbook '' Other articles Cast members The New Leave It to Beaver Leave It to Beaver ( film ) Works by Beverly Cleary Henry Huggins Henry Huggins Henry and Beezus Henry and Ribsy Henry and the Paper Route Henry and the Clubhouse Ribsy Ramona Quimby Beezus and Ramona Ramona the Pest Ramona the Brave Ramona and Her Father Ramona and Her Mother Ramona Quimby , Age 8 Ramona Forever Ramona 's World Ralph S. Mouse The Mouse and the Motorcycle Runaway Ralph Ralph S. Mouse First Love Fifteen The Luckiest Girl Jean and Johnny Sister of the Bride Ellen & Otis Ellen Tebbits Otis Spofford Leigh Botts Dear Mr. Henshaw Strider Leave It to Beaver Leave It to Beaver Here 's Beaver ! Beaver and Wally Picture books The Hullabaloo ABC The Real Hole Two Dog Biscuits The Growing - Up Feet Lucky Chuck Janet 's Thingamajigs Petey 's Bedtime Story Other fiction Emily 's Runaway Imagination Mitch and Amy Socks Muggie Maggie Related media Ramona Ramona and Beezus Autobiographies A Girl From Yamhill My Own Two Feet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leave_It_to_Beaver&oldid=816168805 '' Categories : Leave It to Beaver American television sitcoms 1950s American comedy television series 1960s American comedy television series 1960s American television series 1950s American television series 1957 American television series debuts 1963 American television series endings Black - and - white television programs American Broadcasting Company network shows CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by Universal Television Television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 18 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the setting for leave it to beaver | [
"Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom about an inquisitive and often naïve boy, Theodore \"The Beaver\" Cleaver (portrayed by Jerry Mathers), and his adventures at home, in school, and around his suburban neighborhood. The show also starred Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont as Beaver's parents, June and Ward Cleaver, and Tony Dow as Beaver's brother Wally. The show has attained an iconic status in the United States, with the Cleavers exemplifying the idealized suburban family of the mid-20th century.[1]",
"Leave It to Beaver is an American television sitcom about an inquisitive and often naïve boy, Theodore \"The Beaver\" Cleaver (portrayed by Jerry Mathers), and his adventures at home, in school, and around his suburban neighborhood. The show also starred Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont as Beaver's parents, June and Ward Cleaver, and Tony Dow as Beaver's brother Wally. The show has attained an iconic status in the United States, with the Cleavers exemplifying the idealized suburban family of the mid-20th century.[1]"
] | [
"United States",
"his adventures at home, in school, and around his suburban neighborhood."
] |
4016233929262365602 | MatPat | MatPat - wikipedia MatPat Jump to : navigation , search This biographical article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this biographical article by adding secondary or tertiary sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Matthew Patrick Matthew Patrick in 2016 Matthew Robert Patrick ( 1986 - 11 - 15 ) November 15 , 1986 ( age 30 ) Medina , Ohio , U.S. Education Duke University Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Internet personality Spouse ( s ) Stephanie Patrick ( m . 2012 ) YouTube information Pseudonym MatPat Years active 2009 -- present Subscribers 8.5 million+ ( The Game Theorists ) 4.9 million+ ( The Film Theorists ) 1.2 million+ ( GTLive ) Total views 1.2 billion+ ( The Game Theorists ) 420 million+ ( The Film Theorists ) 115 million+ ( GTLive ) Network Long Haul Management Clients & Partners / Studio 71 Associated acts ScrewAttack The Completionist Did You Know Gaming ? Catchphrase ( s ) `` But hey , that 's just a theory / stream , a GAME THEORY / FILM THEORY / LIVE STREAM ! Thanks for watching ! / And Cut '' `` Hello Internet , welcome to GAME THEORY / FILM THEORY / GTLIVE ! Play buttons ( show ) 100,000 subscribers 2013 1,000,000 subscribers 2013 Subscriber and view counts updated as of June 1 , 2017 . Matthew Robert `` Matt '' Patrick , also known by screen name MatPat , is an American internet personality , actor , writer , and producer . He is best known as the creator and narrator of the YouTube webseries Game Theory , where he comments on topics such as the logic , scientific accuracy , and lore of various video games and the gaming industry . He is also known for creating the spinoff Film Theory , centering around cinema and internet filmography . In 2015 , Patrick created one of YouTube 's first live gaming channels , GTLive , and in 2016 , he created the YouTube Red series MatPat 's Game Lab . As of June 2017 , Patrick has amassed over 13 million subscribers and over 1.6 billion views total across his three channels . Between July 1 , 2016 and July 31 , 2016 , he starred in the game show The Runner . The show was produced by Ben Affleck and Matt Damon and was available on Go90 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 The Game Theorists 2.1. 1 Viewer demographics 2.2 The Film Theorists 2.3 MatPat 's Game Lab 2.4 GTLive 2.5 Theorist Media 3 Collaborations 4 Personal life 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Matthew Patrick was born on November 15 , 1986 in Medina County , Ohio . Growing up , Patrick was very involved in the arts , especially musical theatre . He valued education and spent most of his school career studying or taking classes . His enthusiasm led him to skip his lunch periods to take classes and to spend his summer vacations taking courses at college campuses . He eventually became the valedictorian of his graduating class , and earned a perfect score on his SAT . His strong academic record earned him a full academic scholarship into Duke University . Immediately after graduating Summa Cum Laude from Duke University with a double major in neuroscience and theater , Patrick moved to New York City in order to pursue an acting career , which he eventually quit because he could not make a lot of money . After two years of mostly unemployment , he uploaded the promotional trailer for Game Theory , and four days later , he uploaded the first episode , explaining the scientific accuracy of the time travel of the SNES game Chrono Trigger . He currently resides in Los Angeles , California with his wife Stephanie Cordato . Career ( edit ) The Game Theorists ( edit ) Patrick first created a YouTube account under the name `` MatthewPatrick13 '' in 2009 . He uploaded numerous videos of his performances and auditions for musical theatre , including one where he sang `` It Takes Two '' from the musical Hairspray . The first video he put a lot of time to edit was a video he used to propose to his now wife , Stephanie . On April 18 , 2011 , he uploaded the first episode of his new show , Game Theory , where he discusses the relationship between reality and gaming in terms of science , math and culture . Inspired by the YouTube series Extra Credits episode Tangential Learning ( March 23 , 2011 ) he created Game Theory with the goal of creating `` gaming 's tangential learning experience '' to show his abilities to companies that might watch his channel . He frequently uploads episodes covering Nintendo characters , as well as popular games such as Minecraft , Five Nights at Freddy 's , Call of Duty and Pokémon , as well as numerous other games . Early on in the show 's history , MatPat was interviewed by Ronnie Edwards , host of his Internet show Random Encounters . After this meeting , Ronnie accepted MatPat 's offer to be Game Theory 's main editor . Before this , MatPat was the sole editor of the show . The first episode of Game Theory that Ronnie edited was How Much is Minecraft Diamond Armor Worth ? He occasionally uploads videos commenting on the gaming market , as well as on other matters that he deems noteworthy . He gained subscribers and his videos were being posted on the front pages of sites such as ScrewAttack and GameTrailers . Game Theory has become known for Patrick 's educational , consistent and in - depth approach to game analysis . During the course of its life , The Game Theorists has hosted numerous spin - offs and separate shows . Some of the shows are only partly on The Game Theorists and consist of more episodes on the creators ' channels . Game Exchange ( July 5 , 2012 -- June 7 , 2014 on The Game Theorists , still on Gaijin Goombah ) is a show by Michael Sundman where he talks in a high - pitched voice as a Goomba character named Gaijin Goombah about gaming in relation to various international cultures . The version on The Game Theorists has since been replaced permanently with Culture Shock which started on April 10 , 2014 as a show very similar in style and content . Starting in 2016 , his real voice was used in The Game Theorists version . Digressing and Sidequesting ( December 26 , 2011 -- ) is a show hosted by Ronnie Edwards which focuses on game design . It started on the YouTube channel DigressingNSQ and moved to The Game Theorists on August 30 , 2012 . Crossover ( December 28 , 2013 -- September 9 , 2014 ) was a show hosted by Drake McWhorter and Ken Landefeld which proved that two gaming characters or series exist within the same universe . In February 2016 , the script for a relaunch was finalised . In August 2016 , McWhorter tweeted that the first episode of the second season has already been done and they were waiting for the official approval . In June 2016 , they announced that they had n't received any response and that the project was in limbo . In August 2017 , Landefeld tweeted that `` MatPat did n't pick up the season 2 pilot of Crossover so ( they ) ended it there '' . Smash History ( August 26 , 2014 -- July 23 , 2016 ) was a show by Drake McWhorter that focused on the development and content of Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U . According to McWhorter , the show was cancelled because `` it 's not as high quality , the Smash hype is dead , and it 's not an educational show . '' In early November 2016 all episodes were made private and McWhorter himself did not know the reason for this . Because of this , he started to upload the series on his channel Trailer Drake on November 9 , 2016 . A Brief History ( February 4 , 2013 -- August 24 , 2017 on The Game Theorists , still on FootofaFerret ) is a show hosted by Ryder Burgin that covers the entire development of a game series in a very fast - spoken manner . It started on the YouTube channel FootofaFerret and partly moved to The Game Theorists on April 20 , 2015 . In the episode of August 24 , 2017 , Burgin announced that that episode would be the last episode on The Game Theorists and the series would fully move back to FootofaFerret . DeadLock ( February 17 , 2015 -- ) is a show by Matthew Patrick that pits two video game concepts against each other to show their flaws and strengths . Each episode usually features Patrick and another member of The Game Theorists debating these concepts . Two special episodes feature Patrick debating against Nintendo of America 's own Reggie Fils - Aimé . The first one was released on June 25 , 2016 with them debating on the grounds of motion controls versus traditional controls in The Legend of Zelda series and the second one was released on January 28 , 2017 with them debating if Nintendo should continue making consoles . As of July 29 , 2017 , there are nine episodes of the show . Break Down ( December 25 , 2015 -- ) is a show by Forrest Lee ( tehFurst ) which similarly to A Brief History talks about the development of a video game series . The SCIENCE ! ( January 29 , 2016 -- ) is a show by Austin Hourigan which picks video games apart with science and logic . It started on the YouTube channel ShoddyCast , the first video on The Game Theorists was uploaded on December 21 , 2016 . The Game Theorists reached one million subscribers on December 17 , 2013 . On October 1 , 2013 , a re-mastered version of the first episode of the Newgrounds show TOME : Terrain of Magical Expertise by Chris Niosi ( Kirbopher ) was uploaded to the channel to generate more attention for the series and give it more exposure . On October 31 , 2013 , the second episode featuring JonTron was uploaded . According to Niosi , the episodes were uploaded to the channel and he was given a cut of the revenue each month because he was n't able to earn money from Google AdSense on his YouTube channel . Within two months , the show was pulled from the channel and the episodes were removed . Niosi stated that the reason behind this was because it did n't perform as well as projected within the first two episodes . In February 2017 , Patrick stated in a GTLive episode that `` YouTube would n't let ( the video ) be monetized because ( ... ) ' someone else owns this video ' . ( ... ) It also deviated far too much from what we did because it ( ... ) had nothing to do with education and gaming . '' Viewer demographics ( edit ) In the GTLive episode of August 29 , 2017 , responding to allegations of The Game Theorists being watched mainly by younger viewers , The Game Theorists revealed their viewership at that time to mainly consist of people between the age of 18 and 34 . According to the data , 78 percent of his viewers are male , while 22 percent are female . Shown data from a one - month period leading up to the livestream is as follows : Age class Male Female Total 13 -- 17 years 9.9 % 3.7 % 13.6 % 18 -- 24 years 27 % 8.2 % 35.2 % 25 -- 34 years 25 % 5.1 % 30.1 % 35 -- 44 years 9.4 % 3.1 % 12.5 % 45 -- 54 years 4.5 % 1.6 % 6.1 % 55 -- 64 years 0.8 % 0.3 % 1.1 % 65 + years 1.3 % 0.3 % 1.4 % All ~ 78 % ~ 22 % 100 % The Film Theorists ( edit ) On May 12 , 2014 , Patrick created a second channel called The Film Theorists where he debuted his second show , Film Theory . The first video was uploaded on June 2 , 2015 , focusing on the science of the TV series Doctor Who . Film Theory follows the same formula as Game Theory , but in relation to films and series as well as the film industry instead of gaming . Within a month following the first episode , The Film Theorists reached one million subscribers . Like The Game Theorists , The Film Theorists is a host of spin - off shows . Did You Know Movies ? ( June 2 , 2015 -- ) is a spin - off of the popular video game - based blog Did You Know Gaming ? . Frame by Frame ( June 9 , 2015 -- 2017 ) by Kyle Adams of YouTube channel PwnageShow is a show analyzing film techniques . As of August 26 , 2017 , only one episode is still available on the channel . The latest episode called `` How Spielberg Makes the Cut ! ... A Guide to Scene Transitions '' was uploaded on July 25 , 2017 . Film Legends ( February 18 , 2017 -- ) by the creators of the YouTube channel Wisecrack is a show hosted by Jacob Salamon evaluating a movie in different categories in order to rank it and thus finding the best movie of all time . Film Theory has covered episodes on franchises like Star Wars , Marvel Studios , Harry Potter , Doctor Who , and even the 2016 United States presidential election . MatPat 's Game Lab ( edit ) Main article : MatPat 's Game Lab On June 8 , 2016 , Patrick posted via his YouTube channel his new show , MatPat 's Game Lab , on Google 's paid subscription service , YouTube Red . The show mainly focuses on placing video game players in real life scenarios mimicking scenarios that occur in video games , such as bomb defusing , parkour , and military training . GTLive ( edit ) Patrick started a Let 's Play series called GTLive on August 26 , 2015 where he streams mostly gameplay with his wife Stephanie and then uploads it to the GTLive archive channel he created on September 14 , 2015 . Streams are usually conducted at 4 pm PST . Regular guest appearances on the streams include Jason , the producer of GTLive , the co-producer Chris , who became part of the streams after standing in for Jason during his wedding , the Patricks ' cat Skip , also known as `` CatPat , '' Peepachu , a cushion in the form of a yellow , rabbit - shaped Peep and a llama plushie , referred to as `` Drama Llama '' . Repeated themes of this livestream include `` Mario Maker Wednesday '' ( abbr . `` MMW '' ) , `` Motion - Control Thursday '' and `` Scary Games Friday '' ( abbr . `` TGISGF '' for `` Thank Goodness It 's Scary Games Friday '' ) , also occasionally known as `` Spoopy Games Friday '' . A common feature is the ' clap - and - a-half ' which Patrick reclaimed from his seventh grade Social Studies teacher . On one live stream , they used Verizon 's in - game Minecraft smartphone for ordering pizza as well as taking `` the worlds largest ( in - game ) selfie '' . Starting on October 3 , 2016 , the Monday streams became part of YouTube Gaming Primetime and are therefore scheduled for 3 pm to 5 pm PST . It also includes a voting mechanism , which can be used by Patrick to conduct quick polls . As of 2016 , GTLive streams five days per week on average , garnering roughly 80,000 to 110,000 total viewers for each stream . On April 3 , 2017 , Patrick announced that the show would go on a brief hiatus until April 25 , 2017 , due to VidCon Europe and scouting different filming locations . Due to VidCon Australia , the show was again paused on September 4 , 2017 and is scheduled to return on September 25 , 2017 . Theorist Media ( edit ) Patrick is the Founder and President of Theorist Media , a digital media production and consulting company . He co-owns Theorist Media with his spouse , Stephanie . Collaborations ( edit ) Patrick has collaborated with numerous channels , featuring them as guests on his own shows , or being featured himself . He has done numerous voice - over work for video game - based blog Did You Know Gaming ? , covering episodes on Portal , Super Mario , and Five Nights at Freddy 's . He often shouts out the Wisecrack channel at the end of videos of Film Theory . Patrick has also played in Random Encounters ' FNAF : The Musical , and voiced Bendy in Bendy and the Ink Musical from the same channel . He also has collaborated with Petcentric by Purina in the Pet - U-Cation videos . Patrick has also worked with plenty of clients , including Samsung , Warner Bros. , Ubisoft , Defy Media , and YouTube . Numerous internet personalities have done voice - over work for Patrick 's numerous shows , such as Austin Hargrave ( PeanutButterGamer ) and Jonathan Jafari , as well as Arin Hanson ( Egoraptor ) and Dan Avidan ( Ninja Sex Party ) of the web series Game Grumps . In the popular web series Death Battle by ScrewAttack , Patrick voiced Keith Kogane from the Voltron franchise in the `` Power Rangers vs Voltron '' episode . Patrick will voice Computron in the Transformers : Titans Return animated series . Personal life ( edit ) Patrick is married to Stephanie Cordato , whom he met while at Duke University . The two became close after creating a Legend of Zelda parody called The Epic of Stew . The couple married on May 19 , 2012 in North Carolina . The couple owns a cat named Skip , who occasionally makes appearances in livestreams and is also known as ' CatPat ' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Nominated Work Award Result 2015 Streamy Awards The Game Theorists Gaming Nominated The Game Theorists , Ronnie Edwards , Forrest Lee Black , and Ryder Burgin Editing Nominated 2016 Streamy Awards The Game Theorists Show of the Year Nominated Gaming Won MatPat 's Game Lab Non-Fiction Nominated Virtual Reality and 360 Won Shorty Awards The Game Theorists Tech and Innovation : Gaming Nominated 2017 Shorty Awards MatPat Tech and Innovation : Gaming Nominated See also ( edit ) List of YouTube personalities The Runner ( 2016 reality series ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roster of Long Haul Management Clients & Partners Jump up ^ The Game Theorists , Socialblade . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Just got ordained to officiate Jason 's wedding . But I can do house blessings and funerals too ! I 'M A ONE - STOP SHOP ! # PastorPat '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Game Theorists ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) , GTLive : SHE LOVES ME NOT ? ! Emily is Away Too ( Part 4 ) , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 , If you spell your name Matt , it 's M-A-T-T , not M-A-T . Not like ' doormat ' . Jump up ^ `` Ben Affleck & Matt Damon 's Interactive Series , The Runner , Gets Trailer '' . People.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ The Game Theorists ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) , Draw My Life - Game Theory , MatPat , and YOU ! , retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Matthew Patrick Facebook '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History Of The Game Theorists '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Five Nights At Freddy 's ' Theorist MatPat Claims To Solve Scott Cawthon 's Lore , Video Incoming '' . Design & Trend . 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' Five Nights At Freddy 's 4 ' Story Theories : Why Scott 's Child Character Is Truly Golden Freddy '' . Design & Trend . 2015 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ FootofaFerret ( August 3 , 2014 ) , A Brief History Of The Game Theorists , retrieved October 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Game Theory : YouTube Is Broken , Even For PewDiePie - New Media Rockstars '' . New Media Rockstars. 2014 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` AngryJoe Drives a Tank ! -- ( War Thunder Event ) '' . The Angry Joe Show . 2014 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Drake McWhorter '' . Twitter . 2016 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . We finalized the script for the re-launch of Crossover . Here 's a taste ! :D Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Drake McWhorter '' . Twitter . 2016 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . The first episode of Crossover season 2 has been done for a while . We 're just waiting to hear if it 's official back . Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Ken Landefeld '' . Twitter . 2016 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . To be perfectly honest , Crossover 's in limbo . We finished the first episode , sent it off , and never heard back. :-( Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Ken Landefeld '' . Twitter . 2017 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . MatPat did n't pick up the season 2 pilot of Crossover so we ended it there . Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Drake McWhorter '' . Twitter . 2016 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Smash History does n't belong on Game Theory . It 's not as high quality , the Smash hype is dead , and it 's not an educational show . `` Tweet by Drake McWhorter '' . Twitter . 2016 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . It 's not self deprecation . It 's literally why the show was canceled . I am explaining the situation . Jump up ^ McWhorter , Drake ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Smash History : Mario & Dr. Mario - Trailer Drake '' . Yes , this is a reupload . I am putting the old Smash Histories onto my channel while we figure out why they were taken off of the Game Theorists . Jump up ^ `` SERIES PREMIERE : TOME Promo and Episode 1 '' . YouTube . The Game Theorists. 2013 - 10 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Post by MatPat '' . Facebook . 2013 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . ( ... ) today we premiere a web series that deserves much more attention than it has received up until now : TOME . Jump up ^ `` Post by Kirbopher '' . Tumblr. 2013 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tweet by Chris Niosi '' . Twitter . 2013 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . TOME Episode 02 : Mansion Midnight is now live on the Game Theorist YouTube channel ! Jump up ^ `` TOME : Mansion Midnight ( ft . JonTron ) '' . YouTube . The Game Theorists. 2013 - 10 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Updates ' n Vlogs + New TOME stuff COMING SOON ! '' . Newgrounds . Kirbopher. 2013 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . I have n't been able to get google adsense to work on my YouTube channel for well over a year . The `` experiment '' was MatPat would be uploading TOME episodes and shorts to their channel as a new show ( since they have 3 shows on the GT channel ) and giving me a cut of the revenue each month . However , the show did n't perform as well as we were hoping within the first two episodes , so it was ultimately decided to pull it from their channel . Jump up ^ `` TOME now on Game Theorist YT & Progress Report '' . Newgrounds . Kirbopher. 2013 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . MatPat and the Game Theorist crew reached out to me , as fans of the show , and wanted to give it more exposure . So , they 've graciously invited me to be part of their channel and help TOME reach a bigger audience than before . Jump up ^ The Game Theorists ( 3 February 2017 ) . GTLive : Our PlayDate From HELL ! Emily Wants to Play . The Game Theorists . YouTube . Event occurs at 55 : 53 . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ The Game Theorists ( August 29 , 2017 ) . GTLive : MATPAT REACTS to YOUTUBERS REACT to GAME THEORY ! . The Game Theorists ( Internet video ) . YouTube . Event occurs at 0 : 55 : 37 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Film Theory : Can a Doctor Who Doctor ACTUALLY EXIST ? ( pt. 1 , Biology ) on YouTube Jump up ^ `` MatPat Theorizes How He Hit 1MM Subscribers In A Month On His Film Theorists Channel ( INTERVIEW ) - New Media Rockstars '' . New Media Rockstars. 2015 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Ian M . `` This Professional Theorist Proves Luke Skywalker Has Joined The Dark Side ! ? '' . moviepilot.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` This video gives logical reasoning why Batman can totally win against Superman ( spoiler alert ) '' . The Indian Express . 2016 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Teases ' Red ' Series From CollegeHumor , The Game Theorists , Joey Graceffa In Latest Trailer '' . Tubefilter. 2016 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Red gives Game Theorists star MatPat a science - meets - video games show '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Game Theorists ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) , NEW SHOW ! Get Ready for Game Lab ! , retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 Jump up ^ GT Live : FNAF Chat with MatPat ! on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Take Selfies and Order Pizza in Minecraft With Verizon 's In - Game Smartphone - Interactive ( video ) - Creativity Online '' . creativity-online.com . Jump up ^ http://www.megaphonetv.com/news-list/2016/9/30/youtube-launches-primetime-gaming-lineup-with-interactive-technology-from-megaphone-tv Jump up ^ GTLive : THE FINAL EPISODE Reacting to My Old Videos ! on YouTube Jump up ^ GTLive : CHLOE , GET GOOD ! Life is Strange : Before the Storm ( Part 2 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ http://collider.com/transformers-titans-return-peter-cullen-optimus-prime/ Jump up ^ `` Stephanie & Matthew 's Wedding Website '' . cordatopatrick.ourwedding.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . External links ( edit ) MatPat on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MatPat&oldid=800861130 '' Categories : 1986 births American male video game actors American YouTubers Duke University alumni Gaming YouTubers Living people Male YouTubers People from Medina , Ohio Streamy Award winners Video game commentators Video game critics Web series producers Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from February 2017 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 03 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did clap and a half come from | [
"Patrick started a Let's Play series called GTLive on August 26, 2015[36] where he streams mostly gameplay with his wife Stephanie and then uploads it to the GTLive archive channel he created on September 14, 2015. Streams are usually conducted at 4 pm PST. Regular guest appearances on the streams include Jason, the producer of GTLive, the co-producer Chris, who became part of the streams after standing in for Jason during his wedding, the Patricks' cat Skip, also known as “CatPat,” Peepachu, a cushion in the form of a yellow, rabbit-shaped Peep and a llama plushie, referred to as \"Drama Llama\". Repeated themes of this livestream include \"Mario Maker Wednesday\" (abbr. “MMW”), \"Motion-Control Thursday\" and \"Scary Games Friday\" (abbr. “TGISGF” for “Thank Goodness It's Scary Games Friday”), also occasionally known as \"Spoopy Games Friday\". A common feature is the 'clap-and-a-half' which Patrick reclaimed from his seventh grade Social Studies teacher. On one live stream, they used Verizon's in-game Minecraft smartphone for ordering pizza as well as taking \"the worlds largest [in-game] selfie\".[37]"
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"Patrick reclaimed from his seventh grade Social Studies teacher"
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-3159876791106159359 | Marie Curie | Marie Curie - wikipedia Marie Curie Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Polish physicist . For other uses , see Marie Curie ( disambiguation ) . This is a Slavic name . The family name `` Skłodowska '' is sometimes transliterated as `` Sklodowska '' . Marie Skłodowska Curie c. 1920 Born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ( 1867 - 11 - 07 ) 7 November 1867 Warsaw , Kingdom of Poland , then part of Russian Empire 4 July 1934 ( 1934 - 07 - 04 ) ( aged 66 ) Passy , Haute - Savoie , France Cause of death Aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation Residence Poland , France Citizenship Poland ( by birth ) France ( by marriage ) Alma mater University of Paris ESPCI Known for Radioactivity Polonium Radium Spouse ( s ) Pierre Curie ( 1859 -- 1906 ) m . 1895 Children Irène Joliot - Curie ( 1897 -- 1956 ) Ève Curie ( 1904 -- 2007 ) Awards Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1903 ) Davy Medal ( 1903 ) Matteucci Medal ( 1904 ) Elliott Cresson Medal ( 1909 ) Albert Medal ( 1910 ) Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( 1911 ) Willard Gibbs Award ( 1921 ) Scientific career Fields Physics , chemistry Institutions University of Paris Institut du Radium École Normale Supérieure French Academy of Medicine International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation Thesis Recherches sur les substances radioactives ( Research on Radioactive Substances ) Doctoral advisor Gabriel Lippmann Doctoral students André - Louis Debierne Óscar Moreno Marguerite Perey Émile Henriot Signature Notes She is the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences . Marie Skłodowska Curie ( / ˈkjʊri , kjʊˈriː / ; French : ( kyʁi ) ; Polish : ( kjiˈri ) ; 7 November 1867 -- 4 July 1934 ; born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ; ( ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska ) ) was a Polish and naturalized - French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity . She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize , the first person and only woman to win twice , the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences , and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes . She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris , and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris . She was born in Warsaw , in what was then the Kingdom of Poland , part of the Russian Empire . She studied at Warsaw 's clandestine Flying University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw . In 1891 , aged 24 , she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris , where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work . She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel . She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity ( a term that she coined ) , techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes , and the discovery of two elements , polonium and radium . Under her direction , the world 's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes . She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw , which remain major centres of medical research today . During World War I , she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals . While a French citizen , Marie Skłodowska Curie , who used both surnames , never lost her sense of Polish identity . She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland . She named the first chemical element that she discovered -- polonium , which she isolated in 1898 -- after her native country . Marie Curie died in 1934 , aged 66 , at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz ( Haute - Savoie ) , France , of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Early years 1.2 New life in Paris 1.3 New elements 1.4 Nobel Prizes 1.5 World War I 1.6 Postwar years 1.7 Death 2 Legacy 3 Awards , honours , and tributes 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Nonfiction 7.2 Fiction 8 External links Life Early years Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw , in the Russian partition of Poland , on 7 November 1867 , the fifth and youngest child of well - known teachers Bronisława , née Boguska , and Władysław Skłodowski . The elder siblings of Maria ( nicknamed Mania ) were Zofia ( born 1862 , nicknamed Zosia ) , Józef ( born 1863 , nicknamed Józio ) , Bronisława ( born 1865 , nicknamed Bronia ) and Helena ( born 1866 , nicknamed Hela ) . Władysław Skłodowski with daughters ( from left ) Maria , Bronisława , Helena , 1890 On both the paternal and maternal sides , the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland 's independence ( the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863 -- 65 ) . This condemned the subsequent generation , including Maria , her elder sisters and her brother , to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life . Maria 's paternal grandfather , Józef Skłodowski , had been a respected teacher in Lublin , where he taught the young Bolesław Prus , who would become a leading figure in Polish literature . Her father , Władysław Skłodowski , taught mathematics and physics , subjects that Maria was to pursue , and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys . After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools , he brought much of the laboratory equipment home , and instructed his children in its use . Birthplace on ulica Freta in Warsaw 's `` New Town '' -- now home to the Maria Skłodowska - Curie Museum The father was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments , and forced to take lower - paying posts ; the family also lost money on a bad investment , and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house . Maria 's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls ; she resigned from the position after Maria was born . She died of tuberculosis in May 1878 , when Maria was ten years old . Less than three years earlier , Maria 's oldest sibling , Zofia , had died of typhus contracted from a boarder . Maria 's father was an atheist ; her mother a devout Catholic . The deaths of Maria 's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic . When she was ten years old , Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska ; next she attended a gymnasium for girls , from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal . After a collapse , possibly due to depression , she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father , and the next year with her father in Warsaw , where she did some tutoring . Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman , she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University ( sometimes translated as Floating University ) , a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students . Maria Skłodowska ( left ) with sister Bronisława , ca . 1886 Maria made an agreement with her sister , Bronisława , that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława 's medical studies in Paris , in exchange for similar assistance two years later . In connection with this , Maria took a position as governess : first as a home tutor in Warsaw ; then for two years as a governess in Szczuki with a landed family , the Żorawskis , who were relatives of her father . While working for the latter family , she fell in love with their son , Kazimierz Żorawski , a future eminent mathematician . His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative , and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them . Maria 's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both . He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician , becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University . Still , as an old man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic , he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932 . At a Warsaw lab , in 1890 -- 91 , Skłodowska did her first scientific work . At the beginning of 1890 , Bronisława -- who a few months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski , a Polish physician and social and political activist -- invited Maria to join them in Paris . Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition ; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds . She was helped by her father , who was able to secure a more lucrative position again . All that time she continued to educate herself , reading books , exchanging letters , and being tutored herself . In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw . She continued working as a governess , and remained there till late 1891 . She tutored , studied at the Flying University , and began her practical scientific training ( 1890 -- 91 ) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66 , near Warsaw 's Old Town . The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski , who had been an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev . New life in Paris In late 1891 , she left Poland for France . In Paris , Maria ( or Marie , as she would be known in France ) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother - in - law before renting a garret closer to the university , in the Latin Quarter , and proceeding with her studies of physics , chemistry , and mathematics at the University of Paris , where she enrolled in late 1891 . She subsisted on her meager resources , suffering from cold winters and occasionally fainting from hunger . Skłodowska studied during the day and tutored evenings , barely earning her keep . In 1893 , she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann . Meanwhile , she continued studying at the University of Paris , and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894 . Marie had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels , commissioned by the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry ( Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale ( 1 ) ) . That same year Pierre Curie entered her life ; it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together . Pierre was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry , the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris ( ESPCI ) . They were introduced by the Polish physicist , Professor Józef Wierusz - Kowalski , who had learned that Marie was looking for a larger laboratory space , something that Wierusz - Kowalski thought Pierre had access to . Though Pierre did not have a large laboratory , he was able to find some space for Marie where she was able to begin work . Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer , and they began to develop feelings for one another . Eventually Pierre proposed marriage , but at first Marie did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country . Pierre , however , declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland , even if it meant being reduced to teaching French . Meanwhile , for the 1894 summer break , Marie returned to Warsaw , where she visited her family . She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland , but she was denied a place at Kraków University because she was a woman . A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a Ph. D. At Marie 's insistence , Pierre had written up his research on magnetism and received his own doctorate in March 1895 ; he was also promoted to professor at the School . A contemporary quip would call Marie , `` Pierre 's biggest discovery . '' On 26 July 1895 they were married in Sceaux ( Seine ) ; neither wanted a religious service . Marie 's dark blue outfit , worn instead of a bridal gown , would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit . They shared two pastimes : long bicycle trips , and journeys abroad , which brought them even closer . In Pierre , Marie had found a new love , a partner , and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend . New elements Pierre and Marie Curie in the laboratory In 1895 , Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays , though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood . In 1896 , Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power . He demonstrated that this radiation , unlike phosphorescence , did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself . Influenced by these two important discoveries , Marie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis . She used an innovative technique to investigate samples . Fifteen years earlier , her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometer , a sensitive device for measuring electric charge . Using Pierre 's electrometer , she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity . Using this technique , her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present . She hypothesized that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules but must come from the atom itself . This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the ancient assumption that atoms were indivisible . In 1897 , her daughter Irène was born . To support her family , Curie began teaching at the École Normale Supérieure . The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory ; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to the School of Physics and Chemistry . The shed , formerly a medical school dissecting room , was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof . They were unaware of the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances . The School did not sponsor her research , but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments . Curie 's systematic studies included two uranium minerals , pitchblende and torbernite ( also known as chalcolite ) . Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself , and chalcolite twice as active . She concluded that , if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct , then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium . She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation , and by 1898 she discovered that the element thorium was also radioactive . Pierre was increasingly intrigued by her work . By mid-1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her . The ( research ) idea ( writes Reid ) was her own ; no one helped her formulate it , and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it . She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity . It ( is ) likely that already at this early stage of her career ( she ) realized that ... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved . Pierre , Irène , Marie Curie She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority . Had not Becquerel , two years earlier , presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it , credit for the discovery of radioactivity , and even a Nobel Prize , would instead have gone to Silvanus Thompson . Curie chose the same rapid means of publication . Her paper , giving a brief and simple account of her work , was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor , Gabriel Lippmann . Even so , just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel , so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium ; two months earlier , Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin . At that time , no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper , describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself : `` The fact is very remarkable , and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium . '' She later would recall how she felt `` a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible . '' On 14 April 1898 , the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100 - gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar . They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore . In July 1898 , Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named `` polonium '' , in honour of her native Poland , which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires ( Russian , Austrian , and Prussian ) . On 26 December 1898 , the Curies announced the existence of a second element , which they named `` radium '' , from the Latin word for `` ray '' . In the course of their research , they also coined the word `` radioactivity '' . To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt , the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form . Pitchblende is a complex mineral ; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task . The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy ; chemically it resembles the element bismuth , and polonium was the only bismuth - like substance in the ore . Radium , however , was more elusive ; it is closely related chemically to barium , and pitchblende contains both elements . By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium , but appreciable quantities , uncontaminated with barium , were still beyond reach . The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization . From a ton of pitchblende , one - tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902 . In 1910 , she isolated pure radium metal . She never succeeded in isolating polonium , which has a half - life of only 138 days . Between 1898 and 1902 , the Curies published , jointly or separately , a total of 32 scientific papers , including one that announced that , when exposed to radium , diseased , tumor - forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells . Pierre and Marie Curie , c. 1903 In 1900 , Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure , and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris . In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father 's death . In June 1903 , supervised by Gabriel Lippmann , Curie was awarded her doctorate from the University of Paris . That month the couple were invited to the Royal Institution in London to give a speech on radioactivity ; being a woman , she was prevented from speaking , and Pierre alone was allowed to . Meanwhile , a new industry began developing , based on radium . The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business . Nobel Prizes 1903 Nobel Prize portrait In December 1903 , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie , Marie Curie , and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics , `` in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel . '' At first , the Committee intended to honour only Pierre and Becquerel , but one of the committee members and an advocate of women scientists , Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag - Leffler , alerted Pierre to the situation , and after his complaint , Marie 's name was added to the nomination . Marie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize . Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person ; they were too busy with their work , and Pierre , who disliked public ceremonies , was feeling increasingly ill . As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture , the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905 . The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant . Following the award of the Nobel Prize , and galvanized by an offer from the University of Geneva , which offered Pierre a position , the University of Paris gave Pierre a professorship and the chair of physics , although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory . Upon Pierre 's complaint , the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory , but it would not be ready until 1906 . In December 1904 , Curie gave birth to their second daughter , Ève . She hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters her native language , and sent or took them on visits to Poland . On 19 April 1906 , Pierre was killed in a road accident . Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain , he was struck by a horse - drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels , causing his skull to fracture . Curie was devastated by her husband 's death . On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for Pierre and to offer it to Marie . She accepted it , hoping to create a world - class laboratory as a tribute to Pierre . She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris . Curie 's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris , however . In her later years , she headed the Radium Institute ( Institut du radium , now Curie Institute , Institut Curie ) , a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris . The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux , director of the Pasteur Institute , who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute . Only then , with the threat of Curie leaving , did the University of Paris relent , and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute . At First Solvay Conference ( 1911 ) , Curie ( seated , second from right ) confers with Henri Poincaré ; standing , fourth from right , is Rutherford ; second from right , Einstein ; far right , Paul Langevin In 1910 , Curie succeeded in isolating radium ; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre : the curie . Nevertheless , in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences did not elect her to be a member by one or two votes . Elected instead was Édouard Branly , an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wireless telegraph . A doctoral student of Curie , Marguerite Perey , became the first woman elected to membership in the Academy -- over half a century later , in 1962 . Despite Curie 's fame as a scientist working for France , the public 's attitude tended toward xenophobia -- the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair -- which also fueled false speculation that Curie was Jewish . During the French Academy of Sciences elections , she was vilified by the right wing press who criticised her for being a foreigner and an atheist . Her daughter later remarked on the public hypocrisy as the French press often portrayed Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour , but would portray her as a French hero when she received a foreign one such as her Nobel Prizes . In 1911 , it was revealed that in 1910 -- 11 Curie had conducted an affair of about a year 's duration with physicist Paul Langevin , a former student of Pierre 's -- a married man who was estranged from his wife . This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents . Curie ( then in her mid-40s ) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home - wrecker . When the scandal broke , she was away at a conference in Belgium ; on her return , she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge , with her daughters , in the home of her friend , Camille Marbo . 1911 Nobel Prize diploma International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights , and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal , honored her a second time , with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . This award was `` in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium , by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element . '' She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes , and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each . A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning , headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz , encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country . Curie 's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government into supporting the Radium Institute , built in 1914 , where research was conducted in chemistry , physics , and medicine . A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize , she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment . For most of 1912 she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist , Hertha Ayrton . She returned to her laboratory only in December , after a break of about 14 months . In 1912 , the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined , focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914 , and on a new street named Rue Pierre - Curie . She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities . The Institute 's development was interrupted by the coming war , as most researchers were drafted into the French Army , and it fully resumed its activities in 1919 . World war I Curie in a mobile X-ray vehicle During World War I , Curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon as possible . She saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons . After a quick study of radiology , anatomy , and automotive mechanics she procured X-ray equipment , vehicles , auxiliary generators , and developed mobile radiography units , which came to be popularly known as petites Curies ( `` Little Curies '' ) . She became the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France 's first military radiology centre , operational by late 1914 . Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17 - year - old daughter Irène , Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war . Later , she began training other women as aides . In 1915 , Curie produced hollow needles containing `` radium emanation '' , a colorless , radioactive gas given off by radium , later identified as radon , to be used for sterilizing infected tissue . She provided the radium from her own one - gram supply . It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units . Busy with this work , she carried out very little scientific research during that period . In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort , Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government . Also , promptly after the war started , she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them . She did buy war bonds , using her Nobel Prize money . She said : I am going to give up the little gold I possess . I shall add to this the scientific medals , which are quite useless to me . There is something else : by sheer laziness I had allowed the money for my second Nobel Prize to remain in Stockholm in Swedish crowns . This is the chief part of what we possess . I should like to bring it back here and invest it in war loans . The state needs it . Only , I have no illusions : this money will probably be lost . She was also an active member in committees of Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause . After the war , she summarized her wartime experiences in a book , Radiology in War ( 1919 ) . Postwar years In 1920 , for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium , the French government established a stipend for her ; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur ( 1822 -- 95 ) . In 1921 , she was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium . Mrs. William Brown Meloney , after interviewing Marie , created a Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium , publicising her trip . In 1921 , U.S. President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States . Before the meeting , recognising her growing fame abroad , and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public , the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award , but she refused . In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine . She also travelled to other countries , appearing publicly and giving lectures in Belgium , Brazil , Spain , and Czechoslovakia . Led by Curie , the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners , including her daughter Irène Joliot - Curie and her son - in - law , Frédéric Joliot - Curie . Eventually , it became one of four major radioactivity research laboratories , the others being the Cavendish Laboratory , with Ernest Rutherford ; the Institute for Radium Research , Vienna , with Stefan Meyer ; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry , with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner . In August 1922 , Marie Curie became a member of the newly created International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations . In 1923 , she wrote a biography of Pierre , entitled Pierre Curie . In 1925 , she visited Poland , to participate in the ceremony that laid foundations for the Radium Institute in Warsaw . Her second American tour , in 1929 , succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium ; it was opened in 1932 and her sister Bronisława became its director . These distractions from her scientific labours and the attendant publicity caused her much discomfort but provided resources needed for her work . In 1930 , she was elected a member of the International Atomic Weights Committee where she served until her death . Death 1935 statue , facing the Radium Institute , Warsaw Curie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934 . A few months later , on 4 July 1934 , she died at the Sancellemoz sanatorium in Passy , Haute - Savoie , from aplastic anemia believed to have been contracted from her long - term exposure to radiation . The damaging effects of ionising radiation were not known at the time of her work , which had been carried out without the safety measures later developed . She had carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket , and she stored them in her desk drawer , remarking on the faint light that the substances gave off in the dark . Curie was also exposed to X-rays from unshielded equipment while serving as a radiologist in field hospitals during the war . Although her many decades of exposure to radiation caused chronic illnesses ( including near - blindness due to cataracts ) and ultimately her death , she never really acknowledged the health risks of radiation exposure . She was interred at the cemetery in Sceaux , alongside her husband Pierre . Sixty years later , in 1995 , in honour of their achievements , the remains of both were transferred to the Panthéon , Paris . She became the first woman to be honoured with interment in the Panthéon on her own merits . In 2015 , two other women were also interred on their own merits . Because of their levels of radioactive contamination , her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle . Even her cookbook is highly radioactive . Her papers are kept in lead - lined boxes , and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing . In her last year , she worked on a book , Radioactivity , which was published posthumously in 1935 . Legacy Statue , Maria Curie - Skłodowska University , Lublin , Poland The physical and societal aspects of the Curies ' work contributed substantially to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty - first centuries . Cornell University professor L. Pearce Williams observes : The result of the Curies ' work was epoch - making . Radium 's radioactivity was so great that it could not be ignored . It seemed to contradict the principle of the conservation of energy and therefore forced a reconsideration of the foundations of physics . On the experimental level the discovery of radium provided men like Ernest Rutherford with sources of radioactivity with which they could probe the structure of the atom . As a result of Rutherford 's experiments with alpha radiation , the nuclear atom was first postulated . In medicine , the radioactivity of radium appeared to offer a means by which cancer could be successfully attacked . If Curie 's work helped overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry , it has had an equally profound effect in the societal sphere . To attain her scientific achievements , she had to overcome barriers , in both her native and her adoptive country , that were placed in her way because she was a woman . This aspect of her life and career is highlighted in Françoise Giroud 's Marie Curie : A Life , which emphasizes Marie 's role as a feminist precursor . She was known for her honesty and moderate life style . Having received a small scholarship in 1893 , she returned it in 1897 as soon as she began earning her keep . She gave much of her first Nobel Prize money to friends , family , students , and research associates . In an unusual decision , Curie intentionally refrained from patenting the radium - isolation process , so that the scientific community could do research unhindered . She insisted that monetary gifts and awards be given to the scientific institutions she was affiliated with rather than to her . She and her husband often refused awards and medals . Albert Einstein reportedly remarked that she was probably the only person who could not be corrupted by fame . Awards , honours , and tributes Tomb of Pierre and Marie Curie , Panthéon , Paris As one of the most famous women scientists to date , Marie Curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe , even in the realm of pop culture . In a 2009 poll carried out by New Scientist , she was voted the `` most inspirational woman in science '' . Curie received 25.1 per cent of all votes cast , nearly twice as many as second - place Rosalind Franklin ( 14.2 per cent ) . Poland and France declared 2011 the Year of Marie Curie , and the United Nations declared that this would be the International Year of Chemistry . An artistic installation celebrating `` Madame Curie '' filled the Jacobs Gallery at San Diego 's Museum of Contemporary Art . On 7 November , Google celebrated the anniversary of her birth with a special Google Doodle . On 10 December , the New York Academy of Sciences celebrated the centenary of Marie Curie 's second Nobel prize in the presence of Princess Madeleine of Sweden . Marie Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel prize , the first person to win two Nobel Prizes , the only woman to win in two fields , and the only person to win in multiple sciences . Awards that she received include : Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1903 , with Pierre ) Davy Medal ( 1903 , with Pierre ) Matteucci Medal ( 1904 , with Pierre ) Actonian Prize ( 1907 ) Elliott Cresson Medal ( 1909 ) Nobel Prize in Chemistry ( 1911 ) Franklin Medal of the American Philosophical Society ( 1921 ) Marie Curie 's 1898 publication with her husband and their collaborator Gustave Bémont . for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris ( Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris ) in 2015 . In 1995 , she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon , Paris . The curie ( symbol Ci ) , a unit of radioactivity , is named in honour of her and Pierre ( although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre , Marie or both of them ) . The element with atomic number 96 was named curium . Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies : curite , sklodowskite , and cuprosklodowskite . She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world . The Marie Skłodowska - Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her . In Poland , she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów Polytechnic ( 1912 ) , Poznań University ( 1922 ) , Kraków 's Jagiellonian University ( 1924 ) , and the Warsaw Polytechnic ( 1926 ) . In 1921 , in the U.S. , she was awarded membership in the Iota Sigma Pi women scientists ' society . Her name is included on the Monument to the X-ray and Radium Martyrs of All Nations , erected in Hamburg , Germany in 1936 . Numerous locations around the world are named after her . In 2007 , a metro station in Paris was renamed to honour both of the Curies . Polish nuclear research reactor Maria is named after her . The 7000 Curie asteroid is also named after her . A KLM McDonnell Douglas MD - 11 ( registration PH - KCC ) is named in her honour . Several institutions bear her name , starting with the two Curie institutes -- the Maria Skłodowska -- Curie Institute of Oncology , in Warsaw ; and the Institut Curie in Paris . She is the patron of Maria Curie - Skłodowska University , in Lublin , founded in 1944 ; and of Pierre and Marie Curie University ( Paris VI ) , France 's pre-eminent science university . In Britain , Marie Curie Cancer Care was organized in 1948 to care for the terminally ill . Two museums are devoted to Marie Curie . In 1967 , the Maria Skłodowska - Curie Museum was established in Warsaw 's `` New Town '' , at her birthplace on ulica Freta ( Freta Street ) . Her Paris laboratory is preserved as the Musée Curie , open since 1992 . Several works of art bear her likeness . In 1935 , Michalina Mościcka , wife of Polish President Ignacy Mościcki , unveiled a statue of Marie Curie before Warsaw 's Radium Institute . During the 1944 Second World War Warsaw Uprising against the Nazi German occupation , the monument was damaged by gunfire ; after the war it was decided to leave the bullet marks on the statue and its pedestal . In 1955 Jozef Mazur created a stained glass panel of her , the Maria Skłodowska - Curie Medallion , featured in the University at Buffalo Polish Room . A number of biographies are devoted to her . In 1938 her daughter , Ève Curie , published Madame Curie . In 1987 Françoise Giroud wrote Marie Curie : A Life . In 2005 Barbara Goldsmith wrote Obsessive Genius : The Inner World of Marie Curie . In 2011 Lauren Redniss published Radioactive : Marie and Pierre Curie , a Tale of Love and Fallout . Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon starred in the 1943 U.S. Oscar - nominated film , Madame Curie , based on her life . More recently , in 1997 , a French film about Pierre and Marie Curie was released , Les Palmes de M. Schutz . It was adapted from a play of the same name . In the film , Marie Curie was played by Isabelle Huppert . Curie is the subject of the play False Assumptions by Lawrence Aronovitch , in which the ghosts of three other women scientists observe events in her life . Curie has also been portrayed by Susan Marie Frontczak in her play Manya : The Living History of Marie Curie , a one - woman show performed in 30 US states and nine countries , by 2014 . Curie 's likeness also has appeared on banknotes , stamps and coins around the world . She was featured on the Polish late - 1980s 20,000 - złoty banknote as well as on the last French 500 - franc note , before the franc was replaced by the euro . Curie themed postage stamps from Mali , the Republic of Togo , Zambia , and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder . On the first centenary of Marie Curie 's second Nobel Prize in 2011 , an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace . It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult : polonium and radium . Also in 2011 , a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was named in her honor . See also Eusapia Palladino : Spiritualist medium whose Paris séances were attended by Pierre and Marie Curie . Genius , a television series depicting Einstein 's life List of female Nobel laureates List of multiple discoveries List of Poles Marie Curie Gargoyle ( 1988 ) , University of Oregon Poles Treatise on Radioactivity Marie `` Blanche '' Wittmann , who worked for Marie Curie . Women in chemistry NOTES a . Poland had been partitioned in the 18th century among Russia , Prussia and Austria , and it was Maria Skłodowska Curie 's hope that naming the element after her native country would bring world attention to Poland 's lack of independence as a sovereign state . Polonium may have been the first chemical element named to highlight a political question . b . Sources vary concerning the field of her second degree . Tadeusz Estreicher , in the 1938 Polski słownik biograficzny entry , writes that , while many sources state she earned a degree in mathematics , this is incorrect , and that her second degree was in chemistry . References Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie -- Biography '' . Nobelprize.org. 4 July 1934 . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ESPCI Paris : Prestige '' . www.espci.fr . Retrieved 26 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curie '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of Radioactivity '' . Berkeley Lab . The term radioactivity was actually coined by Marie Curie ( ... ) . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie -- Research Breakthroughs ( 1897 -- 1904 ) '' . American Institute of Physics . To describe the behavior of uranium and thorium ( Curie ) invented the word `` radioactivity '' -- based on the Latin word for ray . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie and the radioactivity , The 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics '' . nobelprize.org . Marie called this radiation radioactivity - `` radio '' means radiation . Jump up ^ See her signature , `` M. Skłodowska Curie '' , in the infobox . Jump up ^ Her 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was granted to `` Marie Sklodowska Curie '' File : Marie Skłodowska - Curie 's Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911. jpg . ^ Jump up to : Goldsmith , Barbara ( 2005 ) . Obsessive Genius : The Inner World of Marie Curie . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05137 - 7 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Genius of Marie Curie : The Woman Who Lit Up the World '' on YouTube ( a 2013 BBC documentary ) . ^ Jump up to : Estreicher , Tadeusz ( 1938 ) . `` Curie , Maria ze Skłodowskich '' . Polski słownik biograficzny , vol. 4 ( in Polish ) . p. 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Polish Girlhood ( 1867 -- 1891 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Craig ( 2014 ) . The Age of Radiance : The Epic Rise and Dramatic Fall of the Atomic Era . Simon & Schuster . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4516 - 6045 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Wojciech A. Wierzewski ( 21 June 2008 ) . `` Mazowieckie korzenie Marii '' ( Maria 's Mazowsze Roots ) . Gwiazda Polarna. 100 ( 13 ) : 16 -- 17 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Miłosz , Czesław ( 1983 ) . The History of Polish Literature . University of California Press . p. 291 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04477 - 7 . Undoubtedly the most important novelist of the period was Bolesław Prus ... Jump up ^ Barker , Dan ( 2011 ) . The Good Atheist : Living a Purpose - Filled Life Without God . Ulysses Press . p. 171 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56975 - 846 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Unusually at such an early age , she became what T.H. Huxley had just invented a word for : agnostic . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Polish Girlhood ( 1867 -- 1891 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . pp. 23 -- 23 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Estreicher , Tadeusz ( 1938 ) . `` Curie , Maria ze Skłodowskich '' . Polski słownik biograficzny , vol. 4 ( in Polish ) . p. 112 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Student in Paris ( 1891 -- 1897 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ L. Pearce Williams ( 1986 ) . `` Curie , Pierre and Marie '' . Encyclopedia Americana , vol. 8 . Danbury , Connecticut : Grolier , Inc. p. 331 . Jump up ^ les Actus DN . `` Marie Curie '' . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Research Breakthroughs ( 1807 -- 1904 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . pp. 61 -- 63 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Research Breakthroughs ( 1807 -- 1904 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Student in Paris ( 1891 -- 1897 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . pp. 63 -- 64 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . 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Web . 3 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Research Breakthroughs ( 1807 -- 1904 ) Part 3 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Susan ( 1996 ) . Marie Curie : A Life . Da Capo Press . pp. 176 , 203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 88794 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mould , R.F. ( 1998 ) . `` The discovery of radium in 1898 by Maria Sklodowska - Curie ( 1867 -- 1934 ) and Pierre Curie ( 1859 -- 1906 ) with commentary on their life and times '' ( PDF ) . The British Journal of Radiology. 71 ( 852 ) : 1229 -- 54 . doi : 10.1259 / bjr. 71.852. 10318996 . PMID 10318996 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Recognition and Disappointment ( 1903 -- 1905 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Recognition and Disappointment ( 1903 -- 1905 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prof. Curie killed in a Paris street '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 20 April 1906 . Retrieved 8 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Tragedy and Adjustment ( 1906 -- 1910 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Tragedy and Adjustment ( 1906 -- 1910 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Estreicher , Tadeusz ( 1938 ) . `` Curie , Maria ze Skłodowskich '' . Polski słownik biograficzny , vol. 4 ( in Polish ) . p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Scandal and Recovery ( 1910 -- 1913 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Barbara ( 2005 ) . Obsessive Genius : The Inner World of Marie Curie . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 170 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05137 - 7 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . pp. 44 , 90 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Barbara ( 2005 ) . Obsessive Genius : The Inner World of Marie Curie . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 165 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05137 - 7 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- Scandal and Recovery ( 1910 -- 1913 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- War Duty ( 1914 -- 1919 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Coppes - Zantinga , A.R. and Coppes , M.J. ( 1998 ) , Marie Curie 's contributions to radiology during World War I. Med . Pediatr . Oncol. , 31 : 541 -- 543 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1096 - 911X ( 199812 ) 31 : 6 < 541 : : AID - MPO19 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 0 ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- War Duty ( 1914 -- 1919 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Śladkowski , Wiesław ( 1980 ) . Emigracja polska we Francji 1871 -- 1918 ( in Polish ) . Wydawnictwo Lubelskie . p. 274 . ISBN 83 - 222 - 0147 - 8 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ann M. Lewicki ( 2002 ) . `` Marie Sklodowska Curie in America , 1921 '' . Radiology . Radiological Society of North America . 223 ( 2 ) : 299 -- 303 . doi : 10.1148 / radiol. 2232011319 . PMID 11997527 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Julie Des Jardins ( October 2011 ) . `` Madame Curie 's Passion '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- The Radium Institute ( 1919 -- 1934 ) Part 1 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Pasachoff , Naomi ( 1996 ) . Marie Curie : And the Science of Radioactivity : And the Science of Radioactivity . Oxford University Press . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509214 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Zwoliński , Zbigniew . `` Science in Poland -- Maria Sklodowska - Curie '' . Uniwersytet im . Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- The Radium Institute ( 1919 -- 1934 ) Part 2 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC '' . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie Enshrined in Pantheon '' . New York Times . 21 April 1995 . Retrieved 2 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie and Her Legend '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Norman E. Holden ( 2004 ) . `` Atomic Weights and the International Committee : A Historical Review '' . Chemistry International . ^ Jump up to : `` Marie Curie -- The Radium Institute ( 1919 -- 1934 ) Part 3 '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Rollyson , Carl ( 2004 ) . Marie Curie : Honesty In Science . iUniverse . p. x . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 34059 - 0 . Jump up ^ James Shipman ; Jerry D. Wilson ; Aaron Todd ( 2012 ) . An Introduction to Physical Science . Cengage Learning . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 133 - 10409 - 4 . Jump up ^ Blom , Philipp ( 2008 ) . `` 1903 : A Strange Luminescence '' . The Vertigo Years : Europe , 1900 -- 1914 . Basic Books . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01116 - 2 . The glowing tubes looked like faint , fairy lights . Jump up ^ Denise Grady ( 6 October 1998 ) , A Glow in the Dark , and a Lesson in Scientific Peril The New York Times ; accessed 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Angelique Chrisafis ( 27 May 2015 ) , France president François Hollande adds resistance heroines to Panthéon The Guardian ; accessed 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Estes , Adam Clark . `` Marie Curie 's century - old radioactive notebook still requires lead box '' . ^ Jump up to : Bryson , Bill ( 2012 ) . A Short History of Nearly Everything . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 67450 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Estreicher , Tadeusz ( 1938 ) . `` Curie , Maria ze Skłodowskich '' . Polski słownik biograficzny , vol. 4 ( in Polish ) . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Robert William Reid ( 1974 ) . Marie Curie . New American Library . p. 265 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211539 - 5 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Borzendowski , Janice ( 2009 ) . Sterling Biographies : Marie Curie : Mother of Modern Physics . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 5318 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Most inspirational woman scientist revealed '' . Newscientist.com. 2 July 2009 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie voted greatest female scientist '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 2 July 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2010 . Marie Curie , the Nobel Prize - winning nuclear physicist has been voted the greatest woman scientist of all time . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 -- The Year of Marie Skłodowska - Curie '' . Cosmopolitanreview.com. 3 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Chute , James ( 5 March 2011 ) . `` Video artist Steinkamp 's flowery ' Madame Curie ' is challenging , and stunning '' . signonsandiego.com . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie 's 144th Birthday Anniversary '' . DoodleToday.com. 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Madeleine attends celebrations to mark anniversary of Marie Curie 's second Nobel Prize '' . Sveriges Kungahus . Retrieved 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize Facts '' . Nobelprize.org. 22 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Eve Curie ; Vincent Sheean ( 1999 ) . Madame Curie : A Biography . Turtleback Books . p. 389 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 613 - 18127 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS '' . Science . 25 ( 647 ) : 839 -- 840 . 1907 . Bibcode : 1907Sci ... 25 ... 839 ... doi : 10.1126 / science. 25.647. 839 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Laureate Database '' . The Franklin Institute Awards . The Franklin Institute . Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes '' . Proc. Am. Philos . Soc. 60 ( 4 ) : xxii. 1921 . JSTOR 984523 . Jump up ^ Curie , M.P. ; Curie , Mme . P ; Bémont , M.G. ( 26 December 1898 ) . `` sur une nouvelle substance fortement redio - active , contenue dans la pechblende '' . Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences ( in French ) . Paris . 127 : 1215 -- 1217 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Awardees '' . American Chemical Society , Division of the History of Chemistry . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign School of Chemical Sciences . 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award '' ( PDF ) . American Chemical Society , Division of the History of Chemistry . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign School of Chemical Sciences . 2015 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul W. Frame ( October -- November 1996 ) . `` How the Curie Came to Be '' . Oak Ridge Associated Universities . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Curium '' . Chemistry in its element . Royal Society of Chemistry . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Borzendowski , Janice ( 2009 ) . Sterling Biographies : Marie Curie : Mother of Modern Physics . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc. p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 5318 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie Actions '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . 2012 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coventry professor 's honorary degree takes him in footsteps of Marie Curie '' . Birmingham Press . 31 July 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PROFESSIONAL AWARDS '' . Iota Stigma Pi : National Honor Society for Women in Chemistry . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Museum of Modern Imaging '' . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IEA -- reaktor Maria '' . Institute of Atomic Energy , Poland . Archived from the original on 19 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Picture of the McDonnell Douglas MD - 11 aircraft '' . Airliners.net . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Charity Commission . Marie Curie ( charity ) , registered charity no . 207994 . Jump up ^ Curie , Institut ( 17 December 2010 ) . `` Curie museum Institut Curie '' . Curie.fr . Archived from the original on 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marie Curie Medallion Returns to UB Polish Collection By Way of eBay '' . News Center , University of Buffalo . 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radioactive : Marie and Pierre Curie , a Tale of Love and Fallout '' . Cosmopolitanreview.com. 3 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les - Palmes - de-M - Schutz ( 1997 ) '' . Movies . New York Times . 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Mixing Science With Theatre -- Ottawa Sun , March 2013 ^ Jump up to : Main , Douglas ( 7 March 2014 ) . `` This Famous Image Of Marie Curie Is n't Marie Curie '' . Popular Science www.popsci.com . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Council of Scientific & Industrial Research ( India ) ( 1997 ) . Science reporter . Council of Scientific & Industrial Research . p. 117 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Letcher , Piers ( 2003 ) . Eccentric France . Bradt Travel Guides . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 068 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Most Marii Skłodowskiej - Curie , Polska '' Vistal Gdynia `` . www.vistal.pl . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kabzińska , Krystyna ( 1998 ) . `` Chemiczne i polskie aspekty odkrycia polonu i radu '' ( Chemical and Polish Aspects of Polonium and Radium Discovery ) . Przemysł chemiczny ( The Chemical Industry ) ( in Polish ) . 77 : 104 -- 107 . Further reading Nonfiction Eva Hemmungs Wirtén ( 2015 ) . Making Marie Curie : Intellectual Property and Celebrity Culture in an Age of Information . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 23584 - 4 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Kaczorowska , Teresa ( 2011 ) . Córka mazowieckich równin , czyli , Maria Skłodowska - Curie z Mazowsza ( Daughter of the Mazovian Plains : Maria Skłodowska -- Curie of Mazowsze ) ( in Polish ) . Związek Literatów Polskich , Oddz . w Ciechanowie . ISBN 9788389408365 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Pasachoff , Naomi ( 1996 ) . Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509214 - 1 . Curie , Eve ( 2001 ) . Madame Curie : A Biography . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81038 - 1 . Curie , Marie ( 1921 ) . The Discovery of Radium . Poughkeepsie : Vassar College . Quinn , Susan ( 1996 ) . Marie Curie : A Life . Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 88794 - 5 . Giroud , Françoise ( 1986 ) . Marie Curie , a life . Holmes & Meier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8419 - 0977 - 9 . , translated by Lydia Davis Redniss , Lauren ( 2010 ) . Radioactive : Marie & Pierre Curie : A Tale of Love and Fallout . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 135132 - 7 . Opfell , Olga S. ( 1978 ) . The Lady Laureates : Women Who Have Won the Nobel Prize . Metuchen , N.J. & London : Scarecrow Press . pp. 147 -- 164 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 1161 - 8 . Fiction Olov Enquist , Per ( 2006 ) . The Book about Blanche and Marie . New York : Overlook . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 668 - 3 . A 2004 novel by Per Olov Enquist featuring Maria Skłodowska - Curie , neurologist Jean - Martin Charcot , and his Salpêtrière patient `` Blanche '' ( Marie `` Blanche '' Wittmann ) . The English translation was published in 2006 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Marie Curie ( category ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Marie Curie Wikisource has original works written by or about : Marie Curie Out of the Shadows -- A study of women physicists The official web page of Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin , Poland in English . Detailed Biography at Science in Poland website ; with quotes , photographs , links etc . European Marie Curie Fellowships Marie Curie Fellowship Association Works by Marie Curie at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Marie Curie at Internet Archive Works by Marie Curie at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Marie Sklodowska Curie : Her Life as a Media Compendium Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium Chronology from nobelprize.org Annotated bibliography of Marie Curie from the Alsos Digital Library Obituary , New York Times , 5 July 1934 Mme . Curie Is Dead ; Martyr to Science Some places and memories related to Marie Curie Marie Curie on the 500 French Franc and 20000 old Polish zloty banknotes . Marie Curie on IMDb -- Animated biography of Marie Curie on DVD from an animated series of world and American history -- Animated Hero Classics distributed by Nest Learning . Marie Curie -- More than Meets the Eye on IMDb -- Live action portrayal of Marie Curie on DVD from the Inventors Series produced by Devine Entertainment . Marie Curie on IMDb -- Portrayal of Marie Curie in a television mini series produced by the BBC `` Marie Curie and the Study of Radioactivity '' at American Institute of Physics website . ( Site also has a short version for kids entitled `` Her story in brief ! '' . ) `` Marie Curie Walking Tour of Paris '' . Hypatia . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Works by Marie Curie at Gallica streets and schools worldwide named after her . location of her grave on OpenStreetMap . Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 -- 1925 1901 Jacobus van ' t Hoff 1902 Emil Fischer 1903 Svante Arrhenius 1904 William Ramsay 1905 Adolf von Baeyer 1906 Henri Moissan 1907 Eduard Buchner 1908 Ernest Rutherford 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald 1910 Otto Wallach 1911 Marie Curie 1912 Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier 1913 Alfred Werner 1914 Theodore Richards 1915 Richard Willstätter 1916 1917 1918 Fritz Haber 1919 1920 Walther Nernst 1921 Frederick Soddy 1922 Francis Aston 1923 Fritz Pregl 1924 1925 Richard Zsigmondy 1926 -- 1950 1926 Theodor Svedberg 1927 Heinrich Wieland 1928 Adolf Windaus 1929 Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler - Chelpin 1930 Hans Fischer 1931 Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius 1932 Irving Langmuir 1933 1934 Harold Urey 1935 Frédéric Joliot - Curie / Irène Joliot - Curie 1936 Peter Debye 1937 Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer 1938 Richard Kuhn 1939 Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička 1940 1941 1942 1943 George de Hevesy 1944 Otto Hahn 1945 Artturi Virtanen 1946 James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley 1947 Robert Robinson 1948 Arne Tiselius 1949 William Giauque 1950 Otto Diels / Kurt Alder 1951 -- 1975 1951 Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg 1952 Archer Martin / Richard Synge 1953 Hermann Staudinger 1954 Linus Pauling 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud 1956 Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov 1957 Alexander Todd 1958 Frederick Sanger 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský 1960 Willard Libby 1961 Melvin Calvin 1962 Max Perutz / John Kendrew 1963 Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta 1964 Dorothy Hodgkin 1965 Robert Woodward 1966 Robert S. Mulliken 1967 Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter 1968 Lars Onsager 1969 Derek Barton / Odd Hassel 1970 Luis Federico Leloir 1971 Gerhard Herzberg 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein 1973 Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson 1974 Paul Flory 1975 John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog 1976 -- 2000 1976 William Lipscomb 1977 Ilya Prigogine 1978 Peter D. Mitchell 1979 Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig 1980 Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger 1981 Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann 1982 Aaron Klug 1983 Henry Taube 1984 Robert Merrifield 1985 Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle 1986 Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi 1987 Donald J. Cram / Jean - Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen 1988 Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel 1989 Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech 1990 Elias Corey 1991 Richard R. Ernst 1992 Rudolph A. Marcus 1993 Kary Mullis / Michael Smith 1994 George Olah 1995 Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / Frank Rowland 1996 Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley 1997 Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou 1998 Walter Kohn / John Pople 1999 Ahmed Zewail 2000 Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa 2001 -- present 2001 William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless 2002 John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich 2003 Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon 2004 Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose 2005 Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin 2006 Roger D. Kornberg 2007 Gerhard Ertl 2008 Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y . Tsien 2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath 2010 Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei - ichi Negishi 2011 Dan Shechtman 2012 Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka 2013 Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel 2014 Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner 2015 Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar 2016 Jean - Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa 2017 Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 -- 1925 1901 Röntgen 1902 Lorentz / Zeeman 1903 Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie 1904 Rayleigh 1905 Lenard 1906 J.J. Thomson 1907 Michelson 1908 Lippmann 1909 Marconi / Braun 1910 Van der Waals 1911 Wien 1912 Dalén 1913 Kamerlingh Onnes 1914 Laue 1915 W.L. Bragg / W.H. Bragg 1916 1917 Barkla 1918 Planck 1919 Stark 1920 Guillaume 1921 Einstein 1922 N. Bohr 1923 Millikan 1924 M. Siegbahn 1925 Franck / Hertz 1926 -- 1950 1926 Perrin 1927 Compton / C. Wilson 1928 O. Richardson 1929 De Broglie 1930 Raman 1931 1932 Heisenberg 1933 Schrödinger / Dirac 1934 1935 Chadwick 1936 Hess / C.D. Anderson 1937 Davisson / G.P. Thomson 1938 Fermi 1939 Lawrence 1940 1941 1942 1943 Stern 1944 Rabi 1945 Pauli 1946 Bridgman 1947 Appleton 1948 Blackett 1949 Yukawa 1950 Powell 1951 -- 1975 1951 Cockcroft / Walton 1952 Bloch / Purcell 1953 Zernike 1954 Born / Bothe 1955 Lamb / Kusch 1956 Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain 1957 C.N. Yang / T.D. Lee 1958 Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm 1959 Segrè / Chamberlain 1960 Glaser 1961 Hofstadter / Mössbauer 1962 Landau 1963 Wigner / Goeppert - Mayer / Jensen 1964 Townes / Basov / Prokhorov 1965 Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman 1966 Kastler 1967 Bethe 1968 Alvarez 1969 Gell - Mann 1970 Alfvén / Néel 1971 Gabor 1972 Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer 1973 Esaki / Giaever / Josephson 1974 Ryle / Hewish 1975 A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater 1976 -- 2000 1976 Richter / Ting 1977 P.W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck 1978 Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson 1979 Glashow / Salam / Weinberg 1980 Cronin / Fitch 1981 Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn 1982 K. Wilson 1983 Chandrasekhar / Fowler 1984 Rubbia / Van der Meer 1985 von Klitzing 1986 Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer 1987 Bednorz / Müller 1988 Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger 1989 Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul 1990 Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor 1991 de Gennes 1992 Charpak 1993 Hulse / J. Taylor 1994 Brockhouse / Shull 1995 Perl / Reines 1996 D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson 1997 Chu / Cohen - Tannoudji / Phillips 1998 Laughlin / Störmer / Tsui 1999 ' t Hooft / Veltman 2000 Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby 2001 -- present 2001 Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman 2002 Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi 2003 Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett 2004 Gross / Politzer / Wilczek 2005 Glauber / Hall / Hänsch 2006 Mather / Smoot 2007 Fert / Grünberg 2008 Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa 2009 Kao / Boyle / Smith 2010 Geim / Novoselov 2011 Perlmutter / Riess / Schmidt 2012 Wineland / Haroche 2013 Englert / Higgs 2014 Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura 2015 Kajita / McDonald 2016 Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz 2017 Weiss / Barish / Thorne Scientists whose names are used as non SI units Anders Jonas Ångström Alexander Graham Bell Marie Curie Pierre Curie John Dalton Peter Debye Loránd Eötvös Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Galileo Galilei Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss William Gilbert Heinrich Kayser Johann Heinrich Lambert Samuel Pierpont Langley Heinrich Mache James Clerk Maxwell John Napier Hans Christian Ørsted Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille William John Macquorn Rankine René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur Wilhelm Röntgen Sir George Stokes , 1st Baronet John Strutt , 3rd Baron Rayleigh Joseph John Thomson Evangelista Torricelli Scientists whose names are used as SI units Scientists whose names are used in chemical element names Scientists whose names are used in physical constants People whose names are used in chemical element names Vasili Samarsky - Bykhovets Johan Gadolin Amerigo Vespucci Marie Curie Pierre Curie George Berkeley Albert Einstein Enrico Fermi Dmitri Mendeleev Alfred Nobel Ernest Lawrence Ernest Rutherford Glenn T. Seaborg Niels Bohr Lise Meitner Nicolaus Copernicus Georgy Flyorov Robert Livermore Scientists whose names are used as SI units non SI units Physical constants VIAF : 76353174 LCCN : n80155913 ISNI : 0000 0003 6864 4542 GND : 118523023 SELIBR : 182625 SUDOC : 029924960 BNF : cb121447141 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90528061 MGP : 177944 NLA : 35032691 NDL : 00437030 NKC : jn20000601235 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ VIAV \ 099896 BNE : XX899975 IATH : w6qv3kx7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Curie&oldid=812038327 '' Categories : Marie Curie 1867 births 1934 deaths Polish women scientists Polish physicists Polish chemists Polish Nobel laureates French women scientists French physicists French chemists French Nobel laureates Nobel laureates in Physics Nobel laureates in Chemistry Nobel laureates with multiple Nobel awards Experimental physicists Nuclear chemists Radioactivity Discoverers of chemical elements Former Roman Catholics Polish agnostics Governesses People from Warsaw People from Warsaw Governorate Congress Poland emigrants to France French people of Polish descent Naturalized citizens of France Curie family 19th - century physicists 20th - century physicists 19th - century chemists 20th - century chemists 19th - century women scientists 20th - century women scientists Women inventors Polish inventors French inventors Women physicists Women chemists Women Nobel laureates 19th - century French scientists 20th - century French scientists Légion d'honneur refusals University of Paris alumni University of Paris faculty Members of the Lwów Scientific Society Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences ( 1917 -- 25 ) Corresponding Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences Honorary Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Deaths from anemia Disease - related deaths in France Burials at the Panthéon , Paris Victims of radiological poisoning Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2016 Use British English from August 2012 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 16 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | scientist who lost life in their own discovery | [
"Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I.[10]"
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"Marie Curie"
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4594693721812915094 | I Will Follow Him | I Will Follow Him - wikipedia I Will Follow Him Jump to : navigation , search `` I Will Follow Him '' German edition picture sleeve Single by Little Peggy March from the album I Will Follow Him B - side `` Wind Up Doll '' Released March 1963 Format Vinyl , 7 `` , 45 RPM Recorded 1962 Genre Pop Length 2 : 25 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Music : Franck Pourcel , Paul Mauriat , arr . Arthur Altman Lyrics : Norman Gimbel Producer ( s ) Hugo & Luigi , Arranged by Sammy Lowe Little Peggy March singles chronology `` Little Me '' ( 1962 ) `` I Will Follow Him '' ( 1963 ) `` I Wish I Were a Princess '' ( 1963 ) `` Little Me '' ( 1962 ) `` I Will Follow Him '' ( 1963 ) `` I Wish I Were a Princess '' ( 1963 ) `` I Will Follow Him '' is a popular song that was first recorded in 1961 by Franck Pourcel , as an instrumental titled `` Chariot '' . The song achieved its widest success when it was recorded by American singer Little Peggy March with English lyrics in 1963 . The music was written by Franck Pourcel ( using the pseudonym J.W. Stole ) and Paul Mauriat ( using the pseudonym Del Roma ) . It was adapted by Arthur Altman . The English lyrics were written by Norman Gimbel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song history 1.1 Petula Clark versions 1.2 Little Peggy March version 1.2. 1 Chart performance 1.3 Other versions 2 In popular culture 3 References 4 External links Song history ( edit ) The song was recorded in 1961 by Franck Pourcel and began as an instrumental piece appearing on the 1961 European LP release Amour , Danse , Et Violons . No. 17 . At the same time , it appeared on the EP release La Voix de son Maître . Pourcel co-wrote the song with his friend and fellow French bandleader Paul Mauriat . The other French bandleader Raymond Lefèvre has been credited for arrangements . Franck Pourcel 's original recording was popular on MOR , or `` easy listening , '' stations . Mauriat later recorded an instrumental version in 1976 with a disco beat , using a Moog synthesizer . In 1963 , Percy Faith released an instrumental version , re-titled `` I Will Follow You '' , as the lead song on side 1 of his album titled Themes for Young Lovers . Many other hits at the time were also on the album , including `` Up on the Roof '' , `` On Broadway '' , and `` Rhythm of the Rain '' . Petula Clark versions ( edit ) In 1962 , Petula Clark released a French language version of the song , titled `` Chariot '' ( lyrics by Jacques Plante ) , which reached No. 1 in Wallonia , No. 2 in France , and No. 8 in Flanders , and earned Clark a gold record . Her English version reached No. 4 in Denmark , where it was released by Vogue , but failed to chart in the UK and the USA , where it was released by Pye and Laurie respectively . Clark also recorded Italian and German versions of the song , with her Italian version , `` Sul mio carro '' , reaching No. 4 in Italy , and her German version , `` Cheerio '' , reaching No. 6 in Germany . Little Peggy March version ( edit ) In 1963 , Little Peggy March 's version of `` I Will Follow Him '' , backed with `` Wind Up Doll '' , was released by RCA Victor . March 's version reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on April 27 , 1963 , making 15 - year - old March the youngest female artist to have a U.S. chart - topping single . Her version also reached No. 1 in Australia , Hong Kong , Israel , South Africa , Uruguay , Canada 's CHUM Hit Parade , New Zealand 's `` Lever Hit Parade '' , and Billboard 's Hot R&B Singles chart . The song was ranked No. 6 on Cash Box 's `` Top 100 Chart Hits of 1963 '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 ) Peak position Australia ( Music Maker ) Canada ( CHUM Hit Parade ) Chile 5 Finland ( Ilta - Sanomat ) ≥ 2 Germany 6 Hong Kong Israel ( Kol Yisrael ) Japan ( Utamatic ) ≥ 8 New Zealand ( Lever Hit Parade ) Peru ( La Prensa ) Philippines 5 South Africa Sweden ( Tio i Topp ) Uruguay ( Discometro Mundial ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot R&B Singles Other versions ( edit ) In Italy three versions of the song were in the charts in 1963 ( translated / adapted by Vito Pallavicini and Bruno Pallesi ) : One recorded by Betty Curtis ( highest position : # 3 ) , another version by Petula Clark ( `` Sul mio carro '' ; # 4 ) and the Franck Pourcel version ( # 5 ) . Curtis 's version was also a top 10 hit in Uruguay . In 1963 , Italian singer Ennio Sangiusto released a version of the song titled `` Chariot ( La Tierra ) '' , which reached No. 1 in Spain . Also in 1963 , Italian singer Joe Sentieri released a version of the song titled `` La Tierra '' , which reached No. 3 in Argentina . In 1963 , Argentine singer Alberto Cortez released a version of the song titled `` La Tierra ( Chariot ) '' , which reached No. 2 in Spain . Also in 1963 , Argentine singer Violeta Rivas released a version titled `` La Tierra '' , which reached No. 1 in Uruguay . Dee Dee Sharp released a version of the song in 1963 , which reached No. 1 in Hong Kong . In 1982 , Dutch singer José Hoebee ( former member of the girl band Luv ' ) released a hit cover of the song , which reached No. 1 in Flanders , No. 1 on the Dutch Top 40 , and No. 2 on the Dutch Nationale Hitparade . In 1994 , Spanish singer Raphael released a Spanish version of the song titled `` La Tierra '' ( English : `` The Earth '' ) , which appeared on his album Fantasía . Raphael performed the song in his tours with remarkable success until 1999 . The Norwegian comedian Lars Mjøen wrote comedic Norwegian lyrics , `` Torsken kommer ! '' ( translates to `` The cod is coming '' ) . The song was published by the comedy troupe KLM as Brødrene Dal as the B - side of `` Gaus , Roms Og Brumund '' ( PolyGram 2052 206 ) and on the LP record Spektralplate ( Polydor 2382 135 ) in 1982 . A music video remake was released by Norges Bank in 2017 to mark the introduction of the new 200 krone banknote that features a cod on the obverse side . In 2009 , Swedish singer Jessica Andersson covered it on her album , Wake Up In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) The Peggy March version of the song is featured prominently in Kenneth Anger 's 1963 experimental film Scorpio Rising . The Betty Curtis version is used in the 1990 film Goodfellas . The song is featured at the end of the 1992 film Sister Act , where it was performed by the nuns ' chorus for the Pope . The song 's chorus was sampled in the Eminem / Dr. Dre song `` Guilty Conscience '' , as `` these voices , these voices , I hear them , and where they talk I 'll follow , I 'll follow , I 'll follow , I 'll follow '' from Eminem 's The Slim Shady LP . The song is also used by Malaysian mobile service provider Digi for its extensive promotional campaign in late 2006 , albeit with slightly different lyrics ( as `` I Will Follow You '' ) . The first five notes of the song has since been made into the main jingle for future Digi advertisements . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Music Registrations , Catalog of Copyright Entries : Third Series , Volume 19 , Part 5 , Number 2 . U.S. Government Printing Office , July - December 1965 . p. 1509 . Archive.org . Accessed February 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` I Will Follow Him by Little Peggy March Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winner of the Billboard DJ Poll Instrumental Album Award for 1963 '' , Billboard , July 18 , 1964 . p. 5 . Accessed February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Popoff , Martin ; `` Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948 - 1991 '' , Krause Publications ( 2010 ) p. 414 Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , December 8 , 1962 . p. 37 . Accessed February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , December 1 , 1962 . p. 34 . Accessed February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petula Clark - Chariot , Ultratop . Accessed February 25 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , October 27 , 1962 . p. 26 . Accessed February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , July 13 , 1963 . p. 30 . Accessed February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia - Top Annuali Single : 1963 '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Petula Clark - Cheerio , norwegiancharts.com . Accessed February 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Singles Reviews '' , Billboard , February 2 , 1963 . p. 30 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Little Peggy March - Chart History - The Hot 100 , Billboard.com . Accessed February 19 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Peggy March 's ' Follow ' Still The Leader '' , Billboard.com . November 9 , 2010 . Accessed February 19 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , May 18 , 1963 . p. 32 . Accessed February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , July 20 , 1963 . p. 27 . Accessed February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , June 29 , 1963 . p. 46 . Accessed February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , October 5 , 1963 . p. 22 . Accessed February 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CHUM Hit Parade -- Week of April 15 , 1963 '' . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Chart No. 318 . CHUM . ^ Jump up to : `` Lever Hit Parade '' 09 - May - 1963 , Flavour of New Zealand . Accessed February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hot R&B Singles '' , Billboard , May 25 , 1963 . p. 22 . Accessed February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 803 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Chart Hits of 1963 '' , Cash Box , December 28 , 1963 . p. 18 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , October 12 , 1963 . p. 40 . Accessed February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Little Peggy March - I Will Follow Him , norwegiancharts.com . Accessed February 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , October 19 , 1963 . p. 34 . Accessed February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , July 27 , 1963 . p. 42 . Accessed February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fernbom , Hugo . Sommartoppen 1963 , Datorföreningen vid LU & LTH , Lund University . July 16 , 2008 . Accessed June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , August 17 , 1963 . p. 35 . Accessed February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , August 24 , 1963 . p. 42 . Accessed June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , June 15 , 1963 . p. 36 . Accessed June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' , Billboard , October 26 , 1963 . p. 47 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ José - I Will Follow Him , Ultratop . Accessed February 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ Top 40 - artiest : José , Media Markt Top 40 . Accessed February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ José - I Will Follow Him , Dutch Charts . Accessed February 28 , 2016 Jump up ^ Letra La Tierra de Raphael , CMTV . Accessed June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Williams - Grut , Oscar ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` Norway 's central bank has made a bizarre music video to celebrate its new ' cod ' banknotes '' . Business Insider Nordic . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ I Will Follow You Digi Advertisement , 27 March 2008 , retrieved 25 May 2017 External links ( edit ) Official Peggy March , includes discography Preceded by `` He 's So Fine '' by The Chiffons Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Little Peggy March version ) April 27 , 1963 - May 11 , 1963 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' by Jimmy Soul Preceded by `` Baby Workout '' by Jackie Wilson Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single ( Little Peggy March version ) May 25 , 1963 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' by Jimmy Soul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Follow_Him&oldid=814848435 '' Categories : 1963 singles Peggy March songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in South Africa Number - one singles in Belgium Number - one singles in Spain Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi Songs with lyrics by Norman Gimbel Songs with music by Arthur Altman RCA Victor singles Petula Clark songs 1962 songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with trivia sections from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 08 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song i will follow him | [
"\"I Will Follow Him\" is a popular song that was first recorded in 1961 by Franck Pourcel, as an instrumental titled \"Chariot\". The song achieved its widest success when it was recorded by American singer Little Peggy March with English lyrics in 1963. The music was written by Franck Pourcel (using the pseudonym J.W. Stole) and Paul Mauriat (using the pseudonym Del Roma).[1] It was adapted by Arthur Altman. The English lyrics were written by Norman Gimbel.[2]"
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"Norman Gimbel"
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-5505435431090988506 | Snow White and the Huntsman | Snow White and the Huntsman - wikipedia Snow White and the Huntsman Jump to : navigation , search Snow White and the Huntsman Theatrical release poster Directed by Rupert Sanders Produced by Joe Roth Sam Mercer Screenplay by Evan Daugherty John Lee Hancock Hossein Amini Story by Evan Daugherty Based on Snow White by the Brothers Grimm Starring Kristen Stewart Charlize Theron Chris Hemsworth Sam Claflin Ian McShane Bob Hoskins Ray Winstone Nick Frost Toby Jones Music by James Newton Howard Cinematography Greig Fraser Edited by Conrad Buff Neil Smith Production company Roth Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 30 ) ( United Kingdom ) June 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 127 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 million Box office $396.6 million Snow White and the Huntsman is a 2012 American fantasy film based on the German fairy tale `` Snow White '' compiled by the Brothers Grimm . The film is the directorial debut of Rupert Sanders . The screenplay was written by Evan Daugherty , John Lee Hancock , and Hossein Amini , from a screen story by Daugherty . In the film 's retelling of the tale , Snow White grows up imprisoned by her evil stepmother , Queen Ravenna , a powerful sorceress . After Snow White escapes into the forest , Ravenna tells Eric , the Huntsman that she will bring back his dead wife if he captures Snow White . The cast includes Kristen Stewart as Snow White , Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna , Chris Hemsworth as Eric , the huntsman , Sam Claflin as William , Snow White 's childhood friend , and Bob Hoskins as the dwarf seer in his final film appearances . The film received two Academy Award nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Costume Design at the 85th Academy Awards . It was a success at the box office , earning $396.6 million worldwide against a $170 million budget . Although critics praised the production design , visual effects , Theron and Hemsworth 's performances , musical score , and action sequences ; Stewart and Claflin 's performances received mixed reviews , and the screenplay was heavily criticized . A prequel / sequel , titled The Huntsman : Winter 's War , directed by the first film 's visual effects supervisor Cedric Nicolas - Troyan , was released on April 22 , 2016 , with Stewart ( only through the use of archive footage ) , Hemsworth , Theron , Claflin , and Nick Frost reprising their roles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 The Dwarves 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 6 Accolades 7 Prequel / Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) While admiring a rose blooming in the winter , Queen Eleanor of the kingdom of Tabor pricks her finger on one of its thorns . Three drops of blood fall onto the snow - covered ground , and she wishes for a daughter as white as the snow , with lips as red as the blood , hair as black as a raven 's wings and a heart as strong and defiant as the rose . Queen Eleanor gives birth to her daughter , Snow White , but soon after falls ill and dies . After her death , Snow White 's father , King Magnus , and his army battle an invading dark army of demonic glass soldiers . Upon rescuing their prisoner Ravenna , he becomes enchanted with her beauty and marries her . Ravenna is in fact a powerful sorceress and the Dark Army 's master . On their wedding night , Magnus , enchanted , throws Ravenna into the bed and proceeds to make love . Ravenna confesses there was a king much like Magnus that hurt her . During foreplay , she declares she can not be a weak queen and kills Magnus before unleashing her invading army upon the kingdom . Snow White 's childhood friend William and his father Duke Hammond escape the castle but are unable to rescue her , and she is captured by Ravenna 's brother Finn and locked away in the north tower of the castle for many years . Tabor is ruined under Queen Ravenna 's rule as she periodically drains the youth from the kingdom 's young women in order to maintain a spell cast over her as a child by her mother which allows her to keep her youthful beauty . When Snow White comes of age , Queen Ravenna learns from her Magic Mirror , in the form of a golden , reflective liquid shaped like a man , that her stepdaughter Snow White is destined to destroy her unless Queen Ravenna consumes the young girl 's heart , which will make her truly immortal . Queen Ravenna orders Finn to bring her Snow White 's heart , but Snow White escapes into the Dark Forest , where Ravenna has no power . Queen Ravenna makes a bargain with Eric the Huntsman , a widower and drunkard , to capture Snow White , promising to bring his wife back to life in exchange . The Huntsman tracks down Snow White , but when Finn reveals that Queen Ravenna does not actually have the power to do what she promised , the Huntsman fights him and his men while Snow White runs away . When the Huntsman catches up with her , she promises him gold if he will escort her to Duke Hammond 's castle . Meanwhile , Finn gathers another band of men to find her , and Duke Hammond and his son William learn that she is alive . William leaves the castle on his own to find her , joining Finn 's band as a bowman . The Huntsman and Snow White leave the Dark Forest , where she saves his life by charming a huge troll that attacks them . They make their way to a fishing village populated by women who have disfigured themselves to save their own lives , becoming useless to Queen Ravenna , who wants to use their beauty and youth to extend and prolong hers , as she does with Gretta whilst Snow White is still imprisoned . While there , the Huntsman learns Snow White 's true identity , and initially leaves her in the care of the women . He soon returns when he sees the village being burned down by Finn 's men . Snow White and the Huntsman evade them and eventually meet a band of eight dwarves named Beith , Muir , Quert , Coll , Duir , Gort , Nion , and Gus . The blind Muir perceives that Snow White is the daughter of the former king , and the only person who can defeat Ravenna and end her reign . As they travel through a fairy sanctuary , Snow White encounters a magical reindeer that was only in tales of legend , but as the reindeer and Snow White are about to embrace , the group is attacked by Finn and his men . The Huntsman battles Finn and eventually kills him , and William reveals himself and helps defeat Finn 's men . However , Gus is killed when he sacrifices himself to take an arrow meant for Snow White . William joins the group which continues the journey to Hammond 's castle . Halfway to Duke Hammond 's castle , Queen Ravenna disguises herself as William and tempts Snow White into eating a poisoned apple , but is forced to flee when the Huntsman and William discover her . William kisses Snow White , whom he believes to be dead , and does not notice a tear fall from her eye . She is taken to Hammond 's castle . As she lies in repose , the Huntsman professes his regret for not saving Snow White , who reminds him of his late wife , Sara ; and he kisses her , not noticing a second tear coming from her other eye falling . The spell broken by the love of two men she treasures , Snow White awakens and walks into the courtyard ; rallying the Duke 's army to mount a siege against Queen Ravenna . The dwarves infiltrate the castle through the sewers and open the gates , allowing the Duke 's army inside . Snow White confronts Queen Ravenna , but is overpowered . Queen Ravenna is about to kill Snow White and consume her heart . Eventually , Snow White uses a move the Huntsman taught her and mortally wounds Queen Ravenna , and Duke Hammond 's army is victorious . With Queen Ravenna defeated , the kingdom once again enjoys peace and harmony as Snow White is crowned queen . Cast ( edit ) Kristen Stewart as Snow White Raffey Cassidy as young Snow White Chris Hemsworth as The Huntsman Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna , Snow White 's evil stepmother Izzy Meikle - Small as young Ravenna Sam Claflin as William , son of Duke Hammond Xavier Atkins as young William Sam Spruell as Finn , Ravenna 's brother and enforcer Elliot Reeve as young Finn Vincent Regan as Duke Hammond , William 's father Lily Cole as Greta , a young girl who befriends Snow White Noah Huntley as King Magnus , Snow White 's father Liberty Ross as Queen Eleanor , Snow White 's mother Chris Obi as the voice of Mirror Man , the physical form of the Magic Mirror Rachael Stirling as Anna Hattie Gotobed as Lily Greg Hicks as Black Knight General Peter Ferdinando as Black Knight Anastasia Hille as Ravenna 's Mother Annabelle Wallis as Sara , The Huntsman 's Wife The dwarves ( edit ) Ian McShane as Beith , the leader of the Dwarves . Bob Hoskins as Muir , the blind elder Dwarf , who possesses the powers of premonition . This was Hoskins 's final role before his retirement from acting ( and his death ) due to Parkinson 's disease . Ray Winstone as Gort , an ill - tempered Dwarf . Nick Frost as Nion , Beith 's right - hand man . Toby Jones as Coll , Duir 's brother . Eddie Marsan as Duir , Coll 's brother . Johnny Harris as Quert , Duir 's son . Brian Gleeson as Gus , the youngest of the Dwarfs who develops a bond with Snow White and later sacrifices himself to save her . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Evan Daugherty initially wrote the screenplay in 2003 , when he was studying at NYU . At the time reboots of fairy tales were not a popular film genre and according to Daugherty `` no one really knew what to do with it '' More problems came when the release of Terry Gilliam 's The Brothers Grimm ( 2005 ) flopped at the box office which caused potential buyers to be hesitant about the script . The script was finally greenlit after the success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) . Casting ( edit ) Theron & Stewart at Wondercon 2012 in Anaheim , California on March 2012 . Film producers considered casting a lesser - known actress for the role of Snow White , with mention of Riley Keough , Felicity Jones , Bella Heathcote , Alicia Vikander , and Rachel Maxwell as possible picks . This idea became less likely as known actresses Dakota Fanning and Kristen Stewart were later rumored to be short - listed for the role . On March 4 , 2011 a series of tweets from co-producer Palak Patel confirmed that Stewart was offered the role . Winona Ryder was initially considered to play Queen Ravenna , before the role went to Charlize Theron . Tom Hardy was supposedly first offered the role of Eric , the Huntsman , but turned down the offer . The role was then apparently offered to Michael Fassbender , and then Johnny Depp , but both claim to have declined it . Viggo Mortensen was said to have been in negotiations with Universal for the part , but supposedly turned down the role , too . It was claimed that Hugh Jackman was offered the role , but that he declined . In 2011 , Thor star Chris Hemsworth was eventually cast in the role of the Huntsman . The Dwarfs were played by actors of average height who had their faces digitally superimposed onto small bodies . This caused a protest from the Little People of America . Filming ( edit ) The Marloes Sands filming location for Snow White & the Huntsman Principal photography took place in the United Kingdom . The beach scenes were predominantly filmed in Pembrokeshire , on the Marloes Sands beach near the village of Marloes between September 26 and 29 , 2011 . Though the beach was not closed to the public during filming , as filming progressed , certain parts were advised to be off limits . A computer - generated castle was set on nearby Gateholm island . A field above the beach was used for production purposes , and a special wooden ramp was built for vehicles and horses to access the beach . The film used academic consultants from the University of Chichester and the University of Oxford for back - up research on fairy tales and medieval battles . The English band Florence and the Machine recorded `` Breath of Life '' exclusively for the film , which was reportedly inspired by Theron 's character Queen Ravenna . Release ( edit ) The film had its premiere on May 14 , 2012 , at the Empire , Leicester Square , in London . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray in Region 1 on September 11 , 2012 , with both the theatrical version ( 127 minutes ) and an extended version ( 132 minutes ) available on both formats . The film was released on the same formats in Region 2 on October 1 , 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Hemsworth at the Snow White and the Huntsman movie premiere , Sydney in June 2012 . Snow White and the Huntsman earned $155,332,381 in North America , along with $241,260,448 in other territories , for a worldwide total of $396,592,829 . In North America , the film earned $1,383,000 from midnight showings . For its opening day , the film topped the box office with $20,468,525 . It debuted in first place at the box office during its opening weekend with $56,217,700 . It is the seventeenth highest - grossing 2012 film . Outside North America , Snow White and the Huntsman had an opening of $39.3 million , ranking second overall for the weekend behind Men in Black 3 ; however , it ranked number 1 in 30 countries . Critical reaction ( edit ) Stewart at the Snow White and the Huntsman premiere , Sydney in June 2012 . Snow White and the Huntsman received mixed reviews from critics . The film has a 48 % `` rotten '' score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 221 reviews , with an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` While it offers an appropriately dark take on the fairy tale that inspired it , Snow White & the Huntsman is undone by uneven acting , problematic pacing , and a confused script . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . CinemaScore polls conducted revealed the average grade that filmgoers gave the film was a `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . David Edelstein of New York praised the film 's revisionist tone and said the film was `` strongly influenced by a lot of smart , feminist thinking '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4 . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised Theron 's performance and also wrote , `` Though it is an ambitious -- at times mesmerizing -- application of the latest cinematic technology , the movie tries to recapture some of the menace of the stories that used to be told to scare children rather than console them . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` Ravenna hates living in a world where men can feed on women 's beauty and then toss them away . She 's a fascist of feminism , and Theron 's acting has the blood of operatic anger coursing through it . '' Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times said the film is , `` an absolute wonder to watch and creates a warrior princess for the ages . But what this revisionist fairy tale does not give us is a passionate love -- its kisses are as chaste as the snow is white . '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers called it `` a visual marvel '' while noting that Stewart `` morphs convincingly from a skittish girl into a determined warrior princess . '' MSN news said that Stewart `` grows into her character , it seems , and eventually got this reviewer completely on her side . Colin Covert of the Minneapolis Star Tribune gave the film 4 / 4 stars . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian said that while the film is `` less jokey than the recent Mirror Mirror '' , `` this Twilightified fairytale has the same basic problem , '' and that , `` The result is tangled and overblown . '' Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle called it `` ( a ) slow , boring film that has no charm and is highlighted only by a handful of special effects and Charlize Theron 's truly evil queen . '' Michael O'Sullivan of the Washington Post also gave the film a negative review : `` Overlong , overcrowded , overstimulating and with an over-the - top performance by Charlize Theron as the evil queen Ravenna , the movie is a virtual orchard of toxic excess , starting with the unnecessarily sprawling cast of characters . '' Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post gave the film two out of four stars and said , `` Only Bob Hoskins as the blind seer Muir comes close to making us care . We can almost glean Snow White 's heroic possibilities through his clouded eyes . As much as we 'd like to , we certainly ca n't from Stewart 's efforts . '' Scott Foundas states that `` Stewart 's Snow White ... pouts her lips , bats her bedroom eyes , and scarcely seems to have more on her mind than who might take her to the senior prom -- let alone the destiny of an entire kingdom . '' Richard Roeper gave the movie a B+ , calling it `` Vastly superior to Mirror , Mirror '' , and praising Theron and Stewart 's performances . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Recipient Award Category Result 2012 Charlize Theron Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Won Kristen Stewart Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Won Chris Hemsworth Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star : Male ( also for The Avengers ) Won Sam Claflin Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Breakout Nominated Charlize Theron Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Villain Nominated Charlize Theron Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star : Female ( also for Prometheus ) Nominated Chris Hemsworth GQ Award GQ Men Of The Year Award for International Breakthrough Won Colleen Atwood Gucci Award Best Costume Design Nominated Florence and the Machine World Soundtrack Awards Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film Nominated Chris Munro and Craig Henighan Satellite Award Best Sound ( Editing & Mixing ) Nominated Wild Card and Universal Pictures Golden Trailer Award Best Action ( for `` Forever '' ) Won Universal Pictures Golden Trailer Award Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot ( for `` Ravenna '' ) Won Universal Pictures Golden Trailer Award Best Motion / Title Graphics ( for `` Domestic Trailer 2 '' ) Nominated Universal Pictures and Wild Card Golden Trailer Award Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot ( for `` Bound '' ) Nominated Universal Pictures and Aspect Ratio Golden Trailer Award Best Summer Blockbuster 2012 TV Spot ( for `` Kingdom '' ) Nominated Universal Pictures and Wild Card Golden Trailer Award Best in Show ( for `` Forever '' ) Nominated Cedric Nicolas - Troyan , Philip Brennan , Neil Corbould , and Michael Dawson St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Visual Effects Nominated Greig Fraser San Diego Film Critics Society Awards Special Award Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Film Nominated 2013 Chris Hemsworth People 's Choice Awards Favorite Action Movie Star ( also for The Avengers ) Nominated Charlize Theron People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress ( also for Prometheus ) Nominated Kristen Stewart and Chris Hemsworth People 's Choice Awards Favorite On - Screen Chemistry Nominated Kristen Stewart People 's Choice Awards Favorite Face of Heroism Nominated Colleen Atwood Academy Awards Best Costume Design Nominated Cedric Nicolas - Troyan , Philip Brennan , Neil Corbould , and Michael Dawson Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Nominated Kristen Stewart Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Actress ( also for The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 2 ) Won Film Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Charlize Theron Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated Colleen Atwood Saturn Awards Best Costume Nominated Cedric Nicolas - Troyan , Philip Brennan , Neil Corbould and Michael Dawson Saturn Awards Best Special Effects Nominated Kristen Stewart 2013 MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Nominated Prequel / sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Huntsman : Winter 's War A sequel was planned , with director Rupert Sanders in talks to return . In August 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that the sequel was shelved in the aftermath of the scandal involving Sanders cheating on his wife with Stewart and that a spin - off film concentrating on the Huntsman was planned instead , which would not star Stewart . Universal announced a few days later that they were not shelving the sequel . A 2012 report stated that Universal has authorized a sequel and Stewart was set to reprise her role , but without Sanders to return as the director due to the scandal . The script was written and production was set to begin in 2013 . The film was originally scheduled for release in 2015 . In September 2013 , Chris Hemsworth stated he did not know anything about the sequel while speaking to E !. On June 4 , 2014 , Deadline reported that Frank Darabont , Gavin O'Connor and Andrés Muschietti were on the shortlist to direct the sequel . On June 26 , 2014 , Deadline reported that Darabont was in talks to direct the sequel . Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and Legendary Pictures were set to co-finance the film with Universal but dropped out and were replaced by Perfect World Pictures . On July 31 , 2014 , the project was described as a prequel titled The Huntsman scheduled for April 22 , 2016 , which would not star Stewart as Snow White . In January 2015 , Darabont left the project as director , but the third leading role was set with Emily Blunt . It was later announced that Cedric Nicolas - Troyan would take over as the new director for the film . Nick Frost will return as Dwarf Nion and Jessica Chastain will star . On March 18 , 2015 , Rob Brydon , Alexandra Roach and Sheridan Smith were added to the cast as dwarves . TheWrap confirmed on May 7 , 2015 , that Sam Claflin would return as William in this sequel . It was later revealed that the film would feature Ravenna 's sister , the Ice Queen , and would reveal the origins of the Huntsman , while also continuing the story of the first film . See also ( edit ) Film portal Mirror Mirror , another 2012 film based on the tale of Snow White , starring Lily Collins as Snow White and Julia Roberts as the Queen Clementianna , Snow White 's evil stepmother . Maleficent , similar dark / modern take on an old fairy tale References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SNOW WHITE AND THE HUNTSMAN ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' . European Audiovisual Observatory . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' . AFI . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Battleship Fallout : Lessons From a Box Office Sinking '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . 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The Independent . London . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Florence And The Machine debut new song ' Breath Of Life ' -- listen '' . NME . IPC Media . April 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Florence And The Machine , ' Breath Of Life ' : Singer Releases New ' Snow White And The Huntsman ' Track '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Snow White and the Huntsman world première LIVE on MailOnline '' . Daily Mail . London . Mail Online . May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hertzfeld , Laura ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' : Watch an exclusive clip from the upcoming DVD / Blu - ray release -- VIDEO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . 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Chicago Tribune . June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Box office update : ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' leads with $20.3 mil on Friday ; ' The Avengers ' becomes third biggest movie of all time '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David . `` Grim and Grimmer '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Huntsman ( PG13 ) Review '' . Roger Ebert.com . May 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Movie Review The Darker Side of the Story ' Snow White and the Huntsman , ' With Kristen Stewart '' . The New York Times . 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Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Verhoeven , Beatrice ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Claflin Returns for ' The Huntsman ' Without Kristen Stewart 's Snow White '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Sam Claflin , who played Snow White 's love interest William in `` Snow White and the Huntsman , '' will return for Universal 's sequel `` The Huntsman , '' Jump up ^ The Huntsman Winter 's War Reveals New Character Posters Comingsoon.net , Retrieved November 18 , 2015 External links ( edit ) Official website Snow White and the Huntsman on IMDb Snow White and the Huntsman at Box Office Mojo Snow White and the Huntsman at Rotten Tomatoes Snow White and the Huntsman at Metacritic Films directed by Rupert Sanders Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) Ghost in the Shell ( 2017 ) Snow White by the Brothers Grimm Disney franchise Gold - Tree and Silver - Tree Snow - White - Fire - Red The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights Standalone films Snow White ( 1902 ) Snow White ( 1916 ) Betty Boop in Snow - White ( 1933 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs ( 1943 ) The Seven Dwarfs to the Rescue ( 1951 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1955 ) Snow White and the Three Stooges ( 1961 ) Snow White ( 1962 ) The New Adventures of Snow White ( 1969 ) A Snow White Christmas ( 1980 ) Neberte nám princeznú ( 1981 ) Snow White ( 1987 ) Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) Snow White ( 1995 ) Snow White : A Tale of Terror ( 1997 ) Snow White : The Fairest of Them All ( 2001 ) 7 Dwarves -- Men Alone in the Wood ( 2004 ) Snow White : The Sequel ( 2007 ) Sydney White ( 2007 ) Happily N'Ever After 2 : Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple ( 2009 ) Blanche Neige ( 2009 ) Grimm 's Snow White ( 2012 ) Mirror Mirror ( 2012 ) Blancanieves ( 2012 ) Snow White : A Deadly Summer ( 2012 ) The Seventh Dwarf ( 2014 ) Charming ( 2018 ) The Huntsman film series Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) The Huntsman : Winter 's War ( 2016 ) Television series The 10th Kingdom ( miniseries ) The Charmings ( sitcom ) The Legend of Snow White ( anime series ) Prétear ( anime series ) Once Upon a Time ( drama series ) Sofia the First ( TV series ) ( `` The Enchanted Feast '' ) ( Season 2 , Episode 27 ) The 7D ( TV series ) Stage Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1912 play ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( musical ) A Snow White Christmas ( musical ) Other media Fables ( comics ) Mira , Mirror ( novel ) Mirror Mirror ( novel ) Red as Blood ( short story ) Schneewittchen ( opera ) Seven Dwarfs Mine Train ( attraction ) Snow White ( comic strip ) Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( attraction ) Snow White Grotto ( attraction ) Snow White : Happily Ever After ( video game ) `` Snow , Glass , Apples '' ( short story ) The Serpent 's Shadow ( novel ) Fairest ( novel ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories ( short story collection ) Amada Anime Series : Super Mario Bros. ( OVA ) The Wolf Among Us ( video game ) Ballet The Magic Mirror ( 1903 ) Characters Snow White Snow White ( Disney ) Mary Margaret Blanchard The Queen Evil Queen ( Disney ) Regina Mills Queen of Fables The Seven Dwarfs The Magic Mirror The King The Huntsman Prince Charming David Nolan Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snow_White_and_the_Huntsman&oldid=843325427 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films American films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American fantasy adventure films American action adventure films Dark fantasy films High fantasy films Directorial debut films Films scored by James Newton Howard Films about royalty Films about revenge Films based on Snow White Films directed by Rupert Sanders Films produced by Joe Roth Films set in a fictional European country Films set in the Middle Ages Films shot in Wales Films shot in England Mariticide in fiction Performance capture in film Regicide in fiction Screenplays by Hossein Amini Witchcraft in film Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 11 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | snow white and the huntsman movie heroine name | [
"The cast includes Kristen Stewart as Snow White, Charlize Theron as Queen Ravenna, Chris Hemsworth as Eric, the huntsman, Sam Claflin as William, Snow White's childhood friend, and Bob Hoskins as the dwarf seer in his final film appearances. The film received two Academy Award nominations for Best Visual Effects and Best Costume Design at the 85th Academy Awards. It was a success at the box office, earning $396.6 million worldwide against a $170 million budget. Although critics praised the production design, visual effects, Theron and Hemsworth's performances, musical score, and action sequences; Stewart and Claflin's performances received mixed reviews, and the screenplay was heavily criticized."
] | [
"Kristen Stewart"
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-8440993159565184426 | 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC) | 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) - Wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) Tournament details Dates 12 March 2015 -- 10 October 2017 Teams 46 ( from 1 confederation ) Tournament statistics Matches played 226 Goals scored 665 ( 2.94 per match ) Attendance 4,377,585 ( 19,370 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil ( 16 goals each ) ← 2014 2022 → The Asian section of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification acted as qualifiers for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , held in Russia , for national teams which are members of the Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) . 4.5 slots ( 4 direct slots and 1 inter-confederation play - off slot ) in the final tournament were available for AFC teams . On 16 April 2014 , the AFC Executive Committee approved a proposal to merge the preliminary qualification rounds of the FIFA World Cup and the AFC Asian Cup , which will be expanded to 24 teams starting in 2019 . Therefore , the first two rounds of the FIFA World Cup qualifiers also acted as qualifiers for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup in the United Arab Emirates . Contents 1 Format 2 Entrants 3 Schedule 4 First round 5 Second round 5.1 Summary 5.2 Groups 5.2. 1 Group A 5.2. 2 Group B 5.2. 3 Group C 5.2. 4 Group D 5.2. 5 Group E 5.2. 6 Group F 5.2. 7 Group G 5.2. 8 Group H 5.3 Ranking of runner - up teams 6 Third round 6.1 Groups 6.1. 1 Group A 6.1. 2 Group B 7 Fourth round 8 Inter-confederation play - offs 9 Qualified teams 10 Top goalscorers 11 Notes 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Format ( edit ) The qualification structure was as follows : First round : 12 teams ( ranked 35 -- 46 ) played home - and - away over two legs . The six winners advanced to the second round . Second round : 40 teams ( ranked 1 -- 34 and six first round winners ) were divided into eight groups of five teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The eight group winners and the four best group runners - up advanced to the third round of FIFA World Cup qualification as well as qualifying for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup finals . Third round : The 12 teams ( an increase from 10 for 2014 ) which had advanced from the second round were divided into two groups of six teams to play home - and - away round - robin matches . The top two teams of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and the two third - placed teams advanced to the fourth round . Fourth round : The two third - placed teams of each group from the third round played home - and - away over two legs . The winners advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs . Entrants ( edit ) The 46 FIFA - affiliated nations from the AFC entered qualification . In order to determine which nations would compete in the first round and which nations would receive a bye through to the second round , the FIFA World Rankings of January 2015 were used ( shown in parentheses ) , as those were the latest published rankings prior to the first round draw . The FIFA Rankings of January 2015 were also used for seeding of the first round draw ; however , for seeding in the second round and third round draws , the most recent FIFA Rankings prior to those draws were used . From the January 2015 FIFA World Rankings Bye to the second round ( Ranked 1st to 34th ) Competing in first round ( Ranked 35th to 46th ) Iran ( 51 ) Japan ( 54 ) South Korea ( 69 ) Uzbekistan ( 71 ) United Arab Emirates ( 80 ) Qatar ( 92 ) Oman ( 93 ) Jordan ( 93 ) China PR ( 96 ) Australia ( 100 ) Saudi Arabia ( 102 ) Bahrain ( 110 ) Iraq ( 114 ) Palestine ( 115 ) Lebanon ( 122 ) Kuwait ( 125 ) Philippines ( 129 ) Maldives ( 131 ) Vietnam ( 133 ) Tajikistan ( 136 ) Myanmar ( 141 ) Afghanistan ( 142 ) Thailand ( 144 ) Turkmenistan ( 147 ) North Korea ( 150 ) Syria ( 151 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 152 ) Malaysia ( 154 ) Hong Kong ( 156 ) Singapore ( 157 ) Indonesia ( 159 ) Laos ( 160 ) Guam ( 161 ) Bangladesh ( 165 ) India ( 171 ) Sri Lanka ( 172 ) Yemen ( 176 ) Cambodia ( 179 ) Chinese Taipei ( 182 ) Timor - Leste ( 185 ) Nepal ( 186 ) Macau ( 186 ) Pakistan ( 188 ) Mongolia ( 194 ) Brunei ( 198 ) Bhutan ( 209 ) Schedule ( edit ) The schedule of the competition was as follows . Round Matchday Date First round First leg 12 March 2015 Second leg 17 March 2015 Second round Matchday 1 11 June 2015 Matchday 2 16 June 2015 Matchday 3 3 September 2015 Matchday 4 8 September 2015 Matchday 5 8 October 2015 Matchday 6 13 October 2015 Matchday 7 12 November 2015 Matchday 8 17 November 2015 Matchday 9 24 March 2016 Matchday 10 29 March 2016 Round Matchday Date Third round Matchday 1 1 September 2016 Matchday 2 6 September 2016 Matchday 3 6 October 2016 Matchday 4 11 October 2016 Matchday 5 15 November 2016 Matchday 6 23 March 2017 Matchday 7 28 March 2017 Matchday 8 13 June 2017 Matchday 9 31 August 2017 Matchday 10 5 September 2017 Fourth round First leg 5 October 2017 Second leg 10 October 2017 The inter-confederation play - offs were scheduled to be played between 6 -- 14 November 2017 . First round ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC First Round The draw for the first round was held on 10 February 2015 , 15 : 30 MST ( UTC + 8 ) , at the AFC House in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg India 2 -- 0 Nepal 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 Yemen 3 -- 1 Pakistan 3 -- 1 0 -- 0 Timor - Leste 0 -- 6 Mongolia 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 Cambodia 4 -- 1 Macau 3 -- 0 1 -- 1 Chinese Taipei 2 -- 1 Brunei 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 Sri Lanka 1 -- 3 Bhutan 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 Notes ^ Jump up to : Timor - Leste won the first leg 4 -- 1 and the second leg 1 -- 0 , thus winning 5 -- 1 on aggregate and advancing to the Second Round . On 12 December 2017 FIFA awarded both matches 3 -- 0 to Mongolia due to Timor - Leste fielding numerous ineligible players . However , this was long after the Second Round had been played so Timor - Leste advanced and Mongolia were not reinstated . Second round ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Second Round The draw for the second round was held on 14 April 2015 , at 17 : 00 MST ( UTC + 8 ) , at the JW Marriott Hotel in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Summary ( edit ) Qualified for the Third Round and Asian Cup as winners or top four runners - up Advanced to the Third Asian Cup qualifying round as bottom four runners - up , third place , or top four fourth placed team Advanced to the AFC Asian Cup qualifying play - off round . Denotes a team that was disqualified as a result of a previous FIFA suspension . Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Australia Qatar China PR Iran Japan Syria Thailand Iraq South Korea Uzbekistan Palestine Jordan Kyrgyzstan Hong Kong Oman Turkmenistan Guam Singapore Afghanistan Vietnam Lebanon Kuwait Myanmar North Korea Philippines Bahrain Malaysia Timor - Leste Tajikistan Bangladesh Maldives Bhutan India Cambodia Chinese Taipei Laos Yemen Indonesia Groups ( edit ) show 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification tiebreakers In league format , the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria ( regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7 ) : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Overall goal difference Overall goals scored Points in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Goals scored in matches between tied teams Away goals scored in matches between tied teams ( if the tie is only between two teams in home - and - away league format ) Fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points direct red card : minus 4 points yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee Group a ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Saudi Arabia 8 6 0 28 + 24 20 Third round and Asian Cup -- 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 7 -- 0 United Arab Emirates 8 5 27 + 23 17 1 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 10 -- 0 8 -- 0 Palestine 8 24 5 + 19 14 Asian Cup qualifying third round 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 6 -- 0 7 -- 0 Malaysia 8 0 6 7 29 − 22 6 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 0 -- 6 -- 3 -- 0 5 Timor - Leste 8 0 0 8 0 44 − 44 0 0 -- 10 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 -- Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Timor - Leste forfeited five group matches due to fielding numerous ineligible players . Jump up ^ The Malaysia v Saudi Arabia match , on 8 September 2015 , was abandoned during the 87th minute after a group of supporters threw objects onto the pitch . At the time of the abandonment the score was 2 -- 1 to Saudi Arabia . On 5 October 2015 , FIFA decided that this match was forfeited by Malaysia and the result to be declared as a 3 -- 0 win awarded for Saudi Arabia . Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia 8 7 0 29 + 25 21 Third round and Asian Cup -- 5 -- 1 3 -- 0 7 -- 0 5 -- 0 Jordan 8 5 21 7 + 14 16 Asian Cup qualifying third round 2 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 3 -- 0 8 -- 0 Kyrgyzstan 8 10 8 + 2 14 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 Tajikistan 8 5 9 20 − 11 5 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 3 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 -- 5 -- 0 5 Bangladesh 8 0 7 32 − 30 0 -- 4 0 -- 4 1 -- 3 1 -- 1 -- Source : FIFA Group C ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Qatar 8 7 0 29 + 25 21 Third round and Asian Cup -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 4 -- 0 15 -- 0 China PR 8 5 27 + 26 17 2 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 4 -- 0 12 -- 0 Hong Kong 8 13 5 + 8 14 Asian Cup qualifying third round 2 -- 3 0 -- 0 -- 2 -- 0 7 -- 0 Maldives 8 0 6 8 20 − 12 6 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 1 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 -- 4 -- 2 5 Bhutan 8 0 0 8 5 52 − 47 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 6 0 -- 1 3 -- 4 -- Source : FIFA Group d ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 8 6 0 26 + 23 20 Third round and Asian Cup -- 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 6 -- 0 4 -- 0 Oman 8 11 7 + 4 14 Asian Cup qualifying third round 1 -- 1 -- 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 Turkmenistan 8 10 11 − 1 13 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Guam 8 5 16 − 13 7 0 -- 6 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 1 5 India 8 0 7 5 18 − 13 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 0 -- Source : FIFA Notes : Jump up ^ FIFA awarded Iran a 3 -- 0 win as a result of India fielding the ineligible player Eugeneson Lyngdoh . The match initially ended 3 -- 0 to Iran . Group E ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Japan 8 7 0 27 0 + 27 22 Third round and Asian Cup -- 5 -- 0 0 -- 0 5 -- 0 3 -- 0 Syria 8 6 0 26 11 + 15 18 0 -- 3 -- 1 -- 0 5 -- 2 6 -- 0 Singapore 8 9 9 0 10 Asian Cup qualifying third round 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Afghanistan 8 0 5 8 24 − 16 9 0 -- 6 0 -- 6 2 -- 1 -- 3 -- 0 5 Cambodia 8 0 0 8 27 − 26 0 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 2 0 -- 6 0 -- 4 0 -- 1 -- Source : FIFA Group F ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Thailand 6 0 14 6 + 8 14 Third round and Asian Cup -- 2 -- 2 1 -- 0 4 -- 2 -- Iraq 6 0 13 6 + 7 12 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 0 5 -- 1 -- Vietnam 6 7 8 − 1 7 Asian Cup qualifying third round 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 -- 4 -- 1 -- Chinese Taipei 6 0 0 6 5 19 − 14 0 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 1 -- 2 -- -- 5 Indonesia ( D ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Disqualified due to FIFA suspension -- -- -- -- -- Source : FIFA ( D ) Disqualified . Notes : Jump up ^ On 30 May 2015 , FIFA announced that the Football Association of Indonesia ( PSSI ) was suspended with immediate effect for governmental interference . On 3 June 2015 , the AFC confirmed that Indonesia have been excluded from the qualifying competition , and all matches involving them have been cancelled . Group g ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification South Korea 8 8 0 0 27 0 + 27 24 Third round and Asian Cup -- 1 -- 0 3 -- 0 4 -- 0 8 -- 0 Lebanon 8 12 6 + 6 11 Asian Cup qualifying third round 0 -- 3 -- 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 7 -- 0 Kuwait 8 12 10 + 2 10 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 -- 9 -- 0 0 -- 3 Myanmar 8 9 21 − 12 8 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 3 -- 0 -- 3 -- 1 5 Laos 8 6 6 29 − 23 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 0 -- 5 0 -- 2 0 -- 2 2 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : On 16 October 2015 , the Kuwait FA was suspended by FIFA with immediate effect , after Kuwait had failed to comply with a decision from the FIFA Executive Committee that sports law of the country had to be changed before 15 October . The three remaining matches involving Kuwait ( away v Myanmar , home v Laos , away v South Korea ) were not played as originally scheduled , and were later awarded as 3 -- 0 wins for Kuwait 's opponents . Group h ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uzbekistan 8 7 0 20 7 + 13 21 Third round and Asian Cup -- 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 North Korea 8 5 14 8 + 6 16 Asian Cup qualifying third round 4 -- 2 -- 0 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 Philippines 8 8 12 − 4 10 1 -- 5 3 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 Bahrain 8 0 5 10 10 0 9 0 -- 4 0 -- 1 2 -- 0 -- 3 -- 0 5 Yemen 8 0 7 17 − 15 Asian Cup qualifying play - off round 1 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 2 0 -- 4 -- Source : FIFA Notes : Jump up ^ FIFA awarded North Korea a 3 -- 0 win as a result of Yemen fielding the ineligible player Mudir Al - Radaei , after North Korea had defeated Yemen 1 -- 0 . Al - Radaei failed to serve an automatic one match suspension for receiving two yellow cards earlier in the First Round of the competition . Ranking of runner - up teams ( edit ) To determine the four best runner - up teams , the following criteria were used : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Goal difference Goals scored Fair play points Drawing of lots As a result of Indonesia being disqualified due to FIFA suspension , Group F contained only four teams compared to five teams in all other groups . Therefore , the results against the fifth - placed team were not counted when determining the ranking of the runner - up teams . Pos Grp Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iraq 6 0 13 6 + 7 12 Third round and Asian Cup Syria 6 0 14 11 + 3 12 United Arab Emirates 6 16 + 12 11 China PR 6 9 + 8 11 5 North Korea 6 10 8 + 2 10 Asian Cup qualifying third round 6 Jordan 6 9 7 + 2 10 7 Oman 6 6 6 0 8 8 Lebanon 6 6 − 3 5 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Counting only matches against teams ranked first to fourth in the group , 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Fair play points ; 5 ) Drawing of lots . Third round ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Third Round The third round consisted of two groups of six teams . The first two teams in each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The two third - placed teams proceeded to the fourth round . The draw for the third round was held on 12 April 2016 , at 16 : 30 MST ( UTC + 8 ) , at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . Groups ( edit ) show 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification tiebreakers In league format , the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria ( regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7 ) : Points ( 3 points for a win , 1 point for a draw , 0 points for a loss ) Overall goal difference Overall goals scored Points in matches between tied teams Goal difference in matches between tied teams Goals scored in matches between tied teams Away goals scored in matches between tied teams ( if the tie is only between two teams in home - and - away league format ) Fair play points first yellow card : minus 1 point indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : minus 3 points direct red card : minus 4 points yellow card and direct red card : minus 5 points Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee Group A ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Iran 10 6 0 10 + 8 22 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 South Korea 10 11 10 + 1 15 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 Syria 10 9 8 + 1 13 Advance to fourth round 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 1 -- 0 2 -- 2 3 -- 1 Uzbekistan 10 5 6 7 − 1 13 0 -- 1 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 5 China PR 10 8 10 − 2 12 0 -- 0 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 0 -- 0 6 Qatar 10 7 8 15 − 7 7 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 0 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Group B ( edit ) Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Japan 10 6 17 7 + 10 20 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup -- 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 2 -- 1 4 -- 0 Saudi Arabia 10 6 17 10 + 7 19 1 -- 0 -- 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 0 1 -- 0 Australia 10 5 16 11 + 5 19 Advance to fourth round 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 -- 2 -- 0 2 -- 0 2 -- 1 United Arab Emirates 10 5 10 13 − 3 13 0 -- 2 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 -- 2 -- 0 3 -- 1 5 Iraq 10 5 11 12 − 1 11 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 -- 4 -- 0 6 Thailand 10 0 8 6 24 − 18 0 -- 2 0 -- 3 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 -- Source : FIFA Fourth round ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification -- AFC Fourth Round The two third - placed teams in each group from the third round played against each other home - and - away over two legs to determine which team advanced to the inter-confederation play - offs . The order of legs was announced during the draw for the third round . Syria played their home match , as with all their home matches in the third round , in Malaysia due to the war time condition in Syria . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Syria 2 -- 3 Australia 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Inter-confederation play - offs ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( CONCACAF -- AFC play - off ) The draw for the inter-confederation play - offs was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw on 25 July 2015 , starting 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) , at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg . The fifth - placed team from AFC was drawn against the fourth - placed team from CONCACAF , with the AFC team hosting the second leg . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Honduras 1 -- 3 Australia 0 -- 0 1 -- 3 Qualified teams ( edit ) The following five teams from AFC qualified for the final tournament . Team Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in FIFA World Cup Iran Third Round Group A winners 12 June 2017 4 ( 1978 , 1998 , 2006 , 2014 ) Japan Third Round Group B winners 31 August 2017 5 ( 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) South Korea Third Round Group A runners - up 5 September 2017 9 ( 1954 , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Saudi Arabia Third Round Group B runners - up 5 September 2017 4 ( 1994 , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 ) Australia CONCACAF v AFC play - off winners 15 November 2017 4 ( 1974 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 ) Bold indicates champions for that year . Italic indicates hosts for that year . Top goalscorers ( edit ) 16 goals Mohammad Al - Sahlawi Ahmed Khalil 11 goals Tim Cahill Sardar Azmoun 10 goals Mile Jedinak Omar Kharbin 9 goals Hassan Al - Haydos Ali Mabkhout 8 goals Yang Xu Mehdi Taremi 7 goals Yu Dabao Keisuke Honda Son Heung - min 6 goals Tom Rogic Mohannad Abdul - Raheem Shinji Kagawa Hamza Al - Dardour Taisir Al - Jassim Mahmoud Al - Mawas Manuchekhr Dzhalilov For full lists of goalscorers , see sections in each round : First round Second round Third round Fourth round Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This player 's goal tally includes one or more goals which the player scored in matches that were subsequently forfeited , but which FIFA continues to count in its statistics . See also ( edit ) 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA.com. 30 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ExCo approves expanded AFC Asian Cup finals '' . AFC. 16 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Draw Procedures -- Asian Zone '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Russia with new milestone '' . FIFA.com. 15 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Men 's Ranking -- January 2015 ( AFC ) '' . FIFA.com. 8 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Calendar of Competitions 2015 '' ( PDF ) . AFC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Calendar of Competitions 2016 '' ( PDF ) . AFC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Calendar of Competitions 2017 '' ( PDF ) . AFC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Calendar '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` India v Nepal headlines 2018 World Cup , 2019 Asian Cup qualifiers draw '' . AFC. 10 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Draw date set for Round 2 of 2018 World Cup , 2019 Asian Cup qualifiers '' . AFC. 26 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Draw : Russia 2018 / UAE 2019 Joint Qualification Round 2 '' . AFC. 15 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Latest decisions of the FIFA Disciplinary Committee '' . FIFA.com. 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rashvinjeet S. Bedi ; T. Avineshwaran ( 8 September 2015 ) . `` Malaysia - Saudi match abandoned after crowd trouble '' . The Star . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysian FA sanctioned after abandonment of FIFA World Cup qualifier '' . FIFA.com. 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DISCIPLINARY OVERVIEW -- 2018 FIFA WORLD CUP RUSSIA TM QUALIFIERS '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 1 February 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA.com. 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Impact of Football Association of Indonesia suspension '' . AFC. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yemen sanctioned for fielding ineligible player '' . FIFA. 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Criteria to Determine the Rankings of Best - placed Teams among the Groups '' ( PDF ) . AFC . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup : Asian Qualifying Round 3 line up complete '' . Asian Football Confederation . 30 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stage set for Russia 2018 Asian Qualifiers Final Round draw '' . Asian Football Confederation . 10 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draw Mechanics for 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM Asian Qualifiers '' . YouTube . 10 April 2016 . Archived from the original on 17 November 2016 . Asian Play - off : MD1 ( 1st leg ) , 5 Oct 2017 , A3 vs B3 ; MD2 ( 2nd leg ) , 10 Oct 2017 , B3 vs A3 . ( Displayed in video at 1 : 40 ) Jump up ^ `` Australia v Syria World Cup qualifier to be held in Malaysia , AFC confirms '' . ABC News . 14 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Draw procedures outlined '' . fifa.com. 9 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Preliminary Draw results in full '' . FIFA.com. 25 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official FIFA World Cup website Qualifiers -- Asia , FIFA.com FIFA World Cup , the-AFC.com Preliminary Joint Qualification 2018 , stats.the-AFC.com FIFA World Cup 2018 , stats.the-AFC.com 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification AFC First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round ( play - off ) CAF First Round Second Round Third Round CONCACAF First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Fifth Round CONMEBOL Round Robin OFC First Round Second Round ( Nations Cup ) Third Round UEFA First Round Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Group I Second Round ( play - offs ) Play - offs CONCACAF v AFC OFC v CONMEBOL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(AFC)&oldid=853302343 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification FIFA World Cup qualification ( AFC ) 2015 in Asian football 2016 in Asian football 2017 in Asian football Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 19 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many teams from asia will qualify for world cup 2018 | [
"The following five teams from AFC qualified for the final tournament.\n"
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"five"
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-3809716992002631921 | United States presidential line of succession | United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Jump to : navigation , search The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) . The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices . The succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States . The Cabinet currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State , and followed by the rest in the order of their positions ' creation . Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Eligibility 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Acting officers 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4 Constitutional provisions 5 Acting President and President 6 History of succession law set by Congress 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 7 Successions beyond Vice President 8 Constitutional concerns 9 See also 10 References 11 External Links Current order ( edit ) The current presidential order of succession is as follows : Key Eligible Democrat ( D ) Eligible Republican ( R ) Eligible Independent ( I ) Eligible unknown Not eligible No . Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( R ) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ( R ) 6 Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis ( I ) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions ( R ) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke ( R ) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue ( R ) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross ( R ) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta ( R ) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Eric Hargan ( R ) Acting 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson ( R ) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao ( R ) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry ( R ) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ( R ) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin ( I ) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen ( I ) Jump up ^ This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession . See Acting officers below . Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . Eligibility ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) To be eligible to serve as President , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . Acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the President would not be able to appoint his successor to the Presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , when the changes to the succession were signed into law , they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the Vice President first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the President nor Vice President can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the President - elect dies before his term begins , the Vice President - elect becomes President on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the President - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the President - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the Vice President - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the President - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President - elect nor a Vice President - elect is eligible or available to serve . The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the Vice President is the direct successor of the President . He or she becomes President if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled , such as if the President has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . The amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession , by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the Vice Presidency remained vacant until the next Presidential and Vice Presidential terms began . Acting President and President ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the United States New President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the Vice President would remain Vice President while executing the powers and duties of the Presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the Presidency devolved upon the Vice President on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for Presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency . Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contempories -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as President and did not have the office itself . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as President rather than becoming President . History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the Vice President in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the Vice President , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected President and Vice President in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the President 's Cabinet with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected President , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Successions beyond Vice President ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine Vice Presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the President , and two Vice Presidents have temporarily served as acting President , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as President . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the Vice President was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the Vice President , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of Vice President became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting President . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's `` guilty '' vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties . ( Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . ) In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the contemporary international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the Presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become President immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . New President Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 . Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses Vice Presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 Vice Presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become Acting President and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the Presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the Presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the Vice Presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's Presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary Presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the Executive branch on - site , managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington . Constitutional concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become Acting President , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes President `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as President . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the President , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as President , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a President is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the President and killed the Vice President ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . JSTOR 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . JSTOR 27552721 . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time , April 2 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' Archived January 24 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link External links ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University 3 U.S.C. § 19 -- `` Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' Presidential Succession Act of 1792 , 1 Stat. 239 ( from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 . Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Eric Hargan ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . 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"The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated, dies, resigns, or is removed from office (by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate). The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947[1] as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices. The succession follows the order of Vice President, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States. The Cabinet currently has fifteen members, beginning with the Secretary of State, and followed by the rest in the order of their positions' creation. Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession, for example most commonly if they are not a natural-born U.S. citizen."
] | [
"Vice President"
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-2636542078752131988 | Finding Dory | Finding Dory - Wikipedia Finding Dory This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Finding Dory Theatrical release poster Directed by Andrew Stanton Produced by Lindsey Collins Screenplay by Andrew Stanton Victoria Strouse Story by Andrew Stanton Starring Ellen DeGeneres Albert Brooks Hayden Rolence Ed O'Neill Kaitlin Olson Ty Burrell Diane Keaton Eugene Levy Music by Thomas Newman Cinematography Jeremy Lasky Ian Megibben Edited by Axel Geddes Production company Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date June 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million Box office $1.029 billion Finding Dory is a 2016 American 3D computer - animated comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Directed by Andrew Stanton with co-direction by Angus MacLane , the screenplay was written by Stanton and Victoria Strouse . The film is a sequel / spinoff to 2003 's Finding Nemo and features the returning voices of Ellen DeGeneres and Albert Brooks , with Hayden Rolence ( replacing Alexander Gould ) , Ed O'Neill , Kaitlin Olson , Ty Burrell , Diane Keaton and Eugene Levy joining the cast . The film focuses on the amnesiac fish Dory , who journeys to be reunited with her parents . The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on June 8 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on June 17 , 2016 . Upon release , the film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $1 billion worldwide , becoming the second Pixar film to cross this mark after 2010 's Toy Story 3 and making it the third - highest - grossing film of 2016 and the 25th - highest - grossing of all - time . The film set numerous records , including the highest - grossing animated film opening of all time in North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Environmental controversies and issues 6.4 Accolades 7 Possible sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Dory , a regal blue tang , gets separated from her parents as a child . As she grows up , Dory attempts to search for them , but gradually forgets them due to her short - term memory loss . In the flashback of the previous film , Finding Nemo , she joins Marlin -- a clownfish looking for his missing son Nemo -- after accidentally swimming into him . One year later , Dory is living with Marlin and Nemo on their reef . One day , Dory has a flashback and remembers that she has parents . She decides to look for them , but her memory problem is an obstacle . She eventually remembers that they lived at the Jewel of Morro Bay across the ocean in California , thanks to Nemo mentioning its name . Marlin and Nemo accompany Dory . With the help of Crush , a sea turtle friend , they ride a water current to California . Upon arrival , they explore a shipwreck full of destroyed cargo , where Dory accidentally awakens a squid , who immediately pursues them and almost devours Nemo . Marlin berates Dory for endangering them . Her feelings hurt , Dory travels to the surface to seek help and is captured by staff members from the nearby Marine Life Institute after getting entangled in six pack rings . Dory is placed in the quarantine section and tagged . There she meets a grouchy but well - meaning octopus named Hank . Dory 's tag shows that she will be sent to an aquarium in Cleveland . Due to a traumatic ocean life , Hank wants to live in the aquarium instead of being released back into the ocean , so he agrees to help Dory find her parents in exchange for her tag . In one exhibit , Dory encounters her childhood friend Destiny , a nearsighted whale shark who used to communicate with Dory through pipes , and Bailey , a beluga whale who mistakenly believes he has lost his ability to echolocate . Dory subsequently has flashbacks of life with her parents and struggles to recall details . She finally remembers how she was separated from her parents : she overheard her mother crying one night , left to retrieve a shell to cheer her up , and was pulled away by an undertow current . Marlin and Nemo attempt to rescue Dory . With the help of two sea lions named Fluke and Rudder and a disfigured common loon named Becky , they manage to get into the institute and find her in the pipe system . Other blue tangs tell them that Dory 's parents escaped from the institute a long time ago to search for her and never came back , leaving Dory believing that they have died . Hank retrieves Dory from the tank , accidentally leaving Marlin and Nemo behind . He is then apprehended by one of the employees and unintentionally drops Dory into the drain , flushing her out to the ocean . While wandering aimlessly , she comes across a trail of shells ; remembering that when she was young , her parents had set out a similar trail to help her find her way back home , she follows it . At the end of the trail , Dory finds an empty home with multiple shell trails leading to it . As she turns to leave , she sees her parents Jenny and Charlie in the distance . They tell her they spent years laying down the trails for her to follow in the hopes that she would eventually find them . Marlin , Nemo , and Hank end up in the truck taking various aquatic creatures to Cleveland . Destiny and Bailey escape from their exhibit to help Dory rescue them . Once on board the truck , Dory persuades Hank to return to the sea with her , and together , they hijack the truck and drive it over busy highways , creating havoc , before crashing it into the sea , freeing all the fish . Dory , along with her parents and new friends , return to the reef with Marlin and Nemo . In a post-credits scene , the Tank Gang from Finding Nemo , still trapped inside their ( now algae - covered ) plastic bags , reach California one year after floating across the Pacific Ocean , where they are eventually picked up by the same staff members from the Marine Life Institute . Voice cast ( edit ) Ellen DeGeneres as Dory , a regal blue tang who suffers from short - term memory loss . Sloane Murray as Young Dory . Murray is the seven - year - old daughter of producer Lindsey Collins . Lucia Geddes as Teen Dory . Albert Brooks as Marlin , an overprotective ocellaris clownfish , Nemo 's father and Dory 's friend . Hayden Rolence as Nemo , a young optimistic clownfish and Marlin 's son . Ed O'Neill as Hank , a cranky East Pacific red octopus who previously lost a tentacle . Kaitlin Olson as Destiny , a near - sighted whale shark and Dory 's childhood friend . Ty Burrell as Bailey , a beluga whale who temporarily lost echolocation due to a concussion . Diane Keaton as Jenny , Dory 's mother . Eugene Levy as Charlie , Dory 's father . Idris Elba as Fluke , a California sea lion . Dominic West as Rudder , a California sea lion and Fluke 's friend . Bob Peterson as Mr. Ray , a spotted eagle ray and Nemo 's schoolteacher . Andrew Stanton as Crush , a green sea turtle . Sigourney Weaver as herself , the announcer for the recorded messages broadcast over the institute 's public address system . Bill Hader as Stan , a kelp bass and husband fish . Kate McKinnon as Stan 's wife fish . Alexander Gould as Passenger Carl , a delivery truck driver who works for the institute . Torbin Xan Bullock as Gerald , a California sea lion who wishes to lie on the rock occupied by Fluke and Rudder . Katherine Ringgold as Chickenfish , named Kathy . Bennett Dammann as Squirt , Crush 's son . John Ratzenberger as Husband Crab ( Bill ) . Angus MacLane as Sunfish `` Charlie Back - and - Forth '' . Willem Dafoe as Gill , a Moorish idol , the leader of the `` Tank Gang . '' Brad Garrett as Bloat , a pufferfish . Allison Janney as Peach , a pink starfish . Austin Pendleton as Gurgle , a royal gramma . Stephen Root as Bubbles , a yellow tang . Vicki Lewis as Deb ( & Flo ) , a four - striped damselfish . Jerome Ranft as Jacques , a cleaner shrimp . Production ( edit ) Prior to work on Finding Dory , Disney had planned to make a Finding Nemo sequel without Pixar 's involvement , through Circle 7 Animation , a studio Disney announced in 2005 with the intention to make sequels to Pixar properties . However , due to the 2006 acquisition of Pixar by Disney , Circle 7 was shut down by Disney without ever having produced a film . Director Andrew Stanton at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival In July 2012 , it was reported that Andrew Stanton was developing a sequel to Finding Nemo , with Victoria Strouse writing the script and a release date scheduled for 2016 . However , the same day the news of a potential sequel broke , Stanton posted a message on his personal Twitter calling into question the accuracy of these reports . The message said , `` Did n't you all learn from Chicken Little ? Everyone calm down . Do n't believe everything you read . Nothing to see here now . # skyisnotfalling . '' According to a report by The Hollywood Reporter published in August 2012 , Ellen DeGeneres was in negotiations to reprise her role of Dory . In September 2012 , it was confirmed by Stanton , saying : `` What was immediately on the list was writing a second Carter movie . When that went away , everything slid up . I know I 'll be accused by more sarcastic people that it 's a reaction to Carter not doing well , but only in its timing , but not in its conceit . '' In February 2013 , it was confirmed by the press that Albert Brooks would reprise the role of Marlin in the sequel . In April 2013 , Disney announced the sequel , Finding Dory , for November 25 , 2015 , confirming that DeGeneres and Brooks would be reprising their roles as Dory and Marlin , respectively . Following a long campaign for a sequel on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , DeGeneres stated : I have waited for this day for a long , long , long , long , long , long time . I 'm not mad it took this long . I know the people at Pixar were busy creating Toy Story 16 . But the time they took was worth it . The script is fantastic . And it has everything I loved about the first one : It 's got a lot of heart , it 's really funny , and the best part is -- it 's got a lot more Dory . In a July 2013 interview with Los Angeles Times , Stanton spoke of the sequel 's origin : `` There was polite inquiry from Disney ( about a Finding Nemo sequel ) . I was always ' No sequels , no sequels . ' But I had to get on board from a VP standpoint . ( Sequels ) are part of the necessity of our staying afloat , but we do n't want to have to go there for those reasons . We want to go there creatively , so we said ( to Disney ) , ' Can you give us the timeline about when we release them ? Because we 'd like to release something we actually want to make , and we might not come up with it the year you want it . ' '' In a 2016 interview Stanton stated how the film 's story came to be ; `` I do n't watch my films that often after they 're done because I have to watch them so many times before they come out . So about 2010 when we were getting Finding Nemo ready for the 10 - year re-release in 3D , it was interesting to watch again after all that time . Something kind of got lodged in the back of my brain and started to sort of stew . I started to think about how easily Dory could get lost and not find Marlin and Nemo again . She basically was in the same state that she was when Marlin found her . I did n't know where she was from . I knew that she had spent most of her youth wandering the ocean alone , and I wanted to know that she could find her new family , if she ever got lost again . It 's almost like the parental side of me was worried . '' Stanton additionally stated : `` I knew if I ever said Finding Dory or mentioned a sequel to Finding Nemo out loud , I 'd be done , ( T ) here would be no way I 'd be able to put that horse back in the barn . So I kept it very quiet until I knew I had a story that I thought would hold , and that was in early 2012 . So I pitched it to John Lasseter and he was all into it . Then I got a writer , and once we had a treatment that we kind of liked , I felt comfortable calling Ellen . '' Stanton selected Victoria Strouse to write the screenplay . She later said , `` It was always collaborative with Andrew , but really the screenwriting was me . Of course , Andrew would do passes , and he and I would brainstorm a lot together and then we would bring it to the group of story artists . People would weigh in and share ideas . '' She pointed to Dory 's forgetfulness as a challenge when writing the script , adding , `` You do n't realize until you sit down to write a character who ca n't remember things how integral memory is to absolutely everything we do , and that 's what creates a narrative that people can follow . When a main character ca n't self - reflect and ca n't tell a story , that character is very difficult to design because she ca n't really lead . To get her to be able to lead and to get an audience to be able to trust her was the hardest thing to do . '' The fictional Marine Life Institute depicted extensively in the film is based on the production team 's research trips to the Monterey Bay Aquarium , the Marine Mammal Center and the Vancouver Aquarium . The film 's ending was revised after Pixar executives viewed Blackfish , a 2013 documentary film which focuses on the dangers of keeping orca whales in captivity . Initially , some of the characters were to end up in a SeaWorld - like marine park , but the revision gave them an option to leave . On September 18 , 2013 , it was announced that the film would be pushed back to a June 17 , 2016 , release . Pixar 's The Good Dinosaur was moved to the November 25 , 2015 , release window to allow more time for production of the film . Co-director Angus MacLane at a Finding Dory premiere Angus MacLane was one of the first people to whom Stanton revealed his idea for the sequel . Together , with Bob Peterson , they discussed about different ideas for places Dory would visit during her journey -- one of those ideas was the touch pool sequence . Later , during the Brave ( 2012 ) wrap party , Stanton invited Angus to join him in his first co-directing duty . Stanton described Angus ' role as a `` jack of all trades , '' particularly utilising his experience in animation and story , as well as in production , having created a few short films himself . In August 2015 , at Disney 's D23 Expo , it was announced that Hayden Rolence would voice Nemo , replacing Alexander Gould from the first film , whose voice has deepened since reaching adulthood ( Gould voiced a minor character in the sequel instead ) . In addition to Rolence , Ed O'Neill was revealed to be the voice of Hank . To make the light more realistic , RenderMan was completely re-engineered , its biggest change in 25 years . Soundtrack ( edit ) Finding Dory Soundtrack album by Thomas Newman Released June 14 , 2016 Recorded 2015 -- 16 Studio DeepSleep Studios Newman Scoring Stage Sony Pictures Studios The Village Genre Soundtrack Length 68 : 20 Label Walt Disney Producer Thomas Newman Bill Bernstein Thomas Newman chronology Spectre ( 2015 ) Spectre 2015 Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Passengers ( 2016 ) Passengers 2016 Pixar film soundtrack chronology The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur 2015 Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Finding Dory2016 Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Cars 3 2017 Singles from Finding Dory `` Unforgettable '' Released : May 27 , 2016 The film 's soundtrack entitled Finding Dory was composed by Thomas Newman and released on June 17 , 2016 . Louis Armstrong 's version of `` What a Wonderful World '' is played during the scene in which fish are released into the ocean as the truck Dory and Hank are driving crashes into the water . On May 20 , 2016 , Sia performed a cover of Nat King Cole 's `` Unforgettable '' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show following an announcement that it would be featured in the film . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Performer Length 1 . `` Kelpcake '' 0 : 46 2 . `` Finding Dory ( Main Title ) '' 0 : 55 3 . `` Lost at Sea '' 1 : 36 4 . `` One Year Later '' 2 : 24 5 . `` Migration Song '' 0 : 35 6 . `` '' O , We 're Going Home `` '' 1 : 38 7 . `` Jewel of Morro Bay '' 2 : 00 8 . `` Gnarly Chop '' 1 : 39 9 . `` Squid Chase '' 1 : 28 10 . `` Sigourney Weaver '' 1 : 21 11 . `` Hank '' 3 : 19 12 . `` Nobody 's Fine '' 3 : 29 13 . `` Rebecca Darling '' 1 : 54 14 . `` Meet Destiny '' 1 : 07 15 . `` Joker at Work '' 1 : 16 16 . `` Becky Flies '' 3 : 53 17 . `` Hands ! '' 2 : 24 18 . `` Almost Home '' 2 : 01 19 . `` Open Ocean '' 3 : 18 20 . `` Two Lefts and a Right '' 3 : 57 21 . `` Everything About You '' 1 : 41 22 . `` Quarantine '' 2 : 41 23 . `` Warp '' 1 : 03 24 . `` All Alone '' 0 : 53 25 . `` ... Shells '' 4 : 47 26 . `` No Walls '' 2 : 25 27 . `` Okay with Crazy '' 1 : 50 28 . `` Hide and Seek '' 1 : 51 29 . `` Quite a View '' 1 : 25 30 . `` Unforgettable ( End Title ) '' Sia 3 : 17 31 . `` Three Hearts ( End Title ) '' 3 : 29 32 . `` Loon Tune '' 1 : 20 33 . `` Fish Who Wander '' 1 : 18 34 . `` Release '' 1 : 13 Release ( edit ) Finding Dory premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on June 8 , 2016 , and was theatrically released in the United States on June 17 , 2016 , in 2D , Disney Digital 3 - D and RealD 3D . It was also released to select IMAX 3D theaters . In April 2016 , it was announced that a new Pixar short , Piper , directed by Alan Barillaro and with music by Adrian Belew , would be shown in front of the film . It had its UK premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on June 18 , 2016 . The film was re-released for Labor Day weekend in 2016 . Home Media ( edit ) Finding Dory was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray ( 2D and 3D ) and DVD in the United States on November 15 , 2016 , with a digital release on October 25 . In addition to Piper , the bonus features also included a short film , titled Marine Life Interviews , featuring interviews with the inhabitants of the Marine Life Institute about their encounters with Dory . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Finding Dory grossed $486.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $542.3 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.029 billion , against a budget of $200 million . It had a worldwide opening of $185.7 million , which is the second - biggest of all time for an animated film behind Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( $218.4 million ) , and an IMAX global opening of $6.4 million . On August 16 , it became the fourth film of 2016 to earn $900 million in ticket sales , and on October 9 -- its seventeenth weekend -- it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the third film of 2016 after Captain America : Civil War and Zootopia to reach that mark , the second Pixar film ( after Toy Story 3 ) , the fifth animated film ( after Toy Story 3 , Frozen , Minions , and Zootopia ) , the twelfth Disney film ( fourth Disney animated film ) , and the twenty - seventh film overall in cinematic history . Worldwide , it is the third - highest - grossing film of 2016 ( behind Civil War and Rogue One ) , the highest - grossing animated film of 2016 , the second - highest - grossing Pixar film ever ( behind Toy Story 3 ) , the fourth - highest - grossing animated film of all time , and the 25th - highest - grossing film of all time . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $296.6 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the fourth-most profitable release of 2016 . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Finding Dory opened on June 17 , 2016 , alongside Central Intelligence , with projections having the film grossing $110 -- 120 million in its opening weekend , with some estimates going as high as $130 million . It received the widest release for a Pixar film ( 4,305 theaters , breaking Brave 's record ) , of which 3,200 venues were in 3D , along with 425 premium large format locales , approximately 100 IMAX theaters and a handful of Dolby Cinema sites . It was Fandango 's top pre-selling animated film of all time , outselling the previous record - holder , Minions . The film grossed $9.2 million from Thursday night previews , a record for both Pixar and any animated film , and $54.7 million on its opening day , marking both the biggest opening day and single - day for an animated film . This also marks the first time that an animated film has grossed over $50 million in a single day . It went on to gross $135.1 million in its opening weekend , finishing first at the box office and setting the record for the highest opening weekend for both Pixar ( breaking Toy Story 3 's record ) and any animated film ( breaking Shrek the Third 's record ) , and became the third - biggest adjusted for inflation . It is also the third - highest opening ( excluding Marvel and Star Wars films ) for Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures behind Beauty and the Beast ( $174.8 million ) and Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( $135.6 million ) , and is the studio 's ninth - biggest debut overall . It also became the fifth animated film and the fifth film of 2016 to open above $100 million . Morever , its opening also marked the second - biggest for the month of June , behind only Jurassic World . Its opening was 93.8 % above Finding Nemo 's $70.3 million debut . It further broke the record for the biggest PLF and Cinemark XD opening for an animated film with $10.4 million and $2.6 million , respectively . In IMAX , it made $5 million from 211 theaters , the third - best animated IMAX opening behind Zootopia ( $5.2 million ) and Toy Story 3 ( $8.4 million ) . Following its record - breaking openings , it scored the biggest Monday for Pixar by grossing $19.6 million ( breaking Toy Story 3 's $15.6 million ) and the best Monday in June for an animated film . However , among all animated films , it is ranked second -- behind 2004 's Shrek 2 , which made $23.4 million on its first Monday , and it is also the biggest Tuesday for an animated film with $23.2 million , besting Minions ' $16.8 million . It jumped 18.5 % over its Monday gross , a rare achievement for a film . It crossed the $200 million mark in its first seven days , becoming the first ( and fastest ) animated film to pass the said milestone in just a week . It fell only 46 % in its second weekend earning $73 million to record the biggest second weekend for an animated film ( breaking Shrek 2 's $72.2 million previous record ) , the biggest for Disney and 2016 ( surpassing Captain America : Civil War 's $72.6 million ) , and the eighth - biggest second weekend gross of all time overall . This was despite facing stiff competition from newcomer Independence Day : Resurgence . It crossed $300 million in 12 days -- a new record for an animated film , surpassing the previous record held by Shrek 2 and Toy Story 3 ( both of which took 18 days ) , and became the second animated film of 2016 ( after Zootopia ) , the fourth Disney film of 2016 , and the sixth overall film of the year to cross the milestone . It continued to dominate the box office for the third straight weekend , despite competitions from three new wide releases -- The Legend of Tarzan , The Purge : Election Year , and fellow Disney release The BFG -- after witnessing a 42 % decline to $41.8 million in three days and $51.4 million in four days , respectively , during the Independence Day holiday frame . This made it the second time in two years and just the third time since 1992 , the July 4 holiday box office was topped by a film in its third weekend of release . It broke another record as it passed the $400 million mark in 21 days , which is the fastest for an animated film , the fastest of 2016 , the fastest for the studio , and the fifth - fastest of all time overall . Morever , it became the second film of 2016 ( after Captain America : Civil War ) , the fifth animated film , the ninth film for the studio , and the twenty - fourth film overall to pass the milestone . On the following day ( July 8 ) , it surpassed Civil War to become the biggest film of the year up until Rogue One took that title in January 2017 . It dropped out of the top ten in its eighth week . Although the film was finally overtaken by The Secret Life of Pets ( and The Legend of Tarzan in second place ) in its fourth weekend , it nevertheless passed The Lion King to become the highest - grossing Disney animated film of all time in the same weekend , surpassing the latter which held the record for 15 non-consecutive years . In just 30 days , it overtook Shrek 2 ( $441.2 million ) to become the highest - grossing animated film of all time , breaking the latter 's record of 12 years . Four days later , on July 20 , it became the first - ever animated film in cinematic history to cross the $450 million mark . As with its predecessor Finding Nemo , the studio expanded the theater count for the film during the Labor Day weekend from 345 theaters to 2,075 theaters , an addition of 1,730 theaters . In 2003 , Nemo was expanded from 838 sites to 1,053 locations . It became the second - highest - grossing film of 2016 ( behind Rogue One ) , the highest - grossing Pixar film , the second - highest - grossing Walt Disney Pictures release ( behind Beauty and the Beast ) , the highest - grossing Disney animated film , the highest - grossing animated film overall , and the ninth - highest - grossing film of all time . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , Finding Dory received a staggered release in a span of four months from June to September , with Germany being the last country . This was done in order take advantage of key holidays and competitive dates around the world . It was released across 29 countries -- which is 32 % of its entire international release territories -- the same weekend as its U.S. premiere . It made an estimated $50.7 million to take the No. 1 spot at the international box office . In its second weekend , it added $38.7 million from 37 markets , falling in third place behind Independence Day : Resurgence and Now You See Me 2 . In the same weekend along with its $73 million take in North America , the film helped Pixar cross the $10 billion mark worldwide since Toy Story ( 1995 ) . By its fourth weekend , the animated film helped Disney push past the $3 billion mark internationally and $5 billion globally . It had the biggest opening for an animated film in Brazil ( $7.1 million ) and the Netherlands ( $2.1 million ) , and the biggest of all time for a Disney animated or Pixar film in Australia ( $7.7 million ) , the Philippines ( $2.1 million ) , Singapore ( $1.3 million ) , India ( $1 million ) , Indonesia , Peru and Central America , and in Russia it opened with $3.2 million , and the second - biggest in the United Kingdom and Ireland ( $10.7 million ) , Mexico ( $9.4 million ) and Argentina ( $3.5 million ) , and that 's despite amidst the latter country 's Copa America soccer match , and Colombia ( $2.1 million ) , behind Monsters University . In the UK and Ireland , the film recorded the second - biggest animated opening of the year with £ 8.1 million ( $10.7 million ) from 580 theaters , behind only The Secret Life of Pets . However , if previews are excluded , Finding Dory is ahead . Moreover , it also posted the second - biggest Disney / Pixar opening , behind only Toy Story 3 ( fourth - biggest if previews are included ) , and the seventh - biggest animated opening of all time overall based on pure Friday - to - Sunday gross alone . It added an additional 43 theaters in its second weekend , after which it added another £ 3.98 million ( $5.1 million ) at the weekend , thereby passing the £ 20 million mark in just 10 days ( among Pixar films , only Toy Story 3 reached £ 20 million faster ) . It made an impressive £ 8.15 million during weekdays , from Monday to Thursday resulting in a £ 2.03 million daily - average gross . According to The Guardian , this was because of the school holidays that prevailed on the weekdays . Otherwise , family films earn the vast majority of their takings on Saturday and Sunday , and showtimes typically reduce on weekdays . It returned to the top of the box office in its fourth weekend and went on to become the highest - grossing film of the summer that year . In Brazil , in addition to recording the biggest Disney / Pixar opening ever , almost twice the previous record held by The Good Dinosaur , it also set a new record for an all - time animated opening , on par with Minions in local currency . In South Korea , it had the biggest opening for a Pixar film with $7.1 million , which is also the second - biggest for a Disney animated film , behind Frozen . In Japan , the film had a two - day weekend opening of $7 million on Saturday and Sunday from 511 screens on 571,000 admissions . For the entire three - day holiday weekend , including Marine Day on Monday July 18 , the film earned $11 million on 922,000 admissions . This made it the top western release of the weekend and the biggest foreign opening - weekend in the country of that year . It had further number - one openings in Spain ( $4.9 million ) , France ( $4.7 million ) , Hong Kong ( $1.9 million ; $2.8 million including previews ) , Taiwan ( $1.9 million ) , Sweden , Norway , and Denmark . It topped the box office in the Netherlands for three and in Spain and Australia for four consecutive weekends . In Italy , it scored the biggest animated opening of the year with $5.8 million . In China , where Pixar films have been struggling to find broad audiences and accrue lucrative revenues , the film was projected to make around $30 million in its opening weekend . The film ended up grossing $17.7 million -- the highest Pixar opening in the country 's history -- debuting in second place behind Warcraft . It surpassed Monsters University in just seven days to become the biggest Pixar film there with $38.1 million . It opened in Germany -- its last market -- on September 29 , where the film delivered a robust opening of $8.4 million , the biggest for any film of 2016 in the country . The film continued to benefit from German Unity Day on October 3 . It went on to top the box office there for three straight weekends , tying with Inferno in its third weekend . It is now the highest - grossing Disney animated or Pixar film in Australia ( where it is also the second - highest - grossing animated film of all time behind Shrek 2 ) , Bolivia , Brazil , Central America , Colombia , India , Indonesia , New Zealand , Peru , the Philippines , and Trinidad . It also became the second - highest - grossing Pixar release of all time in South Korea behind Inside Out . Elsewhere , the biggest markets in terms of total earnings were Japan ( $66 million ) , followed by the UK ( $56.3 million ) , China ( $38.1 million ) , Australia ( $36.3 million ) , and Brazil ( $34.5 million ) . Critical Response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , Finding Dory has an approval rating of 94 % based on 291 reviews and an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Funny , poignant , and thought - provoking , Finding Dory delivers a beautifully animated adventure that adds another entertaining chapter to its predecessor 's classic story . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review , saying : `` I never thought I wanted a sequel to Finding Nemo , but here we are and I 'm pretty happy it exists . And , for me , it was a more emotional experience than the first film . Finding Dory got me -- it made me cry . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said that while the film lacks `` dazzling originality , '' he overall wrote , `` it more than makes up for in warmth , charm and good humor . '' In his review for Variety , Owen Gleiberman wrote , `` It 's a film that spills over with laughs ( most of them good , a few of them shticky ) and tears ( all of them earned ) , supporting characters who are meant to slay us ( and mostly do ) with their irascible sharp tongues , and dizzyingly extended flights of physical comedy . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal said that `` Finding Dory can be touching , sweet and tender , but it 's compulsively , preposterously and steadfastly funny . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three - and - a-half stars out of four and said that the film `` brims with humor , heart and animation miracles , '' despite lacking `` the fresh surprise of its predecessor . '' Environmental controversies and issues ( edit ) Conservationists warned that , very much like Finding Nemo , the film could lead to uninformed customers buying blue tangs for home aquariums . Blue tangs can not be bred in captivity and have to be caught in the wild . They are related to surgeonfish and exhibit razor - sharp spines on both sides of the tail that can inflict formidable wounds . While promoting the film , actress Ellen DeGeneres reminded audiences that Nemo and Dory 's real - life home , the Great Barrier Reef , is under enormous threat , mostly due to coral bleaching , a process induced by climate change , which has killed coral reefs on an enormous scale . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2016 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Film Andrew Stanton and Angus MacLane Nominated Best Animated Female Ellen DeGeneres British Academy Children 's Awards BAFTA Kids ' Vote Finding Dory Critics ' Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Original Score -- Animated Film Thomas Newman San Francisco Film Critics Circle Best Animated Feature Finding Dory St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Animated Film Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie Won Choice Summer Movie Star : Female Ellen DeGeneres Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature Finding Dory Nominated Best Voice Performance Ellen DeGeneres Women Film Critics Circle Best Animated Female Finding Dory 2017 Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Feature Production Erick Oh Outstanding Achievement , Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Trevor Jimenez Black Reel Awards Outstanding Voice Performance Idris Elba British Academy Film Awards Best Animated Film Andrew Stanton Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture -- Animated Scott Curtis , Doc Kane , Nathan Nance , Michael Semanick and Thomas Vicari Won Empire Awards Best Animated Film Finding Dory Georgia Film Critics Association Best Animated Film Andrew Stanton and Lindsey Collins Nominated Golden Tomato Awards Best Wide Release 2016 Finding Dory 7th place Best Animated Movie 2016 2nd Place Houston Film Critics Society Best Animated Feature Film Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Won Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Ellen DeGeneres Most Wanted Pet Nominated # Squad Ellen DeGeneres , Albert Brooks , Kaitlin Olson , Hayden Rolence , Willem Dafoe , Ed O'Neill , Ty Burrell and Eugene Levy Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Idris Elba Nominated Online Film Critics Society Best Animated Film Finding Dory People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Won Favorite Family Movie Favorite Animated Movie Voice Ellen DeGeneres Producers Guild of America Best Animated Motion Picture Lindsey Collins Nominated Satellite Awards Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature Finding Dory Saturn Awards Best Animated Film Won Village Voice Film Poll Best Animated Feature 7th place Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature Chris J. Chapman , Lindsey Collins , John Halstead and Angus MacLane Nominated Outstanding Animated Performance in an Animated Feature Hank -- Jonathan Hoffman , Steven Clay Hunter , Mark Piretti and Audrey Wong Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Open Ocean Exhibit -- Stephen Gustafson , Jack Hattori , Jesse Hollander and Michael Rutter Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature Stephen Gustafson , Allen Hemberger , Joshua Jenny and Matthew Kiyoshi Wong Possible sequel ( edit ) In June 2016 , director Andrew Stanton talked about the possibility of a sequel , saying that he would never exclude it because of the introduction of new characters , citing the Toy Story films as guides for how to expand a world through sequels . See also ( edit ) Exploring the Reef Finding Nemo ( franchise ) 2010s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal Comedy portal Disney portal Film in the United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` D23 : ' Finding Dory ' Cast Adds Ed O'Neill , Ty Burrell and Kaitlin Olson '' . Variety . August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grover , Ronald . `` Disney Banks on ' Finding Dory ' Swimming Past Soggy Openings of Recent Movie Sequels '' . TheStreet.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finding Dory ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Andrew Stanton to Direct Pixar 's ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Farley , Christopher John ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres to Star in ' Nemo ' Sequel ' Finding Dory ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Isaac Feldberg ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Angus MacLane Co-Directing Finding Dory With Andrew Stanton '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Josh Terry ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Disney / Pixar Team dives into surprising new depths in ' Nemo ' sequel ' Finding Dory ' ( + Points for parents ) '' . Deseret News . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rene Rodriguez ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' falls short of the heights of ' Finding Nemo ' '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Risley , Matt ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Pixar confirm Finding Nemo sequel '' . Total Film . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Good Dinosaur ' moved to 2015 , leaving Pixar with no 2014 film '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Baby Dory is just one of the secret stars of ' Finding Dory ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Josh ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Hilgenberg and Rob Muir on the Rise and Fall of Disney 's Circle 7 Animation '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( August 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Skinny on Circle Seven '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ . `` Behind The Scenes at Circle 7 , the Short - Lived Studio Created to Sequelize Pixar '' . / Film . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' John Carter ' Helmer Andrew Stanton Dives Back into Animation With ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Andrew Stanton to Direct Pixar 's ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Andrew . `` @ andrewstanton '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ellen DeGeneres in Talks to Return for ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( September 8 , 2012 ) . `` Director Andrew Stanton looks back on ' John Carter 's ' rocky path '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Albert Brooks Hooks Deal To Reprise In ' Finding Nemo 2 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Zakarin , Jordan ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel Titled ' Finding Dory , ' Set for 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` With ' Despicable Me 2 ' and more , movies revisit the sequel debate '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Draskovic , Marina ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Director Andrew Stanton Brings Dory Back '' . D23.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McKittrick , Christopher ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Writing in Slow Motion : Finding Dory '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eagan , Daniel ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ocean Odyssey : Andrew Stanton explores the backstory of Pixar 's Dory '' . Film Journal International . Mediabistro Holdings . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Blackfish ' gives Pixar second thoughts on ' Finding Dory ' plot '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Finding Nemo ' Sequel Is Altered in Response to Orcas Documentary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar Skips 2014 as ' The Good Dinosaur ' Shifts to 2015 and ' Finding Dory ' to 2016 / Film '' . Slashfilm.com . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` What A Co-Director Does on a Pixar Movie ? ' Finding Dory ' Director Andrew Stanton Explains '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : G. Macy , Seth ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` D23 2015 : New Details on Finding Nemo Sequel Plot Revealed '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo star loses his character 's voice '' . BBC News . March 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's Ed Catmull on Animation Evolution , from Nemo to Dory -- Studio Daily '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barcomb , James ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Thomas Newman to score Finding Dory '' . The Whale . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Finding Dory ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : El - ahrairah ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Finding Dory Forgettable -- A Review '' . Modern Topics . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War , ' ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' Secure Imax Release as Part of Disney Deal '' . Variety . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Pixar 's New Short , ' Piper , ' Has a Painterly Look and Adrian Belew Score '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Programme '' . Edinburgh International Film Festival . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Finding Dory ' to Have U.K. Premiere at Edinburgh Film Festival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.slashfilm.com/finding-dory-re-release-and-clip/ Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Finding Dory ' Swims to Blu - ray November 15 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Finding Dory ' Swims To Record $136 Million Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Splashes Out With $50.7 M Offshore Opening ; ' Warcraft ' Crosses $200 M in China -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Clears $900 M at the Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Finding Dory ' Crosses $1 B Worldwide '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Splashes Past $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pixar '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` No. 4 ' Finding Dory ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Could Be Pixar 's Biggest Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Conjuring 2 ' to Ward Off ' Warcraft , ' ' Now You See Me 2 ' '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' To Have Shark - Size Appetite at Weekend B.O. ; Second Best Opening This Summer After ' Civil War ' -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Finding Dory ' Set to Swim Past $100 M in U.S. Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boxoffice Staff ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Long Range Forecast : ' Jason Bourne ' , ' Bad Moms ' & ' Nerve ' '' . BoxOffice Pro . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Set to Break Record for Biggest Animated Film Opening With $130 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ BoxOfficeStaff ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Fandango : ' Finding Dory ' Surpasses ' Minions ' As Top Pre-Selling Animated Film of All Time '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Finding Dory ' Lands Strong $9.2 Million Thursday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Box Office : A Record $9.2 M Thursday For The Pixar Sequel '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Finding Dory ' Finds Record - Crushing $55 Million Friday ( Box Office ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Set to Break the Animated Opening Weekend Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Finding Dory '' breaks record for opening of animated film `` . Associated Press . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Buena Vista All - time Openings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory 's Record Animated Pic $135 M+ Opening Is Also Second Best For June After ' Jurassic World ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Opening Weekends by Month -- June '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Drowns Animated Box Office Records With $136 Million Opening '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Scores Disney Animation 's Largest Opening Ever '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Continues To Break B.O. Records for an Animated Film on Monday '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Finding Dory ' Nabs Eye - Popping $19.5 M Monday For $154 M Cume '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Darting To $200 M , Hits Tuesday Record For Animated Film -- Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Finding Dory ' Earns Jaw - Dropping $23.7 M Tuesday For New $177.8 M Total '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Finding Dory ' Ends Massive First Week With $213 Million '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Posts Best Second Weekend For Animated Movie As Fireworks Die For ' Resurgence ' ; ' Shallows ' Chomps $16 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Independence Day 2 ' Underwhelms With $41.6 M ; ' Finding Dory ' Sprints to $73.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Eats $300 M+ & Will Gobble Up ' BFG ' , ' Tarzan ' & ' Purge ' Over Independence Day -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Finding Dory ' Swims To $300 Million In Record Time '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Dominates , ' Tarzan ' Improves , ' Purge ' Excels As ' BFG ' Falls : July 4th Weekend B.O. -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Independence Day ' Fails To Make July 4th Fireworks , ' Finding Dory ' Tops Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Pixar 's ' Finding Dory ' Swims Past $400 M In Record Time '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FASTEST TO $100 -- $500 Million '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Finding Dory ' Passes ' Captain America 3 ' To Become Top U.S. Hit Of 2016 '' . July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Becomes 2016 's Highest - Grossing Film in the U.S '' . Newsweek . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory moves out of top ten '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Toons Rule : ' Pets ' Races To $103 M+ ; ' Dory ' Beats ' Lion King ' Becoming Disney 's Highest Grossing Animated Title At Domestic B.O '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' Debuts to $46 Million , ' Secret Life of Pets ' Tops Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Devan Coggan ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Finding Dory is now the biggest domestic animated movie ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FASTEST TO $100 -- $500 Million '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Makes A Wide Break Before Summer Ends '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Do n't Breathe ' To Lead Labor Day Weekend Over ' Morgan ' & ' Light Between Oceans ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Independence Day Resurgence ' Lands With $100 M Overseas Start ; ' Dory ' Nears $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M in First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ice Age ' Leads Studio Pics ; Chinese Summer & ' Sultan ' Kick Off -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Hits $5 B Global , $3 B International Box Office in Record Time '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ice Age ' Charts $53.5 M Course To Lead Frame ; ' Ghostbusters ' Calls Up $19.1 M in Offshore Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jason Bourne ' Supreme With $50.1 M Bow & Franchise Records -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ian Sandwell ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' swims to top of UK box office '' . Screen International . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Finding Dory surfaces atop UK box office as Jason Bourne spies second '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Crime pays : DC 's Suicide Squad tops UK box office with £ 11.25 m '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cringe benefits : David Brent has highest new entry at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Brotherhood the daddy at UK box office as Finding Dory crowned king of the summer '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Finding Dory ' Swims to the Top in Holiday Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' Bows To $30 M ; ' Suicide Squad ' Powers Past $400 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` On Screen China : Despite Upstream Struggle , Pixar 's ' Dory ' Could Haul It In '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Books $36.5 M ; ' Finding Dory ' , ' Bridget Jones ' Reach Milestones ; Big Frame For Local Pics -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Inferno ' Ignites With $50 M Offshore ; ' Miss Peregrine ' Tops $130 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' $30 M Debut ; ' Lights Out ' $8.5 M ; Jackie Chan 's ' Skiptrace ' Nails $64 M Bow -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee Hyo - won ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` South Korea Box Office : Local Zombie Film Breaks Records , Tops Hollywood Releases '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Is Just About As Good As ' Finding Nemo ' And Will Probably Make You Cry '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Review : In ' Finding Dory , ' a Forgetful Fish and a Warm Celebration of Differences '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Finding Dory ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Review : Winning by Losing Once Again '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Dory ' Could Lead to Dangerous Demand for Blue Tangs as Pets '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Why Marine Biologists Are n't Happy With Finding Dory '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Alina ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Facts About Regal Blue Tangs '' . Live Science . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scrimshire , Joe ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' It 's critical we protect this amazing place ' : Ellen DeGeneres joins Disney campaign to save Australia 's Great Barrier Reef ahead of Finding Dory release '' . Daily Mail Online . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney - Pixar and Dory partner with Foundation to protect the Reef '' . Great Barrier Reef Foundation . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Merin , Jennifer ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCue , Michelle ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Arrival ' , ' La La Land ' , ' Hell or High Water ' Among The Nominees for the 2016 AWFJ EDA Awards '' . WeAreMovieGeeks.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Elizabeth ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Horrible Histories , TrueTube lead BAFTA Children 's noms '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Children 's BAFTA Kids ' Vote - Film '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards Finding Dory '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners at Hollywood Music in Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flores , Marshall ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` San Francisco Film Critics Circle Nominations ! '' . AwardsDaily.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Named Best Picture by San Francisco Film Critics Circle '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 StLFCA Annual Award Nominations '' . St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 WAFCA Awards Nominations '' . December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women Film Critics Circle Nominations : `` Hidden Figures , '' `` 13th , '' & More `` . Women And Hollywood . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Clayton ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Black Reel Award Nominees -- ' Moonlight ' Leads with 13 Nominations '' . AwardsCircuit.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' La La Land ' , ' Rogue One ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Among Cinema Audio Society Nominees '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pape , Danny ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Leads Empire Awards 2017 Nominations '' . Flickreel.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Awards '' . Georgia Film Critics Association . April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Nominations for 2016 Films '' . MovieAwardsPlus.com . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominations -- ' The Nice Guys ' and Rebecca Hall Get a Deserved Boost '' . AwardsCircuit.com . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moonlight , ' ' Birth of a Nation ' and ' Loving ' score big with NAACP Image Award nominations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20th Annual Online Film Critics Society Awards Nominations '' . Online Film Critics Society . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary. `` 2017 Producers Guild Film Nominations Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Poll 2016 '' . The Village Voice . January 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Finding Nemo 3 ' ? Here 's whether it could happen '' ( Entertainment Weekly ) . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutFinding Doryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Finding Dory on IMDb Finding Dory at the TCM Movie Database Finding Dory at The Big Cartoon DataBase Finding Dory at Box Office Mojo Finding Dory at Rotten Tomatoes Finding Dory at Metacritic Finding Nemo Films Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Video games Finding Nemo Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure Shorts Exploring the Reef Attractions Crush 's Coaster Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Finding Nemo -- The Musical Nemo & Friends SeaRider The Seas with Nemo & Friends Turtle Talk with Crush Films by Andrew Stanton Written and directed A Bug 's Life ( 1998 , co-directed ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Written only Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) BURN - E ( 2008 , short ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Pixar Feature films Released Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Coco ( 2017 ) The Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) For the Birds ( 2000 ) Mike 's New Car ( 2002 ) Boundin ' ( 2003 ) Jack - Jack Attack ( 2005 ) Mr. Incredible and Pals ( 2005 ) One Man Band ( 2005 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Lifted ( 2006 ) Your Friend the Rat ( 2007 ) Presto ( 2008 ) Rescue Squad Mater ( 2008 ) Mater the Greater ( 2008 ) El Materdor ( 2008 ) BURN - E ( 2008 ) Tokyo Mater ( 2008 ) Partly Cloudy ( 2009 ) Dug 's Special Mission ( 2009 ) George & A.J. ( 2009 ) Day & Night ( 2010 ) La Luna ( 2011 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Small Fry ( 2011 ) Partysaurus Rex ( 2012 ) The Legend of Mor'du ( 2012 ) The Blue Umbrella ( 2013 ) Party Central ( 2013 ) Lava ( 2014 ) Sanjay 's Super Team ( 2015 ) Riley 's First Date ? ( 2015 ) Piper ( 2016 ) Lou ( 2017 ) Series Cars Toons ( 2008 -- 14 ) Toy Story Toons ( 2011 -- 12 ) Compilations Tiny Toy Stories ( 1996 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 1 ( 2007 ) Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ( 2010 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 2 ( 2012 ) Other work Beach Chair ( 1986 ) Light & Heavy ( 1990 ) Surprise ( 1991 ) Television specials Toy Story of Terror ! ( 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 ) Franchises Toy Story ( 1995 -- present ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 -- 13 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 -- 16 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 -- present ) Cars ( 2006 -- 17 ) Associated productions The Adventures of André and Wally B. ( 1984 ) It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( 2000 -- 01 ) Exploring the Reef ( 2003 ) Turtle Talk with Crush ( 2004 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Borrowed Time ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Pixar Story ( 2007 ) Products Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Marionette People John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim Morris See also List of Pixar characters List of Pixar awards and nominations feature films short films List of Pixar film references Computer Graphics Lab Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Circle 7 Animation Pixar Canada A Computer Animated Hand The Works The Shadow King Pixar universe The Walt Disney Studios Book Category Saturn Award for Best Animated Film Watership Down ( 1978 ) The Secret of NIMH ( 1982 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Tim Burton 's Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Disney portal Cartoon portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finding_Dory&oldid=809966049 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s sequel films American adventure comedy films American buddy films American children 's adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American computer - animated films American films American sequel films Animated buddy films Animated films about fish Animated films about reptiles and amphibians Fictional fish Film scores by Thomas Newman Films about amnesia Films about cephalopods Films about disability Films about sharks Films about whales Films directed by Andrew Stanton Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in 2016 Films set in California Films set in zoos Finding Nemo IMAX films Nonlinear narrative films Pixar animated films Walt Disney Pictures films Screenplays by Andrew Stanton Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Use American English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Кыргызча ລາວ Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 16 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does the voice of dory in finding dory | [
"Ellen DeGeneres as Dory, a regal blue tang who suffers from short-term memory loss.\n\nSloane Murray as Young Dory. Murray is the seven-year-old daughter of producer Lindsey Collins.[12]\nLucia Geddes as Teen Dory.\n\n",
"Ellen DeGeneres as Dory, a regal blue tang who suffers from short-term memory loss.\n\nSloane Murray as Young Dory. Murray is the seven-year-old daughter of producer Lindsey Collins.[12]\nLucia Geddes as Teen Dory.\n\n",
"Ellen DeGeneres as Dory, a regal blue tang who suffers from short-term memory loss.\n\nSloane Murray as Young Dory. Murray is the seven-year-old daughter of producer Lindsey Collins.[12]\nLucia Geddes as Teen Dory.\n\n"
] | [
"Ellen DeGeneres",
"Sloane Murray",
"Lucia Geddes"
] |
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Incumbent Democratic Governor Jerry Brown will be ineligible to run for re-election for a third ( or fifth non-consecutive ) term due to term limits from the California Constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary election 1.1 Candidates 1.1. 1 Democratic Party 1.1. 1.1 Declared 1.1. 1.2 Declined 1.1. 2 Republican Party 1.1. 2.1 Declared 1.1. 2.2 Withdrawn 1.1. 2.3 Declined 1.1. 3 Libertarian Party 1.1. 3.1 Declared 1.1. 4 Green Party 1.1. 4.1 Declared 1.1. 5 Peace and Freedom Party 1.1. 5.1 Declared 1.1. 6 No party preference 1.1. 6.1 Declared 1.2 Endorsements 1.3 Polling 1.3. 1 Notes 2 General election 2.1 Predictions 2.2 Polling 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Primary election ( edit ) A primary election will be held on June 5 , 2018 . Under California 's nonpartisan blanket primary law , all candidates appear on the same ballot , regardless of party . Voters may vote for any candidate , regardless of their party affiliation . The top two finishers -- regardless of party -- advance to the general election in November , regardless whether a candidate manages to receive a majority of the votes cast in the primary election . Candidates ( edit ) Democratic Party ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Akinyemi Agbede , perennial candidate Juan M. Bribiesca , retired physician Thomas Jefferson Cares John Chiang , California State Treasurer Delaine Eastin , former California State Superintendent of Public Instruction Robert Davidson Griffis Gavin Newsom , Lieutenant Governor of California Amanda Renteria , national political director for Hillary Clinton 's 2016 presidential campaign and nominee for CA - 21 in 2014 Michael Shellenberger , founder of the Breakthrough Institute Klement Tinaj , actor , martial artist , stuntman , and producer Antonio Villaraigosa , former Mayor of Los Angeles Declined ( edit ) Xavier Becerra , Attorney General of California ( running for election as Attorney General ) George Clooney , actor and activist Eric Garcetti , Mayor of Los Angeles Bob Iger , CEO of Disney Sheryl Sandberg , Facebook COO Libby Schaaf , Mayor of Oakland ( running for re-election ) Jackie Speier , U.S. Representative Tom Steyer , hedge fund manager , philanthropist , and environmentalist Kevin de León , President pro tempore of the California State Senate ( running for U.S. Senate ) Republican Party ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Travis Allen , State Assemblyman John H. Cox , businessman and perennial candidate Yvonne Girard Peter Y. Liu Robert C. Newman II Withdrawn ( edit ) Rosey Grier , minister and retired NFL player David Hadley , former state assemblyman Allen Ishida , former Tulare County Supervisor Doug Ose , former U.S. Representative Declined ( edit ) Tim Donnelly , former state assemblyman , candidate for governor in 2014 and candidate for CA - 08 in 2016 ( running for CA - 08 ) Kevin Faulconer , Mayor of San Diego Ashley Swearengin , former Mayor of Fresno Peter Thiel , venture capitalist Libertarian Party ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Zoltan Istvan , Transhumanist nominee for President of the United States in 2016 Nickolas Wildstar , political activist , rapper and write - in candidate for Governor in 2014 Green Party ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Christopher Carlson , puppeteer Joshua Jones , geologist Peace and Freedom Party ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Gloria La Riva , activist and nominee for President of the United States in 2016 No party preference ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Shubham Goel Hakan `` Hawk '' Mikado Desmond Silveira ( American Solidarity Party ) , engineer and national committee member of the American Solidarity Party Jeffrey Edward Taylor Johnny Wattenburg Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Travis Allen ( R ) U.S. Representatives Tom McClintock , U.S. Representative ( R - CA - 4 ) Ed Royce , U.S. Representative ( R - CA - 39 ) Dana Rohrabacher , U.S. Representative ( R - CA - 48 ) State - level officials Diane Harkey , Member of the California State Board of Equalization Patricia Bates , California Senate Minority Leader ( R - 36 ) Mike Morrell , California State Senator ( R - 23 ) Jeff Stone , California State Senator ( R - 28 ) Bill Brough , California State Assemblyman ( R - 73 ) Phillip Chen , California State Assemblyman ( R - 55 ) Steven Choi , California State Assemblyman ( R - 68 ) James Gallagher , California State Assemblyman ( R - 3 ) Matthew Harper , California State Assemblyman ( R - 74 ) Tom Lackey , California State Assemblyman ( R - 36 ) Melissa Melendez , California State Assemblywoman ( R - 67 ) Jay Obernolte , California State Assemblyman ( R - 33 ) Jim Patterson , California State Assemblyman ( R - 23 ) Randy Voepel , California State Assemblyman ( R - 71 ) Notable individuals Marco Gutierrez , co-founder of Latinos for Trump Organizations California Congress of Republicans California Republican Assembly Californians For Making America Great Again ( CA4MAGA ) Inc . Californians For Trump Silicon Valley Association of Republican Women Silicon Valley Chinese Association Nevada County Republican Party Mariposa County Republican Party Amador County Republican Party El Dorado County Republican Party San Benito County Republican Party Solano County Republican Party Stanislaus County Republican Party Del Norte County Republican Party Humboldt County Republican Party ( show ) John Chiang ( D ) Federal elected officials Judy Chu , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 27 ) Brad Sherman , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 30 ) Ted Lieu , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 33 ) , Vice Chair of the House Democratic Caucus Alan Lowenthal , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 47 ) Grace Napolitano , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 32 ) Linda Sánchez , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 38 ) Mark Takano , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 41 ) , co-chair of the Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus State - level officials Anthony Rendon , Speaker of the California State Assembly ( D - 63 ) Bob Wieckowski , California State Senator ( D - 10 ) Anthony Portantino , California State Senator ( D - 25 ) Evan Low , California State Assemblymember ( D - 28 ) Ed Chau , California State Assemblymember ( D - 49 ) Sharon Quirk - Silva , California State Assemblymember ( D - 65 ) Lorena Gonzlez Fletcher , California State Assemblymember ( D - 80 ) Mariko Yamada , former California State Assemblymember ( D - 4 ) Local - level officials Ron Galperin , City Controller of Los Angeles Margaret Abe - Koga , Mountain View Councilmember Al Austin , member of the Long Beach City Council Bob Blumenfield , member of the Los Angeles City Council , District 3 Rick Bonilla , San Mateo Mayor Paul Koretz , member of the Los Angeles City Council , District 5 José Huizar , member of the Los Angeles City Council , District 14 Das Williams , member of Santa Barbara County Board of Supervisors Georgette Gomez , member of San Diego City Council Norman Yee , member of San Francisco Board of Supervisors Organizations Association of California State Supervisors ( ACSS ) Association for Los Angeles Deputy Sheriffs ( ALADS ) International Union of Operating Engineers State Unit 12 Burbank Democratic Club Sacramento County Young Democrats Black Young Democrats of Sacramento West Hollywood - Beverly Hills Democratic Club Network for Public Education AFSCME District Council 36 United Nurses Associations of California / Union of Health Care Professionals Individuals Francine Busby , former Chair of the San Diego County Democratic Party ( show ) John Cox ( R ) U.S. Representatives Newt Gingrich , former U.S. Representative ( R - GA - 6 ) , former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Doug LaMalfa , U.S. Representative ( R - CA - 1 ) Mimi Walters , U.S. Representative ( R - CA - 45 ) State - level officials Joel Anderson , California State Senator ( R - 38 ) Dan Logue , former California State Assemblyman ( R - 3 ) Jim Nielsen , California State Senator ( R - 4 ) Local - level officials Richard Bailey , mayor of Coronado Deirdre Bennet , former mayor of Colton Rudy Mendoza , mayor of Woodlake Steve Mensinger , former mayor of Costa Mesa Bill Baber , La Mesa city councilman Carl DeMaio , former San Diego city councilman Martin Devine , Hanford city councilman Stephanie McKenzie , Marysville city councilwoman Jim Price , mayor of Atwater Brian Raymond , Atwater city councilman Michael P. Leahy , Yuba County supervisor Daron McDaniel , Merced County supervisor Greg Gandrud , former Carpinteria city councilman Russell Johnson , former Bakersfield city councilman Shellie Milne , former Hemet city councilwoman Rich Silverman , Manteca city councilman Linda Silverman , San Joaquin County Juvenile Justice Commissioner Jeffrey Zellner , Manteca planning commissioner Notable individuals Scott Baio , actor Lew Uhler , president of the National Tax Limitation Committee Organizations California Pro-Life Democrats California ProLife Council California Impact Republicans Fresno County Republican Party Sacramento County Republican Party San Mateo County Republican Party ( show ) Delaine Eastin ( D ) Local - level officials Norma Alcala , Washington Unified School District Board Member Organizations Cal Berkeley Democrats Feminist Majority Foundation National Women 's Political Caucus of California Our Revolution Ventura County SF Berniecrats Feel the Bern Democratic Club , Los Angeles Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club ( show ) Gavin Newsom ( D ) U.S. Senators Kamala Harris , U.S Senator from California U.S. Representatives Eric Swalwell , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 15 ) Ro Khanna , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 17 ) Jimmy Panetta , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 20 ) State - level officials Alex Padilla , California Secretary of State Scott Wiener , California State Senator ( D - 11 ) Jerry Hill , California State Senator ( D - 13 ) Jim Beall , California State Senator ( D - 15 ) Connie Leyva , California State Senator ( D - 20 ) Henry Stern , California State Senator ( D - 27 ) Richard Roth , California State Senator ( D - 31 ) Toni Atkins , California State Senator ( D - 36 ) , incoming President pro tempore of the California State Senate and former Speaker of the California Assembly Tony Thurmond , California State Assemblymember ( D - 15 ) David Chiu , California State Assemblymember ( D - 17 ) Phil Ting , California State Assemblymember ( D - 19 ) Bill Quirk , California State Assemblymember ( D - 20 ) Kevin Mullin , California State Assemblymember ( D - 22 ) Ash Kalra , California State Assemblymember ( D - 27 ) Laura Friedman , California State Assemblymember ( D - 43 ) Adrin Nazarian , California State Assemblymember ( D - 46 ) Autumn Burke , California State Assemblymember ( D - 62 ) Local - level officials Ed Lee ( deceased ) , former mayor of San Francisco Mark Farrell , Mayor of San Francisco Darrell Steinberg , Mayor of Sacramento Robert Garcia , Mayor of Long Beach Libby Schaaf , Mayor of Oakland Jesse Arreguin , Mayor of Berkeley Tom Butt , Mayor of Richmond Lena Gonzalez , member of the Long Beach City Council Katy Tang , member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors Jeff Sheehy , member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors Ahsha Safaí , member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors Katie Rice , member of the Marin County Board of Supervisors Vicki Hennessy , San Francisco Sheriff Jose Cisneros , San Francisco Treasurer Jeff Adachi , San Francisco Public Defender Carmen Chu , San Francisco Assessor - Recorder Hydra Mendoza - McDonnell , San Francisco Board of Education Vice President Matt Haney , San Francisco Board of Education Commissioner Alex Randolph , San Francisco City College Trustee Lateefah Simon , BART Board Member Organizations California Faculty Association California Federation of Teachers California Nurses Association California Professional Firefighters California School Employees Association California Teachers Association Equality California Laborers ' International Union of North America National Union of Healthcare Workers Service Employees International Union California Teamsters Joint Council 7 Individuals Gabrielle Giffords , former Congresswoman and co-founder of Americans for Responsible Solutions Mark Kelly , retired astronaut and co-founder of Americans for Responsible Solutions ( show ) Desmond Silveira ( ASP ) Notable individuals John Martignoni , Founder and President of Queen of Heaven Catholic Radio and the Bible Christian Society , and host of the EWTN Open Line radio show on apologetics since 2003 Mike Maturen , 2016 presidential candidate of American Solidarity Party Joe Schriner , journalist , activist , and six - time independent presidential candidate Dr. James Hanink , contributing editor to the New Oxford Review , President of the American Maritain Association , professor of philosophy at Loyola Marymount University ( retired ) and host of WCAT Radio 's The Open Door program Organizations American Solidarity Party ( show ) Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) U.S. Representatives Karen Bass , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 37 ) Lucille Roybal - Allard , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 40 ) Lou Correa , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 46 ) Tony Coelho , Former U.S. Representative Diane Watson , Former U.S. Representative State - level officials Blanca Rubio , California State Assemblymember ( D - 48 ) Freddie Rodriguez , California State Assemblymember ( D - 52 ) Eduardo Garcia , California State Assemblymember ( D - 56 ) Ian Calderon , California State Assemblymember ( D - 57 ) Shirley Weber , California State Assemblymember ( D - 79 ) Steven Bradford , California State Senator ( D - 35 ) Ben Hueso , California State Senator ( D - 40 ) Kevin Murray , Former California State Senator John Pérez , former Speaker of the California State Assembly Fabian Núñez , former Speaker of the California State Assembly Cruz Reynoso , former California Supreme Court Justice Local - level officials Sam Liccardo , Mayor of San Jose Manuel Lozano , Mayor of Baldwin Park Aja Brown , Mayor of Compton Steven Hernandez , Mayor of Coachella V. Manuel Perez , member of the Riverside County Board of Supervisors Luis Alejo , member of the Monterey County Board of Supervisors Simon Salinas , member of the Monterey County Board of Supervisors John Zaragoza , member of the Ventura County Board of Supervisors Sheila Kuehl , member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors Gloria Molina , former member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors Herb Wesson , President of the Los Angeles City Council Curren Price , member of the Los Angeles City Council Marqueece Harris - Dawson , member of the Los Angeles City Council Roberto Uranga , member of the Long Beach City Council Rubio R. Gonzalez , member of the Pomona City Council Cristina Carriozosa , member of the Pomona City Council Ginna Escobar , member of the Pomona City Council Organizations United Farm Workers California Police Chiefs Association Peace Officers Research Association of California Fresno Deputy Sheriff 's Association ( show ) Nickolas Wildstar ( L ) Notable individuals and organizations Alex Appleby , President of the University of the Pacific chapter of Young Americans for Liberty . Tyler Kuskie , Recruitment Director for Young Americans for Liberty . Honor `` Mimi '' Robson , candidate for Representative of California 's 70th State Assembly District Libertarian Party of Kings County , chapter of the Libertarian Party for Kings County , California Libertarian Party of San Bernardino County , chapter of the Libertarian Party for San Bernardino County , California Libertarian Party of San Joaquin County , chapter of the Libertarian Party for San Joaquin County , California Libertarian Party of Santa Clara County , chapter of the Libertarian Party for Santa Clara County , California Libertarian Party of Stanislaus County , chapter of the Libertarian Party for Stanislaus County , California Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Travis Allen ( R ) John Chiang ( D ) John Cox ( R ) Delaine Eastin ( D ) Gavin Newsom ( D ) Amanda Renteria ( D ) Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) Would not vote Other Undecided SurveyUSA March 22 -- 25 , 2018 517 ± 5.0 % 7 % 9 % 11 % 3 % 22 % -- 14 % -- 13 % 21 % David Binder Research ( D - Newsom ) March 16 -- 21 , 2018 1,750 -- 13 % 9 % 16 % 2 % 29 % 2 % 7 % -- 6 % 16 % Public Policy Institute of California March 7 -- 13 , 2018 1,706 ± 3.4 % 10 % 6 % 14 % 5 % 28 % -- 12 % -- 1 % 24 % David Binder Research ( D - Newsom ) March 1 -- 5 , 2018 1,000 -- 10 % 13 % 16 % 7 % 26 % 4 % 12 % -- -- 12 % David Binder Research ( D - Newsom ) January 31 -- February 4 , 2018 800 ± 3.5 % 4 % 11 % 7 % 4 % 30 % -- 11 % -- 4 % 29 % Public Policy Institute of California January 21 -- 30 , 2018 1,705 ± 3.2 % 8 % 9 % 7 % 4 % 23 % -- 21 % -- 4 % 24 % Tulchin Research / Moore Information January 21 -- 28 , 2018 2,500 ± 2.0 % 8 % 9 % 10 % 6 % 29 % -- 11 % -- 8 % 18 % UC Berkeley December 7 -- 16 , 2017 672 ± 3.8 % 9 % 5 % 9 % 5 % 26 % -- 17 % -- 1 % 28 % Public Policy Institute of California November 10 -- 19 , 2017 1,070 ± 4.3 % 6 % 9 % 9 % 3 % 23 % -- 18 % -- 1 % 30 % USC Dornsife / Los Angeles Times October 27 -- November 6 , 2017 1,070 ± 4.0 % 15 % 12 % 11 % 4 % 31 % -- 21 % 22 % 6 % -- UC Berkeley August 27 -- September 5 , 2017 1,000 ± 4.0 % 9 % 7 % 11 % 4 % 26 % -- 10 % -- -- 33 % SmithJohnson Research ( R - Cox ) July 27 -- 30 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 10 % 7 % 14 % 3 % 25 % -- 12 % -- -- 28 % GSSR ( D - Chiang ) May 30 -- June 5 , 2017 602 -- -- 10 % 11 % -- 26 % -- 12 % -- -- -- The Feldman Group ( D - Villaraigosa ) March 2017 -- -- -- -- 22 % -- 26 % -- 20 % -- -- -- Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Newman ( R ) 3 % , Yvonne Girard ( R ) 2 % , Robert Kleinberger ( R ) 2 % , Daniel Amare ( R ) 1 % , Brian Domingo ( R ) 1 % , Peter Yuan Liu ( R ) 1 % , Michael Bracamontes ( D ) 1 % , Juan Bribiesca ( D ) 1 % , Nickolas Wildstar ( L ) 1 % Jump up ^ Doug Ose ( R ) ( withdrawn ) Jump up ^ Doug Ose ( R ) ( withdrawn ) 3 % , Someone else 1 % Jump up ^ Doug Ose ( R ) ( withdrawn ) 4 % , Someone else 4 % ( show ) Nonpartisan blanket primary SurveyUSA poll of 517 likely voters . March 22 -- 25 , 2018 . MoE : ± 5.0 % . Candidate % Gavin Newsom ( D ) 22 % Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) 14 % John Cox ( R ) 11 % John Chiang ( D ) 9 % Travis Allen ( R ) 7 % Delaine Eastin ( D ) 3 % Robert Newman ( R ) 3 % Yvonne Girard ( R ) 2 % Robert Kleinberger ( NPP ) 2 % Daniel Amare ( R ) 1 % Michael Bracamontes ( D ) 1 % Juan Bribiesca ( D ) 1 % Brian Domingo ( R ) 1 % Peter Yuan Liu ( R ) 1 % Nickolas Wildstar ( L ) 1 % Akinyemi Agbede ( D ) 0 % Zoltan Istvan ( L ) 0 % Josh Jones ( G ) 0 % Harmesh Kumar ( D ) 0 % James Tran ( NPP ) 0 % Other 0 % Undecided 21 % ( show ) Hypothetical polling with Chad Mayes , Doug Ose , Tom Steyer , and Steve Westly SurveyUSA poll of 506 likely voters . January 7 - 9 , 2018 . MoE : ± 4.4 % . Candidate % Gavin Newsom ( D ) 19 % Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) 10 % Travis Allen ( R ) 9 % John Chiang ( D ) 5 % John Cox ( R ) 4 % Robert Newman ( R ) 2 % Doug Ose ( R ) 2 % Tom Steyer ( D ) 2 % Peter Thiel ( R ) 2 % Steve Westly ( D ) 2 % Akinyemi Agbede ( D ) 1 % Daniel Amare ( R ) 1 % Stasyi Barth ( R ) 1 % Michael Bracamontes ( D ) 1 % Juan Bribiesca ( D ) 1 % Brian Domingo ( R ) 1 % Delaine Eastin ( D ) 1 % Yvonne Girard ( R ) 1 % Zoltan Istvan ( L ) 1 % Josh Jones ( G ) 1 % Robert Kleinberger ( NPP ) 1 % Harmesh Kumar ( D ) 1 % Peter Yuan Liu ( R ) 1 % James Tran ( NPP ) 1 % Nickolas Wildstar ( L ) 1 % David Asem ( D ) 0 % Michael Bilger ( NPP ) 0 % Andy Blanch ( NPP ) 0 % Scooter Braun ( D ) 0 % John - Leslie Brown ( R ) 0 % David Bush ( NPP ) 0 % Christopher Carlson ( G ) 0 % Peter Crawford - Valentino ( NPP ) 0 % Ted Crisell ( D ) 0 % Grant Handzlik ( NPP ) 0 % Analila Joya ( NPP ) 0 % Joshua Laine ( AIP ) 0 % Chad Mayes ( R ) 0 % Jacob Morris ( R ) 0 % Timothy Richardson ( NPP ) 0 % Boris Romanowsky ( NPP ) 0 % Michael Shellenberger ( D ) 0 % H. Fuji Shioura ( NPP ) 0 % Lindsey Neil Shortland ( NPP ) 0 % Laura Smith ( R ) 0 % Scot Sturtevant ( NPP ) 0 % Ashley Swearengin ( R ) 0 % Klement Tinaj ( D ) 0 % Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt ( NPP ) 0 % Undecided 29 % with David Hadley Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error John Chiang ( D ) John Cox ( R ) Delaine Eastin ( D ) David Hadley ( R ) Gavin Newsom ( D ) Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) Undecided UC Berkeley May 4 -- 29 , 2017 1,628 ± 3.3 % 5 % 9 % 3 % 7 % 22 % 17 % 37 % with Kevin Faulconer and Eric Garcetti Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error John Chiang ( D ) John Cox ( R ) Delaine Eastin ( D ) Kevin Faulconer ( R ) Eric Garcetti ( D ) Gavin Newsom ( D ) Alex Padilla ( D ) Tom Steyer ( D ) Ashley Swearengin ( R ) Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) Steve Westly ( D ) Undecided UC Berkeley / YouGov March 13 -- 20 , 2017 1,000 ± 3.6 % 6 % 11 % 2 % 11 % 9 % 24 % -- 4 % -- 7 % 2 % 21 % Public Policy Polling January 17 -- 18 , 2017 882 ± 3.3 % 2 % -- -- 20 % 13 % 25 % 3 % 4 % 12 % 9 % -- 13 % Field Research Corporation October 25 -- 31 , 2016 600 -- 2 % -- -- 16 % 7 % 23 % 4 % 5 % 11 % 6 % 1 % 25 % Public Policy Polling February 6 -- 8 , 2015 824 -- 10 % -- -- 30 % 11 % 22 % 4 % -- -- 13 % -- 22 % General election ( edit ) Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report 096 ! Solid D August 7 , 2017 Rothenberg Political Report 096 ! Solid D November 10 , 2017 Sabato 's Crystal Ball 096 ! Safe D November 14 , 2017 Polling ( edit ) with Gavin Newsom and John Cox Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error John Cox ( R ) Gavin Newsom ( D ) Smith Johnson Research ( R - Cox ) March 2018 496 -- 45 % 45 % with Gavin Newsom and John Chiang Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error John Chiang ( D ) Gavin Newsom ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling February 6 -- 8 , 2015 824 -- 30 % 37 % 33 % with Gavin Newsom and Antonio Villaraigosa Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Gavin Newsom ( D ) Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling February 6 -- 8 , 2015 824 -- 42 % 22 % 36 % ( show ) Hypothetical polling with Antonio Villaraigosa and Eric Garcetti Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Eric Garcetti ( D ) Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling February 6 -- 8 , 2015 824 -- 28 % 30 % 42 % See also ( edit ) California lieutenant gubernatorial election , 2018 California State Treasurer election , 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://voterguide.sos.ca.gov/pdf/complete-vig.pdf Jump up ^ `` Injusticia , el mayor problema de California , considera Precandidato a Gobernador , en entrevista con El Latino San Diego '' . Ellatinoonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang jumps into California 's 2018 governor 's race '' . Los Angeles Times . May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Myers ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Former state schools chief Delaine Eastin says she 's running for governor in 2018 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Seema Mehta ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Gavin Newsom is the first to enter 2018 race for governor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Seema ; Willon , Phil ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Former top Hillary Clinton aide Amanda Renteria enters race for California governor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Pro-nuke activist from Berkeley to run for California governor '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Rubin Report ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) , Governor of California Candidate Supporting Nuclear Power ( Mike Shellenberger Full Interview ) , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 Jump up ^ `` 5 Reasons You Should Vote for Klement Tinaj for Governor of California in 2018 '' . Prishtina Press . May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who will become California 's next governor and U.S. senators ? '' . Los Angeles Times . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Liam ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Villaraigosa says a decision on the 2018 governor 's race is coming in November '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Willon , Phil ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Antonio Villaraigosa , former L.A. mayor , jumps into the California governor 's race '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Essential Politics : Rep. Xavier Becerra to be next state attorney general , Pelosi wins another term as Democratic leader '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mcnvy , Patrick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` California 's brand new Atty. Gen. Xavier Becerra announces he 'll run for the post in 2018 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Party Courting Actor George Clooney To Run For California Governor '' . KPIX - TV . June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Judy ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` George Clooney : ' Zero interest ' in California governor bid '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dakota ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` L.A. mayor Eric Garcetti says he wo n't run for California governor '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Will Disney 's Bob Iger Run for President in 2020 ? Hollywood Friends Are Nudging '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Disney CEO Bob Iger is reportedly considering a presidential run in 2020 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook 's Sheryl Sandberg is n't going anywhere '' . Recode . June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` California 's next governor : Who 's running , who 's on the fence ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Libby Schaaf will seek 2nd term as Oakland mayor '' . San Francisco Chronicle. April 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Jackie Speier considers running for governor '' . Palo Alto Daily Post . 2018 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Michael Finnegan ; Seema Mehta ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Environmentalist Tom Steyer opts out of Senate race '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Patrick ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Billionaire Tom Steyer wo n't decide whether to run for governor until after November '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California Billionaire Will Not Run in 2018 Elections '' . Nbcconnecticut.com. 2018 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( December 31 , 2016 ) . `` Preparing to take on Donald Trump , Kevin de León has plenty of career options '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Patrick ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` With term limits and political roadblocks ahead , what 's next for California Senate leader Kevin de León ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` A conservative lawmaker is running for California governor '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Panzar , Javier . `` Republican John Cox enters race for California governor '' . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Republican John Cox is running for governor : ' There are two Californias ' '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cagle , Kate ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Local football legend declares run for governor '' . Santa Monica Daily Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Willon , Phil ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Former L.A. Rams star Rosey Grier says he plans to run for governor of California '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilton , Phil ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Former football star Rosey Grier takes a pass on the California governor 's race '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Seema ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Former Republican assemblyman joins race to be California 's next governor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Seema ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Republican David Hadley drops out of California governor 's race two weeks after entering '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Lewis ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tulare County Supervisor Allen Ishida says he 's running for governor in ' 18 '' . The Fresno Bee . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Reggie ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Ishida to run for Governor '' . The Foothills Sun - Gazette . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elkins , Rick ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Allen Ishida moves on to higher goals '' . Porterville Recorder . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elkins , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Ishida ends bid for governor '' . Porterville Recorder . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hart , Angela ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Republican drops out of race for California governor '' . Sacbee.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Mulling another run for governor , Tim Donnelly writes tell - all book '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher . `` California 's top Republican wo n't be running for governor '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Tim ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Swearengin to head community foundation after Fresno mayoral term ends '' . The Fresno Bee . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adler , Ben ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` GOP 's Swearengin Wo n't Run For California Governor . Might Peter Thiel ? '' . Capital Public Radio . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank , Stephen ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Thiel for California Governor ? Ready for OUR Version of Trump ? '' . California Political Review . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Willie ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` City leaders ca n't escape scrutiny when tragedy strikes '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mac , Ryan ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Peter Thiel Denies California Governor Run Despite Mysterious Group 's Backing '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Istvan , Zoltan ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` Why I 'm Running for California Governor as a Libertarian '' . Newsweek . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Transhumanist politician wants to run for governor of California '' . Engadget . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyeatt , Jill ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Nickolas Wildstar Seeking to Be the First Black Governor of California '' . Independent Political Report . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Jeff ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Nickolas Wildstar '' . JeffPearlman.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2018 : The Peace & Freedom Party Candidates '' . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Letter to the Editor ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Op - Ed : 22 - year - old governor candidate Shubham Goel on what must be changed in California - Highlander '' . Highlandernews.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` An alternative to the right / left political menu '' . California Catholic Daily . December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Allen Announces Endorsement From Congressman Tom McClintock '' . Citizens Journal . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` California Congressman Ed Royce endorses Travis Allen for California Governor '' . Orange County Breeze . July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Travis Allen announces Legislative Republican endorsements '' . OC Politics Blog . October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Equalization Member Diane Harkey Endorses Travis Allen for Governor '' . Anaheim Blog . October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Allen announces endorsement from Senate Republican Leader Pat Bates '' . OC Politics Blog . October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/MarcoGutierrez/status/976283032549146625%7Ctitle=YES ! ! ! They will , and we will VOTE ✅ for @ JoinTravisAllen # LatinosForTravis @ ca4_maga @ CA4TRUMP @ AllenVolunteers work = Twitter author = Marco Gutierrez Jump up ^ Travis Allen . `` Just received the ENDORSEMENT of the Congress of California Republicans by a 2 / 3 vote ! ! IT 'S TIME TO TAKE BACK CALIFORNIA ! ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Travis Allen Wins California Republican Assembly Endorsement '' . The State of the Union . March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ url = https://travisallenvolunteers.org/endorsements%7Ctitle=voted that Travis Allen for Governor meets the MAGA Agenda in CA work = Travis Allen Volunteers Jump up ^ url = https://travisallenvolunteers.org/endorsements%7Ctitle=on-going live poll has Travis Allen steady at over 95 % work = Travis Allen Volunteers Jump up ^ `` Front Running Republican Candidate for Governor of California is our guest ! IT 'S TIME TO TAKE BACK CALIFORNIA '' . SVARW . January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley Chinese Association Endorses Travis Allen for California Governor '' . SVCA . March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis Allen . `` Just received the ENDORSEMENT of the Nevada County GOP by a vote of 17 - 5 ! ! Thank you so much Nevada County LET 'S TAKE BACK CALIFORNIA ! ! ! '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariposa County Republican Party is Fifth County Party to Endorse Travis Allen For Governor '' . Sierra Sun Times . March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis Allen . `` Just got the ENDORSEMENT of the Stanislaus County Republican Party by a vote of 18 - 3 ! ! LET 'S TAKE BACK CALIFORNIA ! ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Del Norte County joins the chorus of patriots across the state endorsing @ JoinTravisAllen for CA Governor ! '' . Twitter . Travis Allen Volunteers . ^ Jump up to : Chiang , John ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Join me this morning LIVE as three elected officials endorse my candidacy for governor in the # SanGabrielValley ! # JoinJohn '' . @ JohnChiangCA . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiang , John . `` Gubernatorial Candidate John Chiang Receives Endorsement of Congressman Brad Sherman and City Councilman Bob Blumenfield '' . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ted Lieu ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Doing my second ever Twitter live event on the same day , with my friend @ JohnChiangCA . I have endorsed him for CA G ... '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Chiang ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` JOHN CHIANG RECEIVES THREE MAJOR ENDORSEMENTS FROM LONG BEACH OFFICIALS ON THE ROAD AGAIN : TRAVELING TO LONG BEACH '' . John Chiang . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by House Democratic Vice Chair Linda Sanchez '' . John Chiang for Governor , 2018 . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by Congressman Mark Takano '' . John Chiang for Governor 2018 . February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Willon , Phil ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon endorses John Chiang for California governor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by State Senator Anthony Portantino '' . John Chiang for Governor , 2018 . 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Join me in Silicon Valley to meet the next Governor of California ! History in the making ! @ JohnChiangCA '' . Twitter . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chiang 's Strong Support for CA Women Earn Him Major Endorsements '' . John Chiang for Governor , 2018 . 16 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` California politics news feed '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by LA City Controller Ron Galperin '' . John Chiang for Governor 2018 . February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by Mountain View Councilmember Margaret Abe - Koga '' . John Chiang for Governor 2018 . March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by San Mateo Mayor Rick Bonilla '' . John Chiang for Governor 2018 . February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Earns Endorsement by LA City Councilmember Paul Koretz '' . John Chiang for Governor , 2018 . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Seema . `` Longtime Villaraigosa ally Jose Huizar to back his rival John Chiang for California governor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Alys ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Gubernatorial candidate John Chiang visits Santa Barbara and gets endorsement '' . KEYT . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego City Councilmember Georgette Goméz Endorses John Chiang for Governor '' . JohnChiang.com . February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fracassa , Dominic ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Candidate Chiang swings by SF City Hall to pick up an endorsement '' . KEYT . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiang , John ( @ JohnChiangCA ) ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Honored to be endorsed by Association of CA State Supervisors ! I 've fought on the front lines for fair wages & good paying jobs and I 'll continue that fight as CA 's next gov ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` GUBERNATORIAL CANDIDATE JOHN CHIANG ENDORSED BY LOS ANGELES DEPUTY SHERIFFS '' . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Union of Operating Engineers Endorses John Chiang for Governor in 2018 '' ( PDF ) . IUOE State Unit 12 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed By Burbank Democratic Club '' . January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chiang , John ( @ JohnChiangCA ) ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Excited to be endorsed by @ sacyoungdems ! Proud to have such motivated & dedicated young progressives back our campaign and add to our grassroots momentum ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Black Young Democrats of Sacramento '' . Facebook . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WeHo - BH Dem Club on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NPE Action Endorses John Chiang for Governor of California '' . March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed By AFSCME District Council 36 '' . March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by United Nurses Association of California , Largest Local Affiliate Associated with AFSCME State Council '' . March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by Former SD Dem Party Chair Francine Busby '' . February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Seema ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich endorses John Cox in governor 's race '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ JohnHCox . `` Proud to announce that I 've been endorsed by North State Congressman @ DougLaMalfa ! # CAGov # GOP . @ CAGOP '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ JohnHCox . `` I was thrilled to receive an endorsement today from Rep. Mimi Walters ! A great Member of Congress ... @ CAGOP # GOP # OrangeCounty # CAGov '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING ! Big Endorsement for John Cox for Governor 2018 from Conservative Leader - State Senator Joel Anderson ! '' . 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Endorsements '' . John Cox for Governor . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ JohnHCox . `` Momentum is building . I just received the endorsement of State Senator Jim Nielsen ! # gop # CAGov @ CAGOP @ CASenatorJim '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ JohnHCox . `` Thank you to # StopTheCarTax leader @ carldemaio for his endorsement today of my campaign for Governor ! # ReclaimCA # GOP # SanDiego # CAGov '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Press Releases ( 2017 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Lew Uhler , president of the National Tax Limitation Committee PAC endorses John Cox for Governor - John Cox For Governor 2018 '' . Johncoxforgovernor.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement : Statewide GOP grassroots organization endorses John Cox for Governor 2018 '' . Right On Daily Blog . Jump up ^ JohnHCox . `` I 'm proud to have just been endorsed for Governor by the Fresno County Republican Party ! # Fresno # Valley @ CAGOP @ FresnoCountyGOP # GOP '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Sacramento GOP . `` The Sacramento County GOP was pleased to unanimously endorse @ TheRealJohnHCox for Governor of California . Time to make Dems face up to the poverty , crime and low quality of life they have created in our State '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ JohnHCox . `` Proud to have received the endorsement of the San Mateo County Republican Central Committee last week . # ReclaimCA # InItToWinIt # GOP '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Eastin , Delaine ( @ DelaineEastin ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` So proud to have the support of Norma Alcala in my race for governor ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ford , Mary Kelly ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Cal Berkeley Democrats endorses Delaine Eastin for California governor , Kevin de León for US Senate '' . The Daily Californian . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosendale , Jeff . `` Women and organizations unite to endorse Delaine '' . Fresnocountydemocrats.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Welch , Katherine ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Delaine Eastin Receives Endorsement from National Women 's Political Caucus of California '' . Delaine Eastin for Governor . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ OurRevolutionVC ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Our Revolution Ventura County is excited to announce our endorsement for Delaine Eastin for California Governor . We are confident Delaine 's experience , courage , vision , and commitment to the people are the right mix to move our great state to better future ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Ventura County for Delaine Eastin - Home '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lau , Claire ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) . `` SF Berniecrats Endorse Delaine Eastin for Governor ! '' . Sfberniecrats.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Guest Speakers & Endorsees -- Feel the Bern Democratic Club , Los Angeles '' . Feeltheberndemocraticclublosangeles.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's PAC Recommendations for the June 2018 Primary '' . Delaine Eastin for Governor . March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seema Mehta . `` Sen. Kamala Harris endorsing Gavin Newsom for governor '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bay Area Rep. Eric Swalwell backs Gavin Newsom for Governor '' . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Casey Tolan ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Ro Khanna and other South Bay elected officials back Gavin Newsom for governor '' . Mercurynews.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Newsom on Twitter : `` Honored to have the support of @ JimmyPanetta ! Great to be with him in Santa Cruz today talking with grassroots leaders and activists about how CA must continue to lead the country in the right direction : forward ! ... https://t.co/1uBhrwwTHn '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Seema Mehta . `` California Secretary of State Alex Padilla backs Gavin Newsom for governor over former colleague Antonio Villaraigosa '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Newsom , Gavin ( @ GavinNewsom ) ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Beyond thrilled to have the support of @ SenatorLeyva , a fearless defender of equality and champion for working people across our state ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Newsom on Twitter : `` Thank you @ HenrySternCA for your support and endorsement ! Honored to have you on the team ! â € Ś `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Newsom , Gavin ( @ GavinNewsom ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Honored and thrilled to have the support of veteran and CA State Senator @ GeneralRoth ! Excited to have you on the team ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Phil Willon . `` Incoming state Senate leader endorsing Newsom for governor '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : https://capitolmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Gavin-Newsom.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Gavin Newsom on Twitter : `` Honored to have the support of my good friends @ DavidChiu , @ PhilTing , @ JeffAdachi , @ SupervisorTang , @ CarmenChuASR and @ HydraMendoza ! Onward ! '' `` . Twitter.com. 2017 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Newsom on Twitter : `` Thank you for your support , @ kevinmullin ! Honored to have you by my side in the race for Governor ! '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Newsom on Twitter : `` Honored to have the support of @ laurafriedman43 in my race for Governor ! She has been a leader in the CA Assembly on issues ranging from the environment , to universal healthcare , to women 's rights . Thank you for your support ! '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Newsom , Gavin ( 2017 ) . `` And to continue the momentum ... beyond humbled to have the support of the only Armenian elected official in the Legislature , @ Asm_Nazarian ! '' . @ GavinNewsom . Jump up ^ Gavin Newsom ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) . `` '' Thank you @ AsmAutumnBurke for your support ! Excited to have you on the team ! â € Ś `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Willon , Phil ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee picks his candidate in the 2018 governor 's race '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . , Governor Jerry Brown Governor Jerry Brown Jump up ^ `` California politics news feed '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` California politics news feed '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Newsom , Gavin ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Thrilled to have the support of Councilwoman Lena Gonzalez & @ RobertGarciaLB ! Robert was the youngest and first LGBT person of color to be elected to Long Beach City Council . He 's now the city 's youngest mayor , and its first LGBT and Latino mayor ! Thank you both for your support ! pic.twitter.com/lhScOk9ars '' . @ GavinNewsom . Jump up ^ `` The California Faculty Association endorses Gavin Newsom for California Governor in 2018 - California Faculty Association '' . Calfac.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` California Federation of Teachers Condemns Trump 's Decision to End '' . Cft.org. 2017 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Panzar , Javier ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` California nurses union endorses Gavin Newsom in governor 's race '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phil Willon . `` State firefighters ' union endorses Gavin Newsom for governor '' . Beta.latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Newsom on Twitter : `` Honored to have the support of the largest classified school employees union in America ! â € Ś `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` - California Teachers Association '' . www.cta.org . Jump up ^ `` Equality California Endorses Gavin Newsom for California Governor Equality California '' . Eqca.org. 2018 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` California health care workers vote to endorse Newsom '' . LGBT Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Single - Payer Health Pledge Nets Major Union Endorsement for Gavin Newsom '' . Times of San Diego . 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Roth , Mike . `` SEIU California Endorses Gavin Newsom for Governor '' . SEIU California . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Teamsters . `` '' # Teamsters Joint Council 7 proudly endorses @ GavinNewsom for Governor of # California : https://t.co/IuZmrRsKSW # 1uâ € Ś `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . External link in title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-gabby-giffords-and-mark-kelly-to-endorse-1516950080-htmlstory.html ^ Jump up to : `` Desmond Silveira Candidate for Governor , 2018 Primary Election in California ( CA ) '' . Crowdpac . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Schriner , Joe . `` Califronia Dreamin ' ... for a new day '' . Vote for Joe . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Rep. Karen Bass endorses Antonio Villaraigosa in governor 's race '' . Los Angeles Times . August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/lucille-roybal-allard-endorses-antonio-villaraigosa/ Jump up ^ https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/tony-coelho-endorses-antonio-villaraigosa/ Jump up ^ https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/weekly-update-12-19-2017/ ^ Jump up to : `` ASSEMBLYMEMBER BLANCA RUBIO , MAYOR LOZANO , THREE BALDWIN PARK COUNCILMEMBERS ENDORSE ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA '' . Antonio For California . June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ASSEMBLYMAN EDUARDO GARCIA , COACHELLA VALLEY LEADERS ENDORSE ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/ian-calderon-endorses-antonio-villaraigosa-for-governor/ Jump up ^ `` Assemblywoman Shirley Weber endorses ... - Antonio R. Villaraigosa '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` STATE SENATOR STEVEN BRADFORD ENDORSES ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phil Willon . `` Latino state lawmakers back Antonio Villaraigosa for California governor '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/weekly-update-happy-holidays-12-12/ Jump up ^ `` JOHN A. PÉREZ : ANTONIO IS MORE THAN MY COUSIN -- HE 'S MY CHAMPION '' . Antonio For California . June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HON . FABIAN NÚÑEZ : I SUPPORT ANTONIO FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FORMER CA SUPREME COURT JUSTICE CRUZ REYNOSO ENDORSES ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAM LICCARDO , MAYOR OF SAN JOSE , ENDORSES ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio for California . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` COMPTON MAYOR AJA BROWN BACKS ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SUPERVISOR , FORMER LATINO CAUCUS CHAIR LUIS ALEJO ENDORSES ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MONTEREY COUNTY SUPERVISOR SIMÓN SALINAS ENDORSES ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Seema . `` L.A. City Council President Herb Wesson endorses Antonio Villaraigosa for governor '' . latimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Antonio Villaraigosa picks up 2 endorsements for governor from LA councilmen '' . Daily News . 2018 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gowan , Richard ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) . `` DABABNEH accused of sexual misconduct - BROWN , CUOMO mull legal action over TAX bill - ROHRABACHER to testify before Intelligence Committee '' . Politico . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` BREAKING NEWS : Pomona City Council Members Gonzalez , Carrizosa , Escobar Endorse Antonio Villaraigosa for Governor '' . Antonio for California . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Villaraigosa Endorsed by United Farm Workers for California Governor '' . KTLA. 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Villaraigosa nabs another major law enforcement endorsement in his bid for governor Jump up ^ https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/peace-officers-research-association-of-california-endorse-antonio-villaraigosa/ Jump up ^ https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/fresno-deputy-sheriffs-association-endorses-antonio-villaraigosa/ ^ Jump up to : `` Nickolas Wildstar Candidate for Governor , 2018 Primary Election in California ( CA ) '' . Crowdpac . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . 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States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_gubernatorial_election,_2018&oldid=835582620 '' Categories : California elections , 2018 California gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 15 : 40 . About Wikipedia | when do we vote for a new governor in california | [
"The 2018 California gubernatorial election will be held on November 6, 2018, to elect the next Governor of California. Incumbent Democratic Governor Jerry Brown will be ineligible to run for re-election for a third (or fifth non-consecutive) term due to term limits from the California Constitution."
] | [
"November 6, 2018"
] |
-4450688818308838064 | The Blacklist (season 5) | The Blacklist ( season 5 ) - wikipedia The Blacklist ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Blacklist ( season 5 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network NBC Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of The Blacklist episodes The fifth season of the American crime thriller television series The Blacklist premiered on NBC on September 27 , 2017 with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10 : 00 PM to Wednesday at 8 : 00 PM . The season was produced by Davis Entertainment , Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television , and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp , John Davis , John Eisendrath , John Fox , and Joe Carnahan . The season will consist of 22 episodes and will contain the series ' 100th episode . The show 's fall finale aired on November 15 , 2017 , the series will return on January 3 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Blacklist characters Main cast ( edit ) James Spader as Raymond `` Red '' Reddington Megan Boone as Elizabeth Keen Diego Klattenhoff as Donald Ressler Ryan Eggold as Tom Keen Harry Lennix as Harold Cooper Amir Arison as Aram Mojtabai Mozhan Marnò as Samar Navabi Hisham Tawfiq as Dembe Zuma Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Blacklist episodes No . overall No. in season Title Blacklist guide Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 90 `` Smokey Putnum '' No. 30 Bill Roe Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 6.39 Following Mr. Kaplan 's death , Reddington 's criminal empire is in ruins and enlists newly discovered daughter Liz Keen to help him build it back up by finding the next blacklister named Smokey Putnum . Meanwhile , Ressler puts himself in an awkward position following Hitchin 's death . Aram 's and Samar 's romance escalates . Also , Tom Keen returns with a mysterious briefcase with a skeleton in it . 91 `` Greyson Blaise '' No. 37 Don Thorin Lukas Reiter & Jon Bokenkamp October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 5.87 Reddington enlists Liz and the task force to track down a blacklister named Greyson Blaise , a self - made billionaire who moonlights as a high end thief to help Reddingtion with his crumbled empire . Meanwhile , Tom hits roadblocks when trying to identify the remains in the suitcase without Liz or Reddington finding out . 92 `` Miss Rebecca Thrall '' No. 76 Adam Weisinger Jonathan Shapiro & Taylor Martin October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 5.79 Reddington enlists help from Tom to establish a plan to help rebuild his criminal empire . Meanwhile , the task force investigates a series of suspicious police shootings and track down a blacklister named Rebecca Thrall who encourages police officers to do such crimes . 93 `` The Endling '' No. 44 Michael Watkins Noah Schechter October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 5.46 Liz and the task force investigates a blacklister who is trying to destroy the worlds to get to her ailing son to seek treatment . Meanwhile , Reddington seeks an opportunity to regain revenue for his criminal empire . Also , Tom hits a major roadblock when identifying the remains . Nick , after helping Red and Elizabeth with a medical procedure for The Endling and determining that he never wants to be contacted again by either Red or Elizabeth , is killed and the suitcase with the remains , is taken . 94 5 `` Ilyas Surkov '' No. 54 Kurt Kuenne Brandon Margolis & Brandon Sonnier October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 5.23 Liz and the task force collide with the CIA when tracking down a blacklister who is an international terrorist , but Cooper finds out that the ones that have identified themselves as CIA are imposters . Meanwhile , Reddington sets out on a new business venture . Also , Tom sets out on a new quest to discover information on the remains in the suitcase . 95 6 `` The Travel Agency '' No. 90 Terrence O'Hara Carla Kettner November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 5.25 Cooper enlists help from Reddington on a personal mission . Meanwhile , Ressler is acting Director and leads the task force into a blacklister who are former murder for hire gang . Also , Tom continues his quest in into the remains in the suitcase , but runs into Red who knows he has it . After closing an emotional case , Liz decides that she wants to marry Tom and they rush to the courthouse . 96 7 `` The Kilgannon Corporation '' No. 48 Jean de Segonzac Lukas Reiter November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 5.04 After dozens of immmigrants die off the Carolina coast , Reddington and the task force put Dembe undercover to stop a human smuggling operation . When Red confronts the elder Kilgannon about the deaths and the conditons , he then confronts his son about and the clash is fatal . This later complicates Dembe , putting him in a life or death situation as the task forces loses track of him . Tom is tracking whom he believes killed Nick as they were involved in trying to figure out the contents of the suitcase and discovers that there are others at play . Tom 's life is put at risk when others discover the suitcase and that it 's important to Reddington . 97 8 `` Ian Garvey '' No. 13 Bill Roe John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 5.89 Tom finds trouble while searching for answers in both Nick 's death and the infamous suitcase mystery , facing a life or death situation . Liz gets pulled into the middle of Tom and Red 's tug of war over the suitcase which leaves her and Tom hospitalized , having fought for their lives . After being in a coma for 10 months , Liz wakes up while Reddington is reading to her , and , when asked , he informs her that Tom died from his injuries . 98 9 `` Ruin '' TBA TBA TBA January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) TBD 99 10 `` The Informant '' TBA TBA TBA January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Ratings / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR 18 -- 49 DVR Viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total viewers ( millions ) `` Smokey Putnum ( No. 30 ) '' September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1.1 / 4 6.39 0.8 3.322 1.9 9.710 `` Greyson Blaise ( No. 37 ) '' October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1.0 / 4 5.87 0.7 3.221 1.7 9.093 `` Miss Rebecca Thrall ( No. 76 ) '' October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.0 / 4 5.79 0.7 3.047 1.7 8.839 `` The Endling ( No. 44 ) '' October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.9 / 3 5.46 0.8 3.102 1.7 8.565 5 `` Ilyas Surkov ( No. 54 ) '' October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 0.8 / 3 5.23 0.7 3.061 1.5 8.292 6 `` The Travel Agency ( No. 90 ) '' November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 0.9 / 3 5.25 0.7 2.855 1.5 8.015 7 `` The Kilgannon Corporation ( No. 48 ) '' November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 0.9 / 3 5.04 N / A 3.130 N / A 8.171 8 `` Ian Garvey ( No. 13 ) '' November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 0.9 / 4 5.89 0.7 2.903 1.6 8.796 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - Blacklist , the on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Tweaks Fall Rollout : Good Place Gets Early Talent - Boosted Premiere , The Blacklist Return Moved Up '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Blacklist ' Star Confirms Character Death '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 509 ) `` Ruin '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 510 ) `` The Informant '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Blacklist on IMDb ( hide ) The Blacklist Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Freelancer '' `` Wujing '' `` The Stewmaker '' `` The Courier '' `` Gina Zanetakos '' `` Frederick Barnes '' `` General Ludd '' `` Anslo Garrick '' `` Anslo Garrick Conclusion '' `` The Good Samaritan '' `` The Alchemist '' `` The Cyprus Agency '' `` Madeline Pratt '' `` The Judge '' `` Mako Tanida '' `` Ivan '' `` Milton Bobbit '' `` The Pavlovich Brothers '' `` The Kingmaker '' `` Berlin '' `` Berlin Conclusion '' Season 2 `` Lord Baltimore '' `` Monarch Douglas Bank '' `` Dr. James Covington '' `` Dr. Linus Creel '' `` The Front '' `` The Mombasa Cartel '' `` The Scimitar '' `` The Decembrist '' `` Luther Braxton '' `` Luther Braxton Conclusion '' `` Ruslan Denisov '' `` The Kenyon Family '' `` The Deer Hunter '' `` T. Earl King VI '' `` The Major '' `` Tom Keen '' `` The Longevity Initiative '' `` Vanessa Cruz '' `` Leonard Caul '' `` Quon Zhang '' `` Karakurt '' `` Tom Connolly '' Season 3 `` The Troll Farmer '' Season 4 Season 5 Related Characters The Blacklist : Redemption Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Blacklist_(season_5)&oldid=816200958 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons The Blacklist ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does season 5 of the blacklist come out | [
"The fifth season of the American crime thriller television series The Blacklist premiered on NBC on September 27, 2017 with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10:00 PM to Wednesday at 8:00 PM.[2] The season was produced by Davis Entertainment, Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television, and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp, John Davis, John Eisendrath, John Fox, and Joe Carnahan. The season will consist of 22 episodes and will contain the series' 100th episode.[1] The show's fall finale aired on November 15, 2017, the series will return on January 3, 2018.[3]"
] | [
"November 15, 2017"
] |
-3404989470456116897 | Cell theory | Cell theory - wikipedia Cell theory Human cancer cells with nuclei ( specifically the DNA ) stained blue . The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , so the entire nuclei are labeled . The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed . In biology , cell theory is the historic scientific theory , now universally accepted , that living organisms are made up of cells , that they are the basic structural / organizational unit of all organisms , and that all cells come from pre-existing cells . Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction . With continual improvements made to microscopes over time , magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century . This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke , and began the scientific study of cells , also known as cell biology . Over a century later , many debates about cells began amongst scientists . Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration , and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life . Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839 . This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann . However , many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory . It was an important step in the movement away from spontaneous generation . The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below : All living organisms are composed of one or more cells . The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms . Cells arise from pre-existing cells . The first of these tenets is disputed , as non-cellular entities such as viruses are sometimes considered life - forms . Contents 1 Microscopes 2 Discovery of cells 3 Cell theory 4 Modern interpretation 5 Modern version 6 Opposing concepts in cell theory : history and background 6.1 Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories 6.2 Emergence of the steady - state membrane pump concept 6.3 The reemergence of the bulk phase theories 7 Types of cells 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Microscopes Anton van Leeuwenhoek 's microscope from the 17th century with a magnification of 300x . Robert Hooke 's microscope The discovery of the cell was made possible through the invention of the microscope . In the first century BC , Romans were able to make glass , discovering that objects appeared to be larger under the glass . In Italy during the 12th century , Salvino D'Armate made a piece of glass fit over one eye , allowing for a magnification effect to that eye . The expanded use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century probably led to wider spread use of simple microscopes ( magnifying glasses ) with limited magnification . Compound microscope , which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image achieving much higher magnification , first appeared in Europe around 1620 In 1665 , Robert Hooke used a microscope about six inches long with two convex lenses inside and examined specimens under reflected light for the observations in his book Micrographia . Hooke also used a simpler microscope with a single lens for examining specimens with directly transmitted light , because this allowed for a clearer image . Extensive microscopic study was done by Anton van Leeuwenhoek , a draper who took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648 . At some point in his life before 1668 , he was able to learn how to grind lenses . This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope . His were a single lens simple microscope , rather than a compound microscope . This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x . This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x . After Leeuwenhoek , there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s , two hundred years later . Carl Zeiss , a German engineer who manufactured microscopes , began to make changes to the lenses used . But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired Otto Schott and eventually Ernst Abbe . Optical microscopes can focus on objects the size of a wavelength or larger , giving restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than the wavelengths of visible light . Later in the 1920s , the electron microscope was developed , making it possible to view objects that are smaller than optical wavelengths , once again , changing the possibilities in science . Discovery of cells Drawing of the structure of cork by Robert Hooke that appeared in Micrographia . The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 , which can be found to be described in his book Micrographia . In this book , he gave 60 ' observations ' in detail of various objects under a coarse , compound microscope . One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork . Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named `` cells '' . This came from the Latin word Cella , meaning ' a small room ' like monks lived in and also Cellulae , which meant the six sided cell of a honeycomb . However , Hooke did not know their real structure or function . What Hooke had thought were cells , were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues . With microscopes during this time having a low magnification , Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the cells he was observing . Therefore , he did not think the `` cellulae '' were alive . His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells . In Micrographia , Hooke also observed mould , bluish in color , found on leather . After studying it under his microscope , he was unable to observe `` seeds '' that would have indicated how the mould was multiplying in quantity . This led to Hooke suggesting that spontaneous generation , from either natural or artificial heat , was the cause . Since this was an old Aristotelian theory still accepted at the time , others did not reject it and was not disproved until Leeuwenhoek later discovers generation is achieved otherwise . Anton van Leeuwenhoek is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did . He made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold , or 270x . Under these microscopes , Leeuwenhoek found motile objects . In a letter to The Royal Society on October 9 , 1676 , he states that motility is a quality of life therefore these were living organisms . Over time , he wrote many more papers in which described many specific forms of microorganisms . Leeuwenhoek named these `` animalcules , '' which included protozoa and other unicellular organisms , like bacteria . Though he did not have much formal education , he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox , then leading him to study `` pepper water '' in 1676 . He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and humans . Once discovering these types of cells , Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter the egg cell . This put an end to the previous theory of spontaneous generation . After reading letters by Leeuwenhoek , Hooke was the first to confirm his observations that were thought to be unlikely by other contemporaries . The cells in animal tissues were observed after plants were because the tissues were so fragile and susceptible to tearing , it was difficult for such thin slices to be prepared for studying . Biologists believed that there was a fundamental unit to life , but were unsure what this was . It would not be until over a hundred years later that this fundamental unit was connected to cellular structure and existence of cells in animals or plants . This conclusion was not made until Henri Dutrochet . Besides stating `` the cell is the fundamental element of organization '' , Dutrochet also claimed that cells were not just a structural unit , but also a physiological unit . In 1804 , Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link were awarded the prize for `` solving the problem of the nature of cells '' , meaning they were the first to prove that cells had independent cell walls by the Königliche Societät der Wissenschaft ( Royal Society of Science ) , Göttingen . Before , it had been thought that cells shared walls and the fluid passed between them this way . Cell theory Matthias Jakob Schleiden ( 1804 -- 1881 ) Theodor Schwann ( 1810 -- 1882 ) Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists : Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden . While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory , he is not as credited for his attributions toward it . In 1839 , Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells . He also suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process either within other cells or from the outside . However , this was not an original idea of Schleiden . He claimed this theory as his own , though Barthelemy Dumortier had stated it years before him . This crystallization process is no longer accepted with modern cell theory . In 1839 , Theodor Schwann states that along with plants , animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures . This was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point compared to plants . From these conclusions about plants and animals , two of the three tenets of cell theory were postulated . 1 . All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2 . The cell is the most basic unit of life Schleiden 's theory of free cell formation through crystallization was refuted in the 1850s by Robert Remak , Rudolf Virchow , and Albert Kolliker . In 1855 , Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet to cell theory . In Latin , this tenet states Omnis cellula e cellula . This translated to : 3 . All cells arise only from pre-existing cells However , the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak ; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit . Remak published observations in 1852 on cell division , claiming Schleiden and Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes . He instead said that binary fission , which was first introduced by Dumortier , was how reproduction of new animal cells were made . Once this tenet was added , the classical cell theory was complete . Modern interpretation The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include : All known living things are made up of one or more cells All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division . The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms . The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells . Energy flow ( metabolism and biochemistry ) occurs within cells . Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and RNA found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm . All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species . Modern version The modern version of the cell theory includes the ideas that : Energy flow occurs within cells . Heredity information ( DNA ) is passed on from cell to cell . All cells have the same basic chemical composition . Opposing concepts in cell theory : history and background The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope . The first cell theory is credited to the work of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the 1830s . In this theory the internal contents of cells were called protoplasm and described as a jelly - like substance , sometimes called living jelly . At about the same time , colloidal chemistry began its development , and the concepts of bound water emerged . A colloid being something between a solution and a suspension , where Brownian motion is sufficient to prevent sedimentation . The idea of a semipermeable membrane , a barrier that is permeable to solvent but impermeable to solute molecules was developed at about the same time . The term osmosis originated in 1827 and its importance to physiological phenomena realized , but it was n't until 1877 , when the botanist Pfeffer proposed the membrane theory of cell physiology . In this view , the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface , the plasma membrane , and cell water and solutes such as a potassium ion existed in a physical state like that of a dilute solution . In 1889 Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes to determine the permeability of various solutes . By measuring the time required for the cells to swell past their elastic limit , the rate at which solutes entered the cells could be estimated by the accompanying change in cell volume . He also found that there was an apparent nonsolvent volume of about 50 % in red blood cells and later showed that this includes water of hydration in addition to the protein and other nonsolvent components of the cells . Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories Two opposing concepts developed within the context of studies on osmosis , permeability , and electrical properties of cells . The first held that these properties all belonged to the plasma membrane whereas the other predominant view was that the protoplasm was responsible for these properties . The membrane theory developed as a succession of ad - hoc additions and changes to the theory to overcome experimental hurdles . Overton ( a distant cousin of Charles Darwin ) first proposed the concept of a lipid ( oil ) plasma membrane in 1899 . The major weakness of the lipid membrane was the lack of an explanation of the high permeability to water , so Nathansohn ( 1904 ) proposed the mosaic theory . In this view , the membrane is not a pure lipid layer , but a mosaic of areas with lipid and areas with semipermeable gel . Ruhland refined the mosaic theory to include pores to allow additional passage of small molecules . Since membranes are generally less permeable to anions , Leonor Michaelis concluded that ions are adsorbed to the walls of the pores , changing the permeability of the pores to ions by electrostatic repulsion . Michaelis demonstrated the membrane potential ( 1926 ) and proposed that it was related to the distribution of ions across the membrane . Harvey and Danielli ( 1939 ) proposed a lipid bilayer membrane covered on each side with a layer of protein to account for measurements of surface tension . In 1941 Boyle & Conway showed that the membrane of frog muscle was permeable to both K and Cl , but apparently not to Na , so the idea of electrical charges in the pores was unnecessary since a single critical pore size would explain the permeability to K , H , and Cl as well as the impermeability to Na , Ca , and Mg . Over the same time period , it was shown ( Procter & Wilson , 1916 ) that gels , which do not have a semipermeable membrane , would swell in dilute solutions . Loeb ( 1920 ) also studied gelatin extensively , with and without a membrane , showing that more of the properties attributed to the plasma membrane could be duplicated in gels without a membrane . In particular , he found that an electrical potential difference between the gelatin and the outside medium could be developed , based on the H concentration . Some criticisms of the membrane theory developed in the 1930s , based on observations such as the ability of some cells to swell and increase their surface area by a factor of 1000 . A lipid layer can not stretch to that extent without becoming a patchwork ( thereby losing its barrier properties . Such criticisms stimulated continued studies on protoplasm as the principal agent determining cell permeability properties . In 1938 , Fischer and Suer proposed that water in the protoplasm is not free but in a chemically combined form -- the protoplasm represents a combination of protein , salt and water -- and demonstrated the basic similarity between swelling in living tissues and the swelling of gelatin and fibrin gels . Dimitri Nasonov ( 1944 ) viewed proteins as the central components responsible for many properties of the cell , including electrical properties . By the 1940s , the bulk phase theories were not as well developed as the membrane theories . In 1941 , Brooks & Brooks published a monograph , `` The Permeability of Living Cells '' , which rejects the bulk phase theories . Emergence of the steady - state membrane pump concept With the development of radioactive tracers , it was shown that cells are not impermeable to Na . This was difficult to explain with the membrane barrier theory , so the sodium pump was proposed to continually remove Na as it permeates cells . This drove the concept that cells are in a state of dynamic equilibrium , constantly using energy to maintain ion gradients . In 1935 , Karl Lohmann discovered ATP and its role as a source of energy for cells , so the concept of a metabolically - driven sodium pump was proposed . The tremendous success of Hodgkin , Huxley , and Katz in the development of the membrane theory of cellular membrane potentials , with differential equations that modeled the phenomena correctly , provided even more support for the membrane pump hypothesis . The modern view of the plasma membrane is of a fluid lipid bilayer that has protein components embedded within it . The structure of the membrane is now known in great detail , including 3D models of many of the hundreds of different proteins that are bound to the membrane . These major developments in cell physiology placed the membrane theory in a position of dominance and stimulated the imagination of most physiologists , who now apparently accept the theory as fact -- there are , however , a few dissenters. ( citation needed ) The reemergence of the bulk phase theories In 1956 , Afanasy S. Troshin published a book , The Problems of Cell Permeability , in Russian ( 1958 in German , 1961 in Chinese , 1966 in English ) in which he found that permeability was of secondary importance in determination of the patterns of equilibrium between the cell and its environment . Troshin showed that cell water decreased in solutions of galactose or urea although these compounds did slowly permeate cells . Since the membrane theory requires an impermanent solute to sustain cell shrinkage , these experiments cast doubt on the theory . Others questioned whether the cell has enough energy to sustain the sodium / potassium pump . Such questions became even more urgent as dozens of new metabolic pumps were added as new chemical gradients were discovered . In 1962 , Gilbert Ling became the champion of the bulk phase theories and proposed his association - induction hypothesis of living cells . Types of cells Main article : Cell types Prokaryote cell . Eukaryote cell . Cells can be subdivided into the following subcategories : Prokaryotes : Prokaryotes are relatively small cells surrounded by the plasma membrane , with a characteristic cell wall that may differ in composition depending on the particular organism . Prokaryotes lack a nucleus ( although they do have circular or linear DNA ) and other membrane - bound organelles ( though they do contain ribosomes ) . The protoplasm of a prokaryote contains the chromosomal region that appears as fibrous deposits under the microscope , and the cytoplasm . Bacteria and Archaea are the two domains of prokaryotes . Eukaryotes : Eukaryotic cells are also surrounded by the plasma membrane , but on the other hand , they have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane or envelope . Eukaryotic cells also contain membrane - bound organelles , such as ( mitochondria , chloroplasts , lysosomes , rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum , vacuoles ) . In addition , they possess organized chromosomes which store genetic material . Animals have evolved a greater diversity of cell types in a multicellular body ( 100 -- 150 different cell types ) , compared with 10 -- 20 in plants , fungi , and protoctista . See also Biology portal Cell adhesion Cell biology Cellular differentiation Germ theory of disease Membrane models References Jump up ^ Villarreal , Luis P. ( August 8 , 2008 ) Are Viruses Alive ? Scientific American Jump up ^ `` A glass - sphere microscope '' . Funsci.com . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi E Contributi Dell'Istituto Nazionale Di Ottica , Volume 30 , La Fondazione - 1975 , page 554 Jump up ^ Albert Van Helden ; Sven Dupré ; Rob van Gent ( 2010 ) . The Origins of the Telescope . Amsterdam University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6984 - 615 - 6 . Jump up ^ William Rosenthal , Spectacles and Other Vision Aids : A History and Guide to Collecting , Norman Publishing , 1996 , page 391 - 392 ^ Jump up to : Gest , H ( 2004 ) . `` The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek , fellows of the Royal Society '' . Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London . 58 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 201 . doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 2004.0055 . PMID 15209075 . ^ Jump up to : Mazzarello , P. ( 1999 ) . `` A unifying concept : the history of cell theory '' . Nature Cell Biology . 1 ( 1 ) : E13 -- 5 . doi : 10.1038 / 8964 . PMID 10559875 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Inwood , Stephen ( 2003 ) . The man who knew too much : the strange and inventive life of Robert Hooke , 1635 -- 1703 . London : Pan . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 48829 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Becker , Wayne M. ; Kleinsmith , Lewis J. ; Hardin , Jeff ( 2003 ) . The World of the Cell. Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8053 - 4854 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Richard . `` History of Biology : Cell Theory and Cell Structure '' . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dutrochet , Henri ( 1824 ) `` Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur la structure intime des animaux et des vegetaux , et sur leur motilite , par M.H. Dutrochet , avec deux planches '' Jump up ^ Kalenderblatt Dezember 2013 -- Mathematisch - Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät -- Universität Rostock . Mathnat.uni-rostock.de ( 2013 - 11 - 28 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sharp , L.W. ( 1921 ) . Introduction To Cytology . New York : McGraw Hill Book Company Inc . Jump up ^ Schleiden , M.J. ( 1839 ) . `` Beiträge zur Phytogenesis '' . Archiv für Anatomie , Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin : 137 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Schwann , T. ( 1839 ) . Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen . Berlin : Sander . Jump up ^ Silver , GA ( 1987 ) . `` Virchow , the heroic model in medicine : health policy by accolade '' . American Journal of Public Health . 77 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 8 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 77.1. 82 . PMC 1646803 . PMID 3538915 . Jump up ^ Wolfe Jump up ^ Wolfe , p. 5 Jump up ^ Wolfe , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : `` The modern version of the Cell Theory '' . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ling , Gilbert N. ( 1984 ) . In search of the physical basis of life . New York : Plenum Press . ISBN 0306414090 . Jump up ^ Michaelis , L. ( 1925 ) . `` Contribution to the Theory of Permeability of Membranes for Electrolytes '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 8 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 59 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 8.2. 33 . PMC 2140746 . PMID 19872189 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , p. 11 Jump up ^ Wolfe , p. 13 Jump up ^ Margulis , L. & Chapman , M.J. ( 2009 ) . Kingdoms and Domains : An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth ( ( 4th ed . ) . ed . ) . Amsterdam : Academic Press / Elsevier . p. 116 . Bibliography Wolfe , Stephen L. ( 1972 ) . Biology of the cell . Wadsworth Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 00106 - 3 . Further reading Turner W ( January 1890 ) . `` The Cell Theory Past and Present '' . J Anat Physiol. 24 ( Pt 2 ) : 253 -- 87 . PMC 1328050 . PMID 17231856 . Tavassoli M ( 1980 ) . `` The cell theory : a foundation to the edifice of biology '' . Am. J. Pathol. 98 ( 1 ) : 44 . PMC 1903404 . PMID 6985772 . External links Mallery C ( 2008 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Cell Theory '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . `` Studying Cells Tutorial '' . 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_theory&oldid=843231672 '' Categories : Cell biology History of biology Biology theories Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 19 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who discovered that animals were made of cells | [
"The cells in animal tissues were observed after plants were because the tissues were so fragile and susceptible to tearing, it was difficult for such thin slices to be prepared for studying. Biologists believed that there was a fundamental unit to life, but were unsure what this was. It would not be until over a hundred years later that this fundamental unit was connected to cellular structure and existence of cells in animals or plants.[10] This conclusion was not made until Henri Dutrochet. Besides stating “the cell is the fundamental element of organization”,[11] Dutrochet also claimed that cells were not just a structural unit, but also a physiological unit.\n"
] | [
"Henri Dutrochet"
] |
-3502834106671023434 | Mr. Peabody & Sherman | Mr. Peabody & Sherman - Wikipedia Mr. Peabody & Sherman Jump to : navigation , search Mr. Peabody & Sherman Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Minkoff Produced by Alex Schwartz Denise Nolan Cascino Screenplay by Craig Wright Based on Peabody 's Improbable History by Ted Key Starring Ty Burrell Max Charles Ariel Winter Stephen Colbert Leslie Mann Allison Janney Music by Danny Elfman Edited by Michael Andrews Production company DreamWorks Animation Pacific Data Images Bullwinkle Studios Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date February 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 07 ) ( United Kingdom ) March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $145 million Box office $275.7 million Mr. Peabody & Sherman is a 2014 American 3D computer - animated comic science fiction comedy film featuring the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman of the 1960s animated television series The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show . The film was produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox . The film was directed by Rob Minkoff , who is best known for co-directing Disney 's The Lion King ( 1994 ) . Alex Schwartz and Denise Nolan Cascino were the producers . Tiffany Ward , daughter of Jay Ward , one of the creators of the original series , was the executive producer . Mr. Peabody & Sherman features the voices of Ty Burrell , Max Charles , Ariel Winter , Stephen Colbert , Leslie Mann , and Allison Janney . It is the first DreamWorks animated feature to feature characters from the Classic Media library since DreamWorks Animation 's 2012 acquisition of Classic Media and the first to be based on a TV show . The film premiered on February 7 , 2014 in the United Kingdom , and was released on March 7 , 2014 in the United States . Grossing a worldwide total of $275 million on its $145 million budget , the film underperformed at the box office , forcing a writedown of $57 million . A TV series based on the film , titled The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show , premiered on Netflix on October 9 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 Television series 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Mr. Peabody is a gifted anthropomorphic dog who has an adopted 7 - year - old human son , Sherman . He tutors Sherman travelling throughout history using the WABAC , a time machine . They visit Marie Antoinette in Versailles during the French Revolution in 1789 . Getting caught in the Reign of Terror , Peabody is nearly sent to the guillotine by Maximilien Robespierre , but escapes with Sherman through the Paris sewers . In the present day , Sherman attends the Susan B. Anthony School in New York City . His knowledge of the apocryphal nature of the George Washington cherry - tree anecdote leads to a fight with Penny Peterson in the cafeteria where she puts him in a choke hold . Peabody is called in by Principal Purdy who tells Peabody that Sherman had bit Penny . He is also confronted during this meeting by Ms. Grunion , a Child Protective Services agent , who implies that Sherman 's behavior is due to being raised by a dog . She informs Peabody that she will come to their home to investigate whether he is an unfit parent . Peabody invites Penny and her parents over for a dinner party to reconcile before Ms. Grunion arrives . Penny calls Sherman a liar for claiming first - hand knowledge of history . Despite Peabody 's contrary instructions , Sherman shows Penny the WABAC . Penny goads Sherman into taking her into the past , where she stays in Ancient Egypt in 1332 BCE to marry King Tut . Sherman returns to get Mr. Peabody 's help . Peabody hypnotises the Petersons , and retrieves Penny by telling her the fate of a pharaoh 's widow . The WABAC runs out of power , but Peabody is able to get them to Renaissance Florence in 1508 where they meet Leonardo da Vinci . Penny and Sherman explore da Vinci 's attic , finding his flying machine . Penny goads Sherman into flying it , which he manages to do before crashing . Da Vinci is thrilled the device works , but Peabody is upset that Sherman risked his safety and destroyed a historical artifact . They again attempt to return , but a black hole forces them into an emergency landing during the Trojan War in 1184 BCE . Upset about learning what Ms. Grunion would do to him , Sherman runs off and joins the army of King Agamemnon in the Trojan Horse . During the final parts of the Trojan War , Penny is trapped inside the Horse as it rolls towards a cliff . Peabody rescues her , but apparently dies during the attempt . Sherman pilots the WABAC to a few minutes before they left in the present to get Peabody 's help to fix everything . As Sherman and Penny try to explain the situation , Sherman 's earlier self shows up . Peabody tries to conceal the presence of two Shermans from the Petersons , then Grunion arrives . Then a second Peabody arrives from Ancient Troy . Grunion 's attempt to collect both Shermans causes them to touch and begin to merge . Both Peabodys rush to assist , but they each merge back together amidst a cosmic shockwave . Grunion grabs Sherman to take him away , hurting him in the process . Peabody furiously bites Grunion , who then calls the NYPD . Peabody , Penny , and Sherman race to the WABAC , but can not time travel due to a rip in the space - time continuum caused by the merger of their cosmic doubles . Historical figures and objects from the past begin falling from the cosmic rip and into the present . Peabody crash - lands the WABAC in Grand Army Plaza at William Tecumseh Sherman 's statue 's base . Historical figures and police officers quickly surround them . Grunion calls in Animal Control to collect Peabody . Sherman explains that everything was his fault , but Grunion contends that it is all because a dog can not raise a boy . Sherman climactically shouts down Grunion , saying that if being a dog means being as loving and loyal as Peabody is , then he is proud to be a dog too . Penny , her parents , the historical figures , and others all make the same pledge . George Washington is able to grant Peabody a presidential pardon which is supported by Abraham Lincoln and Bill Clinton . As Peabody , Leonardo da Vinci , Albert Einstein , Isaac Newton , and Agamemnon try to figure out how to close the rip , Sherman suggests they travel into the future . Peabody and Sherman take off in the WABAC and undo the damage . The historical figures are dragged back to their respective times , with Agamemnon abducting Grunion back to his own time as she vows revenge on Peabody . Sherman returns to school having made friends with Penny . History meanwhile is contaminated with modern traits , while Grunion and Agamemnon get married in the Trojan Horse . Voice cast ( edit ) Ariel Winter and Ty Burrell at the film 's Australian premiere in Sydney . Ty Burrell as Mr. Peabody , a talking dog , business titan , inventor , scientist , Nobel laureate , gourmet chef , and two - time Olympic medalist Max Charles as Sherman , Peabody 's seven - year - old adopted boy Ariel Winter as Penny Peterson , Mr. and Mrs. Peterson 's daughter and Sherman 's classmate Stephen Colbert as Paul Peterson , Penny Peterson 's father and Patty 's husband Leslie Mann as Patty Peterson , Paul 's wife and Penny 's mother Allison Janney as Edwina Grunion , the bigoted Children 's Services agent Stephen Tobolowsky as Principal Purdy , the principal of Sherman 's school Stanley Tucci as Leonardo da Vinci Patrick Warburton as King Agamemnon Zach Callison as King Tut Dennis Haysbert as Judge Leila Birch as WABAC Karan Brar as Mason , one of Sherman 's friends Joshua Rush as Carl , another one of Sherman 's friends ; He wears glasses and is seen in a wheelchair Thomas Lennon as Italian Peasant # 2 In addition to Leonardo da Vinci , King Agamemnon , and King Tut , the film features other historical figures including Albert Einstein ( Mel Brooks ) , Mona Lisa ( Lake Bell ) , Marie Antoinette ( Lauri Fraser ) , Maximilien de Robespierre ( Guillaume Aretos ) , George Washington , Abraham Lincoln , Bill Clinton , Isaac Newton ( all voiced by Jess Harnell ) , Odysseus ( Tom McGrath ) , Ajax the Lesser ( Al Rodrigo ) and Spartacus ( Walt Dohrn ) . There are also cameos with no words by Benjamin Franklin , Mahatma Gandhi , William Shakespeare , Ludwig van Beethoven , Vincent van Gogh , the Wright Brothers , Jackie Robinson , and baby Moses . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Director Rob Minkoff at the 2014 Annie Awards Plans for a film starring Mister Peabody and Sherman have existed for several years with director Rob Minkoff . His first attempt to make a feature film goes to 2003 , when it was reported that Minkoff 's Sony - based production company Sprocketdyne Entertainment and Bullwinkle Studios would produce a live - action / CG film , with a possibility of Minkoff to direct it . The live - action film was not realized , but in 2006 , Minkoff joined DreamWorks Animation to direct a computer - animated film adaptation . Andrew Kurtzman was set to write the screenplay , based on the pitch , developed by Minkoff with his longtime producing partner Jason Clark . The final screenplay was written by Craig Wright , with revisions by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon . Tiffany Ward , daughter of Jay Ward , one of the creators of the original series , served as an executive producer , whose job was to make sure the film stayed `` true to the integrity of the characters . '' When she was approached by Minkoff ten years before the film 's release , she was enthused by his intention to respect the legacy : `` What better caretaker for the characters could we ask for than Rob . '' Lengthy pursuit to make the adaptation `` perfect '' took them a long time , but she was pleased with the end result , which stayed `` very true to the original cartoon . '' Casting ( edit ) In early 2011 , Robert Downey , Jr. signed on to voice Mr. Peabody , but in March 2012 , he was replaced by Ty Burrell . Reportedly , Downey 's commitments to The Avengers and other franchises did not allow him to find the time to record his lines . Initially , Tiffany Ward and others at the studio opposed Burrell , who was then relatively unknown , but he managed to convince them with a successful audition . Ward insisted on someone who sounds like Mr. Peabody did in the original series , while Minkoff saw the casting as an opportunity `` to modernize the character . '' He promised her that Burrell would try to `` get there and he started watching the show to nail the cadence . He got the underlying connection and he made it his own . '' Max Charles , the actor who played young Peter Parker in The Amazing Spider - Man , voiced Sherman . Stephen Colbert voiced Paul Peterson , Leslie Mann , who replaced Ellie Kemper , voiced Peterson 's wife , Patty , and Ariel Winter voiced their daughter Penny . Other voices include Stephen Tobolowsky , Allison Janney , Mel Brooks , Stanley Tucci , Patrick Warburton , Lake Bell , Zach Callison , Karan Brar , and Dennis Haysbert . According to Minkoff , Burrell was chosen because his voice `` embodied all the different aspects of the character today . Not just the intellect and the suave personality , but the underlying warmth as well . '' Release ( edit ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman went through several release date changes . Originally scheduled for March 2014 , DreamWorks Animation 's high expectations moved the film to November 2013 , replacing another DreamWorks Animation film Me and My Shadow . The last shift happened in February 2013 , which pushed the film back to March 7 , 2014 , reportedly due to a `` more advantageous release window '' , again replacing Me and My Shadow . The film premiered a month earlier in the United Kingdom , on February 7 , 2014 . Main article : Rocky & Bullwinkle ( 2014 film ) The film was planned to be theatrically accompanied with a DreamWorks Animation short film Rocky & Bullwinkle , based on the Rocky and Bullwinkle characters from The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show . The short was directed by Gary Trousdale , who is known for co-directing Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , produced by Nolan Cascino , and written by Thomas Lennon and Robert Garant . June Foray was set to reprise her role as Rocket `` Rocky '' J. Squirrel , while Tom Kenny was set to voice Bullwinkle Moose . The short would have served as a test for a possible feature film based on the characters . Almost Home , a short based on the DreamWorks Animation film Home , played before the film instead . However , the new CGI Rocky & Bullwinkle short was instead released on the Blu - ray release of the film . Home Media ( edit ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman was released in digital HD on September 23 , 2014 , and on Blu - ray ( 2D and 3D ) and DVD on October 14 , 2014 . The Blu - ray release also included a new CGI Rocky & Bullwinkle short film . As of February 2015 , 3.4 million home entertainment units were sold . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 80 % based on reviews from 122 critics , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman offers a surprisingly entertaining burst of colorful all - ages fun , despite its dated source material and rather convoluted plot . '' Another review aggregation website , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 59 out of 100 based on 34 reviews . Furthermore , the CinemaScore audience rating of the film is an `` A '' , indicating they were pleased with the film . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian said : `` ( The film ) takes a little while for the audience to get up to speed , but once this is achieved , there 's an awful lot of unexpected fun to be had , '' while Mark Kermode of the sister paper The Observer declared , `` Pleasant to report , then , that DreamWorks ' latest offers a fairly consistent stream of sight gags and vocal slapstick , even as the plot veers wildly down a wormhole in the time - space continuum . '' Kevin McFarland of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying , `` Unlike the whimsical , slapstick - driven shorts on which it 's based , this feature - length adaptation adds an obligatory emotional arc that feels at odds with the zany spirit of historical time - travel tales . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , saying , `` This DreamWorks Animation production , directed by Rob Minkoff ( Stuart Little , The Lion King ) from a screenplay by Craig Wright , is not perfect , but it is fast - moving , intermittently witty and pretty good fun . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film a B , saying , `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman is a whip - smart , consistently funny and good - natured film with some terrific voice performances and one of the most hilarious appearances ever by an animated version of a living human being . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying , `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman is lively , educational and intermittently amusing . The fun , however , grows strained and formulaic as the movie goes on . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two out of four stars , saying , `` The film 's animation design is strictly generic in its rounded edges and dutiful 3 - D IN YOUR FACE ! ! ! gimmicks . And the story gets off to such a sour start , it takes a long time for the comedy to recover . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two and a half stars out of five , saying , `` It retains the main characters , the WABAC machine , the trips through history -- but not the sense of nuttiness that made the TV cartoon so delightful . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` What a relief to see that while Mr. Peabody 's visuals are enhanced to sleek 21st - century standards , the essential charm of the series survives more or less intact . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of New York Daily News gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Burrell does n't quite capture the wry deadpan of the original , but then , neither does the movie . That 's okay . '' Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Kids of all ages are sure to enjoy this visually splendid , fast - paced blast through the past . '' Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a negative review , saying , `` For all the ways the film reflects its earlier TV incarnation , the shadings have been softened . Mr. Peabody could use a bit more bite . '' Soren Anderson of The Seattle Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying , `` Frantically paced by director Rob Minkoff ( The Lion King ) and making very effective use of 3D -- Hey ! Get that sword out of my face ! -- the movie will surely appeal to kids . '' Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying , `` The movie has trouble stitching together disjointed episodes into a coherent narrative . Thanks to a strong voice cast , however , the characters retain their charm throughout . '' Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review , saying , `` The film 's saving grace is its character design and use of 3D techniques to speed things up in every sense when the plot starts to flag . '' Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying , `` Mr. Peabody is fast - paced and jammed with rib - poking historical references , but it could n't be called witty , even on the broadly winking level of the original cartoon . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Fifty years ago , animated entertainment was a lot quieter . But that was my Mr. Peabody & Sherman . This is someone else 's . And it should give them , and even a few open - minded parents , almost just as much giggly fun . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying , `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman has a zesty time mixing and matching historical figures , from Marie Antoinette to George Washington . Yet the movie never , to my mind , conjured quite the quirky effervescence of such brainiac animated features as the Jimmy Neutron or SpongeBob SquarePants movies . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film one out of four stars , saying , `` By visual standards alone , the characters , rendered in eye - popping 3 - D , resemble nothing so much as Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade floats . They 're just as lifeless and inexpressive , too . '' Sean Daly of the Tampa Bay Times gave the film a B , saying , `` Before getting sucked into a what - the - wormhole ending that will scramble young brains , time - travel romp Mr. Peabody & Sherman is a fast , fun 3 - D getaway . '' Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Against all odds , DreamWorks Animation has created a smart , funny and beautifully designed feature called Mr. Peabody & Sherman . '' Tom Huddleston of Time Out gave the film two out of five stars , saying , `` This feature - length Mr Peabody & Sherman is by no means unbearable : there are a few decent gags , and the episodic plot just about manages to hold the interest . But there 's little here for any but the most easy - to - please youngsters . '' Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine gave the film one and a half stars out of four , saying , `` The film spent roughly a dozen years in development , and the moronic , corporate detritus from that long time warp is strewn about like so many improbable history lessons . '' Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman has a cool , midcentury - modern look ( dog and boy live in a populuxe Manhattan penthouse ) and a voice cast that may not be A-list but fits the bill nicely . '' David Gritten of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four out of five stars , saying , `` It 's sweet - natured and amusing , with a story to captivate kids ; yet the script has enough witty touches to keep adults laughing too . '' Perry Seibert , writing for AllMovie , gave the movie two stars out of five , calling the movie `` long , loud , and visually exhausting '' and saying that it `` feels less like an attempt to update a boomer classic for millennials than a prime example of how lazy marketing guys hold sway over what movies get made . '' Box Office ( edit ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman grossed $111,506,430 in North America , and $164,191,609 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $275,698,039 With a budget of $145 million , the film underperformed , forcing DreamWorks Animation to take a $57 million write - down on behalf of the film . In North America , the film earned $8 million on its opening day , and opened to number two in its first weekend , with $32,207,057 , behind 300 : Rise of an Empire . In its second weekend , the film moved up to number one , grossing $21,809,249 . In its third weekend , the film dropped to number three , grossing $11,832,558 . In its fourth weekend , the film dropped to number four , grossing $9,070,635 . Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Recipients and nominees Result Annie Award Outstanding Achievement for Animated Effects in an Animated Production Fangwei Lee , Krzysztof Rost , Jihyun Yoon , Robert Chen Nominated Outstanding Achievement for Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Timothy Lamb , Joe Moshier Nominated Outstanding Achievement for Music in an Animated Feature Production Danny Elfman Nominated Outstanding Achievement for Production Design in an Animated Feature Production David James , Ruben Perez , Priscilla Wong , Timothy Lamb , Alexandre Puvilland Nominated British Academy Children 's Awards BAFTA Kid 's Vote - Film in 2014 Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Original Score `` Who 's the Dog '' , 20th Century Fox , Buddha Jones Nominated Best Animation / Family TV Spot Nominated Best Pre-show Theatrical Advertising for a Brand `` Odeon Premier Club '' , 20th Century Fox , Toy Box Entertainment Nominated Best Viral Video or Campaign `` History Greatest Mystery '' , 20th Century Fox , Toy Box Entertainment Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman Soundtrack album by Danny Elfman Released March 3 , 2014 Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 50 : 10 Label Relativity Music Group Danny Elfman film scores chronology American Hustle ( 2013 ) American Hustle 2013 Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Big Eyes 2014 The film 's score was composed by Danny Elfman . The soundtrack was released by Relativity Music Group on March 3 , 2014 . Peter Andre wrote and performed for the film a song titled `` Kid '' , which is played during the British version of the end credits , instead of Grizfolk 's `` Way Back When '' . Track listing All music composed by Danny Elfman , except as noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` Mr. Peabody 's Prologue '' 3 : 19 2 . `` Reign of Terror ! '' 2 : 48 3 . `` The Drop Off '' 1 : 14 4 . `` The Dog Whistle '' 0 : 48 5 . `` The Cherry Tree '' 0 : 59 6 . `` A Deep Regard '' 0 : 52 7 . `` Beautiful Boy ( Darling Boy ) '' ( John Lennon ) 3 : 51 8 . `` Dinner Party '' 0 : 30 9 . `` The Petersons / The Wabac Machine '' 3 : 08 10 . `` Aquarela do Brasil '' 0 : 47 11 . `` Off to Egypt '' 2 : 07 12 . `` The Wedding Exodus '' 1 : 05 13 . `` Hammer - Time '' 0 : 57 14 . `` The Flying Machine '' 4 : 42 15 . `` Trojan Horse '' 3 : 25 16 . `` War / Disaster '' 3 : 32 17 . `` History Mash - Up '' 4 : 33 18 . `` I 'm a Dog Too '' 3 : 41 19 . `` Fixing the Rip '' 2 : 13 20 . `` Back to School '' 1 : 16 21 . `` Aquarela do Brasil ( Coda ) '' 1 : 03 22 . `` The Amazing Mr. Peabody '' 0 : 34 23 . `` Way Back When '' ( Grizfolk ) 2 : 46 Total length : 50 : 10 Television series ( edit ) Main article : The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show An animated television series featuring Mr. Peabody and Sherman , titled The Mr. Peabody and Sherman Show , was premiered on October 9 , 2015 , on Netflix . The series is based on the 1960s short film segments that aired as part of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show , and it also takes some elements from the film . After being revealed as time travelers at the end of the film , Mr. Peabody and Sherman launch a live TV variety show , hosting various historical figures at their Manhattan penthouse . The series is hand - drawn , with the Vancouver - based DHX Media providing the animation . Mr. Peabody is voiced by Chris Parnell , while Max Charles reprises his role as Sherman from the film . According to The Animation Guild , I.A.T.S.E. Local 839 , 78 episodes of the television series have been ordered . A soundtrack for the series was released digitally on October 2 , 2015 , and on CD in December 2015 . Published by Lakeshore Records , the album features original score and the opening theme song by Eric Goldman and Michael Corcoran ( aka The Outfit ) , and new original songs by Jukebox the Ghost , JD McPherson , Wordsworth and Prince Paul , and Ra Ra Riot . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Laura ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Danny Elfman Interview : `` This is Daunting in the Extreme ... '' `` . Big Issue . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Laura ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` 20th Century Fox DreamWorks sponsors Regent St Xmas lights '' . CWB Online . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` DreamWorks Animation Pushes Back Release for ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MR PEABODY & SHERMAN ( U ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Family Rights : Tiffany Ward on Mr. Peabody and Sherman '' . Crave Online . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation buys ' Casper , ' ' Lassie ' parent Classic Media '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Ty Burrell & Max Charles Take On Lead Roles in Dreamworks Animation 's Mr. Peabody & Sherman in 2014 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Geoghegan , Kev ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mr Peabody & Sherman ' respectful ' to original series '' . BBC News . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Mr Peabody & Sherman -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen Colbert , Allison Janney Join Voice Cast of ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sneak peek : A new time for ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Presents Sneak Peeks at THE CROODS , TURBO and MR . PEABODY & SHERMAN '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Character Descriptions '' ( PDF ) . DreamWorks Animation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Previews Mr. Peabody and Sherman , Turbo , and The Croods '' . IGN . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mr Peabody and Sherman '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mr. Peabody and Sherman ' Clip Pits Time - Traveling Dog vs. Greek Warriors '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Callison , Zach ( June 1 , 2013 ) . `` @ d_m_elms no song , but a fun role to play . ca n't wait to see '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Story Overlay '' . Mr. Peabody and Sherman . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) - Credits '' . Hollwood.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Phillips ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Mr. Peabody and Sherman movie review '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knight , Chris ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Mr. Peabody and Sherman , reviewed : Classic cartoon short gets the full - length treatment -- and it 's a worthy stretch '' . National Post . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Mr. Peabody & Sherman '' . Crave Online . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Jane ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Family Filmgoer reviews ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' and ' 300 : Rise of an Empire ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Berkshire , Geoff ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman '' . Paste Magazine . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : ' Mr. Peabody ' still has history lessons for ' Sherman ' and the rest of us '' . The Gazette . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebiri , Bilge ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Ebiri : Mr. Peabody and Sherman Provides Anachronistic Yuks '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 ... at one point , we see Baby Sherman and Baby Moses together in the waters of the Nile . Jump up ^ Ball , Ryan ( June 10 , 2003 ) . `` A CG Mr. Peabody Will Travel in Feature '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation ( September 15 , 2006 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation and Director Rob Minkoff Team Up to Bring ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' to the Big Screen '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zahed , Ramin ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` A Sneak Peek at ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Robert Downey Jr. to star in ' Peabody and Sherman ' for DreamWorks Animation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Why It Took Rob Minkoff So Long to Make ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Announces Feature Film Release Slate Through 2014 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , George ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Names Gregg Taylor Head of Development '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` New Distributor Twentieth Century Fox Unveils DreamWorks Animation 's Release Slate Through 2016 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Guy ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Profitable in Q4 Despite $13.5 Million ' Turbo ' Loss '' . Variety . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Company also took an impairment charge of $6.7 million from the production of a `` Rocky and Bullwinkle '' short that was to play in front of Mr. Peabody & Sherman . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Previews 2013 Slate '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . According to Desowitz , Minkoff also said there will be a Rocky & Bullwinkle short in front of the Mr. Peabody & Sherman feature , with Rocky to be voiced by the venerable June Foray . ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Hokey Smoke ! DreamWorks Animation Produces New Rocky & Bullwinkle Short '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` SpongeBob 's Tom Kenny talks his favorite voiceover artists '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hulett , Steve ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Gary Trousdale Interview -- Part III '' . The Animation Guild . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Promotes Upcoming ' Home ' with new short ' Almost Home ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Brian ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray and DVD Coming October 14th '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Posts $247.7 Million Loss After ' Penguins ' Flop , Company Restructuring '' . Variety . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Box Office : ' 300 : Rise Of An Empire ' Commands $40 M+ ; ' Mr. Peabody ' Chases In $30 M+ ; ' Son of God ' May Fall 55 % Or More In Second Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Mr Peabody & Sherman -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` Mr Peabody & Sherman -- review Mark Kermode '' . The Observer . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin . `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman toys with history -- including that of its inspiration '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' Reboots the Time Machine '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' : A dog , his boy and lots of laughs - Chicago Sun - Times '' . Suntimes.com . March 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr. Peabody ' : Good dog deserves a treat -- mostly '' . Usatoday.com . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' 2.5 stars '' . The Arizona Republic . March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation . `` A dog and his boy shine in ' Mr. Peabody ' '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' : movie review '' . New York : NY Daily News . March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ March 6 , 2014 10 : 39 PM EST Facebook Twitter RSS . `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman a fun blast through the past : Review Toronto Star '' . Thestar.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' may be too smart for its own good '' . latimes.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andersen , Soren . `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' : 3D fun , pawsitive lessons for kids Entertainment '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr. Peabody and Sherman ' review : Dog and boy go way back '' . Newsday . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie . `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liam Lacey ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman : fast - paced , sure , but not exactly witty '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' review : Cartoon comedy unleashed '' . NJ.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen . `` Mr. Peabody and Sherman Review Movie Reviews and News Winter Movies - Calendar , Trailers , Movie Photos , Movie Clips , Movie Guide '' . EW.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ou2019sullivan , Michael ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' movie review '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sean Daly , Times Pop Music Critic View all Articles ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Before getting too loopy , ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' is a fun time - travel Things to do in Tampa Bay Tampa Bay Times '' . Tampabay.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mr. Peabody and Sherman ' are a delightful on - screen duo New York Post '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Huddleston ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mr Peabody & Sherman review , synopsis , book tickets , showtimes , movie release date Time Out London '' . Timeout.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman Film Review '' . Slant Magazine . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steven Rea , Inquirer Movie Columnist and Critic ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' : A dog and his boy go way - back '' . Philly.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Mr Peabody & Sherman , review '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seibert , Perry . `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) '' . AllMovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( May 3 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Takes $57 M Impairment Charge On ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` Fri Box Office : ' 300 : Rise Of An Empire ' Tops With $17 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 7 - 9 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 14 - 16 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 21 - 23 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 28 - 30 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Annie Awards Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` 42nd Annual Annie Awards -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2014 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 15th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . Golden Trailer Awards . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( Music From the Motion Picture ) '' . iTunes . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Andre Pens Song for Forthcoming DreamWorks Animation Film Mr. Peabody & Sherman '' . GooSeedPR.com ( Press release ) . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Charalambous , Sophia ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` WORLD EXCLUSIVE : Peter Andre premieres new song Kid for animation film Mr. Peabody & Sherman '' . Daily Mail Online . London . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 ... which is the UK 's official track for the new movie . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Grizfolk singer 's journey started in Gulf Breeze '' . Pensacola News Journal . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 ... and their song `` Way Back When '' appeared on the soundtrack and closing credits of the 2014 feature film `` Mr. Peabody and Sherman . '' ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Reboots ' Mr. Peabody and Sherman ' in Series from DreamWorks Animation ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hulett , Steve ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Animation Work In And Around Los Angeles '' . The Animation Guild . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krakower Poling PR ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` PR : The Mr. Peabody and Sherman Show soundtrack '' . Tumblr . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trunick , Austin ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Premiere : Jukebox the Ghost - `` Black Hole '' ( from Netflix 's Mr. Peabody and Sherman ) `` . Under the Radar . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mr. Peabody & Sherman . 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-1796745618052502938 | Oz the Great and Powerful | Oz the Great and Powerful - Wikipedia Oz the Great and Powerful Jump to : navigation , search Oz the Great and Powerful Theatrical release poster Directed by Sam Raimi Produced by Joe Roth Screenplay by Mitchell Kapner David Lindsay - Abaire Story by Mitchell Kapner Based on Oz series by L. Frank Baum Starring James Franco Michelle Williams Rachel Weisz Mila Kunis Zach Braff Bill Cobbs Joey King Tony Cox Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Peter Deming Edited by Bob Murawski Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Roth Films Curtis - Donen Productions Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million ( gross ) $160.2 million ( net ) Box office $493.3 million Oz the Great and Powerful is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Sam Raimi and produced by Joe Roth , from a screenplay written by David Lindsay - Abaire and Mitchell Kapner . The film stars James Franco , Michelle Williams , Rachel Weisz and Mila Kunis , with Zach Braff , Bill Cobbs , Joey King , and Tony Cox in supporting roles . Based on L. Frank Baum 's Oz novels and set 20 years before the events of the original novel , Oz the Great and Powerful is a spiritual prequel to the 1939 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer film , The Wizard of Oz . The film tells the story of Oscar Diggs , a deceptive magician who arrives in the Land of Oz and encounters three witches : Theodora , Evanora , and Glinda . Oscar is then enlisted to restore order in Oz , while struggling to resolve conflicts with the witches and himself . Kapner began developing an origin story for the Wizard of Oz after a lifelong interest of wanting to create one for the character . Walt Disney Pictures commissioned the film 's production in 2009 , with Joe Roth as producer and Grant Curtis , Joshua Donen , Philip Steuer , and Palak Patel serving as executive producers . Raimi was hired to direct the following year . After Robert Downey Jr. and Johnny Depp declined the titular role , Franco was cast in February 2011 , with principal photography commencing five months later . Danny Elfman composed the film 's score . Oz the Great and Powerful premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on February 14 , 2013 , and with general theatrical release on March 8 , 2013 , through the Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats , as well as in conventional theaters . It grossed over $493 million worldwide against a $200 million budget , making it the 13th - highest - grossing film of 2013 . The film won the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Live Action Family Film . Kunis , for her performance as the Wicked Witch of the West , won the MTV Movie Award for Best Villain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Continuity 4 Production 4.1 Disney 's history with Oz 4.2 Development 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.4. 1 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1905 Kansas , Oscar Diggs works as a magician in a traveling circus . As a storm approaches , the circus strongman learns Oscar has flirted with his wife and threatens him . Oscar escapes in a hot air balloon , but is sucked into a tornado that takes him to the Land of Oz . There he encounters the beautiful yet naïve witch Theodora , who believes him to be a wizard prophesied to become King of Oz by destroying the Wicked Witch who killed the previous king ; the idea of being an immensely wealthy monarch makes Oscar immediately accept . En route to the Emerald City , Theodora falls in love with Oscar , though he does not reciprocate her feelings . They encounter the flying monkey Finley , who pledges a life debt to Oscar when he saves him from a lion . Oscar reveals his deception to Finley , forcing him to maintain the lie that he is a wizard . At the Emerald City , Oscar meets Theodora 's beautiful older sister , Evanora , who tells him that the Wicked Witch resides in the Dark Forest and can be killed by destroying her wand . Oscar and Finley are joined en route to the forest by China Girl , a young , living china doll whose village and family were destroyed by the Wicked Witch . The three reach the forest and , upon retrieving the wand , discover the `` Wicked Witch '' is Glinda the Good Witch , who identifies herself as the late king 's daughter and Evanora as the true Wicked Witch . Evanora sees this with her crystal ball and tricks Theodora into thinking he is trying to court all three witches at once . She offers Theodora a magic green apple she says will remove her heartache . Theodora bites it and turns into a hideous green - skinned witch . Glinda brings Oscar 's group to her domain to escape Evanora 's army of Winkies and flying baboons . She confides in Oscar that she knows he is not a wizard , but still believes he can help stop Evanora . He reluctantly takes charge of an `` army '' of Quadlings , Tinkers , and Munchkins . Theodora enters Glinda 's domain and angrily reveals her new , hideous appearance to Oscar before threatening to kill him and his allies with the Emerald City 's well - prepared army . Oscar despairs at his chances of victory , but after telling China Girl about the exploits of his hero Thomas Edison , he conceives a plan that relies on trickery and makes preparations with Glinda and his group . Glinda and her subjects mount a fake attack on the Emerald City using a pulley - rig army of scarecrow puppets hidden by thick fog . The witches are tricked into sending their flying baboons through a poppy field that puts them to sleep . However , two baboons manage to capture Glinda , who is brought to the city square and chained . Meanwhile , Oscar infiltrates the Emerald City with his allies , but appears to abandon them in a hot air balloon loaded with gold , which Theodora destroys with a fireball . As the wicked sisters prepare to execute Glinda , Oscar appears before his friends , having faked his betrayal and death . Using a hidden smoke machine and image projector , he presents a giant image of his face as his `` true '' form , and a fireworks display to intimidate the Wicked Witches . Evanora fearfully hides in her castle while Theodora flees on her broom , unable to hurt the `` invincible '' wizard . Oscar calls to Theodora , offering that she would be welcome to return should she overcome her wickedness , which is met with defiance from Theodora , who flies away to the West , leaving Oscar saddened . China Girl frees Glinda , who engages Evanora in a magical duel . During the fight , Glinda destroys Evanora 's emerald necklace , revealing her to be an old hag , and banishes her . Evanora is carried away by the two remaining flying baboons as she vows revenge . Oscar , now ruler of Oz , uses his projector to sustain the belief that he is a powerful wizard . He also presents gifts to his friends : Master Tinker , who helped build his machines , receives Oscar 's camping - tool jackknife ; Knuck , the grumpy Munchkin herald , receives a mask with a smiley face ; the long - suffering Finley receives Oscar 's friendship along with his top hat ; and China Girl accepts her friends as her new family . Finally , Oscar takes Glinda behind the curtains of his projector , thanking her for making him a better person , and they kiss . Cast ( edit ) James Franco as Oscar Diggs , or `` Oz '' , a philandering con artist , a stage magician , and a barnstormer who is part of a traveling circus in the Midwest . He is whisked in a hot air balloon by a tornado to the Land of Oz , where he is believed to be a wizard destined to bring peace to the land , forcing him to overcome his dubious ethics to convince his peers he is the hero needed by the people of Oz . He eventually becomes what is known as the Wizard of Oz . Michelle Williams as Glinda , the daughter of the late king . She rules and protects a peaceful kingdom in Oz inhabited by kind Quadlings , tinkers , and Munchkins . Oscar originally believed her to be the Wicked Witch responsible for terrorizing the land . She guides Oscar to achieve his destiny of defeating Evanora , becoming his love interest in the process . Michelle Williams also plays Annie , an old flame of Oscar 's and the future mother of Dorothy Gale . Rachel Weisz as Evanora , the protector of the Emerald City . Being the Wicked Witch of the East , she has a hideous form which she hides by wearing a necklace that gives her the appearance of a young woman . She deceives Oscar by framing Glinda for the King 's murder and telling Oscar that Glinda is the Wicked Witch rather than herself . Mila Kunis as Theodora , a naïve good witch who has the Land of Oz 's best interests at heart . She believes that Oscar is the wizard prophesied to defeat the seemingly evil Glinda from the Dark Forest , developing an attraction to him in the process . Evanora gradually manipulates Theodora into thinking Oscar has betrayed her for Glinda , ushering her transformation into the Wicked Witch of the West . Zach Braff as the voice of Finley , a winged monkey who pledges an irrevocable life debt to Oscar , believing him to be the prophesied wizard , for saving him from the Cowardly Lion . He quickly regrets his decision when Oscar reveals he is not a wizard , but nonetheless becomes his loyal ally . Braff also plays Frank , Oscar 's long - suffering yet loyal assistant in Kansas . Bill Cobbs as the Master Tinker , the leader of the tinkers who are ruled by Glinda . He would later build the Tin Woodman . Joey King as the voice of China Girl , a young , living china doll from China Town where everything , including its inhabitants , is made of china . Her home is destroyed by Evanora , leaving her its only survivor when she is found by Oscar , with whom she forms a strong friendship after he uses glue to fix her legs . King also plays a girl in a wheelchair visiting Oscar 's magic show in Kansas . Tony Cox plays Knuck , the quick - tempered herald and fanfare player of Emerald City who is allied with Glinda . Stephen R. Hart and Bruce Campbell play Winkie guards at the Emerald City . Abigail Spencer plays May , Oscar 's temporary magic assistant in Kansas and one of his several fleeting loves in the film . Tim Holmes plays the strongman who attacks Oscar for trying to court his wife ( played by Toni Wynne ) , prompting Oscar to take the hot air balloon that sends him to the Land of Oz . Raimi , who often casts friends and actor - regulars in cameo roles , cast his brother Ted Raimi as a small - town skeptic at Oscar 's magic show who yells `` I see a wire ! '' , two of his former teachers -- Jim Moll and Jim Bird -- as Emerald City townspeople , and the three actresses from his 1981 directorial debut The Evil Dead -- Ellen Sandweiss , Betsy Baker and Theresa Tilly -- as Quadling townspeople . Continuity ( edit ) Oz the Great and Powerful features several artistic allusions , homages , and technical parallels to Baum 's novels and the 1939 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer film , The Wizard of Oz . The film 's opening sequence is presented in black and white . When Oscar is caught up in the tornado , the audio switches from monaural to stereo and eventually surround sound . The film shifts to full color when Oscar arrives in Oz ; additionally , the aspect ratio gradually widens from 4 : 3 Academy ratio to 2.35 : 1 widescreen . As in the 1939 film , Glinda travels in giant bubbles , and the Emerald City is actually emerald ; in the novel , characters wear tinted glasses to make it appear so . However , during the battle preparations sequence Oz can be seen wearing emerald goggles . The iconic green look of the Wicked Witch of the West is closer to her look in the classic film , as the Witch is a short , one - eyed crone in the novel . The Wicked Witches are portrayed as sisters , an idea which originated in the 1939 film . Also from the 1939 film is that several actors who play Oz characters make cameos in the Kansas segments , such as Frank ( Zach Braff ) , Oscar 's assistant whom he refers to as his `` trained monkey '' ( Frank 's `` Oz '' counterpart is the winged monkey Finley ) and a young girl in a wheelchair ( Joey King ) who serves as the Kansas counterpart to China Girl ( in Kansas , Oscar is unable to make the wheelchair - bound young girl walk , and gets a chance to do so when he repairs China Girl 's broken legs ) . Annie ( Michelle Williams ) , a woman wearing a gingham dress who inspires Oscar to be a good and great person , informs him that she has been proposed to by John Gale , presumably hinting at Dorothy Gale 's parental lineage ( Annie 's `` Oz '' counterpart , Glinda , also inspires Oscar to be a better person ) . Theodora ( Mila Kunis ) , who became the Wicked Witch of the West after suffering from a `` broken heart '' caused by Oscar 's `` betrayal '' , has no Kansas counterpart . However , an unnamed woman who worked as Oscar 's assistant at the time and suddenly left after suffering from a `` broken heart '' , may be a possible reference to the existence of Theodora 's unknown counterpart . The character of Miss Almira Gulch , who did not exist in Baum 's novel , is the Kansas counterpart of the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 film . Other referenced characters include the Scarecrow , who is built by the townspeople as a scare tactic , and the Tin Woodman , whose creator is the Master Tinker that can build `` anything '' . Similarly , various other races of Oz are depicted besides the Munchkins ; the Quadlings , the china doll inhabitants of Dainty China Country , and the Winkies ( who went unnamed in the classic film ) . Similarly , Glinda is referred to by her title in the novel ( the Good Witch of the South ) , unlike the 1939 film , where her character 's title is `` Good Witch of the North '' ( due to her character being merged with the Good Witch of the North ) . Glinda is also the daughter of the late King of Oz , though in the novels , Ozma is the King 's daughter . Theodora 's tears leave streaks of scars on her face , reflecting her weakness to water in the original novel / film . Also , Oz is presented as a real place as it is in the novel , and not as a possible dream as the 1939 film implies . Finally , the lion that attacks Finley but was warded off by Oz is a reference to the Cowardly Lion in the original novel and film . Production ( edit ) Disney 's history with Oz ( edit ) After the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 , Walt Disney planned to produce an animated film based on the first of L. Frank Baum 's Oz books . Roy O. Disney , chairman of the Walt Disney Productions , was informed by Baum 's estate that they had sold the film rights to the first book to Samuel Goldwyn , who re-sold it to Louis B. Mayer in 1938 . The film was ironically approved due to the success of Snow White . The project was developed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) into the well - known musical adaptation and released the following year . In 1954 , when the film rights to Baum 's remaining thirteen Oz books were made available , Walt Disney Productions acquired them for use in Walt Disney 's television series Disneyland which led to the live - action film Rainbow Road to Oz , which was abandoned and never completed . Disney 's history with the Oz series continued with the 1985 film Return to Oz , which performed poorly , both critically and commercially , but has developed a cult following since its release . After Return to Oz , Disney lost the film rights to the Oz books and they were subsequently reverted to the public domain . Development ( edit ) Screenwriter Mitchell Kapner was intrigued by the prospect of exploring the origins of the Wizard of Oz character which he discussed in many meetings . After Wicked came out , Kapner felt he missed his window of opportunity . In 2009 , Kapner met with Joe Roth , who turned down his current pitches , request any other ideas he had . The discussion turned to what Kapner was reading which he indicated he was reading the Oz series to his kids . Roth was interested as he only knew about the first book . Kapner went through the plot of the novels , when Roth stopped him on the sixth novel in the series , The Emerald City of Oz , which had some of back story of the Wizard . Producer Joe Roth became involved for nearly the same reason as Kapner , stating that `` ... during the years that I spent running Walt Disney Studios -- I learned about how hard it was to find a fairy tale with a good strong male protagonist . You 've got your Sleeping Beauties , your Cinderellas and your Alices . But a fairy tale with a male protagonist is very hard to come by . But with the origin story of the Wizard of Oz , here was a fairy tale story with a natural male protagonist . Which is why I knew that this was an idea for a movie that was genuinely worth pursuing . '' Kapner and co-writer Palak Patel presented the idea to Sony Pictures but were turned down . In 2009 , the project was set up at Walt Disney Pictures when the studio 's president of production , Sean Bailey commissioned Oz the Great and Powerful under the working title Brick during the tenure of then Walt Disney Studios chairman Dick Cook , who was succeeded by Rich Ross and later Alan Horn , a succession in management that a major studio release is rare to survive . David Lindsay - Abaire was later hired to do a re-write . Roth initially sought out Robert Downey Jr. for the titular role of the Wizard in April 2010 . By summer of that year , Sam Raimi was hired to direct the film from a shortlist that reportedly included directors Sam Mendes and Adam Shankman . In January 2011 , Raimi met with Downey , but did not secure his casting . With Downey 's disinterest acknowledged , Johnny Depp was then approached due to his previous collaboration with the studio in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise and Alice in Wonderland . Depp liked the role but declined involvement , citing his commitment to another Disney tentpole film , The Lone Ranger . The film was without a lead until February when James Franco entered final negotiations to star in the film ( including a $7 million salary ) , five months before filming was scheduled to begin . Franco and Raimi had previously worked together on the Spider - Man trilogy . Franco received training with magician Lance Burton to prepare for the role . Screenwriter Kapner adopted information about the Wizard from L. Frank Baum 's novels to conceptualize an original story . Raimi made sure that the film would also `` nod lovingly '' to the 1939 film and inserted several references and homages to that film . Disney wanted to reduce the film 's production budget to be approximately $200 million . Casting calls were put out for local actors in Michigan . In June 2011 , composer Danny Elfman was chosen to score Oz the Great and Powerful , despite Elfman and Raimi having had a falling - out over Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) and Elfman declaring that they would never again work together . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for Oz the Great and Powerful began July 25 , 2011 , at Raleigh Michigan Studios in Pontiac , Michigan , employing 3D cameras . Raimi opted to use practical sets in conjunction with computer - generated imagery during filming . Physical sets were constructed so the actors could have a visual reference , as opposed to using green screen technology for every scene . Chroma key compositing was only used for background pieces . Zach Braff and Joey King were on set , recording their dialogue simultaneously with the other actors , whenever their CG characters were present in a scene . Puppetry was employed for a physical version of the China Girl to serve as a visual key - point for actors to manipulate . Braff wore a blue motion capture suit to create Finley 's movements and had a camera close to his face for the flying sequences to obtain facial movements . Art director Robert Stromberg , who worked on Avatar and Alice in Wonderland , drew inspiration from the films of Frank Capra and James Wong Howe to achieve the Art Deco design he envisioned for the Emerald City . Stromberg contrasted the colorful tonal qualities of Oz with the restrained appearance of Alice , affirming that although both films explore similar fantasy worlds , the overall atmosphere and landscape of each `` are completely different . '' In 2011 , Stromberg and his team visited the Walt Disney archives during the pre-production phase to reference production art from Disney 's animated films such as Pinocchio , Bambi , Fantasia , Cinderella , Sleeping Beauty , Alice in Wonderland , and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , drawing from designs and textures , in order to give certain settings in the film an affectionate nod to the classic Disney style . Costume designer Gary Jones focused on authenticity with his wardrobe designs : `` We started by doing a lot of research and having ideas of the ways ( costumes ) should look in order to be ( historically accurate ) but as we went on , we really began creating a whole new world . '' My first instinct was , there are such iconic images in the Wizard of Oz movie , it would be wrong for us to re-create the Yellow Brick Road or the Emerald City in a different way . We had to go 180 degrees in the other direction . We 're just going to have to make our own Oz . Sam Raimi on recreating the Land of Oz under legalities . Although the film is a spiritual prequel to the 1939 MGM film , The Wizard of Oz , it was not allowed legally to be considered as such . The filmmakers had to toe a fine line between calling the film to mind but not infringing upon it . To that end , Disney had a copyright expert on set to ensure no infringement occurred . The production team worked under the constraint of abiding by the stipulations set forth by Warner Bros. , the legal owner of the rights to iconic elements of the 1939 film ( via its Turner Entertainment sister company which purchased the MGM film library in 1986 ) , including the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland . Therefore , Disney was unable to use them nor any original character likenesses from the 1939 film . This extended to the green of the Wicked Witch 's skin , for which Disney used what its legal department considered a sufficiently different shade dubbed `` Theostein '' ( a portmanteau of `` Theodora '' and `` Frankenstein '' ) . Additionally , the studio could not use the signature chin mole of Margaret Hamilton 's portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West , nor could they employ the yellow brick road 's swirl design for Munchkinland . The expert also ensured that the Emerald City was not too close in appearance to the Emerald City in the 1939 film . While Warner and Disney did not engage in copyright battle , they did file rival trademarks . In October 2012 , Disney filed a trademark on `` Oz the Great and Powerful . '' One week later , Warner filed its own trademarks for `` The Great and Powerful Oz . '' The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office suspended Warner 's attempt at a trademark because Disney had filed basically the same one a week earlier . In addition to the legal issues , the film was also faced with delays when several cast members went on hiatus due to unrelated commitments and circumstances . Rachel Weisz left halfway through the shoot to film her entire role in The Bourne Legacy , Michelle Williams was required to promote the release of My Week with Marilyn , and Franco 's father died during production . Roth compared the task of managing overlapping schedules to `` being an air - traffic controller . '' Mila Kunis 's makeup and prosthetics were supervised by Greg Nicotero and demanded four hours to apply and another hour to remove , with Kunis taking nearly two months to fully recover from the subsequent removal of the makeup from her skin . Raimi had to edit the frightening nature of several scenes to secure Disney 's desired PG rating from the MPAA . Sony Pictures Imageworks was contracted to create the film 's visual effects . Music ( edit ) Composer Danny Elfman noted that the film 's score was accessibly quick to produce , with a majority of the music being written in six weeks . Regarding the tonal quality of the score , Elfman stated , `` We 're going to take an approach that 's old school but not self - consciously old - fashioned . Let the melodrama be melodrama , let everything be what it is . I also think there 's the advantage that I 'm able to write narratively , and when I 'm able to write narratively I can also move quicker because that 's my natural instincts , I can tell a story in the music . '' American singer - songwriter Mariah Carey recorded a promotional Pop single called `` Almost Home '' written by Carey , Simone Porter , Justin Gray , Lindsey Ray , Tor Erik Hermansen , and Mikkel Eriksen ( a.k.a. Stargate ) for the soundtrack of the film . The single was released on February 19 , 2013 by Island Records . Soundtrack ( edit ) The original soundtrack to Oz the Great and Powerful was released digitally and physically by Walt Disney Records on March 5 , 2013 . The physical CD release was in association with Intrada Records . Oz the Great and Powerful ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Danny Elfman Released March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) Recorded 2012 Studio Sony Scoring Stage Genre Film score Length 1 : 06 : 19 Label Walt Disney All music composed by Danny Elfman . No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Titles '' 2 : 57 2 . `` A Serious Talk '' 2 : 23 3 . `` Oz Revealed '' 1 : 58 4 . `` A Strange World '' 1 : 48 5 . `` Where Am I ? / Schmooze - A-Witch '' 2 : 05 6 . `` Fireside Dance '' 1 : 19 7 . `` Meeting Finley '' 1 : 57 8 . `` The Emerald Palace '' 0 : 47 9 . `` Amanece , Amanece / Dios de Pactos '' 2 : 56 10 . `` China Town '' 3 : 07 11 . `` A Con Job '' 1 : 47 12 . `` Glinda Revealed '' 1 : 43 13 . `` The Munchkin Welcome Song '' 0 : 41 14 . `` Bad Witch '' 4 : 32 15 . `` The Bubble Voyage '' 2 : 48 16 . `` Great Expectations / The Apple '' 4 : 58 17 . `` Meeting the Troops '' 1 : 18 18 . `` What Army '' 0 : 29 19 . `` Theodora 's Entrance / Puppet Waltz '' 1 : 51 20 . `` A Threat '' 2 : 07 21 . `` Bedtime / The Preparation Montage '' 7 : 00 22 . `` Call to Arms '' 2 : 13 23 . `` Destruction '' 2 : 38 24 . `` Oz the Great and Powerful '' 1 : 25 25 . `` Fireworks / Witch Fight '' 1 : 39 26 . `` Time for Gifts '' 5 : 54 27 . `` End Credits from Oz '' 1 : 59 Total length : 1 : 06 : 19 Release ( edit ) In May 2011 before filming began , Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures gave Oz the Great and Powerful a March 8 , 2013 North American theatrical release date . The film had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on February 14 , 2013 . Disney opened the film in wide release in 3,912 theaters . To promote the film , Disney partnered with the IMAX Corporation and HSN to coordinate a hot air balloon campaign across the United States beginning in California at the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank , stopping at four locations ; the El Capitan Theatre during the world premiere , the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim , the Daytona International Speedway in Florida and Central Park in New York City . Disney also promoted the film through its theme parks ; Epcot 's International Flower and Garden Festival featured a multi-purpose garden and play area themed to the film and Disney California Adventure hosted sample viewings inside the Muppet * Vision 3D theatre . The estimated marketing campaign cost upwards of $100 million . Home media ( edit ) Oz the Great and Powerful was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , DVD , and digital download on June 11 , 2013 . The film is Disney 's first home media release to exclude a physical digital copy disc and instead provides only a digital code for the download . Oz the Great and Powerful debuted at number one in its first week of home media release in overall disc sales with 46 % of its first week sales from Blu - ray Discs . The film has earned $52 million in sales . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Oz the Great and Powerful earned $234.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $258.4 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $493.3 million . Worldwide , it was the thirteenth - highest - grossing film of 2013 . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of $36.4 million . It topped the box office on its worldwide opening weekend with $149 million . Before its theatrical release , several media outlets reported that Oz the Great and Powerful was expected to duplicate the box office performance of 2010 's Alice in Wonderland . However , Oz accumulated less than half of Alice 's worldwide gross . Preliminary reports had the film tracking for an $80 -- $100 million debut in North America . The movie earned $2 million from 9 p.m. showings on Thursday night . For its opening day , Oz the Great and Powerful grossed $24.1 million , the fourth - highest March opening day . During its opening weekend , the film topped the box office with $79.1 million , the third - highest March opening weekend . Despite the film 's solid debut , which was larger than nearly all comparable titles , it clearly lagged behind Alice in Wonderland 's opening ( $116.1 million ) . The film 's 3 - D share of the opening weekend was 53 % . Females made up 52 % of the audience . Surprisingly , though , families only represented 41 % of attendance , while couples accounted for 43 % . The film retained first place at the box office during its second weekend with $41.3 million . Outside North America , the film earned $69.9 million on its opening weekend from 46 territories . Among all markets , its highest - grossing debuts were achieved in Russia and the CIS ( $14.7 million ) , China ( $9.06 million ) , France and the Maghreb region ( $5.77 million ) . The film 's openings trailed Alice in Wonderland in all major markets except Russia and the CIS . It retained first place at the box office outside North America for a second weekend . In total grosses , Oz 's largest countries are Russia and the CIS ( $27.4 million ) , China ( $25.9 million ) and the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $23.4 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , Oz the Great and Powerful received an approval rating of 59 % based on 247 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It suffers from some tonal inconsistency and a deflated sense of wonder , but Oz the Great and Powerful still packs enough visual dazzle and clever wit to be entertaining in its own right . '' On Metacritic the film holds a score of 44 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` mixed to average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Kim Newman , writing for Empire , gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and said , `` If there are post-Harry Potter children who do n't know or care about The Wizard Of Oz , they might be at sea with this story about a not - very - nice grownup in a magic land , but long - term Oz watchers will be enchanted and enthralled ... Mila Kunis gets a gold star for excellence in bewitchery and Sam Raimi can settle securely behind the curtain as a mature master of illusion . '' Critic Alonso Duralde also admired the movie : `` That Oz the Great and Powerful is so thoroughly effective both on its own terms and as a prequel to one of the most beloved movies ever made indicates that this team has magic to match any witch or wizard . '' Leonard Maltin on IndieWire claimed that `` No movie ever can , or will , replace 1939 's The Wizard Of Oz , but taken on its own terms , this eye - filling fantasy is an entertaining riff on how the Wizard of that immortal film found his way to Oz . '' IGN rated the film 7.8 and said , `` The film is expansive and larger - than - life in scope and so are the performances , overall . Franco in particular hams it up and is often playing to the balcony ... The 3D is utilized just as it should be in a children 's fantasy epic such as this -- overtly , but with skill . Snowflakes , music boxes and mysterious animals all leap through the screen towards the audience as the story unfolds . '' Justin Chang of Variety had a mixed reaction , writing that the film `` gets some mileage out of its game performances , luscious production design and the unfettered enthusiasm director Sam Raimi brings to a thin , simplistic origin story . '' He also compared the film 's scale with the Star Wars prequel trilogy adding , `` In a real sense , Oz the Great and Powerful has a certain kinship with George Lucas 's Star Wars prequels , in the way it presents a beautiful but borderline - sterile digital update of a world that was richer , purer and a lot more fun in lower - tech form . Here , too , the actors often look artificially superimposed against their CG backdrops , though the intensity of the fakery generates its own visual fascination . '' / Film rated the film 7 out of 10 , saying it had `` many charms '' while considering it to be `` basically Army of Darkness : ( Normal guy lands in magical land , is forced to go on quest to save that land . ) But just when you see Raimi 's kinetic , signature style starting to unleash , the story forces the film back into its Disney shell to play to the masses . We 're left with a film that 's entertaining , a little scarier than you 'd expect , but extremely inconsistent . '' Richard Roeper , writing for Roger Ebert , noted the film 's omnipresent visual effects but was largely disappointed by the performance of some cast members ; `` ... to see Williams so bland and sugary as Glinda , and Kunis so flat and ineffectual as the heartsick Theodora ... '' Marshall Fine of The Huffington Post was unimpressed , writing , `` Oh , it 's exciting enough for a six - year - old ; anyone older , however , will already have been exposed to so much on TV , at the movies and on the Internet that this will seem like so much visual cotton - candy . Even a sophisticated grade - schooler will find these doings weak and overblown . '' Similarly , Todd McCarthy criticized the characterization , writing that the film 's supporting cast `` ca n't begin to compare with their equivalents in the original ... so the burden rests entirely upon Franco and Williams , whose dialogue exchanges are repetitive and feel tentative . '' Entertainment Weekly agreed , giving the film a C+ and saying that the `` miscast '' Franco `` lacks the humor , charm , and gee - whiz wonder we 're meant to feel as he trades wisecracks with a flying monkey ... and soars above a field of poppies in a giant soap bubble . If he 's not enchanted , how are we supposed to be ? '' and complaining that `` while Raimi 's Oz is like retinal crack , he never seduces our hearts and minds . '' Alisha Coelho of in.com gave the movie 2.5 stars , saying `` Oz The Great and Powerful does n't leave a lasting impression , but is an a-ok watch . '' Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient and nominees Result Costume Designers Guild February 22 , 2014 Excellence in Fantasy Film Gary Jones and Michael Kutsche Nominated Golden Trailer Awards May 5 , 2013 Best Animation / Family `` Witches '' Nominated Best Animation / Family TV Spot `` Super Hybrid '' Nominated `` Music Box '' Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards March 29 , 2014 Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Mila Kunis Nominated MTV Movie Awards April 13 , 2014 Best Villain Mila Kunis Won People 's Choice Awards January 8 , 2014 Best Family Film Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society December 17 , 2013 Best Live Action Family Film Won Best Production Design Robert Stromberg Nominated Satellite Awards February 24 , 2014 Best Visual Effects James Schwalm , Scott Stokdyk , Troy Saliba Nominated Best Art Direction and Production Design Nancy Haigh , Robert Stromberg Nominated Best Costume Design Gary Jones Nominated Saturn Awards June 2014 Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Music Danny Elfman Nominated Best Production Design Robert Stromberg Nominated Best Costume Gary Jones Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 11 , 2013 Choice Movie -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Choice Movie Actor -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy James Franco Nominated Choice Movie Actress -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Mila Kunis Nominated Michelle Williams Nominated Visual Effects Society February 12 , 2014 Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Troy Saliba , In - Ah Roediger , Carolyn Vale , Kevin Souls for `` China Girl '' Nominated Sequel ( edit ) On March 7 , 2013 , Variety confirmed that Disney has already approved plans for a sequel , with Mitchell Kapner and Joe Roth returning as screenwriter and producer respectively . Mila Kunis said during an interview with E ! News , `` We 're all signed on for sequels . '' On March 8 , 2013 , Sam Raimi told Bleeding Cool that he has no plans to direct the sequel , saying , `` I did leave some loose ends for another director if they want to make the picture , '' and that `` I was attracted to this story but I do n't think the second one would have the thing I would need to get me interested . '' On March 11 , 2013 , Kapner and Roth have said to the Los Angeles Times that the sequel will `` absolutely not '' involve Dorothy Gale , with Kapner pointing out that there are twenty years between the events of the first film and Dorothy 's arrival , and `` a lot can happen in that time . '' See also ( edit ) Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` OZ THE GREAT AND POWERFUL ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : FilmL. A. ( May 2014 ) . `` 2013 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oz The Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` No Dorothy in ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' Sequel ; WB Developing New ' Oz ' TV Series '' . Screen Rant , LLC . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brookes ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` One More Trip to Land of Oz '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics release winners of 2013 awards '' . Actionnews5.com . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards Winners : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nashawaty , Chris ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : Time Inc. ( 1250 ) : 43 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( 10 March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' is big and beautiful '' . Salisbury Post . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . He makes a young , svelte , rather hot conjurer who has broken many a heart , including that of Dorothy Gale 's mom - to - be ( liquid - eyed Michelle Williams , resplendent in a blond wig ) . Jump up ^ Lutz , Ashley ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` 1939 's Wicked Witch Of The West Looks Much Sexier In Today 's ' Oz ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Allport , Lee ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful : A Prequel at Its Best '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . There are other interesting `` that explains it '' moments as well . We get up - close - and - personal with The Cowardly Lion and find out what spooked him into being afraid of his own shadow . We get to know the Tin Man 's father and the creators of the Scarecrow and learn more about Munchkinland . ^ Jump up to : Helwig ; Schillaci , Sophie ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz : The Great and Powerful ' : James Franco , Mila Kunis Celebrate the Hollywood Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Spencer appears at slide 10 , Cobbs appears at slide 15 , Campbell and Raimi appear at slide 11 Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Great and Powerful Sam Raimi Connections '' . Newsday . Sidebar to Rafer Guzman review of Oz the Great and Powerful . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patterson , John ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' : Sam Raimi 's not in Kansas anymore '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful ' : 10 Differences Between the Prequel and ' Wizard of Oz '' . Moviefone . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patterson , John ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' : Sam Raimi 's not in Kansas anymore '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( March 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' is big and beautiful '' . Salisbury Post . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . He makes a young , svelte , rather hot conjurer who has broken many a heart , including that of Dorothy Gale 's mom - to - be ( liquid - eyed Michelle Williams , resplendent in a blond wig ) . Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , edited by Michael Patrick Hearn , New York , Crown , 1976 ; p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 . Jump up ^ Angela Lansbury , narrator , produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz ( 1990 ) . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Making of a Movie Classic ( Television ) . CBS Television . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Hello , Yellow Brick Road '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Bill . `` A Conversation : FFC Interviews Academy Award - winning editor Walter Murch '' . Film Freak Central . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim . `` Disney 's long , long journey to Oz '' . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( June 21 , 1985 ) . `` Film : A New ' Oz ' Gives Dorothy New Friends '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disasters Outnumber Movie Hits '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave . `` Return to Oz '' . Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Geraghty , Lincoln ( 2011 ) . American Hollywood . Intellect Books . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 415 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Exclusive : A ' Return to Oz ' '' . ET Online . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jr , Mike Fleming ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Sam Raimi Commits To Disney ' Oz ' Take , While ' Rabbit Hole ' Scribe Will Rewrite '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz 's ' Journey : 3 Studio Chiefs , Multi-Ethnic Munchkins , James Franco Scores $7 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Joe Roth Reflects on Oz The Great and Powerful , Looks Forward to Maleficent in 2014 '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Downey Jr. as the Wizard of Oz ? '' . Los Angeles Times . April 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Robert Downey Jr . Out of ' Oz , ' Johnny Depp to Take Over ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` James Franco Closing Disney Deal For ' Oz : The Great And Powerful ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Del Barco , Mandalit ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz , ' The Great And Often Imitated '' . NPR . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . We 're trying to nod lovingly in its direction and make our own original , fun , wacky , emotional story that lives on its own . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call For Disney 's ' Oz : The Great & Powerful ' '' . Detroit , Michigan : WWJ - TV . June 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ; Epstein , Daniel Robert ( October 13 , 2005 ) . `` Elfman vs. Raimi : Round II '' . Chud.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` 35 Things We Learned on the Set of Sam Raimi 's ' Oz : The Great And Powerful ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Wizard of Oz ' prequel will win over skeptics , star says '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , p. 2 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz : The Great and Powerful ' : Robert Stromberg on Raimi , Burton , Baum '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . If you really broke it down , they 're completely different . The elements in those two movies are completely different . Jump up ^ Ehrbar , Greg . `` Sights & Sounds at Disney Parks : An Artist 's Journey from Disney Parks to Oz '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Longsdorf , Amy ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Gary Jones finds the right fit for stars of ' Oz ' '' . The Mercury . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` No place like Oz ? Disney bets audiences are ready to ireturn '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` We Are n't in the Old Kansas , Toto '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Disney , Warner Bros. Fighting Over ' Wizard of Oz ' Trademarks ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' and ' Walking Dead ' ? Nicotero is connection '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Imageworks Vancouver Studio Continues To Build Stable Of Talent With Addition Of Jason Dowdeswell , Steve Nichols '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz ' : Teaser , character posters hint at Sam Raimi 's lavish vision '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Composing wizard Danny Elfman talks sweeping , gigantic ' Oz ' score '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Updated Release : Global Superstar Mariah Carey Records ' Almost Home ' For Disney 's ' Oz The Great and Powerful ' '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Pictures via Reuters . February 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful : Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Intrada and Walt Disney Records to Release Danny Elfman 's ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' Score '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Oz : The Great and Powerful ' gets release date : March 8 ... 2013 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Hollywood Hopes ' Oz ' Can Turn Tide For Ailing 2013 Box Office '' . The Wrap . p. 2 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . The 3D factor is going to give `` Oz '' a lift as well . Of the 3,912 theaters that will be screening the `` Wizard of Oz '' prequel , 3,056 will be 3D and 307 will be Imax theaters , and they 'll be charging premium prices . Jump up ^ `` ' Journey to Oz Balloon Tour ' Takes to the Skies for Disney 's ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Studios . February 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Adding food and wine to Epcot 's Flower & Garden fest '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Get a Sneak Peek at ' Oz The Great and Powerful ' at Disney California Adventure Park During ' Limited Time Magic ' '' . The Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz The Great and Powerful Comes to Home Video June 11 '' . ComingSoon.net . May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas ( 3 June 2013 ) . `` Disney Eliminating ' Digital Copy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Oshiro , Kurtis . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' Tops Home Entertainment Charts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful '' . The Numbers. 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 5 ' The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ' Vs. # 12 ' World War Z ' ; # 4 ' Hobbit : The Desolation Of Smaug ' Vs. # 13 ' Oz The Great And Powerful ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Opening Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Box office preview : Will ' Oz ' be as ' Great and Powerful ' as ' Alice in Wonderland ' ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . The fantasy film , which also opened in March , started with $116.1 million on opening weekend , but without the cachet of Johnny Depp and Tim Burton , it 's unlikely that Oz will achieve such a gargantuan figure . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` One More Trip to Land of Oz '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . The company ( Disney ) is betting that a new twist on a story moviegoers already love will result in a hit on par with ' Alice in Wonderland , ' which took in more than $1 billion in 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Oz the Great and Powerful '' tops box office with $80 M debut `` . CBS News . March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ' Oz ' could follow in the footsteps of Disney 's ' Alice in Wonderland , ' another costly 3 - D film , which opened on the same weekend in 2010 and went on to gross over $1 billion worldwide . Jump up ^ `` Alice ' Vs. ' Oz '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' Oz ' Eyeing Great and Powerful Global Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Box Office Report : ' Oz ' Grosses Stellar $2 Million in Thursday Night Shows . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Friday Report : ' Oz ' Conjures $24.1 Million Debut . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Weekend Report : ' Oz ' Has Magical Debut , ' Dead Man ' Dies Retrieved March 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ Weekend Report : ' Oz ' Leads , ' Call ' Exceeds , ' Burt ' Bombs . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE : ' Mr. Right ' Rules ; ' Oz ' Posts Respectable Debut '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oz The Great and Powerful ( 2012 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Oz ' Opens to $69.9 Million Overseas '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Oz ' Rules Again , ' Die Hard ' Scores in China '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Newman , Kim ( March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz The Great and Powerful ' '' . Empire . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful Review : Sam Raimi Manages to Fill Some Mighty Big Ruby Slippers '' . The Wrap . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Who is a Good Witch , What is a Great Wizard ? '' . IGN . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Justin ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Film Review : ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful Review : A Sam Raimi Movie Wrapped Inside a Disney Movie '' . / Film . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` Oz the Great and Powerful review - Wicked or wussy : Which witch is worse ? '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fine , Marshall ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : Oz , the Great and Powerful '' . Huffington Post . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alisha Coelho . `` Movie Review : Oz the Great & Powerful is a-ok '' . in.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Designers Guild Unveils Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney , ' Iron Man 3 ' Dominate 2013 Golden Trailer Awards '' . Deadline.com . May 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards : Winners List '' . Variety . April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Satellite Awards : ' 12 Years a Slave ' Leads Film Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Planning ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Fran ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Mila Kunis : We 're doing a sequel to Oz '' . The Sun . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sam Raimi Says He Does n't Want To Direct The Oz The Great And Powerful Sequel '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel Miller , Steven Zeitchik ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` An ' Oz ' Clash of the Titans ( Page 2 ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oz the Great and Powerful . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Oz the Great and Powerful Official website Oz the Great and Powerful on IMDb Oz the Great and Powerful at Box Office Mojo Oz the Great and Powerful at Rotten Tomatoes Oz the Great and Powerful at Metacritic The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Glass Cat Jellia Jamb Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nine Tiny Piglets Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Trot Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Category Portal Sam Raimi filmography Films directed Feature It 's Murder ! ( 1977 ) The Evil Dead ( 1981 ) Crimewave ( 1985 ) Evil Dead II ( 1987 ) Darkman ( 1990 ) Army of Darkness ( 1992 ) The Quick and the Dead ( 1995 ) A Simple Plan ( 1998 ) For Love of the Game ( 1999 ) The Gift ( 2000 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Short Clockwork ( 1978 ) Within the Woods ( 1978 ) Written only Easy Wheels ( 1989 ) The Nutt House ( 1992 ) The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 , also second unit director ) Man with the Screaming Brain ( 2005 , co-story ) Produced only Timecop ( 1994 ) The Grudge ( 2004 ) Boogeyman ( 2005 ) The Grudge 2 ( 2006 ) The Messengers ( 2007 ) 30 Days of Night ( 2007 ) The Possession ( 2012 ) Evil Dead ( 2013 ) Poltergeist ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) The Grudge ( 2019 ) Disney portal Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oz_the_Great_and_Powerful&oldid=843560263 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films American films 2013 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American black - and - white films American buddy films American children 's fantasy films American fantasy adventure films Circus films Films scored by Danny Elfman Films about magic and magicians Films about orphans Films based on American novels Films based on fantasy novels Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films directed by Sam Raimi Films produced by Joe Roth Films set in 1905 Films set in Kansas Films shot in Michigan High fantasy films Dark fantasy films IMAX films Oz in stage and film productions Performance capture in film Prequel films Witchcraft in film Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays oz in oz the great and powerful | [
"James Franco as Oscar Diggs, or \"Oz\", a philandering con artist, a stage magician, and a barnstormer[8] who is part of a traveling circus in the Midwest. He is whisked in a hot air balloon by a tornado to the Land of Oz, where he is believed to be a wizard destined to bring peace to the land, forcing him to overcome his dubious ethics to convince his peers he is the hero needed by the people of Oz. He eventually becomes what is known as the Wizard of Oz."
] | [
"James Franco"
] |
-7909997311986525644 | Dallas Cowboys | Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia Dallas Cowboys Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Metallic Silver , White , Royal Blue Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they only missed the playoffs twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 5.6 Green Bay Packers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 touchdowns ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season 2017 was the first season since 2002 without quarterback Tony Romo , who retired on April 4 after 14 seasons with the Cowboys . The season also featured second - year running back Ezekiel Elliott being suspended for 6 games after violating the league 's conduct policy . The suspension was to begin at the start of the year but was pushed back to November . The Cowboys finished the year at 9 - 7 without making the playoffs . Following the season Dez Bryant was released after eight seasons in Dallas and Jason Witten retired after 15 seasons , ending an era . Logos and uniforms Logo The Cowboys ' script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . In 2017 , the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , only to rescind soon after . In 2015 , the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform , featuring a variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' alternates with white pants and socks . The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent Thursday Night Football games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons . The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform - white pants combination which was first used on December 10 , 2017 against the Giants . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey ) . In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas . 2004 -- 2006 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2007 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 116 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 70 -- 42 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 14 -- 7 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense , which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 64 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 13 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers ( and the New England Patriots ) are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The 49ers lead the series all - time series with a record of 15 -- 13 -- 1 . Green Bay Packers Main article : Cowboys - Packers rivalry The Cowboys -- Packers rivalry is rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and the Green Bay Packers . It is one of the best known intra-conference rivalry games in the NFL . The two teams do not play every year ; instead , they play once every three years due to the NFL 's rotating division schedules , or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions , they would play the ensuing season . The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games . The all time regular seasons series record is 15 -- 13 in favor of the Packers , and the postseason series is tied 4 -- 4 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush 1 Dalton Sturm 3 Mike White Running backs 10 Tavon Austin WR 46 Jordan Chunn 21 Ezekiel Elliott 44 Lewis Neal FB / DT 49 Jamize Olawale FB 36 Bo Scarbrough 45 Rod Smith 34 Trey Williams Wide receivers 11 Cole Beasley 85 Noah Brown 19 Malik Earl 81 K.D. Cannon 13 Michael Gallup 17 Allen Hurns 14 Lance Lenoir 18 Marchie Murdock 15 Deonte Thompson 83 Terrance Williams 16 Cedrick Wilson Jr . Tight ends 80 Rico Gathers 89 Blake Jarwin 86 Dalton Schultz 87 Geoff Swaim 84 David Wells Offensive linemen 63 Jake Campos T 71 La'el Collins T / G 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 75 Cameron Fleming T / G 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 61 Bryce Johnson T / G 69 Jarron Jones T 73 Joe Looney C / G 60 Marcus Martin G / C 70 Zack Martin G 64 Jay Robertson G 77 Tyron Smith T 67 Dustin Stanton G 52 Connor Williams G / T Defensive linemen 74 Dorance Armstrong Jr . DE 93 Richard Ash DT 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT 76 Kony Ealy DE 62 James Hearns DE 95 David Irving DT / DE 56 Datone Jones DT / DE 65 Austin Larkin DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 66 DeQuinton Osborne DT 92 Brian Price DT 68 Daniel Ross DT 99 Charles Tapper DE 51 Jihad Ward DT Linebackers 59 Chris Covington OLB 58 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 43 Joel Lanning MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 41 Kyle Queiro OLB / SS 42 Ed Shockley OLB 54 Jaylon Smith OLB / MLB 48 Joe Thomas MLB 55 Leighton Vander Esch MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 24 Chidobe Awuzie CB / FS 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS 20 Marqueston Huff FS 31 Byron Jones CB / FS 37 Kam Kelly CB / FS 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 32 Donovan Olumba CB 23 Tyree Robinson FS / CB 28 Jameill Showers SS / FS 26 Duke Thomas CB 40 Charvarius Ward CB 39 Marquez White CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / CB Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 47 Scott Daly LS 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS 2 Brett Maher K / P Reserve lists 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Susp . ) Rookies in italics Roster updated May 11 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 89 Active , 1 Inactive , 1 Unsigned → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Adderley , Herb Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Allen , Larry Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Alworth , Lance Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Haley , Charles Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Hayes , Bob Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Irvin , Michael Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 74 Lilly , Bob Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 81 Owens , Terrell Terrell Owens WR 2006 - 2008 2018 20 Renfro , Mel Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Sanders , Deion Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 22 Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Smith , Jackie Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Staubach , Roger Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Wright , Rayfield Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Coaches and Contributors Name Position Seasons Inducted Jones , Jerry Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 Landry , Tom Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 Schramm , Tex Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners Super Bowl Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front Office Owner / President / General Manager -- Jerry Jones COO / Executive Vice President / Director of Player Personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior Director of Football Operations / Football Administration -- Todd Williams Director of Salary Cap & Player Contracts -- Adam Prasifka Vice President Player Personnel -- Will McClay Senior Executive , College Scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of College Scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of Pro Scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Chris Hall Director of Football Research -- Tom Robinson Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jason Garrett Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Kellen Moore Running Backs -- Gary Brown Wide Receivers -- Sanjay Lal Assistant Wide Receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight Ends -- Doug Nussmeier Offensive Line -- Paul Alexander Assistant Offensive Line -- Marc Colombo Offensive Assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator / Defensive Line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive Tackles -- Leon Lett Linebackers -- Ben Bloom Defensive Backs / Passing Game Coordinator -- Kris Richard Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Ken Amato Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith O'Quinn Assistant Special Teams -- Doug Colman Support Staff Director of Advance Scouting & Special Projects -- Judd Garrett Strength and Conditioning Director of Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Woicik Strength and Conditioning -- Brett Bech Strength and Conditioning -- Markus Paul Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Kendall Smith → Coaching Staff and Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television See also : Dallas Cowboys Radio Network As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for he and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also American football portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scales , Kristi ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` BREAKING NEWS : Why the Cowboys Are Wearing a New Uniform Color - Combination on Sunday '' . 5PointsBlue.com . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . The Cowboys do not have an all - blue set of Color Rush . But they do have their navy jerseys ( PMS 289 C ) which are normally worn with silver pants ( Metallic Silver PMS 8180 C ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Fingertip Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . Dallas Cowboys . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Takes Naming Rights Of Stadium ; Now AT&T Stadium '' . Dallas Cowboys . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . National Football League . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Attendance Records -- 2015 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Dallas Cowboys . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team History : 1999 Dallas Cowboys '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ozanian , Mike ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Valuable Teams In The NFL '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law Nation ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) , The Story of Dallas Cowboys 1992 3rd Super Bowl , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Pearlman on the unbelievable story of the implosion of the Dallas Cowboys '' . the Guardian . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Coaches '' . Cowboysplus.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` CowBuzz : Cowboys Unveil New ColorRush Uniform For Thanksgiving Day Game '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open & Shut '' Archived June 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , DallasCowboys.com , 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ DawnMacelli ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` Packers - Cowboys : A Playoff Rivalry As Old As The Super Bowl Itself '' . Blogging The Boys . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Green Bay reaches the top of NFL playoff rivalries '' . newsok.com. 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . Official website NFL.com -- Dallas Cowboys Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . Brahmas WSHL Dallas Snipers El Paso Rhinos Soccer MLS FC Dallas Houston Dynamo USL Rio Grande Valley FC Toros San Antonio FC NPSL FC Brownsville Fort Worth Vaqueros FC Houston Dutch Lions Houston Regals Katy 1895 FC Laredo Heat Midland - Odessa FC Tyler FC PDL AHFC Royals Brazos Valley Cavalry F.C. FC Cleburne Corpus Christi FC Houston FC Texas United MASL Dallas Sidekicks El Paso Coyotes RGV Barracudas NWSL Houston Dash UWS Houston Aces Lacrosse MLL Dallas Rattlers Australian rules football USAFL Austin Crows Dallas Magpies Houston Lonestars Roller derby WFTDA Alamo City Rollergirls Assassination City Roller Derby Cowboy Capital Rollergirls Dallas Derby Devils Houston Roller Derby Spindletop Roller Girls Texas Rollergirls West Texas Roller Dollz Rugby union MLR Austin Elite Rugby Houston SaberCats TGU Alamo City Rugby Football Club Austin Huns Corpus Christi Rugby Football Club Dallas Harlequins R.F.C. Softball Independent Scrap Yard Fastpitch Ultimate AUDL Austin Sol Dallas Roughnecks eSports OWL Dallas Fuel Houston Outlaws College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) ACU Baylor Houston Houston Baptist UIW Lamar North Texas PVAMU Rice Sam Houston State SMU Stephen F. Austin TCU Texas Texas A&M A&M - Corpus Christi Texas Southern Texas State Texas Tech UTA UTSA UTEP UTRGV City of Dallas History Mayors People Culture Climate Transportation Education Landmarks Neighborhoods Asian Trade District Bishop Arts District Casa Linda Cedars Deep Ellum Design District Downtown Exposition Park Fair Park Kessler Park Knox - Henderson Lake Highlands Lakewood Lower Greenville `` M '' Streets Oak Cliff Oak Lawn Park Cities Preston Hollow Trinity Groves Turtle Creek Uptown Victory Park West End Professional sports teams Dallas Cowboys Dallas Mavericks Dallas Stars FC Dallas Texas Rangers Dallas Rattlers All Dallas articles Dallas Portal Texas Portal State of Texas MusicBrainz : 54baf951 - 5008 - 443b - b692 - 8e66ccedd64d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Cowboys&oldid=839654771 '' Categories : Dallas Cowboys National Football League teams American football teams in Texas Sports clubs established in 1960 1960 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles that may be too long from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last superbowl the cowboys won | [
"\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n"
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2927791902814966961 | Systems analysis and design | Systems analysis and design - wikipedia Systems analysis and design Jump to : navigation , search The present disambiguation page holds the title of a primary topic , and an article needs to be written about it . It is believed to qualify as a broad - concept article . It may be written directly at this page or drafted elsewhere and then moved over here . Related titles should be described in Systems analysis and design , while unrelated titles should be moved to Systems analysis and design ( disambiguation ) . Systems Analysis and Design , an interdisciplinary part of science , may refer to : Systems analysis , a method of studying a system by examining its component parts and their interactions Structured data analysis ( systems analysis ) , analysing the flow of information within an organization with data - flow diagrams Systems design , the process of defining the architecture , components , and data of a system to satisfy specified requirements Object - oriented analysis and design , an approach to analysis and design of an application , system , or business that emphasizes modularity and visual modeling Service - oriented analysis and design , a method of Service - oriented modeling to design business systems Structured analysis , methods in software engineering for converting specified requirements into software programs and hardware configurations Structured systems analysis and design method , a systems approach to the analysis and design of information systems See also ( edit ) Structured data analysis ( disambiguation ) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Systems analysis and design . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systems_analysis_and_design&oldid=729665247 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages to be converted to broad concept articles All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 July 2016 , at 19 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what do you mean by analysis and design | [
"\nSystems analysis, a method of studying a system by examining its component parts and their interactions\n\nStructured data analysis (systems analysis), analysing the flow of information within an organization with data-flow diagrams\n\n\nSystems design, the process of defining the architecture, components, and data of a system to satisfy specified requirements\nObject-oriented analysis and design, an approach to analysis and design of an application, system, or business that emphasizes modularity and visual modeling\nService-oriented analysis and design, a method of Service-oriented modeling to design business systems\nStructured analysis, methods in software engineering for converting specified requirements into software programs and hardware configurations\nStructured systems analysis and design method, a systems approach to the analysis and design of information systems\n",
"\nSystems analysis, a method of studying a system by examining its component parts and their interactions\n\nStructured data analysis (systems analysis), analysing the flow of information within an organization with data-flow diagrams\n\n\nSystems design, the process of defining the architecture, components, and data of a system to satisfy specified requirements\nObject-oriented analysis and design, an approach to analysis and design of an application, system, or business that emphasizes modularity and visual modeling\nService-oriented analysis and design, a method of Service-oriented modeling to design business systems\nStructured analysis, methods in software engineering for converting specified requirements into software programs and hardware configurations\nStructured systems analysis and design method, a systems approach to the analysis and design of information systems\n"
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"Systems analysis, a method of studying a system by examining its component parts and their interactions",
"Systems design, the process of defining the architecture, components, and data of a system to satisfy specified requirements"
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1749678745927714103 | The One with Ross's Wedding | The One with Ross 's wedding - wikipedia The One with Ross 's wedding Jump to : navigation , search `` The One with Ross ' Wedding '' Friends episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 23 / 24 Directed by Kevin S. Bright Story by Michael Borkow ( part 1 ) Jill Condon & Amy Toomin ( part 2 ) Teleplay by Shana Goldberg - Meehan & Scott Silveri Production code 466623 ( part 1 ) 466624 ( part 2 ) Original air date May 7 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 07 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Helen Baxendale as Emily Waltham Sarah , Duchess of York as Herself Richard Branson as Vendor Tom Conti as Stephen Waltham Jennifer Saunders as Andrea Waltham Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Hugh Laurie as Gentleman on the Plane June Whitfield as Housekeeper Olivia Williams as Felicity Shalima Bowers as Lady Wedding Guest Episode chronology ← Previous `` The One with the Worst Best Man Ever '' Next → `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' Friends ( season 4 ) List of Friends episodes `` The One with Ross ' Wedding '' is the two - part fourth - season finale of the American television sitcom Friends , comprising the 96th and 97th episodes of the series overall . Originally broadcast by NBC on May 7 , 1998 , the episode features Ross , Monica , Joey , Chandler and later Rachel travelling to England to attend the wedding of Ross Geller ( David Schwimmer ) to his fiancée Emily ( Helen Baxendale ) in London . Ross and Emily 's wedding vows are ruined when Ross accidentally says `` I , Ross , take thee Rachel '' ; as the registrar asks Emily if he should continue , the episode ends on a cliffhanger until the season 5 premiere `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' . The episode 's teleplay was written by Shana Goldberg - Meehan & Scott Silveri from a story by Michael Borkow ( part one ) and Jill Condon & Amy Toomin ( part two ) . The episode 's genesis came during the break between seasons three and four , when Channel 4 , the British first - run broadcaster of Friends proposed an episode set in the United Kingdom to the series producers . The proposal fitted neatly with a storyline already being planned , whereby the character of Ross would be married at the end of the fourth season . The episode was filmed in March 1998 under the direction of executive producer Kevin S. Bright on locations in London , and in front of a live studio audience at The Fountain Studios . Scenes featuring Lisa Kudrow 's character Phoebe Buffay were filmed on the show 's sets in Burbank , California , as Kudrow was too pregnant to fly to London with the rest of the cast . Kudrow gave birth to her son on the day of the episode 's original airing . `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' features supporting roles from Tom Conti , Jennifer Saunders , Elliott Gould , Christina Pickles and Olivia Williams , and cameos by Richard Branson , Sarah , Duchess of York , Hugh Laurie and June Whitfield . The episode received good critical feedback in the US on its first broadcast , and is often cited as one of the series ' best episodes ; however , when it aired in the United Kingdom it was poorly received , with criticism focused on the one - dimensional portrayal of Britain and the British . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Part 1 begins as the group heads off to Ross 's wedding in London leaving behind a heavily pregnant Phoebe ( Lisa Kudrow ) , and Rachel ( Jennifer Aniston ) , who has declined the invitation . In London , Joey ( Matt LeBlanc ) and Chandler ( Matthew Perry ) go see the sights in a musical montage featuring The Clash 's song `` London Calling '' , with Joey filming everything on his camcorder . Chandler becomes embarrassed by his friend 's enthusiasm , and after Joey buys a large Union Flag hat from a vendor ( played by guest star Richard Branson ) , they part company . They reunite in their hotel room and Chandler apologizes . Joey impresses him with a video recording of Sarah , Duchess of York ( who played herself ) . Emily takes Ross to the hall where the wedding will be , but they discover it is being demolished earlier than originally scheduled . Monica later suggests Emily postpone the wedding until everything is perfect . She passes the thought on to Ross , angering him ; he tells her people have flown from America to be there and that it is `` now or never '' ; she chooses `` never '' . Monica berates Ross for his insensitivity and Ross apologizes to Emily , showing her the ceremony can still take place in the half - demolished hall that he has tidied up . She agrees . In New York , Rachel realizes she still loves Ross , and flies to London to tell him . In Part 2 , Phoebe tries to contact someone by phone to warn them about Rachel , eventually getting through to Joey at the hotel and stirring up homesickness in him . At the rehearsal dinner , Ross introduces his parents , Jack and Judy ( Elliott Gould and Christina Pickles ) to Emily 's , Steven and Andrea ( Tom Conti and Jennifer Saunders ) . Jack and Judy have volunteered to pay for half of the wedding expenses but when they discover extravagant costs Ross spends much of the evening trying to bargain down his future in - laws . Chandler makes a toast that is not well received by the guests and Monica is taken aback when a drunken guest mistakes her for Ross 's mother . She and Chandler console each other over alcohol and wake up in bed together the next morning . Rachel eventually boards a plane , after forgetting her passport , and annoys other passengers ( including guest star Hugh Laurie ) by telling them about her relationship with Ross . At the hall , she sees how happy Ross is with Emily and just wishes him luck . Phoebe phones Joey to hear the wedding , to the annoyance of Ross . As Ross says his vows , he accidentally says Rachel 's name rather than Emily 's , registrar to ask Emily if he should continue , while the camera shoots from character to character , settling on a shocked Rachel . Production ( edit ) During the summer hiatus of 1997 the producers were contacted by Channel 4 , the British first - run broadcaster of Friends , with a proposal to film an episode in London . Producer Greg Malins is quoted as saying `` We had to come up with a storyline that would cause all the Friends to go to London ( ... ) and that ended up being Ross getting married , because they would all have to go to his wedding '' . The episode featured numerous supporting roles from British actors . For her role as Andrea Waltham , Saunders `` heard Joan Collins ' voice in ( her ) head '' . Her Absolutely Fabulous co-star June Whitfield appeared in cameo as the housekeeper . Felicity , the bridesmaid who Joey entices , is played by Olivia Williams . Further cameos were made by Sarah Ferguson as herself , Richard Branson as the vendor who sells Joey a hat , and Hugh Laurie as the man sitting next to Rachel on the plane . Lisa Kudrow did not join the others in London as she was too heavily pregnant to fly , like her character Phoebe . Elliott Gould inadvertently revealed to the public that Rachel was to turn up at the wedding , upsetting Marta Kauffman . Scenes not involving the main apartments were all filmed in London during the week beginning March 30 , 1998 . Location shooting was done mostly for scenes featuring Joey and Chandler ; outside the London Marriott , Grosvenor Square , and the top of an open - top London bus as it crosses Tower Bridge ( this scene was excised from the final cut but features in the opening titles of the next episode ) . Interiors , such as the restaurant , the Waltham 's hallway and the hotel rooms , were all filmed on purpose - built sets at The Fountain Studios , Wembley . The reaction from the audience when Monica came out from under Chandler 's bed covers meant the actors had to hold their position for 27 seconds . When filming ran late one evening , the production team ordered pizzas for the audience . The episode was a coup for Channel 4 , who erected crush barriers outside their building to hold back fans when the cast arrived for a press conference ( though no fans actually turned up ) . The broadcaster also commissioned a behind - the - scenes program from Princess Productions . Hosted by British television personality Johnny Vaughan , The One Where Johnny Makes Friends features comedic tongue - in - cheek interviews with all six main cast ( Vaughan contacted Kudrow by payphone , claiming that he could n't make international calls from his dressing room ) and was broadcast on Channel 4 on May 6 , 1998 . Two brief behind - the - scenes featurettes were filmed , titled Friends Goes to London and Friends on Location in London , which were included on the DVD releases of seasons four and five . A tie - in book , Making Friends in the UK ( ISBN 0752221949 ) was published by Channel 4 Books in November 1998 . Said book was bundled into a gift pack entitled `` The One with the Whole London Wedding '' , which featured an extended cut of this episode merged with the next episode . Ross and Emily 's marriage was originally planned to last , but Helen Baxendale did not wish to remain in America while pregnant . The writers could not script a convincing story for why Emily would not be seen , despite being married to Ross , so Baxendale was written out in the next season , making only three cameo appearances after the season premiere . Reception ( edit ) In its original airing , `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' finished third in ratings for the week of May 4 -- 10 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 21.2 , equivalent to approximately 20.6 million viewing households . It was the third highest - rated show on NBC that week , following Seinfeld and ER -- all of which aired on the network 's Thursday night Must See TV lineup . The episode aired in the Republic of Ireland on RTÉ on May 25 , 1998 , six days earlier than in the United Kingdom on Sky1 . It also aired on Channel 4 on December 11 , 1998 and was watched by 6.49 million viewers , making Friends the highest rated show on the channel for the week ending December 13 , 1998 . Entertainment Weekly gives the episode an A rating , calling it a `` near - perfect finale that finds everyone at the top of their game '' with a `` tantalizing cliff - hanger , and , in Chandler and Monica , a relationship that will have reverberations for seasons to come '' . The authors of Friends Like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends state there are `` too many ' best moments ' to list in detail '' , but single out Rachel describing the perfect wedding to Ross , and Sarah Ferguson 's cameo ( though they call Branson 's `` embarrassing '' ) . Following the broadcast of the episode in the UK , The Independent was critical , saying `` Twice the length of a normal episode , last night 's offering was approximately half as funny '' and suggested the cast were behaving out of character . David Schwimmer has expressed dissatisfaction that Ross was married again , saying it was `` a mistake '' and that Ross was not given `` enough credit '' . He says that Ross 's `` taking on the world would just be shattered '' following the character 's and that he would n't have risked another . David Crane has said that filming in front of a different audience `` energized the actors and writers '' . The hall where the wedding ceremony took place would inspire the location for the wedding of David and Victoria Beckham . The events of this episode are revisited in the seventh - season episode `` The One with the Truth About London '' , where flashbacks reveal how Monica and Chandler ended up in bed together . The hotel room set was recreated for those scenes . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked the beginning of the Monica - Chandler affair as the third greatest twist of all time . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sangster , Jim ; David Bailey ( 2000 ) . Friends Like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Virgin Publishing . pp. 254 -- 260 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0439 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stallings , Penny ( 2000 ) . The Ultimate Friends Companion . London : Channel 4 Books . p. 111 . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 7231 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stallings , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Lee , Allyssa ( 2004 - 03 - 05 ) . `` And Now A Word From The Supporting Players ' Club ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Midgley , Carol ( 1998 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Make Friends by being obnoxious '' . The Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Company Focus : Fountain Studios '' . The Production Guide . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Perry , Matthew ( 2005 ) . Friends : Final Thoughts ( DVD ) . New Wave DVD and Warner Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` TV Transmission : The One Where Johnny Makes Friends '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bright , Kevin S. ; Marta Kauffman ; David Crane ( 2004 ) . Friends : The Complete Fourth Season DVD audio commentary for `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( DVD ) . Los Angeles , California : Warner Home Video . Jump up ^ `` WEEK 'S TV RATINGS '' . San Francisco Chronicle. 13 May 1998 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Neil ( 25 May 1998 ) . `` FRIENDS CLIFFHANGER '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friendly reception '' . Sunday Mail . 31 May 1998 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The ONE WITH ROSS 'S WEDDING PART 1 ( 1998 ) '' . British Film Institute . 13 December 1998 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The ONE WITH ROSS 'S WEDDING PART 2 ( 1998 ) '' . British Film Institute . 13 December 1998 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BARB 's multichannel top 10 programmes '' . barb.co.uk . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Note : Information is in the section titled `` w / e December 13 , 1998 '' , listed under Channel 4 Jump up ^ Staff writer . ( 2001 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Review : Season 4 ( 1997 -- 1998 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rees , Jasper ( 1998 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Television review '' ( archived at findarticles.com ) . The Independent . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wild , David ( 2004 ) . Friends ... ' Til the End . London : Headline . pp. 102 -- 103 . ISBN 0 - 7553 - 1321 - 6 . Jump up ^ Crane , David ( 1998 ) . Friends on Location in London ( DVD ) . Warner Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Beckham , Victoria ( 2002 ) . Being Victoria Beckham ( Documentary ) . London Weekend Television , ITV . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( November 4 -- 10 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on Surprise ! The 60 Most Startling Twists of All Time '' . TV Guide Magazine . TV Guide . 61 ( 3187 ) : 22 -- 23 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding : Part 1 '' on IMDb `` The One with Ross 's Wedding : Part 1 '' at TV.com `` The One with Ross 's Wedding : Part 2 '' on IMDb `` The One with Ross 's Wedding : Part 2 '' at TV.com `` The One Where Johnny Makes Friends '' at YouTube ( hide ) Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) `` The One with George Stephanopoulos '' ( 1.04 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_One_with_Ross%27s_Wedding&oldid=804199970 '' Categories : Friends ( season 4 ) episodes 1998 American television episodes Television series produced at Pinewood Studios Television episodes set in London American television episodes in multiple parts Television episodes about weddings Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Tv.com template using numeric id Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 12 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was ross and emily's wedding filmed | [
"The episode's teleplay was written by Shana Goldberg-Meehan & Scott Silveri from a story by Michael Borkow (part one) and Jill Condon & Amy Toomin (part two). The episode's genesis came during the break between seasons three and four, when Channel 4, the British first-run broadcaster of Friends proposed an episode set in the United Kingdom to the series producers. The proposal fitted neatly with a storyline already being planned, whereby the character of Ross would be married at the end of the fourth season. The episode was filmed in March 1998 under the direction of executive producer Kevin S. Bright on locations in London, and in front of a live studio audience at The Fountain Studios. Scenes featuring Lisa Kudrow's character Phoebe Buffay were filmed on the show's sets in Burbank, California, as Kudrow was too pregnant to fly to London with the rest of the cast. Kudrow gave birth to her son on the day of the episode's original airing."
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"on locations in London, and in front of a live studio audience at The Fountain Studios"
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-2190780953969254913 | South Carolina government and politics | South Carolina government and politics - wikipedia South Carolina government and politics Jump to : navigation , search South Carolina Government Seal of South Carolina Formation 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 ) Founding document South Carolina Constitution Jurisdiction State of South Carolina Legislative branch Legislature General Assembly Meeting place State House Executive branch Leader Governor of South Carolina Appointer Elected At Large Headquarters State House Judicial branch Court Supreme Court Seat Columbia , SC Part of a series on the History of South Carolina Timeline Colonial period 1651 -- 1774 American Revolution 1775 -- 1788 Antebellum period 1812 -- 1860 Civil War era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1877 State of South Carolina South Carolina portal South Carolina State House South Carolina government and politics covers the three different branches of government , as well as the state constitution , law enforcement agencies , federal representation , state finances , and state taxes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Executive branch 1.1. 1 Governor and Lieutenant Governor 1.1. 2 Cabinet 1.2 Legislative branch 1.3 Judicial branch 1.4 South Carolina Constitution 1.5 Law enforcement agencies 1.6 Local government 1.7 Federal representation 1.7. 1 US Senate 1.7. 2 US House of Representatives 1.8 Finances 1.8. 1 Taxes 2 References Overview ( edit ) South Carolina 's state government consists of the Executive , Legislative , and Judicial branches . The Republican Party controls the offices of Governor , Lieutenant Governor , U.S. Senators , and six of seven U.S. Representatives , as well as the state 's Senate and House of Representatives . Office Republican Democrat Office Holder Governor Currently Controlled Last Controlled 2003 Henry McMaster Lt. Governor Currently Controlled Last Controlled 2015 Kevin L. Bryant State Senate Currently Controlled Last Controlled 2000 Various State House Currently Controlled Last Controlled 1994 Various U.S. Senator Currently Controlled Last Controlled 1964 Lindsey Graham U.S. Senator Currently Controlled Last Controlled 2005 Tim Scott U.S. Rep. District 1 Currently Controlled Last Controlled 1981 Mark Sanford U.S. Rep. District 2 Currently Controlled Last Controlled 1965 Joe Wilson U.S. Rep. District 3 Currently Controlled Last Controlled 1995 Jeff Duncan U.S. Rep. District 4 Currently Controlled Last Controlled 1993 Trey Gowdy U.S. Rep. District 5 Currently Controlled Last Controlled 2011 Ralph Norman U.S. Rep. District 6 Last Controlled 1983 Currently Controlled Jim Clyburn U.S. Rep. District 7 Currently Controlled District re-established Tom Rice South Carolina has historically had a weak executive branch and a strong legislature . Before 1865 , governors in South Carolina were appointed by the General Assembly , and held the title `` President of State . '' The 1865 Constitution changed this process , requiring a popular election for governor . In 1926 the governor 's term was changed to four years . In 1982 governors were allowed to run for a second term . In 1993 a limited cabinet was created , all of whom must be popularly elected . Executive branch ( edit ) Governor and Lieutenant Governor ( edit ) Henry McMaster , the current Governor of SC Kevin L. Bryant , the current Lt. Governor of SC The Governor of South Carolina is the chief executive of the state . The governor is elected for a four - year term and may serve up to two consecutive terms . The current governor is Republican Henry McMaster who succeeded to the office of Governor of South Carolina when Governor Nikki Haley resigned in order to become the United States Ambassador to the United Nations . The Lieutenant Governor is the second - in - command of the state 's executive branch . The Lt. Governor serves as the President of the Senate and assumes office if the Governor is unable to fulfill his or her duties . Prior to the 2018 gubernatorial election , Governors and Lieutenant Governors were elected on separate tickets . But for the 2018 election and beyond , the Governor and Lieutenant Governor will run on the same ticket . See Governor of South Carolina and Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina . Cabinet ( edit ) The South Carolina Constitution provides for the separate election of nine executive officers , making a limited cabinet . This is a large number of elective offices compared to most states , which generally give the governor the executive power to appoint members of the cabinet . Governor of South Carolina South Carolina Attorney General South Carolina Commissioner of Agriculture South Carolina Comptroller General Secretary of State of South Carolina South Carolina State Treasurer South Carolina Superintendent of Education Each officer is elected at the same time as the governor . The separately elected positions allow for the possibility of multiple parties to be represented in the executive branch . The Governor 's Cabinet also contains several appointed positions . In most cases , persons who fill cabinet - level positions are recommended by the governor and appointed by the Senate . Legislative branch ( edit ) The South Carolina General Assembly is the state legislature . It is bicameral , consisting of a 124 - member South Carolina House of Representatives and a 46 - member South Carolina Senate . Representatives serve two - year terms and Senators serve four - year terms . The two houses meet in the South Carolina State House . Each house is currently controlled by the Republican Party . Originally , each county elected one senator and at least one representative . The vast differences between rural and urban counties gave rural areas an outsized influence over state government . This state of affairs ended with the federal case of Reynolds v. Sims , which mandated that state legislative districts be drawn based on population . Judicial branch ( edit ) The Family Court deals with all matters of domestic and family relationships , as well as generally maintaining exclusive jurisdiction over cases involving minors under the age of seventeen , excepting traffic and game law violations . Some criminal charges may come under Circuit Court jurisdiction . The South Carolina Circuit Court is the trial court of general jurisdiction court for South Carolina . It consists of a civil division ( the Court of Common Pleas ) and a criminal division . ( the Court of General Sessions ) . It is also a superior court , having limited appellate jurisdiction over appeals from the lower Probate Court , Magistrate 's Court , and Municipal Court , and appeals from the Administrative Law Judge Division , which hears matters relating to state administrative and regulatory agencies . South Carolina 's 46 counties are divided into 16 judicial circuits , and there are currently 46 judges . Circuit court judges are elected by the General Assembly to staggered six - year terms . The South Carolina Court of Appeals is the state intermediate appellate court . It hears all Circuit Court and Family Court appeals , excepting appeals that are within the seven classes of exclusive Supreme Court jurisdiction . The Court of Appeals is selected by the General Assembly to staggered six - year terms . The court comprises a chief judge , and eight associate judges , and may hear cases as the whole court , or as three panels with three judges each . The court may preside in any county . The South Carolina Supreme Court is the state supreme court . The Chief Justice and four Associate Justices are elected to staggered ten - year terms . There are no limits on the number of terms a justice may serve , but there is a mandatory retirement age of 72 . The overwhelming majority of vacancies on the Court occur when Justices reach this age , not through the refusal of the General Assembly to elect a sitting Justice to another term . South Carolina constitution ( edit ) Main article : South Carolina Constitution South Carolina has had seven constitutions : 1776 -- SC 's first constitution 1778 -- Disestablished the Anglican Church , created a popularly elected upper house 1790 -- Expanded upcountry representation , further established General Assembly control over all aspects of government 1861 -- Confederate constitution 1865 -- Required to be readmitted to the Union , abolished property owning qualifications to vote , created popularly elected governor and granted veto power 1868 -- Only constitution to be ratified by popular vote , provided for public education , abolished property ownership as a qualification for office holding , created counties with home rule , abolished race as limit on male suffrage 1895 -- effectively disenfranchised black voters , requiring poll taxes , and literacy tests , to register to vote . In 1900 African Americans were 58 % of the state population . This exclusion of blacks from the political system was largely enforced until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which authorized federal oversight and enforcement of voter registration and elections to ensure citizens could exercise their constitutional rights . Since 1895 , many residents have called for a new Constitution , one that is not based on the politics of a post-Civil War population . Governor Mark Sanford called for constitutional reform in his 2008 State of the State speech . Several hundred amendments have been made to the 1895 Constitution ( in 1966 there were 330 amendments ) . Amendments have been created to comply with federal acts , and for many other issues . The volume of amendments makes South Carolina 's constitution one of the longest in the nation . Law enforcement agencies ( edit ) South Carolina Department of Public Safety South Carolina Highway Patrol Division South Carolina State Transport Police Division South Carolina Bureau of Protective Services South Carolina Criminal Justice Academy South Carolina Department of Corrections SC Department of Corrections Training Academy SC Department of Corrections Tactical Teams ( Rapid Response Team - S.O.R.T. - Sitcon ) SC Department of Juvenile Justice South Carolina Department of Probation , Parole and Pardon Services South Carolina State Law Enforcement Division ( SLED ) Homeland Security South Carolina Department of Natural Resources South Carolina Climatology Department Local government ( edit ) Historically , local governments in South Carolina have been fairly weak . The 1867 constitution established home rule for counties . This was changed under the 1895 Constitution , which made no provision for local government and effectively reduced counties to creatures of the state . Each county 's delegation to the General Assembly also doubled as its county council . Under this system , the state senator from each county exercised the most power . Reynolds v. Sims required reapportionment according to the principle of `` one man , one vote '' , which resulted in legislative districts crossing county lines . However , it was not until 1973 that the constitution was amended to provide for limited home rule at the county level . The Home Rule Act in 1975 implemented this . This law provided for elected councils in each county . Nonetheless , the legislature still devotes considerable time to local issues , and county legislative delegations still decide many matters that are handled at the county level in most other states . Municipal governments may incorporate as cities or towns . However , there is no legal difference between the two . Compared to cities in neighboring states , South Carolina cities are fairly small in size and population , since state law makes annexation difficult . Federal representation ( edit ) Like most Southern states , South Carolina consistently voted Democratic in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century as a part of the Solid South . The Democratic block was maintained due to disenfranchisement of most black voters since 1895 ; the Republican Party had been nearly destroyed . The Republican Party became competitive in the 1960 presidential election when Richard Nixon lost the state to John F. Kennedy by just two percentage points . In 1964 , Barry Goldwater became the first Republican to win the state since Reconstruction . Mid-20th century issues have led to major realignments of parties in the South , particularly following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 , supported by the National Democratic Party and providing for the protection of minority participation in the political system . Conservative whites have joined the Republicans , and African Americans have largely supported Democratic Party candidates . Since then , South Carolina has voted for a Republican in every presidential election from 1964 to 2012 , with the exception of 1976 when Jimmy Carter , from Georgia , won the state over Gerald Ford . John McCain won the state in 2008 with 54 % of the statewide vote over Barack Obama . Republicans now hold the governor 's office and all other statewide offices , control both chambers of legislature , and include both U.S. Senators , and six of seven members of the U.S. House of Representatives . Every presidential election year , the South Carolina primary is the first such primary in the South ; both the Republicans and Democrats consider it important . The primary is important to the Republicans because it is a conservative testing ground . The Democrats can gauge support of their candidates among the large proportion of African Americans who vote in that primary . From 1980 to 2008 the winner in the Republican primary has been chosen as the party nominee . US Senate ( edit ) The current South Carolina delegation to the U.S. Senate : Senator Party Since Lindsey Graham Republican January 3 , 2003 Tim Scott Republican January 2 , 2013 US House of Representatives ( edit ) South Carolina currently has seven representatives in Congress : District Representative Party Since U.S. Rep. District 1 Mark Sanford Republican May 7 , 2013 U.S. Rep. District 2 Joe Wilson Republican December 18 , 2001 U.S. Rep. District 3 Jeff Duncan Republican January 3 , 2011 U.S. Rep. District 4 Trey Gowdy Republican January 3 , 2011 U.S. Rep. District 5 Ralph Norman Republican June 26 , 2017 U.S. Rep. District 6 Jim Clyburn Democratic January 3 , 1993 U.S. Rep. District 7 Tom Rice Republican January 3 , 2013 A district map is found here . Further information : Political party strength in South Carolina Finances ( edit ) The state does not allow casino gambling , but it authorized the operation of video poker machines throughout the state . This yielded revenue of approximately $2 billion per year deposited into the state 's coffers . But , in 2000 the legislature banned video poker , requiring machines to be shut off and removed from the state by July 8 . Taxes ( edit ) The state 's personal income tax has a maximum marginal tax rate of 7 percent on taxable income of $13,351 and above . State sales tax revenues are used exclusively for education . South Carolina has a 6 % state sales tax , but when combined with local and county taxes , South Carolina has the second - highest sales tax in the United States next to California . In Charleston , South Carolina , the tax rates equals 10.5 % with state tax , county tax , local option tax , and the hospitality tax . Some items have different rates ; e.g. , the tax is 3 % on unprepared food items and 7 % on sleeping accommodation rentals . Individuals 85 or older get a one - percent exclusion from the general sales tax . Counties may impose an additional 1 % local option sales tax and other local sales taxes , and local governments may impose a local accommodations tax of up to 3 % . South Carolina imposes a casual excise tax of 5 % on the fair market value of all motor vehicles , motorcycles , boats , motors and airplanes transferred between individuals . The maximum casual excise tax is $300 . Property tax is administered and collected by local governments with assistance from the South Carolina Department of Revenue . Both real and personal property are subject to tax . Approximately two - thirds of county - levied property taxes are used for the support of public education . Municipalities levy a tax on property situated within the limits of the municipality for services provided by the municipality . The tax is paid by individuals , corporations and partnerships owning property within the state . Intangible personal property is exempt from taxation . There is no inheritance tax . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Charlie B. Tyler , `` The South Carolina Governance Project '' , Appendix 5 , University of South Carolina , 1998 , p. 221 Jump up ^ `` South Carolina SC -- Elected State Government Officials , E-mail Addresses '' . Sciway.net . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Historical Census Browser , 1900 US Census , University of Virginia Archived 2007 - 08 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The South Carolina Encyclopedia , Walter Edgar , University of South Carolina Press Jump up ^ Tyler ( 1998 ) , `` The South Carolina Governance Project '' ) , p. 222 Jump up ^ Tyler ( 1998 ) , `` The South Carolina Governance Project '' ) , p. 222 Jump up ^ Section 5 - 7 - 20 Archived 2009 - 04 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . of the South Carolina Code of Laws . `` The corporate name of every city or town incorporated under this title shall be ' the city of `` __________ '' ' or ' the town of `` __________ '' ' . '' Jump up ^ `` Video Poker Outlawed In South Carolina '' . Jump up ^ Statement by the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division regarding the change of Video Poker Machine Laws ( In PDF Format ) Jump up ^ South Carolina Personal income tax , Bankrate.com , February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sales and Use Tax Seminar Manual 2007 , South Carolina Department of Revenue , January 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : A General Guide To South Carolina Sales and Use Tax , South Carolina Department of Revenue , October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ South Carolina Inheritance and estate taxes , Bankrate.com , February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_government_and_politics&oldid=842886664 '' Categories : Government of South Carolina Politics of South Carolina Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the executive power in south carolina | [
"The South Carolina Constitution provides for the separate election of nine executive officers, making a limited cabinet. This is a large number of elective offices compared to most states, which generally give the governor the executive power to appoint members of the cabinet."
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"the governor"
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4583310742670395448 | Pacific Rim (film) | Pacific Rim ( film ) - wikipedia Pacific Rim ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Pacific Rim Theatrical release poster Directed by Guillermo del Toro Produced by Guillermo del Toro Thomas Tull Jon Jashni Mary Parent Screenplay by Travis Beacham Guillermo del Toro Story by Travis Beacham Starring Charlie Hunnam Idris Elba Rinko Kikuchi Charlie Day Rob Kazinsky Max Martini Ron Perlman Music by Ramin Djawadi Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by John Gilroy Peter Amundson Production companies Legendary Pictures DDY Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) ( Mexico City ) July 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 132 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $190 million Box office $411 million Pacific Rim is a 2013 American science fiction action film directed by Guillermo del Toro and starring Charlie Hunnam , Idris Elba , Rinko Kikuchi , Charlie Day , Burn Gorman , Robert Kazinsky , Max Martini , and Ron Perlman . The screenplay was written by Travis Beacham and del Toro from a story by Beacham . The film is set in the future , when Earth is at war with the Kaiju , colossal sea monsters which have emerged from an interdimensional portal on the bottom of the Pacific Ocean . To combat the monsters , humanity unites to create the Jaegers , gigantic humanoid mechas , each controlled by at least two pilots , whose minds are joined by a mental link . Focusing on the war 's later days , the story follows Raleigh Becket , a washed - up Jaeger pilot called out of retirement and teamed with rookie pilot Mako Mori as part of a last - ditch effort to defeat the Kaiju . Principal photography began on November 14 , 2011 , in Toronto and lasted through April 2012 . The film was produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. It was released on July 12 , 2013 , in 3D and IMAX 3D , receiving generally positive reviews ; the visual effects , action sequences , and nostalgic style were highly praised . While it underperformed at the box office in the United States , it was highly successful in other markets . It earned a worldwide total of more than $411 million -- $114 million in China alone , its largest market -- becoming Del Toro 's most commercially successful film to date . A sequel titled Pacific Rim Uprising , directed by Steven S. DeKnight and produced by Del Toro , with Kikuchi , Day , and Gorman reprising their roles , and Universal Pictures taking the film distribution , was released on March 23 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Principal photography 4.3 Design 4.4 Visual effects 5 Video game 6 Music 7 Marketing and promotion 8 Release 8.1 Box office 8.2 Critical response 8.3 Accolades 8.4 Home media 9 Sequel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In 2013 , huge alien sea monsters called Kaiju emerge from an interdimensional portal called the Breach at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean . Over the course of three years , the Kaiju wreak havoc upon coastal cities along the Ring of Fire , such as San Francisco , Cabo San Lucas , Sydney , Manila , and Hong Kong . Humanity responds by constructing massive robotic machines called Jaegers to combat the Kaiju threat . Each Jaeger is piloted by two or more people , who are connected by a neural bridge in a process called `` drifting '' to share the mental stress of piloting the machine . In 2020 , the Jaeger Gipsy Danger , piloted by brothers Raleigh and Yancy Beckett , defends Anchorage from the Kaiju named Knifehead . They both engage in combat , with Gipsy gaining the upper hand and defeating the Kaiju by blasting it with its plasma cannon . Unknown to them , the Kaiju is still alive . Knifehead then re-emerges , ambushes them , critically damages Gipsy Danger by severing its left arm , and throws Yancy out of the cockpit , killing him . Raleigh manages to pilot Gipsy alone , activating the remaining plasma cannon and finally killing Knifehead . Traumatized by Yancy 's death , Raleigh quits the Jaeger program . In 2025 , the world governments decide to end funding for the continuous construction of Jaegers , in favor of building massive coastal walls , as the Kaiju are growing more powerful , their attacks more frequent , and Jaegers are being destroyed faster than they are being built . The remaining four Jaegers are relocated to Hong Kong under the command of Marshal Stacker Pentecost , who plans to end the Kaiju War by destroying the Breach using a nuclear weapon . Pentecost tracks down Raleigh at a wall - construction site in Alaska and persuades him to rejoin the program . Traveling to the Hong Kong base , the Shatterdome , Raleigh is introduced to Mako Mori , director of the Jaeger restoration program and Pentecost 's adoptive daughter . Four Jaegers remain in operation -- the refurbished Gipsy Danger , the Russian Cherno Alpha , the Chinese Crimson Typhoon , and the Australian Striker Eureka that will carry the bomb , and piloted by father and son Herc and Chuck Hansen . To find a new co-pilot , Raleigh participates in tryouts , assuming Mako is `` drift - compatible '' , despite Pentecost 's protests . During their first drifting test , Raleigh is distracted by the memory of Yancy 's death . Mako , in turn , is lost in the memory of the Kaiju attack on Tokyo that orphaned her , and nearly fires Gipsy 's plasma cannon . Mako is promptly relieved of piloting duties , and Raleigh confronts Pentecost , the former Jaeger pilot who fought and killed the Kaiju that attacked Tokyo and adopted Mako after the battle , telling him that he is being overprotective of her . Pentecost consults Kaiju experts Newton Geiszler and Hermann Gottlieb . Hermann claims that the Breach will stabilize and the Kaiju will increase in number , but it will allow the assault to succeed , while Newton suggests drifting with a Kaiju 's brain to learn more about them . Newton goes ahead with his plan despite Hermann 's protests and discovers that the Kaiju are actually bioweapons grown by alien colonists , that live in the dimension on the other side of the breach called the Anteverse , who plan on wiping out humanity . With Pentecost 's permission , Newton searches for black market dealer Hannibal Chau , who sells body parts of dead Kaiju , to obtain a fresh Kaiju brain to drift with . However , he soon figures out that since drifting is a two - way link , the Kaiju hive mind gained access to his knowledge just as he did theirs . Soon after , two new Kaijus , Leatherback and Otachi , emerge simultaneously to find Newton . All Jaegers except Gipsy Danger are dispatched to intervene . Otachi destroys Crimson Typhoon , while Leatherback destroys Cherno Alpha and paralyzes Striker Eureka with an EMP blast . Out of options , Pentecost reluctantly allows Mako and Raleigh to pilot Gipsy Danger . Gipsy successfully kills Leatherback and Otachi , while almost destroying Hong Kong in the process . Examining Otachi 's body , Newton and Hannibal find out that it is pregnant . The infant Kaiju bursts out and devours Hannibal but soon dies from being strangled by its own umbilical cord . Newton and Hermann drift with the infant 's brain , discovering that the Breach can only open in the presence of a Kaiju 's DNA . As Herc was injured during the previous fight , Pentecost , who is dying from radiation sickness resulting from piloting a Jaeger built with a nuclear core before the implementation of radiation shielding , pilots Striker Eureka with Chuck . Along with Gipsy Danger , they approach the Breach . Three Kaijus emerge from the Breach to defend it , one being the largest ever encountered . The Jaegers kill one Kaiju and injure the others , but Striker is immobilized by the largest Kaiju . Pentecost and Chuck decide to detonate the bomb , as they are easily overwhelmed , depending on Gipsy 's nuclear reactor to seal the Breach . After the explosion leaves the largest Kaiju alive , Gipsy kills it and , considering Newton and Hermann 's discovery , rides its corpse into the Breach . As the Jaeger reaches the other side , Raleigh successfully overloads the reactor and ejects Mako and himself using escape pods . The reactor explodes , killing a few nearby alien creatures and destroying the Breach , while Raleigh and Mako 's escape pods surface in the Pacific Ocean . Herc , now the Marshal , orders the war clock to stop , indicating mankind 's victory , and Raleigh and Mako embrace as rescue helicopters arrive . In a mid-credits scene , Hannibal cuts his way out of the Kaiju infant , and looks for his lost shoe . Cast ( edit ) Top to bottom : Charlie Hunnam , Idris Elba , and Rinko Kikuchi star in the film as Raleigh Becket , Stacker Pentecost and Mako Mori respectively . Charlie Hunnam as Raleigh Becket : A washed - up former pilot called out of retirement by the Pan Pacific Defense Corps . On casting Hunnam , del Toro stated : `` I saw him and I thought he had an earnest , really honest nature . And he was the kind of guy that I can relate to , as a male audience member I go , ' I like that guy . I would like to have a few beers with that guy ' ... he has an earthy quality . '' Describing the character , Hunnam stated : `` When you meet me , in the beginning of the story , I 've suffered a giant loss . Not only has it killed my sense of self - worth , but also my will to fight and keep on going . And then , Rinko and Idris , and a couple other people , bring me out of retirement to try to help with this grand push . I think that journey is a very relatable one . Everybody , at some point in their life , has fallen down and not felt like getting back up , but you have to , no matter how difficult it is . '' Hunnam was also considered for the role of Prince Nuada in del Toro 's previous film , Hellboy II : The Golden Army . Paul Michael Wyers plays Raleigh as a child . Idris Elba as Marshal Stacker Pentecost : Raleigh 's commanding officer and former Jaeger pilot . On selecting Elba , del Toro stated : `` This is a movie where I have had to deal with more dialogue than ever , and the way I cast the movie was -- who do I want to hear say these things ? Who do I want Charlie Hunnam to go against ? Who can really tell Charlie Hunnam ' sit down and listen ' ? '' In another interview , the director said : `` I wanted to have Idris not be the blonde , square - jawed , Anglo , super hip marine that knows ( everything ) . I wanted somebody that could bring a lot of authority , but that you could feel the weight of the world on his shoulders . When I watched Luther , that 's the essence of the character ... Luther is carrying literally the evils of the world on his shoulders . He 's doing penance for all humanity ... Idris is one of those actors that is capable of embodying humanity , in almost like a Rodin sculpture - type , larger than life , almost like a Russian realism statue , you know , big hands , all the turmoil of humanity in his eyes . I wanted somebody that you could have doubts internally , and very few guys can do that . '' To prepare for the role , Elba watched footage of politicians David Cameron and Barack Obama , as well as Russell Crowe in Gladiator and Mel Gibson in Braveheart . Del Toro initially offered the role to Tom Cruise , who declined because of scheduling conflicts . Rinko Kikuchi as Mako Mori : Raleigh 's co-pilot who lost her family in a Kaiju attack and was adopted by Pentecost . Though Mori possesses a strength and fury that should serve well against the Kaiju , Pentecost is reluctant to use her , partly because of a fatherly bond and partly because he knows she is still fighting the terror of her childhood . Del Toro stated : `` I was very careful how I built the movie . One of the other things I decided was that I wanted a female lead who has the equal force as the male leads . She 's not going to be a sex kitten , she 's not going to come out in cutoff shorts and a tank top , and it 's going to be a real earnestly drawn character . '' Noting that the other actors were exhausted and `` destroyed physically '' by filming in the intensive Jaeger cockpit harnesses , del Toro said : `` The only one that did n't break was Rinko Kikuchi , the girl . She never complained ... I asked Rinko her secret and she said ' I think of gummi bears and flowers . ' I try to do that in my life now . '' Mana Ashida plays Mako as a child . Charlie Day as Dr. Newt Geiszler : A scientist studying the Kaiju . Day stated : `` Certainly myself and Burn Gorman provide a little bit of much needed levity , it 's a break from the monsters and the guys fighting . But then the character gets thrust into the story in a way that his life is seriously at risk and it becomes a little more action oriented and a little more horror movie-esque . So , he kinda bounces back between being humorous and also being real ... the rest of these guys , they look really good in their suits and they 've got abs , they can kick and fight and punch . Newt is sort of the ' everyman ' and he 's flawed and he 's arrogant . '' Del Toro gave Geiszler the mentality of a celebrity chef , with tattoos and a `` big personality '' . According to the director , Day was cast based on his performance in an episode of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia : `` He comes out with a stick , and he has a monologue about what it is to hunt the rats in the basement . It was very funny , but he was coming from character . He was not doing big stuff , he was , like , really mourning and lamenting his job , you know , how inhuman it is . And I thought , ' This guy is great at shading and comedy . ' There are moments in the movie where he delivers them both . '' Trek Buccino portrays Newt as a child . Burn Gorman as Dr. Hermann Gottlieb : A scientist studying the Kaiju alongside Geiszler . According to del Toro , Gottlieb is a `` tweed - wearing , English , phlegmatic introvert that never leaves the lab '' . The modest Gottlieb resents Geiszler 's arrogance and radical behavior ; the duo echo the film 's theme of incompatible people functioning together when the time comes . Drew Adkins portrays Gottlieb as a child . Ron Perlman as Hannibal Chau : A black marketeer who makes a living dealing Kaiju organs . Perlman stated , `` I actually think this character was designed to be played by another ethnicity other than myself . And somewhere along the way , ( del Toro ) had the notion , ' Would n't it be interesting to turn this guy into more of an invention . ' So , in other words , somebody takes on a persona that completely sounds like he 's someone else and acts like he 's someone else but he 's really , you know , as you see me . That added a dimension to the larger - than - life aspect of the character ... I 'm playing somebody very close to my own origins . But a completely made - up persona ... which makes him even more full of shit . And I think that 's the charm of the guy -- that he 's kind of elusive , hard to pin down . '' Pacific Rim marks Perlman 's fifth appearance in a del Toro film . The director stated : `` I think the moment you have a guy that is called Hannibal Chau and Ron shows up , and he 's from Brooklyn and he 's been selling black market organs , you know the whole story ... That 's all I need to know . If it 's any other actor , there 's a lot more explaining to do . But when Ron comes in with that look , you can make your own story and it 'll be as compelling as anything I can invent . You do a little weightlifting with the audience . '' The bird tattoos on Chau 's fingers indicate his past as a gangster . In the film , Chau states he took the name from his favorite historical figure and his second - favorite Szechuan restaurant in Brooklyn . Del Toro drew inspiration from Burt Lancaster 's performance in Elmer Gantry when writing the character . Max Martini as Hercules `` Herc '' Hansen : Chuck 's father and co-pilot . Kazinsky stated Martini hated the fact that he was cast as Chuck 's father , being only 13 years Kazinsky 's senior . However , Kazinsky said they developed a bond while filming , `` Because we were working so tight together , we would finish and then we would go out for dinner every night and we would go to the gym together on days off we had ... The emotional scene toward the end with the father - son parting , it was very easy for me to play because I had grown to actually genuinely love Max as a man and as a friend . '' Kazinsky revealed that Herc and Chuck 's pet bulldog was del Toro 's idea and said , `` The dog 's name was Max , ironically , and we ended up using Max for so many things . The story was that Herc and Chuck have difficulty communicating , that they communicated via the dog , and all the love that they could n't show each other they would show the dog . '' The role was originally written for Ron Perlman , but del Toro decided the scenes between Perlman 's Herc and Hunnam 's Raleigh `` might start to feel like Sons of Anarchy 2.0 '' . Robert Kazinsky as Chuck Hansen : An Australian Jaeger pilot considered the finest soldier left in the Resistance . He and his father Herc pilot Striker Eureka , `` the strongest and the fastest '' Jaeger with eleven Kaiju kills , and make up the Resistance 's `` go - to team '' . Kazinsky , a fan of science - fiction , was initially drawn by the film 's concept , `` My immediate reaction was ' Holy crap , that 's cool . ' In the hands of somebody else , you might sit there and go , ' Well , this might be terrible , ' but with del Toro doing it , you kind of go , ' This is going to be amazing . ' '' . Reflecting on his experience in the film , Kazinsky said in an interview , `` The most fun I have ever had in my entire life was Pacific Rim , playing Chuck was incredibly fun . '' Clifton Collins , Jr. as Ops Tendo Choi : A Chinese - American Jaeger technician . Collins described his character as the `` brains '' behind the Jaegers . Diego Klattenhoff as Yancy Beckett : Raleigh 's older brother and co-pilot . Klattenhoff joined the project to work with del Toro . Describing his character , Klattentoff stated : `` This is a guy who is looking out for his very eager , younger brother and they were enabled with this gift that gave them the opportunity to kind of save the world . Or help , at least . '' Tyler Stevenson plays Yancy as a child . Ellen McLain as the voice of Gipsy AI : The Gipsy Danger 's artificial intelligence system . Del Toro secured permission from Valve Corporation to cast McLain in homage to GLaDOS , her homicidal AI character in the Portal video games . The director stated : `` It was clear to me that we needed something beautiful in that voice . My daughter is my wingman , we had done co-op on Portal 2 for a long time and I did Portal 1 when it came out . It becomes ingrained in you , that voice . I did n't want to use her as a negative force of evil . I called Valve and asked ' Can you give us the filter ? ' so we went full GLaDOS for the first commercial , but I thought it was too much . If you 're a gamer , it 's too distracting so we created our own GLaDOS 2.0 filter that 's a little less full - on . '' Additional Jaeger pilots include Charles Luu , Lance Luu and Mark Luu as the Wei Tang triplets ( China ) , and Robert Maillet and Heather Doerksen as Sasha and Aleksis Kaidanovsky ( Russia ) . Joe Pingue portrays Captain Merrit , the captain of a fishing boat caught in a battle between Jaeger and Kaiju . Santiago Segura plays an aide to Hannibal Chau . Brad William Henke and Larry Joe Campbell portray members of an Alaskan construction team that Raleigh joins after retiring from the Pan Pacific Defense Corps . Robin Thomas , Julian Barnes , and David Richmond - Peck portray U.N. representatives from the United States , Great Britain , and Canada , respectively . Sebastian Pigott appears as a Jaeger engineer and Joshua Peace appears as an officer , Jonathan Foxon appears as a frantic civilian . David Fox plays an old man on a beach , while Jane Watson portrays Raleigh and Yancy 's mother in a flashback sequence . Producer Thomas Tull makes a cameo appearance . Themes ( edit ) In the film , a Jaeger 's neural load is too much for a single pilot to handle alone , meaning they must first be psychically linked to another pilot -- a concept called `` drifting '' . When pilots drift , they quickly gain intimate knowledge of each other 's memories and feelings , and have no choice but to accept them ; del Toro found this concept 's dramatic potential compelling . The director expressed his intention that the empathy metaphors extend to real life : The pilots ' smaller stories actually make a bigger point , which is that we 're all together in the same robot ( in life ) ... Either we get along or we die . I did n't want this to be a recruitment ad or anything jingoistic . The idea of the movie is just for us to trust each other , to cross over barriers of color , sex , beliefs , whatever , and just stick together . Del Toro acknowledged this message 's simplicity , but said he would have liked to have seen adventure films with similar morals when he was a child . The film 's ten primary characters all have `` little arcs '' conducive to this idea ; del Toro stated : `` I think that 's a great message to give kids ... ' That guy you were beating the shit out of ten minutes ago ? That 's the guy you have to work with five minutes later . ' That 's life ... We can only be complete when we work together . '' The director noted that Hellboy and The Devil 's Backbone told the same message , though the latter conveyed it in a very different way . The film centers on the relationship between Becket and Mori , but is not a love story in a conventional sense . Both are deeply damaged human beings who have decided to suppress their respective traumas . While learning to pilot their Jaeger , they undergo a process of `` opening up '' , gaining access to each other 's thoughts , memories and secrets . Their relationship is necessarily one of respect and `` perfect trust '' . Hunnam commented that the film is `` a love story without a love story . It 's about all of the necessary elements of love without arriving at love itself '' . Both Becket and Mori have suffered profound personal tragedies ; one of the script 's central ideas is that two damaged people can metaphorically `` become one '' , with their figurative missing pieces connecting almost like a puzzle . Del Toro emphasized the characters ' emotional intimacy by filming their training fight scene the way he would a sex scene . Del Toro , a self - described pacifist , avoided what he termed `` car commercial aesthetics '' or `` army recruitment video aesthetics '' , and gave the characters Western ranks including `` marshal '' and `` ranger '' rather than military ranks such as `` captain '' , `` major '' or `` general '' . The director stated : `` I avoided making any kind of message that says war is good . We have enough firepower in the world . '' Del Toro wanted to break from the mass death and destruction featured in contemporary blockbuster films , and made a point of showing the streets and buildings being evacuated before Kaiju attacks , ensuring that the destruction depicted is `` completely remorseless '' . The director stated : I do n't want people being crushed . I want the joy that I used to get seeing Godzilla toss a tank without having to think there are guys in the tank ... What I think is you could do nothing but echo the moment you 're in . There is a global anxiety about how fragile the status quo is and the safety of citizens , but in my mind -- honestly -- this film is in another realm . There is no correlation to the real world . There is no fear of a copycat Kaiju attack because a Kaiju saw it on the news and said , `` I 'm going to destroy Seattle . '' In my case , I 'm picking up a tradition . One that started right after World War II and was a coping mechanism , in a way , for Japan to heal the wounds of that war . And it 's integral for a Kaiju to rampage in the city . Writing for the Los Angeles Review of Books , Wai Chee Dimock connected the film 's central theme of togetherness to its recurring image of missing shoes , stating the `` utopian dream '' driving the characters is that puny humans like us could be `` together '' -- not only in the specific neural melding that must take place between the two Jaeger co-pilots but also , more generally speaking , in a fractal web of resemblance , filling the world with copies of ourselves at varying orders of magnitude and with varying degrees of re-expression , beginning with the shoes on our feet . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In February 2006 , it was reported that Guillermo del Toro would direct Travis Beacham 's fantasy screenplay , Killing on Carnival Row , but the project never materialized . Beacham conceived Pacific Rim the following year . While walking on the beach near Santa Monica Pier , the screenwriter imagined a giant robot and a giant monster fighting to the death . `` They just sort of materialized out of the fog , these vast , godlike things . '' He later conceived the idea that each robot had two pilots , asking `` what happens when one of those people dies ? '' Deciding this would be `` a story about loss , moving on after loss , and dealing with survivor 's guilt '' , Beacham commenced writing the film . On May 28 , 2010 , it was reported that Legendary Pictures had purchased Beacham 's detailed 25 - page film treatment , now titled Pacific Rim . On July 28 , 2010 , it was reported that del Toro would next direct an adaptation of H.P. Lovecraft 's At the Mountains of Madness for Universal Studios , with James Cameron producing . When del Toro met with Legendary Pictures to discuss the possibility of collaborating with them on a film , he was intrigued by Beacham 's treatment -- still a `` very small pitch '' at this point . Del Toro struck a deal with Legendary : while directing At the Mountains of Madness , he would produce and co-write Pacific Rim ; because of the films ' conflicting production schedules , he would direct Pacific Rim only if At the Mountains of Madness were cancelled . Tom Cruise was attached to star in the Lovecraft adaptation . On March 7 , 2011 , it was reported that Universal would not proceed with At the Mountains of Madness because del Toro was unwilling to compromise on the $150 million budget and R rating . The director later reflected , `` When it happened , this has never happened to me , but I actually cried that weekend a lot . I do n't want to sound like a puny soul , but I really was devastated . I was weeping for the movie . '' The project collapsed on a Friday , and del Toro signed to direct Pacific Rim the following Monday . Del Toro spent a year working with Beacham on the screenplay , and is credited as co-writer . He introduced ideas he had always wished to see in the genre , such as a Kaiju birth and a Kaiju attack seen from a child 's perspective . The script also received an uncredited rewrite from Neil Cross , who previously created the Idris Elba - starring drama series Luther and wrote the del Toro - produced horror film Mama . Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan were enlisted to perform uncredited rewrites when their spec script Monstropolis caught the filmmaker 's attention . Drew Pearce also carried out uncredited work on the script . Principal photography ( edit ) Filming began on November 14 , 2011 , and continued in Toronto into April 2012 . Del Toro gave an update after the second week on filming finished . The film was referred to as Silent Seas and Still Seas during production . Del Toro had never shot a film in less than 115 days , but had only 103 to shoot Pacific Rim . In order to achieve this , del Toro scheduled a splinter unit that he could direct early in the day , before main unit , and on his off - days . The director worked 17 to 18 hours a day , seven days a week , for much of the schedule . Del Toro took a new approach to directing actors , allowing `` looser '' movements and improvisation ; the director maintained tight control over the production : `` Everything , 100 % goes through me sooner or later . I do not delegate anything . Some people like it , some people do n't , but it has to be done that way . '' The film was shot using Red Epic cameras . At first Guillermo del Toro decided not to shoot or convert the film to 3D , as the effect would not work due to the sheer size of the film 's robots and monsters , explaining I did n't want to make the movie 3D because when you have things that big ... the thing that happens naturally , you 're looking at two buildings lets say at 300 feet ( away ) , if you move there is no parallax . They 're so big that , in 3D , you barely notice anything no matter how fast you move ... To force the 3D effects for robots and monsters that are supposed to be big you are making their ( perspective ) miniaturized , making them human scale . It was later announced that the film would be converted to 3D , with the conversion taking 40 weeks longer than most . Del Toro said : `` What can I tell you ? I changed my mind . I 'm not running for office . I can do a Romney . '' Del Toro cut approximately an hour of material from the film . The unused footage explored the characters and their arcs in greater detail , but the director felt it was necessary to strike a balance , stating : `` We can not pretend this is Ibsen with monsters and giant robots . I can not pretend I 'm doing a profound reflection on mankind . '' Each character 's arc was edited down to its minimal requirements . The director wanted to keep the film around two hours , particularly for younger viewers . Alejandro González Iñárritu and Alfonso Cuarón helped with the editing ; Iñárritu removed ten minutes of footage , while Cuarón removed `` a few minutes '' and rearranged several scenes . Iñárritu and Cuarón receive a `` special thanks '' in the film 's end credits , as do James Cameron and David Cronenberg . Design ( edit ) Del Toro drew inspiration from Francisco Goya 's The Colossus , and hoped to evoke the same `` sense of awe '' with the film 's battles . Del Toro envisioned Pacific Rim as an earnest , colorful adventure story , with an `` incredibly airy and light feel '' , in contrast to the `` super-brooding , super-dark , cynical summer movie '' . The director focused on `` big , beautiful , sophisticated visuals '' and action that would satisfy an adult audience , but has stated his `` real hope '' is to introduce the Kaiju and mecha genres to a generation of children . While the film draws heavily on these genres , it avoids direct references to previous works . Del Toro intended to create something original but `` madly in love '' with its influences , instilled with `` epic beauty '' and `` operatic grandeur '' . The end credits dedicate the film to Ray Harryhausen and Ishirō Honda , who helped to establish the giant monster genre with films such as The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms and Godzilla , respectively . The film was to honor the Kaiju and mecha genres while creating an original stand - alone film , something `` conscious of the heritage , but not a pastiche or an homage or a greatest hits of everything '' . The director made a point of starting from scratch , without emulating or referencing any previous examples of those genres . He cautioned his designers not to turn to films like Gamera , Godzilla , or The War of the Gargantuas for inspiration , stating : `` I did n't want to be postmodern , or referential , or just belong to a genre . I really wanted to create something new , something madly in love with those things . I tried to bring epic beauty to it , and drama and operatic grandeur . '' Rather than popular culture , he drew inspiration from works of art such as The Colossus and George Bellows 's boxing paintings . The film 's designers include Wayne Barlowe , Oscar Chichoni , monster sculptors David Meng and Simon Lee , and Hellboy II and The Hobbit designer Francisco Ruiz Velasco . Del Toro has acknowledged that some designs created for his cancelled At the Mountains of Madness adaptation may have been used in Pacific Rim . Approximately one hundred Kaiju and one hundred Jaegers were designed , but only a fraction of these appear in the film ; every week the filmmakers would `` do an American Idol '' and vote for the best . In designing Kaiju , the film 's artists frequently drew inspiration from nature rather than other works . The director commented : `` Kaijus are essentially outlandish in a way , but on the other hand they come sort of in families : you 've got the reptilian Kaiju , the insect Kaiju , the sort of crustacean Kaiju ... So to take an outlandish design and then render it with an attention to real animal anatomy and detail is interesting . '' Del Toro avoided making the Kaiju too similar to any Earth creatures , instead opting to make them otherworldly and alien . Del Toro called the film 's Kaiju `` weapons '' , stating that they are `` the cleaning crew , the cats sent into the warehouse to clean out the mice . '' Certain design elements are shared by all the Kaiju ; this is intended to suggest that they are connected and were designed for a similar purpose . Each Kaiju was given a vaguely humanoid silhouette to echo the man - in - suit aesthetic of early Japanese Kaiju films . While del Toro 's other films feature ancient or damaged monsters , the Kaiju lack scars or any evidence of prior culture , indicating that they are engineered creations rather than the result of an evolutionary system . Knifehead , the first Kaiju to appear in the film , is a tribute to the plodding kaiju of 1960s Japanese films , and is intended to look almost like a man in a rubber suit ; its head was inspired by that of a goblin shark . Leatherback , the bouncer - like Kaiju which spews electro - magnetic charges , is a favorite of del Toro , who conceived it as a `` brawler with this sort of beer belly '' ; the lumbering movements of gorillas were used as a reference . The Kaiju Otachi homages the dragons of Chinese mythology . The director called it a `` Swiss army knife of a Kaiju '' ; with almost 20 minutes of screen time , it was given numerous features so the audience would not tire of it . The creature moves like a Komodo dragon in water , sports multiple jaws and an acid - filled neck sack , and unfurls wings when necessary . It is also more intelligent than the other Kaiju , employing eagle - inspired strategies against the Jaegers . Onibaba , the Kaiju that orphans Mako Mori , resembles a fusion of a Japanese temple and a crustacean . Slattern , the largest Kaiju , is distinguished by its extremely long neck and `` half - horn , half - crown '' head , which del Toro considered both demonic and majestic . Gipsy Danger , the American Jaeger , was based on the shape of New York City 's Art Deco buildings , such as the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building , but infused with John Wayne 's gunslinger gait and hip movements . Cherno Alpha , the Russian Jaeger , was based on the shape and paint patterns of a T - series Russian tank , combined with a giant containment silo to give the appearance of a walking nuclear power plant with a cooling tower on its head . Crimson Typhoon , the three - armed Chinese Jaeger , is piloted by triplets and resembles a `` medieval little warrior '' ; its texture evokes Chinese lacquered wood with golden edges . Striker Eureka , the Australian Jaeger , is likened by del Toro to a Land Rover ; the most elegant and masculine Jaeger , it has a jutting chest , a camouflage paint scheme recalling the Australian outback , and the bravado of its pilots . The film 's costumes were designed by Shane Mahan and Kate Hawley , who spent several months on the costumes of the Jaeger pilots . The Russian pilot suits are old - fashioned and echo cosmonaut space suits . Visual effects ( edit ) Industrial Light & Magic was chosen to create the visual effects for Pacific Rim . Del Toro hired Oscar winners John Knoll and Hal T. Hickel , both known for their work on the Star Wars prequel trilogy and the Pirates of the Caribbean films . Legacy Effects co-owner Shane Mahan , known for creating the armored suits for Iron Man , was tasked with building the suits , helmets and conn - pods . Oscar winner Clay Pinney , known for his work on Independence Day and Star Trek , was also brought on board . Hybride Technologies , a division of Ubisoft , and Rodeo FX also contributed to the visual effects . Del Toro used classic art such as Hokusai 's The Great Wave off Kanagawa as a reference for the film 's ocean battles . Del Toro conceived the film as an operatic work : That was one of the first words I said to the entire team at ILM . I said , `` This movie needs to be theatrical , operatic , romantic . '' We used a lot of words not usually associated with high - tech blockbusters ... We went for a very , very , very , very saturated color palette for the battle for Hong Kong . I kept asking John to tap into his inner Mexican and be able to saturate the greens and the purples and the pinks and the oranges . The classic Japanese woodblock print The Great Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai was a common motif in the ocean battles ; Del Toro recalled , `` I would say ' Give me a Hokusai wave ' ... we use the waves and weather in the movie very operatically . '' The director asked that Knoll not necessarily match the lighting from shot to shot : `` It 's pretty unorthodox to do that , but I think the results are really beautiful and very artistically free and powerful , not something you would associate with a big sci - fi action movie . '' Del Toro considers the film 's digital water its most exciting visual effect : `` The water dynamics in this movie are technically beautiful , but also artistically incredibly expressive . We agreed on making the water become almost another character . We would time the water very precisely . I 'd say ' Get out of the wave ( on this frame ) . ' '' The film also features extensive miniature effect shots provided by 32TEN Studios , under the supervision of ILM VFX Producer Susan Greenhow and ILM VFX Supervisors John Knoll and Lindy DeQuattro . Shot using RED Epic cameras on 3D rigs , the scenes produced by 32TEN involved the creation of a quarter - scale office building interior which was destroyed by the fist of a Jaeger robot which was on a separate pneumatically controlled rig , as well as a sequence which depicted several rows of seats in a soccer stadium being blown apart as a Jaeger lands in the stadium , which was created by using quarter - scale seats blown apart by air cannons . Additionally 32TEN provided several practical elements for ILM 's compositing team including dust clouds , breaking glass and water effects . Video game ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Rim ( video game ) A single - player fighting video game based on the film was announced by the Australian Classification Board for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 . Published and developed by Yuke 's , Pacific Rim : The Video Game was released along with the film on July 12 , 2013 . The game received generally negative reviews . Reliance Games developed a Pacific Rim tie - in game for smartphone platforms , such as iOS and Android devices ; this version also received negative reviews . Music ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Rim ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi is the composer of the Pacific Rim score . The film 's score was composed by Ramin Djawadi . Del Toro selected Djawadi based on his works on Prison Break , Iron Man , and Game of Thrones , stating : `` His scores have a grandeur , but they have also an incredible sort of human soul . '' The director also stated that some Russian rap would be featured in the film . The soundtrack was released on digital download from Amazon on June 18 , 2013 , and CD on June 25 , 2013 . The physical version of the soundtrack was released on July 9 , 2013 , by WaterTower Music , three days before the theatrical release of the film itself . Guest musicians Tom Morello and Priscilla Ahn also feature as soloists on the score . Two songs appear in the film which are not included on the soundtrack are `` Just Like Your Tenderness '' by Luo Xiaoxuan , and the ending theme `` Drift '' , performed by Blake Perlman featuring Rza . The OST received mostly positive reviews . The Action Elite rated the album with a perfect five stars , the Empire gave four , while MSN and Filmtracks also gave the soundtrack four out of five stars . On July 27 , 2013 , the soundtrack was appeared at peak position number 7 on `` US Billboard Top Soundtracks . '' Marketing and promotion ( edit ) On November 28 , 2012 , the official film website premiered alongside two viral videos -- one depicting the initial Kaiju attack as captured by a handheld camera . Blueprints depicting the designs for the Jaeger machines were also released online . On June 5 , 2013 , the graphic novel Pacific Rim : Tales from Year Zero was released . Written by Travis Beacham and featuring cover art by Alex Ross , Tales from Year Zero serves as an introductory prologue to the film , and is set twelve years before its events . On June 18 , Insight Editions published Pacific Rim : Man , Machines , and Monsters , an art book written by David S. Cohen . The book chronicles the film 's production with concept art , photography , the cast and crew 's accounts of the shoot , and a foreword by del Toro . On July 2 , a viral video was released in which Ron Perlman 's character , Hannibal Chau , advertises his fictional Kaiju organ dealership , Kaiju Remedies . On the day of the film 's release , July 12 , 2013 , another viral video was released to promote the film . It involved the collaboration of the film studio ( including del Toro himself ) and the YouTube network Polaris ( also known as The Game Station ) . It featured members of the YouTube network ( such as the Game Grumps ) as Jaeger pilots fighting Kaiju . On July 16 , a novelization by Alex Irvine was released . NECA began selling action figures of the film 's Kaiju and Jaegers . Release ( edit ) Pacific Rim was initially expected to reach theaters in July 2012 . However , Warner Bros. decided to postpone the film 's release date to May 10 , 2013 . In March 2012 , it was announced that the film would be released on July 12 , 2013 . The film premiered in Mexico City on July 1 , 2013 . Box Office ( edit ) Pacific Rim grossed $101.8 million in North America , and has had a favorable international release , grossing $309.2 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $411,002,906 . The film grossed $3.6 million from Thursday night showings , 23 percent of which came from IMAX showings . It then faced competition from Grown Ups 2 and ultimately fell behind it on opening day , earning $14.6 million . The film reached the # 3 spot during the opening weekend with $37.2 million , behind Despicable Me 2 and Grown Ups 2 . This is the highest - ever opening for a film by del Toro , surpassing Hellboy II : The Golden Army . Around 50 percent of tickets were in 3D , which makes it the second - highest 3D share of 2013 , behind Gravity . During its second weekend , the film dropped a steep 57 % with a gross of $16 million , and during its third weekend , had dropped a further 52 % with a gross of $7.7 million . On July 22 , 2013 , it was reported that the film had reached # 1 at the international box office over the weekend . The film had a successful opening in China , grossing $45.2 million , until overtaken by The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies the largest opening in China for a Warner Bros. title , and the sixth - largest Chinese debut of all time for any Hollywood film . On August 19 , 2013 , its gross crossed $100 million in China alone , becoming the sixth - highest - grossing American film ever in China . It grossed a total of $114.3 million in the country , making China the largest market for the film . In Japan , the film landed in the fifth position on opening weekend , with an initial earning of $3 million ( behind World War Z 's gross of $3.4 million ) . In September 2013 , Forbes highlighted Pacific Rim as `` the rare English - language film in history to cross $400 million while barely crossing $100 million domestic '' . Critical response ( edit ) Pacific Rim received generally positive reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Metacritic gives a rating of 65 out of 100 based on reviews from 48 critics , which indicates `` generally favorable reviews '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 71 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 based on 269 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` It may sport more style than substance , but Pacific Rim is a solid modern creature feature bolstered by fantastical imagery and an irresistible sense of fun . '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin awarded the film five stars out of five , likening the experience of watching it to rediscovering a favorite childhood cartoon . He praised del Toro for investing his own affection for the genre and sense of artistry into the project in such a way that the viewer found themselves immersed in the film rather than watching from afar , noting the director had catered to younger and older audiences alike and expressed surprise that the film could rise above the sum of its parts . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review , describing the film as the sum of the potential every monster film had ever tried to fulfill . Lou Lumenick of The New York Post gave the film four stars out of four , and said it had `` no shortage of brains , brawn , eye candy , wit and even some poetry '' , praising the `` clean and coherent '' action sequences and the `` terrific chemistry '' between Hunnam and Kikuchi . Drew McWeeny of HitFix highlighted other aspects of the film , paying particular attention to the production and art design . He also praised the cinematography for `` perfectly capturing '' the film , and described the score as `` ridiculously cool '' . Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers called the film `` the work of a humanist ready to banish cynicism for compassion '' , saying that del Toro `` drives the action with a heartbeat '' . Keith Uhlich of Time Out called the film `` pure , pleasurable comic - book absurdity '' , and noted that del Toro had lent the proceedings a `` plausible humanity '' lacking in most of summer 2013 's destruction - heavy blockbusters . He said the Kaijus ' civilian victims make a `` palpably personal impression '' , deeming one scene with Mako Mori `` as mythically moving as anything in the mecha anime , like Neon Genesis Evangelion , that the director emulates with expert aplomb . '' The Village Voice 's Stephanie Zacharek called it `` summer entertainment with a pulse '' , praising its `` dumbly brilliant '' action and freedom from elitism , but noted the story is predictable and suggested del Toro 's time would be better spent on more visionary films . Angela Watercutter of Wired called it the `` most awesome movie of the summer '' , a `` fist - pumping , awe - inspiring ride '' , and opined that its focus on spectacle rather than characterization `` simply does not matter '' in the summer blockbuster context . Richard Roeper gave the film a B , commenting that either the Jaegers or Kaiju `` can take down any of the Transformers . '' Leonard Maltin gave the film two - and - a-half out of four stars , calling it `` three - quarters of a really good movie that does n't know when to quit . '' The Guardian 's Andrew Pulver was less enthusiastic , calling the film a mix of `` wafer - thin psychodrama '' and `` plot - generator dialogue '' . Time 's Richard Corliss said the action was let down by `` inert '' drama , describing the film as `` 45 minutes of awesome encased in 90 minutes of yawnsome . '' Justin Chang of Variety criticized it as loud and lacking the nuance and subtlety of del Toro 's previous films . The New Yorker 's Anthony Lane 's verdict read as `` It is possible to applaud Pacific Rim for the efficacy of its business model while deploring the tale that has been engendered -- long , loud , dark , and very wet . You might as well watch the birth of an elephant . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mike LaSalle reacted extremely negatively by stating `` If this is the best we can do in terms of movies -- if something like this can speak to the soul of audiences -- maybe we should just turn over the cameras and the equipment to the alien dinosaurs and see what they come up with ... Director Guillermo del Toro , who gave us Pan 's Labyrinth not too many years ago , used to be known as an artistic and discerning filmmaker , despite his affection for blockbuster action and grotesqueness . But too often he gets lost in his computer ... Why go to the movies to look at somebody else 's computer after looking at your own all week ? ... The actors ca n't make Pacific Rim any better . They can only relieve some of the pain . '' Slant Magazine 's Ed Gonzalez , who said the film lacked poignancy , compared it to a video game : `` a stylish but programmatic ride toward an inevitable final boss battle '' . The Wrap 's Alonso Duralde criticized the choice to set most battles at night or during the rain , feeling it detracted from the action , and said the comic relief actors -- Day , Gorman , and Perlman -- stole the film from the less interesting leads . Jordan Hoffman of Film.com identified Hunnam as the weak link in the cast , calling him a `` charisma black hole '' . Giles Hardie of The Sydney Morning Herald was particularly critical of the film , awarding the action sequences `` five IQ points out of five '' as he described the film as an hour and twenty minutes of fight sequences vaguely connected by ten minutes of story . Director Rian Johnson praised the film , as did Japanese game director Hideo Kojima , who called it the `` ultimate otaku film '' and stated he `` never imagined ( he ) would be fortunate enough to see a film like this in ( his ) life '' . Go Nagai , who pioneered the idea of mecha piloted from an interior cockpit , praised the film 's fun and intense action , while game developer Fumito Ueda said its battle scenes surpassed memories of the tokusatsu films he saw as an impressionable child . Science fiction author William Gibson called the film `` A ravishing display of intelligent , often wonderfully witty visual design , every frame alive with coherent language , in the service of what is at heart a children 's story ... A baroque that does n't curdle , that never fetishizes itself . '' The inclusion of only one female character of note resulted in Pacific Rim not passing the Bechdel test . This became a topic of discussion in the media and on the Internet . Opinions were divided between those pointing to the film as an example of Hollywood 's practice of ostracizing women , and those noting that the film did not sexually objectify Mako Mori and gave her a narrative arc not revolving around a man . Accolades ( edit ) Award Winner / Nominee Result ABFF Hollywood Awards Artist of the Year Idris Elba ( also for Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom and Thor : The Dark World ) Nominated Annie Award Outstanding Achievement , Animated Effects in a Live Action Production Won Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Award Best Visual Effects Nominated Denver Film Critics Society Best Science Fiction / Horror Film Nominated Empire Awards Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Hollywood Film Awards Best Visual Effects John Knoll Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Horror / Sci - Fi Film Won Saturn Award Best Science Fiction Film Nominated Best Director Guillermo del Toro Nominated Best Production Design Andrew Neskoromny and Carol Spier Nominated Best Editing Peter Amundson and John Gilroy Nominated Best Special Effects John Knoll , James E. Price , Clay Pinney and Rocco Larizza Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Visual Special Effects John Knoll Nominated Teen Choice Awards Summer Movie Action Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture John Knoll , Susan Greenhow , Chris Raimo , Hal Hickel Nominated Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Jakub Pistecky , Frank Gravatt , Cyrus Jam , Chris Havreberg for Kaiju - Leatherback Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Johan Thorngren , Jeremy Bloch , David Meny , Polly Ing for `` Virtual Hong Kong '' Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Colin Benoit , Nick Walker , Adam Schnitzer , Victor Schutz for `` Hong Kong Ocean Brawl '' Nominated Outstanding Models in a Feature Motion Picture David Fogler , Alex Jaeger , Aaron Wilson , David Behrens Nominated Home media ( edit ) Pacific Rim became available for download on the iTunes Store and Vudu on October 1 , 2013 . The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc in the US on October 15 , 2013 , and in the UK and other countries on November 25 , 2013 . A collector 's edition was also available on the same date . To help promote the home media release , Bryan Harley and Roque Rodriguez of Fresno , California , produced a `` sweded '' version of the film 's Gipsy Danger vs. Otachi battle scene , after del Toro was impressed by the duo 's `` sweded '' trailer released on YouTube in March 2013 . As of March 2014 , Pacific Rim has sold 961,845 DVDs along with 1,427,692 Blu - ray Discs in the United States for $10,045,530 and $24,634,992 in revenue , respectively , for a total of $37,079,122 . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Rim Uprising A sequel titled Pacific Rim Uprising was released on March 23 , 2018 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The name of the monsters comes from the Japanese word kaijū ( 怪獣 , `` strange creature , monster '' ) . Japanese lacks a plural form for its words , but it is often common for Japanese loanwords into English to receive English style pluralization . Travis Beacham has said that he believes both `` Kaiju '' and `` Kaijus '' to be correct within the film 's universe , although he prefers the former . Jump up ^ The name of the mechas comes from the German word Jäger ( `` hunter '' ) . In German , the plural form for this word occurs in the definite article rather than as a suffix to the word itself ( `` der Jäger '' is `` the hunter '' ; `` die Jäger '' is `` the hunters '' ) . As this is an English - language movie , the film specifically uses the plural `` Jaegers '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PACIFIC RIM ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim ( EN ) '' . Lumiere . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pacific Rim '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sacks , Ethan ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` The Kaijus and Jaegers of Guillermo del Toro 's ' Pacific Rim ' are modern updates on classic movie monsters like Godzilla '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mr. Beaks ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro And Mr. Beaks Discuss DON 'T BE AFRAID OF THE DARK , PACIFIC RIM And The Far - From - Used - Up Future Of AT THE MOUNTAINS OF MADNESS ! '' . aintitcool.com . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Woerner , Meredith ( July 1 , 2013 ) . `` Unbelievable Pacific Rim video reveals all of the Kaiju 's secrets '' . io9.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Travis . `` The grammar of Pacific Rim '' . the principle fantastic . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim And More Domestic ' Flops ' That Became Global Hits '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim 2 : Steven S. DeKnight to Direct '' . Collider . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pacific Rim 2 ' Gets 2018 Release Date '' . Jump up ^ `` Total Guide to Pacific Rim '' . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks Getting Back in the Director 's Chair , the Evolution of the Script , Creating the World on a Giant Scale , and More on the Set of PACIFIC RIM '' . collider.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con : Guillermo Del Toro and Charlie Hunnam Talk PACIFIC RIM , Giving the Robots a Personality , Ghost Stories , PROMETHEUS , and More '' . collider.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jamie ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro talks Pacific Rim '' . Total Film . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Max ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` IGN Heads to the Set of Pacific Rim '' . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim interview with Idris Elba '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Del Toro : Hunnam can date daughters '' . belfasttelegraph.com . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` Rinko Kikuchi on how trauma forms character in Pacific Rim '' . hitfix.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Howell , Peter ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim 's Guillermo del Toro is a monster - loving pacifist '' . thestar.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kline , Doug ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` GUILLERMO DEL TORO TALKS PACIFIC RIM ROBOTS , MONSTERS , CAST , AND MORE ! '' . geekexchange.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ashida Mana to make her Hollywood debut in ' Pacific Rim ' '' . December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Day Talks How He Got Involved with the Project , Bringing Levity to the Story , the Giant Sets , and More on the Set of PACIFIC RIM '' . collider.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julian , Mark ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro On Pacific Rim '' . youtube.com . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Heads to the Set of Pacific Rim '' . ign.com . June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Ron Perlman Talks Developing His Own Character , Practical Effects vs. CG , His Relationship with Guillermo del Toro , & More on the Set of PACIFIC RIM '' . collider.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shamsul , Jayeeta ( July 14 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : Ron Perlman 's New Direction in Life '' . guardianlv.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Tom ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim is the heartfelt project from del Toro '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Gina ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' True Blood ' actor Robert Kazinsky talks genre , ' Pacific Rim ' role '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Phil ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Talking to ... Guillermo del Toro '' . TORO Magazine . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` Rob Kazinsky Talks TRUE BLOOD Season 6 , His Character 's Relationship with Sookie , Getting Naked on the Show , PACIFIC RIM , and More '' . collider.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Shannon . `` Rob Kazinsky Talks Siren , Pacific Rim and True Blood '' . Entertainment Monthly . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim Clifton Collins Jr Interview '' . Flicks . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim : Diego Klattenhoff `` Yancy Becket '' On Set Interview `` . Screen Slam . July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Narcisse , Evan ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro 's Next Movie Has a Little GlaDOS in It '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Del Toro got Valve 's permission to use GlaDOS ' voice in Pacific Rim '' . January 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vespe , Eric ( June 30 , 2013 ) . `` Quint reports on the latest from Legendary Pictures ! Pacific Rim , Mass Effect , Warcraft , Seventh Son , Godzilla and more ! Plus a photo tour of the Kubrick Exhibit ! '' . aintitcool.com . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Del Toro casts Perlman , Segura in Pacific Rim '' . globalpost.com . June 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Resume for Jane Watson ( VI ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) -- Full cast and crew Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Watercutter , Angela ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim Is Literally the Most Awesome Movie of the Summer '' . wired.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mr. Beaks ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Mr. Beaks Talks PACIFIC RIM , World Building And Gargantuas With Guillermo del Toro And Travis Beacham ! Part One Of Two ! '' . aintitcool.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( August 2012 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Talks Love and Psychic Bonds in Pacific Rim '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Director Guillermo del Toro Discusses Pacific Rim '' . movies.about.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fear , David ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` TONY Q&A : Pacific Rim 's Guillermo del Toro '' . Time Out . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Shock Interview : Guillermo del Toro on the Development , Destruction and Family - Friendly Pacific Rim '' . shocktillyoudrop.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dimock , Wai Chee ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : Guillermo del Toro 's Fractal Shoes '' . Los Angeles Review of Books . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cullin , Liam ( February 9 , 2006 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro Directing Carnival Row '' . empiremovies.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters in the Mist '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` Legendary Pictures Re-Teams With Clash Of The Titans Scribe On Pacific Rim '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro And James Cameron Ready To Climb ' Mountains Of Madness ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scheidt , Dave ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive Sneak Peak of the Costumes From Guillermo del Toro 's Pacific Rim and Interview '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Competition For Guillermo Del Toro 's Next Picture : Legendary Preps ' Pacific Rim ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Q&A : Guillermo Del Toro On Why He Will Next Direct Pacific Rim After At The Mountains Of Madness Fell Apart '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Gina . `` Guillermo del Toro edges toward greater success with Pacific Rim '' . Hero Complex -- movies , comics , pop culture . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Kit , Boris ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Luther Creator Neil Cross Set to Grow Ghost House 's Day of the Triffids Adaptation '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Boris ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` Pacific Rim Writers Tapped for God of War Adaptation ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pacific Rim ' Production Update From Guillermo del Toro '' . Screenrant . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro gives Update on PACIFIC RIM -- Production has Begun '' . geektyrant . November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Productions currently filming in Toronto '' ( PDF ) . toronto.ca . Toronto : Toronto Film and Television Office . January 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro Offers Pacific Rim Update '' . Shock Till You Drop . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan . `` New Video and Photos from the PACIFIC RIM Set Show How Guillermo del Toro Turned Toronto Into Tokyo '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , David S. ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Pacific Rim with Guillermo del Toro '' . variety.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro Talks PACIFIC RIM , Why They Used the RED EPIC & Did n't Do 3D ; Reveals Blu - ray Will Have 30 Minutes of Deleted Scenes '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Shaefer , Sandy . `` Guillermo del Toro : Pacific Rim Is Not Japanese Monster Movie Homage ; No 3D '' . Screenrant . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks The Strain and Pacific Rim 's 3D Conversion '' . Shock Till You Drop . Jump up ^ Cruz , Gilbert ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim 's Guillermo del Toro on 3 - D , Long Movies , and Mexican Matinees '' . vulture.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Longshore , James ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Film review : Pacific Rim -- Sit in the back '' . Romania-Insider.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Castro , Adam - Troy ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why Del Toro warned Pacific Rim designers never to watch Godzilla '' . blastr.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Scott ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim After The Credits Spoiler '' . comicbook.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro wants Pacific Rim Kaiju to ' start from scratch ' '' . herocomplex.latimes.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro 's Pacific Rim Brings Back The Monster Movie '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Anders , Charlie Jane ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Why Pacific Rim Does n't Look Like Any Movie You 've Ever Seen Before '' . io9.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : della Cava , Marco R. ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : A monster challenge for special effects '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ PACIFIC RIM Behind The Scenes : The Pilot Suits - Legacy Effects . YouTube . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hybride Delivers VFX for Guillermo del Toro 's Pacific Rim '' . itbusinessnet.com . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rodeo FX Once Again Teams with ILM to Deliver Innovative and `` Incredibly Realistic '' VFX for `` Pacific Rim '' `` . shootonline.com . July 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , David S. ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim Visual Effects Get Operatic Twist '' . variety.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 32TEN Studios Provides Practical Effects for Pacific Rim '' . anw.com . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim game revealed '' . GameSpot . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim for Xbox360 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim for iPhone '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ramin Djawadi to Score Guillermo Del Toro 's ' Pacific Rim ' '' . filmmusicreporter.com . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks PACIFIC RIM Soundtrack and Collectables '' . collider.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim on Amazon '' . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Pacific Rim ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Actor gets choice role in Pacific Rim '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim Movie Score ( 2013 ) Review '' . The Action Elite . July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graydon , Danny ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim '' . Empire . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yang , Sherman ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . MSN . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : Pacific Rim ( Ramin Djawadi ) '' . Filmtracks.com . July 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks : Jul 27 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pan Pacific Defense Corps '' . Panpacificdefense.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Casey , Dan ( March 30 , 2013 ) . `` Wondercon : Pacific Rim : Tales From Year Zero Alex Ross Cover Revealed `` Nerdist '' . Nerdist.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ PacRim ( December 24 , 2012 ) . `` Pacific Rim Le film : Merchandising / collectibles '' . Pacificrimfilm.blogspot.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim : Man , Machines , and Monsters ( Hardcover ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Perlman Has Your Pacific Rim Kaiju Remedies Right Here ! '' . dreadcentral.com . July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Youtube : Pacific Rim -- Training Day '' . Maker Studios . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim : The Official Movie Novelization : Alexander Irvine : 9781781166789 : Amazon.com : Books '' . amazon.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Picard , Chris ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : First Look at Finished NECA Pacific Rim Figures ! '' . Scified.com . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Release Schedule -- NEW DATES & CHANGES '' . Box Office Mojo . March 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Week In Movies : Pacific Rim Launches '' . July 6 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forecast : ' Pacific Rim ' Goes to War With ' Grown Ups 2 ' This Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for May 24 - 26 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Conjuring ' Haunts First With Record Opening '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Wolverine ' Bleeds , But Still Easily Leads '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim # 1 Internationally Over Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Storms China ; ' Sniper ' Takes Out More Records : International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 4 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Report : Pacific Rim Scores Massive $45.2 Million China Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : ' The Butler ' Opens To $25 m , ' Kick - Ass 2 ' , ' Jobs ' , And ' Paranoia ' Crash '' . Forbes . August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bai Shi ( Beijing Review ) ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood Takes a Hit '' . english.entgroup.cn . EntGroup Inc . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim Fails to Wow Auds '' . Variety . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim Japan Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim , review '' . telegraph.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : Film Review '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim baddies are big , but the heroes are better '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Guillermo Del Toro 's Pacific Rim is an eccentric and emotional thrill '' . hitfix.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Peter Travers ' Three - Star Review of Pacific Rim '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Uhlich , Keith ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : movie review ( PG - 13 ) '' . Time Out . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : Building a Better Blockbuster '' . villagevoice.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim Review '' . Reelz . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim Review '' . Reelz . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim -- review '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : Transformers Transcended '' . entertainment.time.com . Time . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Film Review : Pacific Rim '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Grim Tidings '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pacific Rim ' review : Humans do n't deserve to win '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim -- Film Review '' . slantmagazine.com . July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim Review : There Be Monsters in Here Somewhere '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Pacific Rim '' . film.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hardie , Giles ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim is an all - action monster with no tale '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim gets a rave review from Rian Johnson , plus some stunning new images '' . io9.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hideo Kojima Reviews Pacific Rim In Eight Tweets '' . July 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Metal Gear 's Shinkawa Draws Pacific Rim Poster & Japan 's Creators Laud Film '' . animenewsnetwork.com . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibson , William ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim , over 140 characters : '' . tweetlonger.org . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( August 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Mako Mori Test : ' Pacific Rim ' inspires a Bechdel Test alternative '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGuinness , Ross ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Bechdel test and why Hollywood is a man 's , man 's , man 's world '' . Metro . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Releases for the Week of Oct 1 '' . vudu.com . October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Picard , Chris ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Own Pacific Rim on BluRay and DvD October 15th ! '' . Scified.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim Collector 's Edition ( Blu - ray 3D + Blu - ray + DVD + UltraViolet Combo Pack ) ( 2013 ) '' . Jump up ^ Tehee , Joshua ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Fresno Swede Fest founders help pitch ' Pacific Rim ' DVD '' . The Fresno Bee . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pacific Rim - Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information . The Numbers . Retrieved on June 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pacific Rim ( film ) Official website Pacific Rim on IMDb Pacific Rim at Rotten Tomatoes Pacific Rim at Box Office Mojo Pacific Rim at AllMovie ( hide ) Guillermo del Toro Filmography Unrealized projects Awards and nominations Films Directed Doña Lupe ( short ; 1985 ) Geometria ( short ; 1987 ) Cronos ( 1993 ) Mimic ( 1997 ) The Devil 's Backbone ( 2001 ) Blade II ( 2002 ) Hellboy ( 2004 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Written only Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Produced only Crónicas ( 2004 ) Insignificant Things ( 2008 ) Rudo y Cursi ( 2008 ) Julia 's Eyes ( 2010 ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Book of Life ( 2014 ) Pacific Rim Uprising ( 2018 ) Novels The Strain ( 2009 ) The Fall ( 2010 ) The Night Eternal ( 2011 ) Trollhunters ( 2015 ) Television `` Treehouse of Horror XXIV '' ( 2013 ; opening sequence ) The Strain ( 2014 -- 17 ) `` Night Zero '' Tales of Arcadia Trollhunters ( 2016 -- present ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Video games Hellboy : The Science of Evil ( 2008 ) P.T. ( 2014 ) Death Stranding ( TBA ) Sundown ( canceled ) Insane ( canceled ) Silent Hills ( canceled ) Related articles Cha Cha Cha Films Mirada Studios The Hobbit ( film series ) 2010s portal Film in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Rim_(film)&oldid=835706329 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s science fiction films 2013 3D films Alien invasions in films American films American 3D films American science fiction action films American science fiction war films Annie Award winners Apocalyptic films Brain -- computer interfacing in fiction Films about technology Films directed by Guillermo del Toro Films produced by Guillermo del Toro Films produced by Thomas Tull Films set in the 2020s Films set in the future Films set in 2013 Films set in 2020 Films set in 2025 Films set in Alaska Films set in Hong Kong Films set in Manila Films set in San Francisco Films set in the Pacific Ocean Films set in Tokyo Films shot in Toronto Films using computer - generated imagery Foreign films shot in the Philippines Giant monster films IMAX films Kaiju films Legendary Pictures films Mecha films Parallel universes in fiction Military of the United States in fiction Screenplays by Guillermo del Toro Super robot anime and manga Films scored by Ramin Djawadi Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Good articles Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 08 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first pacific rim come out | [
"Pacific Rim is a 2013 American science fiction action film directed by Guillermo del Toro and starring Charlie Hunnam, Idris Elba, Rinko Kikuchi, Charlie Day, Burn Gorman, Robert Kazinsky, Max Martini, and Ron Perlman. The screenplay was written by Travis Beacham and del Toro from a story by Beacham. The film is set in the future, when Earth is at war with the Kaiju,[a] colossal sea monsters which have emerged from an interdimensional portal on the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. To combat the monsters, humanity unites to create the Jaegers,[b] gigantic humanoid mechas, each controlled by at least two pilots, whose minds are joined by a mental link. Focusing on the war's later days, the story follows Raleigh Becket, a washed-up Jaeger pilot called out of retirement and teamed with rookie pilot Mako Mori as part of a last-ditch effort to defeat the Kaiju."
] | [
"2013"
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8758373414435595904 | 2018–19 NBA season | 2018 -- 19 NBA season - wikipedia 2018 -- 19 NBA season 2018 -- 19 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 16 , 2018 -- April 10 , 2019 April 13 -- May 2019 ( Playoffs ) May -- June 2019 ( Finals ) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Deandre Ayton Picked by Phoenix Suns Regular season Playoffs Finals NBA seasons ← 2017 -- 18 2019 -- 20 → The 2018 -- 19 NBA season is the 73rd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 16 , 2018 , and will end on April 10 , 2019 . The playoffs will begin April 13 , 2019 , with the NBA Finals concluding in June . The 2019 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 17 , 2019 , at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte , North Carolina . Contents 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 Free agency 1.3 Coaching changes 1.3. 1 Off - season 1.3. 2 In - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 By conference 3.2 International games 4 Statistics 4.1 Individual statistic leaders 4.2 Individual game highs 4.3 Team statistic leaders 5 Awards 5.1 Players of the Week 5.2 Players of the Month 5.3 Rookies of the Month 5.4 Coaches of the Month 6 Arenas 7 Media 8 Uniforms 8.1 Uniform sponsorships 9 Notable occurrences 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Transactions Main article : List of 2018 -- 19 NBA season transactions Retirement On May 10 , 2018 , Nick Collison announced his retirement from the NBA . Collison played all his 14 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder franchise . On May 25 , 2018 , after playing 13 seasons in the NBA for seven teams , Mo Williams announced his retirement from the NBA to take the assistant head coaching job at Cal State Northridge . On July 17 , 2018 , after playing 9 seasons in the NBA for four teams , Roy Hibbert announced his retirement from the NBA . On August 27 , 2018 , Manu Ginóbili announced his retirement from the NBA . Ginóbili played all his 16 seasons with the San Antonio Spurs franchise . On August 30 , 2018 , after playing 15 seasons in the NBA for four teams , David West announced his retirement from the NBA . On September 6 , 2018 , Boris Diaw announced his retirement from basketball . Diaw spent 14 years in the NBA and was an NBA champion with the San Antonio Spurs in 2014 . On October 13 , 2018 , after playing 17 seasons in the NBA for eight teams , Richard Jefferson announced his retirement from the NBA . Free agency Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes Coaching changes Off - season Team 2017 -- 18 season 2018 -- 19 season Atlanta Hawks Mike Budenholzer Lloyd Pierce Charlotte Hornets Steve Clifford James Borrego Detroit Pistons Stan Van Gundy Dwane Casey Milwaukee Bucks Joe Prunty ( interim ) Mike Budenholzer New York Knicks Jeff Hornacek David Fizdale Orlando Magic Frank Vogel Steve Clifford Phoenix Suns Jay Triano ( interim ) Igor Kokoškov Toronto Raptors Dwane Casey Nick Nurse In - season Team Outgoing coach Ingoing coach Cleveland Cavaliers Tyronn Lue Larry Drew ( interim ) Off - season On April 12 , 2018 , the New York Knicks fired head coach Jeff Hornacek after the team missed the playoffs . In addition , associate head coach Kurt Rambis was also fired . On April 12 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic fired head coach Frank Vogel after the team missed the playoffs . On April 13 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets fired head coach Steve Clifford after the team missed the playoffs . On April 25 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks and Mike Budenholzer had mutually agreed to part ways . On May 1 , 2018 , the Memphis Grizzlies announced that J.B. Bickerstaff would become the new permanent head coach of the team . On May 2 , 2018 , the Phoenix Suns hired Igor Kokoškov as head coach . On May 7 , 2018 , the New York Knicks hired David Fizdale as head coach . On May 7 , 2018 , the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Stan Van Gundy after the team missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season . On May 10 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets hired James Borrego as head coach . On May 11 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors fired Dwane Casey after the team was swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers for the second consecutive time in the postseason . On May 11 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks hired Lloyd Pierce as head coach . On May 17 , 2018 , the Milwaukee Bucks hired Mike Budenholzer as head coach . On May 30 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic hired Steve Clifford as head coach . On June 11 , 2018 , the Detroit Pistons hired Dwane Casey as head coach . On June 14 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors promoted assistant coach Nick Nurse as their head coach . In - season On October 28 , 2018 , the Cleveland Cavaliers fired head coach Tyronn Lue after a 0 - 6 start to the season and named Larry Drew interim head coach . Preseason The preseason began on September 28 and ended on October 12 . International games The Toronto Raptors played two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29 , and second with the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10 . The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers played two preseason games in China , in Shanghai on October 5 and in Shenzhen on October 8 . Regular season The regular season began on October 16 , 2018 and will end on April 10 , 2019 . The entire schedule was released on August 10 , 2018 . Eastern Conference Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Toronto Raptors 6 . 857 0.0 5 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 7 Boston Celtics . 667 1.5 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 6 Philadelphia 76ers . 571 2.0 4 -- 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 7 Brooklyn Nets 5 . 286 4.0 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 1 -- 1 7 New York Knicks 5 . 286 4.0 2 -- 2 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 7 Central Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Milwaukee Bucks 7 0 1.000 0.0 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 7 Detroit Pistons . 800 2.0 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 Indiana Pacers . 571 3.0 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 7 Chicago Bulls 5 . 286 5.0 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 7 Cleveland Cavaliers 0 6 . 000 6.5 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 2 6 Southeast Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Miami Heat . 500 0.0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 6 Charlotte Hornets . 429 0.5 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 2 -- 0 7 Orlando Magic . 333 1.0 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 6 Atlanta Hawks . 333 1.0 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 0 6 Washington Wizards 5 . 167 2.0 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 6 Western Conference Northwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Denver Nuggets 5 . 833 0.0 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 6 Utah Jazz . 667 1.0 0 -- 2 4 -- 0 0 -- 0 6 Portland Trail Blazers . 667 1.0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 6 Minnesota Timberwolves . 429 2.5 3 -- 1 0 -- 3 0 -- 0 7 Oklahoma City Thunder . 200 3.5 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 5 Pacific Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Golden State Warriors 7 . 875 0.0 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 8 Los Angeles Clippers . 667 2.0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 6 Sacramento Kings . 571 2.5 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 7 Los Angeles Lakers 5 . 286 4.5 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 7 Phoenix Suns 5 . 167 5.0 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 0 -- 2 6 Southwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP New Orleans Pelicans . 667 0.0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 6 San Antonio Spurs . 667 0.0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 6 Memphis Grizzlies . 600 0.5 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 5 Dallas Mavericks 5 . 286 2.5 2 -- 1 0 -- 4 0 -- 1 7 Houston Rockets . 200 2.5 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 5 By conference Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP Milwaukee Bucks * 7 0 1.000 -- 7 Toronto Raptors * 6 . 857 1.0 7 Detroit Pistons . 800 2.0 5 Boston Celtics . 667 2.5 6 5 Indiana Pacers . 571 3.0 7 6 Philadelphia 76ers . 571 3.0 7 7 Miami Heat * . 500 3.5 6 8 Charlotte Hornets . 429 4.0 7 9 Orlando Magic . 333 4.5 6 10 Atlanta Hawks . 333 4.5 6 11 Brooklyn Nets 5 . 286 5.0 7 12 New York Knicks 5 . 286 5.0 7 13 Chicago Bulls 5 . 286 5.0 7 14 Washington Wizards 5 . 167 5.5 6 15 Cleveland Cavaliers 0 6 . 000 6.5 6 Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP Golden State Warriors * 7 . 875 -- 8 Denver Nuggets * 5 . 833 1.0 6 New Orleans Pelicans * . 667 2.0 6 Utah Jazz . 667 2.0 6 5 Los Angeles Clippers . 667 2.0 6 6 Portland Trail Blazers . 667 2.0 6 7 San Antonio Spurs . 667 2.0 6 8 Memphis Grizzlies . 600 2.5 5 9 Sacramento Kings . 571 2.5 7 10 Minnesota Timberwolves . 429 3.5 7 11 Dallas Mavericks 5 . 286 4.5 7 12 Los Angeles Lakers 5 . 286 4.5 7 13 Oklahoma City Thunder . 200 4.5 5 14 Houston Rockets . 200 4.5 5 15 Phoenix Suns 5 . 167 5.0 6 Notes * -- Division leader International games On June 20 , 2018 , the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 17 , 2019 . On August 7 , 2018 , the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City . They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13 , 2018 , and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15 , 2018 . Statistics Individual statistic leaders Category Player Team Statistic Points per game Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 32.5 Rebounds per game Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 16.2 Assists per game Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors 11.0 Steals per game Jimmy Butler Minnesota Timberwolves 3.0 Blocks per game Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 3.2 Turnovers per game Devin Booker Phoenix Suns 5.5 Fouls per game Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons 4.6 Minutes per game DeMar DeRozan San Antonio Spurs 38.8 FG % Rudy Gobert Utah Jazz 75.0 % FT % 8 players 100.0 % 3FG % Nikola Vučević Orlando Magic 77.8 % Efficiency per game Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 32.7 Double - doubles Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers 5 Triple - doubles Ben Simmons Philadelphia 76ers Individual game highs Category Player Team Statistic Points Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors 52 Rebounds Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 24 Assists Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors 15 Steals P.J. Tucker Houston Rockets 7 Blocks Michael Kidd - Gilchrist Charlotte Hornets 7 Three pointers Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors 14 Team statistic leaders Category Team Statistic Points per game New Orleans Pelicans 124.8 Rebounds per game Milwaukee Bucks 55.3 Assists per game Golden State Warriors 29.2 Steals per game Los Angeles Lakers 9.8 Blocks per game Memphis Grizzlies 7.8 Turnovers per game Atlanta Hawks 18.4 FG % Golden State Warriors 52.3 % FT % Portland Trail Blazers 87.2 % 3FG % Indiana Pacers 44.6 % + / − Milwaukee Bucks + 16.0 Awards Players of the Week The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week . Week Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref October 16 -- 21 Kemba Walker ( Charlotte Hornets ) ( 1 / 1 ) Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) ( 1 / 1 ) October 22 -- 28 Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) October 29 -- November 3 Players of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref October / November Rookies of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref October / November Coaches of the Month The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref October / November Arenas The Atlanta Hawks ' home arena formerly known as Phillips Arena was renamed State Farm Arena on August 29 , 2018 , coinciding with a $192.5 million renovation to the arena . This is the Golden State Warriors ' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland , before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco . The Warriors will play their final regular season game there on April 7 , 2019 , against the Los Angeles Clippers . This is the Milwaukee Bucks ' first season at the new Fiserv Forum after playing at the Bradley Center from 1988 to 2018 . The Bucks played their first game there on October 3 , 2018 , in a preseason game against the Chicago Bulls , the first regular season game there was played on October 19 , 2018 , against the Indiana Pacers . The Toronto Raptors ' home arena formerly known as Air Canada Centre was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1 , 2018 . Media This will be the third year of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . Uniforms The NBA will allow the players to wear any color of shoes they wish ; previously , they were restricted to white , black , or the colors of their teams . The `` City Edition '' jerseys will first be worn on November 9 , 2018 , while a sixth jersey apparel will first be worn on December 25 , 2018 . On June 6 , 2018 , the Denver Nuggets unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On July 25 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On July 31 , 2018 , the Los Angeles Lakers unveiled their new uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On August 2 , 2018 , the Memphis Grizzlies unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On August 8 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic unveiled their first `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On August 16 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 50th anniversary since moving from St. Louis to Atlanta . On August 30 , 2018 , the Minnesota Timberwolves unveiled their first `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On September 20 , 2018 , the Utah Jazz unveiled their first `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 40th anniversary . On October 10 , 2018 , the Golden State Warriors unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform . Uniform sponsorships In April 2016 , the NBA announced that teams would be permitted to sign a uniform sponsorship contract for the 2017 -- 18 season . Prior and during the 2017 -- 18 season 21 teams signed a uniform sponsorship contract . Before the 2018 -- 19 season six more teams signed such contracts : Chicago Bulls -- Zenni Optical Houston Rockets -- ROKiT Phones Memphis Grizzlies -- FedEx Phoenix Suns -- PayPal Portland Trail Blazers -- Performance Health San Antonio Spurs -- Frost Bank As of October 16 , 2018 , three teams have not signed a uniform sponsorship contract : Indiana Pacers , Oklahoma City Thunder , and Washington Wizards . Notable occurrences On September 21 , 2018 , the NBA approved of three different rule changes affecting gameplay , starting with this season onward . These changes include shortening the game clock from the typical 24 seconds to 14 seconds during offensive rebounds , simplifying the clear path foul rule , and expanding the definition of a `` hostile act '' to invoke instant replays on certain events more easily . See also National Basketball Association portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Key dates for 2018 - 19 NBA season '' . NBA.com . August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Nick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Seeing Off a True Pro -- Thunder Fan Favorite Nick Collison Retires '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Former UCLA coach Jim Harrick and former NBA player Mo Williams join coaching staff at Cal State Northridge '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2018/07/17/roy-hibbert-nba-future-lakers-moving-on/ Jump up ^ Schad , Matt ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Manu Ginobili announces retirement '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rohrbach , Ben ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` David West retires from the NBA an All - Star , champion and unquestioned leader '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Witt , Brian ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Going Out On Top : David West Retires After 15 - Year Career '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . 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May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Name Dwane Casey as Head Coach '' . NBA.com . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors Name Nick Nurse Head Coach '' . NBA.com . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Make Coaching Change '' . NBA.com . October 28 , 2018 . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( October 28 , 2018 ) . `` Cavaliers fire coach Tyronn Lue after 0 - 6 start '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors Will Play Preseason Game In Vancouver '' . Nationalpost.com . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA China Games 2018 Mavericks Vs 76ers '' . NBA.com. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA TV to reveal full 2018 - 19 regular - season schedule on Friday at 4 p.m. ET '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA London Game 2019 official '' . NBA.com . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Mexico City Games 2018 to feature Orlando Magic hosting Chicago Bulls and Utah Jazz '' . NBA.com . August 7 , 2018 . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kemba Walker Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nikola Jokić Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Giannis Antetokounmpo Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` State Farm and Atlanta Hawks Basketball Club Announce Generational Collaboration To Transform City of Atlanta '' . NBA.com . August 29 , 2018 . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saracevic , Al ( January 20 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors ' Chase Center arena rising from the ground in SF '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirchen , Rich ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Bucks ' last regular season game at BMO Harris Bradley Center ends with a win , memories : Slideshow '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fiserv Forum is the New Home of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Bucks.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krashinsky Robertson , Susan ; Bradshaw , James ; Gray , Jeff ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto 's Air Canada Centre to be renamed Scotiabank Arena in $800 - million deal '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Blake ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` Air Canada Centre officially becomes Scotiabank Arena '' . Raptors Republic . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` The Uni Watch NBA season preview '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . 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Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow Starts Today '' . NBA.com . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves Unveil Classics Edition Uniforms and 30th Season Logo Design '' . NBA.com . August 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz to Celebrate 40 Seasons with Classic Jerseys '' . NBA.com . September 20 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ warriors_store ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` NEW @ warriors Classic Edition Jerseys from @ Nike are 🔥 🔥 🔥 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` NBA to begin selling jersey sponsorships in 2017 - 18 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zenni Optical becomes first - ever jersey patch partner of the Chicago Bulls '' . NBA.com . October 16 , 2018 . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ROKiT Phones Named Inaugural Jersey Partner '' . NBA.com . October 16 , 2018 . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies unveil new uniforms with FedEx as jersey sponsor '' . NBA.com . August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns and Paypal Announce Multi-Year Global Partnership '' . NBA.com . October 2 , 2018 . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers , Performance Health Announce Multi-Year Partnership Including Biofreeze Jersey Patch '' . NBA.com . September 19 , 2018 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Frost Bank Becomes First - Ever Jersey Partner of the San Antonio Spurs '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2018 . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shot clock reset among rule changes approved by Board of Governors '' . NBA.com . September 21 , 2018 . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . 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-458190929990716063 | I Dreamed a Dream | I Dreamed a Dream - wikipedia I Dreamed a Dream Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For other uses , see I Dreamed a Dream ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' Song by Rose Laurens as Fantine from Les Misérables Language French English Published 1980 Recorded 1980 ( French cast ) 1985 ( London cast ) 1987 ( Broadway cast ) Genre Musical theatrical pop Composer ( s ) Claude - Michel Schönberg Lyricist ( s ) Alain Boublil ( French ) Herbert Kretzmer ( English ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' is a song from the musical Les Misérables . It is a solo that is sung by the character Fantine during the first act . The music is by Claude - Michel Schönberg , with orchestrations by John Cameron . The English lyrics are by Neil Diamond And Herbert Kretzmer , based on the original French libretto by Alain Boublil and Jean - Marc Natel from the original French production . The song is a lament , sung by the anguished Fantine , who has just been fired from her job at the factory and thrown onto the streets . She thinks back to happier days and wonders at all that has gone wrong in her life . The song is typically played in the key of E-flat major with the final chorus in F major , though the pitch is shifted up a bit for high - toned TVs , and it has also become a jazz standard . In the 1985 musical , the song occurs after Fantine has been fired , and before `` Lovely Ladies '' . In the original French production and the 2012 film adaptation , these two musical numbers are swapped around , to place dramatic emphasis on Fantine 's depressing descent into prostitution . The original French song was very extensively rewritten for the English production by Herbert Kretzmer , adding the prologue ( There was a time ... ) and cutting the last few lines which became the ending to `` Lovely Ladies '' ( ' Do n't they know they 're making love to one already dead ' ) . For the French revival in 1991 , the song was loosely translated back from the English version ; there are thus two very different French versions of the song . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Cover versions 3 Susan Boyle version 3.1 Chart performance 4 2012 film version 4.1 Reception 4.1. 1 Critical reception 4.1. 2 Commercial reception 5 Tomomi Kahara version 5.1 Commercial performance 5.2 Track listing 5.3 Charts 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The song , as it appeared in the original Paris production from 1980 , was entitled J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie ( `` I had dreamed of another life '' ) , and was originally sung by Rose Laurens . The first English - language production of Les Misérables opened on the West End in London in October 1985 , with the role of Fantine portrayed by Patti LuPone . She would later feature the song on her 1993 album Patti LuPone Live ! When the musical made its Broadway début in New York City in March 1987 , Fantine was played by Randy Graff . Laurie Beechman would perform the role in the original U.S. touring production in 1988 and then on Broadway in 1990 . That year she included the song on her album Listen to My Heart . Debra Byrne sang the song on the Complete Symphonic Recording . Ruthie Henshall sang it on the Tenth Anniversary Concert Recording ( 1995 ) . A Broadway revival in 2006 featured Daphne Rubin - Vega ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Lea Salonga ( 2007 ) , and Judy Kuhn ( 2007 -- 08 ) . Lea Salonga sang it for the 25th Anniversary Concert in London ( 2010 ) . The show , and the song , has been translated into twenty - one languages , including Japanese , Hebrew , Icelandic , Norwegian , Czech , Polish , Spanish , and Estonian , and there have been 31 cast recordings featuring the song . The London cast version is Triple Platinum in the UK , for sales of more than 900,000 , and Platinum in the U.S. , for sales of more than one million . The Broadway cast version is Quadruple Platinum in the U.S. ( more than four million sold ) , where four other versions have also gone Gold . Cover versions ( edit ) Numerous popular singers have recorded cover versions of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' . Neil Diamond recorded the song for his 1987 live album Hot August Night II and released the song as a single . It peaked at no . 13 on the U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in November 1987 and at no . 90 on the UK Singles Chart . Diamond 's version features a lyrical alteration at the end of the song ; instead of `` Now life has killed the dream I dreamed '' Diamond sings , `` But life ca n't kill the dream I dreamed '' . Other male singers who have recorded the song include rock singer David Essex on his 1987 album Centre Stage , Phantom of the Opera star Michael Crawford on his 1987 album The Phantom Unmasked and on his 1992 release `` With Love '' , LuPone 's Evita co-star Mandy Patinkin on his 1994 album Experiment and British theater star Michael Ball ( Marius in the Original London production of Les Mis ) on his 1996 album The Musicals . In 1991 , Aretha Franklin included a version of the song on her album What You See is What You Sweat . Although not released as a single , Franklin has performed the song at various venues , including the 1993 inaugural celebration for U.S. President Bill Clinton . In the film The Commitments ( 1991 ) , one of the girls auditioning for the titular band sings `` I Dreamed a Dream '' as her audition song . Other female singers who have recorded versions of the song include English singer and stage actress Elaine Paige , from a 1993 performance at Birmingham Symphony Hall which was included on her 1995 album , Encore , original Annie title cast member Andrea McArdle in the 1996 recording On Broadway , New Zealander singer Hayley Westenra and British pop star Petula Clark , each in 2001 , Canadian singer - songwriter Allison Crowe in 2005 , and Broadway actress Susan Egan in 2008 . British actress and singer Marti Webb performed the song on her album Performance ( 1989 ) . In 2008 , Italian rock noir band Belladonna covered the song in their London show . In 2010 , popera singer Rose Jang covered the song for her digital album Songs of Hope by Mnet Media . The song was covered on the Glee episode `` Dream On '' by Shelby Corcoran and Rachel Berry , portrayed by Idina Menzel and Lea Michele respectively . This song took the place of a meeting between Shelby and Rachel , who found out during that episode that Shelby was her birth mother . At the end of that episode , Rachel met Shelby for the first time in real life ( the sequence where Shelby and Rachel sang `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was , in fact , something akin to a dream sequence ) . Josh Groban and Michael Ball sang a duet at the end of Never Mind the Buzzcocks ( Broadcast 21 December 2010 ) . Joe McElderry recorded the song for his second album , Classic . Katherine Jenkins released a French cover of the song entitled `` J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie / I dreamed of another life '' in her 8th studio album Daydream . Kika Edgar recorded a Spanish cover titled `` Un sueño que alguna vez soñé / A dream I once dreamed '' for her album Broadway . In 2011 , Celtic Woman performed `` I Dreamed a Dream '' as part of their 2011 `` Believe '' tour , recorded by PBS at the Fox Theatre in Atlanta . The song was one of two songs sung as `` A Tribute to Broadway '' , the other song being `` Circle of Life '' from the Disney movie The Lion King . The song , which was only released on DVD and as part of the television special , was sung by Lisa Kelly and Chloë Agnew . As part of a compilation , and the title track to the Australian album , Lucy Maunder sang the song for ABC Classics I Dreamed a Dream : The Hit Songs of Broadway Susan Boyle version ( edit ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' Single by Susan Boyle from the album I Dreamed a Dream Released 15 April 2010 Format Music Download Recorded 2009 Genre Operatic pop Length 3 : 11 Label Syco , Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Claude - Michel Schönberg ( music ) Herbert Kretzmer ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Steve Mac Susan Boyle singles chronology `` Wild Horses '' ( 2009 ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' ( 2010 ) `` Perfect Day '' ( 2010 ) `` Wild Horses '' ( 2009 ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' ( 2009 ) `` Perfect Day '' ( 2010 ) The song had a resurgence in popularity in 2009 when Scottish singer Susan Boyle performed it as her audition for the third series of the British reality television programme , Britain 's Got Talent . Boyle 's performance elicited a unanimous vote for passage into the next round of competition by judges Piers Morgan , Amanda Holden and Simon Cowell , with Morgan giving Boyle `` the biggest yes ( he had ) ever given '' in his three years of judging the show . Elaine Paige , Boyle 's role model , later expressed interest in singing a duet with her . The programme received high ratings and Boyle 's performance was quickly added to sites such as YouTube , where millions of people viewed it in the first month alone . Boyle sang the song again during the finals of Britain 's Got Talent on 30 May 2009 , where she placed second in the competition behind British dance troupe Diversity . Today , it is known as the song that catapulted her to super-stardom , and it helped sales of her album I Dreamed a Dream . Currently , the album has been declared as the fastest selling debut album of all time in the UK , and sold 701,000 copies in its first week in just the US , breaking the record for highest debut ever for a solo female artist . Shortly after Boyle 's audition aired on ITV in April , the Original London Cast Recording of LuPone singing `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was downloaded to such a degree that the song entered music charts in the U.S. and UK . The U.S. Billboard magazine 's Hot Digital Songs and Hot Singles Recurrents charts for the week of 2 May 2009 had LuPone 's 1985 recording at no . 61 and no . 20 , respectively . LuPone 's version also reached no . 45 on the UK Singles Chart on the week of 25 April 2009 . Susan Boyle 's later 2009 recording rivalled pre-order sales records on Amazon.com in November 2009 . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' entered the Irish Singles Chart on 26 November 2009 at number 20 . It also entered the UK Singles Chart on 29 November 2009 at no . 37 . Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 66 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 65 France ( SNEP ) Download Chart 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 49 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 37 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 37 US Billboard Hot 100 62 Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 27 2012 film version ( edit ) Main article : Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' Song by Anne Hathaway from the album Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Published 1980 Released 21 December 2012 Recorded 2012 Genre Musical theatrical pop Length 4 : 38 Label Universal Republic Composer ( s ) Claude - Michel Schönberg Lyricist ( s ) Herbert Kretzmer `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was covered again for the 2012 film adaption . The movie was produced by Working Title Films and directed by Tom Hooper from a script by William Nicholson , Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg with Herbert Kretzmer . The role of Fantine was played by Anne Hathaway for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . The film changed the ordering of some songs , and this song was swapped around with `` Lovely Ladies '' , to place dramatic emphasis on Fantine 's depression , after she has become a prostitute . As with the rest of the film , the vocals for the song were recorded by Hathaway , live on the set , and later edited together with the music . Her performance of the song was released as part of the Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack on 21 December 2012 and was confirmed to be featured in the upcoming deluxe edition of the album . It was well received by music critics and it was very commercially successful , entering the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and reaching the top thirty of the UK Singles Chart , along with entering various other singles charts around the world . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On his review of Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack , Rolling Stone 's Jody Rosen mentions Hathaway 's rendition of the classic as one of the two decent tracks on the compilation , stating that `` There are a couple of redeeming moments on this chart - topping soundtrack ; Sacha Baron Cohen has fun with the jaunty `` Master of the House , '' and Anne Hathaway gives the schmaltzy `` I Dreamed a Dream '' her all . '' Commercial reception ( edit ) On the week ending 19 January 2013 the song entered and peaked in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 at number 69 , and spent a total of three weeks on the chart . The song was also a hit on the UK Singles Chart where it peaked at number 22 ( higher than Susan Boyle 's rendition ) and spent six weeks on the chart . It was also present for a week on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 73 . Among others , the song has also peaked in the Irish Singles Chart at number 26 , the Dutch Top 100 at number 58 , and the Spanish Singles Chart at number 21 . The song is also atop the iTunes Top Soundtrack Songs in Romania since January , 2013 , where the song sold over 6,000 digital copies . Tomomi Kahara version ( edit ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' Single by Tomomi Kahara from the album Dream : Self Cover Best Released 17 April 2013 Format CD single , music download Genre Pop Length 3 : 52 Label Universal J Songwriter ( s ) Claude - Michel Schönberg ( music ) Tokiko Iwatani ( Japanese lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Satoshi Takebe Tomomi Kahara singles chronology `` Ano Sayonara ni Sayonara o '' ( 2006 ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Ano Sayonara ni Sayonara o '' ( 2006 ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( 夢 やぶれ て - I DREAMED A DREAM - , lit . `` Broken Dreams '' ) is Tomomi Kahara 's twenty - seventh single and first in over seven years . `` Yume Yaburete '' is the Japanese version of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' from the musical Les Misérables . The Japanese lyrics were written by lyricist and translator Tokiko Iwatani . Despite being famously sung by Hiromi Iwasaki , the Japanese rendition of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was never released as a single until Kahara 's cover . The song was suggested for Kahara 's comeback by executives at Universal J , Kahara 's record label and the one behind the Japanese release of the soundtrack for the 2012 film adaptation of Les Misérables . Coincidentally , the song happened to be a favorite of Kahara 's that she often sang at auditions . The song was recorded with a backing orchestra of 41 musicians . The cover art for the single pays homage to the musical and the character of Fantine by depicting Kahara as a broken but hopeful woman . The single also includes a piano version of `` Yume Yaburete '' as well as a self - cover of Kahara 's 1996 hit song `` I 'm Proud '' . First pressing of the single includes a DVD featuring the music video for `` Yume Yaburete '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' entered the Oricon weekly singles chart at number 13 , marking Kahara 's first top 20 single since `` Anata ga Ireba '' ( 2004 ) . Track listing ( edit ) CD No . Title Length 1 . `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( 夢 やぶれ て `` Broken Dreams '' ) 3 : 52 2 . `` I 'm Proud '' ( 2013 Orchestra Version ) 4 : 44 3 . `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( Piano Version ) 4 : 02 4 . `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( Instrumental ) 3 : 52 5 . `` I 'm Proud '' ( 2013 Orchestra Version -- Instrumental ) 4 : 42 Total length : 21 : 14 ( show ) DVD No . Title Length 1 . `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( Music Video ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Japan Billboard Hot 100 6 Japan Hot Top Airplay ( Billboard ) 5 Japan Hot Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 9 Japan Daily Singles ( Oricon ) 11 Japan Weekly Singles ( Oricon ) 13 Japan Weekly Singles ( Recochoku ) 34 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Les Misérables at IBDB.com '' . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Biamonte , Nicole ( 28 October 2010 ) . Pop - Culture Pedagogy in the Music Classroom : Teaching Tools from American Idol to YouTube . Scarecrow Press . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 7056 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Patti LuPone : Biography '' . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Patti LuPone Live ! Billboard.com '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Laurie Beechman Billboard.com '' . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Translations and Cast Recordings . LesMis.com '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum RIAA.com '' . Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond 1987 version ( U.S. ) Billboard.com '' . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond 1987 version ( UK ) Chartstats.com '' . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond lyrics OldieLyrics.com '' . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Essex Billboard.com '' . Archived from the original on 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Crawford Billboard.com '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What You See Is What You Sweat track listing Discogs.com '' . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin : Biography '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Encore by Elaine Paige DiscountMusic.com '' . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea McArdle Billboard '' . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I Dreamed A Dream -- Hit Songs of Broadway '' . ABC . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Caroline Davies ; Paul Kelbie ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Reality TV star Susan Boyle set for duet with idol Elaine Paige '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( 14 April 2009 ) . `` '' TV ratings : Britain 's Got Talent hits high note '' Guardian.co.uk `` . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Susan Boyle breaks past 100 million online views '' Reuters.com `` . 20 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dancers beat Boyle in talent show '' BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 30 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LuPone 1985 version ( US ) Billboard.com '' . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LuPone 1985 version ( UK ) Chartstats.com '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` lescharts.com -- Français '' ( in French ) . Les classement de telechargement single . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 48 , 2009 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody . `` Various Artists - Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions for charted songs in the United States : `` I Dreamed A Dream '' : `` The Billboard Hot 100 Week of 12 January 2013 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Hathaway '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Hathaway 's chart history '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles , Week Ending 17 January 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Anne Hathaway -- I Dreamed a Dream '' . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 年 ぶり の 新曲 「 夢 やぶれ て 」 を リリース した 華原 朋美 さん '' . Yomiuri Shimbun. 23 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( オリコン ) 華原 朋美 、 復帰 曲 が 8 年 7 ヶ月 ぶり TOP20 '' . Oricon. 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Top Airplay '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 年 04 月 18 日 の CD シングル デイリー ランキング '' . Oricon . Archived from the original on 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` シングル ランキング 週間 4 / 17 ~ 4 / 23 '' . Recochoku . Archived from the original on 24 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Les Misérables official website Idina Menzel Filmography Discography Studio albums Still I Ca n't Be Still Here I Stand Holiday Wishes Idina Live albums Live : Barefoot at the Symphony Singles `` Defying Gravity '' `` Brave '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` Poker Face '' `` Let It Go '' Featured songs `` The Wizard and I '' `` What is this Feeling ? '' `` One Short Day '' `` I 'm Not that Girl '' `` Dancing Through Life '' `` For Good '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Concert tours Still I Ca n't Be Still Tour I Stand tour Barefoot at the Symphony Tour Idina Menzel : Live at Radio City Idina Menzel : World Tour Idina 2017 world tour Related articles Taye Diggs Book Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Characters Jean Valjean Javert Fantine Cosette Marius Éponine Enjolras Gavroche Thénardiers Bishop Myriel Patron - Minette Friends of the ABC Film adaptations 1909 1917 1925 1934 1935 1948 1952 1958 1978 1982 1995 1998 2012 Concerts 1995 Other adaptations Musical Radio Les Misérables : Shōjo Cosette Jean Val Jean Beedala Patlu ( 1950 ) Ezhai Padum Padu ( 1950 ) Kundan ( 1955 ) Duppathuge Dukka ( 1956 ) Beedala Patlu ( 1972 ) Television adaptations 1974 telenovela 2000 miniseries 2014 telenovela Songs and soundtracks Songs from Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` On My Own '' `` One Day More '' `` Suddenly '' Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Related Fantine ( 1886 painting ) Susan Boyle Discography Studio albums I Dreamed a Dream ( 2009 ) The Gift ( 2010 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 2011 ) Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage ( 2012 ) Home For Christmas ( 2013 ) Hope ( 2014 ) A Wonderful World ( 2016 ) Singles `` Wild Horses '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` Perfect Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' `` Enjoy the Silence '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' `` You 'll See '' Featured singles `` Everybody Hurts '' `` A Mother 's Prayer '' Other songs `` Who I Was Born to Be '' Television Britain 's Got Talent I Dreamed a Dream : The Susan Boyle Story ( 2009 ) Susan Boyle : An Unlikely Superstar ( 2011 ) Theatre I Dreamed a Dream ( musical ) Concert tours Susan Boyle in Concert ( 2013 -- 14 ) Related articles Syco Music Columbia Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Dreamed_a_Dream&oldid=816681355 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1980 songs 1987 singles Songs from musicals Works based on Les Misérables Neil Diamond songs Aretha Franklin songs Susan Boyle songs Tomomi Kahara songs Songs with lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer Compositions in E-flat major 1980s jazz standards Syco Music singles Columbia Records singles Universal Music Japan singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Frenchdigital Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Articles containing Japanese - language text Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Français 한국어 Italiano مصرى 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 23 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings i dreamed a dream in les miserables | [
"\"I Dreamed a Dream\" is a song from the musical Les Misérables.[1] It is a solo that is sung by the character Fantine during the first act. The music is by Claude-Michel Schönberg, with orchestrations by John Cameron. The English lyrics are by Neil Diamond And Herbert Kretzmer, based on the original French libretto by Alain Boublil and Jean-Marc Natel from the original French production."
] | [
"the character Fantine"
] |
-8951081448901360186 | Harry Potter (film series) | Harry Potter ( film series ) - wikipedia Harry Potter ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search Harry Potter Harry Potter logo as used in the last films Directed by Chris Columbus ( 1 -- 2 ) Alfonso Cuarón ( 3 ) Mike Newell ( 4 ) David Yates ( 5 -- 8 ) Produced by David Heyman Chris Columbus ( 3 ) Mark Radcliffe ( 3 ) David Barron ( 5 -- 8 ) J.K. Rowling ( 7 -- 8 ) Screenplay by Steve Kloves ( 1 -- 4 , 6 -- 8 ) Michael Goldenberg ( 5 ) Based on Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson ( See below ) Music by John Williams ( 1 -- 3 ) Patrick Doyle ( 4 ) Nicholas Hooper ( 5 -- 6 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 7 -- 8 ) Cinematography John Seale ( 1 ) Roger Pratt ( 2 , 4 ) Michael Seresin ( 3 ) Sławomir Idziak ( 5 ) Bruno Delbonnel ( 6 ) Eduardo Serra ( 7 -- 8 ) Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce ( 1 ) Peter Honess ( 2 ) Steven Weisberg ( 3 ) Mick Audsley ( 4 ) Mark Day ( 5 -- 8 ) Production company Heyday Films 1492 Pictures ( 1 -- 3 ) Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 2001 -- 2011 Running time 1179 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget Total ( 8 films ) $1.2 billion Box office Total ( 8 films ) $7.7 billion Harry Potter is a British - American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J.K. Rowling . The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films , beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) . A spin - off prequel series will consist of five films , starting with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) . The Fantastic Beasts films mark the beginning of a shared media franchise known as J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . The series was mainly produced by David Heyman , and stars Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , and Emma Watson as the three leading characters : Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger . Four directors worked on the series : Chris Columbus , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , and David Yates . The screenplays were written by Steve Kloves , with the exception of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) , which was written by Michael Goldenberg . Production took over ten years to complete , with the main story arc following Harry Potter 's quest to overcome his arch - enemy Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the seventh and final novel in the series , was adapted into two feature - length parts . Part 1 was released in November 2010 , and Part 2 was released in July 2011 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) is the only film in the series not among the 50 highest - grossing films of all time , with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , the highest - grossing film in the series and one of 30 films to gross over $1 billion , ranking at number eight . Without inflation adjustment , it is the second highest - grossing film series with $7.7 billion in worldwide receipts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Casting the roles of Harry , Ron , and Hermione 2 Production 2.1 Directors 2.2 Scripts 2.3 Cast and crew 2.4 Set design 2.5 Cinematography 2.6 Editing 2.7 Music 2.8 Visual effects 2.9 Final filming 3 Films 3.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) 3.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) 3.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) 3.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) 3.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) 3.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) 3.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) 3.8 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Critical and public response 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Box office performance 5.4 All - time rankings 6 Legacy and influence 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Origins Late in 1997 , film producer David Heyman 's London offices received a copy of the first book in what would become Rowling 's series of seven Harry Potter novels . The book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was relegated to a low - priority bookshelf , where it was discovered by a secretary who read it and gave it to Heyman with a positive review . Consequently , Heyman , who had originally disliked `` the rubbish title '' , read the book himself . Highly impressed by Rowling 's work , he began the process that led to one of the most successful cinematic franchises of all time . Heyman 's enthusiasm led to Rowling 's 1999 sale of the film rights for the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( US $2,000,000 ) . A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British , allowing nevertheless for the inclusion of many Irish actors , such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she `` did n't want to give them control over the rest of the story '' by selling the rights to the characters , which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author - written sequels . Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the first film , he declined the offer . Spielberg wanted the adaptation to be an animated film , with American actor Haley Joel Osment providing Harry Potter 's voice . Spielberg contended that , in his opinion , there was every expectation of profit in making the film . He claims that making money would have been like `` shooting ducks in a barrel . It 's just a slam dunk . It 's just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts . There 's no challenge '' . In the `` Rubbish '' Bin section of her website , Rowling maintains that she had no role in choosing directors for the films , writing `` Anyone who thinks I could ( or would ) have ' veto - ed ' him ( Spielberg ) needs their Quick - Quotes Quill serviced . '' After Spielberg left , conversations began with other directors , including Chris Columbus , Jonathan Demme , Terry Gilliam , Mike Newell , Alan Parker , Wolfgang Petersen , Rob Reiner , Tim Robbins , Brad Silberling , and Peter Weir . Petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000 . It was then narrowed down to Columbus , Gilliam , Parker , and Silberling . Rowling 's first choice was Terry Gilliam . However , on 28 March 2000 Columbus was appointed as director of the film , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire as influences for their decision . Harry Potter is the kind of timeless literary achievement that comes around once in a lifetime . Since the books have generated such a passionate following across the world , it was important to us to find a director that has an affinity for both children and magic . I ca n't think of anyone more ideally suited for this job than Chris ( Columbus ) . -- Lorenzo di Bonaventura , Warner Bros . Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay for the first film . He described adapting the book as `` tough '' since it did not `` lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books '' . Kloves was sent a `` raft '' of synopses of books proposed as film adaptations , with Harry Potter being the only one that jumped out at him . He went out and bought the book , becoming an instant fan . When speaking to Warner Bros. he stated that the film had to be British and true to the characters . David Heyman was confirmed to produce the film . Rowling received a large amount of creative control for the film , an arrangement that Columbus did not mind . Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the first film over the 4 July 2001 weekend , making for such a short production window that several of the originally proposed directors had withdrawn themselves from contention . Eventually , due to time constraints , the date was put back to 16 November 2001 . Casting the roles of Harry , Ron , and Hermione Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson , and Rupert Grint at the world premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in Trafalgar Square , London on 7 July 2011 . In 2000 , after a seven - month search , lead actor Daniel Radcliffe was discovered by producer David Heyman and writer Steve Kloves seated just behind them in a theatre . In Heyman 's own words , `` There sitting behind me was this boy with these big blue eyes . It was Dan Radcliffe . I remember my first impressions : He was curious and funny and so energetic . There was real generosity too , and sweetness . But at the same time he was really voracious and with hunger for knowledge of whatever kind . '' Radcliffe had already established himself as an actor in the 1999 BBC television production of David Copperfield in which he played the title role 's childhood years . Heyman persuaded Radcliffe 's parents to allow him to audition for the part of Harry Potter , which involved Radcliffe being filmed . ( This screen test footage was released via the first set of Ultimate Editions in 2009 . ) Rowling was enthusiastic after viewing Radcliffe 's filmed test , saying she did n't think there was a better choice for the part of Harry Potter . Also in 2000 , the then unknown British actors Emma Watson and Rupert Grint were selected from thousands of auditioning children to play the roles of Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , respectively . Their only previous acting experience was in school plays . Grint was eleven years old and Watson ten at the time they were cast . Los Angeles Times writer Geoff Boucher , who conducted the above - mentioned interview with Heyman , added that the casting of the three major roles `` is especially impressive in hindsight . The trio 's selection was arguably one of the best show - business decisions over the past decade ... they have shown admirable grace and steadiness in the face of teen superstardom . '' Production Filming of the series began at Leavesden Studios , Hertfordshire , England , in September 2000 and ended in December 2010 , with post-production on the final film lasting until summer 2011 . Leavesden Studios was the main base for filming Harry Potter , and it opened to the public as a studio tour in 2012 ( renamed as Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden ) . Motion Picture Director Writer Producer ( s ) Composer Novel by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Chris Columbus Steve Kloves David Heyman John Williams Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Alfonso Cuarón Chris Columbus , David Heyman & Mark Radcliffe Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Mike Newell David Heyman Patrick Doyle Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix David Yates Michael Goldenberg David Heyman & David Barron Nicholas Hooper Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Steve Kloves Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 David Heyman , David Barron & J.K. Rowling Alexandre Desplat Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where much of the film series was shot . Harry Potter was also filmed in other areas , including Pinewood Studios . David Heyman produced all the films in the series with his production company Heyday Films , while David Barron joined the series as an executive producer on Chamber of Secrets and Goblet of Fire . Barron was later appointed producer on the last four films . Chris Columbus was an executive producer on the first two films alongside Mark Radcliffe and Michael Barnathan , but he became a producer on the third film alongside Heyman and Radcliffe . Other executive producers include Tanya Seghatchian and Lionel Wigram . J.K. Rowling , author of the series , was asked to become a producer on Goblet of Fire but declined . She subsequently accepted the role on the two - part Deathly Hallows . Heyday Films and Columbus ' company 1492 Pictures collaborated with Duncan Henderson Productions in 2001 , Miracle Productions in 2002 , and P of A Productions in 2004 . Even though Prisoner of Azkaban was the final film produced by 1492 Pictures , Heyday Films continued with the franchise and collaborated with Patalex IV Productions in 2005 . The sixth film in the series , Half - Blood Prince , was the most expensive film to produce as of 2009 . Warner Bros. split the seventh and final novel in the series , Deathly Hallows , into two cinematic parts . The two parts were filmed back - to - back from early 2009 to summer 2010 , with the completion of reshoots taking place on 21 December 2010 ; this marked the end of filming Harry Potter . Heyman stated that Deathly Hallows was `` shot as one film '' but released in two feature - length parts . Tim Burke , the visual effects supervisor of the series , said of the production on Harry Potter , `` It was this huge family ; I think there were over 700 people working at Leavesden , an industry in itself . '' David Heyman said , `` When the first film opened , no way did I think we 'd make eight films . That did n't seem feasible until after we 'd done the fourth . '' Nisha Parti , the production consultant on the first film , said that Heyman `` made the first film very much the way he felt the studio Warner Bros. wanted to make it . '' After the film 's success , Heyman was given `` more freedom '' . One of the aims of the filmmakers from the beginning of production was to develop the maturity of the films . Chris Columbus stated , `` We realised that these movies would get progressively darker . Again , we did n't know how dark but we realised that as the kids get older , the movies get a little edgier and darker . '' This transpired with the succeeding three directors who would work on the series in the following years , with the films beginning to deal with issues such as death , betrayal , prejudice , and political corruption as the series developed narratively and thematically . Directors After Chris Columbus had finished working on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , he was hired to direct the second film , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . The production started within a week after the release of the first film . Columbus was set to direct all entries in the series , but he did not want to return for the third film , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , claiming he was `` burned out '' . He moved to the position of producer , while Alfonso Cuarón was approached for the role of director . He was initially nervous about directing the instalment since he had not read any of the books or seen the films . After reading the series , he changed his mind and signed on to direct since he had immediately connected to the story . David Yates directed four of the films in the series , including the two - part finale Deathly Hallows . Because Cuarón decided not to direct the fourth instalment , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , a new director had to be selected . Mike Newell was chosen to direct the film , but he declined to direct the next film , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , which was given to David Yates , who also directed Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , becoming the only director to helm more than one film since Chris Columbus . Chris Columbus said his vision of the first two films was of a `` golden storybook , an old - fashioned look '' , while Alfonso Cuarón changed the visual tone of the series , desaturated the colour palette , and expanded the landscape around Hogwarts . Mike Newell decided to direct the fourth film as a `` paranoid thriller '' , while David Yates wanted to `` bring a sense of jeopardy and character to the world '' . Cuarón , Newell , and Yates have said that their challenge was striking a balance between making the films according to their individual vision , while working within a cinematic world already established by Columbus . David Heyman commented on the `` generosity of the directors '' by revealing that `` Chris spent time with Alfonso , Alfonso spent time with Mike and Mike spent time with David , showing him an early cut of the film , talking through what it means to be a director and how they went about ( making the films ) . '' David Heyman also said , `` I suppose Chris Columbus was the most conservative choice from the studio 's point of view . But he expressed real passion . '' Producer Tanya Seghatchian said they were `` more adventurous '' in choosing a director for the third film and went straight to Alfonso Cuarón . Mike Newell became the first British director of the series when he was chosen for the fourth film ; Newell was considered to direct the first film before he dropped out . David Yates directed the final films after David Heyman thought him capable of handling the edgy , emotional , and political material of the later novels . All the directors have been supportive of each other . Chris Columbus praised the character development in the films , while Alfonso Cuarón admired the `` quiet poetry '' of David Yates ' films . Mike Newell noted that each director had a different heroism , and David Yates views the first four films `` respectfully and enjoy ( s ) them . '' Daniel Radcliffe said Yates `` took the charm of the films that Chris made and the visual flair of everything that Alfonso did and the thoroughly British , bombastic nature of the film directed by Mike Newell '' and added `` his own sense '' of realism . Scripts Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for all but the fifth film , which was penned by Michael Goldenberg . Kloves had direct assistance from J.K. Rowling , though she allowed him what he described as `` tremendous elbow room '' . Rowling asked Kloves to remain faithful to the spirit of the books ; thus , the plot and tone of each film and its corresponding book are virtually the same , albeit with some changes and omissions for purposes of cinematic style , time , and budget constraints . Michael Goldenberg also received input from Rowling during his adaptation of the fifth novel ; Goldenberg was originally considered to adapt the first novel before the studio chose Kloves . A studio model of Hogwarts . It is the main setting in the series ; the castle features in every novel and screen adaptation . In a 2010 interview , David Heyman briefly explained the book - to - film transition . He commented on Rowling 's involvement in the series , stating that she understood that `` books and films are different '' and was `` the best support '' a producer could have . Rowling had overall approval on the scripts , which were viewed and discussed by the director and the producers . Heyman also said that Kloves was the `` key voice '' in the process of adapting the novels and that certain aspects from the books needed to have been excluded from the scripts due to the filmmakers ' decision to keep the main focus on Harry 's journey as a character , which would ultimately give the films a defined structure . Heyman mentioned that some fans `` do n't necessarily understand the adaptation process '' and that the filmmakers would have loved to `` have everything '' from the books in the films but noted that it was not possible since they had `` neither time nor cinematic structure '' to do so . He finished by saying that adapting a novel to the screen is `` a really considered process . '' Because the films were being made as the novels were being published , the filmmakers had no idea of the story 's outcome until the release of the final novel in 2007 . Kloves spoke of his relationship with Rowling when adapting the novels by saying , `` The thing is about Jo , which is remarkable for someone who had no experience with the filmmaking process , was her intuition . We had a conversation the very first day I met her where she said , ' I know the movies ca n't be the books ... because I know what 's coming and it 's impossible to fully dramatise on screen what I 'm going to write . But I just ask you to be true to the characters ; that 's all I care about . ' '' Kloves also said , `` I do n't know what compelled me to say this ( to Rowling ) , but I said , ' I 've just got to warn you my favourite character is not Harry . My favourite character is Hermione . ' And I think for some weird reason , from that moment on , she sort of trusted me . '' Cast and crew See also : List of Harry Potter cast members Aside from the three lead actors , other notable cast members include Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , and Dame Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall . Richard Harris , who played the role of Professor Albus Dumbledore , died on 25 October 2002 causing the role to be re-cast for the third instalment , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . David Heyman and director Alfonso Cuarón chose Michael Gambon to portray the character of Dumbledore , which he did for all succeeding films . Notable recurring cast members include Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange , Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick , Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort , Brendan Gleeson as Alastor Moody , Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy , Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew , David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney , Mark Williams as Arthur Weasley , and Julie Walters as Molly Weasley . The series has seen many returning crew members from various departments , including Tim Burke , visual effects supervisor ; Peter Doyle , digital film colourist ; Nick Dudman , make - up and creature effects designer ; David Holmes , stunt double ; Amanda Knight , make - up artist ; Stephenie McMillan , set designer ; Greg Powell , stunt coordinator ; Jany Temime , costume designer ; and Fiona Weir , casting director . Set design The Hall of Christ Church in Oxford , England , the inspiration for the studio film set of The Great Hall of Hogwarts . The production designer for all eight films is Stuart Craig . Assisted by Stephenie McMillan , Craig has created iconic sets pieces including the Ministry of Magic , the Chamber of Secrets , Malfoy Manor , and the layout for the CGI Horcrux Cave . Because the novels were being published as the films were being made , Craig was required to rebuild some sets for future films and alter the design of Hogwarts . The studio film set of The Great Hall of Hogwarts was one of the first sets ever created for the series . He said , `` In the early days , every time you saw the exterior of Hogwarts , it was a physical miniature , '' which was made by craftsmen and occupied a large sound stage . `` We ended up with a profile of how Hogwarts looked , a skyline that actually I did n't design , and it was n't always satisfactory , and as all the novels got written and movies got made there were new requirements ( for buildings ) . The ( Astronomy Tower ) definitely was n't there originally , and so we were able to add that substantial piece . And in the last film , we needed an arena for the battle for Hogwarts -- the big courtyard outside doubled in size , and if you look at the first movie it was n't there at all . There were quite some liberties taken with the continuity of Hogwarts . '' In the last film , Craig used a digital model instead of a miniature to `` embrace the latest technology '' . On the method of creating the sets , Craig said he often started by sketching ideas onto a blank sheet of paper . Stephanie McMillan also said that `` each film always had plenty of new challenges , '' citing the changes in visual style between directors and cinematographers as an example , along with the developing story in the novels . Due to J.K. Rowling 's descriptions of various settings in the novels , Craig noted his `` responsibility was to place it together '' . Craig commented on his experience working in the studio environment : `` I 'm the production designer , but on a big movie like Harry Potter I may be responsible for 30 to 35 people ; from the supervising art director , and a team of art directors and assistants , to draughtsmen and junior draughtsmen , and then on to model makers , sculptors and scenic artists . '' He said , `` Ten years ago , all the Harry Potter drawings were done in pencil . I would take my roughs and plans and sections and give them to a professional architectural illustrator , who would create concept art using pencil and colour wash on watercolour paper . '' He said the process changed slightly throughout the years due to , what he called , the `` digital revolution '' of making films . When filming of the series was completed , some of Craig 's sets had to be rebuilt or transported for them to be displayed at the Warner Bros. studio tour . Cinematography Six directors of photography worked on the series : John Seale on the first film , Roger Pratt on the second and fourth , Michael Seresin on the third , Sławomir Idziak on the fifth , Bruno Delbonnel on the sixth , and Eduardo Serra on the seventh and eighth . Delbonnel was considered to return for both parts of Deathly Hallows , but he declined , stating that he was `` scared of repeating '' himself . Delbonnel 's cinematography in Half - Blood Prince gained the series its only Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography . As the series progressed , each cinematographer faced the challenge of shooting and lighting older sets ( which had been around since the first few films ) in unique and different ways . Chris Columbus said the series ' vivid colouring decreased as each film was made . Michael Seresin commented on the change of visual style from the first two films to Prisoner of Azkaban : `` The lighting is moodier , with more shadowing and cross-lighting . '' Seresin and Alfonso Cuarón moved away from the strongly coloured and brightly lit cinematography of the first two films , with dimmer lighting and a more muted colour palette being utilised for the succeeding five films . After comparing a range of digital cameras with 35 mm film , Bruno Delbonnel decided to shoot the sixth movie , Half - Blood Prince , on film rather than the increasingly popular digital format . This decision was kept for the two - part Deathly Hallows with Eduardo Serra , who said that he preferred to work with film because it was `` more technically accurate and dependable '' . Because the majority of Deathly Hallows takes place in various settings away from Hogwarts , David Yates wanted to `` shake things up '' by using different photographic techniques such as using hand - held cameras and very wide camera lenses . Eduardo Serra said , `` Sometimes we are combining elements shot by the main unit , a second unit , and the visual effects unit . You have to know what is being captured -- colours , contrast , et cetera -- with mathematical precision . '' He noted that with Stuart Craig 's `` amazing sets and the story '' , the filmmakers could not `` stray too far from the look of the previous Harry Potter films . '' Editing Along with continuous changes in cinematographers , there have been five film editors to work in post-production on the series : Richard Francis - Bruce edited the first instalment , Peter Honess the second , Steven Weisberg the third , Mick Audsley the fourth , and Mark Day films five through eight . Music See also : Music of the Harry Potter films John Williams scored the first three films and received Academy Award nominations for the first and third films . The Harry Potter series has had four composers . John Williams scored the first three films : Philosopher 's Stone , Chamber of Secrets , and Prisoner of Azkaban . However , the second entry was adapted and conducted by William Ross due to Williams 's conflicting commitments . Williams also created Hedwig 's Theme , which is used in every film in the series . After Williams left the series to pursue other projects , Patrick Doyle scored the fourth entry , Goblet of Fire , which was directed by Mike Newell , with whom Doyle had worked previously . In 2006 , Nicholas Hooper started work on the score to Order of the Phoenix by reuniting with director David Yates . Hooper also composed the soundtrack to Half - Blood Prince but decided not to return for the final films . In January 2010 , Alexandre Desplat was confirmed to compose the score for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . The film 's orchestration started in the summer with Conrad Pope , the orchestrator on the first three Harry Potter films , collaborating with Desplat . Pope commented that the music `` reminds one of the old days . '' Desplat returned to score Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in 2011 . Director David Yates stated that he wanted John Williams to return to the series for the final installment , but their schedules did not align due to the urgent demand for a rough cut of the film . The final recording sessions of Harry Potter took place on 27 May 2011 at Abbey Road Studios with the London Symphony Orchestra , orchestrator Conrad Pope , and composer Alexandre Desplat . Doyle , Hooper , and Desplat introduced their own personal themes to their respective soundtracks , while keeping a few of John Williams 's themes . Visual effects There have been many visual effects companies to work on the Harry Potter series . Some of these include Rising Sun Pictures , Double Negative , Cinesite , Framestore , and Industrial Light & Magic . The latter three have worked on all the films in the series , while Double Negative and Rising Sun Pictures began their commitments with Prisoner of Azkaban and Goblet of Fire , respectively . Framestore contributed by developing many memorable creatures and sequences to the series . Cinesite was involved in producing both miniature and digital effects for the films . Producer David Barron said that `` Harry Potter created the UK effects industry as we know it . On the first film , all the complicated visual effects were done on the ( US ) west coast . But on the second , we took a leap of faith and gave much of what would normally be given to Californian vendors to UK ones . They came up trumps . '' Tim Burke , the visual effects supervisor , said many studios `` are bringing their work to UK effects companies . Every facility is fully booked , and that was n't the case before Harry Potter . That 's really significant . '' Final filming See also : Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows On 12 June 2010 , filming of the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was completed with actor Warwick Davis stating on his Twitter account , `` The end of an Era -- today is officially the last day of principal photography on ' Harry Potter ' -- ever . I feel honoured to be here as the director shouts cut for the very last time . Farewell Harry & Hogwarts , it 's been magic ! '' . However , reshoots of the epilogue scene were confirmed to begin in the winter of 2010 . The filming was completed on 21 December 2010 , marking the official closure of filming the Harry Potter franchise . Exactly four years earlier on that day , author J.K. Rowling 's official website revealed the title of the final novel in the series -- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Films The Gryffindor Common Room was introduced in the first film . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) Known in India and the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Harry Potter is an orphaned boy brought up by his unkind Muggle ( non-magical ) aunt and uncle . At the age of eleven , half - giant Rubeus Hagrid informs him that he is actually a wizard and that his parents were murdered by an evil wizard named Lord Voldemort . Voldemort also attempted to kill one - year - old Harry on the same night , but his killing curse mysteriously rebounded and reduced him to a weak and helpless form . Harry became extremely famous in the Wizarding World as a result . Harry begins his first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and learns about magic . During the year , Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger become entangled in the mystery of the Philosopher 's Stone which is being kept within the school . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( film ) Harry , Ron , and Hermione return to Hogwarts for their second year , which proves to be more challenging than the last . The Chamber of Secrets has been opened , leaving students and ghosts petrified by an unleashed monster . Harry must face up to claims that he is the heir of Salazar Slytherin ( founder of the Chamber ) , learn that he can speak Parseltongue , and also discover the properties of a mysterious diary , only to find himself trapped within the Chamber of Secrets itself . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film ) Harry Potter 's third year sees the boy wizard , along with his friends , attending Hogwarts School once again . Professor R.J. Lupin joins the staff as Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , while convicted murderer Sirius Black escapes from Azkaban Prison . The Ministry of Magic entrusts the Dementors of Azkaban to guard Hogwarts from Black . Harry learns more about his past and his connection with the escaped prisoner . The Riddles ' Gravestone from Lord Voldemort 's rebirth scene in the fourth film . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( film ) During Harry 's fourth year , Hogwarts plays host to a legendary event : the Triwizard Tournament . Three European schools participate in the tournament , with three ' champions ' representing each school in the deadly tasks . The Goblet of Fire chooses Fleur Delacour , Viktor Krum , and Cedric Diggory to compete against each other . However , curiously , Harry 's name is also produced from the Goblet thus making him a fourth champion , which results in a terrifying encounter with a reborn Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( film ) Harry 's fifth year begins with him being attacked by Dementors in Little Whinging . Later , he finds out that the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort 's return . Harry is also beset by disturbing and realistic nightmares , while Professor Umbridge , a representative of Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge , is the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . Harry becomes aware that Voldemort is after a prophecy which reveals : `` neither can live while the other survives '' . The rebellion involving the students of Hogwarts , secret organisation Order of the Phoenix , the Ministry of Magic , and the Death Eaters begins . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( film ) In Harry 's sixth year at Hogwarts , Lord Voldemort and his Death Eaters are increasing their terror upon the Wizarding and Muggle worlds . Headmaster Albus Dumbledore persuades his old friend Horace Slughorn to return to Hogwarts as a professor as there is a vacancy to fill . There is a more important reason , however , for Slughorn 's return . While in a Potions lesson , Harry takes possession of a strangely annotated school textbook , inscribed ' This is the property of the Half - Blood Prince ' . Draco Malfoy struggles to carry out a deed presented to him by Voldemort . Meanwhile , Dumbledore and Harry secretly work together to discover the method on how to destroy the Dark Lord once and for all . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Potters ' Cottage from the final film . After unexpected events at the end of the previous year , Harry , Ron , and Hermione are entrusted with a quest to find and destroy Lord Voldemort 's secret to immortality -- the Horcruxes . It is supposed to be their final year at Hogwarts , but the collapse of the Ministry of Magic and Voldemort 's rise to power prevents them from attending . The trio undergo a long journey with many obstacles in their path including Death Eaters , Snatchers , the mysterious Deathly Hallows , and Harry 's connection with the Dark Lord 's mind becoming ever stronger . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 After destroying one Horcrux and discovering the significance of the three Deathly Hallows , Harry , Ron and Hermione continue to seek the other Horcruxes in an attempt to destroy Voldemort , who has now obtained the powerful Elder Wand . The Dark Lord discovers Harry 's hunt for Horcruxes and launches an attack on Hogwarts School , where the trio return for one last stand against the dark forces that threaten the Wizarding and Muggle worlds . Release The rights for the first four novels in the series were sold to Warner Bros. for £ 1,000,000 by J.K. Rowling . After the release of the fourth book in July 2000 , the first film , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was released on 16 November 2001 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $90 million in the United States alone , which set a record opening worldwide . The succeeding three motion picture adaptations followed suit in financial success , while garnering positive reviews from fans and critics . The fifth film , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released by Warner Bros. on 11 July 2007 in English - speaking countries , except for the UK and Ireland , which released the movie on 12 July . The sixth , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , was released on 15 July 2009 to critical acclaim and finished its theatrical run ranked as the number two grossing film of 2009 on the worldwide charts . The final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was split into two cinematic parts : Part 1 was released on 19 November 2010 , and Part 2 , the conclusion to both the final film and the series , was released on 15 July 2011 . Part 1 was originally scheduled to be released in 3D and 2D , but due to a delay in the 3D conversion process , Warner Bros. released the film only in 2D and IMAX cinemas . However , Part 2 was released in 2D and 3D cinemas as originally planned . The television broadcast rights for the series in the United States are currently held by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television , which typically airs the films on the Freeform network . Disney 's contract is expected to end in June 2018 , after which , NBCUniversal will take control of the rights , after their deal with Warner Bros. was made in August 2016 . The film series has accrued nearly 1.3 billion viewings since their television debut -- the highest - watched franchise in television broadcast history . Reception Critical response All the films have been a success financially and critically , making the franchise one of the major Hollywood `` tent - poles '' akin to James Bond , Star Wars , Indiana Jones and Pirates of the Caribbean . The series is noted by audiences for growing visually darker and more mature as each film was released . However , opinions of the films generally divide book fans , with some preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films and others preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Some also feel the series has a `` disjointed '' feel due to the changes in directors , as well as Michael Gambon 's interpretation of Albus Dumbledore differing from that of Richard Harris . Author J.K. Rowling has been constantly supportive of the films , and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her favourite one in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions -- novels do not have constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . Critical and public response Motion Picture Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 80 % ( 194 reviews ) 64 ( 35 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 82 % ( 230 reviews ) 63 ( 35 reviews ) A+ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 91 % ( 250 reviews ) 82 ( 40 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 88 % ( 247 reviews ) 81 ( 38 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 78 % ( 244 reviews ) 71 ( 37 reviews ) A − Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 84 % ( 268 reviews ) 78 ( 36 reviews ) A − Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 78 % ( 262 reviews ) 65 ( 42 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 96 % ( 311 reviews ) 87 ( 41 reviews ) Accolades At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , J.K. Rowling , David Heyman , David Barron , David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson collected the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the series . In addition , the American Film Institute recognised the entire series with a Special Award at the American Film Institute Awards in 2011 . Special awards `` are given to outstanding achievements in the moving image that do not fit into AFI 's criteria for the other honorees . '' In its press release , the Institute referred to the films as `` a landmark series ; eight films that earned the trust of a generation who wished for the beloved books of J.K. Rowling to come to life on the silver screen . The collective wizardry of an epic ensemble gave us the gift of growing older with Harry , Ron and Hermione as the magic of Hogwarts sprung from the films and into the hearts and minds of Muggles around the world . '' Harry Potter was also recognised by the BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Awards , with David Yates winning the Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing for his four Harry Potter films . Motion Picture Academy Award nomination Academy Award nominee Academy Award ceremony Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Best Art Direction Best Costume Design Best Original Score Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Judianna Makovsky John Williams 74th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Best Original Score Best Visual Effects John Williams Roger Guyett , Tim Burke , John Richardson and Bill George 77th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Best Art Direction Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan 78th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Best Cinematography Bruno Delbonnel 82nd Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Best Art Direction Best Visual Effects Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Tim Burke , John Richardson , Christian Manz and Nicolas Aithadi 83rd Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best Art Direction Best Makeup Best Visual Effects Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Nick Dudman , Amanda Knight and Lisa Tomblin Tim Burke , David Vickery , Greg Butler and John Richardson 84th Academy Awards Six of the eight films were nominated for a total of 12 Academy Awards . Some critics , fans , and general audiences have expressed disappointment that the Harry Potter series did not win any Oscars for its achievements . However , others have pointed out that certain films in the series had uneven reviews , in contrast to the three films of The Lord of the Rings , for example , which were all critically acclaimed . This has been partially attributed to the Harry Potter franchise going through several directors with their own styles in contrast to the Lord of the Rings trilogy , which was filmed in one massive undertaking by the same director , writer , and producer . Although not successful at the Oscars , the Harry Potter series has gained success in many other award ceremonies , including the annual Saturn Awards and Art Directors Guild Awards . The series has also gained a total of 24 nominations at the British Academy Film Awards presented at the annual BAFTAs , winning several , and 5 nominations at the Grammy Awards . Radcliffe , Grint , and Watson were honored outside Grauman 's Chinese Theatre at the Hand , Foot , and Wand Ceremony , Hollywood Walk of Fame , July 2007 . Philosopher 's Stone achieved seven BAFTA Award nominations , including Best British Film and Best Supporting Actor for Robbie Coltrane . The film was also nominated for eight Saturn Awards and won for its costumes design . It was also nominated at the Art Directors Guild Awards for its production design and received the Broadcast Film Critics Award for Best Live Action Family Film along with gaining two other nominations . Chamber of Secrets won the award for Best Live Action Family Film in the Phoenix Film Critics Society . It was nominated for seven Saturn Awards , including Best Director and Best Fantasy Film . The film was nominated for four BAFTA Awards and a Grammy Award for John Williams 's score . Prisoner of Azkaban won an Audience Award , as well as Best Feature Film , at the BAFTA Awards . The film also won a BMI Film Music award along with being nominated at the Grammy Awards , Visual Effect Society Awards , and the Amanda Awards . Goblet of Fire won a BAFTA award for Best Production Design as well as being nominated at the Saturn Awards , Critic 's Choice Awards , and the Visual Effects Society Awards . Order of the Phoenix picked up three awards at the inaugural ITV National Movie Awards . At the Empire Awards , David Yates won Best Director . Composer Nicholas Hooper received a nomination for a World Soundtrack Discovery Award . The film was nominated at the BAFTA Awards , but did not win for Best Production Design or Best Special Visual Effects . Half - Blood Prince was nominated for BAFTA Awards in Production Design and Visual Effects , and it was in the longlists for several other categories , including Best Supporting Actor for Alan Rickman . Amongst other nominations and wins , the film also achieved Best Family Movie at the National Movie Awards as well as Best Live Action Family Film at the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards , along with being nominated for Best Motion Picture at the Satellite Awards . Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 gained two nominations at the BAFTA Awards for Best Make - Up and Hair and Best Visual Effects , along with receiving nominations for the same categories at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards . Eduardo Serra 's cinematography and Stuart Craig 's production design were also nominated in various award ceremonies , and David Yates attained his second win at the Empire Awards , this time for Best Fantasy Film . He also obtained another Best Director nomination at the annual Saturn Awards , which also saw the film gain a Best Fantasy Film nomination . Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was released to critical acclaim , gaining a mix of audience awards . Part 2 of Deathly Hallows was also recognised at the Saturn Awards as well as the BAFTA Awards , where the film achieved a win for Best Special Visual Effects . Box Office performance As of 2015 , the Harry Potter film series is the 4th highest - grossing film franchise of all time , with the eight films released grossing over $7.7 billion worldwide . Without adjusting for inflation , this is higher than the first 22 James Bond films and the six films in the Star Wars franchise . Chris Columbus 's Philosopher 's Stone became the highest - grossing Harry Potter film worldwide upon completing its theatrical run in 2002 , but it was eventually topped by David Yates 's Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , while Alfonso Cuarón 's Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . Six films in the Harry Potter franchise -- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Parts 1 & 2 -- have to date grossed around $216 million in IMAX theaters worldwide . Motion picture Release date Box office gross Budget Ref ( s ) United Kingdom USA & Canada ( approx . ticket sales ) Other countries Worldwide Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 16 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 16 ) £ 66,096,060 $317,575,550 ( 55,976,200 ) $657,179,821 $974,755,371 $125 million Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 14 November 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 14 ) £ 54,780,731 $261,988,482 ( 44,978,900 ) $616,991,152 $878,979,634 $100 million Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 31 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 31 ) £ 45,615,949 $249,541,069 ( 40,183,700 ) $547,147,480 $796,688,549 $130 million Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 18 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 18 ) £ 48,328,854 $290,013,036 ( 45,188,100 ) $606,898,042 $896,911,078 $150 million Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 11 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 11 ) £ 49,136,969 $292,004,738 ( 42,442,500 ) $647,881,191 $939,885,929 $150 million Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 15 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) £ 50,713,404 $301,959,197 ( 40,261,200 ) $632,457,290 $934,416,487 $250 million Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 19 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) £ 52,364,075 $295,983,305 ( 37,503,700 ) $664,300,000 $960,283,305 Less than $250 million ( official ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 15 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 15 ) £ 73,094,187 $381,011,219 ( 48,046,800 ) $960,500,000 $1,341,511,219 Total £ 440,269,736 $ 7009239007659600000 ♠ 2,390,076,596 $ 7009533335497600000 ♠ 5,333,354,976 $ 7009772343157200000 ♠ 7,723,431,572 $1.155 billion All - time rankings Motion picture Rank Ref ( s ) All - time ( worldwide ) All - time ( United States ) All - time ( United Kingdom ) Yearly ( United States ) Yearly ( worldwide ) Opening day ( all - time ) Opening weekend ( all - time ) Philosopher 's Stone # 29 # 54 # 9 # 1 # 1 # 66 # 55 Chamber of Secrets # 46 # 90 # 17 # 4 # 2 # 81 # 60 Prisoner of Azkaban # 62 # 106 # 33 # 6 # 2 # 47 # 49 Goblet of Fire # 42 # 77 # 28 # 3 # 1 # 41 # 40 Order of the Phoenix # 38 # 73 # 25 # 5 # 2 # 34 # 77 Half - Blood Prince # 39 # 65 # 24 # 3 # 2 # 24 # 75 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 # 34 # 68 # 18 # 5 # 3 # 22 # 25 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 # 8 # 27 # 7 # 1 # 1 # 2 # 8 Legacy and influence `` Harry Potter was in the vanguard of a new approach to big - budget film - making . Most modern blockbuster franchises have two things in common : they are based on known properties such as books and comics , and they are steered by respected but little - known directors . '' -- The Economist The Harry Potter films and their success have been retrospectively considered to have had a significant impact on the film industry . They are cited as having helped redefine the Hollywood blockbuster in the 21st century by initiating a shift toward established media franchises forming the basis of successful films . In the wake of the final film 's release , Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote that the films `` inspired every major studio to try to capture ( its ) alchemic formula , spawning a range of copycats and wannabes '' and `` also have shown Hollywood how to make a glossy blockbuster with an eye toward keeping costs down . '' A 2009 article from The Economist argued that the films were `` in the vanguard '' of adaptations of established properties being the modern film franchise model , citing The Lord of the Rings , Spider - Man and The Dark Knight Trilogy as examples of successful film series that followed Harry Potter 's suit . Furthermore , the practice of splitting the finale of a film series into two back - to - back films began with the success of Deathly Hallows , and it would soon be replicated by The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug and The Battle of the Five Armies , The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Parts 1 and 2 , The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Parts 1 and 2 , and Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel . The films are also widely credited with singlehandedly signalling the popularity of films based on children 's and young adult literature in the 2000s and 2010s , correlating with the book series ' own literary influence . Costance Grady and Aja Romano , commenting on the whole Harry Potter franchise 's legacy for Vox in light of its 20th anniversary , wrote that youth - targeted literature has since become `` a go - to well of ideas for Hollywood , '' pointing to the successes of The Twilight Saga , The Hunger Games and The Divergent Series . Notes Jump up ^ Not including executive producers . References Jump up ^ Kois , Dan . `` The Real Wizard Behind Harry Potter '' Slate ( magazine ) , 13 July 2011 . Accessed : 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy -- Live Action '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts release shows the magic in brand reinvention '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dargis , Manohla ; Scott , A.O. ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Four Directors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter at Leavesden '' . WB Studio Tour . Archived from the original on 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Plans Two - Part Film Adaptation of `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows '' to Be Directed by David Yates `` . Business Wire. 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 ... expand the screen adaptation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and release the film in two parts . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ; Eller , Claudia ( 7 November 2010 ) . `` The end nears for ' Harry Potter ' on film '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . The fantasy epic begins its Hollywood fade - out Nov. 19 with the release of `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 '' and finishes next summer with the eighth film , `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . '' Jump up ^ Schuker , Lauren A.E. ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` ' Potter ' Charms Aging Audience '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . The seventh instalment in the eight - film franchise , `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I '' took in a franchise record of $125.1 million at domestic theaters this weekend according to Warner Bros. , the Time Warner Inc. - owned movie studio behind the films . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hero Complex '' . Los Angeles Times . 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WiGBPd About Harry '' . Australian Financial Review . 19 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . The Guardian . UK . 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jonathan , J.K. Rowling ( 6 July 2007 ) . Friday Night with Jonathan Ross . UK : BBC One . Retrieved 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 23 February 2000 ) . `` No `` Harry Potter '' for Spielberg `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( 17 March 2000 ) . `` Potter 's Field '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` For Spielberg , making a Harry Potter movie would have been no challenge '' . Hollywood.com. 5 September 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` Rubbish Bin : J.K. Rowling `` veto - ed '' Steven Spielberg `` . JKRowling.com . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 7 March 2000 ) . `` Two Potential `` Harry Potter '' Director 's Back Out `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 March 2000 ) . `` Harry Potter Director Narrowed Down '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Gilliam bitter about Potter '' . Wizard News . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Bran ( 28 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus to Direct Harry Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 13 January 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Sragow , Michael ( 24 February 2000 ) . `` A Wizard of Hollywood '' . Salon . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 30 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus Talks Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( 17 May 2000 ) . `` Bewitched Warner Bros. Delays Potter '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Edition : Screen Test , Trio Casting and Finding Harry Potter '' . Mugglenet.com . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young Daniel gets Potter part '' . BBC Online . 21 August 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to life for Warner Bros. Pictures ' `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' `` . Warner Brothers . 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2002 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter '' . www.wbstudiotour.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures mentions J.K. Rowling as producer '' . Business Wire. 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Richards , Olly ( 14 March 2008 ) . `` Potter Producer Talks Deathly Hallows '' . Empire . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbey , Ryan ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` Ten years of making Harry Potter films , by cast and crew '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Columbus Remembers Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . We realised that these movies would get progressively darker . Again , we did n't know how dark but we realised that as the kids get older , the movies get a little edgier and darker . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter , Dissected '' . The New York Times . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Columbus '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus `` Burned Out '' `` . Blogs.coventrytelegraph.net. 6 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Cuaron : the man behind the magic '' . Newsround. 24 May 2004 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alfonso Cuarón Talks Harry Potter '' . Empire . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike Newell on Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deathly Hallows Director David Yates On Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Heyman on directors '' . Orange.co.uk . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . 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The Deadline Team . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HARRY POTTER Studio Tour Opens in 2012 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Sketch to Still : From Marbling Gringotts to Painting Diagon Alley , How Harry Potter 's Art Direction Earned Its Oscar Nod '' . Vanity Fair . 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drawn to cinema : An interview with Stuart Craig '' . Beat Magazine . 30 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena ( 7 February 2012 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Continuity Question '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ArtInsights Magazine Interview Archived 13 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tech Support Interview : Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan on a decade of designing ' Harry Potter ' '' . HitFix. 10 September 2012 . 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What I loved about the last film is that David pushed me to go dark , which all cinematographers love to do . And usually you 're fighting with the producers ( about the look ) but they all wanted it dark and atmospheric , too . Jump up ^ MuggleNet ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` CONFIRMED -- Desplat for DH '' . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pope on Desplat 's HP7 Pt. 1 Score '' . Snitchseeker.com. 28 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Desplat -- Composer of Part 1 and 2 ( NOTE : Click `` About the Movie '' , then `` Filmmakers '' , then `` Alexandre Desplat '' ) `` . Harrypotter.warnerbros.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ MuggleNet ( 12 November 2010 ) . `` Yates on Williams , Part 2 '' . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Pope '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Framestore - We are Framestore . Extraordinary images , extraordinary talent . '' . Framestore . Jump up ^ `` Cinesite , HP 1 -- 7 '' . Cinesite.com . Archived from the original on 18 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` June 2010 Filming completed '' . Snitchseeker.com. 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Years Filming -- 24Dec2010 '' . Snitchseeker.com. 21 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ MuggleNet ( 21 December 2010 ) . `` JK Title reveal '' . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb.com . Jump up ^ `` WB Name Drops Big Titles '' . ERCBoxOffice. 23 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DH Part 1 and 2 in 3D and 2D '' . Snitchseeker.com. 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 Not in 3D '' . Cinemablend.com. 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Gottfried , Miriam ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Why Harry Potter Is NBCUniversal 's Chosen One '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` NBCUniversal Places Big Bet on ' Harry Potter , ' ' Fantastic Beasts ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Films Get Darker and Darker '' . Wall Street Journal . 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter : Darker , Richer and All Grown Up '' . Time Magazine . 15 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review : `` Harry Potter '' goes out with magical , and dark , bang `` . Reuters. 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Is n't It About Time You Gave The Chris Columbus Harry Potter Films Another Chance ? '' . SFX UK . 3 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Power ! '' . Time For Kids . Archived from the original on 20 January 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 27 May 2004 ) . `` New Potter movie sneaks in spoilers for upcoming books '' . USA Today . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK `` loves '' Goblet Of Fire movie `` . CBBC. 7 November 2005 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` How did you feel about the POA filmmakers leaving the Marauder 's Map 's background out of the story ? ( A Mugglenet / Lexicon question ) '' . J.K. Rowling Official Site . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . 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Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 2 ( 2011 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter franchise to get Outstanding BAFTA award '' . BBC Online . 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in 2011 -- The Harry Potter films '' . BAFTA. 3 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Film Institute '' . afi.com . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Honors John Lasseter and David Yates 11 / 30 '' . Broadway World ( Los Angeles ) . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . The worldwide success of Mr. Lasseter for Walt Disney and Pixar Animation Studios and Mr. Yates ' contribution to the final four parts of the ' Harry Potter ' franchise makes them global wizards in their own right , and are delighted to honor these remarkable filmmakers with this year 's Britannia Award . Jump up ^ `` John Lasseter and David Yates set to be honored by BAFTA Los Angeles '' . Los Angeles Times . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Can ' Harry Potter ' Ever Capture Oscar Magic ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Oscar Magic '' . Thespec.com. 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Film Nominations 2001 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on 21 September 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual Excellence in Production Design Awards '' . Art Directors Guild . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Broadcast Film Critics Choice Award Winners and Nominations '' . Broadcast Film Critics Choice Awards.com . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Fiona ( 28 September 2007 ) . `` Potter wins film awards hat - trick '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Peter ( 10 March 2008 ) . `` '' Atonement '' wins hat - trick of Empire awards `` . Reuters UK . Retrieved 10 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Hooper nominated for `` World Soundtrack Discovery Award '' `` . HPANA. 7 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FILM AWARDS NOMINEES IN 2008 '' . BAFTA. 16 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Film Awards Winners : 2010 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . 21 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Orange British Academy Film Awards in 2010 -- Long List . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards 2011 Nominations '' . Saturn Awards . 24 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards 2011 Best Fantasy Film '' . Empire Awards . 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . You must excuse the absence of David Yates ; he 'd love to be here but he 's putting the finishing touches on our epic finale , which is why I 'm here . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards 2012 nominees '' . The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter becomes highest - grossing film franchise '' . The Guardian . UK . 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 17 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 '' Crosses $1 Billion Threshold '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 31 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Conjures International Box Office Magic , Becoming Top Earner of Entire Film Series '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Movies Returning to Imax Theaters for One Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone -- Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Highest Grossing Movies '' . 25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Collett , Mike ( 22 July 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter movies earn $7 billion '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince -- Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 11 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Summer ' Potter ' Showdown Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Harry Potter economy '' . The Economist. 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` How ' Harry Potter ' magically changed films '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Splitting Tentpole Movies in Two Does n't Make Them Any More Epic ( Opinion ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Costance Grady and Aja Romano ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` How Harry Potter changed the world '' . Vox . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter films . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter ( film series ) '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Growing Up with Harry Potter -- photo essay by Time ( 1 ) Harry Potter United States Postal Service The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Category Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games Lego Creator : Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Book Category Cinema of the United Kingdom Culture of the United Kingdom Films by year Pre 1920 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 Production companies and studios Active Aardman Animations BBC Films Big Talk Productions British Lion Films DNA Films Double Negative ( VFX ) Ealing Studios Elstree Studios Eon Productions Film4 Productions Framestore Goldcrest Films Hammer Film Productions HandMade Films Heyday Films The Imaginarium Studios London Films Longcross Studios Palace Pictures Passion Pictures The Pinewood Studios Group ( Pinewood Studios Shepperton Studios ) Recorded Picture Company Scott Free Productions Syncopy Inc . S4C Films Thin Man Films Vertigo Films Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden Warp Films Wimbledon Studios Working Title Films Former Amicus Productions Associated British Picture Corporation Astra Films British Instructional Films British National Films Company Butcher 's Film Service Clarendon Film Company Bryanston Films The Danzigers Denham Film Studios Eagle - Lion Films Eros Films G.B. Samuelson Productions Gainsborough Pictures General Film Distributors Halas and Batchelor Hemdale Film Corporation Ideal Film Company Mancunian Films MGM - British Studios Merton Park Studios Rank Organisation Southall Studios Stoll Pictures Tempean Films Tigon British Film Productions Warwick Films Woolf & Freedman Film Service Organisations BAFTA British Board of Film Classification British Film Institute BFI National Archive BFI Southbank British Society of Cinematographers Children 's Film Foundation Cinema Exhibitors ' Association National Film and Television School National Science and Media Museum Northern Ireland Screen Scottish Screen UK Film Council People Actors and actresses Directors Other British Academy Film Awards British Independent Film Awards British New Wave Carry On Cinematograph Films Act 1927 Documentary Film Movement Eady Levy Ealing comedies Edgar Wallace Mysteries Free Cinema Gainsborough melodramas Harry Potter History of British film certificates Home Video Charts James Bond London Film Festival Look at Life London in film National Theatre Live Telecinema Category Harry Potter portal Film in the United States portal 2000s portal 2010s portal GND : 7556067 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_(film_series)&oldid=807904916 '' Categories : English - language films Harry Potter ( film series ) Coming - of - age fiction Film series Film series introduced in 2001 American film series British film series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ অসমীয়া বাংলা Български Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 19 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the last harry potter movie come out in theaters | [
"Harry Potter is a British-American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J. K. Rowling. The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011).[2][3] A spin-off prequel series will consist of five films, starting with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016). The Fantastic Beasts films mark the beginning of a shared media franchise known as J. K. Rowling's Wizarding World.[4]"
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"2011"
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-8253869306109740857 | Ten pence (British coin) | Ten pence ( British coin ) - wikipedia Ten pence ( British coin ) Jump to : navigation , search Ten pence United Kingdom Value 0.10 pound sterling Mass ( 1968 -- 1992 ) 11.31 g ( 1992 -- present ) 6.5 g Diameter ( 1968 -- 1992 ) 28.5 mm ( 1992 -- present ) 24.5 mm Thickness ( Cupro - nickel ) 1.85 mm ( Steel ) 2.05 mm Edge Milled Composition Cupro - nickel ( 1971 -- 2012 ) Nickel - plated steel ( 2012 -- ) Years of minting 1968 -- present Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II Designer Jody Clark Design date 2015 Reverse Design Segment of the Royal Shield Designer Matthew Dent Design date 2008 The British decimal ten pence ( 10p ) coin -- often pronounced ten pee -- is a unit of currency equalling ten one - hundredths of a pound sterling . Its obverse has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin 's introduction in 1968 , replacing the two shilling coin in preparation for decimalisation in 1971 . Four different portraits of the Queen have been used on the coin , with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015 . The second and current reverse , featuring a segment of the Royal Shield , was introduced in 2008 . Five pence and ten pence coins are legal tender only up to the sum of £ 5 ; this means that it is permissible to refuse payment of sums greater than this amount in 5p and 10p coins in order to settle a debt . The ten pence coin was originally minted from cupro - nickel ( 75 % Cu , 25 % Ni ) , but since 2012 it has been minted in nickel - plated steel due to the increasing price of metal . From January 2013 the Royal Mint began a programme to gradually remove the previous cupro - nickel coins from circulation with replacement by the nickel - plated steel versions . As of March 2014 there were an estimated 1,631 million 10p coins in circulation with an estimated face value of £ 163.080 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 1.1 Obverse 1.2 Reverse 2 Mintages 3 References 4 External links Design ( edit ) Obverse ( edit ) To date , four different obverses have been used . In all cases , the inscription until 2015 was ELIZABETH II D.G. REG. F.D. 2013 , where 2013 is replaced by the year of minting . In the original design both sides of the coin are encircled by dots , a common feature on coins , known as beading . As with all new decimal currency , until 1984 the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin appeared on the obverse , in which the Queen wears the ' Girls of Great Britain and Ireland ' Tiara . Between 1985 and 1997 the portrait by Raphael Maklouf was used , in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem . On 30th September 1992 a reduced size version of the 10 pence coin was introduced . The older and larger version of the coin was withdrawn from circulation on 30th June 1993 . The design remained unchanged . From 1998 to 2015 the portrait by Ian Rank - Broadley was used , again featuring the tiara , with a signature - mark IRB below the portrait . As of June 2015 , coins bearing the portrait by Jody Clark have been seen in circulation . Reverse ( edit ) Original reverse : 1968 -- 2008 The original reverse of the coin , designed by Christopher Ironside , and used from 1968 to 2008 , is a crowned lion ( formally , Part of the crest of England , a lion passant guardant royally crowned ) , with the numeral `` 10 '' below the lion , and either NEW PENCE ( 1968 -- 1981 ) or TEN PENCE ( 1982 -- 2008 ) above the lion . In August 2005 the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new reverse designs for all circulating coins apart from the £ 2 coin . The winner , announced in April 2008 , was Matthew Dent , whose designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from mid-2008 . The designs for the 1p , 2p , 5p , 10p , 20p and 50p coins depict sections of the Royal Shield that form the whole shield when placed together . The shield in its entirety is featured on the £ 1 coin . The 10p coin depicts the first quarter of the shield , showing the lions passant from the Royal Banner of England , with the words TEN PENCE above the shield design . The coin 's obverse remains largely unchanged , but the beading ( the ring of dots around the coin 's circumference ) , which no longer features on the coin 's reverse , has also been removed from the obverse . In March 2018 , 26 new designs were released each for every letter of the alphabet , representing the best of Britain . A -- Angel of the North B -- James Bond C -- Cricket D -- Double - decker bus E -- English breakfast F -- Fish and chips G -- Greenwich Mean Time H -- House of Commons I -- Ice cream J -- Jubilee K -- King Arthur L -- Loch Ness Monster M -- Mackintosh N -- Nurses O -- Oak P -- Post box Q -- Queuing R -- Robin S -- Stonehenge T -- Teapot U -- Union Flag V -- Village W -- World Wide Web X -- X marks the spot Y -- Yeoman Z -- Zebra crossing Mintages ( edit ) Machin portrait 1968 ~ 336,143 , 25 1969 ~ 314,008,000 1970 ~ 133,571,000 1971 ~ 63,205,000 1972 ~ 2,500,000 1973 ~ 152,174,000 1974 ~ 92,741,000 1975 ~ 181,559,000 1976 ~ 228,220,000 1977 ~ 59,323,000 1978 ~ 5,000,000 1979 ~ 115,457,000 1980 ~ 88,650,000 1981 ~ 3,487,000 1982 -- ( 1992 ) ~ none Maklouf portrait 1990 ~ 1,000 1991 ~ 750 1992 ~ 1,413,455,170 1993 ~ 250 ( nearly all in england ) 1994 ~ 500 1995 ~ 35,444,000 1996 ~ 118,738,000 1997 ~ 57,671,967 Rank - Broadley portrait 1998 -- 1999 ~ none 2000 ~ 134,727,000 2001 ~ 82,081,000 2002 ~ 80,934,000 2003 ~ 88,118,000 2004 ~ 319,602,000 2005 ~ 69,604,000 2006 ~ 118,803,000 2007 ~ 72,720,000 2008 ~ 9,720,000 ( Ironside ) 2008 ~ 71,447,000 ( Dent ) 2009 ~ 84,360,000 2010 ~ 96,600,500 2011 ~ 369,603,850 2012 ~ 11,600,030 2013 ~ 320,200,750 2014 ~ 299,077,000 2015 ~ 119,000,000 Jody Clark portrait 2015 ~ 91,900,000 2016 ~ 135,200,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bignell , C P. `` Post decimalisation '' . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Royal Mint Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ `` Cupro Nickel Replacement Programme '' . Royal Mint. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mintage Figures '' . Royal Mint . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Tony . `` Decimal Coins of the UK -- Bronze '' . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1p Coin '' . British Royal Mint . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint seeks new coin designs '' , BBC News , 17 August 2005 Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint unveils new UK coins '' , 2 April 2008 Jump up ^ `` Where can I get a new alphabet 10p coin ? '' . The Sun . 1 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyce , Lee . `` Great British 10p hunt ! Royal Mint reveals 26 new coins will be made '' . This is Money . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Royal Mint -- 10p coin Coins of the UK -- Decimal 10p Coin Coins from United Kingdom : Ten Pence Online Coin Club ( hide ) British coinage Decimal ⁄ p 1p 2p 5p 10p 20p 50p £ 1 £ 2 Pre-decimal Quarter farthing ( ⁄ d ) Third farthing ( ⁄ d ) Half farthing ( ⁄ d ) Farthing ( ⁄ d ) Halfpenny ( ⁄ d ) Penny ( 1d ) Three halfpence ( 1 ⁄ d ) Twopence ( 2d ) Threepence ( 3d ) Fourpence ( 4d ) Sixpence ( 6d ) Shilling ( 1 / - ) Florin ( 2 / - ) Half crown ( 2 / 6d ) Double florin ( 4 / - ) Crown ( 5 / - ) Quarter guinea ( 5 / 3d ) Third guinea ( 7 / - ) Half sovereign ( 10 / - ) Half guinea ( 10 / 6d ) Sovereign ( £ 1 ) Guinea ( £ 1 / 1s ) Double sovereign ( £ 2 ) Two guineas ( £ 2 / 2s ) Five pound ( £ 5 ) Five guineas ( £ 5 / 5s ) Non-circulating Commemorative 25p £ 5 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Maundy money Bullion Britannia Quarter sovereign Half sovereign Sovereign Lunar The Queen 's Beasts Landmarks of Britain See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Banknotes of the pound sterling List of British banknotes and coins List of British currencies Scottish coinage Coins of Ireland List of people on coins of the United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_pence_(British_coin)&oldid=828293754 '' Categories : Coins of the United Kingdom Currency introduced in 1968 Ten - cent coins Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 18 : 41 . About Wikipedia | when did old 10p go out of circulation | [
"The ten pence coin was originally minted from cupro-nickel (75% Cu, 25% Ni), but since 2012 it has been minted in nickel-plated steel due to the increasing price of metal. From January 2013 the Royal Mint began a programme to gradually remove the previous cupro-nickel coins from circulation with replacement by the nickel-plated steel versions.[3]"
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"January 2013"
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581108594454548705 | Frontalis muscle | Frontalis muscle - wikipedia Frontalis muscle Jump to : navigation , search Frontalis Visible at top left colored in red Details Origin Galea aponeurotica Insertion Orbicularis oculi muscle Artery supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries Nerve Facial nerve Temporal branch Actions Raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead Identifiers Latin Venter frontalis musculi occipitofrontalis Dorlands / Elsevier m_22 / 12549942 TA A04. 1.03. 004 FMA 46757 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) The frontalis muscle ( frontal belly ) is muscle which covers parts of the skull . Some sources consider the frontalis muscle to be a distinct muscle . However , Terminologia Anatomica currently classifies it as part of the occipitofrontalis muscle along with the occipitalis muscle . In humans , the frontalis muscle only serves for facial expressions . The frontalis muscle is innervated by the facial nerve and receives blood from the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 2 Additional images 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Anatomy ( edit ) The frontalis muscle is thin , of a quadrilateral form , and intimately adherent to the superficial fascia . It is broader than the occipitalis and its fibers are longer and paler in color . It is located on the front of the head . The muscle has no bony attachments . Its medial fibers are continuous with those of the procerus ; its immediate fibers blend with the corrugator and orbicularis oculi muscles , thus attached to the skin of the eyebrows ; and its lateral fibers are also blended with the latter muscle over the zygomatic process of the frontal bone . In the eyebrows , its primary function is to lift them ( thus opposing the orbital portion of the orbicularis ) , especially when looking up . It also acts when a view is too distant or dim . From these attachments the fibers are directed upward , and join the galea aponeurotica below the coronal suture . The medial margins of the frontalis muscles are joined together for some distance above the root of the nose ; but between the occipitales there is a considerable , though variable , interval , occupied by the galea aponeurotica . Additional images ( edit ) Position of frontalis muscle ( shown in red ) See also ( edit ) Occipitofrontalis muscle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Insertion of frontalis muscle relating to blepharoptosis repair '' . Hwang K , Kim DJ , Hwang SH . J Craniofac Surg. 2005 Nov ; 16 ( 6 ) : 965 - 7 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth S. ( 2003 ) . Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function ( 3rd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 286 -- 287 . Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , A. Wayne ; Mitchell , Adam W.M. ( 2010 ) . Gray _́ s Anatomy for Students ( 2nd ed . ) . p. 857 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06952 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` eye , human . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frontalis muscles . PTCentral ( hide ) Muscles of the head Extraocular Oblique inferior superior Rectus superior inferior medial lateral Levator palpebrae superioris superior tarsal Masticatory Masseter Temporalis sphenomandibularis Pterygoid lateral medial Fascia masseteric temporal Facial Ear Auricular anterior superior posterior Temporoparietalis Scalp / eyelid Occipitofrontalis occipitalis frontalis Orbicularis oculi depressor supercilii Corrugator supercilii Nose Procerus Nasalis dilator naris Depressor septi nasi Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Mouth Levator anguli oris Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus major minor Orbicularis oris Risorius Buccinator Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris Mentalis Transversus menti Soft palate Veli palatini tensor levator Musculus uvulae Palatopharyngeus Palatoglossus Tongue Extrinsic Genioglossus Hyoglossus chondroglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus Intrinsic Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Transverse Vertical Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontalis_muscle&oldid=705156009 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Muscles of the head and neck Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Русский Suomi ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2016 , at 21 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the origin of the frontalis muscle | [
"\n\nFrontalis\n\n\n\nVisible at top left colored in red\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\nOrigin\nGalea aponeurotica\n\n\nInsertion\nOrbicularis oculi muscle[1]\n\n\nArtery\nsupraorbital and supratrochlear arteries\n\n\nNerve\nFacial nerve\nTemporal branch\n\n\nActions\nRaises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead\n\n\nIdentifiers\n\n\nLatin\nVenter frontalis musculi occipitofrontalis\n\n\nDorlands\n/Elsevier\nm_22/12549942\n\n\nTA\nA04.1.03.004\n\n\nFMA\n46757\n\n\nAnatomical terms of muscle\n[edit on Wikidata]\n\n\n"
] | [
"Galea aponeurotica"
] |
773449446131172323 | Four Freedoms | Four Freedoms - wikipedia Four Freedoms This article is about Franklin D. Roosevelt 's themes . For other uses , see Four Freedoms ( disambiguation ) . Engraving of the Four Freedoms at the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial in Washington , D.C. The Four Freedoms were goals articulated by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Monday , January 6 , 1941 . In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech ( technically the 1941 State of the Union address ) , he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people `` everywhere in the world '' ought to enjoy : Freedom of speech Freedom of worship Freedom from want Freedom from fear Roosevelt delivered his speech 11 months before the surprise Japanese attack on U.S. forces in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii that caused the United States to declare war on Japan , December 8 , 1941 . The State of the Union speech before Congress was largely about the national security of the United States and the threat to other democracies from world war that was being waged across the continents in the eastern hemisphere . In the speech , he made a break with the tradition of United States non-interventionism that had long been held in the United States . He outlined the U.S. role in helping allies already engaged in warfare . In that context , he summarized the values of democracy behind the bipartisan consensus on international involvement that existed at the time . A famous quote from the speech prefaces those values : `` As men do not live by bread alone , they do not fight by armaments alone . '' In the second half of the speech , he lists the benefits of democracy , which include economic opportunity , employment , social security , and the promise of `` adequate health care '' . The first two freedoms , of speech and religion , are protected by the First Amendment in the United States Constitution . His inclusion of the latter two freedoms went beyond the traditional Constitutional values protected by the U.S. Bill of Rights . Roosevelt endorsed a broader human right to economic security and anticipated what would become known decades later as the `` human security '' paradigm in social science and economic development . He also included the `` freedom from fear '' against national aggression and took it to the new United Nations he was setting up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 2 Declarations 3 Opposition 4 Limitations 5 United Nations 6 Disarmament 7 Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park 8 Awards 9 In popular culture 10 Norman Rockwell 's paintings 10.1 Paintings 10.2 Essays 10.3 Postage stamps 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links Historical context ( edit ) In the 1930s many Americans , arguing that the involvement in World War I had been a mistake , were adamantly against continued intervention in European affairs . With the Neutrality Acts established after 1935 , U.S. law banned the sale of armaments to countries that were at war and placed restrictions on travel with belligerent vessels . When World War II began in September 1939 , the neutrality laws were still in effect , and ensured that no substantial support could be given to Britain and France . With the revision of the Neutrality Act in 1939 , Roosevelt adopted a `` methods - short - of - war policy '' whereby supplies and armaments could be given to European Allies , provided no declaration of war could be made and no troops committed . By December 1940 , Europe was largely at the mercy of Adolf Hitler and Germany 's Nazi regime . With Germany 's defeat of France in June 1940 , Britain and its overseas Empire stood alone against the military alliance of Germany , Italy , and Japan . Winston Churchill , as Prime Minister of Britain , called for Roosevelt and the United States to supply them with armaments in order to continue with the war effort . The 1939 New York World 's Fair had celebrated Four Freedoms - religion , speech , press and assembly - and commissioned Leo Friedlander to create sculptures representing them . Mayor of New York City Fiorello La Guardia described the resulting statues as the `` heart of the fair '' . Later Roosevelt would declare his own `` Four Essential Freedoms '' and call on Walter Russell to create a Four Freedoms Monument that was eventually dedicated at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Declarations ( edit ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( January 6 , 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6 , 1941 State of the Union address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Four Freedoms Speech was given on January 6 , 1941 . Roosevelt 's hope was to provide a rationale for why the United States should abandon the isolationist policies that emerged from World War I. In the address , Roosevelt critiqued Isolationism , saying : `` No realistic American can expect from a dictator 's peace international generosity , or return of true independence , or world disarmament , or freedom of expression , or freedom of religion -- or even good business . Such a peace would bring no security for us or for our neighbors . `` Those , who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety , deserve neither liberty nor safety . '' The speech coincided with the introduction of the Lend - Lease Bill , which promoted Roosevelt 's plan to become the `` arsenal of democracy '' and support the Allies ( mainly the British ) with much - needed supplies . Furthermore , the speech established what would become the ideological basis for America 's involvement in World War II , all framed in terms of individual rights and liberties that are the hallmark of American politics . The speech delivered by President Roosevelt incorporated the following text , known as the `` Four Freedoms '' : In the future days , which we seek to make secure , we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms . The first is freedom of speech and expression -- everywhere in the world . The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way -- everywhere in the world . The third is freedom from want -- which , translated into world terms , means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants -- everywhere in the world . The fourth is freedom from fear -- which , translated into world terms , means a world - wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor -- anywhere in the world . That is no vision of a distant millennium . It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation . That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so - called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb . -- Franklin D. Roosevelt , excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress , January 6 , 1941 The four freedoms flag or `` United Nations Honor Flag '' ca . 1943 -- 1948 The declaration of the Four Freedoms as a justification for war would resonate through the remainder of the war , and for decades longer as a frame of remembrance . The Freedoms became the staple of America 's war aims , and the center of all attempts to rally public support for the war . With the creation of the Office of War Information ( 1942 ) , as well as the famous paintings of Norman Rockwell , the Freedoms were advertised as values central to American life and examples of American exceptionalism . Opposition ( edit ) The Four Freedoms Speech was popular , and the goals were influential in the postwar politics . However , in 1941 the speech received heavy criticism from anti-war elements . Critics argued that the Four Freedoms were simply a charter for Roosevelt 's New Deal , social reforms that had already created sharp divisions within Congress . Conservatives who opposed social programs and increased government intervention argued against Roosevelt 's attempt to justify and depict the war as necessary for the defense of lofty goals . While the Freedoms did become a forceful aspect of American thought on the war , they were never the exclusive justification for the war . Polls and surveys conducted by the Office of War Information ( OWI ) revealed that `` self - defense '' , and vengeance for Pearl Harbor were still the most prevalent reasons for war . Limitations ( edit ) In a 1942 radio address , President Roosevelt declared the Four Freedoms embodied `` rights of men of every creed and every race , wherever they live . '' On February 19 , 1942 , President Roosevelt authorized Japanese American internment and internment of Italian Americans with Executive Order 9066 , which allowed local military commanders to designate `` military areas '' as `` exclusion zones , '' from which `` any or all persons may be excluded . '' This power was used to declare that all people of Japanese ancestry were excluded from the entire Pacific coast , including all of California and much of Oregon , Washington and Arizona , except for those in internment camps . By 1946 , the United States had incarcerated 120,000 individuals of Japanese descent , of whom about 80,000 had been born in the United States . United nations ( edit ) The concept of the Four Freedoms became part of the personal mission undertaken by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt regarding her inspiration behind the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights , General Assembly Resolution 217A . Indeed , these Four Freedoms were explicitly incorporated into the preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which reads , `` Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind , and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed the highest aspiration of the common people ... '' Disarmament ( edit ) FDR called for `` a world - wide reduction of armaments '' as a goal for `` the future days , which we seek to make secure '' but one that was `` attainable in our own time and generation . '' More immediately , though , he called for a massive build - up of U.S. arms production : Every realist knows that the democratic way of life is at this moment being directly assailed in every part of the world ... The need of the moment is that our actions and our policy should be devoted primarily -- almost exclusively -- to meeting this foreign peril ... ( T ) he immediate need is a swift and driving increase in our armament production ... I also ask this Congress for authority and for funds sufficient to manufacture additional munitions and war supplies of many kinds , to be turned over to those nations which are now in actual war with aggressor nations ... Let us say to the democracies ... -- Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park ( edit ) Main article : Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park The Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park is a park designed by the architect Louis Kahn for the south point of Roosevelt Island . The Park celebrates the famous speech , and text from the speech is inscribed on a granite wall in the final design of the Park . Awards ( edit ) Main article : Four Freedoms Award The Roosevelt Institute honors outstanding individuals who have demonstrated a lifelong commitment to these ideals . The Four Freedoms Award medals are awarded at ceremonies at Hyde Park , New York and Middelburg , Netherlands during alternate years . The awards were first presented in 1982 on the centenary of President Roosevelt 's birth as well as the bicentenary of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Netherlands . Among the laureates have been : William Brennan H.M. Juan Carlos of Spain Jimmy Carter Bill Clinton The Dalai Lama Mikhail Gorbachev Averell Harriman Václav Havel H.R.H. Princess Juliana of the Netherlands John F. Kennedy Mike Mansfield Paul Newman Tip O'Neill Shimon Peres Coretta Scott King Brent Scowcroft Harry S. Truman Liv Ullmann Elie Wiesel Joanne Woodward In popular culture ( edit ) John Crowley 's novel Four Freedoms ( 2009 ) is largely based on the themes of Roosevelt 's speech . FDR commissioned sculptor Walter Russell to design a monument to be dedicated to the first hero of the war . The Four Freedoms Monument was created in 1941 and dedicated at Madison Square Garden , in New York City , in 1943 . Artist Kindred McLeary painted America the Mighty ( 1941 ) , also known as Defense of Human Freedoms , in the State Department 's Harry S. Truman Building . Artist Hugo Ballin painted The Four Freedoms mural ( 1942 ) in the Council Chamber of the City Hall of Burbank , California . New Jersey muralist Michael Lenson ( 1903 -- 1972 ) painted The Four Freedoms mural ( 1943 ) for the Fourteenth Street School in Newark , New Jersey . Muralist Anton Refregier painted the History of San Francisco ( completed 1948 ) in the Rincon Center in San Francisco , California ; panel 27 depicts the four freedoms . Artist Mildred Nungester Wolfe painted a four - panel Four Freedoms mural ( complete 1959 ) depicting the four freedoms for a country store in Richton , Mississippi . Those panels now hang in the Mississippi Museum of Art . Allyn Cox painted four Four Freedoms murals ( completed 1982 ) which hang in the Great Experiment Hall in the United States House of Representatives ; each of the four panels depicts allegorical figures representing the four freedoms . Since 1986 , the fictional Four Freedoms Plaza has served as the headquarters for Marvel Comics superhero team Fantastic Four . In the early 1990s , artist David McDonald reproduced Rockwell 's Four Freedoms paintings as four large murals on the side of an old grocery building in downtown Silverton , Oregon . In 2008 , Florida International University 's Wolfsonian museum hosted the Thoughts on Democracy exhibition that displayed posters created by 60 leading contemporary artists and designers , invited to create a new graphic design inspired by American illustrator Norman Rockwell 's Four Freedoms posters . Norman Rockwell 's paintings ( edit ) Main article : Four Freedoms ( Norman Rockwell ) Roosevelt 's speech inspired a set of four paintings by Norman Rockwell . Paintings ( edit ) The members of the set , known collectively as The Four Freedoms , were published in four consecutive issues of The Saturday Evening Post . The four paintings subsequently were displayed around the USA by the United States Department of the Treasury . Freedom of Speech ( Saturday , February 20 , 1943 ) -- from the Four Freedoms series by Norman Rockwell Freedom of Worship ( Saturday , February 27 , 1943 ) -- from the Four Freedoms series by Norman Rockwell Freedom from Want ( Saturday , March 6 , 1943 ) -- from the Four Freedoms series by Norman Rockwell Freedom from Fear ( Saturday , March 13 , 1943 ) -- from the Four Freedoms series by Norman Rockwell Essays ( edit ) Each painting was published with a matching essay on that particular `` Freedom '' : Freedom of Speech , by Booth Tarkington ( February 20 , 1943 ) . Freedom of Worship , by Will Durant ( February 27 , 1943 ) . Freedom from Want , by Carlos Bulosan ( March 6 , 1943 ) . Freedom from Fear , by Stephen Vincent Benét ( March 13 , 1943 ; the date of Benét 's death ) . Postage stamps ( edit ) Rockwell 's Four Freedoms paintings were reproduced as postage stamps by the United States Post Office in 1941 , in 1943 , in 1946 , and in 1994 , the centenary of Rockwell 's birth . See also ( edit ) Four Freedoms ( European Union ) Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 , a Pulitzer - winning history of the era . Liberalism in the United States Second Bill of Rights , proposed by FDR in his 1944 State of the Union Address The Free Software Definition is often called `` the four freedoms '' within the free software community in reference to the speech and fundamental principles . World War II Victory Medal ( United States ) , which includes the Four Freedoms on its reverse . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John , The `` Good War '' in American Memory . ( Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2010 ) 11 Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. , Freedom From Fear : the American people in depression and war , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1999 ) 393 -- 94 Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. , Freedom From Fear : the American people in depression and war , 1929 -- 1945 ( 1999 ) 427 -- 434 Jump up ^ Inazu , John D. ( 2012 ) . Liberty 's Refuge : The Forgotten Freedom of Assembly . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300173156 . ^ Jump up to : `` FDR , `` The Four Freedoms , '' Speech Text `` . Voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu . January 6 , 1941 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt ( New York : Random House and Harper and Brothers , 1940 ) 633 -- 44 Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. , Freedom From Fear : the American people in depression and war , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1999 ) 469 Jump up ^ Bodnar , John , The `` Good War '' in American Memory . ( Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2010 ) 12 Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. , Freedom From Fear : the American people in depression and war , 1929 - 1945 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1999 ) 470 -- 76 Jump up ^ Bodnar , John , The `` Good War '' in American Memory . ( Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2010 ) 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Bodnar , John , The `` Good War '' in American Memory . ( Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2010 ) 14 Jump up ^ Foner , Eric , The Story of American Freedom . ( New York : W.W. Norton , 1998 ) 223 Jump up ^ Korematsu v. United States dissent by Justice Owen Josephus Roberts , reproduced at findlaw.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Park , Yoosun , Facilitating Injustice : Tracing the Role of Social Workers in the World War II Internment of Japanese Americans . ( Social Service Review 82.3 , 2008 ) 448 Jump up ^ White , E.B. & Lerner , Max & Cowley , Malcolm & Niebuhr , Reinhold ( 1942 ) . The United Nations Fight for the Four Freedoms . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . ASIN B003HKRK80 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin Delano ( 1941 ) . Four Freedoms speech . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` About the Park '' . Four Freedoms Park Conservancy . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute , Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute Jump up ^ Vo , Tuan ( October 2010 ) , Forgotten Treasure , State Magazine , pp. 20 -- 23 , retrieved June 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ City Council Chamber & Murals , retrieved June 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Official Website of Michael Lenson - WPA Muralist and Realist Painter , retrieved June 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ War and Peace ( 1948 ) , SF Mural Arts , retrieved June 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Lucas , Sherry ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Richton mural donated to Miss . Museum of Art '' . Hattiesburg American . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The American Story in Art : The Murals of Allyn Cox in the U.S. Capitol , The United States Capitol Historical Society , retrieved June 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Silverton Mural Society Jump up ^ `` Thoughts on Democracy '' . Wolfsonian FIU. 2008 . Jump up ^ On February 20 , 1943 ; February 27 , 1943 ; March 6 , 1943 ; and March 13 1943 . Jump up ^ Perry , P. , ( 2009a ) `` Norman Rockwell 's Four Freedoms '' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2009 ; Perry , P. , ( 2009b ) `` Norman Rockwell 's Four Freedoms '' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2009 ; Jump up ^ Booth Tarkington 's ' Freedom of Speech ' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2009 . Jump up ^ Will Durant 's ' Freedom of Worship ' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2009 . Jump up ^ Carlos Bulosan 's ' Freedom from Want ' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephen Vincent Benét 's ' Freedom from Fear ' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Catalog souvenir sheet of four stamps ( 2840 ) Jump up ^ Scott Catalog souvenir sheet of four stamps ( 908 ) Jump up ^ Scott Catalog souvenir sheet of four stamps ( 933 ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Four Freedoms speech Wikimedia Commons has media related to Four Freedoms . `` Four Freedoms '' Lesson plan for grades 9 -- 12 from National Endowment for the Humanities Text and audio . `` FDR4Freedoms Digital Resource '' The digital education resource of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park `` Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park '' 1941 Four Freedoms Speech ( via YouTube ) Preceded by 1940 State of the Union Address Four Freedoms 1941 Succeeded by 1942 State of the Union Address hide State of the Union addresses Addresses Delivered as a speech 1790 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1976 1977 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Delivered as a written message 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1946 1953 1961 1981 Delivered as both 1972 1978 1979 1980 Delivered as a written message to Congress , summary delivered to public 1945 1956 1973 Unofficial addresses 2009 2017 Related Opposition party 's response Designated survivor Notable invited guests United States presidential address Joint Session of Congress ( List ) Monroe Doctrine Regional speeches State of the State address State of the City address hide Franklin D. 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-6978614139865069123 | England at the FIFA World Cup | England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the last time england got to the semi final | [
"\n\n\nYear\nRound\nPosition\nGP\nW\nD*\nL\nGF\nGA\nGD\n\n\n 1930\nNot a FIFA member\n\n\n 1934\n\n\n 1938\n\n\n 1950\nGroup stage\n8th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n 1954\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n3\n1\n1\n1\n8\n8\n0\n\n\n 1958\nGroup stage\n11th\n4\n0\n3\n1\n4\n5\n-1\n\n\n 1962\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n1\n1\n2\n5\n6\n-1\n\n\n 1966\nChampions\n1st\n6\n5\n1\n0\n11\n3\n8\n\n\n 1970\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n2\n0\n2\n4\n4\n0\n\n\n 1974\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1978\n\n\n 1982\nSecond group stage\n6th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n1\n5\n\n\n 1986\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n5\n2\n1\n2\n7\n3\n4\n\n\n 1990\nSemi finals\n4th\n7\n3\n3\n1\n8\n6\n2\n\n\n 1994\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1998\nRound of 16\n9th\n4\n2\n1\n1\n7\n4\n3\n\n\n 2002\nQuarter-finals\n6th\n5\n2\n2\n1\n6\n3\n3\n\n\n 2006\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n2\n4\n\n\n 2010\nRound of 16\n13th\n4\n1\n2\n1\n3\n5\n-2\n\n\n 2014\nGroup stage\n26th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n4\n-2\n\n\n 2018\nSemi-finals\n4th\n7\n3\n1\n3\n12\n8\n4\n\n\n 2022\nTBD\n\n\n 2026\n\n\nTotal\n15/21\n1 title\n69\n29\n21\n19\n91\n64\n27\n"
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"1990"
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-8582046623835273870 | Lea Salonga | Lea Salonga - wikipedia Lea Salonga Jump to : navigation , search For the album of the same name , see Lea Salonga ( album ) . In this Philippine name , the middle name or maternal family name is Imutan and the surname or paternal family name is Salonga . Lea Salonga KLD Salonga in San Francisco , California on September 16 , 2011 Background information Birth name Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga ( 1971 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Manila , Philippines Genres Pop , OPM , R&B , musical theatre Occupation ( s ) Singer , actress Years active 1978 -- present Labels Atlantic , Arista , Capitol , EMI Philippines , Musiko , Sony Music Philippines , WEA , Walt Disney Website www.leasalonga.com Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga , KLD ( born February 22 , 1971 ) , known as Lea Salonga ( / ˈleɪə səˈlɒŋɡə / ) , is a Filipina singer and actress best known for her roles in musical theatre , for supplying the singing voices of two Disney Princesses , and as a recording artist and television performer . At age 18 , she originated the lead role of Kim in the musical Miss Saigon , first in the West End and then on Broadway , winning the Olivier and Theatre World Awards , and becoming the first Asian woman to win a Tony Award . Salonga is the first Filipino artist to sign with an international record label ( Atlantic Records in 1993 ) . She is also the first Philippine - based artist to have received a major album release and distribution deal in the United States , and one of the best - selling Filipino artists of all time , having sold over 19 million copies of her albums worldwide . Salonga was the first actress of Asian descent to play the roles of Éponine and Fantine in the musical Les Misérables on Broadway . She also portrayed Éponine and Fantine , respectively , in the musical 's 10th and 25th anniversary concerts in London . She provided the singing voices of two official Disney Princesses : Jasmine in Aladdin ( 1992 ) and Fa Mulan in Mulan ( 1998 ) . She was named a Disney Legend in 2011 for her work with The Walt Disney Company . Salonga starred as Mei - li in the 2002 Broadway version of Flower Drum Song . She has played numerous other stage , film and TV roles in the US , the Philippines and elsewhere . She has toured widely in the title role of Cinderella , among other roles , and as a concert artist . From 2015 to 2016 , she returned to Broadway in Allegiance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 1971 -- 1989 : Early life and career 1.2 1989 -- 1992 : Miss Saigon and Aladdin 1.3 1993 -- 1996 : Les Misérables , films and other musicals 1.4 1997 -- 2004 : Recordings , concerts , TV and Flower Drum Song 1.5 2005 -- 2007 : International ventures 1.6 2008 -- 2012 : Philippine Daily Inquirer columnist and Cinderella tour 1.7 2013 -- present : The Voice of the Philippines and return to Broadway 2 Personal life 3 Voice and musical ability 4 Discography 4.1 Solo recordings 4.2 Cast recordings 4.3 Video / Live recordings 4.4 Compilation albums 4.5 Featured recordings 5 Notable stage credits 6 Filmography and television appearances 7 References 8 External links Life and career ( edit ) 1971 -- 1989 : early life and career ( edit ) María Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga was born at Medical Center Manila in Ermita , Manila , to Feliciano Genuino Salonga , a naval Rear admiral and shipping company owner ( 1929 -- 2016 ) , and his wife , María Ligaya Alcantara , née Imutan . She spent the first six years of her childhood in Angeles City before moving to Manila . Her brother , Gerard Salonga , is a conductor . She made her professional debut in 1978 at the age of seven in the musical The King and I with Repertory Philippines . She played the title role in Annie in 1980 and appeared in other productions such as Cat on a Hot Tin Roof , Fiddler on the Roof , The Sound of Music , The Rose T , The Goodbye Girl ( 1982 ) , Paper Moon ( 1983 ) and The Fantasticks ( 1988 ) . In 1981 , she recorded her first album , Small Voice , which was certified gold in the Philippines . In 1985 , she and her brother took part in the eighth Metro Manila Popular Music Festival as the interpreters for the song entry titled `` Musika , Lata , Sipol at La La La '' which was composed by Tess Concepcion . During the 1980s , Salonga also had several television projects through GMA Radio Television Arts where she worked as a child actor and teen idol . After the success of her first album , from 1983 to 1985 , she hosted her own musical television show , Love , Lea , and was a member of the cast of German Moreno 's teen variety show That 's Entertainment . She acted in films , which included the family - oriented Tropang Bulilit , Like Father , Like Son , Ninja Kids , Captain Barbell and Pik Pak Boom . As a young performer , Salonga received a Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences ( FAMAS ) award nomination for Best Child Actress , and three Aliw Awards for best child performer in 1980 , 1981 and 1982 . She released her second album , Lea , in 1988 . She also opened for , and performed with , international acts such as Menudo and Stevie Wonder in their concerts in Manila in 1985 and in 1988 , respectively . She finished her secondary education in 1988 at the O.B. Montessori Center in Greenhills , San Juan , Metro Manila , where she was a Bergamo 1 Student and an active participant in school productions . She also attended the University of the Philippines College of Music 's extension program aimed at training musically talented children in music and stage movement . A college freshman studying biology at the Ateneo de Manila University when she auditioned for Miss Saigon , she intended to have a medical career . Later , in between jobs in New York , she took two courses at Fordham University 's Lincoln Center . 1989 -- 1992 : Miss Saigon and Aladdin ( edit ) In 1989 Salonga was selected to play Kim in the debut production of the musical Miss Saigon in London . Unable to find a strong enough East Asian actress / singer in the United Kingdom , the producers scoured many countries looking for the lead . For her audition , the then 17 - year - old Salonga chose to sing Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg 's `` On My Own '' from Les Misérables and was later asked to sing `` Sun and Moon '' , impressing the audition panel . Salonga has sometimes credited `` On My Own '' as the starting point of her international career . She competed for the role with childhood friend and fellow Repertory Philippines performer Monique Wilson . Salonga won the lead role , while Wilson was named her understudy and given the role of the bar girl Mimi . For her performance as Kim , Salonga won the 1990 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Musical . When Miss Saigon opened on Broadway in 1991 , she again played the role of Kim , winning the Drama Desk , Outer Critics Circle and Theatre World Awards and becoming the first woman of Asian descent to win a Tony Award . In 1993 and 1996 , she returned to play Kim on Broadway . In 1999 , she was invited back to London to close the West End production , and in 2001 , at the age of 29 and after finishing the Manila run of the musical , Salonga returned to Broadway to close that production . In 1990 , Salonga performed in a homecoming concert in Manila entitled A Miss Called Lea . She also received a Presidential Award of Merit from President Corazon Aquino . In 1991 , she was named as one of People magazine 's 50 Most Beautiful People . In 1992 , she performed the singing voice of Princess Jasmine in Disney 's animated film Aladdin . 1993 -- 1996 : Les Misérables , films and other musicals ( edit ) In 1993 , Salonga played the role of Éponine in the Broadway production of Les Misérables . She performed the song `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin with Brad Kane at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles , where the song won an Oscar , having already won a Golden Globe Award . That same year , she released her self - titled international debut album with Atlantic Records , which had modest sales in the US but went platinum in the Philippines and sold 3 million copies worldwide . In 1994 , Salonga played in various musical theatre productions in the Philippines and Singapore , such as Sandy in Grease , Eliza Doolittle in My Fair Lady and the Witch in Into the Woods . Back in the US in 1995 , Salonga played the role of Geri Riordan , an 18 - year - old adopted Vietnamese American child in the Hallmark Hall of Fame TV movie Redwood Curtain , which starred John Lithgow and Jeff Daniels . She then flew back to the Philippines to star with Filipino matinée idol Aga Muhlach in the critically acclaimed film Sana Maulit Muli , which gave her a second Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences ( FAMAS ) award nomination , this time for Best Actress . She played the role of Éponine in the 10th anniversary production of Les Mis called Les Misérables : The Dream Cast in Concert at London 's Royal Albert Hall . In 1996 , Salonga was in Les Misérables once again as Éponine in the London production of the musical , then continued on to perform the role in the musical 's US national tour . In the Philippines in 1999 , and again in 2000 , she played Sonia Walsk in They 're Playing Our Song . 1997 -- 2004 : recordings , concerts , TV and Flower Drum song ( edit ) From 1997 to 2000 , Salonga did recordings and concerts in the Philippines and another engagement in London , in addition to a few returns to Miss Saigon in London and on Broadway . In 1997 , she released I 'd Like to Teach The World to Sing ( recordings from her childhood days ) to gold sales in the Philippines . That recording was followed by Lea ... In Love in 1998 and By Heart in 2000 , with both albums reaching multiple platinum status in the Philippines . In 1998 , she again lent her voice to a major Disney animated film , singing the title character in Mulan , also providing the character 's singing voice in the 2004 sequel , Mulan II . At the age of 28 , Salonga moved to New York City , purchasing her own apartment ( which she still owns up to at least 2013 ) . She participated in the 1998 tribute concert to Sir Cameron Mackintosh in London called `` Hey Mr. Producer : The Musical World of Cameron MacKintosh '' , where she did numbers from several of his musicals . She also performed in four concerts : The Homecoming Concert , The Millennium Concert , The Best of Manila and Songs from the Screen -- the last two being benefit shows . Salonga returned to Manila in Miss Saigon , staged at the Cultural Center of the Philippines at the end of 2000 . After a last stint in Miss Saigon for its closing on Broadway in 2001 , Salonga recreated the role of Lien Hughes originally played by Ming - Na Wen in the soap opera As the World Turns . After completing her contract that year , she was asked to return to the role in 2003 . She guested on Russell Watson 's The Voice concert , narrated for the television special My America : A Poetry Atlas of the United States , and appeared on the Christmas episode of the TV medical drama ER , playing a patient with lymphoma . In 2002 , Salonga returned to Broadway to play the leading role of Mei - li , a Chinese immigrant in a reinterpretation of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Flower Drum Song opposite Jose Llana . This was after the reinvented musical had a run at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles in 2001 with Salonga playing the role and in 2002 winning Lead Actress in a Musical from the Los Angeles theatre Ovation Awards . The Salonga - led Broadway revival cast album was nominated for a 2004 Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album . Salonga 's performance was received positively by theatre critics in New York , and she received a nomination for Distinguished Performance from the Drama League , among other honors . Between the 2001 Los Angeles and 2002 Broadway productions of Flower Drum Song , she performed in a non-musical theatrical production for the first time , playing the role of Catherine in the stage play Proof in Manila . This was followed by a major concert , The Broadway Concert , at the Philippine International Convention Center . She also sang at the 56th Tony Awards with Harry Connick , Jr. , Peter Gallagher and Michele Lee in a number paying tribute to Richard Rodgers . In 2003 to 2004 , Salonga did her first `` all - Filipino '' concerts in Manila called Songs from Home , which later won her an Aliw Award as Entertainer of the Year . In 2003 , she performed in several concerts at the Mohegan Sun hotel in Connecticut . This was followed by a Christmas concert in the Philippines , called Home for Christmas , and performances at the Lenape Regional Performing Arts Center in Marlton , New Jersey , in 2004 . Later in 2004 , she played Lizzie in the Manila production of the musical Baby , which earned her another nomination from the Aliw Awards . 2005 -- 2007 : international ventures ( edit ) In 2005 , Salonga gave her first US concert tour . Later that year , she performed to a sold - out crowd at Carnegie Hall for the benefit of Diverse City Theater Company . The same year , she received the Golden Artist Award at the 53rd FAMAS Awards in honor of her international achievements , performed during the grand opening of Hong Kong 's Disneyland and recorded two songs on Daniel Rodriguez 's album In the Presence . She also did voice work for Disney 's English dub of Hayao Miyazaki 's My Neighbor Totoro as Mrs. Kusakabe . Salonga wrote the foreword to Linda Marquart 's `` The Right Way to Sing '' ( 2005 ) . In 2006 , at the 15th Asian Games in Doha , Qatar , Salonga concluded the closing ceremony with the song `` Triumph of the One '' before an audience of 50,000 people at the Khalifa Stadium . Salonga in New York in 2009 In 2007 , Salonga released her first studio album in seven years called Inspired , which was certified platinum in the Philippines She received the Order of Lakandula , with the rank of Commander ( Komandante ) , from Philippine president Arroyo in recognition of using her talents to benefit Philippine society and foster cultural exchange . She has also received the Congressional Medal of Achievement from the House of Representatives of the Philippines . She returned to Broadway for another stint in the musical Les Misérables , this time as Fantine . Her rejoining the show boosted the musical 's ticket sales . President Arroyo watched Salonga in this role , together with Filipino Americans Adam Jacobs as Marius and Ali Ewoldt as Cosette . Salonga received rave reviews and made it again to the short list of Broadway. com 's Audience Award favorites as Best Replacement . During her tenure on Broadway that season , she appeared in Broadway on Broadway 2007 and Stars in the Alley 2007 , spoke at the Broadway Artists Alliance Summer Intensives , guested on the Broadway musical 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee , and participated in Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS ' 12th Annual Nothing Like a Dame event to benefit the women 's health initiative of The Actors Fund . Right after doing Les Misérables , she performed in two events : at the US Military Academy Band 's concert in West Point where she sang four songs and an encore and in her own concert at the Tarrytown Music Hall in New York . She was then busy with other concerts and musical events , including a Christmas presentation in Manila . In 2008 , Salonga gave concerts in the Philippines California , Hawaii , Hong Kong and Guam , and she played the title role in Broadway Asia Entertainment 's international tour of Rodgers & Hammerstein 's Cinderella . 2008 -- 2012 : Philippine Daily Inquirer columnist and Cinderella tour ( edit ) On 3 July 2008 , Salonga became a columnist in the Philippine Daily Inquirer with her column `` Backstory '' ( Entertainment section ) , `` Introducing : Lea Salonga , writer '' . Since then she has written numerous columns for the Inquirer . She performed in `` Global Pop '' at the Music Center on July 11 , 2008 . It was presented by The Blue Ribbon a group founded by Dorothy Chandler in 1968 . Salonga gave a concert on July 11 at Los Angeles ' Walt Disney Concert Hall . That same year she received a special citation from Awit Awards , the Philippines ' version of Grammys . Salonga in Makati City in 2009 From late July 2008 to mid-2009 , Salonga played the title role in the 30 - week Asian tour of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella , which premiered in Manila . Salonga performed a series of concerts in North America in 2009 and was also asked to dance the Filipino novelty dances `` Ocho - ocho '' and `` Spaghetti '' . The same year , Salonga advertised the Avon Products line of anti-aging skin care products Anew Rejuvenate in the Philippines . In June 2009 , she sang at the 95th Anniversary Special of the Iglesia Ni Cristo . Salonga sang Patriotic song `` Bayan Ko '' at the Requiem Mass for former President Corazon Aquino at Manila Cathedral . Salonga celebrated 20 years of Miss Saigon by performing in concerts called `` Lea Salonga ... Your Songs '' , at the Philippine International Convention Center Plenary Hall on December 11 and 12 , 2009 . Her brother , Gerard , was musical director . From July to August 2010 , Salonga played the role of Grizabella in the Manila run of the Asia - Pacific tour of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Cats at the Cultural Center of the Philippines . In October , she played Fantine during the 25th Anniversary Concert of Les Misérables , fifteen years after appearing in the 10th Anniversary as Eponine . The same year , she served as a celebrity judge for Avon Voices , Avon 's first ever global , online singing talent search for women and songwriting competition for men and women . Salonga was honored as a Disney Legend on August 19 , 2011 . She was one of the judges in the 60th Miss Universe 2011 Beauty Pageant in São Paulo , Brazil on 12 September 2011 . Salonga , along with Darren Criss , sang `` A Whole New World '' to its composer , Alan Menken , as Menken was named the winner of the 2011 Maestro Award at the Billboard / Hollywood Reporter Film & TV Music Conference on October 24 , 2011 . Salonga performed in a six - concert series titled `` The Magic of Broadway and Disney Favorites '' in 2012 with the Palm Beach Pops . She starred in the first production of Allegiance , at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego from September to October 2012 . Salonga starred in the Philippine production of the comedy God of Carnage from July 2012 at the Carlos P. Romulo Auditorium , RCBC Plaza , Manila . She took on the same role at the DBS Arts Centre in Singapore , in November 2012 . Salonga joined the Candlelight Processional at Epcot in Walt Disney World as narrator on December 14 to 16 , retelling the Christmas story accompanied by a 50 - piece orchestra and a mass choir . 2013 -- present : the Voice of the Philippines and return to Broadway ( edit ) On January 30 , 2013 , Salonga took part on the 2013 season of Lincoln Center 's American Songbook concert series at the Allen Room . In the Philippines , Salonga provided the theme song for TV5 's reality singing competition Kanta Pilipinas which premiered on February 8 . On February 18 , Salonga , Tyne Daly and Norm Lewis starred in a concert performance of Ragtime at Lincoln Center 's Avery Fisher Hall . Salonga played Mother . Salonga headlined a concert series , `` 4 Stars One World of Broadway Musicals , '' in Tokyo from June 15 -- 23 , and in Osaka from June 27 -- 30 . She performed with , Ramin Karimloo , Sierra Boggess , and Yu Shirota . She was one of the four coaches , together with apl. de. ap , Sarah Geronimo and Bamboo Manalac for the ABS - CBN program , The Voice of the Philippines , which premiered on June 15 , 2013 . In December 2013 , Salonga began a concert tour in the Philippines titled `` Lea Salonga : Playlist '' that celebrated her 35 years in show business . The concert series was extended to January 2014 . Salonga wrote a book , Playlist : A Celebration of 35 Years , which she used as a souvenir program for the concerts and sells on her website . In 2014 , she returned for the second season of The Voice of the Philippines and also joined the new Philippine version of The Voice Kids , on which she has appeared for three seasons , as of 2016 . Salonga recorded a song called `` Wished That I Could Call You '' that was included in the charity compilation album Children In Need , released in March 2014 . Also in 2014 -- 15 , she toured in Asia and North America with Il Divo . In mid-2015 , she headlined her own concert series in Australasia . Salonga reprised her role as Kei Kimura in the 2015 -- 16 Broadway production of Allegiance . Charles Isherwood wrote in The New York Times of her performance : `` Her voice retains its plush beauty , and her culminating first act solo , `` Higher '' ... is perhaps the show 's musical highlight . '' Salonga guest - starred on the April 18 , 2016 season finale of the American television series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend . She played Helen Bechdel in the international premiere of Fun Home in November 2016 in Manila . A review in ABS - CBN News said that she `` delivers a finely tuned performance , utilizing her prodigious stage presence to provide the cold and dark shadings to erstwhile peppy scenes with her subtle stares and held back emotions ... ( In ) `` Days by Days '' ... she finally lets go of all the resentment and repressed anger of a woman stuck in a marriage built on a lie . Yet there is dignity in her breakdown ... Salonga pulls it off with such clarity , both musically and emotionally , that it 's difficult not to be moved . In 2016 she won two more Aliw Awards , one for Best Major Concert in a Foreign Venue and her second Entertainer of the Year award . The following year , Salonga was one of the coaches on The Voice Teens . She is set to portray Erzulie in the 2017 Broadway revival of Once on This Island at Circle in the Square Theatre . Personal life ( edit ) On January 10 , 2004 , Salonga married Robert Charles Chien , a Chinese - Japanese managing director of an entertainment software company in Los Angeles , California , whom she met while doing Flower Drum Song . They have a daughter , Nicole Beverly Chien , who was born in 2006 , named after Salonga 's late mother - in - law , Beverly . She is also an avid video game enthusiast , and has mentioned her love for the hobby in several of her print articles . She resides in the Philippines and the United States . On October 15 , 2010 , Salonga was appointed Goodwill Ambassador for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . Voice and musical ability ( edit ) Salonga has a soprano range from D3 to C6 . She has been praised for control over her powerful vocals which can evoke a wide array of emotion and soundscapes . In her popular music releases , Salonga has sung `` simple love songs '' , which is common in traditional Original Pilipino Music . In both Disney princess singing roles , Salonga showcases her head tones which reach up to F5 . Salonga 's breakout role as Kim in Miss Saigon utilized her voice from the top to the bottom . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Lea Salonga discography Solo recordings ( edit ) Small Voice ( 1981 ) Lea ( 1988 ) Lea Salonga ( 1993 ) I 'd Like to Teach The World to Sing ( 1997 ) Lea ... In Love ( 1998 ) By Heart ( 1999 ) Lea Salonga : The Christmas Album ( 2000 ) Songs from The Screen ( 2001 ) Inspired ( 2007 ) Lea Salonga : Your Songs ( 2009 ) Cast recordings ( edit ) Miss Saigon ( Original London Cast Recording ) ( 1990 ) Little Tramp ( Studio Recording ) ( 1992 ) The King and I ( Hollywood Studio Cast Recording ) ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( Soundtrack Recording ) ( 1992 ) Mulan ( Soundtrack Recording ) ( 1998 ) Making Tracks ( Original Cast Recording ) ( 2001 ) Flower Drum Song ( Revival Cast Recording ) ( 2002 ) Mulan II ( Soundtrack Recording ) ( 2005 ) Dayo : Sa Mundo ng Elementalia ( Soundtrack Recording ) ( 2008 ) Cinderella ( Original International Tour Cast Recording ) ( 2010 ) Allegiance ( Original Broadway Cast Recording ) ( 2016 ) Video / Live recordings ( edit ) Hey Mr. Producer : The Musical World of Cameron MacKintosh ( 1997 ) Les Misérables : The Dream Cast in Concert ( 1995 ) Lea Salonga Live Vol. 1 ( 2000 ) Lea Salonga Live Vol. 2 ( 2000 ) The Broadway Concert ( 2002 ) Songs from Home : Live Concert Recording ( 2004 ) Les Misérables in Concert : The 25th Anniversary ( 2010 ) The Journey So Far -- Recorded Live at Cafe Carlyle ( 2011 ) Live : Jazz at Lincoln Center ( 2016 ) Blurred Lines ( 2017 ) Compilation albums ( edit ) 100 % Lea Gives Her Best ( 2003 ) The Ultimate OPM Collection ( 2007 ) Featured recordings ( edit ) Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection ( 2004 ) , for the song `` If You Can Dream '' ( sung with Susan Logan , Grey Griffin , Jodi Benson , Paige O'Hara and Judy Kuhn ) Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( 2007 ) , for the songs `` Peacock Princess '' ( sung with Gilbert Gottfried ) and `` I 've Got My Eyes On You '' Shelldon ( 2008 ) , for the song `` It 's a Brand New Day '' Sofia the First ( 2014 ) , for the songs `` The Ride of Our Lives '' ( episode 12 : `` Two to Tangu '' ) and `` Stronger that You Know '' ( episode 36 : `` Princesses To The Rescue '' ) Notable stage credits ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1980 Annie Annie Manila 1981 The Bad Seed Rhodora Manila The Paper Moon Addie Manila 1988 The Fantasticks Luisa Manila 1989 -- 1990 Miss Saigon Kim West End Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical 1991 -- 1993 ; 1999 -- 2001 Miss Saigon Kim Broadway Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Actress - Musical Theatre World Award 1993 ; 1996 Les Misérables Eponine Broadway , West End and US national tour in Hawaii 1994 My Fair Lady Eliza Doolittle Manila 1994 Into the Woods Witch Singapore 1999 -- 2000 They 're Playing Our Song Sonia Walsk Singapore ( 1999 ) Manila ( 2000 ) 2000 Miss Saigon Kim Manila 2001 -- 2003 Flower Drum Song Mei - Li Los Angeles ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Broadway ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Nominated : Ovation Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical Nominated : Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance 2002 Proof Catherine Manila 2002 Something Good : A Broadway Salute to Richard Rogers on His 100th Birthday Performer Broadway Baby Lizzie Fields Manila Nominated : Aliw Award for Best Actress ( Musical ) 2007 Les Misérables Fantine Broadway Nominated : Audience Choice Award for Favorite Replacement ( Female ) 2008 Cinderella Cinderella Asian Tour Cats Grizabella Manila 2012 God of Carnage Veronica Manila 2012 Allegiance Kei Kimura San Diego Nominated : Noel Craig Award for Outstanding Feature Performance in a Musical -- Female 2015 -- 2016 Allegiance Kei Kimura Broadway BroadwayWorld.com Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical Nominated : Audience Choice Award for Favorite Leading Actress in a Musical 2016 Fun Home Helen Bechdel Manila 2017 ( upcoming ) Once on This Island Erzulie Broadway Filmography and television appearances ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1981 Tropang Bulilit Lisa 1985 Like Father , Like Son Angela 1986 That 's Entertainment Herself Thursday group member 1986 Captain Barbell Rosemarie 1986 Ninja Kids Yoko 1988 Pik Pak Boom Rosie 1989 Dear Diary Lenny Tacorda Segment `` Dear Killer '' 1989 Heat is on in Saigon , The The Heat is on in Saigon Herself ( Kim ) The making of Miss Saigon . 1992 Aladdin Singing voice of Princess Jasmine Voice 1992 Bakit Labis Kitang Mahal Sandy 1993 Olsen Twins Mother 's Day Special Singer Television film 1993 Sesame Street Herself Episode 3154 1993 Reading Rainbow Narrator Episode : `` Silent Lotus '' 1994 Aladdin Activity Center Singing voice of Princess Jasmine Voice Video game 1995 Sana Maulit Muli Agnes 1995 Redwood Curtain Geri Riorden Television film 1995 Les Misérables : The 10th Anniversary Concert Éponine 1997 -- present ASAP Herself Guest performer and co-host 1998 Mulan Singing voice of Mulan Voice 2001 Reading Rainbow Narrator of Mauna Loa Episode : `` My America : A Poetry Atlas of the United States '' 2001 Disney 's Aladdin in Nasira 's Revenge Singing voice of Princess Jasmine Voice Video game 2001 ER Amparo Television episode 2001 As the World Turns Lien Hughes # 2 Television program Reprised in 2003 My Neighbor Totoro Mrs. Kusakabe Voice English dubbing Mulan II Singing voice of Mulan Voice Direct - to - video 2007 Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams Singing voice of Princess Jasmine Voice Direct - to - video Les Misérables : 25th Anniversary Concert Fantine 2011 Miss Universe 2011 Herself Judge 2012 -- 14 Sofia the First Singing voice of Jasmine and Mulan Voice 2013 ; 2014 -- 15 The Voice of the Philippines Herself Coach ( 2 seasons ) 2014 -- 2016 The Voice Kids Herself Coach ( 3 seasons ) 2014 Sofia the First Singing voice of Jasmine and Mulan Voice in Filipino 2016 Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Aunt Myrna Television episode 2017 The Voice Teens Herself Coach References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga Biography '' , archived August 31 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Lea Salonga 's Birth Certificate ^ Jump up to : `` Broadway.com Star Files '' , accessed March 10 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Gioia , Michael . `` ' I 'm Hoping There is a Shift ' , Says Lea Salonga On Diversity and the ' United Colors ' of This Season '' , Playbill , July 24 , 2015 , accessed April 30 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Wow Celebrities : Lea Salonga '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Misérables : Tony Award winner to join the cast as Fantine '' , Les Misérables , Cameron Mackintosh Overseas Limited , 2007 , accessed July 11 , 2016 ; and `` Tony Winner Lea Salonga Gets Early Start as New Fantine of Les Miz '' , Broadway.com , March 2 , 2007 , accessed July 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Wingfield , Garth . `` 10 Stars Who Broke Barriers on Broadway '' , NewYork.com , June 25 , 2014 , accessed July 11 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Lea Salonga becomes a Disney legend Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga 's father Feliciano Salonga dies '' , Rappler , February 1 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Filipino Web : Lea Salonga '' . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salonga , Lea 1971 -- '' , Contemporary Theatre , Film and Television , Encyclopedia.com , 2005 , accessed November 4 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Marquart , Linda ; Salonga , Lea ( 2005 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The Right Way to Sing '' by Linda Marquart : Lea Salonga Biography . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58115 - 407 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lea Salonga '' , D23 , accessed October 21 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` TV.com : Lea Salonga '' . Jump up ^ `` Article on Preciosa Soliven , with notes on Lea Salonga '' . Jump up ^ Witchel , Alex ( March 17 , 1991 ) . `` New York Times : `` Theater : The Iron Butterfly within Miss Saigon , '' March 1991 `` . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behr , Edward and Mark Steyn , The Story of Miss Saigon , New York : Arcade Publishing , 1991 '' . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott . `` Stars reveal song that changed their lives in new TV series '' , The Salt Lake Tribune , March 30 , 2012 , accessed July 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gelfand , Janelle . Review : Disney princess to ' Dancing Queen , ' Lea Salonga charms with Pops , Cincinnati.com , April 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` YouTube : `` Too Much for One Heart '' history explained by Lea Salonga in her concert `` . Jump up ^ `` Monique Wilson Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` A Broadway belle hits the books again '' . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Mervyn ( March 2 , 1990 ) . `` New York Times : `` ' Miss Saigon ' finds home on Broadway '' . March 1990 `` . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley . `` Asian Actors Onstage : Lea Salonga , Phillipa Soo Sound Off on Broadway Representation , Cultural Perceptions '' , The Hollywood Reporter , November 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` CNN : `` Musical Miss Saigon opens in the Philippines , home of its leading ladies '' `` . December 4 , 2000 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Saigon star returns '' . CNN . January 16 , 2001 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film Reference : Lea Salonga '' . Jump up ^ Porcalla , Delon . `` Aquino confers awards on 33 outstanding Pinoys '' , The Philippine Star , December 6 , 2014 , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Beautiful Through the Years '' , People magazine , May 12 , 1997 , Vol. 47 , No. 18 , accessed October 21 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga to Replace Daphne Rubin - Vega in Les Misérables '' , Broadway.com , January 3 , 2007 , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` YouTube : `` A Whole New World '' at the Oscar Awards `` . Jump up ^ Wiley , Mason ; Damien Bona ( 1996 ) . Inside Oscar : The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards ( 5 ed . ) . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 883 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40053 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga , at Home and Playing Her Own Song '' , International Herald Tribune , August 15 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` MP3.com : Lea Salonga -- I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing '' . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Daily Inquirer : `` 10 : The Best of 1998 '' `` . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Bianca ( 29 September 2013 ) . `` Lea Salonga on life as Kim , Sonia , Eponine , wife & mom '' . Philippine Star . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Kevin L. Nadal and the Filipino - American National Historical Society Metropolitan New York Chapter ( 30 March 2015 ) . Filipinos in New York City . Arcadia Publishing . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4671 - 2308 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` Judi Dench , Bernadette Peters to join Lea Salonga in London benefit '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Albermarle of London : Hey Mr. Producer ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway.com : `` DVDs : Mackintosh 's Salad Days '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` She will be Miss Saigon again : Salonga to be Kim in October Manila mounting '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Soap Central : Lea Salonga '' . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` Lea Salonga does double - duty : `` Flower Drum Song '' and `` As the World Turns '' `` '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway.com : `` Lea Salonga confirmed for Flower Drum Song '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Asian Week : `` Making Musical History '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` The ' Flower ' blooms : Rodgers and Hammerstein 's ' Drum Song ' opens Oct. 17 on Broadway '' `` . Jump up ^ Ehren , Christine . `` Big River , Napoli Milionaria Big Winners at L.A. 's Ovation Awards '' , Playbill , November 25 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Theater Mania : `` Five musical show albums nominated for Grammy Awards '' `` . Jump up ^ The 2003 Drama League Nominees and Winners `` , BroadwayToVegas.com , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Three icons reunite in ' The Legends and the Classics ' '' , Inquirer.net , October 5 , 2013 , accessed December 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Carousel Pinoy : Lea Salonga '' . Jump up ^ `` The Manila Bulletin : `` Bringing up Baby '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Theater Mania : `` Lea Salonga hits the road '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway World : `` Lea Salonga in Concert '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway.com : `` Lea Salonga brings down the house in Atlantic City '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway World : `` Lea Salonga at Carnegie Hall '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Asian Connections : `` Lea Salonga takes center stage at Carnegie Hall '' `` . Jump up ^ `` The Associated Press ( through SINA ) : `` Jacky Cheung , Coco Lee , Lea Salonga to headline Disneyland opening '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Blix Street Records : Daniel Rodriguez Profile '' . Jump up ^ `` Manila Standard Today : `` Lea leads closing program '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Travel Video Television : `` Doha Asian Games comes to close amid mythology of 1001 nights '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Asia : `` Lea on Leadership '' from Philippine News `` . Jump up ^ Romero , Paolo ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Order of Lakandula for Lea , climbers '' . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` Voices soft as thunder : Lea Salonga to make early entrance in Les Miz revival '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway.com : `` Tony winner Lea Salonga gets early start as new Fantine of Les Miz '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway.com : `` Broadway Grosses : Lea boosts Les Miz '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadway.com : Q&A with Lea Salonga '' . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Daily Inquirer : `` Arroyo goes to Broadway , watches Lea Salonga in Les Miz '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Daily Inquirer : `` Arroyo takes break , is entranced by Lea in Les Miz '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` Salonga exits Les Miz , making way for Judy Kuhn '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway.com : `` Nominees announced for 2007 Broadway.com Audience Awards '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Playbill : `` Diva Talk : Chatting with Les Miz star Lea Salonga , plus news of LuPone , Cook , and Kuhn '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway World : Photo Coverage of Broadway on Broadway 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway World : Photo Coverage of Stars in the Alley 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway World : Photo Coverage of Lea Salonga at Artists Alliance '' . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` Salonga joins Esparza & Mitchell for `` Broadway Night '' at Spelling Bee `` '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS : Nothing Like A Dame '' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Military Academy Band `` Come hear the voice of Mulan and Jasmine ... '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Tarrytown Music Hall : `` Lea Salonga in Concert '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` ABS - CBN Foundation : Simbang Gabi 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` Asian Journal : `` Simbang Gabi with Lea Salonga '' '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.com Tour Finder -- Lea Salonga '' . ; `` Magic Wand Entertainment Upcoming Shows '' . ; `` Philippine Press Club : `` Lea Salonga at San Manuel Casino January 3 , 2008 '' `` . ; `` Philippine Daily Inquirer : `` Lea Salonga sings to thousands in Bacolod '' `` . ; `` Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra : Lea Salonga -- The Voice of Mulan '' . ; `` The Honolulu Advertiser : `` Tony - winning Lea Salonga to give four concerts in Hawaii '' `` . ; `` Guam Pacific Daily News : `` Broadway and Philippine star Lea Salonga to perform at Sheraton Laguna tonight '' ``. ; and `` The Honolulu Advertiser : `` Lea Salonga adds new Sunday concert at Blaisdell '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway World : `` Lea Salonga to star in international tour of ' Cinderella ' '' `` . Jump up ^ `` The Manila Bulletin : `` Cinderella in Manila -- Lea Salonga starring '' `` . Jump up ^ `` newsinfo.inquirer.net , Lea Salonga , the writer , debuts in PDI '' . Newsinfo.inquirer.net . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga -- Inquirer Entertainment '' , Philippine Daily Inquirer , accessed November 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` downtownlascene.com , Rock , Pop & Jazz '' . Downtownlascene.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` playbill.com , playbill.com , Tony Winner Salonga Plays Disney Concert Hall July 11 '' . Playbill.com. 2008 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` showbizandstyle.inquirer.net , Standing ovation for Lea Salonga in historic concert '' . Showbizandstyle.inquirer.net. 2008 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Pinoyreport.com , Lea Salonga ... a Concert worth taking your daughter to '' . Pinoyreport.com. 2008 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga to Star in Cinderella Tour '' . Playbill.com. 26 Jan 2007 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Playbill News , Lea Salonga will perform Concerts '' . Playbill.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Avon launches Anew Rejuvenate and Anew Ambassador Lea Salonga '' . Philstar.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Daily Inquirer : `` INC at 95 , The musical ; Lea Salonga stars '' , July 26 , 2009 `` . Jump up ^ Lea Salonga 's ' Bayan Ko ' rendition brings back mourners to EDSA ' 86 -- GMANews.TV Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga Performs Requests In Manila Concert 12 / 11 & 12 / 12 2009 / 12 / 11 '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Number One Site for Philippine Showbiz Music Lea Salonga will have Richard Poon and Ai - Ai delas Alas as guests in her December concert '' . PEP.ph . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Judges '' . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Photo Flash : Lea Salonga , Anika Noni Rose , Paige O'Hara et al. Honored at D23 Expo '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Lea Salonga Set to Judge Miss Universe Pageant , 9 / 12 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Jump up ^ `` See Glee Star Darren Criss & Tony Winner Lea Salonga Serenade Alan Menken with ' A Whole New World ' '' . Broadway.com . Jump up ^ Pfaff , Jennifer . `` Palm Beach Pops shows Broadway and Disney magic '' , Palm Beach Illustrated , April 2012 , accessed October 21 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Allegiance Musical , With George Takei and Lea Salonga , Extends Run in CA '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ Jambora , Anne A. ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Lea Salonga goes straight in ' God of Carnage ' `` . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Salonga , Lea ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Time to say goodbye '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga added to this year 's Candlelight Processional '' . wdwmagic.com . October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga '' . lincolncenter.org . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga , Norm Lewis & Tyne Daly to Headline Ragtime Concert '' . Broadway.com . Jump up ^ Lea Salonga ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Turning Japanese '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ Lea Salonga ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` It 's official : I am a coach on The Voice of The Philippines ! I wonder who coach # 4 will be . '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maila Ager . `` Lea Salonga 's ' Playlist ' guests daughter Nicole Chien , Martin Nievera '' . January 18 , 2014 . INQUIRER.net . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Salonga , Lea . Playlist -- A Celebration of 35 Years ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Krissa Donida ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Lea Salonga talks about being back on ' The Voice ' '' ( in Filipino ) . Push . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Villano , Alexa . `` Lea Salonga on Fun Home , working with Eric Kunze '' , Rappler , November 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat . `` Lea Salonga & Sierra Boggess Record New Tracks For Charity Compilation Album '' . 24 October 2013 . Broadway World . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga 's song ' Wish That I Could Call You ' just sounds incredible now . Out in March . '' . 10 January 2014 . DanLauraCurtis Twitter account . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henry , Alan . `` BWW Interviews : Lea Salonga Talks Il Divo Tour , Allegiance , Miss Saigon , and More ! '' , BroadwayWorld , May 22 , 2014 Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat . `` Lea Salonga Kicks Off Australia & New Zealand Tour Today '' , Broadwayworld.com , July 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ Breaking News : Tony Winner Lea Salonga & Telly Leung to Join George Takei in ALLEGIANCE on Broadway ! Broadway World , Retrieved March 13 , 2015 Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles . `` Review : Allegiance , a Musical History Lesson About Interned Japanese - Americans '' , The New York Times , November 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ Dimalanta , Ces ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Lea Salonga to appear , sing in ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' finale '' . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hetrick , Adam . `` Lea Salonga Will Star in Fun Home International Premiere '' , Playbill , November 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ Bunoan , Vladimir . `` Review : Superb Fun Home cast moves audience to tears '' , ABS - CBN News , November 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga wins Entertainer of the Year at Aliw Awards 2016 '' , ABS - CBN News , December 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Lea excited to mentor teens on ' The Voice ' '' . ABS - CBN News ( published April 17 , 2017 ) . March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Lea Salonga , Merle Dandridge , Quentin Earl Darrington & Alex Newell Join Once on this Island '' , Broadway World , accessed August 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Santiago , Erwin . `` Lea Salonga returns to Broadway and Les Misérables , Philippine Entertainment Portal , January 5 , 2007 , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Newsflash.org : `` A Whole New World for Lea Salonga '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Digest : `` This is the career God has chosen for me '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Le Salonga is a gamer '' . Jump up ^ Mary Yu Danico ( 3 September 2014 ) . Asian American Society : An Encyclopedia . SAGE Publications . p. 697 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 8189 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga is UN goodwill ambassador in fight vs hunger '' . ABS-CBNnews.com . ABS - CBN Corporation . Agence France - Presse . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FAO Goodwill Ambassador website Jump up ^ `` Actress and singer Lea Salonga to perform '' . Goshen College . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Night with Lea Salonga '' . newsflash.org. 1 August 1997 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fuamoli , Sosefina ( 11 June 2012 ) . `` Live Review : Lea Salonga -- Adelaide Festival Theatre , Adelaide ( 10 June 2012 ) '' . theaureview.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga : By Heart '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Reflection Lea Salonga Digital Sheet Music '' . musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . ( Purchase required ) Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` Lea Salonga Returns to Bway Miss Saigon , Jan. 18 '' , Playbill , January 17 , 1999 , accessed January 30 , 2016 ; and Wedekindt , David . `` Lea Salonga , Award - winning Broadway Star and Singing Voice of Disney 's Mulan and Princess Jasmine , to Perform Oct. 10 '' , University of Buffalo , September 24 , 2009 , accessed January 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ehren , Christine . `` Flower Drum Song , Into the Woods Among Theatre L.A. Ovation Nominees , Nov. 24 '' , Playbill , November 24 , 2002 , accessed March 10 , 2015 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Voices Soft as Thunder : Lea Salonga to Make Early Entrance in Les Miz Revival '' , Playbill , March 2 , 2007 , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Favorites of the Fans : 2007 '' , Audience Choice Awards , Broadway.com , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew . `` Photo Call : God of Carnage , With Lea Salonga , Plays the Philippines '' , Playbill , July 12 , 2012 , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` And the Winners Are ... The Results Are in for the 2016 BroadwayWorld.com Awards ! '' , BroadwayWorld.com , June 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Vote Now ! Hamilton Breaks Record for Most Broadway.com Audience Choice Award Nominations '' , Broadway.com , April 29 , 2016 , updated May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ Endrst , James . `` Sesame Street : After 25 Years , Still Sweeping the Clouds Away '' , Hartford Courant , November 19 , 1993 , accessed August 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` My America : A Poetry Atlas of the United States '' , TV.com , accessed August 22 , 2017 External links ( edit ) Book : Lea Salonga Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lea Salonga . Official website Lea Salonga at the Internet Broadway Database Lea Salonga on IMDb Salonga presenting an illustrated autobiography ( 2015 ) Lea Salonga navigation boxes Lea Salonga Studio albums Small Voice Lea Lea Salonga I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing By Heart Lea ... In Love Songs from the Screen Inspired Holiday albums Lea Salonga Christmas Album Live albums The Broadway Concert Songs from Home Compilation albums 100 % Lea Gives Her Best The Ultimate OPM Collection Related articles Gerard Salonga Book : Lea Salonga The Voice of the Philippines Seasons Main 1 ( 2013 ) 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) Kids 1 ( 2014 ) 2 ( 2015 ) 3 ( 2016 ) Teens 1 ( 2017 ) Winners Main Mitoy Yonting Jason Dy Kids Lyca Gairanod Elha Nympha Joshua Oliveros Teens Jona Soquite Runners - up Main Klarisse De Guzman Alisah Bonaobra Kids Darren Espanto Teens Isabela Vinzon Other artists Main Paolo Onesa Guji Lorenzana Emmanuelle Vera Junji Arias Thor Radha Morissette Amon Aia de Leon Ayana Grico Maki Ricafort Jacob Benedicto Myk Perez Karla Estrada Miro Valera María Krista Aguilar Jason Fernandez Monique Lualhati Nino Alejandro Lougee Basabas Kids Juan Karlos Labajo Darlene Vibares Julia Klarisse Base Amy Nobleza Esang de Torres Teens Mica Becerro Jeremy Glinoga The Voice Kids Season 1 finalists The Voice Teens Discography Controversies and criticisms Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical Imelda de Martin ( 1964 ) no award ( 1965 - 1968 ) Dorothy Loudon / Bernadette Peters ( 1969 ) Lauren Bacall / Sandy Duncan / Ethel Merman ( 1970 ) Helen Gallagher / Alexis Smith ( 1971 ) Jonelle Allen ( 1972 ) Glynis Johns / Michele Lee ( 1973 ) Ruby Lynn Reyner ( 1974 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1975 ) Donna McKechnie ( 1976 ) Clamma Dale ( 1977 ) Nell Carter ( 1978 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1979 ) Patti LuPone ( 1980 ) Lena Horne ( 1981 ) Jennifer Holliday ( 1982 ) Natalia Makarova ( 1983 ) Chita Rivera ( 1984 ) No award ( 1985 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1986 ) Teresa Stratas ( 1987 ) Patti LuPone ( 1988 ) Toni DiBuono ( 1989 ) Tyne Daly ( 1990 ) Lea Salonga ( 1991 ) Faith Prince ( 1992 ) Chita Rivera ( 1993 ) Donna Murphy ( 1994 ) Glenn Close ( 1995 ) Julie Andrews ( 1996 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1997 ) Natasha Richardson ( 1998 ) Carolee Carmello / Bernadette Peters ( 1999 ) Heather Headley ( 2000 ) Marla Schaffel ( 2001 ) Sutton Foster ( 2002 ) Marissa Jaret Winokur ( 2003 ) Donna Murphy ( 2004 ) Victoria Clark ( 2005 ) Christine Ebersole ( 2006 ) Audra McDonald / Donna Murphy ( 2007 ) Patti LuPone ( 2008 ) Allison Janney ( 2009 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones / Montego Glover ( 2010 ) Sutton Foster ( 2011 ) Audra McDonald ( 2012 ) Laura Osnes ( 2013 ) Jessie Mueller ( 2014 ) Kristin Chenoweth ( 2015 ) Cynthia Erivo ( 2016 ) Bette Midler ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical Virginia McKenna ( 1979 ) Gemma Craven ( 1980 ) Carlin Glynn ( 1981 ) Julia McKenzie ( 1982 ) Barbara Dickson ( 1983 ) Natalia Makarova ( 1984 ) Patti LuPone ( 1985 ) Lesley Mackie ( 1986 ) Nichola McAuliffe ( 1987 ) Patricia Routledge ( 1988 ) Lea Salonga ( 1989 / 1990 ) Imelda Staunton ( 1991 ) Wilhelmenia Fernandez ( 1992 ) Joanna Riding ( 1993 ) Julia McKenzie ( 1994 ) Ruthie Henshall ( 1995 ) Judi Dench ( 1996 ) Maria Friedman ( 1997 ) Ute Lemper ( 1998 ) Sophie Thompson ( 1999 ) Barbara Dickson ( 2000 ) Samantha Spiro ( 2001 ) Martine McCutcheon ( 2002 ) Joanna Riding ( 2003 ) Maria Friedman ( 2004 ) Laura Michelle Kelly ( 2005 ) Jane Krakowski ( 2006 ) Jenna Russell ( 2007 ) Leanne Jones ( 2008 ) Elena Roger ( 2009 ) Samantha Spiro ( 2010 ) Sheridan Smith ( 2011 ) Cleo Demetriou , Kerry Ingram , Sophia Kiely , and Eleanor Worthington Cox ( 2012 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2013 ) Zrinka Cvitešić ( 2014 ) Katie Brayben ( 2015 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2016 ) Amber Riley ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Grace Hartman ( 1948 ) Nanette Fabray ( 1949 ) Mary Martin ( 1950 ) Ethel Merman ( 1951 ) Gertrude Lawrence ( 1952 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1953 ) Dolores Gray ( 1954 ) Mary Martin ( 1955 ) Gwen Verdon ( 1956 ) Judy Holliday ( 1957 ) Thelma Ritter / Gwen Verdon ( 1958 ) Gwen Verdon ( 1959 ) Mary Martin ( 1960 ) Elizabeth Seal ( 1961 ) Anna Maria Alberghetti / Diahann Carroll ( 1962 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1963 ) Carol Channing ( 1964 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1965 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1966 ) Barbara Harris ( 1967 ) Patricia Routledge / Leslie Uggams ( 1968 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1969 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1970 ) Helen Gallagher ( 1971 ) Alexis Smith ( 1972 ) Glynis Johns ( 1973 ) Virginia Capers ( 1974 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1975 ) Donna McKechnie ( 1976 ) Dorothy Loudon ( 1977 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1978 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1979 ) Patti LuPone ( 1980 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1981 ) Jennifer Holliday ( 1982 ) Natalia Makarova ( 1983 ) Chita Rivera ( 1984 ) No award ( 1985 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1986 ) Maryann Plunkett ( 1987 ) Joanna Gleason ( 1988 ) Ruth Brown ( 1989 ) Tyne Daly ( 1990 ) Lea Salonga ( 1991 ) Faith Prince ( 1992 ) Chita Rivera ( 1993 ) Donna Murphy ( 1994 ) Glenn Close ( 1995 ) Donna Murphy ( 1996 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1997 ) Natasha Richardson ( 1998 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1999 ) Heather Headley ( 2000 ) Christine Ebersole ( 2001 ) Sutton Foster ( 2002 ) Marissa Jaret Winokur ( 2003 ) Idina Menzel ( 2004 ) Victoria Clark ( 2005 ) LaChanze ( 2006 ) Christine Ebersole ( 2007 ) Patti LuPone ( 2008 ) Alice Ripley ( 2009 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2010 ) Sutton Foster ( 2011 ) Audra McDonald ( 2012 ) Patina Miller ( 2013 ) Jessie Mueller ( 2014 ) Kelli O'Hara ( 2015 ) Cynthia Erivo ( 2016 ) Bette Midler ( 2017 ) Order of Lakandula recipients Grand Collar ( Supremo ) Juan Carlos I of Spain Richard Lugar Akihito , Emperor of Japan Grand Cross ( Bayani ) Felipe VI of Spain James B. Reuter Jaime Cardinal Sin Commander ( Komandante ) Lea Salonga Officer ( Pinuno ) Domingo Lucenario Jr . VIAF : 59295991 LCCN : n93092004 ISNI : 0000 0000 5518 7707 GND : 134695216 BNF : cb142238592 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 67f4ab30 - bfe1 - 483a - a5ae - c6e6067497b8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lea_Salonga&oldid=803709567 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people Arista Records artists Ateneo de Manila University alumni Atlantic Records artists That 's Entertainment Thursday Group Members Capitol Records artists Drama Desk Award winners Filipino child actresses Filipino expatriates in the United States Filipino female singers Filipino musical theatre actresses Filipino voice actresses Fordham University alumni Kapampangan people Laurence Olivier Award winners Singers from Pampanga Actresses from Pampanga People from Angeles , Philippines People from Manila Recipients of the Order of Lakandula That 's Entertainment ( Philippine TV series ) The Voice of the Philippines The Voice Kids ( Philippine TV series ) Tony Award winners Walt Disney Records artists 20th - century Filipino actresses 21st - century Filipino actresses ABS - CBN personalities FAO Goodwill ambassadors Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2014 CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Cebuano Chavacano de Zamboanga Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kapampangan Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Pangasinan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 03 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the singing voice of jasmine in aladdin | [
"Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga, KLD (born February 22, 1971), known as Lea Salonga (/ˈleɪə səˈlɒŋɡə/), is a Filipina singer and actress best known for her roles in musical theatre, for supplying the singing voices of two Disney Princesses, and as a recording artist and television performer."
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"Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga"
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-1183792193941315161 | United States Mint coin sets | United States Mint coin sets - wikipedia United States Mint coin sets hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The United States Mint has released annual collections of coins most years since 1936 . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States Mint 50 State Quarters Proof Set 2 United States Mint 50 State Quarters Silver Proof Set 3 United States Mint America the Beautiful Quarters Proof Set 4 United States Mint America the Beautiful Quarters Silver Proof Set 5 United States Mint District of Columbia & U.S. Territories Quarters Proof Set 6 United States Mint Presidential $1 Coin Proof Set 7 United States Prestige Coin Set 8 United States Mint Proof Set 9 United States Mint Silver Proof Set 10 United States Mint Uncirculated Coin Set 11 References United States Mint 50 State Quarters Proof set ( edit ) With the launch of the 50 State Quarters Program in 1999 , the Mint began marketing proof sets of just the five quarters released in the given year . These sets are essentially a reduced version of the regular issue proof sets and the packaging maintained the same blue color scheme , but came in a smaller box and different certificate of authenticity . This collection ceased with the resolution of the program in 2008 . These sets are usually denoted as the 5 - piece sets from a given year . All issues were produced at the San Francisco Mint . United States Mint 50 State Quarters silver Proof set ( edit ) The 50 State Quarters Proof Sets produced with the five quarters produced that year in 90 % silver and again were the same as the year 's Silver Proof Set but in a reduced red packaging and unique certificate of authenticity . All issues were produced at the San Francisco Mint . United States Mint America the Beautiful Quarters Proof set ( edit ) The America the Beautiful Quarters program began in 2010 as a continuation of the 50 State Quarters and D.C. and Territories programs , allowing each state a representation in the nation 's coinage . These sets are reduced versions of the United States Mint Proof Set and the packaging maintains the same burnt - orange color scheme , but came in a smaller box and different certificate of authenticity . All issues were produced at the San Francisco Mint . United States Mint America the Beautiful Quarters silver Proof set ( edit ) The 50 State Quarters Proof Sets are also produced in 90 % silver and again are the same as the year 's Silver Proof Set but in a reduced navy - blue packaging and unique certificate of authenticity . All issues were produced at the San Francisco Mint . United States Mint District of Columbia & U.S. Territories Quarters Proof set ( edit ) Upon completion of the 50 State Quarters Program , it was decided to honor Washington D.C. and the U.S. Overseas Territories in a similar manner . The District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters allowed for the minting of six designs in 2009 and these were sold as a set . All were produced at the San Francisco Mint . United States Mint Presidential $1 coin Proof set ( edit ) With the launch of the Presidential $1 Coin Program , four dollar coins have been released each year since 2007 - each depicting a serving U.S. President . This set is the sleeve of dollar coins from regular issue mint sets on its own with reduced packaging and a different certificate of authenticity . The program is scheduled to go until 2016 when all currently eligible presidents have been honored . United States Prestige coin set ( edit ) First released in 1983 and continued through 1997 missing only one year ( 1985 ) , Prestige Sets contain proof strikings of the regular issue coinage in addition to the commemorative dollar and half dollar from the year of release . The coins are presented in a book - like case with a special laminated enclosure of a different design than the standard proof set sleeves . This collection was marketed to give consumers a more `` premium '' option . United States Mint Proof set ( edit ) This collection encompasses every coin design produced by the United States Mint in a single year . This is the longest - running series of coins produced by the Mint and comprises coins prepared using proof striking methods . The Mint packages the specially prepared coins in hard plastic cases meant for long - term preservation . All releases from 1936 to 1972 included the cent , nickel , dime , quarter , and half dollar from that year . The first proof sets through 1964 were minted at the Philadelphia Mint . There were two official releases in 1942 : one regular five coin set and a set including a silver wartime nickel . United States currency was debased beginning in 1965 , but the sets continued under the name United States Mint Proof Set. Production was moved to the San Francisco branch in 1968 , and all subsequent issues bear coins with an `` S '' mint mark . In 1973 , the Eisenhower dollar was added to the collection . Sets from 1975 will have a dual - date 1776 - 1976 quarter , half - dollar , and dollar as none of those coins were ever produced with a 1975 date . The Susan B. Anthony dollar replaced the Eisenhower in 1979 . The 1981 mint sets were the only method of obtaining a Susan B. from that year , though many have slipped into circulation . With the cease in minting of dollar coins , the regular issue Proof Set for 1982 included a brass token . From 1983 until 1998 , the annual United States Proof set resumed to only issuing the penny , nickel , dime , quarter , and half - dollar . With the introduction of the 50 State Quarters program in 1999 , the Mint began issuing all five quarters released from that year with the already established denominations , thus creating a nine - coin set split across two holders , or lenses . The single lens containing just the quarters was also sold separately . The following year , the Sacagawea dollar was included in the regular set , bringing the coin count to ten . The Westward Journey Series of nickels saw the introduction of eleven coin sets in 2004 and 2005 featuring both nickels , the penny , dime , half dollar , golden dollar and all five quarters . The regular issue returned to ten coins in 2006 , but the Presidential Dollar Coin Program necessitated an expansion to three lenses with a total of fourteen coins from 2007 to 2008 . In 2009 , another lens was added to facilitate the pennies minted for the Lincoln Bicentennial collection . The pennies produced for the proof sets that year were special in that their composition saw a return to the 95 % copper alloy employed when the Lincoln cent was first introduced . This set peaked the coin count at eighteen as it also included that year 's set of District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters . The regular release returned to a count of fourteen coins across three lenses in 2010 and the individual lens of America the Beautiful Quarters or Presidential Dollar Coins sold separate . United States Mint silver Proof set ( edit ) Beginning in 1992 , the Mint began producing proof sets with the cupronickel denomination replaced by specimens struck with the pre-debasement composition : coin silver , or 90 % Ag and 10 % Cu . All of the quarters released in any one year of a series since 1999 are also struck in silver . Otherwise , these sets are largely similar to the standard United States Mint Proof Set , but are packaged with a red color scheme and different certificate of authenticity . United States Mint Uncirculated coin set ( edit ) The Uncirculated Sets , or Mint Sets , contain specimens of coins that are typically minted for general circulation . The first such sets were sold in 1947 in cardboard panels with two coins for each issue , thus showing the obverse and reverse of each one . Such sets were , with the exception of 1950 , annually produced through 1958 . In 1959 a plastic soft pack of single coins was sold and these were annually offered through 1964 . In 1965 - 7 `` special mint sets '' , a higher level of uncirculated coins , replaced both mint and proof sets . With the exception of 1982 - 1983 , mint sets have been issued every year since 1968 . ( For 1982 and 1983 collectors sometimes buy the annual `` souvenir sets '' struck by the Philadelphia and Denver mints , which are very similar to the official Treasury - issued mint sets . ) Notable are the 1970 , 1973 , and 1996 mint sets . These contained the 1970 - D Kennedy half dollar , the 1973 - P and 1973 - D Eisenhower dollars , and the 1996 - W Roosevelt dime , none of which were minted for general circulation and could be obtained only from the U.S. mint sets . More recent sets contain non-circulating half - dollar and dollar denominations . From the 2005 mint set coins through the 2010 mint set coins were prepared using special dies that produce a `` satin finish '' distinct from business strike coins . The US Mint reverted to coins that are typically minted for general circulation in 2011 . Mint sets currently are sealed in a plastic blister - pack , unlike the flexible plastic packs of earlier sets . They are usually sold in sets of two - one for each branch of production . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2011 United States Mint Proof Set Certificate of Authenticity . The United States Mint. 2011 . Jump up ^ 1992 United States Mint Silver Proof Set Certificate of Authenticity . The United States Mint. 1992 . Jump up ^ 1999 United States Mint Silver Proof Set Certificate of Authenticity . The United States Mint. 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Souvenir Sets '' . My Coin Guides . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Click here to view larger image Image not actual size 2011 United States Mint Uncirculated Coin Set ® '' . U.S. Mint Online Product Catalog . U.S. Department of the Treasury . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Mint_coin_sets&oldid=765529521 '' Categories : Coins of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from October 2011 All articles that may contain original research Articles to be expanded from October 2011 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 February 2017 , at 22 : 51 . About Wikipedia | when did the mint start making proof sets | [
"All releases from 1936 to 1972 included the cent, nickel, dime, quarter, and half dollar from that year. The first proof sets through 1964 were minted at the Philadelphia Mint. There were two official releases in 1942: one regular five coin set and a set including a silver wartime nickel. United States currency was debased beginning in 1965, but the sets continued under the name United States Mint Proof Set.Production was moved to the San Francisco branch in 1968, and all subsequent issues bear coins with an \"S\" mint mark. In 1973, the Eisenhower dollar was added to the collection. Sets from 1975 will have a dual-date 1776-1976 quarter, half-dollar, and dollar as none of those coins were ever produced with a 1975 date. The Susan B. Anthony dollar replaced the Eisenhower in 1979. The 1981 mint sets were the only method of obtaining a Susan B. from that year, though many have slipped into circulation. With the cease in minting of dollar coins, the regular issue Proof Set for 1982 included a brass token. From 1983 until 1998, the annual United States Proof set resumed to only issuing the penny, nickel, dime, quarter, and half-dollar."
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"1936"
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-9093483712410069800 | Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act | Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - Wikipedia Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Jump to : navigation , search Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Long title The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Acronyms ( colloquial ) PPACA , ACA Nicknames Obamacare , Affordable Care Act , Health Insurance Reform , Healthcare Reform Enacted by the 111th United States Congress Effective March 23 , 2010 ; 8 years ago ( 2010 - 03 - 23 ) Most major provisions phased in by January 2014 ; remaining provisions phased in by 2020 ; individual mandate repealed starting 2019 Citations Public law 111 -- 148 Statutes at Large 124 Stat. 119 through 124 Stat. 1025 ( 906 pages ) Legislative history Introduced in the House as the `` Service Members Home Ownership Tax Act of 2009 '' ( H.R. 3590 ) by Charles Rangel ( D -- NY ) on September 17 , 2009 Committee consideration by Ways and Means Passed the House on November 7 , 2009 ( 220 -- 215 ) Passed the Senate as the `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' on December 24 , 2009 ( 60 -- 39 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on March 21 , 2010 ( 219 -- 212 ) Signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23 , 2010 Major amendments Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 Comprehensive 1099 Taxpayer Protection and Repayment of Exchange Subsidy Overpayments Act of 2011 Public Law 115 - 97 proposed as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 United States Supreme Court cases National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius Burwell v. Hobby Lobby King v. Burwell This article is part of a series about Barack Obama Political positions Electoral history Early life and career Family Public image Pre-presidency Illinois State Senator 2004 DNC keynote address U.S. Senator from Illinois 44th President of the United States Presidency Timeline Policies Economy Energy Foreign policy Obama Doctrine Foreign trips Pardons Social Space Appointments Cabinet Judges First term Campaign for the Presidency 2008 general election Primaries Transition 1st inauguration First 100 days Affordable Care Act Iraq Withdrawal Death of Osama bin Laden Timeline : ' 09 ' 10 ' 11 ' 12 Second term Reelection campaign 2012 general election Reactions 2nd inauguration Immigration executive action Iran deal Cuban thaw Timeline : ' 13 ' 14 ' 15 ' 16 ' 17 Post-presidency Planned Library Obama Foundation One America Appeal Dreams from My Father The Audacity of Hope Nobel Peace Prize The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , often shortened to the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) or nicknamed Obamacare , is a United States federal statute enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23 , 2010 . The term `` Obamacare '' was first used by opponents , then reappropriated by supporters , and eventually used by President Obama himself . Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 amendment , it represents the U.S. healthcare system 's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965 . The ACA 's major provisions came into force in 2014 . By 2016 , the uninsured share of the population had roughly halved , with estimates ranging from 20 -- 24 million additional people covered during 2016 . The increased coverage was due , roughly equally , to an expansion of Medicaid eligibility and to major changes to individual insurance markets . Both involved new spending , funded through a combination of new taxes and cuts to Medicare provider rates and Medicare Advantage . Several Congressional Budget Office reports said that overall these provisions reduced the budget deficit , that repealing the ACA would increase the deficit , and that the law reduced income inequality by taxing primarily the top 1 % to fund roughly $600 in benefits on average to families in the bottom 40 % of the income distribution . The law also enacted a host of delivery system reforms intended to constrain healthcare costs and improve quality . After the law went into effect , increases in overall healthcare spending slowed , including premiums for employer - based insurance plans . The act largely retains the existing structure of Medicare , Medicaid , and the employer market , but individual markets were radically overhauled around a three - legged scheme . Insurers in these markets are made to accept all applicants and charge the same rates regardless of pre-existing conditions or sex . To combat resultant adverse selection , the act mandates that individuals buy insurance and insurers cover a list of `` essential health benefits '' . However , a repeal of the tax mandate , passed as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 , will become effective in 2019 . To help households between 100 -- 400 % of the Federal Poverty Line afford these compulsory policies , the law provides insurance premium subsidies . Other individual market changes include health marketplaces and risk adjustment programs . The act has also faced challenges and opposition . The Supreme Court ruled 5 to 4 in 2012 that states could choose not to participate in the ACA 's Medicaid expansion , although it upheld the law as a whole . The federal health exchange , HealthCare.gov , faced major technical problems at the beginning of its rollout in 2013 . In 2017 , a unified Republican government failed to pass several different partial repeals of the ACA . The law spent several years opposed by a slim plurality of Americans polled , although its provisions were generally more popular than the law as a whole , and the law gained majority support by 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions 1.1 Regulations 1.2 Individual mandate 1.3 Subsidies 1.4 Exchanges 1.5 Risk corridor program 1.6 Temporary reinsurance 1.7 Risk adjustment 1.8 Medicaid expansion 1.9 Medicare savings 1.10 Taxes 1.10. 1 Medicare taxes 1.10. 2 Excise taxes 1.11 SCHIP 1.12 Dependent 's Health Insurance 1.13 Employer mandate 1.14 Delivery system reforms 1.14. 1 Hospital quality 1.14. 2 Bundled Payments 1.14. 3 Accountable Care Organizations 1.15 Medicare donut hole 1.16 State waivers 1.17 Other 2 Legislative history 2.1 Background 2.2 Healthcare debate , 2008 -- 10 2.2. 1 Senate 2.2. 2 House 3 Impact 3.1 Coverage 3.2 Insurance exchanges 3.3 Medicaid expansion 3.4 Healthcare insurance costs 3.4. 1 Effect on deductibles and co-payments 3.5 Health outcomes 3.6 Distributional impact 3.7 Federal deficit 3.7. 1 CBO estimates of revenue and impact on deficit 3.7. 2 Opinions on CBO projections 3.8 Economic consequences 3.9 Employer mandate and part - time work 3.10 Hospitals 4 Public opinion 5 Political aspects 5.1 `` Obamacare '' 5.2 Common misconceptions 5.2. 1 `` Death panels '' 5.2. 2 Members of Congress 5.2. 3 Illegal immigrants 5.2. 4 Exchange `` death spiral '' 6 Opposition 6.1 Legal challenges 6.1. 1 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 6.1. 2 Contraception mandate 6.1. 3 House v. Price 6.1. 4 Non-cooperation 6.2 Repeal efforts 6.2. 1 2013 federal government shutdown 6.2. 2 2017 repeal effort 6.3 Actions to hinder implementation 6.4 Ending cost - sharing reduction ( CSR ) payments 7 Implementation 7.1 Murray -- Alexander Individual Market Stabilization Bill 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Preliminary CBO documents 10.2 CMS Estimates of the impact of P.L. 111 - 148 10.3 CMS Estimates of the impact of H.R. 3590 10.4 Senate Finance Committee meetings 11 External links 11.1 PPACA text Provisions Main article : Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The President and White House Staff react to the House of Representatives passing the bill on March 21 , 2010 . Jim Clyburn and Nancy Pelosi celebrating after the House passes the amended bill on March 21 The ACA includes provisions to take effect between 2010 and 2020 , although most took effect on January 1 , 2014 . It amended the Public Health Service Act of 1944 and inserted new provisions on affordable care into Title 42 of the United States Code . Few areas of the US health care system were left untouched , making it the most sweeping health care reform since the enactment of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965 . However , some areas were more affected than others . The individual insurance market was radically overhauled , and many of the law 's regulations applied specifically to this market , while the structure of Medicare , Medicaid , and the employer market were largely retained . Most of the coverage gains were made through the expansion of Medicaid , and the biggest cost savings were made in Medicare . Some regulations applied to the employer market , and the law also made delivery system changes that affected most of the health care system . Not all provisions took full effect . Some were made discretionary , some were deferred , and others were repealed before implementation . Regulations Guaranteed issue prohibits insurers from denying coverage to individuals due to pre-existing conditions . States were required to ensure the availability of insurance for individual children who did not have coverage via their families . Premiums must be the same for everyone of a given age , regardless of preexisting conditions . Premiums are allowed to vary by enrollee age , but those for the oldest enrollees ( age 45 -- 64 , average expenses $5,542 ) can only be three times as large as those for adults 18 -- 24 ( $1,836 ) . Essential health benefits must be provided . The National Academy of Medicine defines the law 's `` essential health benefits '' as `` ambulatory patient services ; emergency services ; hospitalization ; maternity and newborn care ; mental health and substance use disorder services , including behavioral health treatment ; prescription drugs ; rehabilitative and habilitative services and devices ; laboratory services ; preventive and wellness services and chronic disease management ; and pediatric services , including oral and vision care '' and others rated Level A or B by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force . In determining what would qualify as an essential benefit , the law required that standard benefits should offer at least that of a `` typical employer plan '' . States may require additional services . Additional preventive care and screenings for women . The guidelines issued by the Health Resources and Services Administration to implement this provision mandate `` ( a ) ll Food and Drug Administration approved contraceptive methods , sterilization procedures , and patient education and counseling for all women with reproductive capacity '' . This mandate applies to all employers and educational institutions except for religious organizations . These regulations were included on the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine . In 2012 Senator Sheldon Whitehouse created this summary to explain his view on the act . Annual and lifetime coverage caps on essential benefits were banned . Prohibits insurers from dropping policyholders when they get sick . All health policies sold in the United States must provide an annual maximum out of pocket ( MOOP ) payment cap for an individual 's or family 's medical expenses ( excluding premiums ) . After the MOOP payment cap is reached , all remaining costs must be paid by the insurer . A partial community rating requires insurers to offer the same premium to all applicants of the same age and location without regard to gender or most pre-existing conditions ( excluding tobacco use ) . Premiums for older applicants can be no more than three times those for the youngest . Preventive care , vaccinations and medical screenings can not be subject to co-payments , co-insurance or deductibles . Specific examples of covered services include : mammograms and colonoscopies , wellness visits , gestational diabetes screening , HPV testing , STI counseling , HIV screening and counseling , contraceptive methods , breastfeeding support / supplies and domestic violence screening and counseling . The law established four tiers of coverage : bronze , silver , gold and platinum . All categories offer the essential health benefits . The categories vary in their division of premiums and out - of - pocket costs : bronze plans have the lowest monthly premiums and highest out - of - pocket costs , while platinum plans are the reverse . The percentages of health care costs that plans are expected to cover through premiums ( as opposed to out - of - pocket costs ) are , on average : 60 % ( bronze ) , 70 % ( silver ) , 80 % ( gold ) , and 90 % ( platinum ) . Insurers are required to implement an appeals process for coverage determination and claims on all new plans . Insurers must spend at least 80 -- 85 % of premium dollars on health costs ; rebates must be issued to policyholders if this is violated . Individual mandate The individual mandate was the requirement to buy insurance or pay a penalty for everyone not covered by an employer sponsored health plan , Medicaid , Medicare or other public insurance programs ( such as Tricare ) . Also exempt were those facing a financial hardship or who were members in a recognized religious sect exempted by the Internal Revenue Service . The mandate and the limits on open enrollment were designed to avoid the insurance death spiral in which healthy people delay insuring themselves until they get sick . In such a situation , insurers would have to raise their premiums to cover the relatively sicker and thus more expensive policies , which could create a vicious cycle in which more and more people drop their coverage . The purpose of the mandate was to prevent the healthcare system from succumbing to adverse selection , which would result in high premiums for the insured and little coverage ( and thus more illness and medical bankruptcy ) for the uninsured . Studies by the CBO , Gruber and Rand Health concluded that a mandate was required . The mandate increased the size and diversity of the insured population , including more young and healthy participants to broaden the risk pool , spreading costs . Experience in New Jersey and Massachusetts offered divergent outcomes . Among the groups who were not subject to the individual mandate are : Illegal immigrants , estimated at around 8 million -- or roughly a third of the 23 million projection -- are ineligible for insurance subsidies and Medicaid . They remain eligible for emergency services . Eligible citizens not enrolled in Medicaid . Citizens who pay the annual penalty instead of purchasing insurance , mostly younger and single . Citizens whose insurance coverage would cost more than 8 % of household income and are exempt from the penalty . Citizens who live in states that opt out of the Medicaid expansion and who qualify for neither existing Medicaid coverage nor subsidized coverage through the states ' new insurance exchanges . All citizens as of December 20 , 2017 On December 20 , 2017 , the individual mandate was repealed starting in 2019 via the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 . Subsidies Households with incomes between 100 % and 400 % of the federal poverty level are eligible to receive federal subsidies for policies purchased via an exchange . Subsidies are provided as an advanceable , refundable tax credits . Additionally , small businesses are eligible for a tax credit provided that they enroll in the SHOP Marketplace . Under the law , workers whose employers offer affordable coverage will not be eligible for subsidies via the exchanges . To be eligible the cost of employer - based health insurance must exceed 9.5 % of the worker 's household income . Subsidies ( 2014 ) for Family of 4 Income % of federal poverty level Premium Cap as a Share of Income Income Max Annual Out - of - Pocket Premium Premium Savings Additional Cost - Sharing Subsidy 133 % 3 % of income $31,900 $992 $10,345 $5,040 150 % 4 % of income $33,075 $1,323 $9,918 $5,040 200 % 6.3 % of income $44,100 $2,778 $8,366 $4,000 250 % 8.05 % of income $55,125 $4,438 $6,597 $1,930 300 % 9.5 % of income $66,150 $6,284 $4,628 $1,480 350 % 9.5 % of income $77,175 $7,332 $3,512 $1,480 400 % 9.5 % of income $88,200 $8,379 $2,395 $1,480 a. ^ Note : In 2014 , the FPL was $11,800 for a single person and $24,000 for family of four . See Subsidy Calculator for specific dollar amount . b. ^ DHHS and CBO estimate the average annual premium cost in 2014 would have been $11,328 for a family of 4 without the reform . Exchanges Established the creation of health insurance exchanges in all fifty states . The exchanges are regulated , largely online marketplaces , administered by either federal or state government , where individuals and small business can purchase private insurance plans . Setting up an exchange gives a state partial discretion on standards and prices of insurance . For example , states approve plans for sale , and influence ( through limits on and negotiations with private insurers ) the prices on offer . They can impose higher or state - specific coverage requirements -- including whether plans offered in the state can cover abortion . States without an exchange do not have that discretion . The responsibility for operating their exchanges moves to the federal government . Risk corridor program This section contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally - worded summary with appropriate citations . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote . ( July 2017 ) The risk - corridor program was a temporary risk management device defined under the PPACA section 1342 to encourage reluctant insurers into the `` new and untested '' ACA insurance market during the first three years that ACA was implemented ( 2014 -- 2016 ) . For those years the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) `` would cover some of the losses for insurers whose plans performed worse than they expected . Insurers that were especially profitable , for their part , would have to return to HHS some of the money they earned on the exchanges '' According to an article in Forbes , risk corridors `` had been a successful part of the Medicare prescription drug benefit , and the ACA 's risk corridors were modeled after Medicare 's Plan D . '' They operated on the principle that `` more participation would mean more competition , which would drive down premiums and make health insurance more affordable '' and `` ( w ) hen insurers signed up to sell health plans on the exchanges , they did so with the expectation that the risk - corridor program would limit their downside losses . '' The risk corridors succeeded in attracting ACA insurers . The program did not pay for itself as planned with `` accumulated losses '' up to $8.3 billion for 2014 and 2015 alone . Authorization had to be given so that HHS could pay insurers from `` general government revenues '' . Congressional Republicans `` railed against '' the program as a ' bailout ' for insurers . Then - Rep. Jack Kingston ( R - Ga . ) , on the Appropriations Committee that funds the Department of Health and Human Services and the Labor Department `` ( slipped ) in a sentence '' -- Section 227 -- in the `` massive '' appropriations Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2014 ( H.R. 3547 ) that said that no funds in the discretionary spending bill `` could be used for risk - corridor payments . '' This effectively `` blocked the administration from obtaining the necessary funds from other programs '' and placed Congress in a potential breach of contract with insurers who offered qualified health plans , under the Tucker Act as it did not pay the insurers . On February 10 , 2017 , in the Moda Health v the US Government , Moda , one of the insurers that struggled financially because of the elimination of the risk corridor program , won a `` $214 - million judgment against the federal government '' . On appeal , judge Thomas C. Wheeler stated , `` the Government made a promise in the risk corridors program that it has yet to fulfill . Today , the court directs the Government to fulfill that promise . After all , to say to ( Moda ) , ' The joke is on you . You should n't have trusted us , ' is hardly worthy of our great government . '' Temporary reinsurance Temporary reinsurance for insurance for insurers against unexpectedly high claims was a program that ran from 2014 through 2016 . It was intended to limit insurer losses . Risk adjustment Of the three risk management programs , only risk adjustment was permanent . Risk adjustment attempts to spread risk among insurers to prevent purchasers with good knowledge of their medical needs from using insurance to cover their costs ( adverse selection ) . Plans with low actuarial risk compensate plans with high actuarial risk . Medicaid expansion ACA revised and expanded Medicaid eligibility starting in 2014 . Under the law as written , all U.S. citizens and legal residents with income up to 133 % of the poverty line , including adults without dependent children , would qualify for coverage in any state that participated in the Medicaid program . The federal government paid 100 % of the cost of Medicaid eligibility expansion in participating states in 2014 , 2015 , and 2016 ; and will pay 95 % in 2017 , 94 % in 2018 , 93 % in 2019 , and 90 % in 2020 and all subsequent years . The law provides a 5 % `` income disregard '' , making the effective income eligibility limit for Medicaid 138 % of the poverty level . However , the Supreme Court ruled in NFIB v. Sebelius that this provision of the ACA was coercive , and that the federal government must allow states to continue at pre-ACA levels of funding and eligibility if they chose . Medicare savings Spending reductions included a reduction in Medicare reimbursements to insurers and drug companies for private Medicare Advantage policies that the Government Accountability Office and Medicare Payment Advisory Commission found to be excessively costly relative to government Medicare ; and reductions in Medicare reimbursements to hospitals that failed standards of efficiency and care . Taxes Medicare taxes Income from self - employment and wages of single individuals in excess of $200,000 annually are subject to an additional tax of 0.9 % . The threshold amount is $250,000 for a married couple filing jointly ( threshold applies to joint compensation of the two spouses ) , or $125,000 for a married person filing separately . In the ACA 's companion legislation , the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 , an additional Medicare tax of 3.8 % was applied to unearned income , specifically the lesser of net investment income or the amount by which adjusted gross income exceeds $200,000 ( $250,000 for a married couple filing jointly ; $125,000 for a married person filing separately . ) Excise taxes Excise taxes for the Affordable Care Act raised $16.3 billion in fiscal year 2015 ( 17 % of all excise taxes collected by the Federal Government ) . $11.3 billion was raised by an excise tax placed directly on health insurers based on their market share . The ACA also includes an excise tax of 40 % ( `` Cadillac tax '' ) on total employer premium spending in excess of specified dollar amounts ( $10,200 for single coverage and $27,500 for family coverage ) indexed to inflation , originally scheduled to take effect in 2018 , but delayed until 2020 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2016 . Annual excise taxes totaling $3 billion were levied on importers and manufacturers of prescription drugs . An excise tax of 2.3 % on medical devices and a 10 % excise tax on indoor tanning services were applied as well . SCHIP The State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) enrollment process was simplified . Dependent 's Health insurance Dependents were permitted to remain on their parents ' insurance plan until their 26th birthday , including dependents who no longer live with their parents , are not a dependent on a parent 's tax return , are no longer a student , or are married . Employer mandate Businesses that employ 50 or more people but do not offer health insurance to their full - time employees pay a tax penalty if the government has subsidized a full - time employee 's healthcare through tax deductions or other means . This is commonly known as the employer mandate . This provision was included to encourage employers to continue providing insurance once the exchanges began operating . Approximately 44 % of the population was covered directly or indirectly through an employer . Delivery system reforms The act includes a host of delivery system reforms intended to constrain healthcare costs and improve quality . These include Medicare payment changes to discourage hospital - acquired conditions and readmissions , bundled payment initiatives , the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation , the Independent Payment Advisory Board , and the creation of Accountable care organizations . Hospital quality Health care cost / quality initiatives including incentives to reduce hospital infections , to adopt electronic medical records , and to coordinate care and prioritize quality over quantity . The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program ( HRPP ) was established as an addition to the Social Security Act , in an effort to reduce hospital readmissions . This program penalizes hospitals with higher than expected readmission rates by decreasing their Medicare reimbursement rate . Bundled payments The Medicare payment system switched from fee - for - service to bundled payments . A single payment was to be paid to a hospital and a physician group for a defined episode of care ( such as a hip replacement ) rather than individual payments to individual service providers . In addition , the Medicare Part D coverage gap ( commonly called the `` donut hole '' ) was to shrink incrementally , closing completely by January 1 , 2020 . Accountable Care organizations The Act allowed the creation of Accountable Care Organizations ( ACOs ) , which are groups of doctors , hospitals and other providers that commit to give coordinated , high quality care to Medicare patients . ACOs were allowed to continue using a fee for service billing approach . They receive bonus payments from the government for minimizing costs while achieving quality benchmarks that emphasize prevention and mitigation of chronic disease . If they fail to do so , they are subject to penalties . Unlike Health Maintenance Organizations , ACO patients are not required to obtain all care from the ACO . Also , unlike HMOs , ACOs must achieve quality of care goals . Medicare donut hole Medicare Part D participants received a 50 % discount on brand name drugs purchased after exhausting their initial coverage and before reaching the catastrophic - coverage threshold . The United States Department of Health and Human Services began mailing rebate checks in 2010 . By the year 2020 , the donut hole will be completely phased out . State waivers From 2017 onwards , states can apply for a `` waiver for state innovation '' that allows them to conduct experiments that meet certain criteria . To obtain a waiver , a state must pass legislation setting up an alternative health system that provides insurance at least as comprehensive and as affordable as ACA , covers at least as many residents and does not increase the federal deficit . These states can be exempt from some of ACA 's central requirements , including the individual and employer mandates and the provision of an insurance exchange . The state would receive compensation equal to the aggregate amount of any federal subsidies and tax credits for which its residents and employers would have been eligible under ACA plan , if they can not be paid under the state plan . In May 2011 , Vermont enacted Green Mountain Care , a state - based single - payer system for which they intended to pursue a waiver to implement . In December 2014 , Vermont decided not to continue due to high expected costs . Other The Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Act ( or CLASS Act ) established a voluntary and public long - term care insurance option for employees , Consumer Operated and Oriented Plans ( CO-OP ) , member - governed non-profit insurers , could start providing health care coverage , based on a 5 - year federal loan . Legislative History President Obama signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on March 23 , 2010 Background Main articles : Health care reform in the United States and Health care reform debate in the United States An individual mandate coupled with subsidies for private insurance as a means for universal healthcare was considered the best way to win the support of the Senate because it had been included in prior bipartisan reform proposals . The concept goes back to at least 1989 , when the conservative The Heritage Foundation proposed an individual mandate as an alternative to single - payer health care . It was championed for a time by conservative economists and Republican senators as a market - based approach to healthcare reform on the basis of individual responsibility and avoidance of free rider problems . Specifically , because the 1986 Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( EMTALA ) requires any hospital participating in Medicare ( nearly all do ) to provide emergency care to anyone who needs it , the government often indirectly bore the cost of those without the ability to pay . President Bill Clinton proposed a healthcare reform bill in 1993 that included a mandate for employers to provide health insurance to all employees through a regulated marketplace of health maintenance organizations . Republican Senators proposed an alternative that would have required individuals , but not employers , to buy insurance . Ultimately the Clinton plan failed amid an unprecedented barrage of negative advertising funded by politically conservative groups and the health insurance industry and due to concerns that it was overly complex . Clinton negotiated a compromise with the 105th Congress to instead enact the State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP ) in 1997 . John Chafee The 1993 Republican alternative , introduced by Senator John Chafee as the Health Equity and Access Reform Today Act , contained a `` universal coverage '' requirement with a penalty for noncompliance -- an individual mandate -- as well as subsidies to be used in state - based ' purchasing groups ' . Advocates for the 1993 bill included prominent Republicans such as Senators Orrin Hatch , Chuck Grassley , Bob Bennett and Kit Bond . Of 1993 's 43 Republican Senators , 20 supported the HEART Act . Another Republican proposal , introduced in 1994 by Senator Don Nickles ( R - OK ) , the Consumer Choice Health Security Act , contained an individual mandate with a penalty provision ; however , Nickles subsequently removed the mandate from the bill , stating he had decided `` that government should not compel people to buy health insurance '' . At the time of these proposals , Republicans did not raise constitutional issues with the mandate ; Mark Pauly , who helped develop a proposal that included an individual mandate for George H.W. Bush , remarked , `` I do n't remember that being raised at all . The way it was viewed by the Congressional Budget Office in 1994 was , effectively , as a tax . '' Mitt Romney 's Massachusetts went from 90 % of its residents insured to 98 % , the highest rate in the nation . In 2006 , an insurance expansion bill was enacted at the state level in Massachusetts . The bill contained both an individual mandate and an insurance exchange . Republican Governor Mitt Romney vetoed the mandate , but after Democrats overrode his veto , he signed it into law . Romney 's implementation of the ' Health Connector ' exchange and individual mandate in Massachusetts was at first lauded by Republicans . During Romney 's 2008 presidential campaign , Senator Jim DeMint praised Romney 's ability to `` take some good conservative ideas , like private health insurance , and apply them to the need to have everyone insured '' . Romney said of the individual mandate : `` I 'm proud of what we 've done . If Massachusetts succeeds in implementing it , then that will be the model for the nation . '' In 2007 , a year after the Massachusetts reform , Republican Senator Bob Bennett and Democratic Senator Ron Wyden introduced the Healthy Americans Act , which featured an individual mandate and state - based , regulated insurance markets called `` State Health Help Agencies '' . The bill initially attracted bipartisan support , but died in committee . Many of the sponsors and co-sponsors remained in Congress during the 2008 healthcare debate . By 2008 many Democrats were considering this approach as the basis for healthcare reform . Experts said that the legislation that eventually emerged from Congress in 2009 and 2010 bore similarities to the 2007 bill and that it was deliberately patterned after Romney 's state healthcare plan . Healthcare debate , 2008 -- 10 See also : Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration Healthcare reform was a major topic during the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries . As the race narrowed , attention focused on the plans presented by the two leading candidates , Hillary Clinton and the eventual nominee , Barack Obama . Each candidate proposed a plan to cover the approximately 45 million Americans estimated to not have health insurance at some point each year . Clinton 's proposal would have required all Americans to obtain coverage ( in effect , an individual mandate ) , while Obama 's proposal provided a subsidy but rejected the use of an individual mandate . During the general election , Obama said that fixing healthcare would be one of his top four priorities as president . Obama and his opponent , Sen. John McCain , proposed health insurance reforms though they differed greatly . Senator John McCain proposed tax credits for health insurance purchased in the individual market , which was estimated to reduce the number of uninsured people by about 2 million by 2018 . Obama proposed private and public group insurance , income - based subsidies , consumer protections , and expansions of Medicaid and SCHIP , which was estimated at the time to reduce the number of uninsured people by 33.9 million by 2018 . President Obama addressing Congress regarding healthcare reform , September 9 , 2009 After his inauguration , Obama announced to a joint session of Congress in February 2009 his intent to work with Congress to construct a plan for healthcare reform . By July , a series of bills were approved by committees within the House of Representatives . On the Senate side , from June to September , the Senate Finance Committee held a series of 31 meetings to develop a healthcare reform bill . This group -- in particular , Democrats Max Baucus , Jeff Bingaman and Kent Conrad , along with Republicans Mike Enzi , Chuck Grassley and Olympia Snowe -- met for more than 60 hours , and the principles that they discussed , in conjunction with the other committees , became the foundation of the Senate healthcare reform bill . Congressional Democrats and health policy experts like MIT economics professor Jonathan Gruber and David Cutler argued that guaranteed issue would require both community rating and an individual mandate to ensure that adverse selection and / or `` free riding '' would not result in an insurance `` death spiral '' . This approach was taken because the president and congressional leaders had concluded that more progressive plans , such as the ( single - payer ) Medicare for All act , could not obtain filibuster - proof support in the Senate . By deliberately drawing on bipartisan ideas -- the same basic outline was supported by former Senate majority leaders Howard Baker , Bob Dole , Tom Daschle and George J. Mitchell -- the bill 's drafters hoped to garner the votes necessary for passage . However , following the adoption of an individual mandate , Republicans came to oppose the mandate and threatened to filibuster any bills that contained it . Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell , who led the Republican congressional strategy in responding to the bill , calculated that Republicans should not support the bill , and worked to prevent defections : It was absolutely critical that everybody be together because if the proponents of the bill were able to say it was bipartisan , it tended to convey to the public that this is O.K. , they must have figured it out . Republican Senators , including those who had supported previous bills with a similar mandate , began to describe the mandate as `` unconstitutional '' . Journalist Ezra Klein wrote in The New Yorker that `` a policy that once enjoyed broad support within the Republican Party suddenly faced unified opposition . '' Reporter Michael Cooper of The New York Times wrote that : `` the provision ... requiring all Americans to buy health insurance has its roots in conservative thinking . '' Tea Party protesters at the Taxpayer March on Washington , September 12 , 2009 The reform negotiations also attracted attention from lobbyists , including deals between certain lobby groups and the advocates of the law to win the support of groups that had opposed past reforms , as in 1993 . The Sunlight Foundation documented many of the reported ties between `` the healthcare lobbyist complex '' and politicians in both parties . During the August 2009 summer congressional recess , many members went back to their districts and held town hall meetings on the proposals . The nascent Tea Party movement organized protests and many conservative groups and individuals attended the meetings to oppose the proposed reforms . Many threats were made against members of Congress over the course of the debate . When Congress returned from recess , in September 2009 President Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress supporting the ongoing Congressional negotiations . He acknowledged the polarization of the debate , and quoted a letter from the late Senator Edward `` Ted '' Kennedy urging on reform : `` what we face is above all a moral issue ; that at stake are not just the details of policy , but fundamental principles of social justice and the character of our country . '' On November 7 , the House of Representatives passed the Affordable Health Care for America Act on a 220 -- 215 vote and forwarded it to the Senate for passage . Senate The Senate began work on its own proposals while the House was still working . The United States Constitution requires all revenue - related bills to originate in the House . To formally comply with this requirement , the Senate used H.R. 3590 , a bill regarding housing tax changes for service members . It had been passed by the House as a revenue - related modification to the Internal Revenue Code . The bill became the Senate 's vehicle for its healthcare reform proposal , discarding the bill 's original content . The bill ultimately incorporated elements of proposals that were reported favorably by the Senate Health and Finance committees . With the Republican Senate minority vowing to filibuster , 60 votes would be necessary to pass the Senate . At the start of the 111th Congress , Democrats had only 58 votes ; the Senate seat in Minnesota ultimately won by Al Franken was still undergoing a recount , while Arlen Specter was still a Republican ( he became a Democrat in April , 2009 ) . Negotiations were undertaken attempting to satisfy moderate Democrats and to bring Republican senators aboard ; particular attention was given to Republicans Bennett , Enzi , Grassley and Snowe . On July 7 Franken was sworn into office , providing a potential 60th vote . On August 25 Ted Kennedy -- a longtime healthcare reform advocate -- died . Paul Kirk was appointed as Senator Kennedy 's temporary replacement on September 24 . After the Finance Committee vote on October 15 , negotiations turned to moderate Democrats . Majority leader Harry Reid focused on satisfying centrists . The holdouts came down to Joe Lieberman of Connecticut , an independent who caucused with Democrats , and conservative Nebraska Democrat Ben Nelson . Lieberman 's demand that the bill not include a public option was met , although supporters won various concessions , including allowing state - based public options such as Vermont 's Green Mountain Care . Senate vote by state . Democratic yes ( 58 ) Independent yes ( 2 ) Republican no ( 39 ) Republican not voting ( 1 ) The White House and Reid addressed Nelson 's concerns during a 13 - hour negotiation with two concessions : a compromise on abortion , modifying the language of the bill `` to give states the right to prohibit coverage of abortion within their own insurance exchanges '' , which would require consumers to pay for the procedure out of pocket if the state so decided ; and an amendment to offer a higher rate of Medicaid reimbursement for Nebraska . The latter half of the compromise was derisively termed the `` Cornhusker Kickback '' and was repealed in the subsequent reconciliation amendment bill . On December 23 , the Senate voted 60 -- 39 to end debate on the bill : a cloture vote to end the filibuster . The bill then passed , also 60 -- 39 , on December 24 , 2009 , with all Democrats and two independents voting for it , and all Republicans against ( except Jim Bunning , who did not vote ) . The bill was endorsed by the AMA and AARP . On January 19 , 2010 , Massachusetts Republican Scott Brown was elected to the Senate in a special election to replace Kennedy , having campaigned on giving the Republican minority the 41st vote needed to sustain Republican filibusters . His victory had become significant because of its effects on the legislative process . The first was psychological : the symbolic importance of losing Kennedy 's traditionally Democratic Massachusetts seat made many Congressional Democrats concerned about the political cost of passing a bill . House House vote by congressional district . Democratic yes ( 219 ) Democratic no ( 34 ) Republican no ( 178 ) No representative seated ( 4 ) Brown 's election meant Democrats could no longer break a filibuster in the Senate . In response , White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel argued that Democrats should scale back to a less ambitious bill ; House Speaker Nancy Pelosi pushed back , dismissing Emanuel 's scaled - down approach as `` Kiddie Care '' . Obama remained insistent on comprehensive reform . The news that Anthem Blue Cross in California intended to raise premium rates for its patients by as much as 39 % gave him new evidence of the need for reform . On February 22 , he laid out a `` Senate - leaning '' proposal to consolidate the bills . He held a meeting with both parties ' leaders on February 25 . The Democrats decided that the House would pass the Senate 's bill , to avoid another Senate vote . House Democrats had expected to be able to negotiate changes in a House -- Senate conference before passing a final bill . Since any bill that emerged from conference that differed from the Senate bill would have to pass the Senate over another Republican filibuster , most House Democrats agreed to pass the Senate bill on condition that it be amended by a subsequent bill . They drafted the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act , which could be passed by the reconciliation process . Per the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 , reconciliation can not be subject to a filibuster . But reconciliation is limited to budget changes , which is why the procedure was not used to pass ACA in the first place ; the bill had inherently non-budgetary regulations . Although the already - passed Senate bill could not have been passed by reconciliation , most of House Democrats ' demands were budgetary : `` these changes -- higher subsidy levels , different kinds of taxes to pay for them , nixing the Nebraska Medicaid deal -- mainly involve taxes and spending . In other words , they 're exactly the kinds of policies that are well - suited for reconciliation . '' The remaining obstacle was a pivotal group of pro-life Democrats led by Bart Stupak who were initially reluctant to support the bill . The group found the possibility of federal funding for abortion significant enough to warrant opposition . The Senate bill had not included language that satisfied their concerns , but they could not address abortion in the reconciliation bill as it would be non-budgetary . Instead , Obama issued Executive Order 13535 , reaffirming the principles in the Hyde Amendment . This won the support of Stupak and members of his group and assured the bill 's passage . The House passed the Senate bill with a 219 -- 212 vote on March 21 , 2010 , with 34 Democrats and all 178 Republicans voting against it . The next day , Republicans introduced legislation to repeal the bill . Obama signed ACA into law on March 23 , 2010 . Since passage , Republicans have voted to repeal all or parts of the Affordable Care Act over sixty times ; no such attempt by Republicans has been successful . The amendment bill , The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act , cleared the House on March 21 ; the Senate passed it by reconciliation on March 25 , and Obama signed it on March 30 . Impact U.S. health insurance coverage by source in 2016 . CBO estimated ACA / Obamacare was responsible for 23 million persons covered via exchanges and Medicaid expansion . Coverage rate , employer market cost trends , budgetary impact , and income inequality aspects of the Affordable Care Act . This chart illustrates several aspects of the Affordable Care Act , including number of persons covered , cost before and after subsidies , and public opinion . Coverage See also : Health insurance coverage in the United States The law has caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance . The CDC reported that the percentage of people without health insurance fell from 16.0 % in 2010 to 8.9 % during the January -- June 2016 period . The uninsured rate dropped in every congressional district in the U.S. between 2013 and 2015 . The Congressional Budget Office reported in March 2016 that there were approximately 12 million people covered by the exchanges ( 10 million of whom received subsidies to help pay for insurance ) and 11 million made eligible for Medicaid by the law , a subtotal of 23 million people . An additional 1 million were covered by the ACA 's `` Basic Health Program , '' for a total of 24 million . CBO also estimated that the ACA would reduce the net number of uninsured by 22 million in 2016 , using a slightly different computation for the above figures totaling ACA coverage of 26 million , less 4 million for reductions in `` employment - based coverage '' and `` non-group and other coverage . '' The Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) estimated that 20.0 million adults ( aged 18 -- 64 ) gained healthcare coverage via ACA as of February 2016 , a 2.4 million increase over September 2015 . HHS estimated that this 20.0 million included : a ) 17.7 million from the start of open enrollment in 2013 -- 2016 ; and b ) 2.3 million young adults aged 19 -- 25 who initially gained insurance from 2010 -- 2013 , as they were allowed to remain on their parent 's plans until age 26 . Of the 20.0 million , an estimated 6.1 million were aged 19 -- 25 . Similarly , the Urban Institute issued a report in December 2016 that said that about 19.2 million non-elderly Americans had gained health insurance coverage from 2010 to 2015 . In March 2016 , the CBO reported that there were approximately 27 million people without insurance in 2016 , a figure they expected would range from 26 -- 28 million through 2026 . CBO also estimated the percentage of insured among all U.S. residents would remain at 90 % through that period , 92 -- 93 % excluding unauthorized immigrants . Those states that expanded Medicaid had a 7.3 % uninsured rate on average in the first quarter of 2016 , while those that did not expand Medicaid had a 14.1 % uninsured rate , among adults aged 18 to 64 . As of December 2016 there were 32 states ( including Washington DC ) that had adopted the Medicaid extension , while 19 states had not . By 2017 , nearly 70 % of those on the exchanges could purchase insurance for less than $75 / month after subsidies , which rose to offset significant pre-subsidy price increases in the exchange markets . Healthcare premium cost increases in the employer market continued to moderate . For example , healthcare premiums for those covered by employers rose by 69 % from 2000 -- 2005 , but only 27 % from 2010 to 2015 , with only a 3 % increase from 2015 to 2016 . The ACA also helps reduce income inequality measured after taxes , due to higher taxes on the top 5 % of income earners and both subsidies and Medicaid expansion for lower - income persons . CBO estimated that subsidies paid under the law in 2016 averaged $4,240 per person for 10 million individuals receiving them , roughly $42 billion . For scale , the subsidy for the employer market , in the form of exempting from taxation those health insurance premiums paid on behalf of employees by employers , was approximately $1,700 per person in 2016 , or $266 billion total in the employer market . The employer market subsidy was not changed by the law . Insurance exchanges As of August 2016 , 15 states operated their own exchanges . Other states either used the federal exchange , or operated in partnership with or supported by the federal government . Medicaid expansion Medicaid expansion by state , as of November 22 , 2017 . Adopted the Medicaid expansion Medicaid expansion under discussion Not adopting Medicaid expansion As of December 2016 there were 32 states ( including Washington DC ) that had adopted the Medicaid extension , while 19 states had not . Those states that expanded Medicaid had a 7.3 % uninsured rate on average in the first quarter of 2016 , while those that did not expand Medicaid had a 14.1 % uninsured rate , among adults aged 18 to 64 . Following the Supreme Court ruling in 2012 , which held that states would not lose Medicaid funding if they did n't expand Medicaid under the ACA , several states rejected expanded Medicaid coverage . Over half of the national uninsured population lived in those states . In a report to Congress , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) estimated that the cost of expansion was $6,366 per person for 2015 , about 49 percent above previous estimates . An estimated 9 million to 10 million people had gained Medicaid coverage , mostly low - income adults . The Kaiser Family Foundation estimated in October 2015 that 3.1 million additional people were not covered because of states that rejected the Medicaid expansion . States that rejected the Medicaid expansion could maintain their Medicaid eligibility thresholds , which in many states were significantly below 133 % of the poverty line . Many states did not make Medicaid available to childless adults at any income level . Because subsidies on exchange insurance plans were not available to those below the poverty line , such individuals had no new options . For example , in Kansas , where only able - bodied adults with children and with an income below 32 % of the poverty line were eligible for Medicaid , those with incomes from 32 % to 100 % of the poverty level ( $6,250 to $19,530 for a family of three ) were ineligible for both Medicaid and federal subsidies to buy insurance . Absent children , able - bodied adults were not eligible for Medicaid in Kansas . Studies of the impact of state decisions to reject the Medicaid expansion calculated that up to 6.4 million people could fall into this status . The federal government initially paid for 100 % of the expansion ( through 2016 ) . The subsidy tapered to 90 % by 2020 and continued to shrink thereafter . Several states argued that they could not afford their 10 % contribution . Studies suggested that rejecting the expansion would cost more than expanding Medicaid due to increased spending on uncompensated emergency care that otherwise would have been partially paid for by Medicaid coverage , A 2016 study led by Harvard University health economics professor Benjamin Sommers found that residents of Kentucky and Arkansas , which both accepted the Medicaid expansion , were more likely to receive health care services and less likely to incur emergency room costs or have trouble paying their medical bills than before the expansion . Residents of Texas , which did not accept the Medicaid expansion , did not see a similar improvement during the same period . Kentucky opted for increased managed care , while Arkansas subsidized private insurance . The new Arkansas and Kentucky governors have proposed reducing or modifying their programs . Between 2013 and 2015 , the uninsured rate dropped from 42 % to 14 % in Arkansas and from 40 % to 9 % in Kentucky , compared with 39 % to 32 % in Texas . Specific improvements included additional primary and preventive care , fewer emergency departments visits , reported higher quality care , improved health , improved drug affordability , reduced out - of - pocket spending and increased outpatient visits , increased diabetes screening , glucose testing among diabetes patients and regular care for chronic conditions . A 2016 DHHS study found that states that expanded Medicaid had lower premiums on exchange policies , because they had fewer low - income enrollees , whose health on average is worse than that of those with higher income . Healthcare insurance costs See also : Health care prices in the United States U.S. healthcare cost information , including rate of change , per - capita , and percent of GDP . ( Data source : Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ) The law is designed to pay subsidies in the form of tax credits to the individuals or families purchasing the insurance , based on income levels . Higher income consumers receive lower subsidies . While pre-subsidy prices rose considerably from 2016 to 2017 , so did the subsidies , to reduce the after - subsidy cost to the consumer . For example , a study published in 2016 found that the average requested 2017 premium increase among 40 - year - old non-smokers was about 9 percent , according to an analysis of 17 cities , although Blue Cross Blue Shield proposed increases of 40 percent in Alabama and 60 percent in Texas . However , some or all of these costs are offset by subsidies , paid as tax credits . For example , the Kaiser Foundation reported that for the second - lowest cost `` Silver plan '' ( a plan often selected and used as the benchmark for determining financial assistance ) , a 40 - year old non-smoker making $30,000 per year would pay effectively the same amount in 2017 as they did in 2016 ( about $208 / month ) after the subsidy / tax credit , despite large increases in the pre-subsidy price . This was consistent nationally . In other words , the subsidies increased along with the pre-subsidy price , fully offsetting the price increases . Healthcare premium cost increases in the employer market continued to moderate after the implementation of the law . For example , healthcare premiums for those covered by employers rose by 69 % from 2000 -- 2005 , but only 27 % from 2010 to 2015 , with only a 3 % increase from 2015 to 2016 . From 2008 -- 2010 ( before passage of the ACA ) health insurance premiums rose by an average of 10 % per year . Several studies found that the financial crisis and accompanying recession could not account for the entirety of the slowdown and that structural changes likely share at least partial credit . A 2013 study estimated that changes to the health system had been responsible for about a quarter of the recent reduction in inflation . Paul Krawzak claimed that even if cost controls succeed in reducing the amount spent on healthcare , such efforts on their own may be insufficient to outweigh the long - term burden placed by demographic changes , particularly the growth of the population on Medicare . In a 2016 review of the ACA published in JAMA , Barack Obama himself wrote that from 2010 through 2014 mean annual growth in real per - enrollee Medicare spending was negative , down from a mean of 4.7 % per year from 2000 through 2005 and 2.4 % per year from 2006 to 2010 ; similarly , mean real per - enrollee growth in private insurance spending was 1.1 % per year over the period , compared with a mean of 6.5 % from 2000 through 2005 and 3.4 % from 2005 to 2010 . Effect on deductibles and co-payments While health insurance premium costs have moderated , some of this is because of insurance policies that have a higher deductible , co-payments and out - of - pocket maximums that shift costs from insurers to patients . In addition , many employees are choosing to combine a health savings account with higher deductible plans , making the impact of the ACA difficult to determine precisely . For those who obtain their insurance through their employer ( `` group market '' ) , a 2016 survey found that : Deductibles grew by 63 % from 2011 to 2016 , while premiums increased 19 % and worker earnings grew by 11 % . In 2016 , 4 in 5 workers had an insurance deductible , which averaged $1,478 . For firms with less than 200 employees , the deductible averaged $2,069 . The percentage of workers with a deductible of at least $1,000 grew from 10 % in 2006 to 51 % in 2016 . The 2016 figure drops to 38 % after taking employer contributions into account . For the `` non-group '' market , of which two - thirds are covered by the ACA exchanges , a survey of 2015 data found that : 49 % had individual deductibles of at least $1,500 ( $3,000 for family ) , up from 36 % in 2014 . Many marketplace enrollees qualify for cost - sharing subsidies that reduce their net deductible . While about 75 % of enrollees were `` very satisfied '' or `` somewhat satisfied '' with their choice of doctors and hospitals , only 50 % had such satisfaction with their annual deductible . While 52 % of those covered by the ACA exchanges felt `` well protected '' by their insurance , in the group market 63 % felt that way . Health outcomes The map illustrates the frequency of premature deaths ( those under age 75 ) adjusted for the age of persons in the county . Insurance coverage helps save lives , by encouraging early detection and prevention of dangerous medical conditions . According to a 2014 study , the ACA likely prevented an estimated 50,000 preventable patient deaths from 2010 to 2013 . City University public health professors David Himmelstein and Steffie Woolhandler wrote in January 2017 that a rollback of the ACA 's Medicaid expansion alone would cause an estimated 43,956 deaths annually . The Federal Reserve publishes data on premature death rates by county , defined as those dying below age 74 . According to the Kaiser Foundation , expanding Medicaid in the remaining 19 states would cover up to 4.5 million persons . Since expanding Medicaid expands coverage and expanding coverage reduces mortality , therefore expanding Medicaid reduces mortality by syllogism . Texas , Oklahoma , Mississippi , Alabama , Georgia , Tennessee , Missouri and South Carolina , indicated on the map at right as having many counties with high premature mortality rates could therefore reduce mortality by expanding Medicaid , other things equal . Distributional impact The distributional impact of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA or Obamacare ) during 2014 . The ACA raised taxes mainly on the top 1 % to fund approximately $600 in benefits on average for the bottom 40 % of families . In March 2018 , the CBO reported that the ACA had reduced income inequality in 2014 , saying that the law led the lowest and second quintiles ( the bottom 40 % ) to receive an average of an additional $690 and $560 respectively while causing households in the top 1 % to pay an additional $21,000 due mostly to the net investment income tax and the additional Medicare tax . The law placed relatively little burden on households in the top quintile ( top 20 % ) outside of the top 1 % . Federal deficit CBO estimates of Revenue and impact on deficit See also : United States public debt and Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The CBO reported in several studies that the ACA would reduce the deficit , and that repealing it would increase the deficit . The 2011 comprehensive CBO estimate projected a net deficit reduction of more than $200 billion during the 2012 -- 2021 period : it calculated the law would result in $604 billion in total outlays offset by $813 billion in total receipts , resulting in a $210 billion net deficit reduction . The CBO separately predicted that while most of the spending provisions do not begin until 2014 , revenue would exceed spending in those subsequent years . The CBO claimed that the bill would `` substantially reduce the growth of Medicare 's payment rates for most services ; impose an excise tax on insurance plans with relatively high premiums ; and make various other changes to the federal tax code , Medicare , Medicaid , and other programs '' -- ultimately extending the solvency of the Medicare trust fund by 8 years . This estimate was made prior to the Supreme Court 's ruling that enabled states to opt out of the Medicaid expansion , thereby forgoing the related federal funding . The CBO and JCT subsequently updated the budget projection , estimating the impact of the ruling would reduce the cost estimate of the insurance coverage provisions by $84 billion . The CBO in June 2015 forecasted that repeal of ACA would increase the deficit between $137 billion and $353 billion over the 2016 -- 2025 period , depending on the impact of macroeconomic feedback effects . The CBO also forecasted that repeal of ACA would likely cause an increase in GDP by an average of 0.7 % in the period from 2021 to 2015 , mainly by boosting the supply of labor . Although the CBO generally does not provide cost estimates beyond the 10 - year budget projection period because of the degree of uncertainty involved in the projection , it decided to do so in this case at the request of lawmakers , and estimated a second decade deficit reduction of $1.2 trillion . CBO predicted deficit reduction around a broad range of one - half percent of GDP over the 2020s while cautioning that `` a wide range of changes could occur '' . Opinions on CBO projections The CBO cost estimates were criticized because they excluded the effects of potential legislation that would increase Medicare payments by more than $200 billion from 2010 to 2019 . However , the so - called `` doc fix '' is a separate issue that would have existed whether or not ACA became law -- omitting its cost from ACA was no different from omitting the cost of other tax cuts . Uwe Reinhardt , a Princeton health economist , wrote . `` The rigid , artificial rules under which the Congressional Budget Office must score proposed legislation unfortunately can not produce the best unbiased forecasts of the likely fiscal impact of any legislation '' , but went on to say `` But even if the budget office errs significantly in its conclusion that the bill would actually help reduce the future federal deficit , I doubt that the financing of this bill will be anywhere near as fiscally irresponsible as was the financing of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 . '' Douglas Holtz - Eakin , CBO director during the George W. Bush administration , who later served as the chief economic policy adviser to U.S. Senator John McCain 's 2008 presidential campaign , alleged that the bill would increase the deficit by $562 billion because , he argued , it front - loaded revenue and back - loaded benefits . Scheiber and Cohn rejected critical assessments of the law 's deficit impact , arguing that predictions were biased towards underestimating deficit reduction . They noted that for example , it is easier to account for the cost of definite levels of subsidies to specified numbers of people than account for savings from preventive healthcare , and that the CBO had a track record of overestimating costs and underestimating savings of health legislation ; stating , `` innovations in the delivery of medical care , like greater use of electronic medical records and financial incentives for more coordination of care among doctors , would produce substantial savings while also slowing the relentless climb of medical expenses ... But the CBO would not consider such savings in its calculations , because the innovations had n't really been tried on such large scale or in concert with one another -- and that meant there was n't much hard data to prove the savings would materialize . '' In 2010 , David Walker , former U.S. Comptroller General then working for The Peter G. Peterson Foundation , stated that the CBO estimates are not likely to be accurate , because they were based on the assumption that the law would not change . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities objected that Congress had a good record of implementing Medicare savings . According to their study , Congress followed through on the implementation of the vast majority of provisions enacted in the past 20 years to produce Medicare savings , although not the payment reductions addressed by the annual `` doc fix '' . Economic consequences CBO estimated in June 2015 that repealing the ACA would : Decrease aggregate demand ( GDP ) in the short - term , as low - income persons who tend to spend a large fraction of their additional resources would have fewer resources ( e.g. , ACA subsidies would be eliminated ) . This effect would be offset in the long - run by the labor supply factors below . Increase the supply of labor and aggregate compensation by about 0.8 and 0.9 percent over the 2021 -- 2025 period . CBO cited the ACA 's expanded eligibility for Medicaid and subsidies and tax credits that rise with income as disincentives to work , so repealing the ACA would remove those disincentives , encouraging workers to supply more hours of labor . Increase the total number of hours worked by about 1.5 % over the 2021 -- 2025 period . Remove the higher tax rates on capital income , thereby encouraging additional investment , raising the capital stock and output in the long - run . In 2015 the Center for Economic and Policy Research found no evidence that companies were reducing worker hours to avoid ACA requirements for employees working over 30 hours per week . The CBO estimated that the ACA would slightly reduce the size of the labor force and number of hours worked , as some would no longer be tethered to employers for their insurance . Cohn , citing CBO 's projections , claimed that ACA 's primary employment effect was to alleviate job lock : `` People who are only working because they desperately need employer - sponsored health insurance will no longer do so . '' He concluded that the `` reform 's only significant employment impact was a reduction in the labor force , primarily because people holding onto jobs just to keep insurance could finally retire '' , because they have health insurance outside of their jobs . Employer mandate and part - time work Further information on health insurance mandates : Health insurance mandate The employer mandate requires employers meeting certain criteria to provide health insurance to their workers . The mandate applies to employers with more than 50 employees that do not offer health insurance to their full - time workers . Critics claimed that the mandate created a perverse incentive for business to keep their full - time headcount below 50 and to hire part - time workers instead . Between March 2010 and 2014 the number of part - time jobs declined by 230,000 , while the number of full - time jobs increased by 2 million . In the public sector full - time jobs turned into part - time jobs much more than in the private sector . A 2016 study found only limited evidence that ACA had increased part - time employment . Several businesses and the state of Virginia added a 29 - hour - a-week cap for their part - time employees , to reflect the 30 - hour - or - more definition for full - time worker . As of yet , however , only a small percent of companies have shifted their workforce towards more part - time hours ( 4 % in a survey from the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis ) . Trends in working hours and the effects of the Great Recession correlate with part - time working hour patterns . The impact of this provision may have been offset by other factors , including that health insurance helps attract and retain employees , increases productivity and reduces absenteeism ; and the lower training and administration costs of a smaller full - time workforce over a larger part - time work force . Relatively few firms employ over 50 employees and more than 90 % of them offered insurance . Workers without employer insurance could purchase insurance on the exchanges . Most policy analysts ( on both right and left ) were critical of the employer mandate provision . They argued that the perverse incentives regarding part - time hours , even if they did not change existing plans , were real and harmful ; that the raised marginal cost of the 50th worker for businesses could limit companies ' growth ; that the costs of reporting and administration were not worth the costs of maintaining employer plans ; and noted that the employer mandate was not essential to maintain adequate risk pools . The effects of the provision generated vocal opposition from business interests and some unions not granted exemptions . A 2013 / 4 survey by the National Association for Business Economics found that about 75 percent of those surveyed said ACA had n't influenced their planning or expectations for 2014 , and 85 percent said the law would n't prompt a change in their hiring practices . Some 21 percent of 64 businesses surveyed said that the act would have a harmful effect and 5 percent said it would be beneficial . Hospitals From the start of 2010 to November 2014 , 43 hospitals in rural areas closed . Critics claimed that the new law caused these hospitals to close . Many of these rural hospitals were built using funds from the 1946 Hill -- Burton Act , to increase access to medical care in rural areas . Some of these hospitals reopened as other medical facilities , but only a small number operated emergency rooms ( ER ) or urgent care centers . Between January 2010 and 2015 , a quarter of emergency room doctors said they had seen a major surge in patients , while nearly half had seen a smaller increase . Seven in ten ER doctors claimed that they lacked the resources to deal with large increases in the number of patients . The biggest factor in the increased number of ER patients was insufficient primary care providers to handle the larger number of insured patients . Insurers claimed that because they have access to and collect patient data that allow evaluations of interventions , they are essential to ACO success . Large insurers formed their own ACOs . Many hospitals merged and purchased physician practices . The increased market share gave them more leverage in negotiations with insurers over costs and reduced patient care options . Public Opinion Prior to the law 's passage , polling indicated the public 's views became increasingly negative in reaction to specific plans discussed during the legislative debate over 2009 and 2010 . Polling statistics showed a general negative opinion of the law ; with those in favor at approximately 40 % and those against at 51 % , as of October 2013 . About 29 % of whites approve of the law , compared with 61 % of Hispanics and 91 % of African Americans . Opinions were divided by age of the person at the law 's inception , with a solid majority of seniors opposing the bill and a solid majority of those younger than forty years old in favor . Congressional Democrats celebrating the 6th anniversary of the Affordable Care Act in March 2016 on the steps of the U.S. Capitol . Specific elements were popular across the political spectrum , while others , such as the mandate to purchase insurance , were widely disliked . In a 2012 poll 44 % supported the law , with 56 % against . By party affiliation , 75 % of Democrats , 27 % of Independents and 14 % of Republicans favored the law overall . 82 % favored banning insurance companies from denying coverage to people with pre-existing conditions , 61 % favored allowing children to stay on their parents ' insurance until age 26 , 72 % supported requiring companies with more than 50 employees to provide insurance for their employees , and 39 % supported the individual mandate to own insurance or pay a penalty . By party affiliation , 19 % of Republicans , 27 % of Independents , and 59 % of Democrats favored the mandate . Other polls showed additional provisions receiving majority support , including the creation of insurance exchanges , pooling small businesses and the uninsured with other consumers so that more people can take advantage of large group pricing benefits and providing subsidies to individuals and families to make health insurance more affordable . In a 2010 poll , 62 % of respondents said they thought ACA would `` increase the amount of money they personally spend on health care '' , 56 % said the bill `` gives the government too much involvement in health care '' , and 19 % said they thought they and their families would be better off with the legislation . Other polls found that people were concerned that the law would cost more than projected and would not do enough to control costs . Some opponents believed that the reform did not go far enough : a 2012 poll indicated that 71 % of Republican opponents rejected it overall , while 29 % believed it did not go far enough ; independent opponents were divided 67 % to 33 % ; and among the much smaller group of Democratic opponents , 49 % rejected it overall and 51 % wanted more . In June 2013 , a majority of the public ( 52 -- 34 % ) indicated a desire for `` Congress to implement or tinker with the law rather than repeal it '' . After the Supreme Court upheld the individual mandate , a 2012 poll held that `` most Americans ( 56 % ) want to see critics of President Obama 's health care law drop efforts to block it and move on to other national issues ''. A 2014 poll reported that 48.9 % of respondents had an unfavorable view of ACA vs. 38.3 % who had a favorable view ( of more than 5,500 individuals ) . A 2014 poll reported that 26 % of Americans support ACA . Another held that 8 % of respondents say that the Affordable Care Act `` is working well the way it is '' . In late 2014 , a Rasmussen poll reported Repeal : 30 % , Leave as is : 13 % , Improve : 52 % . In 2015 , a CBS News / New York Times poll reported that 47 % of Americans approved the health care law . This was the first time that a major poll indicated that more respondents approved ACA than disapproved of it . The recurring Kaiser Health Tracking Poll from December 2016 reported that : a ) 30 % wanted to expand what the law does ; b ) 26 % wanted to repeal the entire law ; c ) 19 % wanted to move forward with implementing the law as it is ; and d ) 17 % wanted to scale back what the law does , with the remainder undecided . Separate polls from Fox News and NBC / WSJ both taken during January 2017 indicated more people viewed the law favorably than did not for the first time . One of the reasons for the improving popularity of the law is that Democrats who opposed it in the past ( many prefer a `` Medicare for All '' approach ) have shifted their positions since the ACA is under threat of repeal . A January 2017 Morning Consult poll showed that 35 % of respondents either believed that `` Obamacare '' and the `` Affordable Care Act '' were different or did not know . Approximately 45 % were unsure whether the `` repeal of Obamacare '' also meant the `` repeal of the Affordable Care Act . '' 39 % did not know that `` many people would lose coverage through Medicaid or subsidies for private health insurance if the A.C.A. were repealed and no replacement enacted , '' with Democrats far more likely ( 79 % ) to know that fact than Republicans ( 47 % ) . A 2017 study found that personal experience with public health insurance programs leads to greater support for the Affordable Care Act , and the effects appear to be most pronounced among Republicans and low - information voters . Political aspects `` Obamacare '' The term `` Obamacare '' was originally coined by opponents as a pejorative . The term emerged in March 2007 when healthcare lobbyist Jeanne Schulte Scott used it in a health industry journal , writing `` We will soon see a ' Giuliani - care ' and ' Obama - care ' to go along with ' McCain - care ' , ' Edwards - care ' , and a totally revamped and remodeled ' Hillary - care ' from the 1990s '' . According to research by Elspeth Reeve , the expression was used in early 2007 , generally by writers describing the candidate 's proposal for expanding coverage for the uninsured . It first appeared in a political campaign by Mitt Romney in May 2007 in Des Moines , Iowa . Romney said , `` In my state , I worked on healthcare for some time . We had half a million people without insurance , and I said , ' How can we get those people insured without raising taxes and without having government take over healthcare ? ' And let me tell you , if we do n't do it , the Democrats will . If the Democrats do it , it will be socialized medicine ; it 'll be government - managed care . It 'll be what 's known as Hillarycare or Barack Obamacare , or whatever you want to call it . '' By mid-2012 , Obamacare had become the colloquial term used by both supporters and opponents . In contrast , the use of `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' or `` Affordable Care Act '' became limited to more formal and official use . Use of the term in a positive sense was suggested by Democrat John Conyers . Obama endorsed the nickname , saying , `` I have no problem with people saying Obama cares . I do care . '' In March 2012 , the Obama reelection campaign embraced the term `` Obamacare '' , urging Obama 's supporters to post Twitter messages that begin , `` I like # Obamacare because ... '' . In October 2013 , the Associated Press and NPR began cutting back on use of the term . Stuart Seidel , NPR 's managing editor , said that the term `` seems to be straddling somewhere between being a politically - charged term and an accepted part of the vernacular '' . Common misconceptions `` Death panels '' Main article : Death panel On August 7 , 2009 , Sarah Palin pioneered the term `` death panels '' to describe groups that would decide whether sick patients were `` worthy '' of medical care . `` Death panel '' referred to two claims about early drafts . One was that under the law , seniors could be denied care due to their age and the other that the government would advise seniors to end their lives instead of receiving care . The ostensible basis of these claims was the provision for an Independent Payment Advisory Board ( IPAB ) . IPAB was given the authority to recommend cost - saving changes to Medicare by facilitating the adoption of cost - effective treatments and cost - recovering measures when the statutory levels set for Medicare were exceeded within any given 3 - year period . In fact , the Board was prohibited from recommending changes that would reduce payments to certain providers before 2020 , and was prohibited from recommending changes in premiums , benefits , eligibility and taxes , or other changes that would result in rationing . The other related issue concerned advance - care planning consultation : a section of the House reform proposal would have reimbursed physicians for providing patient - requested consultations for Medicare recipients on end - of - life health planning ( which is covered by many private plans ) , enabling patients to specify , on request , the kind of care they wished to receive . The provision was not included in ACA . In 2010 , the Pew Research Center reported that 85 % of Americans were familiar with the claim , and 30 % believed it was true , backed by three contemporaneous polls . A poll in August 2012 found that 39 % of Americans believed the claim . The allegation was named PolitiFact 's `` Lie of the Year '' , one of FactCheck.org 's `` whoppers '' and the most outrageous term by the American Dialect Society . AARP described such rumors as `` rife with gross -- and even cruel -- distortions '' . Members of Congress ACA requires members of Congress and their staffs to obtain health insurance either through an exchange or some other program approved by the law ( such as Medicare ) , instead of using the insurance offered to federal employees ( the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ) . Illegal immigrants ACA does not provide benefits to illegal immigrants . It explicitly denies insurance subsidies to `` unauthorized ( illegal ) aliens '' . Exchange `` death spiral '' One argument against the ACA is that the insurers are leaving the marketplaces , as they can not profitably cover the available pool of customers , which contains too many unhealthy participants relative to healthy participants . A scenario where prices rise , due to an unfavorable mix of customers from the insurer 's perspective , resulting in fewer customers and fewer insurers in the marketplace , further raising prices , has been called a `` death spiral . '' During 2017 , the median number of insurers offering plans on the ACA exchanges in each state was 3.0 , meaning half the states had more and half had fewer insurers . There were five states with one insurer in 2017 ; 13 states with two ; 11 states with three ; and the remainder had four insurers or more . Wisconsin had the most , with 15 insurers in the marketplace . The median number of insurers was 4.0 in 2016 , 5.0 in 2015 , and 4.0 in 2014 . Further , the CBO reported in January 2017 that it expected enrollment in the exchanges to rise from 10 million during 2017 to 13 million by 2027 , assuming laws in place at the end of the Obama administration were continued . Following a 2015 CBO report that reached a similar conclusion , Paul Krugman wrote : `` But the truth is that this report is much , much closer to what supporters of reform have said than it is to the scare stories of the critics -- no death spirals , no job - killing , major gains in coverage at relatively low cost . '' Opposition Opposition and efforts to repeal the legislation have drawn support from sources that include labor unions , conservative advocacy groups , Republicans , small business organizations and the Tea Party movement . These groups claimed that the law would disrupt existing health plans , increase costs from new insurance standards , and increase the deficit . Some opposed the idea of universal healthcare , viewing insurance as similar to other unsubsidized goods . President Donald Trump has repeatedly promised to `` repeal and replace '' it . As of 2013 unions that expressed concerns about ACA included the AFL - CIO , which called ACA `` highly disruptive '' to union health care plans , claiming it would drive up costs of union - sponsored plans ; the International Brotherhood of Teamsters , United Food and Commercial Workers International Union , and UNITE - HERE , whose leaders sent a letter to Reid and Pelosi arguing , `` ACA will shatter not only our hard - earned health benefits , but destroy the foundation of the 40 - hour work week that is the backbone of the American middle class . '' In January 2014 , Terry O'Sullivan , president of the Laborers ' International Union of North America ( LIUNA ) and D. Taylor , president of Unite Here sent a letter to Reid and Pelosi stating , `` ACA , as implemented , undermines fair marketplace competition in the health care industry . '' In October 2016 , Mark Dayton , the governor of Minnesota and a member of the Minnesota Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor Party , said that the ACA had `` many good features '' but that it was `` no longer affordable for increasing numbers of people '' and called on the Minnesota legislature to provide emergency relief to policyholders . Dayton later said he regretted his remarks after they were seized on by Republicans seeking to repeal the law . Legal Challenges Main article : Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act See also : National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius and King v. Burwell See also : Efforts to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius Opponents challenged ACA 's constitutionality in multiple lawsuits on multiple grounds . In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius , the Supreme Court ruled on a 5 -- 4 vote that the individual mandate was constitutional when viewed as a tax , although not under the Commerce Clause . The Court further determined that states could not be forced to participate in the Medicaid expansion . ACA withheld all Medicaid funding from states declining to participate in the expansion . The Court ruled that this withdrawal of funding was unconstitutionally coercive and that individual states had the right to opt out without losing preexisting Medicaid funding . Contraception mandate In March 2012 , the Roman Catholic Church , while supportive of ACA 's objectives , voiced concern through the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops that aspects of the mandate covering contraception and sterilization and HHS 's narrow definition of a religious organization violated the First Amendment right to free exercise of religion and conscience . Various lawsuits addressed these concerns . On June 25 , 2015 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6 -- 3 that federal subsidies for health insurance premiums could be used in the 34 states that did not set up their own insurance exchanges . House v. price In United States House of Representatives v. Price ( previously United States House of Representatives v. Burwell ) the House sued the administration alleging that the money for premium subsidy payments to insurers had not been appropriated , as required for any federal government spending . The ACA subsidy that helps customers pay premiums was not part of the suit . Without the cost - sharing subsidies , the government estimated that premiums would increase by 20 percent to 30 percent for silver plans . In 2017 , the uncertainty about whether the payments would continue caused Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina to try to raise premiums by 22.9 percent the next year , as opposed to an increase of only 8.8 percent that it would have sought if the payments were assured . Non-cooperation Officials in Texas , Florida , Alabama , Wyoming , Arizona , Oklahoma and Missouri opposed those elements of ACA over which they had discretion . For example , Missouri declined to expand Medicaid or establish a health insurance marketplace engaging in active non-cooperation , enacting a statute forbidding any state or local official to render any aid not specifically required by federal law . Other Republican politicians discouraged efforts to advertise the benefits of the law . Some conservative political groups launched ad campaigns to discourage enrollment . Repeal efforts Main article : Efforts to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ACA was the subject of unsuccessful repeal efforts by Republicans in the 111th , 112th , and 113th Congresses : Representatives Steve King ( R - IA ) and Michele Bachmann ( R - MN ) introduced bills in the House to repeal ACA the day after it was signed , as did Senator Jim DeMint ( R - SC ) in the Senate . In 2011 , after Republicans gained control of the House of Representatives , one of the first votes held was on a bill titled `` Repealing the Job - Killing Health Care Law Act '' ( H.R. 2 ) , which the House passed 245 -- 189 . All Republicans and 3 Democrats voted for repeal . House Democrats proposed an amendment that repeal not take effect until a majority of the Senators and Representatives had opted out of the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ; Republicans voted down the measure . In the Senate , the bill was offered as an amendment to an unrelated bill , but was voted down . President Obama had stated that he would have vetoed the bill even if it had passed both chambers of Congress . 2017 House Budget Following the 2012 Supreme Court ruling upholding ACA as constitutional , Republicans held another vote to repeal the law on July 11 ; the House of Representatives voted with all 244 Republicans and 5 Democrats in favor of repeal , which marked the 33rd , partial or whole , repeal attempt . On February 3 , 2015 , the House of Representatives added its 67th repeal vote to the record ( 239 to 186 ) . This attempt also failed . 2013 federal government shutdown Strong partisan disagreement in Congress prevented adjustments to the Act 's provisions . However , at least one change , a proposed repeal of a tax on medical devices , has received bipartisan support . Some Congressional Republicans argued against improvements to the law on the grounds they would weaken the arguments for repeal . Republicans attempted to defund its implementation , and in October 2013 , House Republicans refused to fund the federal government unless accompanied with a delay in ACA implementation , after the President unilaterally deferred the employer mandate by one year , which critics claimed he had no power to do . The House passed three versions of a bill funding the government while submitting various versions that would repeal or delay ACA , with the last version delaying enforcement of the individual mandate . The Democratic Senate leadership stated the Senate would only pass a `` clean '' funding bill without any restrictions on ACA . The government shutdown began on October 1 . Senate Republicans threatened to block appointments to relevant agencies , such as the Independent Payment Advisory Board and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . 2017 repeal effort Main article : 2017 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act replacement proposals During a midnight congressional session starting January 11 , 2017 , the Senate of the 115th Congress of the United States voted to approve a `` budget blueprint '' which would allow Republicans to repeal parts of the law `` without threat of a Democratic filibuster . '' The plan , which passed 51 -- 48 , is a budget blueprint named by Senate Republicans the `` Obamacare ' repeal resolution . ' '' Democrats opposing the resolution staged a protest during the vote . House Republicans announced their replacement for the ACA , the American Health Care Act , on March 6 , 2017 . On March 24 , 2017 the effort , led by Paul Ryan and Donald Trump , to repeal and replace the ACA failed amid a revolt among Republican representatives . May 4 , 2017 , the United States House of Representatives voted to pass the American Health Care Act ( and thereby repeal most of the Affordable Care Act ) by a narrow margin of 217 to 213 , sending the bill to the Senate for deliberation . The Senate Republican leadership announced that Senate Republicans would write their own version of the bill , instead of voting on the House version . The Senate process began with an unprecedented level of secrecy ; Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell named a group of 13 Republican Senators to draft the Senate 's substitute version in private , raising bipartisan concerns about a lack of transparency . On June 22 , 2017 , Republicans released the first discussion draft for an amendment to the bill , which would rename it to the `` Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017 '' ( BCRA ) . On July 25 , 2017 , although no amendment proposal had yet garnered majority support , Senate Republicans voted to advance the bill to the floor and begin formal consideration of amendments . Senators Susan Collins and Lisa Murkowski were the only two dissenting Republicans making the vote a 50 -- 50 tie . Vice President Mike Pence then cast the tiebreaking vote in the affirmative . All specific bills were defeated , however . The revised BCRA failed on a vote of 43 -- 57 . A subsequent `` Obamacare Repeal and Reconciliation Act '' abandoned the `` repeal and replace '' approach in favor of a straight repeal , but failed on a vote of 45 -- 55 . Finally , the `` Health Care Freedom Act '' , nicknamed `` skinny repeal '' because it would have made the least change to the ACA , failed by 49 -- 51 , with Collins , Murkowski , and Senator John McCain joining all the Democrats and independents in voting against it . Actions to hinder implementation Tax Cuts and Jobs Act - Number of additional persons uninsured . Under both the ACA ( current law ) and the AHCA , CBO reported that the health exchange marketplaces would remain stable ( i.e. , no `` death spiral '' ) . However , Republican politicians have taken a variety of steps to undermine it , creating uncertainty that has adversely impacted enrollment and insurer participation while increasing premiums . Insisting the exchanges are in difficulty was also used as an argument for passing reforms such as AHCA or BCRA . Past and ongoing Republican attempts to weaken the law have included , among others : Lawsuits such as King v. Burwell , which resulted in a decision by the Supreme Court that limited Medicaid expansion but upheld the mandates and insurance subsidies . According to the Kaiser Family Foundation , not expanding Medicaid in 19 states has increased the number uninsured by an estimated 4.5 million persons . Lawsuits pending ( House v. Price ) such as whether cost - sharing subsidies must be paid . President Trump threatened not to pay these subsidies in early 2017 and later decided to stop paying them . CBO estimated in September 2017 that discontinuing the payments would add an average of 15 -- 20 percentage points to health insurance costs on the exchanges in 2018 while increasing the budget deficit nearly $200 billion over a decade . Prevention of appropriations for transitional financing ( `` risk corridors '' ) to steady insurance markets , resulting the bankruptcy of many co-ops offering insurance . This action was attributed to Senator Marco Rubio . Weakening of the individual mandate through his first executive order , which resulted in limiting enforcement of mandate penalties by the IRS . For example , tax returns without indications of health insurance ( `` silent returns '' ) will still be processed , overriding instructions from the Obama administration to the IRS to reject them . Reduction to funding for advertising for the 2017 and 2018 exchange enrollment periods by up to 90 % , with other reductions to support resources used to answer questions and help people sign - up for coverage . CBO said in September 2017 that the reductions would lead to reduced ACA enrollment . The Trump administration reduced the enrollment period for 2018 by half , to 45 days . The NYT editorial board referred to this as part of a concerted `` sabotage '' effort . Public statements by Trump that the exchanges are unstable or in a death spiral . Trump 's October 12 , 2017 executive order and a related action the same day ending federal subsidies of questionable legality used to help those buying insurance through exchanges with their co-payments and deductibles . About 6 million people were helped at a cost of $7 billion a year but that amount was expected to double in 10 years . State officials claimed the action caused insurance premiums to go up dramatically . Many states sued in federal court on the grounds that Trump was not legally allowed to take the action . Several insurers and actuary groups cited uncertainty created by President Trump , specifically non-enforcement of the individual mandate and not funding cost sharing reduction subsidies , as contributing 20 -- 30 percentage points to premium increases for the 2018 plan year on the ACA exchanges . In other words , absent Trump 's actions against the ACA , premium increases would have averaged 10 % or less , rather than the estimated 28 -- 40 % under the uncertainty his actions created . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) maintains a timeline of many `` sabotage '' efforts by the Trump Administration . Ending cost - sharing reduction ( CSR ) payments Main article : Cost sharing reductions subsidy President Trump announced on October 12 , 2017 he would end the smaller of the two types of subsidies under the ACA , the cost sharing reduction ( CSR ) subsidies . This controversial decision significantly raised premiums on the ACA exchanges along with the premium tax credit subsidies that rise with them , with the CBO estimating a $200 billion increase in the budget deficit over a decade . The reasons for this are complex and require discussion of how the two major subsidies work . The CSR subsidies are paid to insurance companies to reduce copayments and deductibles for a smaller group of ACA enrollees , those earning less than 250 % of the federal poverty line ( FPL ) . The second and larger type of subsidy , the premium tax credits designed to reduce the post-subsidy cost of monthly premiums , apply to all enrollees earning less than 400 % of the FPL . For scale , during 2017 , approximately $7 billion in CSR subsidies will be paid , versus $34 billion for the premium tax credits . A court decision meant that CSR subsidies were treated as discretionary spending , meaning Congress must decide to appropriate funds for them each year . This effectively gave the President the power to end them , as Democrats with a minority in Congress could not appropriate the funds , let alone override his veto of an appropriations bill . However , the premium tax credits are mandatory spending , meaning all those eligible under the ACA receive them without Congressional appropriation . These adjust with premium increases to limit after - subsidy premium payments by ACA enrollees to a fixed percentage of income . Based on President Trump 's threats to end the CSR payments during early 2017 , several insurers and actuarial groups estimated this resulted in a 20 percentage point or more increase in premiums for the 2018 plan year . In other words , premium increases expected to be 10 % or less in 2018 became 28 -- 40 % instead . The CBO reported in August 2017 ( prior to President Trump 's decision ) that ending the CSR payments might increase ACA premiums by 20 percentage points or more , with a resulting increase of nearly $200 billion in the budget deficit over a decade , as the premium tax credit subsidies would rise along with premium prices . CBO also estimated that initially up to one million fewer would have health insurance coverage , although more might have it in the long - run as the subsidies expand . CBO expected the exchanges to remain stable ( i.e. , no `` death spiral '' before or after Trump 's action ) as the premiums would increase and prices would stabilize at the higher ( non-CSR ) level . CBO estimated that of the 12 million with private insurance via the ACA exchanges in 2017 , about 10 million receive premium tax credit subsidies and will be shielded from premium increases , as their after - subsidy premiums are limited as a percentage of income under the ACA . However , those 2 million who do not receive subsidies face the brunt of the 20 % + premium increases , without subsidy assistance . This may adversely impact enrollment in 2018 and beyond . Another 13 million who are covered under the ACA 's Medicaid expansion ( in the 31 states that chose to expand coverage ) should not be directly affected by Trump 's action . President Trump 's argument that the CSR payments were a `` bailout '' for insurance companies and therefore should be stopped , actually results in the government paying more to insurance companies ( $200 B over a decade ) due to increases in the premium tax credit subsidies . Implementation Main article : Implementation history of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act At various times during and after the ACA debate , Obama stated that `` if you like your health care plan , you 'll be able to keep your health care plan '' . However , in fall 2013 millions of Americans with individual policies received notices that their insurance plans were terminated , and several million more risked seeing their current plans cancelled . However , Poltifact cited various estimates that only about 2 % of the total insured population ( 4 million out of 262 million ) received such notices . Obama 's previous unambiguous assurance that consumers ' could keep their own plans became a focal point for critics , who challenged his truthfulness . On November 7 , 2013 , President Obama stated : `` I am sorry that ( people losing their plans ) are finding themselves in this situation based on assurances they got from me . '' Various bills were introduced in Congress to allow people to keep their plans . In 2010 small business tax credits took effect . Then Pre-Existing Condition Insurance Plan ( PCIP ) took effect to offer insurance to those that had been denied coverage by private insurance companies because of a pre-existing condition . By 2011 , insurers had stopped marketing child - only policies in 17 states , as they sought to escape this requirement . In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius decided on June 28 , 2012 , the Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate was constitutional when the associated penalties were construed as a tax . The decision allowed states to opt out of the Medicaid expansion . In 2013 , the Internal Revenue Service ruled that the cost of covering only the individual employee would be considered in determining whether the cost of coverage exceeded 9.5 % of income . Family plans would not be considered even if the cost was above the 9.5 % income threshold . In July 2 it was announced the implementation of the employer mandate would be delayed until 2015 . The launch for both the state and federal exchanges was troubled due to management and technical failings . HealthCare.gov , the website that offers insurance through the exchanges operated by the federal government , crashed on opening and suffered endless problems . Operations stabilized in 2014 , although not all planned features were complete . The Government Accountability Office released a non-partisan study in 2014 that concluded that the administration did not provide `` effective planning or oversight practices '' in developing the ACA website . In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby the Supreme Court exempted closely held corporations with religious convictions from the contraception rule . At the beginning of the 2015 , 11.7 million had signed up ( ex-Medicaid ) . By the end of the year about 8.8 million consumers had stayed in the program. The December spending bill delayed the onset of the `` Cadillac tax '' on expensive insurance plans by two years , until 2020 . An estimated 9 million to 10 million people had gained Medicaid coverage in 2016 , mostly low - income adults . A survey of New York businesses found an increase of 8.5 percent in health care costs , less than the prior year 's survey had expected . The five major national insurers expected to lose money on ACA policies in 2016 . One of the causes of insurer losses is the lower income , older and sicker enrollee population . Newly elected Louisiana Governor John Bel Edwards issued an executive order to accept the expansion , becoming the 32nd state to do so . The program was expected to enroll an additional 300,000 Louisianans . More than 9.2 million people signed up for care on the national exchange ( healthcare.gov ) for 2017 , down some 400,000 from 2016 . This decline was due primarily to the election of President Trump . Of the 9.2 million , 3.0 million were new customers and 6.2 million were returning . The 9.2 million excludes the 11 states that run their own exchanges , which have signed up around 3 million additional people . The IRS announced that it would not require that tax returns indicate that a person has health insurance , reducing the effectiveness of the individual mandate , in response to an executive order from President Donald Trump . The CBO reported in March that the healthcare exchanges were expected to be stable . In May the United States House of Representatives voted to repeal the ACA using the American Health Care Act of 2017 . The individual mandate was repealed starting in 2019 via the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 . The CBO estimated that the repeal would cause 13 million people to lose their health insurance by 2027 . Murray -- Alexander individual market stabilization bill Main article : Murray -- Alexander Individual Market Stabilization Bill Senator Lamar Alexander and Senator Patty Murray reached a compromise to amend the Affordable Care Act to fund cost cost - sharing reductions . President Trump had stopped paying the cost sharing subsidies and the Congressional Budget Office estimated his action would cost $200 billion , cause insurance sold on the exchange to cost 20 % more and cause one million people to lose insurance . The plan will also provide more flexibility for state waivers , allow a new `` Copper Plan '' or catastrophic coverage for all , allow interstate insurance compacts , and redirect consumer fees to states for outreach . 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April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AG Suthers could n't be more wrong in his decision to file lawsuit '' . Colorado Statesman . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` G.O.P. and Health Mandate '' . The New York Times . February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romneycare 's 98 % Success Rate Defies Gripes on Obama Law '' . Bloomberg . March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ball , Molly ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Was Mitt Romney a Good Governor ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lizza , Ryan ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Romney 's dilemma '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status -- S. 334 '' . Library of Congress THOMAS . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kuttner , Robert ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` RomneyCare vs. ObamaCare '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cline , Andrew . `` How Obama Broke His Promise on Individual Mandates '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Democratic presidential debate '' . CNN . January 21 , 2008 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The First Presidential Debate '' . The New York Times . September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rustgi , Sheila ; Collins , Sara R. ; Davis , Karen ; Nicholson , Jennifer L. `` The 2008 Presidential Candidates ' Health Reform Proposals : Choices for America '' . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of President Barack Obama -- Address to Joint Session of Congress '' . The White House . February 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : Milestones in Obama 's quest for healthcare reform '' . Reuters . March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kruger , Mike ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Affordable Health Care for America Act '' . United States House Committee on Education and Labor . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Health Care Reform from Conception to Final Passage '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Finance Committee Hearings for the 111th Congress recorded by C - SPAN '' . C - SPAN . Jump up ^ `` Senate Finance Committee hearings for 111th Congress '' . Finance.Senate.Gov . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Gruber ( economist ) '' . MIT Department of Economics . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . `` Jonathan Gruber : short biography '' . MIT Department of Economics . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Jonathan ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` How They Did It '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` Party Is Such Sweet Sorrow '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Obama 's Moderate Health Care Plan '' . The New Republic . Chait , Jonathan ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Republican Health Care Blunder '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Republican Health Care Blunder '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Hulse , Carl ; Nagourney , Adam ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Senate G.O.P. Leader Finds Weapon in Unity '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Eaton , Joe ; Pell , M.B. ; Mehta , Aaron ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Lobbying Giants Cash In On Health Overhaul '' . NPR . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Drug Deal '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Grim , Ryan ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Internal Memo Confirms Big Giveaways In White House Deal With Big Pharma '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Visualizing The Health Care Lobbyist Complex '' . Sunlight Foundation . July 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Sari ; Pershing , Ben ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Anger over health - care reform spurs rise in threats against Congress members '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kellman , Laurie ; Abrams , Jim ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Threats against lawmakers spread after health vote '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by the President to a Joint Session of Congress on Health Care '' . The White House . September 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Edward M. ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` Text of letter to the President from Senator Edward M. Kennedy '' . White House Press Secretary . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . I , § 7 , cl. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Summary : H.R. 3590 -- 111th Congress ( 2009 -- 2010 ) '' . Library of Congress . July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ S. Amdt. 2786 Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( September 7 , 2009 ) . `` Why Reform Survived August '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Hacker , Jacob S. ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` Why I Still Believe in This Bill '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Jonathan ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` The Public Option , Still Dead '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` What Public Option Supporters Won '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Ben Nelson , Still a Big Problem ( Updated ) '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` Nelson Says Yes ; That Makes 60 '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ `` ' Cornhusker ' Out , More Deals In : Health Care Bill Gives Special Treatment '' . Fox News . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roll Call vote No. 395 -- On the Cloture Motion ( Motion to Invoke Cloture on H.R. 3590 ) '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roll Call vote No. 396 -- On Passage of the Bill ( H.R. 3590 as Amended ) '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AARP , AMA Announce Support For Health Care Bill : Largest Doctors And Retiree Groups Backing Legislation '' . The Huffington Post , March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Applewhite , J. Scott . `` Senator - elect Scott Brown welcomed as Republican hero after upset victory in Massachusetts '' . McClatchy - Tribune News Service . Associated Press . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public Statements -- Project Vote Smart '' ( Press release ) . Votesmart.org . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Will the Base Abandon Hope ? '' . FiveThirtyEight . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Jonathan ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` How to Pass the Bill -- Whatever Happens Tuesday '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Stolberg , Sheryl ; Zeleny , Jeff ; Hulse , Carl ( March 20 , 2010 ) . `` Health Vote Caps a Journey Back From the Brink '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Carrie ; Thrush , Glenn ( March 20 , 2010 ) . `` Pelosi steeled W.H. for health push '' . Politico . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` White House Unveils Revamped Reform Plan , GOP And Industry React '' . Kaiser Health News . February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chait , Jonathan ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` A Brief Reconciliation Primer '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Silver , Nate ( December 26 , 2009 ) . `` For Pelosi , Many Paths to 218 '' . FiveThirtyEight . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` 1 . Reconciliation ! 2. ? ? ? 3 . Profit ! '' . FiveThirtyEight . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Reconciliation : Why Most Dems Do n't Want to Go There '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13535 of March 24 , 2010 -- Ensuring Enforcement and Implementation of Abortion Restrictions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , Vol. 75 , No. 59 75 FR 15599 , March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` Stupak Makes A Deal , Reform To Pass '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ `` Roll Call vote No. 165 : On Motion to Concur in Senate Amendments ( Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ) '' . Office of the Clerk : House of Representatives . March 21 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Aro , Margaret ; Mooney , Mark ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Pelosi Defends Health Care Fight Tactics '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl ; Pear , Robert ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul Bill , With a Flourish '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Benen , Steve ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` On Groundhog Day , Republicans vote to repeal Obamacare '' . MSNBC . Jump up ^ `` National Health Interview Survey , January to June 2016 '' ( PDF ) . CDC.gov . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barry - Jester , Anna Maria ; Ben , Casselman ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Obamacare Has Increased Insurance Coverage Everywhere '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Bowen ( December 2016 ) . `` Who Gained Health Insurance Coverage Under the ACA , and Where Do They Live ? '' ( PDF ) . Urban Institute . p. 2 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health Reform Monitoring Survey '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rates Up 22 Percent For Obamacare Plans , But Subsidies Rise , Too '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Average Annual Workplace Family Health Premiums Rise Modest 3 % '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Economic Record of the Obama Administration : Progress Reducing Inequality '' ( PDF ) . Whitehouse.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Alex ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Health Insurance Exchanges '' . Bloomberg View . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Status of State Action on the Medicaid Expansion Decision , as of September 1 , 2015 '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Pear ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` States ' Policies on Health Care Exclude Some of the Poorest '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . In most cases , ( Sandy Praeger , Insurance Commissioner of Kansas ) , said adults with incomes from 32 percent to 100 percent of the poverty level ( $6,250 to $19,530 for a family of three ) `` will have no assistance '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Cost of Obamacare Medicaid Expansion 49 % Higher Than Previously Estimated '' . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Coverage Gap for Adultsin States not Expanding Medicaid '' . October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kliff , Sarah ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` What Happens if a State Opts Out of Medicaid , in One Chart '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Health Reform and MedicaidExpansion '' . HealthCare Reform Magazine . July 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Analyzing the Impact of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enrollment Policy Provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' ( PDF ) . Families USA . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` We Do n't Know Everything About Obamacare . But We Know Who 's Trying to Sabotage It '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Tami Luhby ( July 1 , 2013 ) . `` States forgo billions by opting out of Medicaid expansion '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Is Medicaid Expansion Good for the States ? '' . U.S. News & World Report . n.d. Jump up ^ Evan Soltas ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wonkbook : The terrible deal for states rejecting Medicaid '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Rutkin , Aviva . `` Obamacare has already improved health of low - income Americans '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicaid expansion under ACA linked with better health care , improved health for low - income adults News Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health '' . www.hsph.harvard.edu . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanger - katz , Margot ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` How Expanding Medicaid Can Lower Insurance Premiums for All '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NationalHealthAccountsProjected '' . February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mali , Meghashyam ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Next president faces possible ObamaCare meltdown '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Premium Changes and Insurer Participation in the Affordable Care Act 's Health Insurance Marketplaces '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Analysis of Health Insurance Premium Trends in the Individual Market Finds Average Yearly Increases of 10 Percent or More Prior to the Affordable Care Act '' . Commonwealth Fund . June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowrey , Annie ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Slowdown in Rise of Healthcare Costs May Persist '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Facts Are In and Paul Ryan Is Wrong '' . New York . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Someone Tell Ted Cruz the Obamacare War Is Over '' . New York . Jump up ^ Wayne , Alex ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Health Cost Growth Slows Further Even as Economy Rebounds '' . Bloomberg L.P. Jump up ^ `` Assessing the Effects of the Economy on the Recent Slowdown in Health Spending '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krawzak , Paul ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` In Spending Debate , Baby Boomer Issue Remains a Headache for Legislators '' . Roll Call . Jump up ^ Obama , B , JD . United States Health Care Reform -- Progress to Date and Next Steps . JAMA . Published online July 11 , 2016 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2016.9797 Jump up ^ Johnson , Carolyn Y. ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` How companies are quietly changing your health plan to make you pay more '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Survey of Non-Group Health Insurance Enrollees , Wave 3 '' . kff.org . Kaiser Family Foundation . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The FRED Blog - There 's Death and then there 's Death - Nov 2 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Obama 's claim the Affordable Care Act was a ' major reason ' in preventing 50,000 patient deaths '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Repealing the Affordable Care Act will kill more than 43,000 people annually '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : The FRED Blog - There 's Death and then there 's Death - Nov 2 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Kaiser Family Foundation - The Coverage Gap : Uninsured Poor Adults in States that Do Not Expand Medicaid - November 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ Elmendorf , Douglas W. ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` CBO 's Analysis of the Major Health Care Legislation Enacted in March 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elmendorf , Douglas W. ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` CBO 's 2011 Long - Term Budget Outlook '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . p. 44 . Through those changes and numerous others , the 2010 legislation significantly decreased Medicare outlays relative to what they would have been under prior law . Jump up ^ `` Another Comment on CBO 's Estimates for the Insurance Coverage Provisions of the Affordable Care Act '' . Congressional Budget Office . March 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4872 , Reconciliation Act of 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dennis , Steven ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` CBO : Health Care Overhaul Would Cost $940 Billion '' . Roll Call . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klein , Ezra ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` What does the health - care bill do in its first year ? '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Correction Regarding the Longer - Term Effects of the Manager 's Amendment to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . December 19 , 2009 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Judith Solomon ; Paul N. Van de Water ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Letter : Improving the Strength and Solvency of Medicare '' . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . Jump up ^ Pecquet , Julian ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` CBO : Obama 's health law to cost less , cover fewer people than first thought '' . The Hill . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBO 's Estimates for the Insurance Coverage Provisions of the Affordable Care Act Updated for the Recent Supreme Court Decision '' . Congressional Budget Office . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , Jeanne ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` Health reform coverage cost falls slightly '' . CNN . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Where does health care reform stand ? '' . CNN . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Farley , Robert ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` Pelosi : CBO says health reform bill would cut deficits by $1.2 trillion in second decade '' . PolitiFact.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Tom Coburn : Obamacare PR campaign anchored in spin , not reality '' . The Washington Examiner . July 8 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James Capretta . `` Obamacare 's Cooked Books and the ' Doc Fix ' '' . National Review . Jump up ^ Hogberg , David ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` GOP Might Target ObamaCare As Part Of A Medicare ' Doc Fix ' '' . Investor 's Business Daily . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Responses to Questions About CBO 's Preliminary Estimate of the Direct Spending and Revenue Effects of H.R. 4872 , the Reconciliation Act of 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` The Doc Fix Myth And The Right 's Misinformation Feedback Loop '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Van de Water , Peter . `` Debunking False Claims About Health Reform , Jobs , and the Deficit '' . Center for Budget and Policy Priorities . Jump up ^ Uwe Reinhardt ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Wrapping Your Head Around the Health Bill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holtz - Eakin , Douglas ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` The Real Arithmetic of Health Care Reform '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Jonathan ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` The GOP 's Trick Play '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Scheiber , Noam ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Is the CBO Biased Against Health Care Reform ? '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Medical Records ( Health Information Technology ) '' . Jump up ^ James , Frank ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Health Overhaul Another Promise U.S. Ca n't Afford : Expert '' . NPR . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Congress Has Good Record of Implementing Medicare Savings '' . CBPP . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Can Congress cut Medicare costs ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Affordable Care Act and Employers '' . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Is the Affordable Care Act a Hidden Jobs Killer ? '' . Center for Economic and Policy Research . CEPR . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Sorry , The CBO Did Not Say Health Reform Kills 800,000 Jobs '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Obamacare , Good for the Economy '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Government Printing Office . `` Title 26 -- Internal Revenue Code '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Chait , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Obama Employer Mandate Delay Train Wreck ! Or Not '' . New York . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Kliff ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Will Obamacare lead to millions more part - time workers ? Companies are still deciding '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Ungar , Rick . `` The Real Numbers On ' The Obamacare Effect ' Are In - Now Let The Crow Eating Begin '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Situation Summary '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Conover , Chris . `` Who Can Deny It ? Obamacare Is Accelerating U.S. Towards A Part - Time Nation '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moriya , A.S. ; Selden , T.M. ; Simon , K.I. ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Little Change Seen In Part - Time Employment As A Result Of The Affordable Care Act '' . Health Affairs . 35 ( 1 ) : 119 -- 123 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 2015.0949 . Jump up ^ Bill Sizemore ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Va. workers ' part - time hours capped due to health law '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Annie - Rose Strasser ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Virginia Cuts State Employees ' Hours To Avoid Providing Obamacare Coverage '' . ThinkProgress . Jump up ^ Ned Resnikoff ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Colleges roll back faculty hours in response to Obamacare '' . MSNBC . Sy Mukherjee ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Four Public Colleges Will Cut Adjunct Faculty Hours To Avoid Providing Health Coverage Under Obamacare '' . ThinkProgress . ^ Jump up to : `` As Health Law Changes Loom , A Shift To Part - Time Workers '' . NPR. April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jared Bernstein ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Stop Blaming Obamacare for Part - Time Workers '' . Teagan Goddard 's Wonkwire . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthew Yglesias ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare 's Not To Blame For Increasing Part - time Work '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Timothy Jost ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Implementing Health Reform : A One - Year Employer Mandate Delay '' . Health Affairs . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Jonathan ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Some Bad News About Obamacare That Is n't Bogus '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ `` Am I eligible for coverage in the Marketplace ? '' . HealthCare.Gov , managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . ^ Jump up to : Robert Greenstein ; Judith Solomon ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Finance Committee Makes Flawed Employer Requirement in Health Reform Bill Still More Problematic '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . ^ Jump up to : Ezra Klein ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Will Obamacare lead to millions more part - time workers ? Companies are still deciding '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Matthew Yglesias ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Delaying Employer Responsibility Fines Is a Good Idea -- the Real Problem Comes Later '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare Haters Struggling to Understand What ' Nonessential ' Means '' . New York . Chait , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare Still Not Collapsing '' . New York . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare 's Individual Mandate Ca n't Wait '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ `` Union Letter : Obamacare Will ' Destroy The Very Health and Wellbeing ' of Workers '' , The Wall Street Journal , July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Torres , Carlos ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Economists See Little Effect on Hiring From U.S. Health - Care Law '' . www.businessweek.com . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Jayne ; Ungar , Laura ; Hoyer , Meghan ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Rural hospitals in critical condition '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Hamada , Omar L. ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Obamacare has detrimental effect on rural hospitals '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Howell , Tom Jr . ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ER visits up under Obamacare despite promises , doctors ' poll finds '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obama and Democrats ' Health Care Plan '' . RealClearPolitics . October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Emily ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Health Care Plan : Favor / Oppose '' . Pollster.com . Jump up ^ `` As Health Care Law Proceeds , Opposition and Uncertainty Persist '' ( PDF ) . Pew Research Center . September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Page , Susan ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Poll : Health care plan gains favor '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Zengerle , Patricia ( June 24 , 2012 ) . `` Reuters-Most Americans Oppose Health Law But Like the Provisions '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ezra Klein ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Republicans hate ' Obamacare ' , but like most of what it does '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greg Sargent ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Republicans Support Obama 's Health Reforms -- As Long As His Name Is n't On Them '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Opinion Research Poll '' ( PDF ) . CNN . March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Scott ; Schoen , Doug ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Why Obama Ca n't Move the Health - Care Numbers '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare , Public Opinion , and Conservative Self - Delusion '' . New York Magazine . Jump up ^ Jackson , David . `` Poll : Most oppose blocking Obama health care law '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RAND Health Reform Opinion Study '' . RAND Health . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AP - GfK Poll : Obama 's health care fails to gain support '' . Associated Press . March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ObamaCare 8 % '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alan Colmes , `` Poll : Voters No Longer Want To Repeal Obamacare '' , Liberaland , December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Obamacare and the Supreme Court '' . CBS News . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` After the Election , the Public Remains Sharply Divided on Future of the Affordable Care Act '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Obamacare More Popular Than Ever , Now That It May Be Repealed '' . NYT . February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dropp , Kyle ; Nyhan , Brendan ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) . `` One - Third Do n't Know Obamacare and Affordable Care Act Are the Same '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lerman , Amy E. ; McCabe , Katherine T. ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Personal Experience and Public Opinion : A Theory and Test of Conditional Policy Feedback '' . The Journal of Politics : 000 -- 000 . doi : 10.1086 / 689286 . ISSN 0022 - 3816 . Jump up ^ Amanda Cox ; Alicia Desantis ; Jeremy White ( March 25 , 2012 ) . `` Fighting to Control the Meaning of ' Obamacare ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Peter ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Democrats Embrace Once Pejorative ' Obamacare ' Tag '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Steven ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Democratic Rep. John Conyers wants to reclaim ' ObamaCare ' , make it a compliment '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Madison , Lucy ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` On bus tour , Obama embraces ' Obamacare ' , says ' I do care ' '' . CBS News . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Obama camp 's pitch to supporters : ' Hell yeah , I 'm for Obamacare ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prince , Richard ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` AP , NPR Curb Use of `` Obamacare '' Term `` . Robert C. Maynard Institute for Journalism Education . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gold , Hadas ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` AP , NPR to cut back on ' Obamacare ' '' . Politico . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Palin falsely claims Barack Obama runs a `` death panel '' `` . PolitiFact . August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Seniors Beware '' . Snopes . August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beutler , Brian ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` A new kind of birther and death panel insanity explodes '' . Salon . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ebeler , Jack ; Neuman , Tricia ; Cubanski , Juliette ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` The Independent Payment Advisory Board : A New Approach to Controlling Medicare Spending '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . p. 3 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Here We Go Again , With the Death Panels '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Mandatory Death Counseling -- exposed ! '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Parsons , Christi ; Zajac , Andrew ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Senate committee scraps healthcare provision that gave rise to ' death panel ' claims ; Though the claims are widely discredited , the Senate Finance Committee is withdrawing from its bill the inclusion of advance - care planning consultations , calling them too confusing '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Nyhan , Brendan ( 2010 ) . `` Why the `` Death Panel '' Myth Would n't Die : Misinformation in the Health Care Reform Debate '' ( PDF ) . The Forum . Berkeley Electronic Press . 8 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.2202 / 1540 - 8884.1354 . Jump up ^ Viebeck , Elise ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Poll : Four in 10 believe in Obama healthcare law ' death panels ' '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Drobnic Holan , Angie ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` PolitiFact 's Lie of the Year : ' Death panels ' '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henig , Jess ; Robertson , Lori ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` False Euthanasia Claims '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Lori Robertson ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Whoppers of 2009 -- We review the choicest falsehoods from a year that kept us busy '' . FactCheck.org . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tweet ' 2009 Word of the Year , ' Google ' Word of the Decade , as voted by American Dialect Society '' ( PDF ) . American Dialect Society . January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Euthanasia Counseling '' . Snopes . August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Public Law 111 -- 148 , section 1312 : `` ... the only health plans that the Federal Government may make available to Members of Congress and congressional staff with respect to their service as a Member of Congress or congressional staff shall be health plans that are ( I ) created under this Act ( or an amendment made by this Act ) ; or ( II ) offered through an Exchange established under this Act ( or an amendment made by this Act ) . '' Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Congress Exempts Itself From Obamacare ! Or Something ! '' . New York . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Latest Obamacare Lie That Just Wo n't Die '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Bowers , Becky ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sen. Ted Cruz says Obama ' just granted all of Congress an exception ' to Obamacare '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Lori ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` Congress Exempt from Health Bill ? '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Viebeck , Elise ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Poll : Four in 10 think illegals are covered by Obama healthcare law '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Robert ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` The Democrats ' health care bills would provide ' free health care for illegal immigrants ' '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Once and Future Obamacare Death Spiral '' . Bloomberg . January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Insurers Participating in the Individual Health Insurance Marketplaces '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBO The Budget and Economic Outlook 2017 -- 2027 '' . CBO. 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obamacare and Labor Supply '' . New York Times . June 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Labor leaders ' letter to Harry Reid and Nancy Pelosi '' . The Washington Post . January 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Union Letter : Obamacare Will ' Destroy The Very Health and Wellbeing ' of Workers '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` States Are Focus of Effort to Foil Health Care Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Editorial Board ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` The Koch Party '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Conservatives ' Aggressive Ad Campaign Seeks to Cast Doubt on Health Law '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Conservatives Brace for the Possibility Obamacare Wo n't Totally Suck '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Michael Cannon ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` The Anti-Universal Coverage Club Manifesto '' . Cato Institute . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Health Care As a Privilege : What the GOP Wo n't Admit '' . New York . Jump up ^ Schoen , John W. ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's what 's coming from the Trump administration '' . CNBC . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Maggie ; Pear , Robert ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Trump Tells Congress to Repeal and Replace Health Care Law ' Very Quickly ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 54 : AFL - CIO Convention Resolution on the Affordable Care Act '' . AFL - CIO . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pradhan , Rachana ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Democratic governor : Obamacare ' no longer affordable ' for many '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Demko , Paul ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Democratic governor expresses regret over Obamacare comments , requests emergency relief for rate hikes '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Cauchi , Richard ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` State Legislation and Actions Challenging Certain Health Reforms '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Health Care Lawsuit Case Challenges '' . Independent Women 's Forum . November 26 , 2013 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` March 14 , 2012 Statement on Religious Freedom and HHS Mandate '' . United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodstein , Laurie ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Catholics File Suits on Contraceptive Coverage '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Taylor , Audrey ; Seanz , Arlette ; Levine , Mike ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Upholds Obamacare Subsidies , President Says ACA ' Is Here to Stay ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Haberkorn , Jennifer ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` House GOP wins Obamacare lawsuit '' . Politico . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sargent , Greg ( May 26 , 2017 ) , `` Trump 's latest tantrum will hurt hundreds of thousands of people . Here 's how . '' , The Washington Post , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ Somashekhar , Sandhya ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` States find new ways to resist health law '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Ornstein , Norm ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` The Unprecedented and Contemptible Attempts to Sabotage Obamacare '' . National Journal . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Missouri Citizens Face Obstacles to Coverage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Right 's Latest Scheme to Sabotage Obamacare '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Kliff , Sarah ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Inside the Obamacare Resistance '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Michael ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` GOP quick to release ' repeal ' bills '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status -- 112th Congress ( 2011 -- 2012 ) -- H.R. 2 '' . THOMAS . January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Final Vote Results for passage of Repealing the Job - Killing Health Care Law Act ( H.R. 2 ) '' . THOMAS . January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beutler , Brian ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Dems Press GOPers To Repeal Their Own Benefits Along With Health Care Law '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Motion to Waive All Applicable Budgetary Discipline Re : McConnell Amdt . No. 13 '' . U.S. Senate . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` House Passes Health Care Repeal 245 -- 189 '' . C - SPAN . January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boles , Corey ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Romney , GOP Pledge to Repeal Health Law '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` House Obamacare Repeal : Thirty - Third Time 's the Charm ? '' . ABC News . July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrea K. ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` House of representatives votes to repeal health reform for the 31st time '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deirdre Walsh ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` House votes - again - to repeal Obamacare '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Weisman ; Robert Pear ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` Partisan Gridlock Thwarts Effort to Alter Health Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . we can not use any of the normal tools to resolve ambiguities or fix problems Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` In Shift , Lobbyists Look for Bipartisan Support to Repeal a Tax '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare Still Not Collapsing '' . New York . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` What Defunding Health Reform Would Do '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Lori Montgomery ; Paul Kane ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Shutdown begins : Stalemate forces first U.S. government closure in 17 years '' . The Washington Post . Blake , Aaron ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` McCain : Efforts to repeal and defund Obamacare ' not rational ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beutler , Brian ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` New test could expose GOP 's pack of charlatans '' . Salon . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Tea Party to Republicans : Shut Down the Government , or You 're a Sellout '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Goddard , Teagan ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Blocking the Medicare Reform Board Wo n't Stop Reform '' . WonkWire.RollCall.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Save Donald '' . The New Republic . Cohn , Jonathan ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Meet The Don '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` The New Nullification : GOP v. Obama Nominees '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ; Pear , Robert ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Senate Takes Major Step Toward Repealing Health Care Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Senate to Move Forward on ObamaCare Repeal '' . Fox News Politics . 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , MJ ; Barrett , Ted ; LoBianco , Tom ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Senate Opens Obamacare Repeal Drive with Overnight Marathon '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Leigh Ann ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Senate Approves First Step Toward Repealing Obamacare in Late - Night Session '' . NBC News . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Golstein , Amy ; DeBonis , Mike ; Snell , Kelsey . `` House Republicans release long - awaited plan to repeal and replace Obamacare '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Push to Repeal Health Law Fails '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Republicans pass bill to repeal and replace Obamacare '' . CNN . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Republicans signal they plan to scrap bill the House just passed and write their own '' . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ; Pear , Robert ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Secrecy Surrounding Senate Health Bill Raises Alarms in Both Parties '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bump , Philip ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` The remarkable steps Republicans are taking to obscure what 's in their health - care bill '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarlin , Benjy ; Caldwell , Leigh Ann ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Senate 's Health Care Bill Remains Shrouded in Secrecy '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1628 , Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017 , discussion draft ERN17282 '' ( PDF ) . Senate Budget Committee . June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lauren Fox , MJ Lee , Phil Mattingly and Ted Barrett . `` McCain returns as Senate advances health bill '' . CNN . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Ezra ( July 28 , 2017 ) , The GOP 's massive health care failures , explained , Vox , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 Jump up ^ NYT - Steven Rattner - 2017 : The Year in Charts - December 29 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` American Healthcare Act Cost Estimate '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NYT - Edsall - Killing Obamacare Softly - July 27 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Coverage Gap : Uninsured Poor Adults in States that Do Not Expand Medicaid - October 19 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Vox - Sarah Kliff - CBO : Trump is making Obamacare premiums more expensive - September 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ NYT - Robert Pear - Marco Rubio Quietly Undermines Affordable Care Act - December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Politico - Trump Still Enforcing Obamacare Mandate - May 2017 Jump up ^ VOX - Sarah Kliff - Trump is slashing Obamacare 's advertising budget by 90 % - August 31 , 2017 Jump up ^ NYT - Editorial - Obamacare vs. the Saboteurs - November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Healthinsurance.org Ten Ways the GOP sabotaged Obamacare - May 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kodjak , Alison ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Halt In Subsidies For Health Insurers Expected To Drive Up Costs For Middle Class '' . NPR . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mulvihill , Geoff ; Kennedy , Kelli ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Many states , consumers alarmed by Trump 's health care order '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Dylan ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Obamacare premiums were stabilizing . Then Trump happened '' . Vox . Jump up ^ `` Sabotage Watch : Tracking Efforts to Undermine the ACA '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . Updated October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ; Haberman , Maggie ; Abelsonoct , Reed ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Trump to Scrap Critical Health Care Subsidies , Hitting Obamacare Again '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Kliff , Sarah ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sarah Kliff - Trump 's stance on insurance ' bailouts ' is completely incoherent '' Vox ... ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65 : 2017 to 2027 '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Effects of Terminating Payments for Cost - Sharing Reductions '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Town Hall , and a Health Care Model , in Green Bay '' . The White House Blog . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis . `` Barack Obama says that what he 'd said was you could keep your plan ' if it has n't changed since the law passed ' '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` After the big Obamacare apology : where things stand '' . CNN . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obama apologizes for insurance cancellations due to Obamacare '' . CNN . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Obama blames ' bad apple ' insurers for canceled coverage , Reuters.com , October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sealover , Ed ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Health insurers say they 're canceling plans because of federal law '' . Denver Business Journal . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lie of the Year : `` If you like your health care plan , you can keep it '' . Politifact . December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` The White House 's Website Still Says If You Like Your Plan You Can Keep It '' . Slate . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obamacare : The debacle '' . The Economist . November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obama apologizes to Americans who lost health plans '' . Fox News . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schoof , Renee ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Congress weighing laws to let people keep health insurance '' . McClatchyDC . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) '' . October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Enzi , Michael B. ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Health Care Reforrm Law 's Impact on Child - Only Health Insurance Policies '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 30 , 2012 ) . `` Supreme Court justices face important rulings in upcoming term September '' . The New York Times . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Status of State Action on the Medicaid Expansion Decision '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walton , Alice G. `` How To Explain The Obamacare Ruling To A Five - Year - Old '' . Forbes . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Cruel Blow to American Families '' . The New York Times . February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Not - So - Universal Health Care '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Mazur , Mark . `` Continuing to Implement the ACA in a Careful , Thoughtful Manner '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Madara , Matthew R. ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` ACA Employer Shared Responsibility Delay Included in Final Regs '' . Tax Notes Today . 2014 TNT 28 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Kelly ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` White House claims success on HealthCare.gov repairs '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Tom ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Rough Obamacare rollout : 4 reasons why '' . CNN . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holland , Steve ; Rampton , Roberta ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Senate Democrats frustrated with botched rollout of Obamacare '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Reuters . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alonso - Zaldivar , Ricardo ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Probe exposes flaws behind HealthCare.gov rollout '' . AP News . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burwell v. Hobby Lobby , 573 U.S. ( United States Supreme Court 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Tracer , Zachary . `` Obamacare Sign - Ups Decline to 10.2 Million as Some Do n't Pay '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` December 31 , 2015 Effectuated Enrollment Snapshot '' . cms.gov . March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ COOK , NANCY ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` How the White House lost on the Cadillac Tax '' . Politico . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supplemental Survey Report : Empire State Manufacturing Survey / Business Leaders Survey Firms Assess Effects of Affordable Care Act '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2016 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Anna Wilde ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Aetna to Drop Some Affordable Care Act Markets '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ip , Greg ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` The Unstable Economics in Obama 's Health Law '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana to Expand Medicaid : Outlook for the States in 2016 '' . Families USA . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Affordable Care Act signups dip amid uncertainty and Trump attacks '' . NYT . February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Victor ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` IRS weakens enforcement of Obamacare individual mandate : Report '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` House Passes Bill to Repeal Obamacare : Live Updates '' . WSJ . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Reid J. ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` Analyst Sees Danger for House Republicans After Health Bill Vote '' . WSJ . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Elizabeth ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Senate 's Tax Bill Eliminates the Individual Mandate for Health Insurance . Here 's What You Need to Know '' . Money . Jump up ^ Thomas Kaplan and Robert Pear. `` 2 Senators Strike Deal on Health Subsidies That Trump Cut Off '' . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` CBO says Trump 's Obamacare sabotage would cost $194 billion , drive up premiums 20 % '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` : 5 '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` KaiserMLR '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Further reading Barr , Donald A. ( 2011 ) . Introduction to U.S. Health Policy : The Organization , Financing , and Delivery of Health Care in America . JHU Press . ISBN 9781421402185 . CCH ( 2010 ) . Law , Explanation and Analysis of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act : Including Reconciliation Act Impact . CCH Incorporated . ISBN 9780808022879 . 1183pp Feldman , Arthur M. ( 2011 ) . Understanding Health Care Reform : Bridging the Gap Between Myth and Reality . CRC Press . ISBN 9781439879481 . Jacobs , Lawrence R. ; Skocpol , Theda ( 2010 ) . Health Care Reform and American Politics . Oxford U.P. ISBN 9780199781423 . McDonough , John E. ( August 2 , 2011 ) . Inside National Health Reform . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520270190 . Brill , Steven ( January 5 , 2015 ) . America 's Bitter Pill : Money , Politics , Back - Room Deals , and the Fight to Fix Our Broken Healthcare System . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0812996951 . Heavey , Susan ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Repealing healthcare law would cost $210 bln : CBO '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . `` Letter to the Honorable John Boehner providing an estimate for H.R. 6079 , the Repeal of Obamacare Act '' . Congressional Budget Office . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . `` An Analysis of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act '' . Cbo.gov . November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . `` Analysis Of A Permanent Prohibition On Implementing The Major Health Care Legislation Enacted In March 2010 '' . Congressional Budget Office . May 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Glied , Sherry ( December 2013 ) . `` How States Stand to Gain or Lose Federal Funds by Opting In or Out of the Medicaid Expansion '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Fund . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . `` Paternalism 2.0 '' . The Economist . August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Trish Riley ; Jane Hyatt Thorpe . `` Multi-State Plans Under the Affordable Care Act '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University Medical Center , Department of Health Policy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 26 , 2013 . `` Beyond the pledges : Where the states stand on Medicaid '' . The Advisory Board Company . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Sarah Kliff ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` Florida rejects Medicaid expansion , leaves 1 million uninsured '' . The Washington Post ( WP5513 ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Preliminary CBO documents Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act , Incorporating The Manager 's Amendment , December 19 , 2009 Effects Of The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act On The Federal Budget And The Balance In The Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( December 23 , 2009 ) Estimated Effect Of The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act ( Incorporating The Manager 's Amendment ) On The Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( December 23 , 2009 ) Base Analysis -- H.R. 3590 , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , November 18 , 2009 . ( The additional and / or related CBO reporting that follows can be accessed from the above link ) Estimated Distribution Of Individual Mandate Penalties ( November 20 , 2009 ) Estimated Effects On Medicare Advantage Enrollment And Benefits Not Covered By Medicare ( November 21 , 2009 ) Estimated Effects On The Status Of The Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( November 21 , 2009 ) Estimated Average Premiums Under Current Law ( December 5 , 2009 ) Additional Information About Employment - Based Coverage ( December 7 , 2009 ) Budgetary Treatment Of Proposals To Regulate Medical Loss Ratios ( December 13 , 2009 ) CMS estimates of the impact of P.L. 111 - 148 Estimated Financial Effects of the `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' , as Amended. April 22 , 2010 . Estimated Effects of the `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' , as Amended , on the Year of Exhaustion for the Part A Trust Fund , Part B Premiums , and Part A and Part B Coinsurance Amounts. April 22 , 2010 . CMS estimates of the impact of H.R. 3590 Estimated Financial Effects of the `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2009 '' , as Proposed by the Senate Majority Leader on November 18 , 2009 . December 10 , 2009 . Estimated Effects of the `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' on the Year of Exhaustion for the Part A Trust Fund , Part B Premiums , and Part A and Part B Coinsurance Amounts . December 10 , 2009 . Senate Finance Committee meetings Senate Finance Committee Hearings for the 111th Congress recorded by C - SPAN ; also available from Finance.Senate.Gov ( accessed April 1 , 2012 ) . External links Find more aboutPatient Protection and Affordable Care Actat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource PPACA text Codification in U.S. Code is generally at 42 U.S.C. 18001 et sqq . To read it , start at GPO FDsys by selecting , in the Year menu , the most recent year that lists Title 42 . In Title 42 , seek section 18001 and subsequent sections . Public Law 111 -- 148 after consolidating the amendments made by PPACA Title X and by HCERA . Full text , summary , background , provisions and more , via Democratic Policy Committee ( Senate.gov ) Public Law 111 -- 148 U.S. Government Printing Office ( hide ) Affordable Care Act Key articles Affordable Care Act ( Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 ) Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Health insurance marketplace Contraceptives mandate Executive Order 13535 Provisions Essential health benefits Physician Payments Sunshine Act Authority for Mandate Delay Act ( H.R. 2667 ; 113th Congress ) Contraceptive mandate ( United States ) Patient - Centered Outcomes Research Institute Constitutional challenges Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius Coons v. Geithner Health insurance marketplaces HealthCare.gov , an option for all states AR ( Arkansas Health Connector ) CA ( Covered California ) CO ( Connect for Health Colorado ) CT ( Access Health CT ) DC ( DC Health Link ) HI ( Hawaii Health Connector ) ID ( Your Health Idaho ) IL ( Illinois Health Benefits Exchange ) KY ( Kynect ) MD ( Maryland Health Connection ) MA ( Health Insurance Connector ) MN ( MNsure ) NV ( Nevada Health Link ) NM ( New Mexico Health Insurance Exchange ) NY ( NY State of Health ) OR ( Cover Oregon ) RI ( HealthSource RI ) VT ( Vermont Health Connect ) WA ( Washington Healthplanfinder ) Federal insurance exchange HealthCare.gov Other reform proposals from the 111th Congress Affordable Health Care for America Act America 's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 America 's Healthy Future Act Healthy Americans Act United States National Health Care Act See also Health care reform in the United States Medicaid Medicare SCHIP BNF : cb167251274 ( data ) GND : 1044012161 LCCN : no2010066448 VIAF : 176500123 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act&oldid=841734355 '' Categories : Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 111th United States Congress 2009 in American politics 2009 in American law 2010 in American politics 2010 in American law Controversies in the United States Excises Healthcare reform legislation in the United States Internal Revenue Code Internal Revenue Service Presidency of Barack Obama United States federal health legislation Omnibus legislation Acts of the 111th United States Congress Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting Pages with login required references or sources All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with dead external links from March 2018 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2013 Use American English from July 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2017 All articles needing style editing All Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikisource Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 18 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the affordable healthcare act go into effect | [
"The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, often shortened to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or nicknamed Obamacare, is a United States federal statute enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. The term \"Obamacare\" was first used by opponents, then reappropriated by supporters, and eventually used by President Obama himself.[1] Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 amendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965.[2][3][4][5]"
] | [
"March 23, 2010"
] |
1133697645239812050 | List of Vice-Presidents of India | List of Vice-Presidents of India - wikipedia List of Vice-Presidents of India India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Vice-Presidents of India ( by state of birth ) The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the Indian Government after the President . In accordance with Article 65 of the Indian Constitution , the Vice-President discharges the functions of the President when a contingency arises due to the resignation , removal , death or the inability of the President to discharge his functions . He is also the ex officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament of India . The Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of all the members of both houses of the Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote via a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission of India . Once elected the Vice President continues in office for a five - year term , but can continue in office irrespective of the expiry of the term , until a successor assumes office . The Vice President can be removed by a resolution passed by an effective majority in the Rajya Sabha . There have been 13 vice-president , since the inception of the post in 1950 . The first Vice-president of India took oath at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 13 May 1952 On 11 August 2017 Venkaiah Naidu was sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India , thus becoming the 13th person to hold the office . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 Footnotes and References 4 External links List ( edit ) The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India , following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950 . Some of whom later became presidents . Colour key Vice President was an Independent candidate Vice President was an candidate of Indian National Congress ( INC ) Vice President was an candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) Vice President was an candidate of the Janata Dal ( JD ) No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Elected ( % votes ) Took office Left office Term ( in years ) Notes President ( s ) Candidate of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) 1952 ( Unopposed ) 1957 ( Unopposed ) 13 May 1952 12 May 1962 10 Radhakrishnan was a prominent scholar . Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college . He served as the Vice-President for two terms . Rajendra Prasad Independent Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) 1962 ( 97.59 ) 13 May 1962 12 May 1967 5 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Independent Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) 1967 ( 71.45 ) 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain Independent Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1896 -- 1982 ) 1969 -- 31 August 1969 30 August 1974 5 Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 ) Independent 5 Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1912 -- 2002 ) ( 78.70 ) 31 August 1974 30 August 1979 5 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Indian National Congress 6 Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1905 -- 1992 ) 1979 ( Unopposed ) 31 August 1979 30 August 1984 5 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Giani Zail Singh ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Independent 7 Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 1984 ( 71.05 ) 31 August 1984 24 July 1987 Giani Zail Singh Indian National Congress 8 Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) ( Unopposed ) 3 September 1987 24 July 1992 5 Ramaswamy Venkataraman Indian National Congress 9 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) 1992 ( 99.86 ) 21 August 1992 24 July 1997 5 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress 10 Krishan Kant ( 1927 -- 2002 ) 1997 ( 61.76 ) 21 August 1997 27 July 2002 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 2002 ) Janata Dal 11 Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 1923 -- 2010 ) 2002 ( 59.82 ) 19 August 2002 21 July 2007 5 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Bharatiya Janata Party 12 Mohammad Hamid Ansari ( 1937 -- ) 2007 ( 60.51 ) 2012 ( 67.31 ) 11 August 2007 11 August 2017 10 Pratibha Patil ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Pranab Mukherjee ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Ram Nath Kovind ( 2017 ) Indian National Congress 13 Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( 1949 -- ) 2017 ( 67.89 ) 11 August 2017 Incumbent -- Ram Nath Kovind Bharatiya Janata Party Notes † Died in office Timeline See also ( edit ) Vice-President of India President of India List of Presidents of India List of Prime Ministers of India Footnotes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VPI & Constitution Vice President of India Government of India '' . vicepresidentofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Media Division , Election Commission of India . `` Background information of Vice Presidential election for 2012 '' ( PDF ) . eci.nic.in . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . PTI. 2017 - 08 - 11 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ List of Presidents / Vice Presidents Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Vice-President of India ( official website ) hide Vice-presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1979 1984 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vice-Presidents_of_India&oldid=847121584 '' Categories : Lists of vice presidents Vice-Presidents of India Lists of political office - holders in India Lists relating to the Indian presidency Lists of legislative speakers in India Vice presidents Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 03 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the first vice president of india who became the president later | [
"\n\n\n№\n\nName(birth–death)\n\nPortrait\n\nElected(% votes)\n\nTook office\n\nLeft office\n\nTerm (in years)\n\nNotes\n\nPresident(s)\n\nCandidate of\n\n\n1\n\nSarvepalli Radhakrishnan(1888–1975)\n\n\n\n1952(Unopposed)\n\n1957(Unopposed)\n\n\n13 May 1952\n\n12 May 1962\n\n10\n\nRadhakrishnan was a prominent scholar. Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college. He served as the Vice-President for two terms.\n\nRajendra Prasad\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n2\n\nZakir Husain (1897–1969)\n\n\n\n1962(97.59)\n\n13 May 1962\n\n12 May 1967\n\n5\n\n\n\nSarvepalli Radhakrishnan\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n3\n\nVarahagiri Venkata Giri (1894–1980)\n\n\n\n1967(71.45)\n\n13 May 1967\n\n3 May 1969\n\n2\n\n\n\nZakir Husain\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n4\n\nGopal Swarup Pathak (1896–1982)\n\n\n\n1969—\n\n31 August 1969\n\n30 August 1974\n\n5\n\n\n\nVarahagiri Venkata Giri (1969–1974)\n\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974)\n\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n5\n\nBasappa Danappa Jatti (1912–2002)\n\n\n\n1974(78.70)\n\n31 August 1974\n\n30 August 1979\n\n5\n\n\n\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974–1977) \n Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977–1979)\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n6\n\nMohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992)\n\n\n\n1979(Unopposed)\n\n31 August 1979\n\n30 August 1984\n\n5\n\n\n\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy (1979–1982) \n Giani Zail Singh (1982–1984)\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n7\n\nRamaswamy Venkataraman (1910–2009)\n\n\n\n1984(71.05)\n\n31 August 1984\n\n24 July 1987\n\n3\n\n\n\nGiani Zail Singh\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n8\n\nShankar Dayal Sharma (1918–1999)\n\n\n\n1987(Unopposed)\n\n3 September 1987\n\n24 July 1992\n\n5\n\n\n\nRamaswamy Venkataraman\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n9\n\nKocheril Raman Narayanan (1920–2005)\n\n\n\n1992(99.86)\n\n21 August 1992\n\n24 July 1997\n\n5\n\n\n\nShankar Dayal Sharma\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n10\n\nKrishan Kant(1927–2002)\n\n\n\n1997(61.76)\n\n21 August 1997\n\n27 July 2002\n\n4\n\n\n\nKocheril Raman Narayanan (1997–2002)\n A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2002)\n\n \n\nJanata Dal\n\n\n11\n\nBhairon Singh Shekhawat (1923–2010)\n\n\n\n2002(59.82)\n\n19 August 2002\n\n21 July 2007\n\n5\n\n\n\nA. P. J. Abdul Kalam\n\n \n\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\n12\n\nMohammad Hamid Ansari (1937–)\n\n\n\n2007(60.51)\n2012(67.31)\n\n11 August 2007\n\n11 August 2017\n\n10\n\n\n\nPratibha Patil (2007–2012)\n Pranab Mukherjee (2012–2017)\n Ram Nath Kovind (2017)\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n13\n\nMuppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu (1949–)\n\n\n\n2017(67.89)\n\n11 August 2017\n\nIncumbent\n\n—\n\n\n\nRam Nath Kovind\n\n \n\nBharatiya Janata Party\n"
] | [
"Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan"
] |
5547612561402793072 | A Very Brady Christmas | A Very Brady Christmas - wikipedia A Very Brady Christmas Jump to : navigation , search A Very Brady Christmas Genre Comedy - drama Written by Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz Directed by Peter Baldwin Starring Robert Reed Florence Henderson Ann B. Davis Barry Williams Maureen McCormick Christopher Knight Eve Plumb Mike Lookinland Jennifer Runyon Theme music composer Frank De Vol ( main title ) Composer ( s ) Laurence Juber Country of origin United States Production Executive producer ( s ) Sherwood Schwartz Producer ( s ) Lloyd J. Schwartz Barry Berg Cinematography Isidore Mankofsky Editor ( s ) Steve Shultz Running time 100 minutes Production company ( s ) The Sherwood Schwartz Company Paramount Television Release Original network CBS Original release December 18 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 18 ) Chronology Preceded by The Brady Brides Followed by The Bradys Related shows The Brady Bunch A Very Brady Christmas is a 1988 American made - for - television comedy - drama film starring the original cast members of the 1969 -- 1974 sitcom The Brady Bunch , with the exception of Susan Olsen , who was on her honeymoon at the time of filming and was replaced by Jennifer Runyon in the role of Cindy . Ron Kuhlman and Jerry Houser both reprised their characters from the short - lived 1981 sitcom The Brady Brides . A Very Brady Christmas premiered on CBS on December 18 , 1988 and was the highest - rated television film of 1988 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Impact 4 Video release 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Mike and Carol Brady have a savings account , which both spouses planned to use to bankroll a vacation for the other ; Carol wanted to take Mike to Greece , while Mike wanted to treat Carol to a trip to Japan . When they realize their ideas collide , they use the money to try to reunite the entire family for Christmas by paying for airline tickets for their children , grandchildren and their in - laws . Mike and Carol are also thinking of selling the house to buy a smaller condo as they are now empty nesters who no longer need such a large home . However , all of the Brady kids are facing personal obstacles that might keep them from enjoying the festivities : Greg 's wife Nora is spending Christmas with her family ; Peter is romantically involved with his boss Valerie and his inferior position and salary is affecting his self - confidence ; Bobby has dropped out of college to become a race car driver but has not revealed this to his parents ; Marcia 's husband Wally was fired from his job at a toy company ; Jan is separating from her husband Philip and Cindy is fighting for her independence since she is the youngest and still gets treated like the baby of the family . Cindy is currently a college undergraduate and in an issue similar to Bobby 's , Cindy lies to her parents about overwhelming college student issues , when in actuality she plans to go skiing in Aspen with her roommates . Even their former housekeeper Alice is dealing with a serious issue : her husband Sam has recently left her for another woman . Through each child deciding to spend the holiday and eventually opening up about their issues , Mike and Carol are able to help them out . Nora arrives to surprise Greg . However , the family 's Christmas dinner is disrupted when Mike learns that a ruthless businessman he designed a building for has cut corners , resulting in the building collapsing and trapping two security guards inside . Mike manages to free the trapped employees , but an aftershock results in Mike getting trapped in rubble himself . In the end , Mike gets out of the debris after Carol and the entire family sings `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' ( a nod to Carol singing it in the original series ' episode `` The Voice of Christmas '' ) . After returning home , the family 's dinner is again interrupted , this time by a man at the door dressed as Santa Claus . The kids ask where his bag of presents is , but he tells them that he only has one present , for Alice ; it turns out to be Sam , in disguise , who has seen the error of his ways and pleads for Alice 's forgiveness . After she takes Sam back , the family invites him to stay for dinner , and the film ends with everyone singing a chorus of `` We Wish You a Merry Christmas '' . Cast ( edit ) Robert Reed as Mike Brady Florence Henderson as Carol Brady Ann B. Davis as Alice Nelson - Franklin Barry Williams as Dr. Greg Brady Maureen McCormick as Marcia Brady - Logan Christopher Knight as Peter Brady Eve Plumb as Jan Brady - Covington Mike Lookinland as Bobby Brady Jennifer Runyon as Cindy Brady Lewis Arquette as Sam Franklin , Alice 's husband Jerry Houser as Wally Logan , Marcia 's husband Carol Huston as Valerie Thomas , Peter 's fiancée Ron Kuhlman as Philip Covington III , Jan 's husband Caryn Richman as Nora Brady , Greg 's wife Zachary Bostrom as Kevin Brady , Greg and Nora 's son Jackie Bernstein as Jessica Logan , Marcia and Wally 's daughter G.W. Lee as Mickey Logan , Marcia and Wally 's son Impact ( edit ) When the movie first aired , it was the highest rated TV movie of the season with a 25.1 rating and a 39 share but ultimately finished as the second highest rated TV movie of the season . Thanks in large part to the movie 's success , CBS and Sherwood Schwartz created a new television series in 1990 , The Bradys , based on the characters ' adult lives ; only six episodes were produced . However , since the tone of the new series dealt with adult issues the former Brady kids had to deal with , it was nicknamed `` Brady - something '' , after the TV Show Thirtysomething which dealt with similar issues . After The Bradys was cancelled , two theatrical films were made later in the 1990s : The Brady Bunch Movie in 1995 , and A Very Brady Sequel in 1996 . A second sequel , The Brady Bunch in the White House , aired as a made - for - television film on Fox in 2002 . Video release ( edit ) A Very Brady Christmas was released on VHS by Paramount Home Video in 1993 and has long been out of print . On April 3 , 2007 , the film was included as a bonus feature on The Brady Bunch : The Complete Series 21 - disc DVD set by CBS and Paramount . CBS / Paramount has announced that A Very Brady Christmas will finally be released as a stand - alone DVD on October 10 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) The Brady Bunch The Bradys 1980s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ She 's all grown up now ! The Brady Bunch 's Susan Olsen , 53 , touches down in Sydney for the Supanova Pop Culture Expo DailyMail , Retrieved September 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Brady reunion a ratings gift for CBS '' . Toronto Star . December 21 , 1988 . p. C. 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( December 22 , 1989 ) . `` ' Brady ' movie rerun promotes new movie '' . Times - News . p. C. 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Faye ( February 9 , 1990 ) . `` Feel - good family returns '' . Star - News . p. 5D . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bradys ' Are Back with a Bigger Bunch '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . February 9 , 1990 . p . D01 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` A Very Brady Bunch ` Bradysomething ' '' . Deseret News . February 9 , 1990 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Wertheimer , Ron ( November 29 , 2002 ) . `` Television in Review ; ' The Brady Bunch in the White House ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch -- The Complete Series ( Seasons 1 -- 5 + Shag Carpet Cover ) ( 1969 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved Feb 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch - Ho ! Ho ! Ho ! It 's ' A Very Brady Christmas ' on DVD ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . External links ( edit ) A Very Brady Christmas on IMDb ( hide ) The Brady Bunch Characters Episodes TV series & reunions The Brady Bunch ( 1969 -- 74 ) The Brady Kids ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Brady Bunch Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Brady Girls Get Married / The Brady Brides ( 1981 ) A Very Brady Christmas ( 1988 ) The Bradys ( 1990 ) Growing Up Brady ( 2000 ) The Brady Bunch 35th Anniversary Reunion Special : Still Brady After All These Years ( 2004 ) Books Growing Up Brady : I Was A Teenage Greg ( 1992 ) Here 's the Story : Surviving Marcia Brady ( 2008 ) Love to Love You Bradys : The Bizarre Story of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour ( 2009 ) Music Merry Christmas from The Brady Bunch ( 1970 ) `` Time to Change '' ( 1972 ) `` It 's a Sunshine Day '' ( 1973 ) It 's a Sunshine Day : The Best of The Brady Bunch ( 1993 ) Film series The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) The Brady Bunch in the White House ( 2002 ) Related shows Mission : Magic ! My Fair Brady `` Sunshine Days '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Very_Brady_Christmas&oldid=805013098 '' Categories : 1988 films 1988 television films American television films American films American Christmas films Christmas television films Films based on television series Paramount Pictures films Reunion films The Brady Bunch films English - language films Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 14 : 26 . About Wikipedia | who played cindy brady in a very brady christmas | [
"A Very Brady Christmas is a 1988 American made-for-television comedy-drama film starring the original cast members of the 1969–1974 sitcom The Brady Bunch, with the exception of Susan Olsen, who was on her honeymoon at the time of filming and was replaced by Jennifer Runyon in the role of Cindy.[1] Ron Kuhlman and Jerry Houser both reprised their characters from the short-lived 1981 sitcom The Brady Brides."
] | [
"Jennifer Runyon"
] |
7024880683351198488 | Minstrel Krampus | Minstrel Krampus - wikipedia Minstrel Krampus Jump to : navigation , search `` Minstrel Krampus '' American Dad ! episode Episode no . Season 10 Episode 8 Directed by Josue Cervantes Written by Murray Miller Judah Miller Production code 7AJN19 Original air date December 15 , 2013 Guest appearance ( s ) Daran Norris as Jack Smith Danny Glover as Minstrel Krampus ( spoken voice ) Charles Bradley as Minstrel Krampus ( singing voice ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Faking Bad '' Next → `` Vision : Impossible '' American Dad ! ( season 10 ) List of American Dad ! episodes `` Minstrel Krampus '' is the eighth episode of the tenth season and the 160th overall episode of the animated comedy series American Dad ! . It aired on Fox in the United States on December 15 , 2013 , and is written by Murray Miller and Judah Miller and directed by Josue Cervantes . In the hip - hop parody of Beauty and the Beast , a notorious Christmas demon known as Minstrel Krampus kidnaps a bratty Steve , so Stan and Roger must travel to Bavaria to save him with the help of Stan 's estranged father . Meanwhile , Hayley takes a job at the airport to get her family Christmas presents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) It starts with a book with the narrator eventually saying that children are at their worst at that time , because they have figured out that they 'll still get what they want regardless of how they behave . We see the family go shopping at the toy store . When Francine rejects a toy that Steve wants and complains -- even slapping Stan in the face -- saying , `` I 'm a bad boy and I get what I want '' , before getting all the toys he wants . He then breaks out in a song singing that he is `` Bad Bad Boy '' . Stan and Francine then visit their Stan 's dad to teach Steve a lesson . So he tells the legend of Krampus which Steve disbelieves in and Stan about him being in a pot and leaves . Then Klaus tell Hayley what she got for the family which Hayley say `` not yet '' and sings a song about picking the perfect gift . She then finds Roger at a bar and asked him for something which roger already did . It then cuts to Stan opening the jar which Krampus escapes from and kidnaps Steve . Now its cuts to Stan telling his dad about him releasing Krampus . He then release him and he tells Stan where he is when at that point he ditches Stan and drives off . Then Krampus take Steve to a jail cell where he eventually sings a song about his legacy . Then he says what pain is and continues until he scolds Steve and leaves . Back at the house Stan tells Roger about the problem and that only Jack knows where but he took off . And says Santa hates him going back to Season 7 Episode 8 clip when he charges for Spence . Roger eventually take Stan to the north pole where Santa lives and asked for his help when Santa accepts only if they help him kill Krampus . It then cuts to a talking roll of toilet paper talking to Steve then a plunger , a tea pot , and a toilet . They then tell him that Krampus is not bad and to bring him to him when he reveals that he wanted to apologize to Jack for not beating up and instead eats his great great grandmother 's strudel . Steve tells him that everyone makes mistakes and what 's important is he 's back . Now Stan , Roger , and Santa go on their journey to kill Krampus with 3 kids following . Then we see Jack complain about his delayed flight to Jamaica and he finds Hayley who sings a Jamaican version about getting the perfect gift , which makes Jack change his flight to Bavaria to save his grandson . It cuts to Steve apologizing to Krampus for being a jerk and Krampus thanking him for reminding him of what he does . Finally it cuts to Steve , Santa , and those 3 kids killing all the inanimate objects while Roger watches and Steve begs them to stop . Santa then successfully kills Krampus and reveals that he is the bad guy . Then Santa tries to kill Stan when Jack takes the bullet and his ski impales Santa giving Stan enough time to get the gun . Santa then throws a knife which lodges in the wall with it saying `` I 'm dying '' and then Santa retreats . Jack then Tells Stan that he realizes the importance of family saying he 's proud of Stan and that the world needs a guy like Krampus before he dies . His and Krampus ' blood come together and Krampus soul goes to Jack 's body and becomes Krampus . Stan and Krampus talk until Krampus have to leave . He leaves and says `` better be nice or I 'll beat you until blood comes out your ears and eyes '' and wishing us a merry Christmas before saying `` and also your ass '' . This ends the tale and the end of the book ending the episode . Production ( edit ) The episode was originally scheduled to air on December 16 , 2012 , but was replaced by a repeat of `` Wheels & the Legman and the Case of Grandpa 's Key '' out of sensitivity for the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting . To compensate for this , they aired the episode `` National Treasure 4 : Baby Franny : She 's Doing Well : The Hole Story '' on December 23 , 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Kevin McFarland of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A − , saying `` I loved pretty much every part of this . The Hayley plot provides enough simple laughs before basically trailing off into nothing . Francine has very little to do outside of getting verbally abused by Steve . But Stan 's interactions with his father and Santa , and mostly Steve growing into the Belle role and Krampus as a soulful , James Brown-esque Beast ( sung by Charles Bradley ) was the best part of this Christmas special . It 's not my favorite that the show has ever done , but it 's yet another example that American Dad knows how to do Christmas episodes that stand out during the season more than any other program on television . '' The episode was watched by a total of 5.00 million people , this made it the fourth most watched show on Animation Domination that night , losing to Bob 's Burgers , Family Guy and The Simpsons with 8.48 million . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American Dad ! Episode Guide 2013 Season 9 - Minstrel Krampus , Episode 8 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Fox pulls new episodes of ' Family Guy ' and ' American Dad ' after shooting '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` School Shooting : ' Family Guy , ' ' American Dad ' Originals Replaced With Repeats '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) . `` American Dad : `` Minstrel Krampus '' `` . Avclub.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for ' Revenge ' or ' Survivor ' '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2013 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . External links ( edit ) `` Minstrel Krampus '' on IMDb `` Minstrel Krampus '' at TV.com ( hide ) American Dad ! Characters Stan Smith Francine Smith Steve Smith Hayley Smith Roger Klaus Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` All About Steve '' `` Stan of Arabia : Part 1 '' `` Stan of Arabia : Part 2 '' `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' `` Finances with Wolves '' Season 3 `` Camp Refoogee '' `` The American Dad After School Special '' `` Lincoln Lover '' Season 4 `` The Vacation Goo '' `` Surro-Gate '' `` Tearjerker '' Season 5 `` The One That Got Away '' `` Pulling Double Booty '' Season 6 `` In Country ... Club '' `` Moon Over Isla Island '' `` My Morning Straitjacket '' `` G - String Circus '' `` Rapture 's Delight '' `` Do n't Look a Smith Horse in the Mouth '' `` Cops and Roger '' `` Bully for Steve '' Season 7 `` Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls '' `` Stan 's Food Restaurant '' `` White Rice '' `` For Whom the Sleigh Bell Tolls '' `` Fart - Break Hotel '' `` Stanny Boy and Frantastic '' `` A Piñata Named Desire '' `` You Debt Your Life '' `` I Am the Walrus '' `` Jenny Fromdabloc '' `` Home Wrecker '' `` Flirting with Disaster '' Season 8 `` Hot Water '' `` Hurricane ! '' `` A Ward Show '' `` Virtual In - Stanity '' `` The Scarlett Getter '' `` Ricky Spanish '' `` Toy Whorey '' Season 9 `` National Treasure 4 : Baby Franny : She 's Doing Well : The Hole Story '' `` The Missing Kink '' `` Lost in Space '' `` Da Flippity Flop '' Season 10 `` Minstrel Krampus '' Season 11 `` Blagsnarst , a Love Story '' Season 12 Season 13 ' `` The Two Hundred ' '' Season 14 Related Night of the Hurricane Family Guy The Cleveland Show Animation Domination Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel_Krampus&oldid=825306583 '' Categories : 2013 American television episodes American Dad ! ( season 10 ) episodes Christmas television episodes Krampus in popular culture Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 17 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what episode of american dad is krampus on | [
"\"Minstrel Krampus\" is the eighth episode of the tenth season and the 160th overall episode of the animated comedy series American Dad!. It aired on Fox in the United States on December 15, 2013, and is written by Murray Miller and Judah Miller and directed by Josue Cervantes.[1]"
] | [
"the eighth episode of the tenth season"
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-6748401676756470430 | FIFA World Cup hosts | FIFA World Cup hosts - wikipedia FIFA World Cup hosts Logo of FIFA Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2018 . Dark green : twice ; middle green : once ; light green : planned until 2022 Seventeen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition 's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930 . The organization at first awarded hosting to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments , given the three - week boat journey between South America and Europe , the two centers of strength in football at the time . The decision to hold the first cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these , the 1938 FIFA World Cup , in France was controversial , as the South American countries had been led to understand that the World Cup would rotate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the tournament . The first tournament following World War II , held in Brazil in 1950 , had three teams withdraw for either financial problems or disagreements with the organization . To avoid any future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternation between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Asia . The system evolved so that the host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Congress . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The decision is currently made roughly seven years in advance of the tournament , though the hosts for the 2022 tournament were chosen at the same time as those for the 2018 tournament . Only Mexico , Italy , France , Germany ( West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup ) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions . Mexico City 's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals . Only the 2002 FIFA World Cup had more than one host , being split between Japan and South Korea . Upon the selection of Canada -- Mexico -- United States bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup , the tournament will be the first to be hosted by more than two countries . Mexico becomes the first country to host three men 's World Cups and its Estadio Azteca , should it be selected , will become the first stadium to stage three World Cup tournaments . Contents 1 List of hosts 2 Results of hosts 3 1930 FIFA World Cup 4 1934 FIFA World Cup 5 1938 FIFA World Cup 6 Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 7 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups 7.1 1950 bid 7.2 1954 bid 8 1958 FIFA World Cup 9 1962 FIFA World Cup 10 1966 FIFA World Cup 11 1970 FIFA World Cup 12 1974 , 1978 , 1982 FIFA World Cups 12.1 1974 results 12.2 1978 results 12.3 1982 results 13 1986 FIFA World Cup 14 1990 FIFA World Cup 15 1994 FIFA World Cup 16 1998 FIFA World Cup 17 2002 FIFA World Cup 18 2006 FIFA World Cup 18.1 Controversy 19 2010 FIFA World Cup 19.1 Controversy 20 2014 FIFA World Cup 21 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups 22 2026 FIFA World Cup 23 2030 FIFA World Cup 24 2034 FIFA World Cup 25 Total bids by country 26 Host country performances 27 Notes 28 References 29 External links List of hosts ( edit ) Year Host Continent Winner 1930 Uruguay South America Uruguay 1934 Italy Europe Italy 1938 France Europe Italy 1942 Cancelled because of World War II * 1946 Cancelled because of World War II 1950 Brazil South America Uruguay 1954 Switzerland Europe Germany 1958 Sweden Europe Brazil 1962 Chile South America Brazil 1966 England Europe England 1970 Mexico North America Brazil Germany Europe Germany 1978 Argentina South America Argentina 1982 Spain Europe Italy 1986 Mexico North America Argentina 1990 Italy Europe Germany 1994 United States North America Brazil 1998 France Europe France 2002 Japan South Korea Asia Brazil 2006 Germany Europe Italy South Africa Africa Spain 2014 Brazil South America Germany 2018 Russia Europe France 2022 Qatar Asia 2026 Canada Mexico United States North America 2030 TBD 2034 TBD 2038 TBD 1 . In the year 1942 , Germany was expected to be the host country , but because of the World War II , the World Cup was cancelled . Results of hosts ( edit ) Except 1934 , host nations are granted an automatic spot in the World Cup group stages . The first host ever to fail to advance past the first round was South Africa in 2010 . denotes the best result in the team 's history , - the best result at the time of the competition ( improved later ) . No . Year Host nation Finish 1930 Uruguay Champions 1934 Italy Champions 1938 France Quarter - final ‡ -- 1942 Germany ( expected ) Tournament is canceled due to World War II -- 1946 Tournament canceled , during the World War II 1950 Brazil Runners - up 5 1954 Switzerland Quarter - final † 6 1958 Sweden Runners - up 7 1962 Chile Third place 8 1966 England Champions 9 1970 Mexico Quarter - final † 10 West Germany Champions 11 1978 Argentina Champions 12 1982 Spain Round 2 ( Top 12 ) ( Format was different from other cups . ) 13 1986 Mexico Quarter - final † 14 1990 Italy Third place 15 1994 United States Round of 16 16 1998 France Champions 17 2002 South Korea Fourth place Japan Round of 16 † 18 2006 Germany Third place 19 South Africa Group stage 20 2014 Brazil Fourth place 21 2018 Russia Quarter - final 22 2022 Qatar TBD 23 2026 Canada TBD Mexico TBD United States TBD 1930 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Bids : Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay Before the FIFA Congress could vote on the first - ever World Cup host , a series of withdrawals led to the election of Uruguay . The Netherlands and Hungary withdrew , followed by Sweden withdrawing in favour of Italy . Then both Italy and Spain withdrew , in favour of the only remaining candidate , Uruguay . The FIFA Congress met in Barcelona , Spain on 18 May 1929 to ratify the decision , and Uruguay was chosen without a vote . Results : Uruguay Italy withdrew Spain withdrew Sweden withdrew Netherlands withdrew Hungary withdrew Notice that the celebration of the first World Cup coincided with the centennial anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay . For that reason , the main stadium built in Montevideo for the World Cup was named Estadio Centenario . 1934 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1934 FIFA World Cup Bids : Italy Sweden Sweden decided to withdraw before the vote , allowing the only remaining candidate Italy to take the hosting job for the 1934 World Cup . The decision was ratified by the FIFA Congress in Stockholm , Sweden and Zürich , Switzerland on 14 May 1932 . The Italian Football Federation accepted the hosting duties on 9 October 1932 . Results : Italy Sweden withdrew 1938 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1938 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina France Germany Without any nations withdrawing their bids , the FIFA Congress convened in Berlin , Germany on 13 August 1936 to decide the next host . Electing France took only one ballot , as France had more than half of the votes in the first round . Results : France , 19 votes Argentina , 3 votes Germany , 1 vote Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 ( edit ) Bids for 1942 : Argentina Brazil Germany Cancelled FIFA election of the host for the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 . Bids for 1946 : none 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 1950 FIFA World Cup and 1954 FIFA World Cup 1950 bid ( edit ) Bid : Brazil Brazil , Argentina , and Germany had officially bid for the 1942 World Cup , but the Cup was cancelled after the outbreak of World War II . The 1950 World Cup was originally scheduled for 1949 , but the day after Brazil was selected by the FIFA Congress on 26 July 1946 in Luxembourg City , Luxembourg , the World Cup was rescheduled for 1950 . Result : Brazil 1954 bid ( edit ) Bid : Switzerland The 1954 World Cup hosting duty was decided on 26 July 1946 , the same day that Brazil was selected for the 1949 World Cup , in Luxembourg City . On 27 July , the FIFA Congress pushed back the 5th World Cup finals by three years , deciding it should take place in 1954 . Result : Switzerland 1958 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 1958 FIFA World Cup § Host selection , and 1958 FIFA World Cup Bid : Sweden Argentina , Chile , Mexico , and Sweden expressed interest in hosting the tournament . Swedish delegates lobbied other countries at the FIFA Congress held in Rio de Janeiro around the opening of the 1950 World Cup finals . Sweden was awarded the 1958 tournament unopposed in on 23 June 1950 . Result : Sweden 1962 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Chile West Germany West Germany withdrew before the vote , which took place in Lisbon , Portugal on 10 June 1956 , leaving two remaining bids . In one round of voting , Chile won over Argentina . Results : Chile , 31 votes Argentina , 12 votes West Germany withdrew 1966 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Bids : England West Germany Spain Spain withdrew from the bidding prior to voting by the FIFA Congress , held in Rome , Italy on 22 August 1960 . Again , there was only one round of voting , with England defeating West Germany . Results : England , 34 votes West Germany , 27 votes Spain withdrew 1970 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Australia Colombia Japan Mexico Peru The FIFA Congress convened in Tokyo , Japan on 8 October 1964 . One round of voting saw Mexico win the hosting duties over Argentina . Results : Mexico , 56 votes Argentina , 32 votes Australia withdrew Colombia withdrew Japan withdrew Peru withdrew 1974 , 1978 , 1982 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 1974 FIFA World Cup , 1978 FIFA World Cup , and 1982 FIFA World Cup Three hosts for the 1974 , 1978 , and 1982 World Cups were chosen in London , England on 6 July 1966 by the FIFA Congress . Spain and West Germany , both facing each other in the running for hosting duties for the 1974 and 1982 World Cups , agreed to give one another a hosting job . Germany withdrew from the 1982 bidding process while Spain withdrew from the 1974 bidding process , essentially guaranteeing each a hosting spot . Mexico , who had won the 1970 hosting bid over Argentina just two years prior , agreed to withdraw and let Argentina take the 1978 hosting position . 1974 results ( edit ) West Germany Spain withdrew in exchange for 1982 hosting duties Italy withdrew Netherlands withdrew 1978 results ( edit ) Argentina Colombia withdrew Mexico withdrew , as they had won hosting for 1970 1982 results ( edit ) Spain West Germany withdrew in exchange for 1974 hosting duties Italy withdrew 1986 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Bid : Colombia Host voting , handled by the then - FIFA Executive Committee ( or Exco ) , met in Stockholm on 9 June 1974 and ratified the unopposed Colombian bid . Result : Colombia However , Colombia withdrew after being selected to host the World Cup for financial problems on 5 November 1982 , less than four years before the event was to start . A call for bids was sent out again , and FIFA received intent from three nations : Canada Mexico United States In Zürich on 20 May 1983 , Mexico won the bidding unanimously as voted by the Executive Committee , for the first time in FIFA World Cup bidding history ( except those nations who bid unopposed ) . Results : Mexico unanimous vote United States 0 votes Canada 0 votes 1990 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Bids : Austria England France Greece Iran Italy Soviet Union West Germany Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Except Italy and the Soviet Union , all nations withdrew before the vote , which was to be conducted by Exco in Zürich on 19 May 1984 . Once again , only one round of voting was required , as Italy won more votes than the Soviet Union . Results : Italy , 11 votes Soviet Union , 5 votes Austria withdrew England withdrew France withdrew Greece withdrew Iran withdrew West Germany withdrew Yugoslavia withdrew 1994 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup Bids : Brazil Morocco United States Chile Despite having three nations bidding , voting only took one round . The vote was held in Zürich ( for the third straight time ) on 4 July 1988 . The United States gained a majority of votes of the Exco members . Results : United States , 10 votes Morocco , 7 votes Brazil , 2 votes Chile withdrew 1998 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup Bids : England France Germany Morocco Switzerland This vote was held in Zürich for the fourth straight time on 1 July 1992 . Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco . Result : France , 12 votes Morocco , 7 votes Switzerland withdrew England withdrew Germany withdrew 2002 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Bids : South Korea / Japan Mexico On 31 May 1996 , the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time . A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea , and the bid was `` voted by acclamation '' , an oral vote without ballots . The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved , edging out Mexico . Results : South Korea / Japan ( joint bid , voted by acclamation ) Mexico The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan ( the final was held in Japan ) . Initially , the two Asian countries were competitors in the bidding process . But just before the vote , they agreed with FIFA to co-host the event . However , the rivalry and distance between them led to organizational and logistical problems . FIFA has said that co-hosting is not likely to happen again , and in 2004 officially stated that its statutes did not allow co-hosting bids . 2006 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2006 FIFA World Cup controversies Bids : Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa On 6 July 2000 , the host selection meeting was held for the sixth straight time in Zürich . Brazil withdrew its bid three days before the vote , and the field was narrowed to four . This was the first selection in which more than one vote round was required . Three votes were eventually needed . Germany was at least tied for first in each of the three votes , and ended up defeating South Africa by only one vote after an abstention ( see below ) . Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Germany 10 11 12 South Africa 6 11 11 England 5 Eliminated Morocco Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 23 24 23 Controversy ( edit ) The controversy over the decision to award the 2006 FIFA World Cup to Germany led to a further change in practice . The final tally was 12 votes to 11 in favour of Germany over the contenders South Africa , who had been favorites to win . New Zealand FIFA member Charlie Dempsey , who was instructed to vote for South Africa by the Oceania Football Confederation , abstained from voting at the last minute . If he had voted for the South African bid , the tally would have been 12 -- 12 , giving the decision to FIFA President Sepp Blatter , who , it was widely believed , would then have voted for South Africa . Dempsey was among eight members of the Executive Committee to receive a fax by editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic on Wednesday , the night before the vote , promising a cuckoo clock and Black Forest ham in exchange for voting for Germany . He argued that the pressure from all sides including `` an attempt to bribe '' him had become too much for him . On 4 August 2000 , consequently , FIFA decided to rotate the hosting of the final tournaments between its constituent confederations . This was until October 2007 , during the selection of the host for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , when they announced that they will no longer continue with their continental rotation policy ( see below ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2010 FIFA World Cup controversies Bids : Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tunisia / Libya The first World Cup bidding process under continental rotation ( the process of rotating hosting of the World Cup to each confederation in turn ) was the 2010 FIFA World Cup , the first World Cup to be held in Africa . On 7 July 2001 , during the FIFA Congress in Buenos Aires , a decision was ratified , which was that the rotation will begin in Africa . On 23 September 2002 , FIFA 's Executive Committee confirmed that only African member associations , would be invited to submit bids to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In January 2003 , Nigeria entered the bidding process , but withdrew their bid in September . In March 2003 , Sepp Blatter initially said Nigeria 's plan to co host the 2010 FIFA World Cup with four African countries would not work . Nigeria had originally hoped to bid jointly with West African neighbours Benin , Ghana , and Togo . After it was confirmed by FIFA that joint bidding would not be allowed in the future , Libya and Tunisia withdrew both of their bids on 8 May 2004 . On 15 May 2004 in Zürich ( the seventh consecutive time that a host selection has been made there ) , South Africa , after a narrow loss in the 2006 bidding , defeated perennial candidate Morocco to host , 14 votes to 10 . Egypt received no votes . Results Nation Vote Round 1 South Africa 14 Morocco 10 Egypt 0 Tunisia / Libya Withdrew Nigeria Withdrew Total votes 24 Controversy ( edit ) On 28 May 2015 , media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high - ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US $10 million in bribes to then - FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members . On 4 June 2015 , FIFA executive Chuck Blazer , having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities , confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA 's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cups . Blazer stated , `` I and others on the FIFA executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup . '' On 6 June 2015 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had received the most votes , but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead . 2014 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 2014 FIFA World Cup bids and 2014 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2014 FIFA World Cup controversies Bids : Argentina Brazil Colombia FIFA continued its continental rotation procedure by earmarking the 2014 World Cup for South America . FIFA initially indicated that it might back out of the rotation concept , but later decided to continue it through the 2014 host decision , after which it was dropped . Colombia had expressed interest in hosting the 2014 World Cup , but withdrew undertaking the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Brazil also expressed interest in hosting the World Cup . CONMEBOL , the South American Football Federation , indicated their preference for Brazil as a host . Brazil was the only nation to submit a formal bid when the official bidding procedure for CONMEBOL member associations was opened in December 2006 , as by that time , Colombia , Chile and Argentina had already withdrawn , and Venezuela was not allowed to bid . Brazil made the first unopposed bid since the initial selection of the 1986 FIFA World Cup ( when Colombia was selected as host , but later withdrew for financial problems ) . The FIFA Executive Committee confirmed it as the host country on 30 October 2007 by a unanimous decision . Result : 2014 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Brazil N / A N / A Argentina Withdrew Colombia Withdrew 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids , 2018 FIFA World Cup , and 2022 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies and 2022 FIFA World Cup controversies 2018 Bids : Belgium / Netherlands England Spain / Portugal Russia 2022 Bids : Australia Japan South Korea Qatar United States Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups FIFA announced on 29 October 2007 that it will no longer continue with its continental rotation policy , implemented after the 2006 World Cup host selection . The newest host selection policy is that any country may bid for a World Cup , provided that their continental confederation has not hosted either of the past two World Cups . For the 2018 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from Africa and South America were not allowed . For the 2022 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from South America and Europe were not allowed . Also , FIFA formally allowed joint bids once more ( after they were banned in 2002 ) , because there was only one organizing committee per joint bid , unlike Korea -- Japan , which had two different organizing committees . Countries that announced their interest included Australia , England , Indonesia , Japan , Qatar , Russia , South Korea , United States , the joint bid of Spain and Portugal and the joint bid of Belgium and Netherlands . The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010 . Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country geographically to host the World Cup . Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Arab World and the second time in Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan . Also , the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup . 2018 Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Spain / Portugal 7 7 Netherlands / Belgium England Eliminated Total votes 22 22 2022 results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Eliminated Australia Eliminated Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 22 22 22 22 2026 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 2026 FIFA World Cup bids and 2026 FIFA World Cup Bids : Canada / Mexico / USA Morocco Under FIFA rules as of 2016 , the 2026 Cup could not be in either Europe ( UEFA ) or Asia ( AFC ) , leaving an African ( CAF ) bid , a North American ( CONCACAF ) bid , a South American ( CONMEBOL ) bid or an Oceanian ( OFC ) bid as other possible options . In March 2017 , FIFA 's president Gianni Infantino confirmed that `` Europe ( UEFA ) and Asia ( AFC ) had been excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively . '' The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015 , with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . On 10 June 2015 , FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed . However , following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016 , a new bid schedule was announced for May 2020 as the last in a four - phase process . On 14 October 2016 , FIFA said it would accept a tournament - sharing bid by CONCACAF members Canada , Mexico and the United States . On 10 April 2017 , Canada , the United States , and Mexico announced their intention to submit a joint bid to co-host , with three - quarters of the games to be played in the U.S. , including the final . On 11 August 2017 , Morocco officially announced a bid to host . Therefore , the official 2026 FIFA World Cup bids were from two football confederations . The first one was from CONCACAF , which was triple bid by Canada , United States and Mexico , and the second one was from CAF with a bid by Morocco . The host was announced on 13 June 2018 at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow , Russia . The United Bid from Canada , Mexico and the United States was selected over the Morocco bid by 134 votes to 65 with 1 selecting neither and 3 abstentions . This will be the first World Cup to be hosted by more than two countries . Mexico becomes the first country to host three men 's World Cups and its Estadio Azteca , should selected , will become the first stadium to stage three World Cup tournaments . On the other hand , Canada becomes the fifth country to host both the men 's and women 's World Cups , after Sweden ( Men 's : 1958 / Women 's : 1995 ) , United States ( Men 's : 1994 / Women 's : 1999 , 2003 ) , Germany ( Men 's : 1974 , 2006 / Women 's : 2011 ) , and France ( Men 's : 1934 , 1998 / Women 's : 2019 ) . The United States becomes the first country to host both men 's and women 's World Cup twice each . 2026 Results Nation Vote Round 1 Canada / Mexico / United States 134 Morocco 65 None of the Bids Total votes 200 2030 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2030 FIFA World Cup Two early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have been proposed . The first bid has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Argentine Football Association and Uruguayan Football Association into a proposed joint bid from Uruguay and Argentina . The second bid has been a proposed bid by The Football Association of England . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) because the Asian Football Confederation is excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Also in June 2017 , UEFA 's president Aleksander Čeferin stated that Europe ( UEFA ) will definitely fight for its right to host the 2030 World Cup . The Uruguay -- Argentina bid would coincide with the centennial anniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final , and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay . The Uruguay - Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017 . A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017 . Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo , FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts . On 31 August 2017 , it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host . CONMEBOL , the South American confederation , confirmed the joint three - way bid in September 2017 . English FA vice chairman David Gill has proposed that his country could bid for 2030 , provided the bidding process is made more transparent . `` England is one of few countries that could stage even a 48 - nation event in its entirety , while Football Association chief executive Martin Glenn made it clear earlier this year bidding for 2030 was an option . '' In June 2017 , UEFA stated that `` it would support a pan-British bid for 2030 or even a single bid from England . '' Moreover , a possible English bid for 2030 was also backed by the German Football Association . On 17 June 2018 , the Royal Moroccan Football Federation announced its co-bidding for the 2030 World Cup . There are two possible joint bids one with the Tunisia and the Algeria or the other with two UEFA members Spain and Portugal . On 17 June 2018 , the English Football Association announced that they are in talks with home nations over a UK - wide bid to host 2030 World Cup . On 10 July 2018 , Egypt 's Sports Minister expressed interest in bidding to host . The original bid logo for the Uruguay - Argentina World Cup Bid . Confirmed bid : CONMEBOL : Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay : Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Potential bid : UEFA : United Kingdom ( England / Scotland / Northern Ireland / Wales ) : United Kingdom 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Spain : CAF : Morocco / Tunisia / Algeria : Morocco 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Egypt CAF / UEFA : Morocco / Spain / Portugal 2034 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2034 FIFA World Cup The first bid for the 2034 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . The idea of a combined ASEAN bid had been mooted as early as January 2011 , when the Football Association of Singapore 's then - President , Zainudin Nordin , said in a statement that the proposal had been made at an ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting . In 2013 , Nordin and Special Olympics Malaysia President , Datuk Mohamed Feisol Hassan , recalled the idea for ASEAN to jointly host a World Cup . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) as Asian Football Confederation members are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Therefore , the earliest bid by an AFC member could be made for 2034 . Later , Malaysia has withdrawn from involvement but Singapore and other ASEAN countries continued the campaign to submit a joint bid for the World Cup in 2034 . In February 2017 , ASEAN held talks on launching a joint bid during a visit by FIFA chief Gianni Infantino to Yangon , Myanmar . In July 2017 , Joko Driyono , the Vice-President of Indonesia 's Football Association , during the meeting in Vietnam said that Indonesia and Thailand were set to lead a consortium of South - East Asian nations in the bid . Driyono added that , for geographic and infrastructure considerations and the expanded format ( 48 teams ) , at least two or three ASEAN countries combined would be in a position necessary to host matches . In September 2017 , the Football Association of Thailand 's Deputy CEO , Benjamin Tan , at the ASEAN Football Federation ( AFF ) Council meeting , confirmed that his Association has `` put in their interest to bid and co-host '' the 2034 World Cup with Indonesia . On the same occasion , the General Secretary of the AFF , Dato Sri Azzuddin Ahmad , confirmed that Indonesia and Thailand will submit a joint bid . Indonesia is the only Southeast Asian country to have participated in the World Cup ; its national team was the first from Asia to do so and it became one of the fewest World Cup teams to qualify without playing a match because of opponents ' withdrawals . The 1938 World Cup is the Indonesians ' only appearance to date when they were known as the Dutch East Indies . A loss to Hungary made Indonesia the only national team in World Cup history to have played a single match . Far from ever hosting the World Cup , no other Southeast Asian country has ever played at the tournament . As of June 2018 , Indonesia is ranked by FIFA at 164th place . China has announced its interest in bidding several times and reports stated `` that China is likely to host the World Cup for the first time in 2034 . '' Egypt is considering the possibility of bidding to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup the country 's Sports and Youth Minister Ashraf Sobhy said on Tuesday . Expressed interest in bidding : AFC : Indonesia and Thailand China CAF : Zimbabwe Egypt Total bids by country ( edit ) World Cup - winning bids are bolded . Planned but not - yet - official bids for 2030 and beyond are not included . Country Bids Years Germany 6 1938 , 1962 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2006 Morocco 1994 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2026 , 2030 Spain 1930 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2018 , 2030 Argentina 5 1938 , 1962 , 1970 , 1978 , 2030 Mexico 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 2002 , 2026 Brazil 1950 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 England 1966 , 1990 , 2006 , 2018 United States 1986 , 1994 , 2022 , 2026 Italy 1930 , 1934 , 1990 Japan 1970 , 2002 , 2022 Australia 1970 , 2022 Canada 1986 , 2026 Chile 1962 , 2014 Colombia 1986 , 2014 Egypt 2010 , 2030 France 1938 , 1998 Netherlands 1930 , 2018 Portugal 2018 , 2930 Russia 1990 , 2018 South Africa 2006 , 2010 South Korea 2002 , 2022 Switzerland 1954 , 1998 Sweden 1934 , 1958 Tunisia 2010 , 2030 Uruguay 1930 , 2030 Algeria 2030 Belgium 2018 Greece 1990 Hungary 1930 Iran 1990 Libya Paraguay 2030 Qatar 2022 ^ Jump up to : Bid by West Germany , which was joined by East Germany in 1990 to form the reunified nation of Germany . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Morocco , Tunisia and Algeria . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Morocco , Spain and Portugal . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Portugal and Spain . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay . ^ Jump up to : Colombia was originally chosen to host the 1986 World Cup , but withdrew from hosting for economic concerns . After a second bidding , Mexico was selected as the replacement host . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Canada , Mexico and the United States . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Japan and South Korea . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Belgium and the Netherlands . Jump up ^ Bid by the Soviet Union , which dissolved into multiple countries in 1991 and whose records are inherited by Russia . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Libya and Tunisia . Host country performances ( edit ) Further information : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup It is widely considered that home advantage is common in the World Cup , with the host team usually performing above average . Of the eight countries that have won the tournament , only Brazil and Spain have not been champions while hosting , and England has their only title as hosts . Further , Sweden got to its only final as hosts of the 1958 tournament , and only the Swedes and Brazilians finished as runner - up in home soil . The host country reached the semi-finals thirteen times in twenty tournaments , and both Chile and South Korea had their only finishes on the top four at home . Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage . # Performance Team Year Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Champion Uruguay 1930 0 0 100 % 15 12 3.8 Champion France 1998 7 6 0 93 % 15 13 1.9 2.1 Champion England 1966 6 5 0 92 % 11 8 1.3 1.8 Champion Italy 1934 5 0 90 % 12 9 1.8 2.4 5 Champion West Germany 7 6 0 86 % 13 9 1.3 1.9 6 Champion Argentina 1978 7 5 79 % 15 9 1.3 2.1 7 Runner - up Brazil 1950 6 75 % 22 6 16 2.7 3.7 8 Runner - up Sweden 1958 6 75 % 12 7 5 0.8 9 Third place Italy 1990 7 6 0 93 % 10 8 1.1 1.4 10 Third place Germany 2006 7 5 79 % 14 6 8 1.1 11 Third place Chile 1962 6 0 67 % 10 8 0.33 1.3 12 Fourth place South Korea 2002 7 57 % 8 6 0.3 1.1 13 Fourth place Brazil 2014 7 57 % 11 14 − 3 − 0.4 1.57 14 Quarter - final Russia 2018 5 60 % 11 7 0.8 15 Quarter - final Mexico 1986 5 0 80 % 6 0.8 16 Quarter - final Mexico 1970 63 % 6 0.5 1.5 17 Quarter - final Switzerland 1954 0 50 % 11 11 0 0 2.8 18 Quarter - final France 1938 0 50 % 0 0 19 Second round Spain 1982 5 40 % 5 − 1 − 0.2 0.8 20 Round of 16 Japan 2002 63 % 5 0.5 1.25 21 Round of 16 United States 1994 38 % − 1 − 0.3 0.8 22 Group stage South Africa 50 % 5 − 2 − 0.7 Win % → Every draw counted as a half win . Wins on penalty shootouts are counted as draws . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Qatar will debut in the competition in 2022 , so its result will also be its best result in history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of 1930 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. April 11 , 2002 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ France 1938 , FIFA World Cup site . Retrieved on April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brazil 1950 , FIFA World Cup site . Retrieved on April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Norlin , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Host nation of 2010 FIFA World Cup -- South Africa Archived 12 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . World Cup 2018 Russia Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , FIFA Media Release , May 15 , 2004 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA president Blatter a big loser with Germany getting 2006 World Cup '' by Robert Wagman , SoccerTimes , July 7 , 2000 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` German magazine takes credit for bribery hoax '' , IOL , July 7 , 2000 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa to rotate World Cup '' . 4 August 2000 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Australia can host World Cup , by Matthew Hall , published 18 September 2005 Jump up ^ `` Six African associations announce interest in hosting 2010 FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA. 6 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 FIFA World Cup TM : bidding process opens '' . FIFA. 23 October 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria bid for 2010 '' . bbc.co.uk. 6 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria ends World Cup bid '' . bbc.co.uk. 29 September 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa slams Nigeria 's 2010 plan '' . bbc.co.uk. 18 March 2003 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa is shaken by FIFA corruption probe '' , Los Angeles Times , 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Vicki Hodges , Giles Mole , JJ Bull , Luke Brown and Rob Crilly , `` Fifa whistleblower Chuck Blazer - bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups : as it happened '' , The Telegraph , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ Owen Gibson , Paul Lewis , `` Fifa informant Chuck Blazer : I took bribes over 1998 and 2010 World Cups '' , The Guardian , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa in crisis : ' Morocco won 2010 World Cup vote - not South Africa ' '' . The Telegraph . London . 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games win inspires bid to host 2018 World Cup '' by John Goodbody , The Times , November 16 , 2005 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC News , Colombia bids for 2014 World Cup , 17 July 2006 Jump up ^ FIFA , Brazil confirms bid -- Colombia withdraws Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 13 April 2007 Jump up ^ `` Brazil set to host World Cup '' . BBC News . 2003 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Clear declaration to defend the autonomy of sport '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 6 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 6 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` The end of the rotation policy : the press conference explaining the decision '' . Fifa.com -- News Centre . 29 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa abandons World Cup rotation '' . BBC SPORT. 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter announces what 's to come '' . FIFA. 7 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iberian threat to England 's 2018 World Cup bid '' . ESPNsoccernet. 27 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Drops Out of Race to Host 2018 World Cup '' . BBC . 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Russia and Qatar to host 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups , respectively '' . FIFA. 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup , lifting Canada 's chances '' . CBC . Associated Press . 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Gastelum , Andrew . `` CONCACAF president is pushing hard to land 2026 World Cup '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Rest for the Curious : Looking Ahead To World Cup 2026 '' . World Cup Blog . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Hill in New York ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Trump travel ban could prevent United States hosting World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA defers decision on continental rotation for WCup bids '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . 25 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 2026 World Cup bidding process delayed '' . BBC News . 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Statement on 2026 FIFA World Cup bidding '' . FIFA.com. 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Council agrees on four - phase bidding process for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 10 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 may be co-hosted in North America after FIFA says it will accept tournament - sharing '' . Mirror.co.uk. 2016 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Mexico and Canada officially launch bid to co-host 2026 World Cup '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Le Maroc dépose officiellement sa candidature pour le Mondial 2026 '' . Le360. 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA open to 40 - team World Cup , Canada as co-hosts '' . Sportsnet.ca. 2016 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` FIFA president Infantino open to 40 - team World Cup , co-hosts '' . Ca.sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) . `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco Seeks to Host the 2026 FIFA World Cup bid '' . Morocco world news . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` المغرب يتقدم رسميا بطلب استضافة كأس العالم 2026 - الموقع الرسمي للجامعة الملكية المغربية لكرة القدم '' . www.frmf.ma . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coupe du Monde 2030 : l'Argentine et l'Uruguay confirment leur intérêt '' . Mondial - 2030 ( in French ) . January 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` England 's hopes of hosting 2030 World Cup given boost '' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA will ' fight ' for Europe 's right to host 2030 World Cup '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dudko , James ( 29 July 2017 ) . `` Argentina , Uruguay Announce Bid to Host 2030 FIFA World Cup '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System . Jump up ^ Gadd , Mick ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suarez campaign for Uruguay and Argentina 's 2030 World Cup bid before 0 - 0 draw '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Es oficial : Paraguay se suma a la candidatura de Argentina y Uruguay para el Mundial 2030 '' ( It 's official : Paraguay adds itself to the Argentina and Uruguay bid ) ( in Spanish ) . 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sin Messi ni Suárez , así es el primer video promocional para la candidatura del Mundial 2030 '' ( Without Messi and Suarez , here is the first promotional video for the 2030 World Cup bid ) ( in Spanish ) . 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` England could bid for 2030 World Cup , says FA vice-chairman David Gill '' . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McMahon , Bobby . `` Uruguay , Argentina And Paraguay Bid For 2030 FIFA World Cup Finals Will Be Hard To Beat '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England amazingly backed by Germany in World Cup 2030 bid '' . 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Morocco Will Bid Again to Host 2030 World Cup '' . Jump up ^ `` Zetchi : Pour une coupe du monde `` Algérie - Tunisie - Maroc '' en 2030 - Algerie Direct `` . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA in talks with home nations over UK - wide bid to host 2030 World Cup '' . The Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` EGYPT PLANNING TO BID TO HOST 2030 WORLD CUP '' . FourFourTwo. 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ ElPais . `` Valdez : `` La candidatura original es Uruguay - Argentina '' `` . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ ElPais . `` Molestia en Uruguay por video de Conmebol '' . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Barreiro , Ramiro ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Messi y Suárez apadrinan el Mundial Uruguay Argentina 2030 '' . EL PAÍS . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Potential 2030 World Cup hosts '' . The Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England amazingly backed by Germany in World Cup 2030 bid '' . 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Potential 2030 World Cup hosts '' . ESPN . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will Morocco , Spain and Portugal submit a joint bid to host the 2030 World Cup ? '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Singapore Strong ' Host ' Candidate for Joint 2034 World Cup Finals Bid , '' Today , ( 14 November 2017 ) , http://www.todayonline.com/sports/football/singapore-strong-host-candidate-joint-2034-world-cup-finals-bid Jump up ^ `` ASEAN mulling 2034 World Cup bid : Myanmar '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ hermes ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Indonesia ready to lead Asean bid for 2034 World Cup '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seng Foo , `` Indonesia - Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup , '' ( 23 September 2017 ) , http://www.stadiumastro.com/sports/football/article/indonesia-thailand-to-bid-for-2034-world-cup/59608 ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia - Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup , '' Football Tribe , ( 24 September 2017 ) , http://football-tribe.com/asia/2017/09/24/indonesia-thailand-bid-2034-world-cup/ ^ Jump up to : George Deudley , `` AFF Backs Indonesia - Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup , '' SportsPro , ( 26 September 2017 ) , http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ `` ASEAN Mulling 2034 World Cup Bid : Myanmar , '' Myanmar Times , ( 12 February 2017 ) , https://www.mmtimes.com/sports/25019-asean-mulling-2034-world-cup-bid-myanmar.html Jump up ^ `` Football : Indonesia to Lead South - East Asian 2034 World Cup Bid , '' Straits Times , ( 5 July 2017 ) , http://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-indonesia-to-lead-southeast-asian-2034-world-cup-bid Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : 90Min ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` World Cup countdown : 18 weeks to go - When the Dutch East Indies flew the flag for Asia '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Ready Leads Regional Bid to Co-Host 2034 World Cup , '' Asian Review , ( 7 July 2017 ) , https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Indonesia-leads-regional-bid-to-co-host-2034-World-Cup ^ Jump up to : TODAY , ASIA ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` China to Overtake US economy and Host World Cup in 2034 '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ name = `` telegraph.uk 14 Jan 2017 '' > `` Egypt hopes to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup '' . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Thornycroft , Peta ; Laing , Aislinn ( 17 July 2014 ) . `` Zimbabwe 's tourism minister reveals ambitious plan to host Fifa World Cup in 2034 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ name = `` telegraph.uk 14 Jan 2017 '' > `` Egypt hopes to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup '' . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Chris Anderson & David Sally ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` How Big Is Brazil 's Home - Field Advantage at the World Cup ? '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What can econometrics tell us about World Cup performance ? '' ( PDF ) . PricewaterhouseCoopers . May 2010 . pp. 6 -- 7 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Smallwood , John ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Ultimate home field advantage : Host nation luck '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Host Announcement Decision ( PDF ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup bids 1930 Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay 1934 Italy Sweden 1938 Argentina France Germany 1942 Brazil Germany 1946 None 1950 Brazil 1954 Switzerland 1958 Sweden 1962 Argentina Chile West Germany 1966 England West Germany Spain 1970 Argentina Mexico Italy Netherlands Spain West Germany 1978 Argentina Mexico 1982 Spain West Germany 1986 Canada Colombia Mexico United States 1990 Austria England France Greece Italy Soviet Union West Germany Iran Yugoslavia 1994 Brazil Morocco United States 1998 France Morocco Switzerland 2002 Japan -- South Korea Mexico 2006 Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa Egypt Libya -- Tunisia Morocco Nigeria South Africa 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Belgium -- Netherlands England Portugal -- Spain Russia 2022 Australia Japan Qatar South Korea United States 2026 Canada -- Mexico -- United States Morocco 2030 Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay Morocco 2034 Indonesia - Thailand - Vietnam China - Japan - Korea Notes : Bold entries are those chosen as hosts Event cancelled due to World War II Colombia withdrew after being awarded event , which was re-awarded to Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_hosts&oldid=854658531 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup bids FIFA World Cup - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 22 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time world cup was held in england | [
"\n\n\nYear\n\nHost\n\nContinent\n\nWinner\n\n\n1930\n Uruguay\n\nSouth America\n\n Uruguay\n\n\n1934\n Italy\n\nEurope\n\n Italy\n\n\n1938\n France\n\nEurope\n\n Italy\n\n\n1942\n\nCancelled because of World War II *1\n\n\n1946\n\nCancelled because of World War II\n\n\n1950\n Brazil\n\nSouth America\n\n Uruguay\n\n\n1954\n Switzerland\n\nEurope\n\n Germany\n\n\n1958\n Sweden\n\nEurope\n\n Brazil\n\n\n1962\n Chile\n\nSouth America\n\n Brazil\n\n\n1966\n England\n\nEurope\n\n England\n\n\n1970\n Mexico\n\nNorth America\n\n Brazil\n\n\n1974\n Germany\n\nEurope\n\n Germany\n\n\n1978\n Argentina\n\nSouth America\n\n Argentina\n\n\n1982\n Spain\n\nEurope\n\n Italy\n\n\n1986\n Mexico\n\nNorth America\n\n Argentina\n\n\n1990\n Italy\n\nEurope\n\n Germany\n\n\n1994\n United States\n\nNorth America\n\n Brazil\n\n\n1998\n France\n\nEurope\n\n France\n\n\n2002\n Japan South Korea\n\nAsia\n\n Brazil\n\n\n2006\n Germany\n\nEurope\n\n Italy\n\n\n2010\n South Africa\n\nAfrica\n\n Spain\n\n\n2014\n Brazil\n\nSouth America\n\n Germany\n\n\n2018\n Russia\n\nEurope\n\n France\n\n\n2022\n Qatar\n\nAsia\n\n\n\n\n2026\n Canada Mexico United States\n\nNorth America\n\n\n\n\n2030\nTBD\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2034\nTBD\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2038\nTBD\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"1966"
] |
8088810916136738209 | Dwight Schrute | Dwight Schrute - wikipedia Dwight Schrute This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dwight K. Schrute The Office character Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute First appearance `` Pilot '' ( 2005 ) Last appearance `` Finale '' ( 2013 ) Portrayed by Rainn Wilson Information Gender Male Occupation Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Beet farmer Agro-Tourism Inn Owner Salesman , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Assistant to the Assistant to the Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Head of Sales , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Co-Head of Party Planning Committee , Scranton , PA Assistant to the Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Assistant Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Sabre Vice President of Special Projects , Tallahassee FL Lackawanna County part - time Volunteer Sheriff 's Deputy , Scranton PA Special Projects Development Team Leader , Sabre , Tallahassee FL Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Salesman , Staples Inc . Scranton PA Acting Manager , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Family Dwide Schrude ( Great - grandfather ) Dwight Schrute I ( Grandfather ) Dwight Schrute II ( Father ) Hette Manheim Schrute ( Mother ) Manheim ( Grandfather ) Honk ( Great - uncle ) Helmuth ( Great - uncle ) Harvey Schrute ( Uncle ) Girt ( Uncle ) Gunther ( Uncle ) Eldred ( Uncle ) Shirley ( Aunt ) Mose ( Cousin ) Jeb ( Brother ) Fannie ( Sister ) Cammy ( Nephew ) Amel ( Cousin ) Herschel ( Cousin ) Johann ( Cousin ) Helga ( Cousin ) Heindl ( Cousin ) Arash ( Cousin ) Significant other ( s ) Angela Martin ( wife , m . 2008 , 2014 -- ) Esther Bruegger ( girlfriend , season 9 ep 18 -- 22 ) Isabelle ( hook - up , Season 6 ) Children Philip Schrute ( son ) Nationality American Based on Gareth Keenan Dwight Kurt Schrute III / ˈʃruːt / is a fictional character on The Office ( U.S. TV series ) , portrayed by Rainn Wilson , and based on Gareth Keenan from the original UK series . His character is one of the highest - ranking salesmen as well as assistant ( to the ) regional manager at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin , although the series expands on his character as bed - and - breakfast proprietor at Schrute Farms , a beet plantation , and as the owner of the business park enclosing Dunder Mifflin . He is notorious for his lack of social skills and common sense , his love for martial arts and the justice system , and his office rivalry with fellow salesman Jim Halpert . He is also known for his love relationship with Angela . He has at times risen to the position of acting Branch Manager of the Scranton branch , but often serves as a second or third in command as Assistant ( to the ) Regional Manager . In the final season , Dwight is finally offered the position of permanent Regional Manager . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character information 2.1 Family and childhood 3 Interests 4 Relationships 4.1 Angela Martin 4.2 Michael Scott 4.3 Jim Halpert 4.4 Pam Halpert 4.5 Andy Bernard 4.6 Ryan Howard 4.7 Romantic relationships 5 Character reception 6 Outside of The Office 6.1 Bobblehead doll 6.2 Résumé 6.3 Schrute Farms 6.4 Vice presidential bid joke 6.5 Dwight in academic research 6.6 Possible spin - off series and departure from The Office 7 References 8 External links Casting ( edit ) Further information : Rainn Wilson Rainn Wilson portrays Dwight Schrute Dwight Schrute is portrayed by American actor Rainn Wilson . In a Rolling Stone interview , Seth Rogen said he auditioned for the role . The character is based on Gareth Keenan of the original British version of the show , who was played by actor Mackenzie Crook . All original series characters were adapted for the U.S. version . Unlike Steve Carell , Wilson watched every episode of the original British series , and was a fan before he auditioned for the U.S. version . Wilson had originally auditioned for Michael Scott , a performance he described as a `` terrible Gervais impersonation '' ; however , the casting directors liked his audition as Dwight much more , and hired him for the role . Wilson based Dwight 's hairstyle on the style he himself had when at the age of sixteen . In an interview , he said that he went to a barber to get `` the worst haircut possible '' . Character information ( edit ) When the series begins , Dwight Schrute is a competent salesman , despite lacking general knowledge , at the Scranton branch of the paper distribution company , Dunder Mifflin . Dwight formally held the title of `` Assistant to the Regional Manager '' , but constantly refers to himself as `` Assistant Regional Manager '' , attempting to elevate himself to second - in - command to branch Manager , Michael Scott . ( Michael privately makes him Assistant Manager in `` The Fight '' , tells him that no record / mention will be kept of the `` title change only '' , then never acknowledges it again . ) Dwight craves authority over his co-workers , and relishes any minor task that Michael or anyone else will give him . Although Dwight acts superior to many individuals and is often resourceful in crises , he is shown to actually be quite gullible , ignorant , and naïve . For this reason , he is easily tricked and pranked by his desk - mate and fellow salesman , Jim Halpert . Dwight often speaks in a halting , intense manner , even in casual conversations . At the office , his most recurring formal wear is a mustard - colored , short - sleeved collared shirt , with a dark necktie and , usually , a brown suit jacket . He often uses one - upmanship to better himself over his peers , such as boasting about how he trains specific parts of his body . Dwight will sometimes engage in jokes and games in attempts to please Michael , but often fails to do so , because of Michael 's perception of himself as the jokester of the workplace . After Dwight temporarily leaves Dunder Mifflin , it is shown that he had long been watering the office plant and arranging the toys on Michael 's desk in a manner that made Michael happy , unbeknownst to Michael . Dwight is a former volunteer sheriff deputy , but has to step down after breaking his pledge by helping his boss pass his drug test in the episode ' Drug Testing ' . He is also a notary public ; this creates difficulties when Angela desires to send him a notarized letter regarding their break - up . He resides on his family 's beet farm , alongside his cousin , Mose ( played by producer / writer Michael Schur ) . Dwight has affinities for paintball , Battlestar Galactica , ping pong , survivalism , Goju Ryu karate and weapons . He also has a preference to ride in the back seat of cars behind the driver , because it is the safest location in a car . In `` Whistleblower '' , encouraged to invest in real estate by former CEO and owner of Dunder Mifflin , Jo Bennett , Dwight decides to purchase the industrial park building . He has shown entrepreneurial traits , like converting the building lobby into a coffee shop in `` Nepotism '' , converting an empty room in the office building into a state - of - the - art gym in `` Mrs. California '' , and organizing a barn maze before Halloween , where kids can pay admission to play , in `` WUPHF.com '' . In an episode commentary on the season one DVD , Wilson refers to Dwight as a `` fascist nerd '' . In a feature on the season three DVD , Wilson describes Dwight as `` someone who does not hate the system , but has a deep and abiding love for it '' . All throughout the series Dwight drives a maroon 1987 Pontiac Trans Am , until the finale where he owns an orange 2012 Dodge Challenger . Family and childhood ( edit ) In `` Lecture Circuit '' , Dwight claims to remember his own birth , including his father , Dwight Schrute II , delivering him from the womb , and his mother biting off the umbilical cord . In `` Grief Counseling '' , Dwight states that he was a twin , but he `` resorbed '' his twin while still in his mother 's womb ( this occurrence is called twin embolisation syndrome ) , causing him to believe that he now has `` the strength of a grown man and a little baby '' . He also claims to have been born weighing 13 lb 5 oz ( 6.0 kg ) , rendering his mother incapable of walking for three months and two days , and in `` Baby Shower '' , he claims to have performed his own circumcision . In `` Viewing Party '' , he informs Jim and Pam Halpert that , in the Schrute family , the youngest child raises the other children . Little is known about Dwight 's parents , except that his father used to take him hunting , cheated in games , made him and his siblings biscuits for breakfast every morning , and that he battled obesity , high blood pressure , and high cholesterol . Dwight 's maternal grandfather , whose surname is Manheim ( according to Dwight 's web log on NBC.com ) fought in the Second World War . He killed twenty men before being imprisoned in an Allied prison camp ( revealed in `` The Fight '' ) , implying that he was a soldier in the German army . In `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , Dwight tells the documentary film crew that his grandfather is ( at the time of the episode ) 103 years old , and is still `` puttering around down in Argentina '' , implying that his grandfather was one of the members of the SS who fled into South America . Dwight attempted to visit him once , but his travel visa was protested by the Shoah Foundation . In `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' , Michael refers to Dwight 's grandmother as a `` Nazi war criminal '' . Dwight 's father and grandfather are also named Dwight Schrute ; however , his Amish great - grandfather was named Dwide Schrude . In `` Casino Night '' , Dwight reveals that the tuxedo he is wearing is the one that his grandfather was buried in . In a deleted scene from `` The Surplus '' , Dwight tells Angela that his family came to the United States on a U-boat . It is revealed in `` Money '' that it is a tradition in the Schrute family that when a male has intercourse with a woman , he is rewarded with a bag of wild oats that are left on his doorstep by his parents . Dwight also speaks German , but his knowledge of it is `` pre-industrial and mostly religious '' , as might be expected if the language was learned exclusively in a Mennonite or Amish church or context . Dwight was shunned by his family from the age of four until his sixth birthday , for forgetting to save the excess oil from a can of tuna . He lost a grade school spelling bee to Raj Patel by misspelling the word `` failure '' , in front of the entire school . In seventh grade , Dwight played the invented role of `` Mutey the Mailman '' in a production of Oklahoma ! He explains that there were not enough roles for all of the children , so they made up roles . Dwight lives in a nine - bedroom , one - bathroom farmhouse ( with the single bathroom located under the porch , as revealed in `` Office Olympics '' ) on his family 's 60 - acre ( 240,000 m ) beet farm , with his cousin Mose . The cousins sell beets to local stores , restaurants , and roadside beet stands . Dwight uses part of his farm to grow hemp . Dwight and Mose have also turned Schrute Farms into a ramshackle bed and breakfast , that was visited by Jim and Pam , during `` Money '' . The bed and breakfast had three theme rooms : America , Irrigation , and Nighttime . Schrute Farms was also to be the site of Andy and Angela 's wedding before the two broke off their engagement . In `` Garden Party '' , Andy throws a garden party at Schrute Farms in order to impress new CEO Robert California , and at the end of the episode , Robert also discusses the possibility of holding his birthday party at the farm . According to one of Dwight 's web logs on NBC. com 's `` Schrute - Space '' , he had an uncle , named Gunther , a goat farmer , who fled the Allied invasion of Germany and married a Finnish woman , with whom he had 17 children . He also had an Uncle Girt , who revealed that the Schrute family has an ongoing hatred of Harry S. Truman , because they were staunch supporters of Thomas Dewey . In another blog , he mentions a cousin named Heindl , who received numerous injuries and infections from an attack by a small dog . Interests ( edit ) Dwight is trained in the art of surveillance , and is a former Lackawanna County volunteer sheriff 's deputy . He has a purple belt in Goju - Ryu karate , and is the senpai at his dojo . Dwight is a pop culture and sci - fi enthusiast , who has expressed fanship of many sci - fi movies and popular television series . In the episode `` The Fire '' , he mentioned the movie The Crow as being his favorite film . He hints at belief in fictional creatures such as androids , zombies and vampires ( though curiously , despite having claimed in `` Business School '' , to have shot a werewolf ( that was actually his neighbor 's dog ) , he says in one of his blog entries that he does not believe in them ; however , he may have simply been denying claims of werewolves at Schrute Farms in order to prevent potential visitors from being frightened away ) . He enjoys , and is shown to be skilled at , playing table tennis , and states that many of his heroes are table tennis players . His musical tastes vary , but heavy metal and classic rock seem to be a recurring theme . His personal musical talents are not lacking , as he plays guitar and recorder , and sings , as well . He has a fascination with cars ; he usually checks a car 's suspension , especially muscle cars . He drives a 1987 Pontiac Trans Am though in the Finale ( The Office ) he 's driving a 2013 Dodge Challenger . His technological talents are limited , but he shows a passion for the online role playing game Second Life , in which the only differences between himself and his avatar is that his avatar has the last name ' Shelford ' and the ability to fly . He also shows an interest in trains , as he is restoring a turn - of - the - century steam engine in his slaughterhouse , during `` The Meeting '' , which has him bonding with Toby Flenderson , as they share the same interest . In `` Todd Packer '' , it is revealed that Dwight does not know who Justin Bieber is , asking Jim `` Who is Justice Beaver ? '' , leaving Jim to answer `` A crime - fighting beaver . '' Dwight owns an impressive array of weaponry . In addition to Laser Tag and paintball equipment , he has a crossbow range at his farm ( `` Office Olympics '' ) and , when he was named official Security Supervisor of the Scranton branch , hinted that he might bring a bo staff to work . He maintained a hidden arsenal of weapons around the office , including pepper spray , nunchucks , throwing stars , a stun gun , a boomerang , handcuffs , a nightstick , a pair of brass knuckles and a Chinese sword , all of which were confiscated by Toby . Dwight also claimed to have sat at his desk for an entire day with a spud gun , without any difficulty from Security . Dwight also uses a real gun , a Colt Anaconda , fired within city limits , to start off the race in `` Fun Run '' . In `` Branch Wars '' , he produces a disturbing number of Molotov cocktails for a panty raid on Utica . In `` Survivor Man '' , it is revealed that Dwight still has numerous knives ( and other weapons ) hidden on himself ( as in `` Stress Relief '' , there is a knife strapped to his leg ) or strategically positioned throughout the office ( such as `` Mr. A Knife '' in a filing cabinet , twin sais behind a water cooler , a sword in a ceiling tile , a blow dart in a bathroom stall , and a compound bow under a couch ) , and that he owns a . 22 rifle with scope . Also , in this episode , it is shown that Dwight has extensive knowledge of how to survive in the wilderness , being able to provide himself with food , and , by observing Michael , from a distance , through the scope of his center - fire rifle , he stops Michael from poisoning himself , although it is not clear whether the mushrooms Michael started to ingest were actually poisonous . Dwight is vocal about his views on justice , which is reflected in his television viewing habits , as he enjoys watching and has great admiration for Judge Judy , as well as Vic Mackey on The Shield . In `` The Negotiation '' , Roy Anderson attacks Jim , because he kissed Roy 's fiancee , Pam , but Dwight intercepts the attack with pepper spray . Throughout the episode , Jim attempts to show his appreciation , but Dwight refuses to accept his gifts , simply stating `` Citizens do not accept prizes for being citizens '' . In `` Drug Testing '' , Dwight finds half of a joint in the parking lot , which incites him to carry out a severe , and thorough , investigation . When he discovers that Michael might have been exposed to illegal drugs at a concert , he substitutes his own urine during the mandatory drug test . Dwight then resigns from his volunteer position at the Sheriff 's Department , because he feels that he is no longer worthy of working there . In `` Frame Toby '' , Dwight states that he is skilled at framing people , as well as animals , revealing that he once framed a raccoon for opening a Christmas gift , and a bear for eating out of the garbage , although , he had made it obvious to the police that he wanted Toby to be imprisoned . In the episode `` Women 's Appreciation '' , he is quoted as saying `` Better a thousand innocent men are locked up , than one guilty man roam free . '' In `` Conflict Resolution '' , Dwight states that he does not like to smile , as showing one 's teeth is a submission signal in primates , and that whenever someone smiles at him , `` all ( he ) sees is a chimpanzee , begging for its life '' . Dwight owns many exotic pets including piranhas , frogs , an arctic wolf , a raccoon , a porcupine named Henrietta , and an opossum , although the wolf escaped due to poor restraints and he flushed his piranhas down the toilet . He also has an interest in bears , and is ready to debate the habits and characteristics of different species of bears . He also has expressed a surprisingly large affection towards baby otters . In `` Costume Contest '' , Dwight claims to be able to sit on a fence , and that he is even able to sleep on one , stating that `` The trick is to do it face down , with the post in your mouth '' . It is revealed in the `` Suit Warehouse '' episode that as a child Dwight collected cat feces . Relationships ( edit ) In `` Drug Testing '' , Dwight states that he likes his co-workers , `` with four exceptions '' , leaving it up to the audience to make educated guesses about whom these four exceptions are . The four are most likely Jim Halpert , Ryan Howard , Meredith Palmer and Toby Flenderson , due to Michael 's hatred of him . However , it is also probable that Phyllis Lapin - Vance could be one of the exceptions , as , on many occasions , she and Dwight are shown to have a strained relationship . Kelly Kapoor is likewise a viable choice as her ditsy nature contrasts Dwight 's overly serious character , as we see later in the same episode during Dwight 's interrogation of Kelly . This theory is also reinforced by Angela 's hatred of Kelly and the influence Angela may hold as Dwight 's girlfriend at the time . Pam Halpert is also a possible exception as she is often an accomplice to Jim 's pranks against Dwight . Angela Martin ( edit ) Towards the middle of season 2 , Dwight develops a secret relationship with Angela Martin . Pam begins to suspect a relationship between the two , in `` E-mail Surveillance '' , by observing their interactions , suspicions which are strengthened in `` The Injury '' and `` Conflict Resolution '' , and confirmed by `` Traveling Salesmen '' , where Angela confides in Pam about her relationship , using code names . In `` Michael 's Birthday '' , Ryan discovers the relationship between the two when he overhears a coded conversation between them in the kitchen , while in `` The Negotiation '' Jim discovers the relationship while coming out of the office bathroom after quitting time , to find Dwight and Angela kissing ( he then tells the documentary crew that , with his silence , the debt he feels to Dwight is repaid ) . In the episode `` Fun Run '' , Angela asks Dwight to care for her sick cat , Sprinkles . Instead of caring for the feline , Dwight feels he should kill it as a waste of resources , and then tells Angela Sprinkles was dead when he arrived . When he lets the truth slip out shortly after , Angela terminates their relationship . Jim , on a visit to Dwight 's beet farm , finds Dwight sitting alone at night , contemplating Angela 's cherub figurine and moaning in anguish . In the fourth season finale `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Dwight is obviously hurt when Angela 's boyfriend , Andy , proposes to her . However , in the final scene of the episode , Phyllis catches Dwight having sex with Angela in the office . In the fifth season premiere , `` Weight Loss '' , Dwight and Angela have resumed a covert relationship , using a storage room in the warehouse to have sex . In `` Crime Aid '' , Andy and Angela set a date for their wedding . After some advice from Phyllis , Dwight gives Angela an ultimatum : call off the engagement , or he will no longer be with her . She chooses to marry Andy . When Andy learns about Angela 's affair with Dwight , a duel between Dwight and Andy takes place , but both realize that Angela has been lying to them , and break up with her . For quite some time afterwards , Dwight and Angela avoid each other . In the season 6 episode `` The Delivery '' , Dwight , witnessing Jim and Pam talk to customers about their unborn child , decides that he wants a child , and asks Angela to be the mother . They sign an elaborate contract , including eating guidelines for Angela to follow when she is pregnant , and how the baby will be raised . While Angela is excited by the reconciliation , Dwight does n't share her romantic feelings . When Dwight develops an interest in Pam 's friend Isabel , he tells Angela to forget about the contract ; this infuriates Angela and she sues him in small - claims court . When an arbitrator tells them that the contract is valid and would involve a $30,000 settlement ( because it would be illegal to force Dwight and Angela to procreate ) , Dwight cuts a deal with Angela for five sessions of sex . He then proceeds to abuse his genitals in an effort to sterilize himself , and fends off Angela 's efforts to be romantic . In Season 7 , after Angela meets a state senator who she finds much more personable than Dwight , she voids the pact in WUPHF.com . In `` Jury Duty '' , it is revealed that , a month before her wedding to the state senator , Robert Lipton , Dwight and Angela had sex , as Robert was not fulfilling Angela 's sexual needs , so Dwight believes that he is the baby 's biological father . In `` New Guys '' , it is revealed that he is not the father . In season 9 , they become close again first when Dwight finds out that Robert is cheating on Angela with Oscar , and later in `` Moving On '' when Angela helps him take care of his elderly aunt . They share a kiss , but afterwards both say that she should remain faithful to her husband . After inheriting his aunt 's beet farm , Dwight starts a relationship with neighboring brusselsprout farmer Esther Bruegger ( Nora Kirkpatrick ) . When Dwight seems to be getting serious with Esther and the Senator has publicly dumped Angela , Angela breaks down and admits to Oscar Martinez that she still loves Dwight . On the day that he intends to ask Esther to marry him , Dwight instead proposes to Angela . She says yes , finally admitting that he is the father of her son Phillip . ( `` A.A.R.M. '' ) Michael Scott ( edit ) Dwight holds a high level of respect for Michael , viewing him as a model for success , and often participating with Michael 's ill - conceived schemes . However , he betrays Michael numerous times , such as when he goes over Michael 's head to vie for the manager 's job in `` The Coup '' . Despite this , Michael frequently dismisses Dwight and often appears embarrassed by his antics ; for much of the series , he also refuses to promote Dwight from `` Assistant to the Regional Manager '' to `` Assistant Regional Manager '' . In later seasons , Dwight was shown to return the favor , such as Dwight telling Michael that he would have a better career if he 'd taken a job at Home Depot . Several times throughout the series , however , it is revealed that Michael does care about Dwight 's feelings , and the two sometimes share bonding moments . In `` Training Day '' , Dwight is unhappy when the open branch manager position goes to Deangelo Vickers , and when he learns that Michael did not recommend him for the job , as he led him to believe , he snubs Michael and goes to a meeting Vickers has called , leaving Michael standing outside , by himself . In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Dwight is still frustrated with Michael , but his hostility turns into heartfelt appreciation as Michael hands him the recommendation letter . At first , the letter does not seem to impress him , but , as he reads through , he realizes that Michael really does respect him . They are later seen engaging in a friendly paintball fight , and Dwight 's loyalty to Michael is once again restored . Also , after Michael left , Dwight did not have the same respect for Deangelo and Andy that Dwight previously had for Michael , implying that Dwight truly respects and values Michael . In a deleted scene from `` Finale '' , Dwight stated that Michael sent him his `` World 's Best Boss '' mug when he became Regional Manager . In the episode `` Finale '' , as Jim explains that the `` Bestest Mench '' ( best man ) in Dwight 's wedding must be older than him , Dwight is disappointed . However , the camera reveals that Michael returned , and the two continue to engage in a friendly conversation . During the wedding , Michael is present behind Angela and Dwight getting married , eventually attending the reception . He watches as his `` family '' is sitting together , and is last seen dancing with Dwight . Jim Halpert ( edit ) Dwight is frequently the victim of practical jokes by co-workers Jim Halpert and Pam Beesly , including putting his desk supplies in the snack machine , putting his stapler into jello , and moving his desk into the men 's restroom , although it appears that he remains oblivious to Pam 's involvement ; these pranks tend to exploit his stubborn and gullible nature . Dwight 's frustration with Jim 's pranks reaches a crisis point in `` Conflict Resolution '' , when Dwight threatens to quit unless Jim is transferred . Dwight occasionally pulls successful pranks on Jim in turn , most prominently in `` Classy Christmas '' where he subjects Jim to a barrage of pranks revolving around snowballs . Professionally , Dwight wins the 2005 Salesman of the Year Award , although , this is likely due to , at least in part , his theft of Jim 's largest client . During `` Initiation '' , Dwight tells Ryan he regrets that he and Jim never got along . In `` Traveling Salesmen '' , Dwight quits and hugs Jim as a farewell which surprises Jim as he does not know that Dwight quit . Later , Jim is irritated when Andy replaces Dwight and even says that he misses Dwight . Earlier in the same episode , Jim and Dwight make an incredibly efficient sales team , functioning well as a duo and thinking similarly in their tactics . The two were paired together when they began as traveling salesmen at the company . Dwight plans to demote Jim from the Assistant Regional Manager spot , and make him miserable , during `` The Job '' . Dwight 's relationship with Jim mellows somewhat in later seasons , and they , at times , cooperate effectively on sales calls or running the office in Michael 's absence , sometimes even socializing together . Jim often supports Dwight when he is genuinely hurt or in danger ( such as in `` Money '' and `` Last Day in Florida '' ) and occasionally compliments his successes ( such as in `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' ) . However , when Jim is promoted to co-manager , Dwight 's enmity returns to full force , and he conducts an ongoing campaign to depose Jim , who eventually resumes his old job as sales representative in `` Manager and Salesman '' . Jim and Dwight team up in `` Todd Packer '' to remove Todd Packer after he returns to the Dunder Mifflin offices and takes Dwight 's desk . The two at first can not agree on a plan , but eventually trick Packer into thinking he has got a job offer in Tallahassee . During `` After Hours '' , Jim enlists Dwight into trying to get Kathy , an unwanted female suitor , out of his room by tricking Dwight into thinking that he has bedbugs . This prompts Dwight to overreact , first by stripping down to ward off bugs and then spraying Jim 's bed with cleaning chemicals . However , the ploy works when Kathy exits the room . Jim and Dwight are then shown sharing ice cream and a friendly smile in Dwight 's room , while watching TV on his bed , where it is implied Jim will have to stay the night due to the chemicals in his own room , as earlier Dwight suggested Jim stay with Kathy . In `` Last Day in Florida '' , Robert California confides to Jim that he 's going to terminate Dwight 's plans to launch the Sabre store , effectively terminating Dwight 's job altogether . Jim tries to let Dwight know , who dismisses his warnings as nothing more than just another prank and insults Jim throughout the day , including in front of the other Sabre staff . At Pam 's insistence , Jim tries to tell Dwight one more time before he 's dismissed , just as Dwight is about to accept what he thinks is his promotion in the board room . However , Jim physically attacks Dwight just before he goes in , and the two had a wrestling match to which Jim finally concedes . When Dwight steps in , he sees that Packer , who has stolen Dwight 's promotion in the meantime , takes the fall and is promptly fired by Robert in the meeting . Defeated , Dwight walks out of the boardroom and lends Jim a hand up and returns to Scranton . When Kelly sees Dwight , she mentions that she thought Dwight was staying in Florida , prompting Jim to distract her with a compliment . During season 9 's `` Dwight Christmas '' , Dwight is convinced by Jim to hold a traditional Christmas party in the style of his family . Jim must leave before the party is over and Dwight is noticeably emotionally upset when Jim must leave . Later , when Jim returns , Dwight embraces him in a hug . Soon after , in `` Suit Warehouse '' , Dwight absent - mindedly says `` love you '' at the end of a phone conversation with Jim , much to his embarrassment and the bemusement of his coworkers . In `` Livin ' the Dream '' , the 3rd - to - last episode of the series , Jim suggests to David Wallace that Dwight deserves to replace Andy Bernard as Regional Manager because Dwight loves paper more than anyone else . David agrees and Dwight is promoted to Regional Manager at the end of the episode as a result ; Dwight subsequently appoints Jim to fill his old position , Assistant to the Regional Manager . In the final episode of the series `` Finale '' , Dwight asks Jim to be the best man at his wedding . Jim throws Dwight a commendable bachelor party rife with surprises ( which Jim refers to as `` pranks '' ) . Before the wedding Jim informs Dwight that , under Schrute tradition , he is not allowed to be best man as he is younger than him . Jim surprises him with the arrival of Michael Scott . The wedding proceeds in Schrute tradition with Michael as Dwight 's new best man . Later in the episode Jim and Pam tell Dwight they are quitting so Jim can pursue a sports marketing career in Austin , but Dwight fires them instead so he can give them severance packages . Pam Halpert ( edit ) Although she is often involved in Jim 's pranks on Dwight , Dwight has , at certain times , displayed a curious sense of protectiveness towards her . In `` Back from Vacation '' and `` Diwali '' , he comforts a tearful Pam , and in `` China '' , he secretly allows Pam to save face when she feels vulnerable about her job abilities . In `` The Job '' , Dwight offers Pam the position of `` Secret Assistant to the Regional Manager '' , and following Jim 's advice concerning any offers from Dwight to be involved in something secret , she accepts . Though Jim presumably meant this as the opening move of a prank , Pam instead uses it as a bonding opportunity between her and Dwight . The two briefly become best friends while he suffers a concussion in `` The Injury '' . In the season 6 episode `` The Delivery '' , Dwight shows more signs of his begrudging friendship with Jim and Pam during Pam 's pregnancy . In the episode , he is sent to the Halperts ' house to retrieve Pam 's iPod , while they are at the hospital . Instead of finding the iPod and bringing it back to her , Dwight completely rebuilds and repaints their kitchen , after discovering mold . He also advises Pam on how to keep her daughter , Cece , from crying , during `` Viewing Party '' , by relating his child rearing experiences . Dwight 's odd friendship with Pam is explored again in `` Doomsday '' . At this point , Pam is the only one in the office who is able to understand Dwight 's inner feelings , as she successfully convinces him to deactivate his doomsday machine . It is implied at the end of the episode that Dwight , despite his outward contempt for his coworkers , feels a sense of responsibility ( and possibly even affection ) towards them . In a talking - head interview , in the episode `` Tallahassee '' , Dwight talks about how first impressions last forever . He recalls that , when he first met Pam , she said something to him that `` slightly rubbed ( him ) the wrong way '' , and while he has since loved working with her , even stating that she is wonderful , due to that first impression , he hates her . In the episode `` The Whale '' , Dwight openly tells Pam that he considers her his friend . In the final episode of the series , Dwight refers to Pam as his `` best friend '' , and he ensures that she and Jim get a large severance as they leave Dunder Mifflin . Andy Bernard ( edit ) As a result of the Scranton - Stamford merger , Dwight loses his number two position to Jim and engages in an ongoing battle with new salesman Andy Bernard , to gain Michael 's favor for `` third - in - command '' . The struggle comes to a climax in `` Traveling Salesmen '' . In Season 4 , Andy and Dwight are shown to work well together as a sales team , but Andy 's successful pursuit of Angela , after she broke up with Dwight , was irritating to him . When Andy gets engaged to Angela , Dwight is greatly upset by this , and embarks on an affair with her . This affair culminates in a short - lived fight between Andy and Dwight , when they discover Angela has lied to both of them , about not having had sex with the other . In `` Michael Scott Paper Company , '' they once again find themselves courting the same woman -- Erin Hannon . However , by the end of the fifth season , Andy and Dwight become friends , and discover they both share a mutual interest in music and hunting . Ryan Howard ( edit ) In the beginning of the series , Dwight feels threatened by Ryan Howard , to whom Michael often assigns personal tasks . He continues to resent Ryan , throughout the second season , often addressing him as `` Temp '' , even after Ryan took over Jim 's position . In the beginning of season 2 , Dwight 's friendship with Michael was slightly torn during `` The Fire '' , when Michael seems to be viewing Ryan more favorably than Dwight , and in `` Performance Review '' , in which Michael must evaluate Ryan . In `` Initiation '' , Dwight decides to assist Ryan , during his first sales call , although the two get off to a rough start when Dwight hazes him in a series of bizarre initiation rituals . Soon afterwards , Dwight takes Ryan on his first meeting , which ends in disaster . Ryan then eggs the potential customer 's building out of spite , and Dwight develops some respect for him . During season 4 , Dwight , along with Michael , comes to Ryan 's rescue when they visit him in New York City , when he gets into a scuffle . Ryan and Dwight later team up again in season 6 , when Dwight plans to sabotage Jim 's occupation , as branch co-manager . Romantic relationships ( edit ) A subtle running joke throughout the series is Dwight 's surprising success with attractive women , with Michael often failing to `` hook up '' at the same time . Despite Dwight 's unusual appearance and mannerisms , he manages to attract women , who usually develop stronger feelings for him than vice versa . Michael has even pointed out how socially weird Dwight is acting , only for the woman to brush it off . In `` Night Out '' , Dwight hooks up with a women 's basketball player , while Michael fails in his attempts with other women . As Michael and Dwight leave the club , the woman calls out for Dwight to call her , which he says to Michael that he will not do . In `` Niagara '' , Michael and Dwight compete for the attention of Pam 's best friend , Isabel . When Dwight starts talking about his farm , Michael tries to explain that no one can connect with his experiences as farmer , only for Isabel to become interested in Dwight 's horses . Dwight ultimately manages to have sex with her , and she begins to develop deeper feelings for him which he does not return , although it is finally hinted in `` The Delivery '' that Dwight might have more intimate feelings for her than he originally let on . They meet again at the bar in `` Happy Hour '' , and bond further , kissing at the end of the episode . In a chat at OfficeTally.com , Mindy Kaling noted that Dwight is not a typical `` nerd '' character , that he is a `` farmer and kind of strapping and tall '' , and it generally makes sense that he does well with the opposite sex . In season 9 , he begins to date an attractive neighboring farmer named Esther ( Nora Kirkpatrick ) . He ultimately ends his relationship with her in `` A.A.R.M. '' . In the final episode , Dwight marries Angela Martin . Character reception ( edit ) The Dwight Schrute character has had a very positive reception , and is often cited as one of the most popular characters on the show . According to Entertainment Weekly he is one of the `` greatest sidekicks . '' In TV Guide 's list of the top 100 characters in television history , Dwight was ranked 85th . In an ABC News interview with Rainn Wilson , the interviewer commented that `` Words barely describe Dwight Schrute , the suck - up salesman and assistant to the regional manager of the Scranton branch for the Dunder Mifflin Paper Company ... '' and `` Dwight , as played by the 41 - year - old Wilson , has become one of the breakout characters in television comedy . Dwight is a survivalist geek , a student of karate who likes to shoot a crossbow and watch `` Battlestar Galactica '' on television . And he takes himself very , very seriously ... '' E ! News commented that Rainn Wilson should be nominated for an Emmy Award for his performance of Dwight , commenting : `` ... Who 's laughing now ? Who 's laughing now , Dwight Schrute ? Oh , only the ten million - plus people who watched as you pepper sprayed the living daylights out of Roy for trying to pop Jim in the face last night . My God , have I missed you , man . Mr. Schrute , you are the reason I love my job , my friend . It is the selflessly heroic actions of a man such as you that make television a nice place to be on a Thursday night . You may just be an everyday citizen who does not accept prizes for being a citizen , but you 'd best be accepting a supporting actor Emmy nod this year , because , hot damn if you do n't deserve it . '' Another positive review of the character was given by PopMatters , an online entertainment news site . The review stated : `` One of the show 's ironies is that Michael and Dwight , hapless though they might be within the office or in most social settings , are actually top salesmen ... Undeterred , or unaware of any of this , Dwight carries on with his dreams of grandeur , even instituting a reward system called `` Schrute Bucks '' for employees who please him during a brief but tyrannical reign as branch manager ... Dwight approaches sales with the same militaristic fervor as everything else in his life , and it pays off for him ( maybe that 's one of the reasons why , when Jim gives Dwight one of Benito Mussolini 's speeches to deliver when he accepts a sales award in Season Two , Dwight delivers it so enthusiastically that he gets a standing ovation ) ... '' Metalcore band The Devil Wears Prada named a song `` Assistant to the Regional Manager , '' alluding to Dwight 's position . In addition , the band created a T - shirt design that indirectly associates itself with Dwight by strongly resembling him . It is named `` Guy Wearing Tie . '' Outside of the Office ( edit ) Bobblehead doll ( edit ) In the episode `` Valentine 's Day '' , Dwight is given a bobblehead doll as a Valentine 's gift , from Angela . Following the episode , fans of the show petitioned NBC to make the bobblehead doll available for purchase on their online store . NBC responded by creating an initial run of 4,000 bobblehead dolls , which sold out almost immediately . The creator of the show , Greg Daniels , joked about the bobbleheads , saying `` Yes , they are fun , but they also serve a business purpose . People who want to manage by consensus can buy six and keep them nodding all the time to whatever they say . '' In 2010 Hallmark released a smaller talking version of the doll as part of their 2010 Christmas Keepsake Ornament selection . Résumé ( edit ) In `` Halloween '' , Jim and Pam uploaded Dwight 's resume to `` Monster.com , Craigslist , and Google . '' A producer actually did create a Monster account for Dwight and uploaded his résumé a month before the episode aired . It can be found by employers with resume database access who search for salesmen in Scranton , Pennsylvania . The résumé stated that he was willing to relocate to another state , wanted a salary close to $30,000 ( USD ) , desired the job title of Regional Manager , was currently `` Assistant to the Regional Manager '' , and had a Bachelor 's Degree . The posted résumé also stated : `` My time spent at Dunder Mifflin was very enjoying . I had the opportunity to learn from an experienced and talented boss . My branch consistently was one of the top sellers of the company ... '' Schrute Farms ( edit ) In `` Money '' , Pam refers to a TripAdvisor page for Dwight 's bed and breakfast . This can be found by searching for Schrute Farms . Jim and Pam discover that Dwight is running the Schrute Farm as an `` agritourism '' bed and breakfast . They spend the night there , taking part in table - making demonstrations , beet wine - making , and distributing manure . That night , however , Jim hears an unnerving moaning sound throughout the night , later shown to be Dwight in his room crying over his breakup with Angela . The TripAdvisor page said : `` Schrute Farms is the number one beet - related agritourism destination in Northeastern Pennsylvania . We offer the finest accommodations for the casual traveler and / or radish enthusiast . Come join us and experience majestic Schrute Farms . '' Jim and Pam ( `` JandP2 '' ) also posted a review , which can be seen on the reviews page . It read : `` The architecture reminds one of a quaint Tuscan beet farm , and the natural aroma of the beets drifts into the bedrooms and makes you dream of simpler times . You will never want to leave your room . The informative lecture will satisfy all your beet curiosity , and the dawn goose walk will tug at your heart strings . Table making never seemed so possible . Great story to tell your friends . Plenty of parking ! The staff 's attention to detail and devotion to cleanliness was limitless . From their enthusiastic welcome to the last wave good - bye , Schrute Farms delivers . '' An angry Angela also put a review up , and mentioned the death of her cat as a main cause for the review . It said : `` I have to warn people about the proprietor of Schrute Farms -- he may portray himself as a gentleman farmer , but he is not what he seems ! He killed my cat , Sprinkles ! Who knows what he might do to you or your loved ones ... '' According to Dwight , during the Civil War , while the Battle of Gettysburg was known for having the most deaths , the battle of Schrute Farms was known for having the highest DPA ( deaths per acre ) . He also claimed it was the northernmost battle during the Civil War . However , in reality , it was actually a safe haven for men who wanted relief from the war to focus on artistic lifestyles . It is insinuated that this was a camp for homosexual soldiers . Melvin Fifer Garris is the only known soldier to write home from Schrute Farms during the Civil War . Vice presidential bid joke ( edit ) External video Rainn Wilson on The Tonight Show discussing the `` nomination '' On the May 7 , 2008 , episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , US Senator and Republican Party presidential nominee John McCain joked that Dwight Schrute would be his vice presidential candidate choice . Rainn Wilson appeared on The Tonight Show on May 14 , 2008 , and read to Jay Leno a list of demands from Dwight in exchange for being vice president . Included in this list was being able to pilot Air Force One at any time , and only to be addressed as `` Iceman '' while piloting . He also demanded that Jack Bauer be immediately promoted to United States Secretary of Defense , his bunker to include a foosball table and be zombie - proof , and that the Secret Service members be armed with nunchakus , throwing stars , and flamethrowers . Finally , he demanded a flamethrower , an Iron Man suit , and that fellow character Michael Scott be an `` ambassador to Hawaii . '' Dwight in academic research ( edit ) Researchers at Brigham Young University , Stanford and Northwestern University demonstrated that social outsiders , similar to Dwight 's character , lead to better group decision making . Media accounts of their published study reported that having a Dwight Schrute around is good for business . Dwight was included in articles about the research by Time magazine , Toronto Globe and Mail , The Salt Lake Tribune and Brigham Young University . Possible spin - off series and departure from the Office ( edit ) On January 25 , 2012 , news broke that NBC was planning a spin - off series , starring Wilson as Dwight , that would be set at Schrute Farms , Dwight 's bed - and - breakfast and beet farm . The spin - off was to have been created by Wilson and executive producer Paul Lieberstein , but Office developer Greg Daniels would not have been involved . The series was in the works for a premiere in early 2013 , and would have caused Wilson to leave The Office during the ninth season . The spin - off was scheduled to have been introduced as a backdoor pilot in a later episode of the ninth season . Despite the news report , Wilson tweeted `` Do n't believe everything you read in the press , OK ? '' . In October 2012 , NBC announced that it was not accepting the spin - off series . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Traveling Salesman '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Rainn ( Actor ) . 2005 . `` Pilot '' ( Commentary track ) , The Office Season One ( U.S. / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ Holloway , Diane ( 2006 - 01 - 20 ) . `` The Dwight stuff '' . Cox News Service . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot '' because of his admiration for his boss , Michael Scott , The Office Season One ( US / NBC Version ) , 2005 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ Wolgemuth , Liz ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` Jim Halpert and the First - Job Trap '' . U.S. News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drug Testing '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fight '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` The Office season three '' , ( DVD ) ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Lecture Circuit '' , The Office Season Five ( US / NBC Version ) , 2009 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Grief Counseling '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Schrute 's `` Schrute - Space '' - `` HOW TO WORK WELL WITH OTHERS '' `` . NBC.com . November 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Safety Training '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Dwight 's Speech '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` The Client '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Product Recall '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Launch Party '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Money '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` '' Dwight Schrute 's Schrute Space `` - `` THE FALL IS HERE AND SO ARE WE '' `` . NBC.com . September 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dwight Schrute 's Schrute Space - '' I Do Not Believe in Lycanthropes `` '' . NBC.com . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Deposition '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` The Negotiation '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Fun Run '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Survivor Man '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) He also keeps a refle , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye , Toby '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Jury Duty '' Jump up ^ `` Conflict Resolution '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` The Job '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Todd Packer '' Jump up ^ `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' Jump up ^ `` Performance Review '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Initiation '' Jump up ^ `` Scott 's Tots '' Jump up ^ Ben Schott , Schott 's Miscellany Calendar 2009 ( New York : Workman Publishing , 2008 ) , March 21 . ^ Jump up to : Rooney , Bryan ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` The Man Behind The Offices ' Favorite Suck - Up , Dwight Schrute '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ghorsh , Korbi ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` Fri. , 4 / 6 : Dwight Schrute Saves My Thursday '' . E ! News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gilstrap , Andrew . `` The Office : Season Three '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Guy Wearing Tie '' . MerchDirect . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBC Universal store sells 150,000 Dwight Schrute bobbleheads '' . NBC Press release . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Resume search : Dwight Schrute '' . Monster.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schrute Farms Bed and Breakfast '' . TripAdvisor . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Reston , Maeve ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Sneak Peek : Jon Stewart actually presses John McCain on a topic '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` John McCain Pt. 2 '' . Comedy Central . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Office : Dwight Schrute for VP '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kluger , Jeffrey ( 2009 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Why the Office Oddball Is Good for Business '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Why every office needs a Dwight Schrute '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Study : Outsiders facilitate better decisions '' . Jump up ^ `` Hire a Dwight Schrute for a better - performing team , says study co-authored by BYU biz prof '' . ^ Jump up to : HitFix Staff ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Dwight Schrute ' Office ' spin - off starring Rainn Wilson in the works at NBC '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Is NBC developing an ' Office ' spinoff for Rainn Wilson ? '' . CNN . 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Is Not Moving Ahead With ' Office ' Spinoff ' The Farm ' '' . The New York Times . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dwight Schrute Schrute - Space -- Dwight Schrute 's `` blog '' ( NBC official website ) Schrute Farms B&B -- Listing on TripAdvisor hide The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Robert California Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwight_Schrute&oldid=846580921 '' Categories : Fictional American people of German descent Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional farmers Fictional hoteliers Fictional salespeople The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 17 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of car does dwight schrute drive | [
"Dwight is trained in the art of surveillance, and is a former Lackawanna County volunteer sheriff's deputy.[6] He has a purple belt in Goju-Ryu karate, and is the senpai at his dojo.[7] Dwight is a pop culture and sci-fi enthusiast, who has expressed fanship of many sci-fi movies and popular television series. In the episode \"The Fire\", he mentioned the movie The Crow as being his favorite film. He hints at belief in fictional creatures such as androids, zombies and vampires (though curiously, despite having claimed in \"Business School\", to have shot a werewolf (that was actually his neighbor's dog), he says in one of his blog entries that he does not believe in them; however, he may have simply been denying claims of werewolves at Schrute Farms in order to prevent potential visitors from being frightened away).[21] He enjoys, and is shown to be skilled at, playing table tennis, and states that many of his heroes are table tennis players.[22] His musical tastes vary, but heavy metal and classic rock seem to be a recurring theme.[1] His personal musical talents are not lacking, as he plays guitar and recorder, and sings, as well.[13] He has a fascination with cars; he usually checks a car's suspension, especially muscle cars. He drives a 1987 Pontiac Trans Am though in the Finale (The Office) he's driving a 2013 Dodge Challenger. His technological talents are limited, but he shows a passion for the online role playing game Second Life, in which the only differences between himself and his avatar is that his avatar has the last name 'Shelford' and the ability to fly.[18] He also shows an interest in trains, as he is restoring a turn-of-the-century steam engine in his slaughterhouse, during \"The Meeting\", which has him bonding with Toby Flenderson, as they share the same interest. In \"Todd Packer\", it is revealed that Dwight does not know who Justin Bieber is, asking Jim \"Who is Justice Beaver?\", leaving Jim to answer \"A crime-fighting beaver.\""
] | [
"1987 Pontiac Trans Am"
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4840876870652072242 | Apollo | Apollo - wikipedia Apollo Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Greek and Roman god . For the spaceflight program , see Apollo program . For other uses , see Apollo ( disambiguation ) . `` Phoebus '' redirects here . For other uses , see Phoebus ( disambiguation ) . Apollo God of music , poetry , art , oracles , archery , plague , medicine , sun , light and knowledge Apollo Belvedere , ca . 120 -- 140 CE Abode Mount Olympus Symbol Lyre , laurel wreath , python , raven , Swan , bow and arrows Children Asclepius , Troilus , Aristaeus , Orpheus Parents Zeus and Leto Siblings Artemis , Aeacus , Angelos , Aphrodite , Ares , Athena , Dionysus , Eileithyia , Enyo , Eris , Ersa , Hebe , Helen of Troy , Hephaestus , Heracles , Hermes , Minos , Pandia , Persephone , Perseus , Rhadamanthus , the Graces , the Horae , the Litae , the Muses , the Moirai Roman equivalent Apollo Part of a series on Ancient Greek religion Features ( show ) Greek mythology Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Greek religion Polytheism Henosis Monism Pantheism Orthopraxy Godheads ( show ) Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hades Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Lesser deities Alpheus Amphitrite Asclepius Bia Circe Deimos Eileithyia Enyo Eos Eris Harmonia Hebe Hecate Helios Heracles Iris Kratos Leto Metis Momus Morpheus Nemesis Nike Pan Persephone Phantasos Phobos Proteus Scamander Selene Thanatos Thetis Triton Zelus Ethics ( show ) Arete Hubris Xenia Ethic of reciprocity Practices ( show ) Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Funeral practices Greek hero cult Hieros gamos Iatromantis Libations Oracles Pharmakos Temples Votive offerings Festivals Daphnephoria Dionysia Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Panathenaic Games Panhellenic Games ( Isthmian Nemean Olympic Pythian ) Thesmophoria Sacred places ( show ) Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Texts ( show ) Argonautica Bibliotheca Corpus Hermeticum Delphic maxims Dionysiaca Epic Cycle Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Orphic Hymns Theogony Works and Days History ( show ) Mycenaean gods Decline of Hellenistic polytheism Julian restoration Hellenismos portal This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Apollo ( Attic , Ionic , and Homeric Greek : Ἀπόλλων , Apollōn ( GEN Ἀπόλλωνος ) ; Doric : Ἀπέλλων , Apellōn ; Arcadocypriot : Ἀπείλων , Apeilōn ; Aeolic : Ἄπλουν , Aploun ; Latin : Apollō ) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology . The ideal of the kouros ( a beardless , athletic youth ) , Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music , truth and prophecy , healing , the sun and light , plague , poetry , and more . Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto , and has a twin sister , the chaste huntress Artemis . Apollo is known in Greek - influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu . As the patron of Delphi ( Pythian Apollo ) , Apollo was an oracular god -- the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle . Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo , whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius , yet Apollo was also seen as a god who could bring ill - health and deadly plague . Amongst the god 's custodial charges , Apollo became associated with dominion over colonists , and as the patron defender of herds and flocks . As the leader of the Muses ( Apollon Musegetes ) and director of their choir , Apollo functioned as the patron god of music and poetry . Hermes created the lyre for him , and the instrument became a common attribute of Apollo . Hymns sung to Apollo were called paeans . In Hellenistic times , especially during the 3rd century BCE , as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios , Titan god of the sun , and his sister Artemis similarly equated with Selene , Titan goddess of the moon . In Latin texts , on the other hand , Joseph Fontenrose declared himself unable to find any conflation of Apollo with Sol among the Augustan poets of the 1st century , not even in the conjurations of Aeneas and Latinus in Aeneid XII ( 161 -- 215 ) . Apollo and Helios / Sol remained separate beings in literary and mythological texts until the 3rd century CE . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Greco - Roman epithets 1.1. 1 Sun 1.1. 2 Wolf 1.1. 3 Origin and birth 1.1. 4 Place of worship 1.1. 5 Healing and disease 1.1. 6 Founder and protector 1.1. 7 Prophecy and truth 1.1. 8 Music and arts 1.1. 9 Archery 1.2 Celtic epithets and cult titles 2 Origins 2.1 Healer and god - protector from evil 2.2 Dorian origin 2.3 Minoan origin 2.4 Anatolian origin 3 Oracular cult 3.1 Oracular shrines 4 Temples of Apollo 4.1 Greek temples 4.2 Etruscan and Roman temples 5 Mythology 5.1 Birth 5.2 Youth 5.3 Trojan War 5.4 Admetus 5.5 Niobe 5.6 Consorts and children 5.6. 1 Female lovers 5.6. 2 Consorts and children : extended list 5.6. 3 Male lovers 5.7 Apollo 's lyre 5.8 Apollo in the Oresteia 5.9 Other stories 5.9. 1 Musical contests 5.9. 1.1 Pan 5.9. 1.2 Marsyas 5.9. 1.3 Cinyras 5.10 Roman Apollo 6 Festivals 7 Attributes and symbols 8 Apollo in the arts 8.1 Art and Greek philosophy 8.2 Archaic sculpture 8.3 Classical sculpture 8.4 Pediments and friezes 8.5 Hellenistic Greece - Rome 9 Modern reception 10 Genealogy 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Primary sources 13.2 Secondary sources 14 External links Etymology Apollo seated with lyre . Porphyry and marble , 2nd century AD . Farnese collection , Naples , Italy . The name Apollo -- unlike the related older name Paean -- is generally not found in the Linear B ( Mycenean Greek ) texts , although there is a possible attestation in the lacunose form ) pe - rjo - ( ( Linear B : ) 𐀟𐁊 - ( ) on the KN E 842 tablet . The etymology of the name is uncertain . The spelling Ἀπόλλων ( pronounced ( a. pól. lɔːn ) in Classical Attic ) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era , but the Doric form , Apellon ( Ἀπέλλων ) , is more archaic , as it is derived from an earlier * Ἀπέλjων . It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios ( Ἀπελλαῖος ) , and the offerings apellaia ( ἀπελλαῖα ) at the initiation of the young men during the family - festival apellai ( ἀπέλλαι ) . According to some scholars , the words are derived from the Doric word apella ( ἀπέλλα ) , which originally meant `` wall , '' `` fence for animals '' and later `` assembly within the limits of the square . '' Apella ( Ἀπέλλα ) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta , corresponding to the ecclesia ( ἐκκλησία ) . R.S.P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto - form * Apal un . Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors . Thus , the Greeks most often associated Apollo 's name with the Greek verb ἀπόλλυμι ( apollymi ) , `` to destroy '' . Plato in Cratylus connects the name with ἀπόλυσις ( apolysis ) , `` redemption '' , with ἀπόλουσις ( apolousis ) , `` purification '' , and with ἁπλοῦν ( ( h ) aploun ) , `` simple '' , in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name , Ἄπλουν , and finally with Ἀειβάλλων ( aeiballon ) , `` ever - shooting '' . Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric ἀπέλλα ( apella ) , which means `` assembly '' , so that Apollo would be the god of political life , and he also gives the explanation σηκός ( sekos ) , `` fold '' , in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds . In the ancient Macedonian language πέλλα ( pella ) means `` stone , '' and some toponyms may be derived from this word : Πέλλα ( Pella , the capital of ancient Macedonia ) and Πελλήνη ( Pellēnē / Pallene ) . A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name , The Hittite form Apaliunas ( x-ap - pa - li - u-na - aš ) is attested in the Manapa - Tarhunta letter , perhaps related to Hurrian ( and certainly the Etruscan ) Aplu , a god of plague , in turn likely from Akkadian Aplu Enlil meaning simply `` the son of Enlil '' , a title that was given to the god Nergal , who was linked to Shamash , Babylonian god of the sun . The role of Apollo as god of plague is evident in the invocation of Apollo Smintheus ( `` mouse Apollo '' ) by Chryses , the Trojan priest of Apollo , with the purpose of sending a plague against the Greeks ( the reasoning behind a god of the plague becoming a god of healing is apotropaic , meaning that the god responsible for bringing the plague must be appeased in order to remove the plague ) . The Hittite testimony reflects an early form * Apeljōn , which may also be surmised from comparison of Cypriot Ἀπείλων with Doric Ἀπέλλων . The name of the Lydian god Qλdãns / kwʎðãns / may reflect an earlier / kwalyán - / before palatalization , syncope , and the pre-Lydian sound change * y > d . Note the labiovelar in place of the labial / p / found in pre-Doric Ἀπέλjων and Hittite Apaliunas . A Luwian etymology suggested for Apaliunas makes Apollo `` The One of Entrapment '' , perhaps in the sense of `` Hunter '' . Greco - Roman epithets Apollo 's chief epithet was Phoebus ( / ˈfiːbəs / FEE - bəs ; Φοῖβος , Phoibos Greek pronunciation : ( phó͜i. bos ) ) , literally `` bright '' . It was very commonly used by both the Greeks and Romans for Apollo 's role as the god of light . Like other Greek deities , he had a number of others applied to him , reflecting the variety of roles , duties , and aspects ascribed to the god . However , while Apollo has a great number of appellations in Greek myth , only a few occur in Latin literature . Sun Aegletes ( / əˈɡliːtiːz / ə - GLEE - teez ; Αἰγλήτης , Aiglētēs ) , from αἴγλη , `` light of the sun '' Helius ( / ˈhiːliəs / HEE - lee - əs ; Ἥλιος , Helios ) , literally `` sun '' Lyceus ( / laɪˈsiːəs / ly - SEE - əs ; Λύκειος , Lykeios , from Proto - Greek * λύκη ) `` light '' . The meaning of the epithet `` Lyceus '' later became associated with Apollo 's mother Leto , who was the patron goddess of Lycia ( Λυκία ) and who was identified with the wolf ( λύκος ) . Phanaeus ( / fəˈniːəs / fə - NEE - əs ; Φαναῖος , Phanaios ) , literally `` giving or bringing light '' Phoebus ( / ˈfiːbəs / FEE - bəs ; Φοῖβος , Phoibos ) , literally `` bright '' , his most commonly used epithet by both the Greeks and Romans Sol ( Roman ) ( / sɒl / SOL ) , `` sun '' in Latin Wolf Lycegenes ( / laɪˈsɛdʒəniːz / ly - SEJ - ə - neez ; Λυκηγενής , Lukēgenēs ) , literally `` born of a wolf '' or `` born of Lycia '' Lycoctonus ( / laɪˈkɒktənəs / ly - KOK - tə - nəs ; Λυκοκτόνος , Lykoktonos ) , from λύκος , `` wolf '' , and κτείνειν , `` to kill '' Origin and birth Apollo 's birthplace was Mount Cynthus on the island of Delos . Cynthius ( / ˈsɪnθiəs / SIN - thee - əs ; Κύνθιος , Kunthios ) , literally `` Cynthian '' Cynthogenes ( / sɪnˈθɒdʒɪniːz / sin - THOJ - i - neez ; Κυνθογενής , Kynthogenēs ) , literally `` born of Cynthus '' Delius ( / ˈdiːliəs / DEE - lee - əs ; Δήλιος , Delios ) , literally `` Delian '' Didymaeus ( / dɪdɪˈmiːəs / did - i - MEE - əs ; Διδυμαῖος , Didymaios ) from δίδυμος , `` twin '' ) as Artemis ' twin Partial view of the temple of Apollo Epikurios ( healer ) at Bassae in southern Greece Place of worship Delphi and Actium were his primary places of worship . Acraephius ( / əˈkriːfiəs / ə - KREE - fee - əs ; Ἀκραίφιος , Akraiphios , literally `` Acraephian '' ) or Acraephiaeus ( / əˌkriːfiˈiːəs / ə - KREE - fee - EE - əs ; Ἀκραιφιαίος , Akraiphiaios ) , `` Acraephian '' , from the Boeotian town of Acraephia ( Ἀκραιφία ) , reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus . Actiacus ( / ækˈtaɪ. əkəs / ak - TY - ə - kəs ; Ἄκτιακός , Aktiakos ) , literally `` Actian '' , after Actium ( Ἄκτιον ) Delphinius ( / dɛlˈfɪniəs / del - FIN - ee - əs ; Δελφίνιος , Delphinios ) , literally `` Delphic '' , after Delphi ( Δελφοί ) . An etiology in the Homeric Hymns associated this with dolphins . Pythius ( / ˈpɪθiəs / PITH - ee - əs ; Πύθιος , Puthios , from Πυθώ , Pythō ) , from the region around Delphi Smintheus ( / ˈsmɪnθjuːs / SMIN - thews ; Σμινθεύς , Smintheus ) , `` Sminthian '' -- that is , `` of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe '' near the Troad town of Hamaxitus Temple of the Delians at Delos , dedicated to Apollo ( 478 BC ) . 19th - century pen - and - wash restoration . Temple of Apollo Smintheus at Çanakkale , Turkey Healing and disease Acesius ( / əˈsiːʒəs / ə - SEE - zhəs ; Ἀκέσιος , Akesios ) , from ἄκεσις , `` healing '' . Acesius was the epithet of Apollo worshipped in Elis , where he had a temple in the agora . Acestor ( / əˈsɛstər / ə - SES - tər ; Ἀκέστωρ , Akestōr ) , literally `` healer '' Culicarius ( Roman ) ( / ˌkjuːlɪˈkæriəs / KEW - li - KARR - ee - əs ) , from Latin culicārius , `` of midges '' Iatrus ( / aɪ ˈætrəs / eye - AT - rəs ; Ἰατρός , Iātros ) , literally `` physician '' Medicus ( Roman ) ( / ˈmɛdɪkəs / MED - i - kəs ) , `` physician '' in Latin . A temple was dedicated to Apollo Medicus at Rome , probably next to the temple of Bellona . Paean ( / ˈpiːən / PEE - ən ; Παιάν , Paiān ) , physician , healer Parnopius ( / pɑːrˈnoʊpiəs / par - NOH - pee - əs ; Παρνόπιος , Parnopios ) , from πάρνοψ , `` locust '' Founder and protector Agyieus ( / əˈdʒaɪ. ɪjuːs / ə - JY - i - yoos ; Ἀγυιεύς , Aguīeus ) , from ἄγυια , `` street '' , for his role in protecting roads and homes Alexicacus ( / əˌlɛksɪˈkeɪkəs / ə - LEK - si - KAY - kəs ; Ἀλεξίκακος , Alexikakos ) , literally `` warding off evil '' Apotropaeus ( / əˌpɒtrəˈpiːəs / ə - POT - rə - PEE - əs ; Ἀποτρόπαιος , Apotropaios ) , from ἀποτρέπειν , `` to avert '' Archegetes ( / ɑːr ˈkɛdʒətiːz / ar - KEJ - ə - teez ; Ἀρχηγέτης , Arkhēgetēs ) , literally `` founder '' Averruncus ( Roman ) ( / ˌævəˈrʌŋkəs / AV - ə - RUNG - kəs ; from Latin āverruncare ) , `` to avert '' Clarius ( / ˈklæriəs / KLARR - ee - əs ; Κλάριος , Klārios ) , from Doric κλάρος , `` allotted lot '' Epicurius ( / ˌɛpɪˈkjʊriəs / EP - i - KEWR - ee - əs ; Ἐπικούριος , Epikourios ) , from ἐπικουρέειν , `` to aid '' Genetor ( / ˈdʒɛnɪtər / JEN - i - tər ; Γενέτωρ , Genetōr ) , literally `` ancestor '' Nomius ( / ˈnoʊmiəs / NOH - mee - əs ; Νόμιος , Nomios ) , literally `` pastoral '' Nymphegetes ( / nɪmˈfɛdʒɪtiːz / nim - FEJ - i - teez ; Νυμφηγέτης , Numphēgetēs ) , from Νύμφη , `` Nymph '' , and ἡγέτης , `` leader '' , for his role as a protector of shepherds and pastoral life Prophecy and truth Coelispex ( Roman ) ( / ˈsɛlɪspɛks / SEL - i - speks ) , from Latin coelum , `` sky '' , and specere `` to look at '' Iatromantis ( / aɪ ˌætrəˈmæntɪs / eye - AT - rə - MAN - tis ; Ἰατρομάντις , Iātromantis , ) from ἰατρός , `` physician '' , and μάντις , `` prophet '' , referring to his role as a god both of healing and of prophecy Leschenorius ( / ˌlɛskɪˈnɔːriəs / LES - ki - NOR - ee - əs ; Λεσχηνόριος , Leskhēnorios ) , from λεσχήνωρ , `` converser '' Loxias ( / ˈlɒksiəs / LOK - see - əs ; Λοξίας , Loxias ) , from λέγειν , `` to say '' , historically associated with λοξός , `` ambiguous '' Manticus ( / ˈmæntɪkəs / MAN - ti - kəs ; Μαντικός , Mantikos ) , literally `` prophetic '' Music and arts Musagetes ( / mjuːˈsædʒɪtiːz / mew - SAJ - i - teez ; Doric Μουσαγέτας , Mousāgetās ) , from Μούσα , `` Muse '' , and ἡγέτης `` leader '' Musegetes ( / mjuːˈsɛdʒɪtiːz / mew - SEJ - i - teez ; Μουσηγέτης , Mousēgetēs ) , as the preceding Archery Aphetor ( / əˈfiːtər / ə - FEE - tər ; Ἀφήτωρ , Aphētōr ) , from ἀφίημι , `` to let loose '' Aphetorus ( / əˈfɛtərəs / ə - FET - ər - əs ; Ἀφητόρος , Aphētoros ) , as the preceding Arcitenens ( Roman ) ( / ɑːr ˈtɪsɪnənz / ar - TISS - i - nənz ) , literally `` bow - carrying '' Argyrotoxus ( / ˌɑːrdʒɪrəˈtɒksəs / AR - ji - rə - TOK - səs ; Ἀργυρότοξος , Argyrotoxos ) , literally `` with silver bow '' Hecaërgus ( / ˌhɛkiˈɜːrɡəs / HEK - ee - UR - gəs ; Ἑκάεργος , Hekaergos ) , literally `` far - shooting '' Hecebolus ( / hɪˈsɛbələs / hi - SEB - ə - ləs ; Ἑκηβόλος , Hekēbolos ) , `` far - shooting '' Ismenius ( / ɪzˈmiːniəs / iz - MEE - nee - əs ; Ἰσμηνιός , Ismēnios ) , literally `` of Ismenus '' , after Ismenus , the son of Amphion and Niobe , whom he struck with an arrow Celtic epithets and cult titles Apollo was worshipped throughout the Roman Empire . In the traditionally Celtic lands he was most often seen as a healing and sun god . He was often equated with Celtic gods of similar character . Apollo Atepomarus ( `` the great horseman '' or `` possessing a great horse '' ) . Apollo was worshipped at Mauvières ( Indre ) . Horses were , in the Celtic world , closely linked to the sun . Apollo Belenus ( ' bright ' or ' brilliant ' ) . This epithet was given to Apollo in parts of Gaul , Northern Italy and Noricum ( part of modern Austria ) . Apollo Belenus was a healing and sun god . Apollo Cunomaglus ( ' hound lord ' ) . A title given to Apollo at a shrine at Nettleton Shrub , Wiltshire . May have been a god of healing . Cunomaglus himself may originally have been an independent healing god . Apollo Grannus . Grannus was a healing spring god , later equated with Apollo . Apollo Maponus . A god known from inscriptions in Britain . This may be a local fusion of Apollo and Maponus . Apollo Moritasgus ( ' masses of sea water ' ) . An epithet for Apollo at Alesia , where he was worshipped as god of healing and , possibly , of physicians . Apollo Vindonnus ( ' clear light ' ) . Apollo Vindonnus had a temple at Essarois , near Châtillon - sur - Seine in present - day Burgundy . He was a god of healing , especially of the eyes . Apollo Virotutis ( ' benefactor of mankind ? ' ) . Apollo Virotutis was worshipped , among other places , at Fins d'Annecy ( Haute - Savoie ) and at Jublains ( Maine - et - Loire ) . Origins The Omphalos in the Museum of Delphi The cult centers of Apollo in Greece , Delphi and Delos , date from the 8th century BCE . The Delos sanctuary was primarily dedicated to Artemis , Apollo 's twin sister . At Delphi , Apollo was venerated as the slayer of Pytho . For the Greeks , Apollo was all the Gods in one and through the centuries he acquired different functions which could originate from different gods . In archaic Greece he was the prophet , the oracular god who in older times was connected with `` healing '' . In classical Greece he was the god of light and of music , but in popular religion he had a strong function to keep away evil . Walter Burkert discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship , which he termed `` a Dorian - northwest Greek component , a Cretan - Minoan component , and a Syro - Hittite component . '' From his eastern origin Apollo brought the art of inspection of `` symbols and omina '' ( σημεία και τέρατα : semeia kai terata ) , and of the observation of the omens of the days . The inspiration oracular - cult was probably introduced from Anatolia . The ritualism belonged to Apollo from the beginning . The Greeks created the legalism , the supervision of the orders of the gods , and the demand for moderation and harmony . Apollo became the god of shining youth , the protector of music , spiritual - life , moderation and perceptible order . The improvement of the old Anatolian god , and his elevation to an intellectual sphere , may be considered an achievement of the Greek people . Healer and god - protector from evil The function of Apollo as a `` healer '' is connected with Paean ( Παιών - Παιήων ) , the physician of the Gods in the Iliad , who seems to come from a more primitive religion . Paeοn is probably connected with the Mycenean pa - ja - wo - ne ( Linear B : 𐀞𐀊𐀍𐀚 ) , but this is not certain . He did not have a separate cult , but he was the personification of the holy magic - song sung by the magicians that was supposed to cure disease . Later the Greeks knew the original meaning of the relevant song `` paean '' ( παιάν ) . The magicians were also called `` seer - doctors '' ( ἰατρομάντεις ) , and they used an ecstatic prophetic art which was used exactly by the god Apollo at the oracles . In the Iliad , Apollo is the healer under the gods , but he is also the bringer of disease and death with his arrows , similar to the function of the Vedic god of disease Rudra . He sends a plague ( λοιμός ) to the Achaeans . The god who sends a disease can also prevent it ; therefore , when it stops , they make a purifying ceremony and offer him a hecatomb to ward off evil . When the oath of his priest appeases , they pray and with a song they call their own god , the Paean . Some common epithets of Apollo as a healer are `` paion '' ( παιών , literally `` healer '' or `` helper '' ) `` epikourios '' ( ἐπικουρώ , `` help '' ) , `` oulios '' ( οὐλή , `` healed wound '' , also a `` scar '' ) and `` loimios '' ( λοιμός , `` plague '' ) . In classical times , his strong function in popular religion was to keep away evil , and was therefore called `` apotropaios '' ( ἀποτρέπω , `` divert '' , `` deter '' , `` avert '' ) and `` alexikakos '' ( from v. ἀλέξω + n . κακόν , `` defend from evil '' ) . In later writers , the word , usually spelled `` Paean '' , becomes a mere epithet of Apollo in his capacity as a god of healing . Homer illustrated Paeon the god , and the song both of apotropaic thanksgiving or triumph . Such songs were originally addressed to Apollo , and afterwards to other gods : to Dionysus , to Apollo Helios , to Apollo 's son Asclepius the healer . About the 4th century BCE , the paean became merely a formula of adulation ; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune , or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered . It was in this way that Apollo had become recognised as the god of music . Apollo 's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory ; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle , when a fleet left the harbour , and also after a victory had been won . Dorian origin Apollo Victorious over the Python by the Florentine Pietro Francavilla ( dated 1591 ) depicting Apollo 's first triumph , when he slew with his bow and arrows the serpent Python , which lies dead at his feet ( The Walters Art Museum ) . The connection with the Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars . The family - festival was dedicated to Apollo ( Doric : Ἀπέλλων ) . Apellaios is the month of these rites , and Apellon is the `` megistos kouros '' ( the great Kouros ) . However it can explain only the Doric type of the name , which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word `` pella '' ( Pella ) , stone . Stones played an important part in the cult of the god , especially in the oracular shrine of Delphi ( Omphalos ) . The `` Homeric hymn '' represents Apollo as a Northern intruder . His arrival must have occurred during the `` Dark Ages '' that followed the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization , and his conflict with Gaia ( Mother Earth ) was represented by the legend of his slaying her daughter the serpent Python . The earth deity had power over the ghostly world , and it is believed that she was the deity behind the oracle . The older tales mentioned two dragons who were perhaps intentionally conflated . A female dragon named Delphyne ( δελφύς , `` womb '' ) , and a male serpent Typhon ( τύφειν , `` to smoke '' ) , the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy , who the narrators confused with Python . Python was the good daemon ( ἀγαθὸς δαίμων ) of the temple as it appears in Minoan religion , but she was represented as a dragon , as often happens in Northern European folklore as well as in the East . Apollo and his sister Artemis can bring death with their arrows . The conception that diseases and death come from invisible shots sent by supernatural beings , or magicians is common in Germanic and Norse mythology . In Greek mythology Artemis was the leader ( ἡγεμών , `` hegemon '' ) of the nymphs , who had similar functions with the Nordic Elves . The `` elf - shot '' originally indicated disease or death attributed to the elves , but it was later attested denoting stone arrow - heads which were used by witches to harm people , and also for healing rituals . The Vedic Rudra has some similar functions with Apollo . The terrible god is called `` The Archer '' , and the bow is also an attribute of Shiva . Rudra could bring diseases with his arrows , but he was able to free people of them , and his alternative Shiba is a healer physician god . However the Indo - European component of Apollo does not explain his strong relation with omens , exorcisms , and with the oracular cult . Minoan origin Ornamented golden Minoan labrys It seems an oracular cult existed in Delphi from the Mycenaean age . In historical times , the priests of Delphi were called Labryaden , `` the double - axe men '' , which indicates Minoan origin . The double - axe , labrys , was the holy symbol of the Cretan labyrinth . The Homeric hymn adds that Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests to Delphi , where they evidently transferred their religious practices . Apollo Delphinios or Delphidios was a sea - god especially worshiped in Crete and in the islands . Apollo 's sister Artemis , who was the Greek goddess of hunting , is identified with Britomartis ( Diktynna ) , the Minoan `` Mistress of the animals '' . In her earliest depictions she is accompanied by the `` Mister of the animals '' , a male god of hunting who had the bow as his attribute . His original name is unknown , but it seems that he was absorbed by the more popular Apollo , who stood by the virgin `` Mistress of the Animals '' , becoming her brother . The old oracles in Delphi seem to be connected with a local tradition of the priesthood , and there is not clear evidence that a kind of inspiration - prophecy existed in the temple . This led some scholars to the conclusion that Pythia carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure through many centuries , according to the local tradition . In that regard , the mythical seeress Sibyl of Anatolian origin , with her ecstatic art , looks unrelated to the oracle itself . However , the Greek tradition is referring to the existence of vapours and chewing of laurel - leaves , which seem to be confirmed by recent studies . Plato describes the priestesses of Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women , obsessed by `` mania '' ( μανία , `` frenzy '' ) , a Greek word he connected with mantis ( μάντις , `` prophet '' ) . Frenzied women like Sibyls from whose lips the god speaks are recorded in the Near East as Mari in the second millennium BC . Although Crete had contacts with Mari from 2000 BC , there is no evidence that the ecstatic prophetic art existed during the Minoan and Mycenean ages . It is more probable that this art was introduced later from Anatolia and regenerated an existing oracular cult that was local to Delphi and dormant in several areas of Greece . Anatolian origin Illustration of a coin of Apollo Agyieus from Ambracia A non-Greek origin of Apollo has long been assumed in scholarship . The name of Apollo 's mother Leto has Lydian origin , and she was worshipped on the coasts of Asia Minor . The inspiration oracular cult was probably introduced into Greece from Anatolia , which is the origin of Sibyl , and where existed some of the oldest oracular shrines . Omens , symbols , purifications , and exorcisms appear in old Assyro - Babylonian texts , and these rituals were spread into the empire of the Hittites . In a Hittite text is mentioned that the king invited a Babylonian priestess for a certain `` purification '' . A similar story is mentioned by Plutarch . He writes that the Cretan seer Epimenides purified Athens after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae , and that the seer 's expertise in sacrifices and reform of funeral practices were of great help to Solon in his reform of the Athenian state . The story indicates that Epimenides was probably heir to the shamanic religions of Asia , and proves , together with the Homeric hymn , that Crete had a resisting religion up to historical times . It seems that these rituals were dormant in Greece , and they were reinforced when the Greeks migrated to Anatolia . Homer pictures Apollo on the side of the Trojans , fighting against the Achaeans , during the Trojan War . He is pictured as a terrible god , less trusted by the Greeks than other gods . The god seems to be related to Appaliunas , a tutelary god of Wilusa ( Troy ) in Asia Minor , but the word is not complete . The stones found in front of the gates of Homeric Troy were the symbols of Apollo . A western Anatolian origin may also be bolstered by references to the parallel worship of Artimus ( Artemis ) and Qλdãns , whose name may be cognate with the Hittite and Doric forms , in surviving Lydian texts . However , recent scholars have cast doubt on the identification of Qλdãns with Apollo . The Greeks gave to him the name ἀγυιεύς agyieus as the protector god of public places and houses who wards off evil , and his symbol was a tapered stone or column . However , while usually Greek festivals were celebrated at the full moon , all the feasts of Apollo were celebrated at the seventh day of the month , and the emphasis given to that day ( sibutu ) indicates a Babylonian origin . The Late Bronze Age ( from 1700 to 1200 BCE ) Hittite and Hurrian Aplu was a god of plague , invoked during plague years . Here we have an apotropaic situation , where a god originally bringing the plague was invoked to end it . Aplu , meaning the son of , was a title given to the god Nergal , who was linked to the Babylonian god of the sun Shamash . Homer interprets Apollo as a terrible god ( δεινὸς θεός ) who brings death and disease with his arrows , but who can also heal , possessing a magic art that separates him from the other Greek gods . In Iliad , his priest prays to Apollo Smintheus , the mouse god who retains an older agricultural function as the protector from field rats . All these functions , including the function of the healer - god Paean , who seems to have Mycenean origin , are fused in the cult of Apollo . Oracular cult Columns of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi , Greece Unusually among the Olympic deities , Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence : Delos and Delphi . In cult practice , Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo ( the Apollo of Delphi ) were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality . Apollo 's cult was already fully established when written sources commenced , about 650 BCE . Apollo became extremely important to the Greek world as an oracular deity in the archaic period , and the frequency of theophoric names such as Apollodorus or Apollonios and cities named Apollonia testify to his popularity . Oracular sanctuaries to Apollo were established in other sites . In the 2nd and 3rd century CE , those at Didyma and Clarus pronounced the so - called `` theological oracles '' , in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all - encompassing , highest deity . `` In the 3rd century , Apollo fell silent . Julian the Apostate ( 359 -- 361 ) tried to revive the Delphic oracle , but failed . '' Oracular shrines Delos lions Apollo had a famous oracle in Delphi , and other notable ones in Clarus and Branchidae . His oracular shrine in Abae in Phocis , where he bore the toponymic epithet Abaeus ( Ἀπόλλων Ἀβαῖος , Apollon Abaios ) , was important enough to be consulted by Croesus . His oracular shrines include : Abae in Phocis . Bassae in the Peloponnese . At Clarus , on the west coast of Asia Minor ; as at Delphi a holy spring which gave off a pneuma , from which the priests drank . In Corinth , the Oracle of Corinth came from the town of Tenea , from prisoners supposedly taken in the Trojan War . At Khyrse , in Troad , the temple was built for Apollo Smintheus . In Delos , there was an oracle to the Delian Apollo , during summer . The Hieron ( Sanctuary ) of Apollo adjacent to the Sacred Lake , was the place where the god was said to have been born . In Delphi , the Pythia became filled with the pneuma of Apollo , said to come from a spring inside the Adyton . In Didyma , an oracle on the coast of Anatolia , south west of Lydian ( Luwian ) Sardis , in which priests from the lineage of the Branchidae received inspiration by drinking from a healing spring located in the temple . Was believed to have been founded by Branchus , son or lover of Apollo . In Hierapolis Bambyce , Syria ( modern Manbij ) , according to the treatise De Dea Syria , the sanctuary of the Syrian Goddess contained a robed and bearded image of Apollo . Divination was based on spontaneous movements of this image . At Patara , in Lycia , there was a seasonal winter oracle of Apollo , said to have been the place where the god went from Delos . As at Delphi the oracle at Patara was a woman . In Segesta in Sicily . Oracles were also given by sons of Apollo . In Oropus , north of Athens , the oracle Amphiaraus , was said to be the son of Apollo ; Oropus also had a sacred spring . in Labadea , 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Delphi , Trophonius , another son of Apollo , killed his brother and fled to the cave where he was also afterwards consulted as an oracle . Temples of Apollo Main articles : Ancient Greek temple and Roman temple Many temples were dedicated to Apollo in Greece and the Greek colonies . They show the spread of the cult of Apollo and the evolution of the Greek architecture , which was mostly based on the rightness of form and on mathematical relations . Some of the earliest temples , especially in Crete , do not belong to any Greek order . It seems that the first peripteral temples were rectanglular wooden structures . The different wooden elements were considered divine , and their forms were preserved in the marble or stone elements of the temples of Doric order . The Greeks used standard types because they believed that the world of objects was a series of typical forms which could be represented in several instances . The temples should be canonic , and the architects were trying to achieve this esthetic perfection . From the earliest times there were certain rules strictly observed in rectangular peripteral and prostyle buildings . The first buildings were built narrowly in order to hold the roof , and when the dimensions changed some mathematical relations became necessary in order to keep the original forms . This probably influenced the theory of numbers of Pythagoras , who believed that behind the appearance of things there was the permanent principle of mathematics . The Doric order dominated during the 6th and the 5th century BC but there was a mathematical problem regarding the position of the triglyphs , which could n't be solved without changing the original forms . The order was almost abandoned for the Ionic order , but the Ionic capital also posed an insoluble problem at the corner of a temple . Both orders were abandoned for the Corinthian order gradually during the Hellenistic age and under Rome . The most important temples are : Greek temples Thebes , Greece : The oldest temple probably dedicated to Apollo Ismenius was built in the 9th century B.C. It seems that it was a curvilinear building . The Doric temple was built in the early 7th century B.C. , but only some small parts have been found A festival called Daphnephoria was celebrated every ninth year in honour of Apollo Ismenius ( or Galaxius ) . The people held laurel branches ( daphnai ) , and at the head of the procession walked a youth ( chosen priest of Apollo ) , who was called `` daphnephoros '' . Eretria : According to the Homeric hymn to Apollo , the god arrived to the plain , seeking for a location to establish its oracle . The first temple of Apollo Daphnephoros , `` Apollo , laurel - bearer '' , or `` carrying off Daphne '' , is dated to 800 B.C. The temple was curvilinear hecatombedon ( a hundred feet ) . In a smaller building were kept the bases of the laurel branches which were used for the first building . Another temple probably peripteral was built in the 7th century B.C. , with an inner row of wooden columns over its Geometric predecessor . It was rebuilt peripteral around 510 B.C. , with the stylobate measuring 21 , 00 x 43 , 00 m . The number of pteron column was 6 x 14 . Dreros ( Crete ) . The temple of Apollo Delphinios dates from the 7th century B.C. , or probably from the middle of the 8th century B.C. According to the legend , Apollo appeared as a dolphin , and carried Cretan priests to the port of Delphi . The dimensions of the plan are 10 , 70 x 24 , 00 m and the building was not peripteral . It contains column - bases of the Minoan type , which may be considered as the predecessors of the Doric columns . Gortyn ( Crete ) . A temple of Pythian Apollo , was built in the 7th century B.C. The plan measured 19 , 00 x 16 , 70 m and it was not peripteral . The walls were solid , made from limestone , and there was single door on the east side . Thermon ( West Greece ) : The Doric temple of Apollo Thermios , was built in the middle of the 7th century B.C. It was built on an older curvilinear building dating perhaps from the 10th century B.C. , on which a peristyle was added . The temple was narrow , and the number of pteron columns ( probably wooden ) was 5 x 15 . There was a single row of inner columns . It measures 12.13 x 38.23 m at the stylobate , which was made from stones . Floor plan of the temple of Apollo , Corinth Corinth : A Doric temple was built in the 6th century B.C. The temple 's stylobate measures 21.36 x 53.30 m , and the number of pteron columns was 6 x 15 . There was a double row of inner columns . The style is similar with the Temple of Alcmeonidae at Delphi . The Corinthians were considered to be the inventors of the Doric order . Napes ( Lesbos ) : An Aeolic temple probably of Apollo Napaios was built in the 7th century B.C. Some special capitals with floral ornament have been found , which are called Aeolic , and it seems that they were borrowed from the East . Cyrene , Libya : The oldest Doric temple of Apollo was built in c. 600 B.C. The number of pteron columns was 6 x 11 , and it measures 16.75 x 30.05 m at the stylobate . There was a double row of sixteen inner columns on stylobates . The capitals were made from stone . Naukratis : An Ionic temple was built in the early 6th century B.C. Only some fragments have been found and the earlier , made from limestone , are identified among the oldest of the Ionic order . Floor plan of the temple of Apollo , Syracuse Syracuse , Sicily : A Doric temple was built at the beginning of the 6th century B.C. The temple 's stylobate measures 21.47 x 55.36 m and the number of pteron columns was 6 x 17 . It was the first temple in Greek west built completely out of stone . A second row of columns were added , obtaining the effect of an inner porch . Selinus ( Sicily ) : The Doric Temple C dates from 550 B.C. , and it was probably dedicated to Apollo . The temple 's stylobate measures 10.48 x 41.63 m and the number of pteron columns was 6 x 17 . There was portico with a second row of columns , which is also attested for the temple at Syracuse . Delphi : The first temple dedicated to Apollo , was built in the 7th century B.C. According to the legend , it was wooden made of laurel branches . The `` Temple of Alcmeonidae '' was built in c. 513 B.C. and it is the oldest Doric temple with significant marble elements . The temple 's stylobate measures 21.65 x 58.00 m , and the number of pteron columns as 6 x 15 . A fest similar with Apollo 's fest at Thebes , Greece was celebrated every nine years . A boy was sent to the temple , who walked on the sacred road and returned carrying a laurel branch ( dopnephoros ) . The maidens participated with joyful songs . Chios : An Ionic temple of Apollo Phanaios was built at the end of the 6th century B.C. Only some small parts have been found and the capitals had floral ornament . Abae ( Phocis ) . The temple was destroyed by the Persians in the invasion of Xerxes in 480 B.C. , and later by the Boeotians . It was rebuilt by Hadrian . The oracle was in use from early Mycenaean times to the Roman period , and shows the continuity of Mycenaean and Classical Greek religion . Floor plan of the Temple of Apollo at Bassae Bassae ( Peloponnesus ) : A temple dedicated to Apollo Epikourios ( `` Apollo the helper '' ) , was built in 430 B.C. and it was designed by Iktinos.It combined Doric and Ionic elements , and the earliest use of column with a Corinthian capital in the middle . The temple is of a relatively modest size , with the stylobate measuring 14.5 x 38.3 metres containing a Doric peristyle of 6 x 15 columns . The roof left a central space open to admit light and air. * Delos : A temple probably dedicated to Apollo and not peripteral , was built in the late 7th century B.C. , with a plan measuring 10 , 00 x 15 , 60 m . The Doric Great temple of Apollo , was built in c. 475 B.C. The temple 's stylobate measures 13.72 x 29.78 m , and the number of pteron columns as 6 x 13 . Marble was extensively used . Ambracia : A Doric peripteral temple dedicated to Apollo Pythios Sotir was built in 500 B.C. , and It is lying at the centre of the Greek city Arta . Only some parts have been found , and it seems that the temple was built on earlier sanctuaries dedicated to Apollo . The temple measures 20 , 75 x 44 , 00 m at the stylobate . The foundation which supported the statue of the god , still exists . Temple of Apollo , Didyma Didyma ( near Miletus ) : The gigantic Ionic temple of Apollo Didymaios started around 540 B.C. The construction ceased and then it was restarted in 330 B.C. The temple is dipteral , with an outer row of 10 x 21 columns , and it measures 28.90 x 80.75 m at the stylobate . Clarus ( near ancient Colophon ) : According to the legend , the famous seer Calchas , on his return from Troy , came to Clarus . He challenged the seer Mopsus , and died when he lost . The Doric temple of Apollo Clarius was probably built in the 3rd century B.C. , and it was peripteral with 6 x 11 columns . It was reconstructed at the end of the Hellenistic period , and later from the emperor Hadrian but Pausanias claims that it was still incomplete in the 2nd century B.C. Hamaxitus ( Troad ) : In Iliad , Chryses the priest of Apollo , addresses the god with the epithet Smintheus ( Lord of Mice ) , related with the god 's ancient role as bringer of the disease ( plague ) . Recent excavations indicate that the Hellenistic temple of Apollo Smintheus was constructed at 150 -- 125 B.C. , but the symbol of the mouse god was used on coinage probably from the 4th century B.C. The temple measures 40 , 00 x 23 , 00 m at the stylobate , and the number of pteron columns was 8 x 14 . Etruscan and Roman temples Veii ( Etruria ) : The temple of Apollo was built in the late 6th century B.C. and it indicates the spread of Apollo 's culture ( Aplu ) in Etruria . There was a prostyle porch , which is called Tuscan , and a triple cella 18 , 50 m wide . Falerii Veteres ( Etruria ) : A temple of Apollo was built probably in the 4th - 3rd century B.C. Parts of a teraccotta capital , and a teraccotta base have been found . It seems that the Etruscan columns were derived from the archaic Doric . A cult of Apollo Soranus is attested by one inscription found near Falerii . Plan of the Temple of Apollo ( Pompeii ) Pompeii ( Italy ) : The cult of Apollo was widespread in the region of Campania since the 6th century B.C. The temple was built in 120 B.V , but its beginnings lie in the 6th century B.C. It was reconstructed after an earthquake in A.D. 63 . It demonstrates a mixing of styles which formed the basis of Roman architecture . The columns in front of the cella formed a Tuscan prostyle porch , and the cella is situated unusually far back . The peripteral colonnade of 48 Ionic columns was placed in such a way that the emphasis was given to the front side . Rome : The temple of Apollo Sosianus and the temple of Apollo Medicus . The first temple building dates to 431 B.C. , and was dedicated to Apollo Medicus ( the doctor ) , after a plague of 433 B.C. It was rebuilt by Gaius Sosius , probably in 34 B.C. Only three columns with Corinthian capitals exist today . It seems that the cult of Apollo had existed in this area since at least to the mid-5th century B.C. Rome : The temple of Apollo Palatinus was located on the Palatine hill within the sacred boundary of the city . It was dedicated by Augustus on 28 B.C. The façade of the original temple was Ionic and it was constructed from solid blocks of marble . Many famous statues by Greek masters were on display in and around the temple , including a marble statue of the god at the entrance and a statue of Apollo in the cella . Melite ( modern Mdina , Malta ) : A Temple of Apollo was built in the city in the 2nd century A.D. Its remains were discovered in the 18th century , and many of its architectural fragments were dispersed among private collections or reworked into new sculptures . Parts of the temple 's podium were rediscovered in 2002 . Mythology Main article : Greek mythology Birth Apollo ( left ) and Artemis . Brygos ( potter signed ) , tondo of an Attic red - figure cup c. 470 BC , Musée du Louvre . When Zeus ' wife Hera discovered that Leto was pregnant and that Zeus was the father , she banned Leto from giving birth on terra firma . In her wanderings , Leto found the newly created floating island of Delos , which was neither mainland nor a real island . She gave birth there and was accepted by the people , offering them her promise that her son would be always favourable toward the city . Afterwards , Zeus secured Delos to the bottom of the ocean . This island later became sacred to Apollo . It is also stated that Hera kidnapped Eileithyia , the goddess of childbirth , to prevent Leto from going into labor . The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace of amber 9 yards or 8.2 meters long . Mythographers agree that Artemis was born first and subsequently assisted with the birth of Apollo , or that Artemis was born on the island of Ortygia and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo . Apollo was born on the seventh day ( ἑβδομαγενής , hebdomagenes ) of the month Thargelion -- according to Delian tradition -- or of the month Bysios -- according to Delphian tradition . The seventh and twentieth , the days of the new and full moon , were ever afterwards held sacred to him . Youth Four days after his birth , Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python , which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring . This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies . Hera sent the serpent to hunt Leto to her death across the world . To protect his mother , Apollo begged Hephaestus for a bow and arrows . After receiving them , Apollo cornered Python in the sacred cave at Delphi . Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it , since Python was a child of Gaia . Hera then sent the giant Tityos to rape Leto . This time Apollo was aided by his sister Artemis in protecting their mother . During the battle Zeus finally relented his aid and hurled Tityos down to Tartarus . There , he was pegged to the rock floor , covering an area of 9 acres ( 36,000 m ) , where a pair of vultures feasted daily on his liver . Trojan War Marble Bust of Apollo after the Apollo Belvedere . Circa 1675 Apollo shot arrows infected with the plague into the Greek encampment during the Trojan War in retribution for Agamemnon 's insult to Chryses , a priest of Apollo whose daughter Chryseis had been captured . He demanded her return , and the Achaeans complied , indirectly causing the anger of Achilles , which is the theme of the Iliad . In the Iliad , when Diomedes injured Aeneas , Apollo rescued him . First , Aphrodite tried to rescue Aeneas but Diomedes injured her as well . Aeneas was then enveloped in a cloud by Apollo , who took him to Pergamos , a sacred spot in Troy . Apollo aided Paris in the killing of Achilles by guiding the arrow of his bow into Achilles ' heel . One interpretation of his motive is that it was in revenge for Achilles ' sacrilege in murdering Troilus , the god 's own son by Hecuba , on the very altar of the god 's own temple . Admetus When Zeus struck down Apollo 's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead ( transgressing Themis by stealing Hades 's subjects ) , Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes , who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus . Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus forever for this , but was instead sentenced to one year of hard labor , due to the intercession of his mother , Leto . During this time he served as shepherd for King Admetus of Pherae in Thessaly . Admetus treated Apollo well , and , in return , the god conferred great benefits on Admetus . Apollo helped Admetus win Alcestis , the daughter of King Pelias and later convinced the Fates to let Admetus live past his time , if another took his place . But when it came time for Admetus to die , his parents , whom he had assumed would gladly die for him , refused to cooperate . Instead , Alcestis took his place , but Heracles managed to `` persuade '' Thanatos , the god of death , to return her to the world of the living . Artemis and Apollo Piercing Niobe 's Children with their Arrows by Jacques - Louis David , Dallas Museum of Art Niobe Niobe , the queen of Thebes and wife of Amphion , boasted of her superiority to Leto because she had fourteen children ( Niobids ) , seven male and seven female , while Leto had only two . Apollo killed her sons , and Artemis her daughters . Apollo and Artemis used poisoned arrows to kill them , though according to some versions of the myth , a number of the Niobids were spared ( Chloris , usually ) . Amphion , at the sight of his dead sons , either killed himself or was killed by Apollo after swearing revenge . A devastated Niobe fled to Mount Sipylos in Asia Minor and turned into stone as she wept . Her tears formed the river Achelous . Zeus had turned all the people of Thebes to stone and so no one buried the Niobids until the ninth day after their death , when the gods themselves entombed them . Consorts and children Love affairs ascribed to Apollo are a late development in Greek mythology . Their vivid anecdotal qualities have made some of them favorites of painters since the Renaissance , the result being that they stand out more prominently in the modern imagination . Female lovers Main article : Apollo and Daphne Apollo and Daphne by Bernini in the Galleria Borghese Daphne was a nymph , daughter of the river god Peneus , who had scorned Apollo . The myth explains the connection of Apollo with δάφνη ( daphnē ) , the laurel whose leaves his priestess employed at Delphi . In Ovid 's Metamorphoses , Phoebus Apollo chaffs Cupid for toying with a weapon more suited to a man , whereupon Cupid wounds him with a golden dart ; simultaneously , however , Cupid shoots a leaden arrow into Daphne , causing her to be repulsed by Apollo . Following a spirited chase by Apollo , Daphne prays to her father Peneus for help and he changes her into the laurel tree , sacred to Apollo . Artemis Daphnaia , who had her temple among the Lacedemonians , at a place called Hypsoi in Antiquity , on the slopes of Mount Cnacadion near the Spartan frontier , had her own sacred laurel trees . At Eretria the identity of an excavated 7th - and 6th - century temple to Apollo Daphnephoros , `` Apollo , laurel - bearer '' , or `` carrying off Daphne '' , a `` place where the citizens are to take the oath '' , is identified in inscriptions . Leucothea was daughter of Orchamus and sister of Clytia . She fell in love with Apollo who disguised himself as Leucothea 's mother to gain entrance to her chambers . Clytia , jealous of her sister because she wanted Apollo for herself , told Orchamus the truth , betraying her sister 's trust and confidence in her . Enraged , Orchamus ordered Leucothea to be buried alive . Apollo refused to forgive Clytia for betraying his beloved , and a grieving Clytia wilted and slowly died . Apollo changed her into an incense plant , either heliotrope or sunflower , which follows the sun every day . Marpessa was kidnapped by Idas but was loved by Apollo as well . Zeus made her choose between them , and she chose Idas on the grounds that Apollo , being immortal , would tire of her when she grew old . Castalia was a nymph whom Apollo loved . She fled from him and dove into the spring at Delphi , at the base of Mt . Parnassos , which was then named after her . Water from this spring was sacred ; it was used to clean the Delphian temples and inspire the priestesses . In the last oracle is mentioned that the `` water which could speak '' , has been lost for ever . By Cyrene , Apollo had a son named Aristaeus , who became the patron god of cattle , fruit trees , hunting , husbandry and bee - keeping . He was also a culture - hero and taught humanity dairy skills , the use of nets and traps in hunting , and how to cultivate olives . Hecuba was the wife of King Priam of Troy , and Apollo had a son with her named Troilus . An oracle prophesied that Troy would not be defeated as long as Troilus reached the age of twenty alive . He was ambushed and killed by Achilleus . Cassandra , was daughter of Hecuba and Priam , and Troilus ' half - sister . Apollo fell in love with Cassandra and promised her the gift of prophecy to seduce her , but she rejected him afterwards . Enraged , Apollo indeed gave her the ability to know the future , with a curse that she could only see the future tragedies and that no one would ever believe her . Coronis , was daughter of Phlegyas , King of the Lapiths . Pregnant with Asclepius , Coronis fell in love with Ischys , son of Elatus . A crow informed Apollo of the affair . When first informed he disbelieved the crow and turned all crows black ( where they were previously white ) as a punishment for spreading untruths . When he found out the truth he sent his sister , Artemis , to kill Coronis ( in other stories , Apollo himself had killed Coronis ) . As a result , he also made the crow sacred and gave them the task of announcing important deaths . Apollo rescued the baby and gave it to the centaur Chiron to raise . Phlegyas was irate after the death of his daughter and burned the Temple of Apollo at Delphi . Apollo then killed him for what he did . In Euripides ' play Ion , Apollo fathered Ion by Creusa , wife of Xuthus . Creusa left Ion to die in the wild , but Apollo asked Hermes to save the child and bring him to the oracle at Delphi , where he was raised by a priestess . Acantha , was the spirit of the acanthus tree , and Apollo had one of his other liaisons with her . Upon her death , Apollo transformed her into a sun - loving herb . According to the Biblioteca , the `` library '' of mythology mis - attributed to Apollodorus , he fathered the Corybantes on the Muse Thalia . Consorts and children : extended list Acacallis Amphithemis ( Garamas ) Naxos , eponym of the island Naxos Phylacides Phylander Acantha Aethusa Eleuther Aganippe Chios Alciope Linus ( possibly ) Amphissa / Isse , daughter of Macareus Anchiale / Acacallis Oaxes Areia , daughter of Cleochus / Acacallis / Deione Miletus Astycome , nymph Eumolpus ( possibly ) Arsinoe , daughter of Leucippus Asclepius ( possibly ) Eriopis Babylo Arabus Bolina Calliope , Muse Orpheus ( possibly ) Linus ( possibly ) Ialemus Cassandra Castalia Celaeno , daughter of Hyamus / Melaina / Thyia Delphus Chione / Philonis / Leuconoe Philammon Chrysorthe Coronus Chrysothemis Parthenos Coronis Asclepius Coryceia Lycorus ( Lycoreus ) Creusa Ion Cyrene Aristaeus Idmon ( possibly ) Autuchus Danais , Cretan nymph The Curetes Daphne Dia , daughter of Lycaon Dryops Dryope Amphissus Euboea ( daughter of Macareus of Locris ) Agreus Evadne , daughter of Poseidon Iamus Gryne Hecate Scylla ( possibly ) Hecuba Troilus Hector ( possibly ) Hestia ( wooed her unsuccessfully ) Hypermnestra , wife of Oicles Amphiaraus ( possibly ) Hypsipyle Hyria ( Thyria ) Cycnus Lycia , nymph or daughter of Xanthus Eicadius Patarus Manto Mopsus Marpessa Melia Ismenus Tenerus Ocyrhoe Othreis Phager Parnethia , nymph Cynnes Parthenope Lycomedes Phthia Dorus Laodocus Polypoetes Prothoe Procleia Tenes ( possibly ) Psamathe Linus Rhoeo Anius Rhodoessa , nymph Ceos , eponym of the island Ceos Rhodope Cicon , eponym of the tribe Cicones Sinope Syrus Stilbe Centaurus Lapithes Aineus Syllis / Hyllis Zeuxippus Thaleia , Muse / Rhetia , nymph The Corybantes Themisto , daughter of Zabius of Hyperborea Galeotes Telmessus ( ? ) Thero Chaeron Urania , Muse Linus ( possibly ) Urea , daughter of Poseidon Ileus ( Oileus ? ) Wife of Erginus Trophonius ( possibly ) Unknown consorts Acraepheus , eponym of the city Acraephia Chariclo ( possibly ) Erymanthus Marathus , eponym of Marathon Megarus Melaneus Oncius Phemonoe Pisus , founder of Pisa in Etruria Younger Muses Cephisso Apollonis Borysthenis Male lovers Apollo and Hyacinthus , 16th - century Italian engraving by Jacopo Caraglio Hyacinth or Hyacinthus was one of Apollo 's male lovers . He was a Spartan prince , beautiful and athletic . The pair was practicing throwing the discus when a discus thrown by Apollo was blown off course by the jealous Zephyrus and struck Hyacinthus in the head , killing him instantly . Apollo is said to be filled with grief : out of Hyacinthus ' blood , Apollo created a flower named after him as a memorial to his death , and his tears stained the flower petals with the interjection αἰαῖ , meaning alas . The Festival of Hyacinthus was a celebration of Sparta . Another male lover was Cyparissus , a descendant of Heracles . Apollo gave him a tame deer as a companion but Cyparissus accidentally killed it with a javelin as it lay asleep in the undergrowth . Cyparissus asked Apollo to let his tears fall forever . Apollo granted the request by turning him into the Cypress named after him , which was said to be a sad tree because the sap forms droplets like tears on the trunk . Other male lovers of Apollo include : Admetus Atymnius , otherwise known as a beloved of Sarpedon Branchus ( alternately , a son of Apollo ) Carnus Clarus Hippolytus of Sicyon ( not the same as Hippolytus , the son of Theseus ) Hymenaios Iapis Leucates , who threw himself off a rock when Apollo attempted to carry him off Phorbas ( probably the son of Triopas ) Potnieus Apollo 's lyre Apollo with his lyre . Statue from Pergamon Museum , Berlin . Hermes was born on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia . The story is told in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes . His mother , Maia , had been secretly impregnated by Zeus . Maia wrapped the infant in blankets but Hermes escaped while she was asleep . Hermes ran to Thessaly , where Apollo was grazing his cattle . The infant Hermes stole a number of his cows and took them to a cave in the woods near Pylos , covering their tracks . In the cave , he found a tortoise and killed it , then removed the insides . He used one of the cow 's intestines and the tortoise shell and made the first lyre . Apollo complained to Maia that her son had stolen his cattle , but Hermes had already replaced himself in the blankets she had wrapped him in , so Maia refused to believe Apollo 's claim . Zeus intervened and , claiming to have seen the events , sided with Apollo . Hermes then began to play music on the lyre he had invented . Apollo , a god of music , fell in love with the instrument and offered to allow exchange of the cattle for the lyre . Hence , Apollo then became a master of the lyre . Apollo in the Oresteia In Aeschylus ' Oresteia trilogy , Clytemnestra kills her husband , King Agamemnon because he had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia to proceed forward with the Trojan war , and Cassandra , a prophetess of Apollo . Apollo gives an order through the Oracle at Delphi that Agamemnon 's son , Orestes , is to kill Clytemnestra and Aegisthus , her lover . Orestes and Pylades carry out the revenge , and consequently Orestes is pursued by the Erinyes or Furies ( female personifications of vengeance ) . Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified ; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father , whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage . They invade his temple , and he says that the matter should be brought before Athena . Apollo promises to protect Orestes , as Orestes has become Apollo 's supplicant . Apollo advocates Orestes at the trial , and ultimately Athena rules in favor of Apollo . Other stories Apollo killed the Aloadae when they attempted to storm Mt . Olympus . Callimachus sang that Apollo rode on the back of a swan to the land of the Hyperboreans during the winter months . Apollo turned Cephissus into a sea monster . Another contender for the birthplace of Apollo is the Cretan islands of Paximadia . Musical contests Pan Once Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo and to challenge Apollo , the god of the kithara , the mountain - god Tmolus was chosen to umpire . Pan blew on his pipes , and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower , Midas , who happened to be present . Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre . Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo , and all but Midas agreed with the judgment . He dissented and questioned the justice of the award . Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer , and caused them to become the ears of a donkey . Marsyas Marsyas under Apollo 's punishment , İstanbul Archaeology Museum Apollo has ominous aspects aside from his plague - bringing , death - dealing arrows : Marsyas was a satyr who challenged Apollo to a contest of music . He had found an aulos on the ground , tossed away after being invented by Athena because it made her cheeks puffy . The contest was judged by the Muses . After they each performed , both were deemed equal until Apollo decreed they play and sing at the same time . As Apollo played the lyre , this was easy to do . Marsyas could not do this , as he only knew how to use the flute and could not sing at the same time . Apollo was declared the winner because of this . Apollo flayed Marsyas alive in a cave near Celaenae in Phrygia for his hubris to challenge a god . He then nailed Marsyas ' shaggy skin to a nearby pine - tree . Marsyas ' blood turned into the river Marsyas . Another variation is that Apollo played his instrument ( the lyre ) upside down . Marsyas could not do this with his instrument ( the flute ) , and so Apollo hung him from a tree and flayed him alive . Cinyras Apollo also had a lyre - playing contest with Cinyras , his son , who committed suicide when he lost . Head of Apollo , marble , Roman copy of a Greek original of the 4th century BCE , from the collection of Cardinal Albani Roman Apollo The Roman worship of Apollo was adopted from the Greeks . As a quintessentially Greek god , Apollo had no direct Roman equivalent , although later Roman poets often referred to him as Phoebus . There was a tradition that the Delphic oracle was consulted as early as the period of the kings of Rome during the reign of Tarquinius Superbus . On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE , Apollo 's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields , replacing an older cult site there known as the `` Apollinare '' . During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE , the Ludi Apollinares ( `` Apollonian Games '' ) were instituted in his honor , on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius . In the time of Augustus , who considered himself under the special protection of Apollo and was even said to be his son , his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of Rome . After the battle of Actium , which was fought near a sanctuary of Apollo , Augustus enlarged Apollo 's temple , dedicated a portion of the spoils to him , and instituted quinquennial games in his honour . He also erected a new temple to the god on the Palatine hill . Sacrifices and prayers on the Palatine to Apollo and Diana formed the culmination of the Secular Games , held in 17 BCE to celebrate the dawn of a new era . Festivals The chief Apollonian festivals were the Boedromia , Carneia , Carpiae , Daphnephoria , Delia , Hyacinthia , Metageitnia , Pyanepsia , Pythia and Thargelia . Attributes and symbols Apollo 's most common attributes were the bow and arrow . Other attributes of his included the kithara ( an advanced version of the common lyre ) , the plectrum and the sword . Another common emblem was the sacrificial tripod , representing his prophetic powers . The Pythian Games were held in Apollo 's honor every four years at Delphi . The bay laurel plant was used in expiatory sacrifices and in making the crown of victory at these games . Gold stater of the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter ( reigned 281 -- 261 BCE ) showing on the reverse a nude Apollo holding his key attributes : two arrows and a bow The palm tree was also sacred to Apollo because he had been born under one in Delos . Animals sacred to Apollo included wolves , dolphins , roe deer , swans , cicadas ( symbolizing music and song ) , hawks , ravens , crows , snakes ( referencing Apollo 's function as the god of prophecy ) , mice and griffins , mythical eagle -- lion hybrids of Eastern origin . Apollo Citharoedus ( `` Apollo with a kithara '' ) , Musei Capitolini , Rome As god of colonization , Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies , especially during the height of colonization , 750 -- 550 BCE . According to Greek tradition , he helped Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the city of Troy . However , this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction : Hittite cuneiform texts mention a Minor Asian god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions , which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars . In this interpretation , Apollo 's title of Lykegenes can simply be read as `` born in Lycia '' , which effectively severs the god 's supposed link with wolves ( possibly a folk etymology ) . In literary contexts , Apollo represents harmony , order , and reason -- characteristics contrasted with those of Dionysus , god of wine , who represents ecstasy and disorder . The contrast between the roles of these gods is reflected in the adjectives Apollonian and Dionysian . However , the Greeks thought of the two qualities as complementary : the two gods are brothers , and when Apollo at winter left for Hyperborea , he would leave the Delphic oracle to Dionysus . This contrast appears to be shown on the two sides of the Borghese Vase . Apollo is often associated with the Golden Mean . This is the Greek ideal of moderation and a virtue that opposes gluttony . Apollo in the arts The Louvre Apollo Sauroctonos , Roman copy after Praxiteles ( 360 BC ) Apollo is a common theme in Greek and Roman art and also in the art of the Renaissance . The earliest Greek word for a statue is `` delight '' ( ἄγαλμα , agalma ) , and the sculptors tried to create forms which would inspire such guiding vision . Greek art puts into Apollo the highest degree of power and beauty that can be imagined . The sculptors derived this from observations on human beings , but they also embodied in concrete form , issues beyond the reach of ordinary thought . The naked bodies of the statues are associated with the cult of the body that was essentially a religious activity . The muscular frames and limbs combined with slim waists indicate the Greek desire for health , and the physical capacity which was necessary in the hard Greek environment . The statues of Apollo embody beauty , balance and inspire awe before the beauty of the world . The evolution of the Greek sculpture can be observed in his depictions from the almost static formal Kouros type in early archaic period , to the representation of motion in a relative harmonious whole in late archaic period . In classical Greece the emphasis is not given to the illusive imaginative reality represented by the ideal forms , but to the analogies and the interaction of the members in the whole , a method created by Polykleitos . Finally Praxiteles seems to be released from any art and religious conformities , and his masterpieces are a mixture of naturalism with stylization . Art and Greek philosophy The evolution of the Greek art seems to go parallel with the Greek philosophical conceptions , which changed from the natural - philosophy of Thales to the metaphysical theory of Pythagoras . Thales searched for a simple material - form directly perceptible by the senses , behind the appearances of things , and his theory is also related to the older animism . This was paralleled in sculpture by the absolute representation of vigorous life , through unnaturally simplified forms . Pythagoras believed that behind the appearance of things , there was the permanent principle of mathematics , and that the forms were based on a transcendental mathematical relation . The forms on earth , are imperfect imitations ( εἰκόνες , eikones , `` images '' ) of the celestial world of numbers . His ideas had a great influence on post-Archaic art . The Greek architects and sculptors were always trying to find the mathematical relation , that would lead to the esthetic perfection . ( canon ) . In classical Greece , Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason ( mind ) gave order to the seeds of the universe , and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms ( ideai , `` ideas '' ) . The forms on earth are imperfect duplicates of the intellectual celestial ideas . The Greek words oida ( οἶδα , `` ( I ) know '' ) and eidos ( εἶδος , `` species '' ) , a thing seen , have the same root as the word idea ( ἰδέα ) , a thing ἰδείν to see . indicating how the Greek mind moved from the gift of the senses , to the principles beyond the senses . The artists in Plato 's time moved away from his theories and art tends to be a mixture of naturalism with stylization . The Greek sculptors considered the senses more important , and the proportions were used to unite the sensible with the intellectual . Archaic sculpture Sacred Gate Kouros , marble ( 610 -- 600 BC ) , Kerameikos Archaeological Museum in Athens Kouros ( male youth ) is the modern term given to those representations of standing male youths which first appear in the archaic period in Greece . This type served certain religious needs and was first proposed for what was previously thought to be depictions of Apollo . The first statues are certainly still and formal . The formality of their stance seems to be related with the Egyptian precedent , but it was accepted for a good reason . The sculptors had a clear idea of what a young man is , and embodied the archaic smile of good manners , the firm and springy step , the balance of the body , dignity , and youthful happiness . When they tried to depict the most abiding qualities of men , it was because men had common roots with the unchanging gods . The adoption of a standard recognizable type for a long time , is probably because nature gives preference in survival of a type which has long be adopted by the climatic conditions , and also due to the general Greek belief that nature expresses itself in ideal forms that can be imagined and represented . These forms expressed immortality . Apollo was the immortal god of ideal balance and order . His shrine in Delphi , that he shared in winter with Dionysius had the inscriptions : γνῶθι σεαυτόν ( gnōthi seautón = `` know thyself '' ) and μηδὲν ἄγαν ( mēdén ágan , `` nothing in excess '' ) , and ἐγγύα πάρα δ'ἄτη ( eggýa pára d'atē , `` make a pledge and mischief is nigh '' ) . New York Kouros , Met . Mus. 32.11. 1 , marble ( 620 -- 610 BC ) , Metropolitan Museum of Art In the first large - scale depictions during the early archaic period ( 640 -- 580 BC ) , the artists tried to draw one 's attention to look into the interior of the face and the body which were not represented as lifeless masses , but as being full of life . The Greeks maintained , until late in their civilization , an almost animistic idea that the statues are in some sense alive . This embodies the belief that the image was somehow the god or man himself . A fine example is the statue of the Sacred Gate Kouros which was found at the cemetery of Dipylon in Athens ( Dipylon Kouros ) . The statue is the `` thing in itself '' , and his slender face with the deep eyes express an intellectual eternity . According to the Greek tradition the Dipylon master was named Daedalus , and in his statues the limbs were freed from the body , giving the impression that the statues could move . It is considered that he created also the New York kouros , which is the oldest fully preserved statue of Kouros type , and seems to be the incarnation of the god himself . Piraeus Apollo , archaic - style bronze , Archaeological Museum of Piraeus The animistic idea as the representation of the imaginative reality , is sanctified in the Homeric poems and in Greek myths , in stories of the god Hephaestus ( Phaistos ) and the mythic Daedalus ( the builder of the labyrinth ) that made images which moved of their own accord . This kind of art goes back to the Minoan period , when its main theme was the representation of motion in a specific moment . These free - standing statues were usually marble , but also the form rendered in limestone , bronze , ivory and terracotta . The earliest examples of life - sized statues of Apollo , may be two figures from the Ionic sanctuary on the island of Delos . Such statues were found across the Greek speaking world , the preponderance of these were found at the sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios , Boeotia alone . The last stage in the development of the Kouros type is the late archaic period ( 520 -- 485 BC ) , in which the Greek sculpture attained a full knowledge of human anatomy and used to create a relative harmonious whole . Ranking from the very few bronzes survived to us is the masterpiece bronze Piraeus Apollo . It was found in Piraeus , the harbour of Athens . The statue originally held the bow in its left hand , and a cup of pouring libation in its right hand . It probably comes from north - eastern Peloponnesus . The emphasis is given in anatomy , and it is one of the first attempts to represent a kind of motion , and beauty relative to proportions , which appear mostly in post-Archaic art . The statue throws some light on an artistic centre which , with an independently developed harder , simpler and heavier style , restricts Ionian influence in Athens . Finally , this is the germ from which the art of Polykleitos was to grow two or three generations later . Classical sculpture Apollo of the `` Mantoua type '' , marble Roman copy after a 5th - century BCE Greek original attributed to Polykleitos , Musée du Louvre At the beginning of the Classical period , it was considered that beauty in visible things as in everything else , consisted of symmetry and proportions . The artists tried also to represent motion in a specific moment ( Myron ) , which may be considered as the reappearance of the dormant Minoan element . Anatomy and geometry are fused in one , and each does something to the other . The Greek sculptors tried to clarify it by looking for mathematical proportions , just as they sought some reality behind appearances . Polykleitos in his Canon wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements ( materials ) , but of the parts , that is the interrelation of parts with one another and with the whole . It seems that he was influenced by the theories of Pythagoras . The famous Apollo of Mantua and its variants are early forms of the Apollo Citharoedus statue type , in which the god holds the cithara in his left arm . The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century , modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE , in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic . The Apollo held the cythara against his extended left arm , of which in the Louvre example , a fragment of one twisting scrolling horn upright remains against his biceps . Though the proportions were always important in Greek art , the appeal of the Greek sculptures eludes any explanation by proportion alone . The statues of Apollo were thought to incarnate his living presence , and these representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in the Minoan period , and in the beliefs of the first Greek speaking people who entered the region during the bronze - age . Just as the Greeks saw the mountains , forests , sea and rivers as inhabited by concrete beings , so nature in all of its manifestations possesses clear form , and the form of a work of art . Spiritual life is incorporated in matter , when it is given artistic form . Just as in the arts the Greeks sought some reality behind appearances , so in mathematics they sought permanent principles which could be applied wherever the conditions were the same . Artists and sculptors tried to find this ideal order in relation with mathematics , but they believed that this ideal order revealed itself not so much to the dispassionate intellect , as to the whole sentient self . Things as we see them , and as they really are , are one , that each stresses the nature of the other in a single unity . Pediments and friezes Apollo , West Pediment Olympia . Munich , copy from original , 460 BCE at the Temple of Zeus , Olympia , Greece . In the archaic pediments and friezes of the temples , the artists had a problem to fit a group of figures into an isosceles triangle with acute angles at the base . The Siphnian Treasury in Delphi was one of the first Greek buildings utilizing the solution to put the dominating form in the middle , and to complete the descending scale of height with other figures sitting or kneeling . The pediment shows the story of Heracles stealing Apollo 's tripod that was strongly associated with his oracular inspiration . Their two figures hold the centre . In the pediment of the temple of Zeus in Olympia , the single figure of Apollo is dominating the scene . Head of the Apollo Belvedere These representations rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visible sake . They care for the schematic arrangements of bodies in space , but only as parts in a larger whole . While each scene has its own character and completeness it must fit into the general sequence to which it belongs . In these archaic pediments the sculptors use empty intervals , to suggest a passage to and from a busy battlefield . The artists seem to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order , and this was improved when classical art brought a greater freedom and economy . Hellenistic Greece - Rome Apollo as a handsome beardless young man , is often depicted with a kithara ( as Apollo Citharoedus ) or bow in his hand , or reclining on a tree ( the Apollo Lykeios and Apollo Sauroctonos types ) . The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans , from the Renaissance through the 19th century . The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares , made between 350 and 325 BCE . The life - size so - called `` Adonis '' found in 1780 on the site of a villa suburbana near the Via Labicana in the Roman suburb of Centocelle is identified as an Apollo by modern scholars . In the late 2nd century CE floor mosaic from El Djem , Roman Thysdrus , he is identifiable as Apollo Helios by his effulgent halo , though now even a god 's divine nakedness is concealed by his cloak , a mark of increasing conventions of modesty in the later Empire . Another haloed Apollo in mosaic , from Hadrumentum , is in the museum at Sousse . The conventions of this representation , head tilted , lips slightly parted , large - eyed , curling hair cut in locks grazing the neck , were developed in the 3rd century BCE to depict Alexander the Great . Some time after this mosaic was executed , the earliest depictions of Christ would also be beardless and haloed . Modern reception Apollo has often featured in postclassical art and literature . Percy Bysshe Shelley composed a `` Hymn of Apollo '' ( 1820 ) , and the god 's instruction of the Muses formed the subject of Igor Stravinsky 's Apollon musagète ( 1927 -- 1928 ) . In 1978 , the Canadian band Rush released an album with songs `` Apollo : Bringer of Wisdom '' / `` Dionysus : Bringer of Love '' . In discussion of the arts , a distinction is sometimes made between the Apollonian and Dionysian impulses where the former is concerned with imposing intellectual order and the latter with chaotic creativity . Friedrich Nietzsche argued that a fusion of the two was most desirable . Carl Jung 's Apollo archetype represents what he saw as the disposition in people to over-intellectualise and maintain emotional distance . Charles Handy , in Gods of Management ( 1978 ) uses Greek gods as a metaphor to portray various types of organisational culture . Apollo represents a ' role ' culture where order , reason and bureaucracy prevail . In spaceflight , the NASA program for landing astronauts on the Moon was named Apollo . Genealogy Left : Surya on a quadriga , Bodh Gaya relief , India . Right : Classical example of Phoebus Apollo on quadriga . The Overthrow of Apollo and the Pagan Gods , watercolour from William Blake 's illustrations of On the Morning of Christ 's Nativity ( 1809 ) ( hide ) Apollo 's family tree Uranus Gaia Uranus ' genitals Coeus Phoebe Cronus Rhea Leto Zeus Hera Poseidon Hades Demeter Hestia APOLLO Artemis a b Ares Hephaestus Metis Athena Maia Hermes Semele Dionysus Dione a b Aphrodite See also Greek mythology portal Hellenismos portal Dryad Epirus Pasiphaë Phoebus ( disambiguation ) Sibylline oracles Tegyra Temple of Apollo ( disambiguation ) Notes Jump up ^ Krauskopf , I. 2006 . `` The Grave and Beyond . '' The Religion of the Etruscans . edited by N. de Grummond and E. Simon . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. vii , p. 73 - 75 . Jump up ^ For the iconography of the Alexander -- Helios type , see H. Hoffmann , 1963 . `` Helios '' , in Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 2 , pp. 117 -- 23 ; cf . Yalouris 1980 , no . 42 . Jump up ^ Joseph Fontenrose , `` Apollo and Sol in the Latin poets of the first century BC '' , Transactions of the American Philological Association 30 ( 1939 ) , pp 439 -- 55 ; `` Apollo and the Sun - God in Ovid '' , American Journal of Philology 61 ( 1940 ) pp 429 -- 44 ; and `` Apollo and Sol in the Oaths of Aeneas and Latinus '' Classical Philology 38. 2 ( April 1943 ) , pp. 137 -- 138 . Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill , 2009 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Herda , Alexander ( 2008 ) . `` Apollon Delphinios -- Apollon Didymeus : Zwei Gesichter eines milesischen Gottes und ihr Bezug zur Kolonisation Milets in archaischer Zeit '' . Internationale Archäologie ( in German ) . Arbeitsgemeinschaft , Symposium , Tagung , Kongress . Band 11 : Kult ( ur ) kontakte . Apollon in Milet / Didyma , Histria , Myus , Naukratis und auf Zypern . Akten des Table Ronde in Mainz vom 11. -- 12 . März 2004 : 16 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89646 - 441 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` KN 842 E '' , DĀMOS : Database of Mycenaean at Oslo , University of Oslo . Department of Philosophy , Classics , History of Art and Ideas . ^ Jump up to : van der Toorn , Karel ; Becking , Bob ; van der Horst , Pieter Willem ( 1999 ) . Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible . Brill . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11119 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The young men became grown - up kouroi , and Apollon was the `` megistos kouros '' ( The Great Kouros ) : Jane Ellen Harrison ( 2010 ) : Themis : A study to the Social origins of Greek Religion Cambridge University Press . pp. 439 -- 441 , ISBN 1108009492 Jump up ^ Visible Religion . Volume IV -- V. Approaches to Iconology . Leiden , E.J. Brill , 1985 p. 143 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : The word usually appears in plural : Hesychius : ἀπέλλαι ( apellai ) , σηκοί ( `` folds '' ) , ἐκκλησίαι ( `` assemblies '' ) , ἀρχαιρεσίαι ( `` elections '' ) : Nilsson , Vol . I , p. 556 Jump up ^ Doric Greek verb : ἀπέλλάζειν ( `` to assemble '' ) , and the festival ἀπέλλαι ( apellai ) , which surely belonged to Apollo . Nilsson , Vol I , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Beekes , 2009 , pp. 115 and 118 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Mike Campbell . `` Meaning , Origin and History of the Name Apollo '' . Behind the Name . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ The ἁπλοῦν suggestion is repeated by Plutarch in Moralia in the sense of `` unity '' . ^ Jump up to : Freese 1911 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill , 2009 , p. 1168 . Jump up ^ Πέλλα / Pella , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek -- English Lexicon Jump up ^ Nilsson Vol I , p. 558 Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson , Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion , vol . I ( C.H. Beck ) , 1955 : 555 -- 564 . Jump up ^ The reading of Apaliunas and the possible identification with Apollo is due to Emil Forrer ( 1931 ) . It was doubted by Kretschmer , Glotta XXIV , p. 250 . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , p. 559 ^ Jump up to : de Grummond , Nancy Thomson ( 2006 ) Etruscan Myth , Sacred History , and Legend . ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology ) ; Mackenzie , Donald A. ( 2005 ) Myths of Babylonia and Assyria ( Gutenberg ) Jump up ^ Angel , John L. ; Mellink , Machteld Johanna ( 1986 ) . Troy and the Trojan War : A Symposium Held at Bryn Mawr College , October 1984 . Bryn Mawr Commentaries . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929524 - 59 - 7 . Jump up ^ Melchert , Harold Craig ( 1994 ) . Anatolian Historical Phonology . Rodopi . ISBN 905183697X . Jump up ^ Immerwahr , Sara Anderson ; Chapin , Anne Proctor ( 2004 ) . Charis : Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr . Amer School of Classical . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87661 - 533 - 1 . Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill , 2009 , p. 1582 . Jump up ^ Apollonius of Rhodes , iv. 1730 ; Pseudo-Apollodorus , Biblioteca , i . 9 . § 26 ^ Jump up to : Álvaro Jr. , Santos , Allan . Simbolismo divino . Allan Álvaro , Jr. , Santos . Jump up ^ Aelian , On the Nature of Animals 4 . 4 ( A.F. Scholfield , tr . ) Jump up ^ Ovid , Metamorphoses xiii. 715 Jump up ^ Strabo , x.p. 451 Jump up ^ Wiliam Smith . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Acraepheus ^ Jump up to : Σμινθεύς in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ The epithet `` Smintheus '' has historically been confused with σμίνθος , `` mouse '' , in association with Apollo 's role as a god of disease Jump up ^ Smith , William ( 1873 ) . `` Acesius '' . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . London . At the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Euripides , Andromache 901 Jump up ^ παιών Jump up ^ κλάρος Jump up ^ Μουσαγέτας in Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ Miranda J. Green , Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend , Thames and Hudson Ltd , 1997 Jump up ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum XIII , 1863 -- 1986 ; A. Ross , Pagan Celtic Britain , 1967 ; M.J. Green , The Gods of the Celts , 1986 , London Jump up ^ J. Zwicker , Fontes Historiae Religionis Celticae , 1934 -- 36 , Berlin ; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V , XI , XII , XIII ; J. Gourcest , `` Le culte de Belenos en Provence occidentale et en Gaule '' , Ogam 6. 6 ( 1954 : 257 -- 262 ) ; E. Thevonot , `` Le cheval sacre dans la Gaule de l'Est '' , Revue archeologique de l'Est et du Centre - Est ( vol 2 ) , 1951 ; ( ) , `` Temoignages du culte de l'Apollon gaulois dans l'Helvetie romaine '' , Revue celtique ( vol 51 ) , 1934 . Jump up ^ W.J. Wedlake , The Excavation of the Shrine of Apollo at Nettleton , Wiltshire , 1956 -- 1971 , Society of Antiquaries of London , 1982 . Jump up ^ M. Szabo , The Celtic Heritage in Hungary ( Budapest 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : Divinites et sanctuaires de la Gaule , E. Thevonat , 1968 , Paris ^ Jump up to : La religion des Celtes , J. de Vries , 1963 , Paris Jump up ^ J. Le Gall , Alesia , archeologie et histoire ( Paris 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum XIII Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) ``. Die Geschicte der Giechischen Religion. Vol I ''. C.F. Beck Verlag. Munchen . p 529 Jump up ^ Burkert , Walter . Greek Religion , 1985 : 144 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Nilsson . Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion Vol I , pp. 563 -- 564 Jump up ^ Paieon ( Παιήων ) puts pain - relieving medicines on the wounds of Pluton and Ares ( Ilias E401 ) . This art is related with Egypt : ( Odyssey D232 ) : M. Nilsson Vol I , p. 543 Jump up ^ Schofield , Louise ( 2007 ) . The Mycenaeans . The British Museum Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89236 - 867 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` KN V 52 + '' . Deaditerranean : Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B . Jump up ^ Chadwick , John ( 1976 ) . The Mycenaean World . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29037 - 6 . At Google Books . Jump up ^ Ἐπὶ καταπαύσει λοιμῶν καὶ νόσων ᾄδόμενος . Which is sung to stop the plagues and the diseases . Proklos : Chrestom from Photios Bibl . code . 239 , p. 321 : Martin Nilsson . Die Geschicthe der Griechischen religion . Vol I , p. 543 ^ Jump up to : `` The conception that the diseases come from invisible shots sent by magicians or supernatural beings is common in primitive people and also in European folklore . In North - Europe they speak of the `` Elf - shots '' . In Sweden where the Lapps were called magicians , they speak of the `` Lappen - shots '' . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , p. 541 Jump up ^ Ilias A 314 . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , p. 543 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) : Harper 's Dictionary of classical antiquity Jump up ^ Perseus.tufts.edu Jump up ^ Pausanias VIII 41 , 8 - IV 34 , 7 - Sittig . Nom P. 48 . f - Aristoph . Vesp . V. 61 - Paus . I 3 , 4 . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , p. 540 , 544 Jump up ^ Graf , Fritz ( 2008 ) . Apollo . Taylor & Francis . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 58171 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo Victorious over the Python '' . The Walters Art Museum . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Graf , Apollo , pp. 104 -- 113 ; Burkert also notes in this context Archilochus Fr. 94 . Jump up ^ Walter Burkert ( 1985 ) Greek Religion . Harvard University Press . p. 255 Jump up ^ Jane Ellen Harrison ( 2010 ) : Themis : A study to the Social origins of Greek Religion . Cambridge University Press . p. 441 . ISBN 1108009492 Jump up ^ Compare : Baetylus . In Semitic : sacred stone Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I. p. 556 Jump up ^ Herbert W. Park ( 1956 ) . The delphic oracle . Vol. I , p. 3 Jump up ^ Lewis Farnel ( 1909 ) The cult of the city states . Clarendon Press . VIII . pp. 8 -- 10 Jump up ^ δελφύς Jump up ^ `` Many pictures show the serpent Python living in amity with Apollo and guarding the Omphalos . Karl Kerenyi ( 1951 ) . ed. 1980 : The gods of the Greeks , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ `` In a Pompeian fresco Python is lying peacefully on the ground and the priests with the sacred double axe in their hand bring the bull ( bouphronion ) . Jane . H. Harisson ( 1912 ) : Themis . A study of the social origins of the Greek religion . Cambridge University Press . pp. 423 -- 424 Jump up ^ In Minoan religion the serpent is the protector of the household ( underground stored corn ) . Also in Greek religion , `` snake of the house '' ( οἰκουρὸς ὄφις ) in the temple of Athena at Acropolis , etc. , and in Greek folklore . Martin Nilsson , Vol. I , pp. 213 -- 214 Jump up ^ Nordig sagas . Hittite myth of Illuyankas . Also in the Bible : Leviathan . W. Porzig ( 1930 ) . Illuyankas and Typhon . Kleinasiatische Forschung , pp. 379 -- 386 ^ Jump up to : . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , pp. 499 -- 500 Jump up ^ Hall , Alaric. 2005 . ' Getting Shot of Elves : Healing , Witchcraft and Fairies in the Scottish Witchcraft Trials ' , ( 3 ) , 116 ( 2005 ) , pp. 19 -- 36 . Jump up ^ For Śarva as a name of Shiva see : Apte , p. 910 . Jump up ^ For association between Rudra and disease , with Rigvedic references , see : Bhandarkar , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Odyssey 8.80 Jump up ^ Huxley ( 1975 ) . Cretan Paewones . Roman and Byzantine studies , pp. 129 -- 134 Jump up ^ H.G. Wunderlich . The secret of Creta Souvenir Press Ltd . London p. 319 Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , p. 554 A4 Jump up ^ Hugh Bowden ( 2005 ) . Classical Athens and the Delphic oracle , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ William J. Broad ( 2006 ) . The oracle : the lost secrets and hidden message of ancient Delphi . Penguin Group USA . p. 32 . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 081 - 5 . Jump up ^ μάντις in Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ Walter Burkert ( 1985 ). The Greek religion . p. 116 Jump up ^ F. Schachermeyer ( 1964 ) . p. 128 Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , pp. 543 -- 545 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Solon , 12 ; Aristotle , Ath . Pol. 1 . Jump up ^ Paul Kretschmer ( 1936 ) . Glotta XXIV p. 250 . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , p. 559 . Jump up ^ `` EDIANA - Corpus '' . www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis '' . sardisexpedition.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson , Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion . vol . I ( C.H. Beck ) , 1955 : 563f . Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , p. 561 . Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I . pp. 559 -- 560 . Jump up ^ `` You Apollo Smintheus , let my tears become your arrows against the Danaans , for revenge '' . Iliad 1.33 ( A 33 ) . Jump up ^ An ancient aetiological myth connects sminthos with mouse and suggests Cretan origin . Apollo is the mouse - god ( Strabo 13.1. 48 ) . Jump up ^ `` Sminthia '' in several areas of Greece . In Rhodes ( Lindos ) they belong to Apollo and Dionysos who have destroyed the rats that were swallowing the grapes `` . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . pp. 534 -- 535 . Jump up ^ Burkert 1985 : 143 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , 1.46 . Jump up ^ Lucian ( attrib . ) , De Dea Syria 35 -- 37 . Jump up ^ To know what a thing is , we must know the look of it `` : Rhys Carpenter : The esthetic basis of Greek art . Indiana University Press . p. 108 ^ Jump up to : C.M. Bowra ( 1957 ) . The Greek experience , p. 166 . Jump up ^ William Dinsmoor ( 1950 ) , The architecture of Ancient Greece , p. 218 , ISBN 0 - 8196 - 0283 - 3 ^ Jump up to : William Smith . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , John Murray , London , 1875 . p. 384 Jump up ^ Hellenic Ministry of culture , Temple of Apollo Daphnephoros Archived 12 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rufus B. Richardson , `` A Temple in Eretria '' The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts , 10. 3 ( July -- September 1895 : 326 -- 337 ) Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , p. 529 Jump up ^ Robertson pp. 56 and 323 ^ Jump up to : Spivey , p. 112 Jump up ^ Robertson p. 87 ^ Jump up to : D.S Robertson ( 1945 ) : A handbook of Greek and Roman architecture , Cambridge University Press pp. 324 - 329 Jump up ^ Robertson , p. 98 Jump up ^ Mertens 2006 , pp. 104 -- 109 . Jump up ^ IG XIV 269 Jump up ^ Temple of Apollo at Delphi , Ancient-Greece.org Jump up ^ Smith , William ( 1850 ) . New classical dictionary of biography , mythology , and geography . p. 1 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ See reports of the German Archaeological Institute in Archaeological Reports for 2008 / 9 43 - 45 Jump up ^ Hellenic Ministry of Culture : The Temple of Epicurean Apollo . Jump up ^ Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae , World Heritage Site . Jump up ^ Ministry of culture . Temple of Apollo Pythios Sotir Archived 2 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Peter Schneider : Neue Funde vom archaischen Apollontempel in Didyma . In : Ernst - Ludwig Schwandner ( ed . ) : Säule und Gebälk . Zu Struktur und Wandlungsprozeß griechisch - römischer Architektur . Bauforschungskolloquium in Berlin vom 16. - 18 . Juni 1994 . Diskussionen zur Archäologischen Bauforschung Jump up ^ perseus tufts Clarus Jump up ^ Prophecy centre of Apollo Clarius Jump up ^ Bresson ( 2007 ) 154 - 5 , citing the excavations reports of Özgünel ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Robertson p. 333 ^ Jump up to : Robertson pp. 200 - 201 Jump up ^ Perseus tufts : Falerii Veteres Jump up ^ Davidson CSA : Temple of Apollo , Pompeii Archived 6 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Livy 4.25 Jump up ^ Livy 34.43 Jump up ^ A topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome Jump up ^ Testa , Michael ( 19 March 2002 ) . `` New find at Mdina most important so far in old capital '' . Times of Malta . Archived from the original on 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ ἑβδομαγενής in Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ Children of the Gods by Kenneth McLeish , page 32 . Jump up ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus , Bibliothke iii . 10.4 . Jump up ^ `` The love - stories themselves were not told until later . '' Karl Kerenyi , The Gods of the Greeks 1951 : 140 . Jump up ^ The ancient Daphne episode is noted in late narratives , notably in Ovid , Metamorphoses , in Hyginus , Fabulae , 203 and by the fourth - century - CE teacher of rhetoric and Christian convert , Libanius , in Narrationes . Jump up ^ G. Shipley , `` The Extent of Spartan Territory in the Late Classical and Hellenistic Periods '' , The Annual of the British School at Athens , 2000 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 3.24. 8 ( on - line text ) ; Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus , Historiae Deorum Gentilium , Basel , 1548 , Syntagma 10 , is noted in this connection in Benjamin Hederich , Gründliches mythologisches Lexikon , 1770 Jump up ^ Karl Kerenyi , The Gods of the Greeks , 1951 : 141 Jump up ^ Rufus B. Richardson , `` A Temple in Eretria '' The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts , 10. 3 ( July - September 1895 : 326 -- 337 ) ; Paul Auberson , Eretria . Fouilles et Recherches I , Temple d'Apollon Daphnéphoros , Architecture ( Bern , 1968 ) . See also Plutarch , Pythian Oracle , 16 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Bibliotheca , 1.3. 4 . Other ancient sources , however , gave the Corybantes different parents ; see Sir James Frazer 's note on the passage in the Bibliotheca . Jump up ^ Apollonius Rhodius , Argonautica , 1491 ff Jump up ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius , Argonautica , 1491 ff Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 10 . 16 . 5 Jump up ^ Pseudo-Plutarch , On Rivers , 7 . 1 Jump up ^ Photius , Lexicon s.v. Linos Jump up ^ Servius on Virgil 's Eclogue 1 , 65 Jump up ^ Photius , Lexicon , s.v. Eumolpidai Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Naturalis Historia , 7 . 56 - 57 p. 196 Jump up ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius , Argonautica , 2 . 498 Jump up ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron , 77 Jump up ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius , Argonautica 4.828 , referring to `` Hesiod '' , Megalai Ehoiai fr . Jump up ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron , 266 Jump up ^ Arnobius , Adversus Nationes , 4 . 26 ; not the same as Hypsipyle of Lemnos Jump up ^ Servius on Aeneid , 3 . 332 Jump up ^ Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Patara Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 9.10. 6 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 9.10. 6 , 26.1 . Jump up ^ Photius , Lexicon , s.v. Kynneios Jump up ^ Arnobius , Adversus Nationes , 4 . 26 Jump up ^ Etymologicum Magnum 507 , 54 , under Keios Jump up ^ Etymologicum Magnum 513 , 37 , under Kikones Jump up ^ Stephanus of Byzantium , s.v. Galeōtai Jump up ^ Stephanus of Byzantium , s.v. Akraiphia Jump up ^ Scholia on Pindar , Pythian Ode 4 . 181 Jump up ^ Suda s.v. Marathōn Jump up ^ Stephanus of Byzantium s. v Megara Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 8 . 25 . 4 Jump up ^ Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Ogkeion Jump up ^ Servius on Aeneid , 10 . 179 Jump up ^ αἰαῖ , αἴ in Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ Callimachus , Hymn to Apollo , 49 . ^ Jump up to : Plutarch , Life of Numa , 4 . 5 . Jump up ^ Nonnus , Dionysiaca , 11 . 258 ; 19 . 181 . Jump up ^ Philostratus , Letters , 5 . 3 . Jump up ^ Antoninus Liberalis , Metamorphoses , 23 . Jump up ^ Servius on Aeneid , 3 . 279 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Numa , 4 . 5 , cf. also Hyginus , Poetical Astronomy , 2 . 14 . Jump up ^ Clement of Rome , Homilia , 5 . 15 . Jump up ^ `` Homeric Hymn to Hermes ( IV , 1 - 506 ) '' . Perseus . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Callimachus , Hymn to Apollo2. 5 Jump up ^ Man Myth and Magic by Richard Cavendish ^ Jump up to : Freese 1911 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ `` Koronis '' . Theoi . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Livy 1.56 . Jump up ^ Livy 3.63. 7 , 4.25. 3 . Jump up ^ Livy 25.12 . Jump up ^ J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz ( 1979 ) . Continuity and Change in Roman Religion . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 82 -- 85 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814822 - 4 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Augustus 18.2 ; Cassius Dio 51.1. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 53.1. 3 . Jump up ^ Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 5050 , translated by Beard , Mary ; North , John ; Price , Simon ( 1998 ) . Religions of Rome : Volume 2 : A Sourcebook . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 5.7 b . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45015 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : E. Homann - Wedeking . Transl . J.R. Foster ( 1968 ) . Art of the world . Archaic Greece , Methuen & Co Ltd . London , pp. 63 -- 65 , 193 . ^ Jump up to : R. Carpenter ( 1975 ) . The esthetic basis of Greek art . Indiana University Press . pp. 55 -- 58 . Jump up ^ '' The same root of looking or seeing '' . R. Carpenter ( 1975 ) . The esthetic basis of Greek art . Indiana University Press . p. 107 . Jump up ^ idea Jump up ^ V.I. Leonardos ( 1895 ) . Archaelogiki Ephimeris , Col 75 , n 1 . Jump up ^ Lechat ( 1904 ) . La sculpture Attic avant Phidias , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : C.M. Bowra ( 1957 ) . The Greek experience , pp. 144 -- 152 . Jump up ^ See ἄτη in Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ C.M. Bowra . The Greek experience , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : F. Schachermeyer ( 1964 ) . Die Minoische Kultur des alten Creta , Kohlhammer Stuttgart , pp. 242 -- 244 . Jump up ^ J. Ducat ( 1971 ) . Les Kouroi des Ptoion . Jump up ^ Homann - Wedeking ( 1966 ) . Art of the World . Archaic Greece , pp. 144 -- 150 . Jump up ^ `` Each part ( finger , palm , arm , etc . ) transmitted its individual existence to the next , and then to the whole '' : Canon of Polykleitos , also Plotinus , Ennead I vi . i : Nigel Spivey ( 1997 ) . Greek art , Phaidon Press Ltd . London . pp. 290 -- 294 . Jump up ^ `` Mosaics in Tunisia : Apollo and the Muses '' . Web.archive.org. 8 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Bieber 1964 , Yalouris 1980 . Jump up ^ British Library : Management and Business Studies Portal , Charles Handy Archived 12 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed 12 November 2016 Jump up ^ This chart is based upon Hesiod 's Theogony , unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ According to Homer , Iliad 1.570 -- 579 , 14.338 , Odyssey 8.312 , Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus , see Gantz , p. 74 . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 927 -- 929 , Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone , with no father , see Gantz , p. 74 . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod 's Theogony 886 -- 890 , of Zeus ' children by his seven wives , Athena was the first to be conceived , but the last to be born ; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her , later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena `` from his head '' , see Gantz , pp. 51 -- 52 , 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 183 -- 200 , Aphrodite was born from Uranus ' severed genitals , see Gantz , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ According to Homer , Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus ( Iliad 3.374 , 20.105 ; Odyssey 8.308 , 320 ) and Dione ( Iliad 5.370 -- 71 ) , see Gantz , pp. 99 -- 100 . References Primary sources Hesiod , Theogony , in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn - White , Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1914 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Homer , The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , Ph. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1924 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Homer ; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , PH. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1919 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Sophocles , Oedipus Rex Palaephatus , On Unbelievable Tales 46 . Hyacinthus ( 330 BCE ) Apollodorus , Apollodorus , The Library , with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer , F.B.A. , F.R.S. in 2 Volumes . Cambridge , MA , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Ovid , Metamorphoses 10 . 162 -- 219 ( 1 -- 8 CE ) Pausanias , Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones , Litt. D. , and H.A. Ormerod , M.A. , in 4 Volumes . Cambridge , MA , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1918 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Philostratus the Elder , Images i. 24 Hyacinthus ( 170 -- 245 CE ) Philostratus the Younger , Images 14 . Hyacinthus ( 170 -- 245 CE ) Lucian , Dialogues of the Gods 14 ( 170 CE ) First Vatican Mythographer , 197 . Thamyris et Musae Secondary sources M. Bieber , 1964 . Alexander the Great in Greek and Roman Art . Chicago . Hugh Bowden , 2005 . Classical Athens and the Delphic Oracle : Divination and Democracy . Cambridge University Press . Walter Burkert , 1985 . Greek Religion ( Harvard University Press ) III. 2.5 passim This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Freese , John Henry ( 1911 ) . `` Apollo '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 184 -- 186 . Gantz , Timothy , Early Greek Myth : A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1996 , Two volumes : ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5360 - 9 ( Vol. 1 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5362 - 3 ( Vol. 2 ) . Fritz Graf ( 2009 ) . Apollo . Taylor & Francis US . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 31711 - 5 . Robert Graves , 1960 . The Greek Myths , revised edition . Penguin . Miranda J. Green , 1997 . Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend , Thames and Hudson . Karl Kerenyi , 1953 . Apollon : Studien über Antiken Religion und Humanität revised edition . Karl Kerenyi , 1951 . The Gods of the Greeks Mertens , Dieter ; Schutzenberger , Margareta . Città e monumenti dei Greci d'Occidente : dalla colonizzazione alla crisi di fine V secolo a.C. . Roma L'Erma di Bretschneider , 2006 . ISBN 88 - 8265 - 367 - 6 . Martin Nilsson , 1955 . Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion , vol . I.C.H. Beck . Pauly -- Wissowa , Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft : II , `` Apollon '' . The best repertory of cult sites ( Burkert ) . Pfeiff , K.A. , 1943 . Apollon : Wandlung seines Bildes in der griechischen Kunst . Traces the changing iconography of Apollo . D.S. Robertson ( 1945 ) A handbook of Greek and Roman Architecture Cambridge University Press Smith , William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , London ( 1873 ) . `` Apollo '' Spivey Nigel ( 1997 ) Greek art Phaedon Press Ltd . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apollo . Look up Apollo in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Apollo at the Greek Mythology Link , by Carlos Parada The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database : ca 1650 images of Apollo Ancient Greek religion and mythology Classical religious forms Ancient Greek religion Gnosticism Paleo - Balkan mythology Proto - Indo - European religion Hellenistic religion Alchemy Orphism Pythagoreanism Mycenaean deities Mystery religions and sacred mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Samotracian Mysteries Main beliefs Apotheosis Euhemerism Greek Heroic Age Monism Mythology Nympholepsy Paganism Paradoxography Polytheism Theism Texts / Epic poems / Ode Aretalogy Argonautica Bibliotheca Cyranides Derveni papyrus Ehoiai Greek Magical Papyri Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Telegony The golden verses of Pythagoras Theogony Works and Days Epic Cycle Theban Cycle Rites and practices Amphictyonic League Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Apotheosis Baptes Curse tablet Daduchos Delphinion Funeral and burial practices Hymns Hero cult Heroon Hierophany Hierophant Hierophylakes Hieros gamos Hypsistarians Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Prayers Orgia Sacrifices Temenos Temples Votive offerings Sacred places Athenian sacred ships Cave of Zeus Cretea Delphi Delos Dodona Eleusis Hiera Orgas Olympia Olympus Psychro Cave Sacred Way Mythical beings Dragons in Greek mythology Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Deities Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Twelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Aquatic deities Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus The Naiads The Nereids Nereus The Oceanids Phorcys Poseidon The Potamoi Potamides Proteus Scamander Thaumas Thetis Triton Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen / Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos Kydoimos Ma Makhai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Chthonic deities Psychopomps Hermanubis Hermes Thanatos Achlys Angelos Hades / Pluto Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Macaria Melinoe Persephone Health deities Aceso Aegle Artemis Apollo Asclepius Chiron Eileithyia Epione Hebe Hygieia Iaso Paean Panacea Telesphorus Sleep deities Empusa Epiales Hypnos Morpheus Pasithea Phantasos Phobetor Oneiroi Messenger deities Angelia Arke Hermes Iris Trickster deities Apate Dolos Hermes Momus Magic deities Circe Hecate Hermes Trismegistus Triple deity Other major deities Azone The Erinyes Harmonia The Muses Nemesis Pan Unknown God Zelus Heroes / Heroines Abderus Achilles Actaeon Aeneas Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Akademos Amphiaraus Amphitryon Antilochus Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Bouzyges Cadmus Chrysippus Cyamites Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri ( Castor and Pollux ) Echetlus Eleusis Erechtheus Eunostus Ganymede Hector Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Pandion Peleus Pelops Penthesilea Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Mythical tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus - eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Telchines Oracles / Seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Delphic Sibyl Elatus Ennomus Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyl Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Magic Apotropaic magic Greek Magical Papyri Philia Mythical realms Aethiopia Atlantis Hyperborea Libya Nysa Panchaia Scythia Themiscyra Underworld Entrances to the underworld Rivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes / Swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave Charonium Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Ploutonion Pluto 's Gate Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Fields of Punishment Isles of the Blessed Tartarus Judges of the underworld Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards Cerberus Ferryman Charon Charon 's obol Symbols - Objects Bident Cap of invisibility Animals - Daemons / Spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Hade 's cattle Mythological wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Cranes - Pygmies war Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Mythological and religious objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Ara Baetylus Caduceus Cornucopia Dragon 's teeth Diipetes Galatea Golden apple Golden Fleece Gorgoneion Greek terracotta figurines Harpe Ichor Lotus tree Minoan sealstone Moly Necklace of Harmonia Omphalos Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora 's box Petasos ( Winged helmet ) Philosopher 's stone Ring of Gyges Rod of Asclepius Sacrificial tripod Sceptre Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thymiaterion Thyrsus Trident Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of Fortune Wheel of fire Xoanon Symbols Arkalochori Axe Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena Mythological powers Anthropomorphism Divination Eternal youth Evocation Fortune - telling Immortality Language of the birds Nympholepsy Magic Ornithomancy Shamanism Shapeshifting Weather modification Storage containers / Cups Amphora Calathus Chalice Ciborium Cotyla Hydria Hydriske Kalpis Kylix Kantharos Lebes Lekythos Loutrophoros Oenochoe Pelike Pithos Skyphos Stamnos Musical Instruments Aulos Barbiton Chelys Cithara Cochilia Crotalum ( Castanets ) Epigonion Kollops Lyre Pan flute Pandura Phorminx Psaltery Salpinx Sistrum Tambourine Trigonon Tympanum Water organ Games Panhellenic Games Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia Festivals / Feasts Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delphinia Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia Kronia Lenaia Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria Vessels Argo Phaeacian ships Modern offshoot religions Discordianism Gaianism Hellenismos Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Modern popular culture Greek mythology in popular culture Ancient Roman religion and mythology Deities Apollo Bellona Bona Dea Castor and Pollux Ceres Cupid Diana Dīs Pater Egeria Fauna Faunus Flora Genius Hercules Janus Juno Jupiter Lares Liber Libertas Lucina Mars Mercury Minerva Orcus Neptune Penates Pluto Pomona Priapus Proserpina Quirinus Saturn Silvanus Sol Venus Vesta Vulcan Abstract deities Abundantia Aequitas Concordia Fides Fortuna Pietas Roma Salus Securitas Spes Victoria Terra Legendary figures Aeneas Rhea Silvia Romulus and Remus Numa Pompilius Tullus Hostilius Servius Tullius Ancus Marcius Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Lucius Tarquinius Superbus Texts Virgil Aeneid Ovid Metamorphoses Fasti Propertius Apuleius The Golden Ass Varro Concepts and practices Religion in ancient Rome Festivals Interpretatio graeca Imperial cult Temples See also Glossary of ancient Roman religion Greek mythology Myth and ritual Classical mythology Conversion to Christianity Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism `` Apollo and Daphne '' from Ovid 's Metamorphoses Characters Apollo Daphne Operas Dafne ( 1597 ) La Dafne ( 1608 ) Dafne ( 1627 ) Gli amori d'Apollo e di Dafne ( 1640 ) Daphne ( 1938 ) Other Apollo e Dafne ( cantata ) Apollo and Daphne ( sculpture ) Other Daphnomancy The Wood of Suicides VIAF : 3261638 LCCN : n2014033988 GND : 118503642 SUDOC : 027476537 BNF : cb11950847r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo&oldid=833755469 '' Categories : Apollo Arts gods Deities in the Iliad Dragonslayers Health gods Knowledge gods LGBT themes in mythology Muses Temples of Apollo Mythological Greek archers Mythological rapists Oracular gods Roman gods Solar gods Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2013 Pages using infobox deity with unknown parameters Articles containing Latin - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is apollo the god of in roman mythology | [
"Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.[1]",
"Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.[1]",
"Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.[1]",
"Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.[1]",
"Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.[1]",
"Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.[1]"
] | [
"music",
"truth and prophecy",
"healing",
"the sun and light",
"plague",
"poetry"
] |
1947982503575231641 | Diablo III | Diablo III - wikipedia Diablo III Jump to : navigation , search Diablo III Developer ( s ) Blizzard Entertainment Publisher ( s ) Blizzard Entertainment Director ( s ) Jay Wilson Producer ( s ) Alex Mayberry Designer ( s ) Kevin Martens David M. Adams Programmer ( s ) Jason Regier Artist ( s ) Christian Lichtner Writer ( s ) Chris Metzen Composer ( s ) Russell Brower Derek Duke Glenn Stafford Series Diablo Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows macOS PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Microsoft Windows , macOS May 15 , 2012 PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 September 3 , 2013 PlayStation 4 , Xbox One August 19 , 2014 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing , hack and slash Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Diablo III is a dungeon crawler action role - playing video game developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment . It is the third installment in the Diablo franchise and was released on May 15 , 2012 for Microsoft Windows and macOS . A console version was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on September 3 , 2013 . Versions for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were released on August 19 , 2014 . In the game , players choose one of seven character classes -- Barbarian , Crusader , Demon Hunter , Monk , Necromancer , Witch Doctor or Wizard ( with the Crusader being unavailable unless the player has purchased the expansion pack , Diablo III : Reaper of Souls and the Necromancer added later as separate online purchase ) -- and are tasked with defeating the Lord of Terror , Diablo . Diablo III set a new record for fastest - selling PC game selling over 3.5 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release , and was the best selling PC game of 2012 , selling over 12 million copies during the year . It has sold , along with Reaper of Souls , 30 million copies across all platforms . Diablo III received critical acclaim from critics , although its digital rights management that requires an internet connection at all times was criticized . The expansion pack Diablo III : Reaper of Souls was released for the Windows and macOS editions of the game on March 25 , 2014 . For consoles the expansion pack content was released as part of the Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition version . It was released for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 on August 19 , 2014 . Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition includes the original console version of Diablo III and Diablo III : Reaper of Souls expansion pack . The second expansion Diablo III : Rise of the Necromancer was released for the Windows , macOS , and latest - generation console editions of the game on June 27 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Hardcore mode 1.2 Artisans 1.3 Followers 1.4 Auction house 1.5 PvP combat 1.6 Character classes 2 Plot 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 2.3 Act III 2.4 Act IV 3 Development 3.1 Beta 3.2 Post-launch improvements 3.3 Console development 4 Marketing and release 4.1 World of Warcraft promotion 4.2 Starter Edition 5 Soundtrack 6 Reaper of Souls expansion 7 Reception 7.1 Critical reception 7.2 Sales 8 Controversies 8.1 South Korea 8.2 France 8.3 Germany 9 References 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Diablo III 's inventory and HUD retain a feel similar to that found in earlier games in the series , including a viewpoint reminiscent of the isometric view of Diablo III 's predecessors . The inventory has sixty slots for items . Armor and weaponry each occupy two slots and all other items each occupy one slot . It can also be expanded to include details about the character 's attributes . Much like in Diablo and Diablo II , the quality and attributes of equipment are randomized . In addition to base stats ( such as damage and attack speed for weapon or armor points on armor ) , higher - quality items have additional properties , such as extra damage , attribute bonuses , bonuses to critical hit chance or sockets ( which allow items to be upgraded and customized by adding gems for various stat bonuses ) . Magic - quality items have 1 to 3 random properties , rare - quality items have 4 to 6 random properties and legendary - quality items typically have 6 to 8 properties with varying degrees of randomness ( for example , the Mempo of Twilight , a legendary helm , always has a socket , bonuses to elemental resistance , attack speed and life , a bonus to either Intelligence , Dexterity or Strength , and one additional random property , however the magnitude of these bonuses varies from item to item ) , and set items are a subtype of legendary items which provide additional , cumulative bonuses if multiple items from the same set are simultaneously equipped . Higher level monsters tend to drop higher level items , which tend to have higher base stats and bonuses . Diablo III 's skills window depicting the abilities of the wizard class The proprietary engine incorporates Blizzard 's custom in - house physics , and features destructible environments with an in - game damage effect . The developers sought to make the game run on a wide range of systems without requiring DirectX 10 . Diablo III uses a custom 3D game engine in order to present an overhead view to the player , in a somewhat similar way to the isometric view used in previous games in the series . Enemies utilize the 3D environment as well , in ways such as crawling up the side of a wall from below into the combat area . As in Diablo II , multiplayer games are possible using Blizzard 's Battle.net service , with many of the new features developed for StarCraft II also available in Diablo III . Players are also able to drop in and out of sessions of co-operative play with other players . Unlike its predecessor , Diablo III requires players to be connected to the internet constantly due to their DRM policy , even for single - player games . An enhanced quest system , a random level generator , and a random encounter generator are used in order to ensure the game provides different experiences when replayed . Unlike previous iterations , gold can be picked up merely by touching it , or coming within range , adjusted by gear , rather than having to manually pick it up . One of the new features intended to speed gameplay is that health orbs drop from enemies , replacing the need to have a potion bar , which itself is replaced by a skill bar that allows a player to assign quick bar buttons to skills and spells ; previously , players could only assign two skills ( one for each mouse button ) and had to swap skills with the keyboard or mousewheel . Players can still assign specific attacks to mouse buttons . Skill runes , another new feature , are skill modifiers that are unlocked as the player levels up . Unlike the socketable runes in Diablo II , skill runes are not items but instead provide options for enhancing skills , often completely changing the gameplay of each skill . For example , one skill rune for the Wizard 's meteor ability reduces its arcane power cost , while another turns the meteor to ice , causing cold damage rather than fire . Hardcore mode ( edit ) As in Diablo II , Diablo III gives players the choice to make hardcore characters . Players are required to first level up a regular character to level 10 before they have the option to create new Hardcore characters . Hardcore characters can not be resurrected ; instead they become permanently unplayable if they are killed . Hardcore characters are separately ranked , and they can only form teams with other hardcore characters . After dying , the ghost of a hardcore character can still chat , the name still shows up in rankings , but the character can not return to the game . If the hardcore character reached level 10 before dying , it can be placed in the Hall of Fallen Heroes . Artisans ( edit ) Artisans are non-player characters ( NPCs ) who sell and craft . Two types of artisans can be introduced by completing a quest for each : Haedrig Eamon the Blacksmith and Covetous Shen the Jeweler . The Reaper of Souls expansion introduced the Mystic artisan , who can replace individual item enchantments and change the physical appearance of items . Artisans create items using materials the player can gather by scrapping acquired items and reducing them to their component parts . These materials are used to create items which will have random bonuses . Unlike Diablo II , rare and magic items can be enhanced , not just basic weaponry and armor . Crafting can also be used to train and improve the skills of the artisans rather than create new items . When artisans gain new levels , their shop reflects their higher skill level . The process of salvaging items into materials also makes inventory management easier . Blizzard stated that this crafting system was designed so that it would not slow down the pace of the game . Followers ( edit ) Followers are NPC allies that can accompany the player throughout the game world . There are three followers in Diablo III : Kormac the Templar , Lyndon the Scoundrel and Eirena the Enchantress , who each possess their own skills and background . As followers fight alongside the player , they gain new experience , skills , and equipment as they level up . Only one follower accompanies the player at a time , creating a gameplay strategy decision . Originally , followers were only going to appear in Normal mode ; however , Jay Wilson stated at BlizzCon 2011 that followers would continue to be usable in later difficulty levels . Followers do not appear in co-op games nor against Diablo , as he will trap them in a cage of metal bones . Auction house ( edit ) On August 1 , 2011 , it was reported that Diablo III would feature two types of auction houses ; one where players spend in - game gold and another where players could buy or sell virtual items for real - world money . The real - money auction house was not available in Hardcore mode . Prior to release , Blizzard stated that nearly everything that drops on the ground , including gold , could be traded with other players either directly or through the auction house system . Aside from certain bound on account items , such as the Staff of Herding needed to access the Whimsyshire easter egg , Blizzard stated there would be very few items that would be bound to a particular character and therefore un-tradable . In order to get rated in South Korea , Blizzard had to remove the real - money auction house from the Korean release of the game as the auction house violated Korean anti-gambling laws . In the gold - based auction house , a flat fee of 15 percent was taken from the final sale price of an auction . The real - money auction house fees were US $1 , € 1 or £ 1 ( or equivalent ) for equipment ( weapons and armor ) and 15 percent fee for commodity auctions , which included items like crafting materials , blacksmith and jewelcrafting plans , and gold exchange . There was an additional 15 percent `` cashing - out '' fee from proceeds gained selling items in the real - money auction house . While the gold - based auction house was available to any player regardless of which region they play in , the real - money auction was restricted to players on their home region . If they used the global play function to play in a different region , they would not be able to access the real - money auction house . The real money auction house was opened on June 12 , 2012 ( June 15 in the Americas ) . In March 2013 , former Diablo III game director Jay Wilson stated that he felt the existence of the auction houses `` really hurt '' the game . `` I think we would turn it off if we could , '' Wilson said during his talk . But the problem is `` not as easy as that . '' On September 17 , 2013 , Blizzard stated that both the gold and real - money auction houses would be shut down on March 18 , 2014 . On March 18 , 2014 , Blizzard closed all the auction houses in Diablo III . Players had until June 24 , 2014 to claim gold and items from the completed tab on the auction house interface . PvP combat ( edit ) Player versus player combat ( PvP ) was added to Diablo III in a limited form with the 1.0. 7 patch , in February 2013 . The Brawling system provides a simple free for all area where between two and four characters can fight and defeat each other as long as they like , but without any scores or damage being tracked . Players can participate by choosing from their existing characters , with access to all of the gear and skill they have gathered from playing the game in single - player or cooperative mode . PvP content for Diablo III had been discussed throughout the game 's development , but on March 9 , 2012 , Blizzard announced that PvP had been delayed and would not be included with the game 's release . Lead designer Jay Wilson said in a post on Battle.net that the PvP Arena system would arrive in a post-release patch ; it would include multiple Arena maps with themed locations and layouts , PvP - centric achievements , and a quick and easy matchmaking system . `` We 'll also be adding a personal progression system that will reward you for successfully bashing in the other team 's skulls '' , Wilson added . On December 27 , 2012 , Blizzard announced that the previously mentioned Team Deathmatch or Arena mode was cancelled , because it did not have enough depth . Instead a simple PvP system would be added for the time being . That PvP mode was initially named Dueling , and was renamed to Brawling before release . Although the PvP systems initially outlined were not released , Blizzard stated that they will add other full - featured PvP systems in a future free content patch . In a May 2013 interview , Diablo III developer Wyatt Cheng stated that the development team was looking to see how the Brawling PvP evolves , while they `` continue to work on figuring out something more objective - based . '' Character classes ( edit ) The five original character classes of Diablo III . From left to right : Wizard , Witch Doctor , Demon Hunter , Barbarian , and Monk . Character creation screen with the Demon Hunter selected There are five available character classes from Diablo III and one from the Reaper of Souls expansion , for a total of six character classes ; a seventh has been added in 2017 . In the previous two games , each class had a fixed gender , but in Diablo III players may choose the gender they would like to play . The Witch Doctor is a new character reminiscent of the Diablo II necromancer but with skills more traditionally associated with shamanism and voodoo culture . The witch doctor has the ability to summon monsters , cast curses , harvest souls , and hurl poisons and explosives at their enemies . To power spells the Witch Doctor uses Mana , which regenerates slowly . The Barbarian previously appeared in Diablo II , and has a variety of revamped skills at its disposal based on incredible physical prowess . The barbarian is able to whirlwind through crowds , cleave through swarms , leap across crags , crush opponents upon landing , and grapple - snap enemies into melee range . The resource used by the barbarian is fury , which is generated through attacking enemies , getting attacked by enemies , and using certain abilities . Fury is used for certain strong abilities and degenerates over time . The Wizard is a version of the sorceress from Diablo II or the sorcerer from Diablo . The Wizard 's abilities range from shooting lightning , fire and ice at their enemies to slowing time and teleporting past enemies and through walls . Wizards fuel their spells with arcane power , which is a fast regenerating power source . The Monk is a melee attacker , using martial arts to cripple foes , resist damage , deflect projectiles , attack with blinding speed , and land explosive killing blows . Monk gameplay combines the melee elements of Diablo II 's assassin class with the `` holy warrior '' role of the paladin . Blizzard has stated that the monk is not related in any way to the monk class from the Sierra Entertainment -- made Diablo : Hellfire expansion . The monk is fueled by spirit , which has defensive purposes and is slowly generated through attacking , though it does not degenerate . The Demon Hunter combines elements of Diablo II 's amazon and assassin classes . Demon hunters use crossbows as their main weapon and can also throw small bombs at enemies . The demon hunter is fueled by both discipline and hatred : Hatred is a fast regenerating resource that is used for attacks , while discipline is a slow regenerating resource used for defensive abilities . The Crusader is a Reaper of Souls expansion character . The crusader has a variety of combat skills at its disposal based on physical prowess , and typically wields a shield and an associated weapon ( typically a flail ) . The crusader is able to ride a horse and strike enemies , shield bash enemies , summon a blessed hammer that circles around the crusader , leap into the air and come crashing down on enemies , have lightning strike foes from the sky , taunt enemies , hurl shields and hammers at enemies , and many more . The resource used by the crusader is wrath , which is generated through attacking enemies , getting attacked by enemies , and using certain abilities . The Necromancer is a death - themed spellcaster , available as downloadable content for Reaper of Souls . Described as a `` reimagining '' of the previous incarnation seen in Diablo II , the necromancer specializes in controlling the dead , be it by summoning minions , reviving dead enemies temporarily or using their corpses as a medium to their magical powers , while using blood magic to power their offensive and defensive abilities . The resource used by the necromancer is essence , which is generated through attacking enemies with their primary skills . The Archivist class was presented on April 1 , 2009 , following in Blizzard 's April Fool 's Day joke tradition . Plot ( edit ) The game takes place in Sanctuary , the dark fantasy world of the Diablo Series , twenty years after the events of Diablo II . Deckard Cain and Leah are in Tristram Cathedral ( the same cathedral that was the setting of Diablo ) investigating ancient texts regarding an ominous prophecy . A mysterious star falling from the sky strikes the Cathedral , creating a deep crater into which Deckard Cain disappears . Act I ( edit ) The protagonist arrives in the town of New Tristram to investigate the falling star which struck the cathedral , which is now emanating risen undead . The protagonist accompanies Leah to the cathedral in order to rescue Cain from the crater into which he fell . After rescuing Cain , the protagonist learns that the only way to the fallen star is to defeat King Leoric , the former ruler of Khanduras known now as the ' Skeleton King ' . Cain informs the protagonist that Leoric 's crown must be recovered to defeat him , and the protagonist searches for Leoric 's crown with the aid of Haedrig Eamon , the blacksmith of New Tristram . After recovering the crown , the protagonist returns to the cathedral where he / she eventually encounters and rescues Kormac , a warrior of the Templar order who has been taken captive by members of a cult known as the Dark Coven . Together , they defeat Leoric and find a stranger where the fallen star landed . The stranger 's only memory is of a sword that shattered into three pieces as he fell . The protagonist recovers the sword pieces from the Khazra Den and the Drowned Temple , opposed by the witch Maghda , leader of the Dark Coven - giving aid to a bandit named Lyndon in retrieving a false relic in the process . Maghda , however , recovers the third piece before the protagonist does and attempts to force Cain to repair the sword . Leah , however , kills the cultists with a surge of magical power , forcing Maghda to kill Cain and flee with the stranger . Cain , before dying , repairs the sword and tasks the protagonist with returning it to the stranger , revealing that both the sword and the stranger are angelic . The protagonist pursues Maghda into the bowels of King Leoric 's dilapidated torture chambers underneath his manor , rescuing the stranger and returning to him his sword after a violent fight with the Butcher , a powerful demon . The stranger 's memories are recovered , and it is revealed that he is the Archangel Tyrael , the Aspect of Justice . Disgusted with his fellow angels ' unwillingness to protect humanity from the forces of Hell , Tyrael casts aside his divinity to become a mortal and warn Sanctuary about the arrival of the demon lords Belial ( Lord of Lies ) and Azmodan ( Lord of Sin ) . Act II ( edit ) The protagonist , Leah , and Tyrael travel to the city of Caldeum . The protagonist leaves to track down Maghda at Alcarnus as per orders from Asheara , commander of the Iron Wolves ( returning from Diablo II ) , while Leah and Tyrael search for evidence of Belial in the city sewers . The protagonist first encounters a young Enchantress who introduces herself as Eirena , who hails from a different era . With Eirena 's help , the protagonist finds and stops cultists from channeling an illusion by halting their progress . Continuing on , the protagonist reaches the Khasim Outpost , finding that Belial 's serpent demons have imprisoned and replaced the true guards . Freeing Captain Davyd and his men , the protagonist reclaims the Khasim Outpost from the serpent demons and is given access to Alcarnus . After freeing the prisoners , the protagonist fights Maghda in her lair and kills her , avenging Cain , then returns to Caldeum to rescue Leah from the grasp of the Imperial Guards . Gaining an audience with the young Emperor of Caldeum , Hakan II , the protagonist is blamed for the chaos at Alcarnus , and the Emperor orders the protagonist 's death and that Leah be brought to him , forcing the protagonist to escape the palace . Escaping to the sewers , Leah reveals that her mother , Adria ( the witch of Tristram from the original game ) is still alive . The protagonist aids Leah in rescuing Adria from the city 's sewers . Adria reveals that the key to stopping the forces of Hell is the Black Soulstone . Crafted by the deranged warlock Zoltun Kulle , it has the power to trap the souls of the seven Lords of Hell and destroy them forever . Leah explains that Kulle was slain by the Horadrim before he could put the finishing touches on the stone , and that his severed head was sealed off in the lush Dahlgur Oasis . Adria instructs the protagonist to find the warlock 's head in the oasis if the Soulstone is to be retrieved . After the head is retrieved , Leah revives the ghost of Zoltun Kulle , and Tyrael instructs him to activate the Black Soulstone . Kulle states that two vials of his blood hidden by the Horadrim in the Desolate Sands are needed to reach the stone . Leah decides to accompany the protagonist whilst putting the warlock 's head in the protagonist 's packs . After recovering the two vials of blood , the protagonist ventures into Kulle 's archives in search of his body , while Leah prepares the ritual to bring Kulle back . After Kulle is brought back to life , the protagonist is then led into the archive 's inner sanctum where the Black Soulstone is located , but is forced to defeat Kulle when the resurrected warlock attempts to take the soulstone for himself . Upon returning to Caldeum , the protagonist finds the city under attack by Belial 's forces . Leah and Adria fight their way to the palace with the protagonist , revealing Belial as having taken the form of the Emperor to deceive them , and eventually defeat him . Leah then traps Belial 's soul within the Black Soulstone , freeing Caldeum , after which she has a vision of the demon lord Azmodan , who is invading Sanctuary from the crater of Mount Arreat ( destroyed by Tyrael in Diablo II : Lord of Destruction ) in order to retrieve the Black Soulstone and empower himself , becoming the Prime Evil . Act III ( edit ) The protagonist travels to Bastion 's Keep with Tyrael , their followers , Leah and Adria only to find it under attack by Azmodan 's army . Tyrael instructs the protagonist to aid the defenders , lighting the signal fires on the keep 's walls , and raising the catapults . With that done , the protagonist enters the stronghold , where Azmodan 's forces have breached the lower levels , defeating the demon Ghom , the Lord of Gluttony . The protagonist then takes to the battlefield , destroying Azmodan 's siege weapons and traveling to the crater of Mount Arreat . Tyrael assists the protagonist in reaching the demonic gate protecting the crater , and destroys it with his sword , El'druin . After a gruesome battle with a huge Siegebreaker Assault Beast , the protagonist traverses the depths of Arreat 's inner core , destroying the Sin Hearts , which empower Azmodan and his armies . Azmodan 's consort Cydaea , the Maiden of Lust , attempts to protect the hearts , but is defeated by the protagonist , who then confronts and defeats Azmodan . Leah seals Azmodan 's soul within the Black Soulstone . With all seven Lords of Hell trapped within the stone , Tyrael states that the Eternal Conflict between Heaven and Hell will be ended if the stone is destroyed . The protagonist returns to Bastion 's Keep , but finds that Adria has betrayed them . Adria reveals she has been serving Diablo from the beginning , and that Leah 's father is Leoric 's son Aidan , the Dark Wanderer ( the Warrior player character from the first game and Diablo 's reincarnate body in Diablo II ) , who was possessed by Diablo . Adria uses the Black Soulstone to resurrect Diablo while forcing Leah to serve as his vessel . With all the souls of the Lords of Hell now within him , Diablo becomes the Prime Evil , and begins an assault on the High Heavens . Act iv ( edit ) The protagonist arrives in the High Heavens to find that it is already under attack . Imperius , the Aspect of Valor , blames the protagonist and Tyrael for their downfall , causing Tyrael to give in to despair . On the other hand , the protagonist remains determined to fight , and defeats the demon Iskatu . The protagonist then meets Itherael , the Aspect of Fate , who instructs him to rescue Auriel , the Aspect of Hope , from Rakanoth , the Lord of Despair , in the Library of Fate . After rescuing Auriel and returning hope to the forces of Heaven , the protagonist is then instructed by Auriel to close the Hell Rifts . After this is done , the protagonist finds Tyrael , who has overcome his despair . Together , they attempt to stop Diablo from reaching the Crystal Arch , the source of power for the forces of Heaven , but not before a brawl with Izual , Tyrael 's corrupted former lieutenant . After a long and fierce battle , Diablo is defeated and his physical manifestation is destroyed . The Black Soulstone is shown falling from the High Heavens , still intact . After the battle , Tyrael decides to rejoin the Angiris Council as the new Aspect of Wisdom , but remains a mortal , dedicated to building a permanent alliance between angels and humans . Development ( edit ) Development on Diablo III began in 2001 when Blizzard North was still in operation , and the game was first announced on June 28 , 2008 , at the Blizzard Worldwide Invitational in Paris , France . The original artistic design differed from that shown at Blizzard Worldwide Invitational 2008 demonstration , and had undergone three revisions before reaching the standards felt necessary by the team behind Diablo III . It was announced that the game would be simultaneously released on both Windows and Mac macOS platforms , and would require a constant internet connection to play , even for single - player mode . The proprietary engine incorporates Blizzard 's custom in - house physics , a change from the original usage of Havok 's physics engine , and features destructible environments with an in - game damage effect . Diablo III 's lead designer was Jay Wilson , a former Relic Entertainment designer credited with work on Warhammer 40,000 : Dawn of War and Company of Heroes , as well as Blood II : The Chosen for Monolith Productions . The lead world designer was Leonard Boyarsky , one of the six co-creators of Fallout . Bobby Kotick from Activision announced in February 2012 , that Diablo III would not launch in the 1st quarter of 2012 ; a slide show presentation at Activision 's quarterly financial report listed the game 's launch sometime in Q2 of 2012 , and the release date of May 15 , 2012 , was announced on March 15 , 2012 . Beta ( edit ) On May 9 , 2011 , Blizzard announced that Diablo III was expected to be released for external beta testing in Q3 of 2011 . On September 7 , 2011 , Blizzard community manager Bashiok confirmed the start of the closed public beta test of the game with limited external testing by employees and their families . Testers were not restricted by a non-disclosure agreement ( NDA ) i.e. every participant would be free to show , share , or talk about any portion of the beta content . On September 20 , 2011 , Blizzard announced through their Diablo III site that the closed beta test portion of the game through invites , promotions and giveaways had begun . On October 22 , 2011 , at BlizzCon , Diablo III game director Jay Wilson announced during an open Q&A that a new wave of beta invitations would be sent after an upcoming patch . Blizzard announced on April 19 , 2012 , that there would be an open beta weekend for the game , starting on April 20 , 2012 , and ending the morning of April 23 . The closed beta ended on May 1 , 2012 . The content available in the beta included the possibility to try all 5 character classes in the first act up to the Skeleton King encounter . The players were also able to try various in - game features such as crafting through the blacksmithing NPC , the auction house , hosting and joining public games as well as earning achievements . The beta website made references that measures would be in place to prevent future cheating . Post-launch improvements ( edit ) On June 11 , 2012 , it was announced at Apple 's 2012 WWDC keynote that native Retina display support will be coming to Diablo III . The following day , a Blizzard representative confirmed via the official Battle.net forums Apple 's statement , the ongoing work by the developer on the optimization of the game engine for its rendering on the Retina display ( and technically on other similar future high - density monitors ) and that this optimization will be mainly for aesthetic purposes . Patch 1.0. 4 introduced the paragon leveling system . After reaching the level cap of 60 , characters continue to accumulate experience points , gaining paragon levels ( up to a cap of 100 ) , each of which provides a bonus to core stats ( making characters more powerful and durable ) and magic find and gold find ( increasing the quantity and average quality of loot drops ) . Patch 1.0. 5 expanded the difficulty settings with the addition of the Monster Power system . In addition to the Normal / Nightmare / Hell / Inferno difficulty system , players can also set Monster Power at any level from 0 to 10 , with each level of Monster Power increasing the damage , health points , experience point yield and loot drop rates beyond the base value for a given difficulty tier . The first PvP addition to the game was in February 2013 , as part of patch 1.0. 7 ; a simple free - for - all system called `` Brawling '' and multiple item crafting options . Main article : Diablo III : Reaper of Souls § Pre-expansion patch On February 25 , 2014 , patch 2.0. 1 was released , introducing extensive changes in preparation for the Reaper of Souls expansion , which was itself released on March 25 . For Diablo 's 20th anniversary , it was announced during BlizzCon 2016 that Diablo III would receive a free patch called The Darkening of Tristam that would recreate the original game . The patch will contain a 16 - level dungeon , four main bosses from the 1996 version and special graphics filters and 8 - directions limited movement like the original game . The patch is scheduled to release one week after the event , which happened on November 4 , 2016 . Console development ( edit ) On January 10 , 2012 , Blizzard community manager Bashiok tweeted `` Yup . Josh Mosqueira is lead designer for the Diablo III console project '' however a Blizzard spokesperson later clarified that Bashiok 's tweet was only `` intended as a confirmation that Blizzard is actively exploring the possibility of developing a console version of Diablo III , '' adding , `` This is not a confirmation that Diablo III is coming to any console platform . '' At Sony 's Press Conference on February 20 , 2013 , Chris Metzen announced that Diablo III would release on both PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 . Activision Blizzard stated in their first - quarter 2013 earnings report , that the PlayStation 3 version of Diablo III would be released in 2013 . On June 6 , 2013 , Blizzard announced that both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 port of the game would be released on September 3 , 2013 . A PS3 version of the game was published and localized by Square Enix in Japan , released there on January 30 , 2014 . In August 2013 , Diablo III developers stated that they had started on the PlayStation 4 development of the game , titled Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition , and were looking at how to best utilize the new features of the PS4 controller , such as the TouchPad and the Share button . They are hopeful that characters from the PS3 version of Diablo III will be able to play directly on the PS4 . In May 2014 , Blizzard announced that Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition would be released on August 19 , bringing the game to the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . The game will run at 1080p on PlayStation 4 and , while it was initially announced to run at 900p on Xbox One , a day one patch will enable it to run at 1080p . The consoles versions of Reaper of Souls added several new features exclusive to it , including the Nemesis System which will send a boss into your game that will hunt down your character specifically . If you defeat the boss you are awarded with a higher chance at legendary items , but if it kills your character it will come back , but stronger and also be transferred to another player on your friends list if you are online . Marketing and release ( edit ) People queuing for the release in Uppsala , Sweden Diablo III was released on May 15 , 2012 . Players had the options to buy one of two retail boxed versions , a standard edition and collector 's edition , or could also pre-order directly from Battle.net and download the installer in advance . On May 14 , 2012 , players who bought the downloadable version from Battle.net could install the rest of the game including patches . On May 15 , 2012 , the retail version could be bought from stores doing midnight launches such as GameStop . The Diablo III Battle.net servers went live at this point , people who downloaded the game could begin playing . Initially the launches were hindered by heavy server load with many users getting various errors , including the error 37 which reads ; `` The servers are busy at this time . Please try again later '' . These issues made the game unplayable for those affected , while some others experienced in - game bugs . Despite assurances from Blizzard that the problems leading to the connection errors during Diablo III 's launch had been resolved , Eurogamer reported on May 31 , 2012 , that these errors were still ongoing , and had reappeared after patch 1.0. 2 was released for the game . Many fans complained that the ongoing problems had caused them to lose their hardcore ( permanent death ) characters . In South Korea , players waited up to 36 hours to purchase the collector 's edition . The release was also the source of a minor controversy in Australia when retailer Game went into voluntary administration the day before the release , and so was unable to honor pre-orders or offer refunds . In response to this , Blizzard Entertainment offered affected customers credit in purchasing the digital version of the game . On April 23 , 2015 , the game was released in China as it was approved by the Ministry of Culture . It used to be sold under the name `` Big Pineapple '' ( 大 菠萝 Dɑ Boluo ) which sounds similar to Diablo in Mandarin Chinese in order to dodge the sales ban . World of Warcraft promotion ( edit ) Starting at BlizzCon in October 2011 , Blizzard offered an `` annual pass '' for World of Warcraft , where players who signed up for a 12 - month subscription to that game received a free digital copy of Diablo III once released , as well as guaranteed beta access for the Mists of Pandaria expansion to World of Warcraft and a special Diablo - inspired mount called Tyrael 's Charger in World of Warcraft . Starter Edition ( edit ) A demo version of the game , called the Starter Edition , was released simultaneously with the full release . It provides a limited introduction to the game where players can complete Act 1 up to the Skeleton King boss encounter with a level cap of 13 . Originally after Diablo III 's release the Starter Edition was only available through a guest pass code , which was included with the boxed versions of the game . Players have the option to upgrade to the full game through their Battle.net accounts . The Starter Edition became available to all users a few months after release on August 15 , 2012 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Diablo III Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Russell Brower , Derek Duke , Glenn Stafford , Joseph Lawrence , Neal Acree , Laurence Juber and Edo Guidotti Released May 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 15 ) Genre Video game soundtrack Length 77 : 46 Label Azeroth Music Russell Brower was the primary composer of the music for Diablo III . Additional music was composed by Derek Duke , Glenn Stafford , Joseph Lawrence , Neal Acree , Laurence Juber & Edo Guidotti . When composing for the orchestra , Brower tried to respect the Wagnerian style from the expansion to the second game in the series , Lord of Destruction . The Overture is considered the main theme of the game and it has been performed by the Eminence Symphony Orchestra , and was released on iTunes in 2009 , as a single . A similar composition was used in the cinematic teaser trailer of the game . The Tristram theme from the first Diablo , also used in the second game , is present in Diablo III with some changes. . Irish choral ensemble Anúna also feature on the soundtrack . Brower stated that `` Working somewhat against conventional expectations , Hell is a beautiful and seductive sound , provided by Dublin 's uniquely astounding choral group ANÚNA '' . A full soundtrack was released on iTunes on May 15 , 2012 ( the same day the game was released ) , as well as part of the Collector 's Edition of the game . ( show ) Diablo III Soundtrack No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` And The Heavens Shall Tremble '' Russell Brower , Derek Duke , Glenn Stafford , Joseph Lawrence , Neal Acree , Laurence Juber & Edo Guidotti 2 : 24 2 . `` The Eternal Conflict '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 37 3 . `` New Tristram '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 5 : 16 4 . `` Demon Hunter '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 59 5 . `` Black Soulstone '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 48 6 . `` Azmodan '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 1 : 59 7 . `` Witch Doctor '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 1 : 18 8 . `` Tamoe Highlands '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 4 : 18 9 . `` I Am Justice '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 1 : 57 10 . `` Barbarian '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 0 : 58 11 . `` Arreat '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 3 : 56 12 . `` Leoric '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 8 : 11 13 . `` Monk '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 1 : 28 14 . `` Incantation '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 18 15 . `` Bastion 's Keep '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 7 : 31 16 . `` Wizard '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 1 : 17 17 . `` Caldeum '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 7 : 11 18 . `` Evil Reawakened '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 3 : 30 19 . `` Garden of Hope '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 3 : 25 20 . `` Heaven 's Gate '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 43 21 . `` A Tenuous Bond '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 4 : 50 22 . `` A New Dawn '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 27 23 . `` Leah '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 36 Total length : 77 : 46 Reaper of Souls expansion ( edit ) Main article : Diablo III : Reaper of Souls On August 21 , 2013 , it was announced at the German games fair Gamescom that Diablo III : Reaper of Souls would be the first expansion for Diablo III . It features the fallen angel of wisdom Malthael as the expansion 's main villain and is set in the city of Westmarch , which takes inspiration from many Gothic medieval locations . The expansion includes a new hero called the Crusader , an increased level cap to level 70 , major improvements to loot drops including the ability to change item stats using an enchanting system , the ability to change the look of an item using transmogrification , and an improved Paragon leveling system which is account - wide and does not have a level cap . Reaper of Souls was released on March 25 , 2014 , for the Windows and macOS versions of Diablo III . The expansion pack content was released as part of the Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition version for consoles on August 19 for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . That edition expanded the base Diablo III game on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , and brought the game for the first time to the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( PS4 ) 91 % ( XONE ) 89 % ( PC ) 88 % ( X360 ) 87 % ( PS3 ) 86 % Metacritic ( PS4 ) 90 / 100 ( PC ) 88 / 100 ( X360 ) 87 / 100 ( XONE ) 86 / 100 ( PS3 ) 86 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Edge 9 / 10 Eurogamer 9 / 10 G4 4.5 / 5 Game Informer 9 / 10 GameSpot 8.5 / 10 GameSpy GamesRadar+ 8 / 10 IGN 9.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 90 / 100 Polygon 10 / 10 Diablo III has received positive reviews from critics , attaining scores of 88 % and 88 / 100 on aggregate review websites GameRankings and Metacritic respectively . GamesRadar was positive about the game 's opening act and its nods to past Diablo games saying `` we liked what we saw . '' IGN was positive about the new skill system stating `` Instead of gameplay like Diablo II , where I often regretted how I allotted my ability points , Diablo III encourages experimentation and finding out exactly what works for your play - style . It 's a vastly superior way to handle character abilities '' , and praised the overall gameplay , stating `` the new systems really do make it a lot easier to enjoy Diablo III '' . IGN further praised the game 's new gameplay design , in particular the rune and loot systems , the randomly generated levels and the game 's enjoyable unpredictability . It stated the game 's feel is quite intuitive and also praised the game 's sound and voicing . Rock , Paper , Shotgun gave mixed commentary during the game 's beta period , praising the actual game itself by stating that it is much more direct than its predecessors and intuitive in its interface . However , it said the playing experience is spoiled due to lag in single - player mode caused by a lack of an offline single - player mode . Following the game 's release , it reaffirmed its displeasure at the always - online DRM and offered a mixed opinion that the game was enjoyable but added `` nothing new '' to its genre . Users have voiced criticism about the game 's strong digital rights management which requires what is known as persistent online authentication , resulting in the lack of an offline single - player mode . Erik Kain , a Forbes contributing writer , stated that the requirement to remain online is not necessary for single - player mode and that Blizzard is abusing its position as a `` juggernaut '' and is setting a worrying precedent for the gaming industry . In response to questions about the lack of offline single - player , Diablo III senior producer Alex Mayberry said , `` Obviously StarCraft II did it , World of Warcraft authenticates also . It 's kind of the way things are , these days . The world of gaming is not the same as it was when Diablo II came out . '' Gaming Blend supported the game 's fanbase ( referring to the user ratings on Metacritic and Amazon ) and rejected counter-criticisms of the community . It claims that the gaming industry at large is far too defensive of production companies ' actions , to the point of accepting backward steps in game availability . William Usher , the article 's author said , `` Journalists should have been acknowledging consumer distaste rather than fueling it with pro-corporate pandering . '' While Gaming Blend disliked the always - online DRM , it did give the game a positive review . It stated the game includes interesting opportunities for experimentation and has great appeal for replaying over and over . The review concluded the game is `` smooth and entertaining . '' A GameArena critic questioned how Blizzard managed to `` fail so spectacularly at creating reliable networking for Diablo 3 '' before going on to point out the lack of competitive multiplayer . Many users criticized the art direction as it was considered too bright and colourful in contrast to the darker atmosphere of the previous releases . This led to petitions demanding Blizzard to change the design . The lead producer responded to these criticisms and explaining the design choices by stating that `` We feel that color actually helps to create a lot of highlights in the game so that there is contrast . '' He also highlighted that unlike the previous games , the players explore outdoors . The Black Soulstone footage won the ' Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Commercial or Video Game Trailer ' award from the Visual Effects Society . Sales ( edit ) Before its release , Diablo III broke several presale records and became the most pre-ordered PC game to date on Amazon.com . Activision Blizzard reported that Diablo III had broken the one - day PC sales records , accumulating over 3.5 million sales in the first 24 hours after release and over 6.3 million sales in its first week , including the 1.2 million people who obtained Diablo III through the World of Warcraft annual pass . On its first day , the game amassed 4.7 million players worldwide , an estimate which includes those who obtained the game via the World of Warcraft annual pass . In its 2012 second quarter report , Diablo III was reported to have pushed Activision Blizzard 's expectations and as of July 2012 , more than 10 million people had played the game . Diablo III remains the fastest selling PC game to date , and also one of the best - selling PC video games . As of the end of 2012 , it had sold more than 12 million copies , and as of March 2013 , Blizzard stated that Diablo III had around 1 million daily players , with 3 million unique players each month . As of May 2013 , Diablo III had been played by 14.5 million unique players , according to Blizzard 's released statistics . As of February 2014 , the game had sold 15 million copies across all platforms . As of June 30 , 2014 , Diablo III and Reaper of Souls had combined sales worldwide of more than 20 million copies . As of June 30 , 2015 , the game had sold , along with Reaper of Souls , 30 million units . Controversies ( edit ) South Korea ( edit ) On May 28 , 2012 , Blizzard Entertainment 's offices in South Korea were raided by the Fair Trade Commission amid allegations that the company had breached consumer rights laws , including suspected violations of Korea 's law on electronic commerce and commercial contracts . Players in Korea requested refunds from Blizzard based on their inability to play Diablo III , but Blizzard cited the terms of sale and refused to grant these requests . Hundreds of gamers filed formal complaints with the FTC , and in June 2012 Blizzard started offering players full refunds . France ( edit ) On June 15 , 2012 , French consumers group UFC Que Choisir announced that it had received 1,500 complaints in four days regarding connectivity issues with Diablo III . As a result of this , the organization asked Blizzard Entertainment to provide a permanent solution by June 30 , 2012 , and to `` communicate completely and transparently about problems encountered in due time '' . They also requested that gamers be given reimbursement for any troubles they may have encountered . In addition , they asked the French government to take a closer look at games with online - only DRM . On June 28 , Blizzard replied to the Que Choisir that the box for Diablo III clearly labelled that a high - speed internet connection was required and that most of the stability issues had been fixed . Germany ( edit ) The German Federation of Consumer Organizations threatened legal action if Blizzard did not respond to complaints about Diablo III 's lack of clear information on the German version of the box by July 27 , 2012 , regarding the always online requirement and lack of ability to resell the digital game . 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Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Diablo 3 sales hit 15m as WOW subs rise '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Over 20 Million Copies Of Diablo III Sold Since Release '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarker , Samit ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Diablo 3 lifetime sales top 30 million units '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blizzard probed over Diablo 3 '' . Korea Times . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Orry , James ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Blizzard 's Korean Offices Raided after Fan Outcry over Diablo 3 Server Issues '' . Videogamer.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Tom ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Blizzard Offices Raided over Diablo 3 Refund Policy after Error 37 Strokes Korean Gamers '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Blizzard Offers Full Diablo III Refunds in South Korea '' . IGN . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Face à l'enfer vécu par les joueurs , l'UFC - Que choisir prend les manettes '' . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` France Threatening Blizzard with Legal Action '' . June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo 3 et l'erreur 37 : la réponse de Blizzard à l'UFC - Que Choisir '' ( in French ) . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Usher , William ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo 3 's Always - On DRM Pushes German Consumer Advocacy Group To Pursue Legal Action '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` German Consumer Group Threatens Legal Action Against Blizzard '' . Escapist Magazine . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Community site Diablo Video games Diablo Hellfire Diablo II Lord of Destruction soundtrack Diablo III Reaper of Souls Rise of the Necromancer Other Novels The Kingdom of Shadow Characters Heroes of the Storm Blizzard Entertainment Franchises Diablo StarCraft Warcraft Other games Blackthorne The Death and Return of Superman Heroes of the Storm Justice League Task Force The Lost Vikings Overwatch Rock n ' Roll Racing RPM Racing People Aaron Boulding David Brevik Russell Brower Jeff Kaplan Sam Lantinga Chris Metzen Michael Morhaime Josh Mosqueira Rob Pardo Bill Roper Greg Street Matt Uelmen Related Activision Blizzard Battle.net Blizzard North BlizzCon Overwatch League Activision Blizzard Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diablo_III&oldid=829124113 '' Categories : 2012 video games Action role - playing video games Blizzard games Diablo video games Hack and slash role - playing games Multiplayer and single - player video games MacOS games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Role - playing video games Video game sequels Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender Video games using procedural generation Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Track listings with deprecated parameters Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 20 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what do you get with diablo 3 ultimate evil edition | [
"The expansion pack Diablo III: Reaper of Souls was released for the Windows and macOS editions of the game on March 25, 2014. For consoles the expansion pack content was released as part of the Diablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition version. It was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on August 19, 2014. Diablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition includes the original console version of Diablo III and Diablo III: Reaper of Souls expansion pack.[9] The second expansion Diablo III: Rise of the Necromancer was released for the Windows, macOS, and latest-generation console editions of the game on June 27, 2017.[10]",
"The expansion pack Diablo III: Reaper of Souls was released for the Windows and macOS editions of the game on March 25, 2014. For consoles the expansion pack content was released as part of the Diablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition version. It was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on August 19, 2014. Diablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition includes the original console version of Diablo III and Diablo III: Reaper of Souls expansion pack.[9] The second expansion Diablo III: Rise of the Necromancer was released for the Windows, macOS, and latest-generation console editions of the game on June 27, 2017.[10]"
] | [
"the original console version of Diablo III",
"Diablo III: Reaper of Souls expansion pack"
] |
841949203346823521 | Triadica sebifera | Triadica sebifera - wikipedia Triadica sebifera Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chinese tallow Chinese tallow tree leaves and blossom buds Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae ( unranked ) : Angiosperms ( unranked ) : Eudicots ( unranked ) : Rosids Order : Malpighiales Family : Euphorbiaceae Subfamily : Euphorbioideae Tribe : Hippomaneae Subtribe : Hippomaninae Genus : Triadica Species : T. sebifera Binomial name Triadica sebifera ( L . ) Small Synonyms Croton sebiferum L . Sapium sebiferum ( L . ) Roxb . Triadica sebifera , also known as Sapium sebiferum , is commonly known as the Chinese tallow , Chinese tallowtree , Florida aspen , chicken tree , gray popcorn tree , and candleberry tree . The tree is native to eastern Asia , and is most commonly associated with eastern China , Taiwan , and Japan . In these regions , the waxy coating of the seeds is used for candle and soap making , and the leaves are used as herbal medicine to treat boils . The plant sap and leaves are reputed to be toxic , and decaying leaves from the plant are toxic to other species of plant . The specific epithets sebifera and sebiferum mean `` wax - bearing '' and refer to the vegetable tallow that coats the seeds . It is useful in the production of biodiesel because it is the third most productive vegetable oil producing crop in the world , after algae and oil palm . This species is documented as a noxious invader in the southern U.S. Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical characteristics 2 Range and habitat 3 Uses 4 Invasive species 5 References 6 External links Physical Characteristics ( edit ) The simple , deciduous leaves of this tree are alternate , broad rhombic to ovate in shape and have smooth edges , heart shaped and sometimes with an extended tail often resembling the bo tree , Ficus religiosa . The leaves are bright green in color and slightly paler underneath . They become bright yellows , oranges , purples and reds in the autumn . The tree is monoecious , producing male and female flowers on the same plant . Seed pods The waxy green leaves set off the clusters of greenish - yellow and white flowers at bloom time . The flowers occur in terminal spike - like inflorescences up to 20 cm long . Light green in color , these flowers are very conspicuous in the spring . Each pistillate ( female ) flower is solitary and has a three - lobed ovary , three styles , and no petals . They are located on short branches at the base of the spike . The staminate ( male ) flowers occur in clusters at the upper nodes of the inflorescence . Fruits are three - lobed , three - valved capsules . As the capsules mature , their color changes from green to a brown - black . The capsule walls fall away and release three globose seeds with a white , tallow - containing covering . Seeds usually hang on the plants for several weeks . In North America , the flowers typically mature from April to June and the fruit ripens from September to October . Range and habitat ( edit ) Range in the United States Although native to China and Japan , the plant is also found where it has been introduced in the southeastern United States , Puerto Rico , Costa Rica , Taiwan , India , Martinique , Sudan , and southern France . Incorrectly thought to have been introduced in colonial times by Benjamin Franklin , the tree has become naturalized from North Carolina southward along the Atlantic and the entire Gulf coast , where it grows profusely along ditchbanks and dikes . It grows especially well in open fields and abandoned farmland coastal prairie regions featuring disturbed ground -- such as abandoned farmland , spoil banks , roadsides , and storm - damaged forests -- and along the edges of the Western Gulf coastal grasslands biome , sometimes forming pure stands . In the Houston area , Chinese tallow trees account for a full 23 percent of all trees , more than any other tree species and is the only invasive tree species in the 14 most common species in the area . The Texas Department of Agriculture lists Chinese Tallow as one of the 24 most invasive plants , and includes Chinese Tallow in a list of Noxious and Invasive Plants which are illegal to sell , distribute or import into Texas . Herbivores and insects have a conditioned behavioral avoidance to eating the leaves of Chinese tallow tree , and this , rather than plant toxins , may be a reason for the success of the plant as an invasive . The plant is sold in nurseries as an ornamental tree . It is not choosy about soil types or drainage , but will not grow in deep shade . It commonly grows all over Japan , and is reasonably hardy . It is prized for its abundant and often spectacular autumn foliage . The tree is common in southeast Oklahoma as well , although it is not depicted on the map . Uses ( edit ) Sapium sebiferum in autumn , Japan The seed 's white waxy aril is used in soap making . The seed 's inner oil is toxic but has industrial applications . The nectar is non-toxic , and it has become a major honey plant for beekeepers . The honey is of high quality , and is produced copiously during the month of June , on the Gulf Coast . In the Gulf coast states , beekeepers migrate with their honey bees to good tallow locations near the sea . The tree is highly ornamental , fast growing and a good shade tree . It is especially noteworthy if grown in areas that have strong seasonal temperature ranges with the leaves becoming a multitude of colours rivaling maples in the autumn . The tree grows well in urban areas , and is very good for `` sidewalk holes '' along busy roads with a lot of traffic where most trees will not grow well . It can provide shade to counter the heat island effect of mainly - concrete areas , as well as habitat for urban animals such as lizards and birds . Invasive species ( edit ) As aforementioned , the tallow tree is a non-native species to many places around the world . Its introduced status in North America along with the harm it causes to ecosystems makes the tree considered an invasive species there . Tallow trees present a danger of expansion that can hurt local ecosystems by out - competing native vegetation and creating a monoculture . The monoculture would then lower the species diversity and overall resilience of the area . The tree 's tenacious nature , high growth rates , and high reproductive ability contribute to its invasive success . According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture , tallow trees begin producing viable seed in as soon as three years . They can spread by root sprouts and cuttings and are quick to invade after a disturbance occurs in an area , due to the clearing out of land . A single tallow tree can produce nearly 100,000 viable seeds annually that can remain in the soil for several years before sprouting . A mature stand can produce 4,500 kilograms of seeds per hectare per year . These seeds are easily carried to different places by birds and water . Tallow trees can remain productive for 100 years . It is also extremely hard to kill -- its poisonous features in its leaves and berries leave it with few to no predators , and its short generation time means even freshly cut trees can quickly regrow . Currently , herbicides and prescribed fire are the only effective treatments available to contain and control Chinese tallow . The USDA is evaluating the flea beetle ( Bikasha collaris ) as a natural control agent . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Triadica sebifera '' . Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database . USDA . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Tallow Tree '' . Going Native . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Triadica sebifera '' . Plant Conservation Alliance , Alien Plant Working Group . United States National Park Service . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Elliott , Stephen ( 1824 ) . A Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia in Two Volumes ( PDF ) . Charleston SC : JR Schenck . p. 651 Vol. II . ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Rachelle . `` Triadica sebifera '' . Fs.fed.us . U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Rocky Mountain Research Station , Fire Sciences Laboratory . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ CHINESE TALLOW TREE . United States Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Conservation Service . Last accessed April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tree Population Characteristics . Houston 's Regional Forest Report : A Report of Structure , Functions , and Values . U.S. Forest Service and the Texas Forest Service . Published October 24 , 2005 . Last accessed April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ PLANTS Database : Invasive and Noxious Weeds . United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources and Conservation Service , Texas Administrative Code . 2005 . Quarantines and noxious plants , Chapter 19 ( 24 May 2006 ) . State of Texas . Last accessed June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Noxious and Invasive Plant List . Texas Administrative Code , Title 4 , Part 1 , Chapter 19 , Subchapter T , Rule 19.300 , , Last accessed June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Constraints on the utilisation of the invasive Chinese tallow tree Sapium sebiferum by generalist native herbivores in coastal prairies . Richard A. Lankau1 , William E. Rogers , and Evan Siemann , Ecological Entomology , Volume 29 , p. 66 - 75 . Published February 2004 . Last accessed April 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center ; Urbatsch , Lowell . `` Plant Guide : CHINESE TALLOW TREE '' ( PDF ) . Plants.usda.gov . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Plaisance , Stacey ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` ' Super invader ' tree hits South , but flea beetle may be hero '' . The Washington Post . AP . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triadica sebifera . University of Florida : Chinese tallow PLANTS Profile for Triadica sebifera ISSG Database entry for Triadica sebifera Species Profile - Chinese Tallow ( Triadica sebifera ) , National Invasive Species Information Center , United States National Agricultural Library . Lists general information and resources for Chinese Tallow . ( hide ) Bioenergy Biofuels Alcohol Algae fuel Bagasse Babassu oil Biobutanol Biodiesel Biogas Biogasoline Corn stover Ethanol cellulosic mixtures Methanol Stover Corn stover Straw Cooking oil Vegetable oil Water hyacinth Wood gas Energy from foodstock Barley Cassava Grape Hemp Maize Oat Palm oil Potato Rapeseed Rice Sorghum bicolor Soybean Sugarcane Sugar beet Sunflower Wheat Yam Camelina sativa Non-food energy crops Arundo Big bluestem Camelina Chinese tallow Duckweed Jatropha curcas Millettia pinnata Miscanthus giganteus Switchgrass Wood fuel Technology BECCS Bioconversion Biomass heating systems Biorefinery Fischer -- Tropsch process Industrial biotechnology Pellets mill stove Thermal depolymerization Concepts Cellulosic ethanol commercialization Energy content of biofuel Energy crop Energy forestry EROEI Food vs. fuel Issues Sustainable biofuel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triadica_sebifera&oldid=810356037 '' Categories : Hippomaneae Energy crops Flora of Asia Invasive plant species Medicinal plants Naturalized trees of Alabama Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2012 USA - centric Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français ქართული 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 19 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the chinese tallow tree come from | [
"Triadica sebifera, also known as Sapium sebiferum, is commonly known as the Chinese tallow,[1] Chinese tallowtree, Florida aspen, chicken tree, gray popcorn tree,[2] and candleberry tree.[3] The tree is native to eastern Asia, and is most commonly associated with eastern China, Taiwan, and Japan. In these regions, the waxy coating of the seeds is used for candle and soap making, and the leaves are used as herbal medicine to treat boils. The plant sap and leaves are reputed to be toxic, and decaying leaves from the plant are toxic to other species of plant. The specific epithets sebifera and sebiferum mean \"wax-bearing\" and refer to the vegetable tallow that coats the seeds."
] | [
"eastern Asia"
] |
-7582180144277765175 | Rise of the Planet of the Apes | Rise of the Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Rise of the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search Rise of the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Rupert Wyatt Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Based on Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle Starring James Franco Freida Pinto John Lithgow Brian Cox Tom Felton Andy Serkis Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Conrad Buff Mark Goldblatt Production company Chernin Entertainment Dune Entertainment Big Screen Productions Ingenious Film Partners Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date August 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 05 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $93 million Box office $481.8 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes is a 2011 American science fiction film directed by Rupert Wyatt and starring James Franco , Freida Pinto , John Lithgow , Brian Cox , Tom Felton , David Oyelowo , and Andy Serkis . Written by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver , it is 20th Century Fox 's reboot of the Planet of the Apes series , intended to act as an origin story for a new series of films . Its premise is similar to the fourth film in the original series , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) , but it is not a direct remake of that film . Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on August 5 , 2011 , to critical and commercial success . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for five Saturn Awards including Best Director for Wyatt and Best Writing for Jaffa and Silver , winning Best Science Fiction Film , Best Supporting Actor for Serkis and Best Special Effects . Serkis 's performance as Caesar was widely acclaimed , earning him many nominations from associations which do not usually recognize performance capture as traditional acting . A sequel to the film , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 11 , 2014 , and a third film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Apes 3 Production 3.1 Development and writing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects 3.4 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Home media 4.4 Awards 5 Sequels 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Will Rodman , a scientist at the San Francisco biotech company Gen - Sys , is testing the viral - based drug ALZ - 112 on chimpanzees to find a cure for Alzheimer 's disease . ALZ - 112 is given to a chimp named Bright Eyes , greatly increasing her intelligence . But then , during Will 's presentation for the drug , Bright Eyes is forced from her cage , goes on a rampage , and is shot to death . Will 's boss Steven Jacobs terminates the project and has the chimps slaughtered . However , Will 's assistant Robert Franklin discovers that the reason for Bright Eyes ' rampage was that she had recently given birth to an infant chimp . Will reluctantly agrees to take in the chimp , who is named Caesar . Will learns that Caesar has inherited his mother 's intelligence and decides to raise him . Three years later , Will introduces Caesar to the redwood forest at Muir Woods National Monument . Meanwhile , Will treats his dementia - suffering father Charles with ALZ - 112 , which seems to restore his cognitive ability . Five years later , when Caesar reaches adolescence and sees a dog on a leash like his own , he questions his identity and learns of his origins from Will . Meanwhile , Charles 's condition returns as he becomes resistant to ALZ - 112 . Caesar injures a neighbor , Douglas Hunsiker , while defending a confused Charles . As a result , he is placed in a primate shelter where he is tormented by a chimp named Rocket and the chief guard , Dodge Landon , but also where he befriends an orangutan named Maurice who came from a circus . Caesar learns how to unlock his cage , gaining free access to the common area . With the assistance of a gorilla named Buck , he confronts the sanctuary 's alpha , Rocket and claims that position . Meanwhile , Jacobs clears development of a more powerful , gaseous version of the drug -- ALZ - 113 -- when Will tells him it can also improve intelligence . Will takes the drug home to try to save his father , but Charles declines further treatment and dies overnight . After attempting to test the drug on a scarred bonobo test subject named Koba , Franklin becomes exposed to ALZ - 113 and becomes ill . Attempting to warn Will at his home , he sneezes blood onto Hunsiker and is later discovered dead . Will attempts to reclaim Caesar , but the chimp refuses to go home with him so he could look after the other apes . Instead , he escapes from the facility and returns to Will 's house , where he takes canisters of the ALZ - 113 . Upon returning , Caesar releases the gas and allows it to enhance the intelligence of the other apes . When Dodge attempts to get him back into his cage , Caesar speaks for the first time , yelling `` No ! '' and gets in a fight which inadvertently leads to Dodge 's death . The apes flee the facility , release the remaining chimps from Gen - Sys , and free more apes from the San Francisco Zoo on the way . A battle ensues as the ape army fights their way past a police blockade on the Golden Gate Bridge to escape into the redwood forest . Buck sacrifices himself to save Caesar by jumping into the helicopter in which Jacobs is riding . The helicopter crashes onto the bridge , trapping Jacobs in the wreckage . Koba seizes his chance for revenge and sends Jacobs falling to his death in the bay below . As the apes find their way into the forest , Will arrives and warns Caesar that the humans will hunt them down , and begs him to return home . In response , Caesar hugs him and says that , `` Caesar is home . '' Will , realizing that this is indeed their last goodbye , respects Caesar 's wishes . The apes embrace their new lifestyle in the forest . In a mid-credits scene , an infected Hunsiker leaves his house for work as an airline pilot , arriving at San Francisco International Airport for his flight to Paris . His nose begins to drip blood onto the floor . A graphic traces the spread of the humanity - ravaging virus around the globe via international flight routes . Cast ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) James Franco as Dr. William `` Will '' Rodman , a biologist who is trying to discover a cure for his father 's Alzheimer 's disease by testing ALZ - 112 on chimps . He is a father figure to Caesar . James Franco was cast after talks with Tobey Maguire broke down . Freida Pinto as Caroline Aranha , a primatologist who starts a relationship with Will and grows attached to Caesar . John Lithgow as Charles Rodman , Will 's Alzheimer 's - afflicted father and a former music teacher who improves after Will gives him the ALZ - 112 and forms a grandfatherly bond with Caesar . Brian Cox as John Landon , manager of the San Bruno Primate Shelter where Caesar is confined for a time . His full name is a reference to one of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes . Tom Felton as Dodge Landon , John 's son and an animal caretaker at the shelter , who abuses the apes for sport . His first and last name are references to two of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes . David Oyelowo as Steven Jacobs , Will 's arrogant boss . His last name is a reference to Arthur P. Jacobs , the producer of the original Planet of the Apes series . Tyler Labine as Robert Franklin , a chimp handler at Gen - Sys and one of Will 's friends . His surname is a reference to Franklin Schaffner , the director of the original film . Jamie Harris as Rodney , a caretaker and a nightwatchman who is much kinder to the apes at the sanctuary and is regularly mocked by Dodge for this . David Hewlett as Douglas Hunsiker , Will 's hot - headed neighbor . Chelah Horsdal as Irena , a nurse who is looking after Charles . Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , a common chimpanzee whose intelligence is increased from inheriting ALZ - 112 from his mother during her pregnancy , and who is raised by Will for eight years . Karin Konoval as Maurice , a wise and benevolent Bornean orangutan who was retired from the circus and knows sign language ; he becomes Caesar 's closest ally . Konoval also cameos as the court clerk whom Will briefly argues with about his appeal . His name is a reference to Maurice Evans who portray Dr. Zaius in the original Planet of the Apes . Terry Notary as Rocket , the dominant common chimpanzee at the ape sanctuary , until Caesar overthrows him . Notary also plays Bright Eyes , Caesar 's mother who was captured in Africa . Richard Ridings as Buck , a Western lowland gorilla who pledges his allegiance to Caesar after he is freed by him . Devyn Dalton as Cornelia , a female common chimpanzee in the ape sanctuary . Jay Caputo as Alpha , the dominant male common chimpanzee of Bright Eyes ' troop and Caesar 's father . Christopher Gordon as Koba , a scarred and aggressive bonobo who has spent most of his life in laboratories and holds a grudge against humans . Production ( edit ) Development and writing ( edit ) In 2006 , screenwriter - producer Rick Jaffa was searching for a script idea . As Jaffa searched a newspaper articles clipping , one about pet chimpanzees that become troublesome to their owners and heartbroken for not adapting well to the human environment intrigued him . As Jaffa eventually realized it fit the Planet of the Apes series , he called his wife and screenwriting partner Amanda Silver to express his ideas of such a chimpanzee eventually starting the ape revolution , and then the couple started developing the character of Caesar . Jaffa indicated that `` it 's a reinvention '' and if he had to pick between calling it a prequel or a reboot he would say it is a reboot : `` It 's a different story of who Caesar is , and how he came to be . So it 's really kind of hard to put a label on it . We are hopefully rebooting it . '' He went on to say that `` we tried really hard to create a story that would stand on its own and yet also pay homage and honor the movies that came before us . '' Jaffa and Silver then wrote a script and sold it to Fox , producers of the Apes franchise . The script added other elements which the couple had researched , such as genetic engineering . Several tributes to specific scenes , characters , and cast and crew from the previous Apes film series were added in the script . In particular , Caesar 's treatment at the primate sanctuary parallels Taylor 's treatment as a captive in the original film . In a segment of a video blog post , director Rupert Wyatt commented on the originality of the plot : `` This is part of the mythology and it should be seen as that . It 's not a continuation of the other films ; it 's an original story . It does satisfy the people who enjoy those films . The point of this film is to achieve that and to bring that fan base into this film exactly like Batman Begins . '' In a 2009 interview , Wyatt said , `` We 've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , in terms of how the apes begin to revolt , but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film ... Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries ... This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes , and there 's a lot more stories to tell after this . I imagine the next film will be about the all - out war between the apes and humans . '' Mark Bomback did an uncredited rewrite of the script . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in July 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming also happened in San Francisco , California ( the primary setting of the film ) , and around Oahu , Hawaii , which doubled for the African jungle as the schedule and budget did not allow for location shooting in Africa . Visual effects ( edit ) As the apes in Rise were meant to be actual apes , the producers decided not to use actors in ape suits . After considering real apes , instead Weta Digital created the apes digitally in almost every case through performance capture . Advances in the technology allowed the use of performance capture in an exterior environment , affording the film - makers the freedom to shoot much of the film on location with other actors , as opposed to the confines of a soundstage . The main breakthrough was a camera that enabled viewing the motion capture dots in daylight , employed mostly for the Golden Gate Bridge battle . A maximum of six actors could have their movements captured , with larger ape crowds using fully digital animals animated using Weta 's move library . The Golden Gate Bridge set used both a physical set which was extended digitally , and a fully computer - generated model of the bridge that also included the ocean and nearby hills . After shooting the actors playing humans interacting with others wearing the motion capture suits , a clean plate was shot with actors for extra reference . Actor - stuntman Terry Notary guided the actors on realistic ape movement , while Weta studied the chimps in the Wellington Zoo for reference . The digital apes also received detailed models with skeletons , muscles and nerve tissue layers for accurate animation . Cast models of apes ' heads and limbs helped the texture department replicate skin details such as wrinkles and pores . Given the difference between human and chimpanzee facial muscles , the animators tweaked the performance through a new facial muscle system adding dynamics , ballistics , and secondary motion . As the silent performance required expressive eyes , a new eye model was made to depict both greater accuracy in muscle movement in and around the eyes , and also tears , pupil dilation , and light refraction . While Andy Serkis was the primary performer for Caesar , as the effects team considered that at times `` Andy overcame the character , '' other motion capture team actors were also used , especially Devyn Dalton , whose height matched that of a chimpanzee . Along with that , they used Notary to play Caesar in stunt - filled scenes such as the Golden Gate Bridge scene . Music ( edit ) The score for the film was written by Patrick Doyle and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony conducted by James Shearman . The main concern was to have the music help progress the plot in the scenes without dialogue , for instance , conveying the emotions of Caesar 's relationships with Will and Charles . To turn the score into a `` driving force that keeps audiences paying attention , '' Doyle employed an African - American chorus and focused on percussion and `` low and deep '' orchestra sounds . Doyle collaborated closely with the sound department to make the music complement the sound effects , including writing a recurring theme based on their recording of a chimpanzee . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 81 % based on 252 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Led by Rupert Wyatt 's stylish direction , some impressive special effects , and a mesmerizing performance by Andy Serkis , Rise of the Planet of the Apes breathes unlikely new life into a long - running franchise . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised the role of Caesar and Andy Serkis by stating it was a `` wonderfully executed character '' and `` one never knows exactly where the human ends and the effects begin , but Serkis and / or Caesar gives the best performance in the movie . '' Giving the film 5 out of 5 stars , Joe Neumaier of Daily News labelled Rise of the Planet of the Apes as the summer 's best popcorn flick . Nick Pinkerton of The Village Voice wrote , `` Caesar 's prison conversion to charismatic pan-ape revolutionist is near - silent filmmaking , with simple and precise images illustrating Caesar 's General - like divining of personalities and his organization of a group from chaos to order . '' Roger Moore of Orlando Sentinel wrote , `` Audacious , violent and disquieting , `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' is a summer sequel that 's better than it has any right to be . '' He gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised the film by saying , `` Precisely the kind of summer diversion that the studios have such a hard time making now . It 's good , canny - dumb fun . '' She also gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed `` twists lifted from 1972 's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999 's Deep Blue Sea '' . Box Office ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes made its debut in the United States and Canada on roughly 5,400 screens within 3,648 theaters . It grossed $19,534,699 on opening day and $54,806,191 in its entire opening weekend , making it # 1 for that weekend as well as the fourth - highest - grossing August opening ever . The film held on to the # 1 spot in its second weekend , dropping 49.2 % , and grossing $27,832,307 . Rise of the Planet of the Apes crossed the $150 million mark in the United States and Canada on its 26th day of release . Entertainment Weekly said that this was quite an accomplishment for the film since the month of August is a difficult time for films to make money . The film ended its run at the box office on December 15 , 2011 , with a gross of $176,760,185 in the U.S. and Canada as well as $305,040,864 internationally , for a total of $481,801,049 worldwide . Home media ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on Blu - ray Disc , DVD , and Digital Copy on December 13 , 2011 . Awards ( edit ) Award Recipient Result 84th Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , R. Christopher White and Daniel Barrett Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Annie Awards Character Animation in a Live Action Production Eric Reynolds Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Best Action Film Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Best Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Genesis Awards Best Feature Film Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Won Houston Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Technical Achievement Won IGN Best of 2011 Best Movie Nominated Best Sci - Fi Movie Won Best Movie Actor Andy Serkis ( also for The Adventures of Tintin ) Nominated Best Movie Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated IGN Summer Movie Awards Best Summer Movie Nominated Funniest Line `` Why cookie Rocket ? '' Nominated Best All - Out Brawl Apes vs. Humans on the Golden Gate Bridge Nominated Favorite Kill Helicopter Pushed Over the Golden Gate Bridge Nominated Coolest Creature Caesar Won Favorite Hero Caesar -- Andy Serkis Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects Won London Film Critics Circle Technical Achievement Joe Letteri Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Andy Serkis Nominated Best Visual Effects Jeff Capogreco , Joe Letteri , R. Christopher White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film Won Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Won Best Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated Best Writing Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Nominated Best Special Effects Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , R. Christopher White , and Daniel Barrett Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , Cyndi Ochs , Kurt Williams Won Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Caesar -- Daniel Barrett , Florian Fernandez , Matthew Muntean , Eric Reynolds Won Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Thelvin Cabezas , Mike Perry , R. Christopher White , Erik Winquist Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture Jean - Luc Azzis , Quentin Hema , Simon Jung , Christoph Salzmann Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes and War for the Planet of the Apes Regarding the story setting up possible sequels , director Rupert Wyatt commented : `` I think we 're ending with certain questions , which is quite exciting . To me , I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film , but this is just the beginning . '' Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise of the Planet of the Apes would feature several clues as to future sequels : `` I hope that we 're building a platform for future films . We 're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth . '' On May 31 , 2012 , 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be named Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . Reports said that Wyatt was leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to properly make the film ; he was replaced by Cloverfield director Matt Reeves . Jaffa and Silver returned as producers and to pen the screenplay , with rewrites from Scott Z . Burns and Mark Bomback . Taking place ten years after Rise , Dawn follows Caesar 's growing nation of evolved apes threatened by human survivors that put both sides in the brink of war . Andy Serkis , Terry Notary and Karin Konoval reprised their roles as Caesar , Rocket and Maurice . James Franco returned as Will Rodman in a `` cameo via video '' . Judy Greer and Toby Kebbell replace Devyn Dalton and Christopher Gordon as Cornelia and Koba , respectively . Filming of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes started on North Vancouver Island in April 2013 . The film was released July 11 , 2014 . On January 6 , 2014 , 20th Century Fox announced a third installment with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback , with a planned July 2016 release . In January 2015 , Fox delayed the release to July 14 , 2017 . On May 14 , 2015 , the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes , later re-titled to War for the Planet of the Apes . See also ( edit ) Uplift ( science fiction ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LUMIERE : Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Apes ' will rise above ' Change - Up ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Collider Visits The Set of RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ; Plus Video Blog '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Franco plays lead in Apes prequel '' . CBC.ca . May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Spider - Man lost the lead role in ' Rise Of The Apes ' to the Green Goblin '' . HitFix . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hasan , Zaki ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Writers Amanda Silver and Rick Jaffa '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Mythology of the Apes '' , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ Rebecca Keegan ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' : 21 nods to classic ' Apes ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sci - Fi Magazine ( August 2011 ) '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Writer Tapped for ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Felton Begins Shooting `` Rise of the Apes , '' Stars in Ashley Greene Film `` . OnTheRedCarpet.com . July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rupert Wyatt audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray ^ Jump up to : `` A New Generation of Apes , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis : ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes was a challenge ' '' . Blockbuster.co.uk . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hugh ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Hail Caesar : Motion - Capturing Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Lead Simian '' Wired.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Breaking Motion Capture Boundaries , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Weta Digital Monkey Business '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Genius of Andy Serkis , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( Patrick Doyle ) '' . Filmtracks. 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Composing the Score with Patrick Doyle , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) , '' Rotten Tomatoes . Accessed June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert 's review of Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' review : James Franco and Freida Pinto star in best flick of summer '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Simian Disobedience '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore 's review of `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes `` '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manohla Dargis 's review of Rise of the Planet of the apes '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 2011 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Report : ' Apes ' Rise '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Hail the Conquering ' Apes ' '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Apes ' Cling to Top Spot , ' Help ' Cleans Up '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Help ' crosses $100 million at box office ; ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' climbs past $150 million '' . InsideMovies.EW.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 EDA Awards Nominees -- Alliance of Women Film Journalists '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Annie Awards '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Blog 17th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 2012 ) '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards Nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominees '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Awards 2011 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` IGN Summer Movie Awards 2011 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` award listings '' . Las Vegas Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Film Critics Select Top Films for 2011 '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Nominees International Press Academy '' . Satellite Award . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES and SUPER 8 lead Saturn Awards with 3 awards each . '' . saturnawards.org . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual VES Awards Nominees Visual Effects Society '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington DC Critics Winners : THE ARTIST , George Clooney , Michelle Williams , THE SKIN I LIVE IN '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Director Rupert Wyatt on ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' and The End of Cinema '' . FilmSchoolProjects.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Another Fox Shocker : Is Rupert Wyatt Exiting ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ? ' '' . www.deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Slashfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Contagion ' Writer Tapped to Pen ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Andy Serkis Closes Big ' Planet Of The Apes ' Deal ; Should Fox Campaign For Oscar ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No One Bothered Telling James Franco He 's In Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes '' . CinemaBlend.com. 2014 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Campbell River gets ready for ape invasion '' . CTV News . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ERCboxoffice : The damn dirty apes will return yet again , as UNTITLED PLANET OF THE APES ( not the official title ) stakes out 7 / 29 / 16 . '' . Twitter.com. 2014 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's ' Gambit ' Gets 2016 Release Date , ' Fantastic Four ' Sequel Moves Up '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Rise of the Planet of the Apes on IMDb Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Rupert Wyatt The Escapist ( 2008 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Gambler ( 2014 ) Captive State ( 2018 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) VIAF : 181353993 LCCN : no2011120634 GND : 1057944262 BNF : cb169401537 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=799957079 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films Planet of the Apes films 2010s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American science fiction films American Sign Language films Annie Award winners Dune Entertainment films Films about Alzheimer 's disease Films about animal rights Films about rebellions Films about viral outbreaks Films directed by Rupert Wyatt Films set in Africa Films set in forests Films set in San Francisco Films set in the future Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in San Francisco Films shot in Vancouver Performance capture in film Reboot films Techno - thriller films Films produced by Peter Chernin Film scores by Patrick Doyle Dystopian films Smart drugs in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 20 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the virus in rise of the planet of the apes | [
"After attempting to test the drug on a scarred bonobo test subject named Koba, Franklin becomes exposed to ALZ-113 and becomes ill. Attempting to warn Will at his home, he sneezes blood onto Hunsiker and is later discovered dead. Will attempts to reclaim Caesar, but the chimp refuses to go home with him so he could look after the other apes. Instead, he escapes from the facility and returns to Will's house, where he takes canisters of the ALZ-113. Upon returning, Caesar releases the gas and allows it to enhance the intelligence of the other apes. When Dodge attempts to get him back into his cage, Caesar speaks for the first time, yelling \"No!\" and gets in a fight which inadvertently leads to Dodge's death. The apes flee the facility, release the remaining chimps from Gen-Sys, and free more apes from the San Francisco Zoo on the way."
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"ALZ-113"
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5180958388584190577 | Classical sculpture | Classical sculpture - wikipedia Classical sculpture Jump to : navigation , search Leochares : Belvedere Apollo . Roman copy of 130 -- 140 AD after a Greek bronze original of 330 -- 320 BC . Vatican Museums Classical sculpture refers loosely to the forms of sculpture from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome , as well as the Hellenized and Romanized civilizations under their rule or influence from about 500 BC to around 200 AD . More precisely it refers to Ancient Greek sculpture from around 500 BC to the onset of the Hellenistic style around 323 BC . It may also refer stylistically to later sculpture done in a Neoclassical or classical style . Classical sculptures have been popular since the Renaissance . Only those works that closely follow the canon of classical forms would fall under the term . In addition to free standing statues , the term classical sculpture incorporates relief work ( such as the famous Elgin Marbles of the Parthenon ) and the flatter bas - relief style . Whereas sculptural works emphasized the human form , reliefs were employed to create elaborate decorative scenes . Ancient statues and bas - reliefs survive showing the bare surface of the material of which they are made , and people generally associate classical art with white marble sculpture . But there is evidence that many statues were painted in bright colours . Most of the colour was weathered off over time ; small remnants were removed during cleaning ; in some cases small traces remained which could be identified . A travelling exhibition of 20 coloured replicas of Greek and Roman works , alongside 35 original statues and reliefs , was held in Europe and the United States in 2008 : Gods in Color : Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity . Details such as whether the paint was applied in one or two coats , how finely the pigments were ground , or exactly which binding medium would have been used in each case -- all elements that would affect the appearance of a finished piece -- are not known . There are several periods : Main articles : Ancient Greek sculpture and Roman sculpture Contents ( hide ) 1 Archaic period 2 Classical period 3 Hellenistic period 4 Roman period 5 Influence 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Archaic period ( edit ) The most important sculptural form of the Archaic period was the kouros ( plural : kouroi ) , the standing male nude ( See for example Biton and Kleobis ) . Reflecting Egyptian influence , the kouros stands upright with his left leg slightly forward and his arms at his sides . Archaic Greek sculptors seem to have been influenced stylistically by the Egyptians , although divergences appeared early on . In particular , the male figures of Archaic Greece tended to be represented in the nude , while this was uncommon during all periods of ancient Egyptian art ( except when slaves or enemies were depicted ) . As in Egyptian art , female subjects were always portrayed clothed ; female nudity would not appear until much later on . In this period , the later emphasis on naturalistic bone and muscle anatomy had not yet developed , which can be seen in observing details such as the knees and other critical joints . Some details seem to be `` incised '' rather than fully modeled , a relic of more ancient traditions . Nor did figures stand or move naturally . However , as the Archaic style gradually transformed into what is known as the Classical style , a clear progression displaying more and more technical knowledge and skill can be detected . Unknown artist : Kouros Anavissos . National Archaeological Museum of Athens , ca . 530 BC Unknown artist : Treasury of Siphnos frieze ( detail ) , Delphi Archaeological Museum , ca . 525 BC Attributed by some to Onatas or his school : Fallen Trojan warrior , figure W - VII of the west pediment of the Temple of Aphaia , Glyptothek , Munich , ca . 505 -- 500 BC Unknown artist : Funerary lion found at the Sacred Gate at the Kerameikon . Kerameikos Archaeological Museum , Athens , ca . 590 -- 580 BC Classical period ( edit ) The Classical period saw changes in both the style and function of sculpture . Poses became more naturalistic ( see the Charioteer of Delphi for an example of the transition to more naturalistic sculpture ) , and the technical skill of Greek sculptors in depicting the human form in a variety of poses greatly increased . From about 500 BC statues began to depict real people . The statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton set up in Athens to mark the overthrow of the tyranny were said to be the first public monuments to actual people . As Greek artists began to study human movement and anatomy , they discovered that living humans tend to display a `` weight shift '' or contraposition when standing . The first Greek statue to exhibit contrapposto is the famed Kritios Boy , dating circa 480 BC . Contrapposto soon became a defining element of Greek sculptural technique , culminating in the Canon of the Doryphoros ( `` spear - bearer '' ) , which adopted extremely dynamic and sophisticated contrapposto in its cross-balance of rigid and loose limbs . Most of the sculptures made at this time were created to show appreciation to the gods for showing them good fortune , and also to help bring good fortune in the future , and to also gain favor from the gods . Greek temples were specially made to fit the large cult statues . They believed that placing shrines around the areas that were said to be holy would please the gods . Because Greek gods were mostly myths based on real people 's lives mixed feelings were created about the sculptures , and therefore more man - like sculptures were created . Most sculptures created can be understood to represent myth , archetype or purpose in life . During the classical period sculptors were not only creating works for temples , but also mortuary statues to show tribute to deceased loved ones . The sculptures would often show the deceased person in a relaxed pose . Successful athletes and rich families would commission statues of themselves for temples to show respect to the gods . In the 5th century BC portraits became popular and busts featuring generals , philosophers and political leaders appeared . The high quality of Greek work attracted Italian interest , and greatly influenced both Etruscan , and later , Roman art . The enthusiasm with which Rome greeted Greek art has proven important not merely because of the transmission of classical Greek style , but also because most of the extant classical Greek works survive mainly in the form of Roman marble copies of Greek bronze originals . As bronze has always been a valuable metal , most of the originals were likely long ago melted down , and the few genuine survivals have been found mostly in the context of shipwrecks . However , Greeks did carve marble , and a number of classical Greek marbles have survived ; the famed Parthenon Marbles ( also known as the Elgin Marbles ) , lasted in situ until the beginning of the 19th Century . In fact , many of the surviving classical Greek marbles are from an architectural context . Polykleitos : Doryphoros . Cast in Pushkin Museum , Moscow . Attributed to Euphranor : Paris or Perseus . Atikythera shipwreck , ca . 340 -- 330 BC . National Archaeological Museum , Athens . Phidias ' workshop : Reclining Dionysos , from Parthenon east pediment , ca . 447 -- 433 BC . British Museum Aphrodite Braschi , free copy ( 1st century BC ) after a votive statue of Praxitele in Cnidus ( Aphrodite of Cnidus type , ca . 350 -- 340 BC ) . Glyptothek , Munich Hellenistic period ( edit ) The transition from the Classical to the Hellenistic period occurred during the 1st century . Sculpture became more and more naturalistic . Common people , women , children , animals and domestic scenes became acceptable subjects for sculpture , which was commissioned by wealthy families for the adornment of their homes and gardens . Realistic portraits of men and women of all ages were produced , and sculptors no longer felt obliged to depict people as ideals of beauty or physical perfection . Most Greek men were sculpted standing with their hips slightly to the side . When human beings stand this way it uses more muscles . Attributed by Pliny the Elder to Agesander , Athanodoros and Polydorus : Laocoön and His Sons . Copy after an Hellenistic original from ca . 200 BC . Vatican Museums Unknown artist : Nike of Samothrace , c. 220 - 190 BC . Louvre Unknown artist : Nereus , Doris , a giant , Oceanus , from the Pergamon Altar ( detail ) , 2nd century BC . Pergamonmuseum , Berlin Unknown artist : Ludovisi Gaul and his wife . Roman copy after an Hellenistic original from a monument built by Attalus I of Pergamon after his victory over Gauls , ca . 220 BC . Palazzo Altemps , Rome Roman period ( edit ) Main article : Roman sculpture Augustus of Prima Porta , statue of the emperor Augustus , 1st century . Vatican Museums Roman sculpture began with the copying of Greek sculpture , but then evolved into a form of sculpture which more emphasised the individual . There are many surviving sculptures of Roman emperors . Influence ( edit ) Greco - Roman sculpture had a profound influence on Western art . With it , the Greco - Roman style established the possibility and potential of realism in art . Because of the relative durability of sculpture , it has managed to survive and continue to influence and inform artists in varying cultures and eras , from Europe to Asia , and today , the whole world . While classical art gradually fell into disfavor in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire , its rediscovery during the early Italian Renaissance proved decisive . One of the most important sculptors in the classical revival was Donatello . Many other sculptors such as Michelangelo also made works which can be considered classical . Modern Classicism contrasted in many ways with the classical sculpture of the 19th Century which was characterized by commitments to naturalism ( Antoine - Louis Barye ) -- the melodramatic ( François Rude ) sentimentality ( Jean - Baptiste Carpeaux ) -- or a kind of stately grandiosity ( Lord Leighton ) Several different directions in the classical tradition were taken as the century turned , but the study of the live model and the post-Renaissance tradition was still fundamental to them . See also ( edit ) Art in Ancient Greece Sculpture of ancient Greece References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cook , R.M. , Greek Art , pp. 142 , 148 , Penguin , 1986 ( reprint of 1972 ) , ISBN 0140218661 ^ Jump up to : Archeological Institute of America : Carved in Living Color Jump up ^ io9.com : Ultraviolet light reveals how ancient Greek statues really looked Jump up ^ Gods in Color : Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity September 22 , 2007 Through January 20 , 2008 , The Arthur M. Sackler Museum External links ( edit ) Gallery : Gods in Greco - Roman Sculpture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_sculpture&oldid=783559931 '' Categories : Ancient Greek sculpture Hellenistic sculpture Ancient Roman sculpture Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2017 , at 03 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | one major difference in the hellenistic and the classical sculpture is | [
"The transition from the Classical to the Hellenistic period occurred during the 1st century. Sculpture became more and more naturalistic. Common people, women, children, animals and domestic scenes became acceptable subjects for sculpture, which was commissioned by wealthy families for the adornment of their homes and gardens. Realistic portraits of men and women of all ages were produced, and sculptors no longer felt obliged to depict people as ideals of beauty or physical perfection. Most Greek men were sculpted standing with their hips slightly to the side. When human beings stand this way it uses more muscles."
] | [
"Common people, women, children, animals and domestic scenes became acceptable subjects for sculpture"
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-2048828902981465626 | Chemical element | Chemical element - wikipedia Chemical element Jump to : navigation , search Top : The periodic table of the chemical elements . Below : Examples of certain chemical elements . From left to right : hydrogen , barium , copper , uranium , bromine , and helium . A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei ( that is , the same atomic number , or Z ) . 118 elements are identified , of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements . There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radionuclides , which decay over time into other elements . Iron is the most abundant element ( by mass ) making up Earth , while oxygen is the most common element in the Earth 's crust . Chemical elements constitute all of the ordinary matter of the universe . However astronomical observations suggest that ordinary observable matter makes up only about 15 % of the matter in the universe : the remainder is dark matter ; the composition of this is unknown , but it is not composed of chemical elements . The two lightest elements , hydrogen and helium , were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe . The next three elements ( lithium , beryllium and boron ) were formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation , and are thus rarer than heavier elements . Formation of elements with from 6 to 26 protons occurred and continues to occur in main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis . The high abundance of oxygen , silicon , and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars . Elements with greater than 26 protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae , which , when they explode , blast these elements as supernova remnants far into space , where they may become incorporated into planets when they are formed . The term `` element '' is used for atoms with a given number of protons ( regardless of whether or not they are ionized or chemically bonded , e.g. hydrogen in water ) as well as for a pure chemical substance consisting of a single element ( e.g. hydrogen gas ) . For the second meaning , the terms `` elementary substance '' and `` simple substance '' have been suggested , but they have not gained much acceptance in English chemical literature , whereas in some other languages their equivalent is widely used ( e.g. French corps simple , Russian простое вещество ) . A single element can form multiple substances differing in their structure ; they are called allotropes of the element . When different elements are chemically combined , with the atoms held together by chemical bonds , they form chemical compounds . Only a minority of elements are found uncombined as relatively pure minerals . Among the more common of such native elements are copper , silver , gold , carbon ( as coal , graphite , or diamonds ) , and sulfur . All but a few of the most inert elements , such as noble gases and noble metals , are usually found on Earth in chemically combined form , as chemical compounds . While about 32 of the chemical elements occur on Earth in native uncombined forms , most of these occur as mixtures . For example , atmospheric air is primarily a mixture of nitrogen , oxygen , and argon , and native solid elements occur in alloys , such as that of iron and nickel . The history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that found native elements like carbon , sulfur , copper and gold . Later civilizations extracted elemental copper , tin , lead and iron from their ores by smelting , using charcoal . Alchemists and chemists subsequently identified many more ; almost all of the naturally occurring elements were known by 1900 . The properties of the chemical elements are summarized in the periodic table , which organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows ( `` periods '' ) in which the columns ( `` groups '' ) share recurring ( `` periodic '' ) physical and chemical properties . Save for unstable radioactive elements with short half - lives , all of the elements are available industrially , most of them in low degrees of impurities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Atomic number 1.2 Isotopes 1.3 Isotopic mass and atomic mass 1.4 Chemically pure and isotopically pure 1.5 Allotropes 1.6 Properties 1.6. 1 General properties 1.6. 2 States of matter 1.6. 3 Melting and boiling points 1.6. 4 Densities 1.6. 5 Crystal structures 1.6. 6 Occurrence and origin on Earth 1.7 The periodic table 2 Nomenclature and symbols 2.1 Atomic numbers 2.2 Element names 2.3 Chemical symbols 2.3. 1 Specific chemical elements 2.3. 2 General chemical symbols 2.3. 3 Isotope symbols 3 Origin of the elements 4 Abundance 5 History 5.1 Evolving definitions 5.1. 1 Classical definitions 5.1. 2 Chemical definitions 5.1. 3 Atomic definitions 5.2 Discovery and recognition of various elements 5.3 Recently discovered elements 6 List of the 118 known chemical elements 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Description The lightest chemical elements are hydrogen and helium , both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe in a ratio of around 3 : 1 by mass ( or 12 : 1 by number of atoms ) , along with tiny traces of the next two elements , lithium and beryllium . Almost all other elements found in nature were made by various natural methods of nucleosynthesis . On Earth , small amounts of new atoms are naturally produced in nucleogenic reactions , or in cosmogenic processes , such as cosmic ray spallation . New atoms are also naturally produced on Earth as radiogenic daughter isotopes of ongoing radioactive decay processes such as alpha decay , beta decay , spontaneous fission , cluster decay , and other rarer modes of decay . Of the 94 naturally occurring elements , those with atomic numbers 1 through 82 each have at least one stable isotope ( except for technetium , element 43 and promethium , element 61 , which have no stable isotopes ) . Isotopes considered stable are those for which no radioactive decay has yet been observed . Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that radioactive decay of all isotopes can be detected . Some of these elements , notably bismuth ( atomic number 83 ) , thorium ( atomic number 90 ) , and uranium ( atomic number 92 ) , have one or more isotopes with half - lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy metals before the formation of our Solar System . At over 1.9 × 10 years , over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe , bismuth - 209 ( atomic number 83 ) has the longest known alpha decay half - life of any naturally occurring element , and is almost always considered on par with the 80 stable elements . The very heaviest elements ( those beyond plutonium , element 94 ) undergo radioactive decay with half - lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized . As of 2010 , there are 118 known elements ( in this context , `` known '' means observed well enough , even from just a few decay products , to have been differentiated from other elements ) . Of these 118 elements , 94 occur naturally on Earth . Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities : technetium , atomic number 43 ; promethium , number 61 ; astatine , number 85 ; francium , number 87 ; neptunium , number 93 ; and plutonium , number 94 . These 94 elements have been detected in the universe at large , in the spectra of stars and also supernovae , where short - lived radioactive elements are newly being made . The first 94 elements have been detected directly on Earth as primordial nuclides present from the formation of the solar system , or as naturally occurring fission or transmutation products of uranium and thorium . The remaining 24 heavier elements , not found today either on Earth or in astronomical spectra , have been produced artificially : these are all radioactive , with very short half - lives ; if any atoms of these elements were present at the formation of Earth , they are extremely likely , to the point of certainty , to have already decayed , and if present in novae , have been in quantities too small to have been noted . Technetium was the first purportedly non-naturally occurring element synthesized , in 1937 , although trace amounts of technetium have since been found in nature ( and also the element may have been discovered naturally in 1925 ) . This pattern of artificial production and later natural discovery has been repeated with several other radioactive naturally occurring rare elements . List of the elements are available by name , atomic number , density , melting point , boiling point and by symbol , as well as ionization energies of the elements . The nuclides of stable and radioactive elements are also available as a list of nuclides , sorted by length of half - life for those that are unstable . One of the most convenient , and certainly the most traditional presentation of the elements , is in the form of the periodic table , which groups together elements with similar chemical properties ( and usually also similar electronic structures ) . Atomic number Main article : atomic number The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom , and defines the element . For example , all carbon atoms contain 6 protons in their atomic nucleus ; so the atomic number of carbon is 6 . Carbon atoms may have different numbers of neutrons ; atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes of the element . The number of protons in the atomic nucleus also determines its electric charge , which in turn determines the number of electrons of the atom in its non-ionized state . The electrons are placed into atomic orbitals that determine the atom 's various chemical properties . The number of neutrons in a nucleus usually has very little effect on an element 's chemical properties ( except in the case of hydrogen and deuterium ) . Thus , all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six protons and six electrons , even though carbon atoms may , for example , have 6 or 8 neutrons . That is why the atomic number , rather than mass number or atomic weight , is considered the identifying characteristic of a chemical element . The symbol for atomic number is Z . Isotopes Main articles : Isotope , Stable isotope ratio , and List of nuclides Isotopes are atoms of the same element ( that is , with the same number of protons in their atomic nucleus ) , but having different numbers of neutrons . Thus , for example , there are three main isotopes of carbon . All carbon atoms have 6 protons in the nucleus , but they can have either 6 , 7 , or 8 neutrons . Since the mass numbers of these are 12 , 13 and 14 respectively , the three isotopes of carbon are known as carbon - 12 , carbon - 13 , and carbon - 14 , often abbreviated to C , C , and C. Carbon in everyday life and in chemistry is a mixture of C ( about 98.9 % ) , C ( about 1.1 % ) and about 1 atom per trillion of C . Most ( 66 of 94 ) naturally occurring elements have more than one stable isotope . Except for the isotopes of hydrogen ( which differ greatly from each other in relative mass -- enough to cause chemical effects ) , the isotopes of a given element are chemically nearly indistinguishable . All of the elements have some isotopes that are radioactive ( radioisotopes ) , although not all of these radioisotopes occur naturally . The radioisotopes typically decay into other elements upon radiating an alpha or beta particle . If an element has isotopes that are not radioactive , these are termed `` stable '' isotopes . All of the known stable isotopes occur naturally ( see primordial isotope ) . The many radioisotopes that are not found in nature have been characterized after being artificially made . Certain elements have no stable isotopes and are composed only of radioactive isotopes : specifically the elements without any stable isotopes are technetium ( atomic number 43 ) , promethium ( atomic number 61 ) , and all observed elements with atomic numbers greater than 82 . Of the 80 elements with at least one stable isotope , 26 have only one single stable isotope . The mean number of stable isotopes for the 80 stable elements is 3.1 stable isotopes per element . The largest number of stable isotopes that occur for a single element is 10 ( for tin , element 50 ) . Isotopic mass and atomic mass Main articles : atomic mass and relative atomic mass The mass number of an element , A , is the number of nucleons ( protons and neutrons ) in the atomic nucleus . Different isotopes of a given element are distinguished by their mass numbers , which are conventionally written as a superscript on the left hand side of the atomic symbol ( e.g. U ) . The mass number is always a whole number and has units of `` nucleons '' . For example , magnesium - 24 ( 24 is the mass number ) is an atom with 24 nucleons ( 12 protons and 12 neutrons ) . Whereas the mass number simply counts the total number of neutrons and protons and is thus a natural ( or whole ) number , the atomic mass of a single atom is a real number giving the mass of a particular isotope ( or `` nuclide '' ) of the element , expressed in atomic mass units ( u ) . In general , the mass number of a given nuclide differs in value slightly from its atomic mass , since the mass of each proton and neutron is not exactly 1 u ; since the electrons contribute a lesser share to the atomic mass as neutron number exceeds proton number ; and ( finally ) because of the nuclear binding energy . For example , the atomic mass of chlorine - 35 to five significant digits is 34.969 u and that of chlorine - 37 is 36.966 u . However , the atomic mass in u of each isotope is quite close to its simple mass number ( always within 1 % ) . The only isotope whose atomic mass is exactly a natural number is C , which by definition has a mass of exactly 12 , because u is defined as 1 / 12 of the mass of a free neutral carbon - 12 atom in the ground state . The standard atomic weight ( commonly called `` atomic weight '' ) of an element is the average of the atomic masses of all the chemical element 's isotopes as found in a particular environment , weighted by isotopic abundance , relative to the atomic mass unit ( u ) . This number may be a fraction that is not close to a whole number . For example , the relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.453 u , which differs greatly from a whole number as it is an average of about 76 % chlorine - 35 and 24 % chlorine - 37 . Whenever a relative atomic mass value differs by more than 1 % from a whole number , it is due to this averaging effect , as significant amounts of more than one isotope are naturally present in a sample of that element . Chemically pure and isotopically pure Chemists and nuclear scientists have different definitions of a pure element . In chemistry , a pure element means a substance whose atoms all ( or in practice almost all ) have the same atomic number , or number of protons . Nuclear scientists , however , define a pure element as one that consists of only one stable isotope . For example , a copper wire is 99.99 % chemically pure if 99.99 % of its atoms are copper , with 29 protons each . However it is not isotopically pure since ordinary copper consists of two stable isotopes , 69 % Cu and 31 % Cu , with different numbers of neutrons . However , a pure gold ingot would be both chemically and isotopically pure , since ordinary gold consists only of one isotope , Au . Allotropes Main article : Allotropy Atoms of chemically pure elements may bond to each other chemically in more than one way , allowing the pure element to exist in multiple chemical structures ( spatial arrangements of atoms ) , known as allotropes , which differ in their properties . For example , carbon can be found as diamond , which has a tetrahedral structure around each carbon atom ; graphite , which has layers of carbon atoms with a hexagonal structure stacked on top of each other ; graphene , which is a single layer of graphite that is very strong ; fullerenes , which have nearly spherical shapes ; and carbon nanotubes , which are tubes with a hexagonal structure ( even these may differ from each other in electrical properties ) . The ability of an element to exist in one of many structural forms is known as ' allotropy ' . The standard state , also known as reference state , of an element is defined as its thermodynamically most stable state at a pressure of 1 bar and a given temperature ( typically at 298.15 K ) . In thermochemistry , an element is defined to have an enthalpy of formation of zero in its standard state . For example , the reference state for carbon is graphite , because the structure of graphite is more stable than that of the other allotropes . Properties Several kinds of descriptive categorizations can be applied broadly to the elements , including consideration of their general physical and chemical properties , their states of matter under familiar conditions , their melting and boiling points , their densities , their crystal structures as solids , and their origins . General properties Several terms are commonly used to characterize the general physical and chemical properties of the chemical elements . A first distinction is between metals , which readily conduct electricity , nonmetals , which do not , and a small group , ( the metalloids ) , having intermediate properties and often behaving as semiconductors . A more refined classification is often shown in colored presentations of the periodic table . This system restricts the terms `` metal '' and `` nonmetal '' to only certain of the more broadly defined metals and nonmetals , adding additional terms for certain sets of the more broadly viewed metals and nonmetals . The version of this classification used in the periodic tables presented here includes : actinides , alkali metals , alkaline earth metals , halogens , lanthanides , transition metals , post-transition metals , metalloids , polyatomic nonmetals , diatomic nonmetals , and noble gases . In this system , the alkali metals , alkaline earth metals , and transition metals , as well as the lanthanides and the actinides , are special groups of the metals viewed in a broader sense . Similarly , the polyatomic nonmetals , diatomic nonmetals and the noble gases are nonmetals viewed in the broader sense . In some presentations , the halogens are not distinguished , with astatine identified as a metalloid and the others identified as nonmetals . States of matter Another commonly used basic distinction among the elements is their state of matter ( phase ) , whether solid , liquid , or gas , at a selected standard temperature and pressure ( STP ) . Most of the elements are solids at conventional temperatures and atmospheric pressure , while several are gases . Only bromine and mercury are liquids at 0 degrees Celsius ( 32 degrees Fahrenheit ) and normal atmospheric pressure ; caesium and gallium are solids at that temperature , but melt at 28.4 ° C ( 83.2 ° F ) and 29.8 ° C ( 85.6 ° F ) , respectively . Melting and boiling points Melting and boiling points , typically expressed in degrees Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere , are commonly used in characterizing the various elements . While known for most elements , either or both of these measurements is still undetermined for some of the radioactive elements available in only tiny quantities . Since helium remains a liquid even at absolute zero at atmospheric pressure , it has only a boiling point , and not a melting point , in conventional presentations . Densities Main article : Densities of the elements ( data page ) The density at a selected standard temperature and pressure ( STP ) is frequently used in characterizing the elements . Density is often expressed in grams per cubic centimeter ( g / cm ) . Since several elements are gases at commonly encountered temperatures , their densities are usually stated for their gaseous forms ; when liquefied or solidified , the gaseous elements have densities similar to those of the other elements . When an element has allotropes with different densities , one representative allotrope is typically selected in summary presentations , while densities for each allotrope can be stated where more detail is provided . For example , the three familiar allotropes of carbon ( amorphous carbon , graphite , and diamond ) have densities of 1.8 -- 2.1 , 2.267 , and 3.515 g / cm , respectively . Crystal structures Main article : Crystal structure The elements studied to date as solid samples have eight kinds of crystal structures : cubic , body - centered cubic , face - centered cubic , hexagonal , monoclinic , orthorhombic , rhombohedral , and tetragonal . For some of the synthetically produced transuranic elements , available samples have been too small to determine crystal structures . Occurrence and origin on Earth Chemical elements may also be categorized by their origin on Earth , with the first 94 considered naturally occurring , while those with atomic numbers beyond 94 have only been produced artificially as the synthetic products of man - made nuclear reactions . Of the 94 naturally occurring elements , 84 are considered primordial and either stable or weakly radioactive . The remaining 10 naturally occurring elements possess half lives too short for them to have been present at the beginning of the Solar System , and are therefore considered transient elements . ( Plutonium is usually also considered a transient element because primordial plutonium has by now decayed to almost undetectable traces . ) Of these 10 transient elements , 5 ( polonium , radon , radium , actinium , and protactinium ) are relatively common decay products of thorium , uranium , and plutonium . The remaining 6 transient elements ( technetium , promethium , astatine , francium , neptunium , and plutonium ) occur only rarely , as products of rare decay modes or nuclear reaction processes involving uranium or other heavy elements . Elements with atomic numbers 1 through 40 are all stable , while those with atomic numbers 41 through 82 ( except technetium and promethium ) are metastable . The half - lives of these metastable `` theoretical radionuclides '' are so long ( at least 100 million times longer than the estimated age of the universe ) that their radioactive decay has yet to be detected by experiment . Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that their radioactive decay can be detected . Three of these elements , bismuth ( element 83 ) , thorium ( element 90 ) , and uranium ( element 92 ) have one or more isotopes with half - lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy elements before the formation of our solar system . For example , at over 1.9 × 10 years , over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe , bismuth - 209 has the longest known alpha decay half - life of any naturally occurring element . The very heaviest 24 elements ( those beyond plutonium , element 94 ) undergo radioactive decay with short half - lives and can not be produced as daughters of longer - lived elements , and thus they do not occur in nature at all . The periodic table Main article : Periodic table ( hide ) Periodic table Group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Period Hydrogen 1H Helium 2He Lithium 3Li Beryllium 4Be Boron 5B Carbon 6C Nitrogen 7N Oxygen 8O Fluorine 9F Neon 10 Ne Sodium 11 Na Magnesium 12 Mg Aluminium 13 Al Silicon 14 Si Phosphorus 15 P Sulfur 16 S Chlorine 17 Cl Argon 18 Ar Potassium 19 K Calcium 20 Ca Scandium 21 Sc Titanium 22 Ti Vanadium 23 V Chromium 24 Cr Manganese 25 Mn Iron 26 Fe Cobalt 27 Co Nickel 28 Ni Copper 29 Cu Zinc 30 Zn Gallium 31 Ga Germanium 32 Ge Arsenic 33 As Selenium 34 Se Bromine 35 Br Krypton 36 Kr 5 Rubidium 37 Rb Strontium 38 Sr Yttrium 39 Y Zirconium 40 Zr Niobium 41 Nb Molybdenum 42 Mo Technetium 43 Tc Ruthenium 44 Ru Rhodium 45 Rh Palladium 46 Pd Silver 47 Ag Cadmium 48 Cd Indium 49 In Tin 50 Sn Antimony 51 Sb Tellurium 52 Te Iodine 53 I Xenon 54 Xe 6 Caesium 55 Cs Barium 56 Ba Lanthanum 57 La Hafnium 72 Hf Tantalum 73 Ta Tungsten 74 W Rhenium 75 Re Osmium 76 Os Iridium 77 Ir Platinum 78 Pt Gold 79 Au Mercury 80 Hg Thallium 81 Tl Lead 82 Pb Bismuth 83 Bi Polonium 84 Po Astatine 85 At Radon 86 Rn 7 Francium 87 Fr Radium 88 Ra Actinium 89 Ac Rutherfordium 104 Rf Dubnium 105 Db Seaborgium 106 Sg Bohrium 107 Bh Hassium 108 Hs Meitnerium 109 Mt Darmstadtium 110 Ds Roentgenium 111 Rg Copernicium 112 Cn Nihonium 113 Nh Flerovium 114 Fl Moscovium 115 Mc Livermorium 116 Lv Tennessine 117 Ts Oganesson 118 Og Cerium 58 Ce Praseodymium 59 Pr Neodymium 60 Nd Promethium 61 Pm Samarium 62 Sm Europium 63 Eu Gadolinium 64 Gd Terbium 65 Tb Dysprosium 66 Dy Holmium 67 Ho Erbium 68 Er Thulium 69 Tm Ytterbium 70 Yb Lutetium 71 Lu Thorium 90 Th Protactinium 91 Pa Uranium 92 U Neptunium 93 Np Plutonium 94 Pu Americium 95 Am Curium 96 Cm Berkelium 97 Bk Californium 98 Cf Einsteinium 99 Es Fermium 100 Fm Mendelevium 101 Md Nobelium 102 No Lawrencium 103 Lr black = solid green = liquid red = gas gray = unknown Color of the atomic number shows state of matter ( at 0 ° C and 1 atm ) Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : Metal Metalloid Nonmetal Unknown chemical properties Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas The properties of the chemical elements are often summarized using the periodic table , which powerfully and elegantly organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows ( `` periods '' ) in which the columns ( `` groups '' ) share recurring ( `` periodic '' ) physical and chemical properties . The current standard table contains 118 confirmed elements as of 10 April 2010 . Although earlier precursors to this presentation exist , its invention is generally credited to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 , who intended the table to illustrate recurring trends in the properties of the elements . The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time as new elements have been discovered and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior . Use of the periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry , providing an extremely useful framework to classify , systematize and compare all the many different forms of chemical behavior . The table has also found wide application in physics , geology , biology , materials science , engineering , agriculture , medicine , nutrition , environmental health , and astronomy . Its principles are especially important in chemical engineering . Nomenclature and symbols The various chemical elements are formally identified by their unique atomic numbers , by their accepted names , and by their symbols . Atomic numbers The known elements have atomic numbers from 1 through 118 , conventionally presented as Arabic numerals . Since the elements can be uniquely sequenced by atomic number , conventionally from lowest to highest ( as in a periodic table ) , sets of elements are sometimes specified by such notation as `` through '' , `` beyond '' , or `` from ... through '' , as in `` through iron '' , `` beyond uranium '' , or `` from lanthanum through lutetium '' . The terms `` light '' and `` heavy '' are sometimes also used informally to indicate relative atomic numbers ( not densities ) , as in `` lighter than carbon '' or `` heavier than lead '' , although technically the weight or mass of atoms of an element ( their atomic weights or atomic masses ) do not always increase monotonically with their atomic numbers . Element names Main article : Naming of elements The naming of various substances now known as elements precedes the atomic theory of matter , as names were given locally by various cultures to various minerals , metals , compounds , alloys , mixtures , and other materials , although at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and which compounds . As they were identified as elements , the existing names for anciently - known elements ( e.g. , gold , mercury , iron ) were kept in most countries . National differences emerged over the names of elements either for convenience , linguistic niceties , or nationalism . For a few illustrative examples : German speakers use `` Wasserstoff '' ( water substance ) for `` hydrogen '' , `` Sauerstoff '' ( acid substance ) for `` oxygen '' and `` Stickstoff '' ( smothering substance ) for `` nitrogen '' , while English and some romance languages use `` sodium '' for `` natrium '' and `` potassium '' for `` kalium '' , and the French , Italians , Greeks , Portuguese and Poles prefer `` azote / azot / azoto '' ( from roots meaning `` no life '' ) for `` nitrogen '' . For purposes of international communication and trade , the official names of the chemical elements both ancient and more recently recognized are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) , which has decided on a sort of international English language , drawing on traditional English names even when an element 's chemical symbol is based on a Latin or other traditional word , for example adopting `` gold '' rather than `` aurum '' as the name for the 79th element ( Au ) . IUPAC prefers the British spellings `` aluminium '' and `` caesium '' over the U.S. spellings `` aluminum '' and `` cesium '' , and the U.S. `` sulfur '' over the British `` sulphur '' . However , elements that are practical to sell in bulk in many countries often still have locally used national names , and countries whose national language does not use the Latin alphabet are likely to use the IUPAC element names . According to IUPAC , chemical elements are not proper nouns in English ; consequently , the full name of an element is not routinely capitalized in English , even if derived from a proper noun , as in californium and einsteinium . Isotope names of chemical elements are also uncapitalized if written out , e.g. , carbon - 12 or uranium - 235 . Chemical element symbols ( such as Cf for californium and Es for einsteinium ) , are always capitalized ( see below ) . In the second half of the twentieth century , physics laboratories became able to produce nuclei of chemical elements with half - lives too short for an appreciable amount of them to exist at any time . These are also named by IUPAC , which generally adopts the name chosen by the discoverer . This practice can lead to the controversial question of which research group actually discovered an element , a question that delayed the naming of elements with atomic number of 104 and higher for a considerable amount of time . ( See element naming controversy ) . Precursors of such controversies involved the nationalistic namings of elements in the late 19th century . For example , lutetium was named in reference to Paris , France . The Germans were reluctant to relinquish naming rights to the French , often calling it cassiopeium . Similarly , the British discoverer of niobium originally named it columbium , in reference to the New World . It was used extensively as such by American publications prior to the international standardization ( in 1950 ) . Chemical symbols For listings of current chemical symbols , symbols not currently used , and other symbols that may look like chemical symbols , see Symbol ( chemistry ) . Specific chemical elements Before chemistry became a science , alchemists had designed arcane symbols for both metals and common compounds . These were however used as abbreviations in diagrams or procedures ; there was no concept of atoms combining to form molecules . With his advances in the atomic theory of matter , John Dalton devised his own simpler symbols , based on circles , to depict molecules . The current system of chemical notation was invented by Berzelius . In this typographical system , chemical symbols are not mere abbreviations -- though each consists of letters of the Latin alphabet . They are intended as universal symbols for people of all languages and alphabets . The first of these symbols were intended to be fully universal . Since Latin was the common language of science at that time , they were abbreviations based on the Latin names of metals . Cu comes from Cuprum , Fe comes from Ferrum , Ag from Argentum . The symbols were not followed by a period ( full stop ) as with abbreviations . Later chemical elements were also assigned unique chemical symbols , based on the name of the element , but not necessarily in English . For example , sodium has the chemical symbol ' Na ' after the Latin natrium . The same applies to `` W '' ( wolfram ) for tungsten , `` Fe '' ( ferrum ) for iron , `` Hg '' ( hydrargyrum ) for mercury , `` Sn '' ( stannum ) for tin , `` K '' ( kalium ) for potassium , `` Au '' ( aurum ) for gold , `` Ag '' ( argentum ) for silver , `` Pb '' ( plumbum ) for lead , `` Cu '' ( cuprum ) for copper , and `` Sb '' ( stibium ) for antimony . Chemical symbols are understood internationally when element names might require translation . There have sometimes been differences in the past . For example , Germans in the past have used `` J '' ( for the alternate name Jod ) for iodine , but now use `` I '' and `` Iod '' . The first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized , as in the preceding examples , and the subsequent letters , if any , are always lower case ( small letters ) . Thus , the symbols for californium and einsteinium are Cf and Es . General chemical symbols There are also symbols in chemical equations for groups of chemical elements , for example in comparative formulas . These are often a single capital letter , and the letters are reserved and not used for names of specific elements . For example , an `` X '' indicates a variable group ( usually a halogen ) in a class of compounds , while `` R '' is a radical , meaning a compound structure such as a hydrocarbon chain . The letter `` Q '' is reserved for `` heat '' in a chemical reaction . `` Y '' is also often used as a general chemical symbol , although it is also the symbol of yttrium . `` Z '' is also frequently used as a general variable group . `` E '' is used in organic chemistry to denote an electron - withdrawing group or an electrophile ; similarly `` Nu '' denotes a nucleophile . `` L '' is used to represent a general ligand in inorganic and organometallic chemistry . `` M '' is also often used in place of a general metal . At least two additional , two - letter generic chemical symbols are also in informal usage , `` Ln '' for any lanthanide element and `` An '' for any actinide element . `` Rg '' was formerly used for any rare gas element , but the group of rare gases has now been renamed noble gases and the symbol `` Rg '' has now been assigned to the element roentgenium . Isotope symbols Isotopes are distinguished by the atomic mass number ( total protons and neutrons ) for a particular isotope of an element , with this number combined with the pertinent element 's symbol . IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation when practical , for example C and U . However , other notations , such as carbon - 12 and uranium - 235 , or C - 12 and U-235 , are also used . As a special case , the three naturally occurring isotopes of the element hydrogen are often specified as H for H ( protium ) , D for H ( deuterium ) , and T for H ( tritium ) . This convention is easier to use in chemical equations , replacing the need to write out the mass number for each atom . For example , the formula for heavy water may be written D O instead of H O . Origin of the elements Estimated distribution of dark matter and dark energy in the universe . Only the fraction of the mass and energy in the universe labeled `` atoms '' is composed of chemical elements . Only about 4 % of the total mass of the universe is made of atoms or ions , and thus represented by chemical elements . This fraction is about 15 % of the total matter , with the remainder of the matter ( 85 % ) being dark matter . The nature of dark matter is unknown , but it is not composed of atoms of chemical elements because it contains no protons , neutrons , or electrons . ( The remaining non-matter part of the mass of the universe is composed of the even more mysterious dark energy ) . The universe 's 94 naturally occurring chemical elements are thought to have been produced by at least four cosmic processes . Most of the hydrogen and helium in the universe was produced primordially in the first few minutes of the Big Bang . Three recurrently occurring later processes are thought to have produced the remaining elements . Stellar nucleosynthesis , an ongoing process , produces all elements from carbon through iron in atomic number , but little lithium , beryllium , or boron . Elements heavier in atomic number than iron , as heavy as uranium and plutonium , are produced by explosive nucleosynthesis in supernovas and other cataclysmic cosmic events . Cosmic ray spallation ( fragmentation ) of carbon , nitrogen , and oxygen is important to the production of lithium , beryllium and boron . During the early phases of the Big Bang , nucleosynthesis of hydrogen nuclei resulted in the production of hydrogen - 1 ( protium , H ) and helium - 4 ( He ) , as well as a smaller amount of deuterium ( H ) and very minuscule amounts ( on the order of 10 ) of lithium and beryllium . Even smaller amounts of boron may have been produced in the Big Bang , since it has been observed in some very old stars , while carbon has not . It is generally agreed that no heavier elements than boron were produced in the Big Bang . As a result , the primordial abundance of atoms ( or ions ) consisted of roughly 75 % H , 25 % He , and 0.01 % deuterium , with only tiny traces of lithium , beryllium , and perhaps boron . Subsequent enrichment of galactic halos occurred due to stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova nucleosynthesis . However , the element abundance in intergalactic space can still closely resemble primordial conditions , unless it has been enriched by some means . Periodic table showing the cosmogenic origin of each element in the Big Bang , or in large or small stars . Small stars can produce certain elements up to sulfur , by the alpha process . Supernovae are needed to produce `` heavy '' elements ( those beyond iron and nickel ) rapidly by neutron buildup , in the r - process . Certain large stars slowly produce other elements heavier than iron , in the s - process ; these may then be blown into space in the off - gassing of planetary nebulae On Earth ( and elsewhere ) , trace amounts of various elements continue to be produced from other elements as products of nuclear transmutation processes . These include some produced by cosmic rays or other nuclear reactions ( see cosmogenic and nucleogenic nuclides ) , and others produced as decay products of long - lived primordial nuclides . For example , trace ( but detectable ) amounts of carbon - 14 ( C ) are continually produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays impacting nitrogen atoms , and argon - 40 ( Ar ) is continually produced by the decay of primordially occurring but unstable potassium - 40 ( K ) . Also , three primordially occurring but radioactive actinides , thorium , uranium , and plutonium , decay through a series of recurrently produced but unstable radioactive elements such as radium and radon , which are transiently present in any sample of these metals or their ores or compounds . Three other radioactive elements , technetium , promethium , and neptunium , occur only incidentally in natural materials , produced as individual atoms by nuclear fission of the nuclei of various heavy elements or in other rare nuclear processes . Human technology has produced various additional elements beyond these first 94 , with those through atomic number 118 now known . Abundance Main article : Abundance of the chemical elements The following graph ( note log scale ) shows the abundance of elements in our Solar System . The table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy ( estimated spectroscopically ) , as measured in parts per million , by mass . Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium . The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past , so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture . As physical laws and processes appear common throughout the visible universe , however , scientist expect that these galaxies evolved elements in similar abundance . The abundance of elements in the Solar System is in keeping with their origin from nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang and a number of progenitor supernova stars . Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang , but the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars ( they are , however , produced in small quantities by the breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust , as a result of impact by cosmic rays ) . Beginning with carbon , elements are produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) , resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers ( these are also more stable ) . In general , such elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovas . Iron - 56 is particularly common , since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles ( being a product of decay of radioactive nickel - 56 , ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei ) . Elements heavier than iron are made in energy - absorbing processes in large stars , and their abundance in the universe ( and on Earth ) generally decreases with their atomic number . The abundance of the chemical elements on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean , and in various types of life . The abundance of elements in Earth 's crust differs from that in the Solar system ( as seen in the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter ) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements ( hydrogen and helium ) and also volatile neon , carbon ( as hydrocarbons ) , nitrogen and sulfur , as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the solar system . Oxygen , the most abundant Earth element by mass , is retained on Earth by combination with silicon . Aluminum at 8 % by mass is more common in the Earth 's crust than in the universe and solar system , but the composition of the far more bulky mantle , which has magnesium and iron in place of aluminum ( which occurs there only at 2 % of mass ) more closely mirrors the elemental composition of the solar system , save for the noted loss of volatile elements to space , and loss of iron which has migrated to the Earth 's core . The composition of the human body , by contrast , more closely follows the composition of seawater -- save that the human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen necessary to form the proteins and nucleic acids , together with phosphorus in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms . Certain kinds of organisms require particular additional elements , for example the magnesium in chlorophyll in green plants , the calcium in mollusc shells , or the iron in the hemoglobin in vertebrate animals ' red blood cells . Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar system . Hydrogen and helium are most common , from the Big Bang . The next three elements ( Li , Be , B) are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars . The two general trends in the remaining stellar - produced elements are : ( 1 ) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers ( the Oddo - Harkins rule ) , and ( 2 ) a general decrease in abundance as elements become heavier . Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae . Elements in our galaxy Parts per million by mass Hydrogen 739,000 Helium 240,000 Oxygen 10,400 Carbon 4,600 Neon 1,340 Iron 1,090 Nitrogen 960 Silicon 650 Magnesium 580 Sulfur 440 Potassium 210 Nickel 100 Nutritional elements in the periodic table He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Cs Ba La * Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac * * Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og * Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu * * Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr The four basic organic elements Quantity elements Essential trace elements Suggested function from deprivation effects or active metabolic handling , but no clearly - identified biochemical function in humans Limited circumstantial evidence for trace benefits or biological action in mammals No evidence for biological action in mammals , but essential in some lower organisms . ( In the case of lanthanum , the definition of an essential nutrient as being indispensable and irreplaceable is not completely applicable due to the extreme similarity of the lanthanides . Thus Ce , Pr , and Nd may be substituted for La without ill effects for organisms using La , and the smaller Sm , Eu , and Gd may also be similarly substituted but cause slower growth . ) History Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table : An experiment on a system of elements . Based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities . Evolving definitions The concept of an `` element '' as an undivisible substance has developed through three major historical phases : Classical definitions ( such as those of the ancient Greeks ) , chemical definitions , and atomic definitions . Classical definitions Ancient philosophy posited a set of classical elements to explain observed patterns in nature . These elements originally referred to earth , water , air and fire rather than the chemical elements of modern science . The term ' elements ' ( stoicheia ) was first used by the Greek philosopher Plato in about 360 BCE in his dialogue Timaeus , which includes a discussion of the composition of inorganic and organic bodies and is a speculative treatise on chemistry . Plato believed the elements introduced a century earlier by Empedocles were composed of small polyhedral forms : tetrahedron ( fire ) , octahedron ( air ) , icosahedron ( water ) , and cube ( earth ) . Aristotle , c. 350 BCE , also used the term stoicheia and added a fifth element called aether , which formed the heavens . Aristotle defined an element as : Element -- one of those bodies into which other bodies can decompose , and that itself is not capable of being divided into other . Chemical definitions In 1661 , Robert Boyle proposed his theory of corpuscularism which favoured the analysis of matter as constituted by irreducible units of matter ( atoms ) and , choosing to side with neither Aristotle 's view of the four elements nor Paracelsus ' view of three fundamental elements , left open the question of the number of elements . The first modern list of chemical elements was given in Antoine Lavoisier 's 1789 Elements of Chemistry , which contained thirty - three elements , including light and caloric . By 1818 , Jöns Jakob Berzelius had determined atomic weights for forty - five of the forty - nine then - accepted elements . Dmitri Mendeleev had sixty - six elements in his periodic table of 1869 . Dmitri Mendeleev From Boyle until the early 20th century , an element was defined as a pure substance that could not be decomposed into any simpler substance . Put another way , a chemical element can not be transformed into other chemical elements by chemical processes . Elements during this time were generally distinguished by their atomic weights , a property measurable with fair accuracy by available analytical techniques . Atomic definitions Henry Moseley The 1913 discovery by English physicist Henry Moseley that the nuclear charge is the physical basis for an atom 's atomic number , further refined when the nature of protons and neutrons became appreciated , eventually led to the current definition of an element based on atomic number ( number of protons per atomic nucleus ) . The use of atomic numbers , rather than atomic weights , to distinguish elements has greater predictive value ( since these numbers are integers ) , and also resolves some ambiguities in the chemistry - based view due to varying properties of isotopes and allotropes within the same element . Currently , IUPAC defines an element to exist if it has isotopes with a lifetime longer than the 10 seconds it takes the nucleus to form an electronic cloud . By 1914 , seventy - two elements were known , all naturally occurring . The remaining naturally occurring elements were discovered or isolated in subsequent decades , and various additional elements have also been produced synthetically , with much of that work pioneered by Glenn T. Seaborg . In 1955 , element 101 was discovered and named mendelevium in honor of D.I. Mendeleev , the first to arrange the elements in a periodic manner . Most recently , the synthesis of element 118 was reported in October 2006 , and the synthesis of element 117 was reported in April 2010 . Discovery and recognition of various elements See also : Timeline of chemical elements discoveries Ten materials familiar to various prehistoric cultures are now known to be chemical elements : Carbon , copper , gold , iron , lead , mercury , silver , sulfur , tin , and zinc . Three additional materials now accepted as elements , arsenic , antimony , and bismuth , were recognized as distinct substances prior to 1500 AD . Phosphorus , cobalt , and platinum were isolated before 1750 . Most of the remaining naturally occurring chemical elements were identified and characterized by 1900 , including : Such now - familiar industrial materials as aluminium , silicon , nickel , chromium , magnesium , and tungsten Reactive metals such as lithium , sodium , potassium , and calcium The halogens fluorine , chlorine , bromine , and iodine Gases such as hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , helium , argon , and neon Most of the rare - earth elements , including cerium , lanthanum , gadolinium , and neodymium . The more common radioactive elements , including uranium , thorium , radium , and radon Elements isolated or produced since 1900 include : The three remaining undiscovered regularly occurring stable natural elements : hafnium , lutetium , and rhenium Plutonium , which was first produced synthetically in 1940 by Glenn T. Seaborg , but is now also known from a few long - persisting natural occurrences The three incidentally occurring natural elements ( neptunium , promethium , and technetium ) , which were all first produced synthetically but later discovered in trace amounts in certain geological samples Three scarce decay products of uranium or thorium , ( astatine , francium , and protactinium ) , and Various synthetic transuranic elements , beginning with americium and curium Recently discovered elements The first transuranium element ( element with atomic number greater than 92 ) discovered was neptunium in 1940 . Since 1999 claims for the discovery of new elements have been considered by the IUPAC / IUPAP Joint Working Party . As of January 2016 , all 118 elements have been confirmed as discovered by IUPAC . The discovery of element 112 was acknowledged in 2009 , and the name copernicium and the atomic symbol Cn were suggested for it . The name and symbol were officially endorsed by IUPAC on 19 February 2010 . The heaviest element that is believed to have been synthesized to date is element 118 , oganesson , on 9 October 2006 , by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna , Russia . Tennessine , element 117 was the latest element claimed to be discovered , in 2009 . On 28 November 2016 , scientists at the IUPAC officially recognized the names for four of the newest chemical elements , with atomic numbers 113 , 115 , 117 , and 118 . List of the 118 known chemical elements The following sortable table shows the 118 known chemical elements . Atomic number , name , and symbol all serve independently as unique identifiers . Names are those accepted by IUPAC ; provisional names for recently produced elements not yet formally named are in parentheses . Group , period , and block refer to an element 's position in the periodic table . Group numbers here show the currently accepted numbering ; for older alternate numberings , see Group ( periodic table ) . State of matter ( solid , liquid , or gas ) applies at standard temperature and pressure conditions ( STP ) . Occurrence , as indicated by a footnote adjacent to the element 's name , distinguishes naturally occurring elements , categorized as either primordial or transient ( from decay ) , and additional synthetic elements that have been produced technologically , but are not known to occur naturally . Color specifies an element 's properties using the broad categories commonly presented in periodic tables : Actinide , alkali metal , alkaline earth metal , lanthanide , post-transition metal , metalloid , noble gas , polyatomic or diatomic nonmetal , and transition metal . ( hide ) List of chemical elements Z Symbol Element Origin of name Group Period Atomic weight ( u ( ± ) ) Density ( g / cm ) Melt ( K ) Boil ( K ) C ( J / g K ) χ Abundance in Earth 's crust ( mg / kg ) Hydrogen composed of the Greek elements hydro - and - gen meaning ' water - forming ' 001 ! 1.008 0.00008988 0014 ! 14.01 20.28 14.304 2.20 1400 He Helium the Greek helios , ' sun ' 18 004 ! 4.002602 ( 2 ) 0.0001785 0.1 ! -- 4.22 5.193 -- 0.008 Li Lithium the Greek lithos , ' stone ' 007 ! 6.94 0.534 0454 ! 453.69 1560 3.582 0.98 20 Be Beryllium beryl , a mineral 009 ! 9.0121831 ( 5 ) 1.85 1560 ! 1560 2742 1.825 1.57 2.8 5 Boron borax , a mineral 13 011 ! 10.81 2.34 2349 ! 2349 4200 1.026 2.04 10 6 Carbon the Latin carbo , ' coal ' 14 012 ! 12.011 2.267 3800 ! 3800 4300 0.709 2.55 200 7 Nitrogen the Greek nitron and ' - gen ' meaning ' niter - forming ' 15 014 ! 14.007 0.0012506 0063 ! 63.15 77.36 1.04 3.04 19 8 O Oxygen from the Greek oxy - , both ' sharp ' and ' acid ' , and - gen , meaning ' acid - forming ' 16 016 ! 15.999 0.001429 0054 ! 54.36 90.20 0.918 3.44 461000 9 Fluorine the Latin fluere , ' to flow ' 17 019 ! 18.998403163 ( 6 ) 0.001696 0053.5 ! 53.53 85.03 0.824 3.98 585 10 Ne Neon the Greek neos , meaning ' new ' 18 020 ! 20.1797 ( 6 ) 0.0008999 0024.56 ! 24.56 27.07 1.03 -- 0.005 11 Na Sodium the English word soda ( natrium in Latin ) 023 ! 22.98976928 ( 2 ) 0.971 0371 ! 370.87 1156 1.228 0.93 23600 12 Mg Magnesium Magnesia , a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece 024 ! 24.305 1.738 0923 ! 923 1363 1.023 1.31 23300 13 Al Aluminium from alumina , a compound ( originally aluminum ) 13 027 ! 26.9815385 ( 7 ) 2.698 0933.5 ! 933.47 2792 0.897 1.61 82300 14 Si Silicon from the Latin silex , ' flint ' ( originally silicium ) 14 028 ! 28.085 2.3296 1687 ! 1687 3538 0.705 1.9 282000 15 Phosphorus the Greek phoosphoros , ' carrying light ' 15 031 ! 30.973761998 ( 5 ) 1.82 0317.3 ! 317.30 550 0.769 2.19 1050 16 Sulfur the Latin sulphur , ' fire and brimstone ' 16 032 ! 32.06 2.067 0388.4 ! 388.36 717.87 0.71 2.58 350 17 Cl Chlorine the Greek chloros , ' greenish yellow ' 17 035 ! 35.45 0.003214 0171.6 ! 171.6 239.11 0.479 3.16 145 18 Ar Argon the Greek argos , ' idle ' 18 040 ! 39.948 ( 1 ) 0.0017837 0083.8 ! 83.80 87.30 0.52 -- 3.5 19 Potassium New Latin potassa , ' potash ' ( kalium in Latin ) 039 ! 39.0983 ( 1 ) 0.862 0336.5 ! 336.53 1032 0.757 0.82 20900 20 Ca Calcium the Latin calx , ' lime ' 041 ! 40.078 ( 4 ) 1.54 1115 ! 1115 1757 0.647 41500 21 Sc Scandium Scandia , the Latin name for Scandinavia 045 ! 44.955908 ( 5 ) 2.989 1814 ! 1814 3109 0.568 1.36 22 22 Ti Titanium Titans , the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology 048 ! 47.867 ( 1 ) 4.54 1941 ! 1941 3560 0.523 1.54 5650 23 V Vanadium Vanadis , an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja 5 051 ! 50.9415 ( 1 ) 6.11 2183 ! 2183 3680 0.489 1.63 120 24 Cr Chromium the Greek chroma , ' color ' 6 052 ! 51.9961 ( 6 ) 7.15 2180 ! 2180 2944 0.449 1.66 102 25 Mn Manganese corrupted from magnesia negra , see Magnesium 7 055 ! 54.938044 ( 3 ) 7.44 1519 ! 1519 2334 0.479 1.55 950 26 Fe Iron English word ( ferrum in Latin ) 8 056 ! 55.845 ( 2 ) 7.874 1811 ! 1811 3134 0.449 1.83 56300 27 Co Cobalt the German word Kobold , ' goblin ' 9 059 ! 58.933194 ( 4 ) 8.86 1768 ! 1768 3200 0.421 1.88 25 28 Ni Nickel from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology , Nickel 10 058 ! 58.6934 ( 4 ) 8.912 1728 ! 1728 3186 0.444 1.91 84 29 Cu Copper English word ( Latin cuprum ) 11 064 ! 63.546 ( 3 ) 8.96 1357.77 2835 0.385 1.9 60 30 Zn Zinc German word Zinke ( prong , tooth ) 12 065 ! 65.38 ( 2 ) 7.134 0693 ! 692.88 1180 0.388 1.65 70 31 Ga Gallium Gallia , the Latin name for France 13 070 ! 69.723 ( 1 ) 5.907 0302.9 ! 302.9146 2673 0.371 1.81 19 32 Ge Germanium Germania , the Latin name for Germany 14 073 ! 72.630 ( 8 ) 5.323 1211.40 3106 0.32 2.01 1.5 33 As Arsenic English word ( Latin arsenicum ) 15 075 ! 74.921595 ( 6 ) 5.776 1090 ! 1090 887 0.329 2.18 1.8 34 Se Selenium the Greek selene , ' moon ' 16 079 ! 78.971 ( 8 ) 4.809 0453 ! 453 958 0.321 2.55 0.05 35 Br Bromine the Greek bromos , ' stench ' 17 080 ! 79.904 3.122 0265.8 ! 265.8 332.0 0.474 2.96 2.4 36 Kr Krypton the Greek kryptos , ' hidden ' 18 084 ! 83.798 ( 2 ) 0.003733 0115.8 ! 115.79 119.93 0.248 . 0001 ! 1 × 10 37 Rb Rubidium the Latin rubidus , ' deep red ' 5 085 ! 85.4678 ( 3 ) 1.532 0312.5 ! 312.46 961 0.363 0.82 90 38 Sr Strontium Strontian , a small town in Scotland 5 087 ! 87.62 ( 1 ) 2.64 1050 1655 0.301 0.95 370 39 Y Yttrium Ytterby , Sweden 5 089 ! 88.90584 ( 2 ) 4.469 1799 3609 0.298 1.22 33 40 Zr Zirconium Persian Zargun , ' gold - colored ' ; German Zirkoon , ' jargoon ' 5 091 ! 91.224 ( 2 ) 6.506 2128 4682 0.278 1.33 165 41 Nb Niobium Niobe , daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology 5 5 093 ! 92.90637 ( 2 ) 8.57 2750 5017 0.265 1.6 20 42 Mo Molybdenum the Greek molybdos meaning ' lead ' 6 5 096 ! 95.95 ( 1 ) 10.22 2896 4912 0.251 2.16 1.2 43 Tc Technetium the Greek tekhnètos meaning ' artificial ' 7 5 098 ! ( 98 ) 11.5 2430 4538 -- 1.9 . 000000003 ! ~ 3 × 10 44 Ru Ruthenium Ruthenia , the New Latin name for Russia 8 5 101.07 ( 2 ) 12.37 2607 4423 0.238 2.2 0.001 45 Rh Rhodium the Greek rhodos , meaning ' rose coloured ' 9 5 102.90550 ( 2 ) 12.41 2237 3968 0.243 2.28 0.001 46 Pd Palladium the then recently discovered asteroid Pallas , considered a planet at the time 10 5 106.42 ( 1 ) 12.02 1828.05 3236 0.244 2.2 0.015 47 Ag Silver English word ( argentum in Latin ) 11 5 107.8682 ( 2 ) 10.501 1234.93 2435 0.235 1.93 0.075 48 Cd Cadmium the New Latin cadmia , from King Kadmos 12 5 112.414 ( 4 ) 8.69 0594.22 ! 594.22 1040 0.232 1.69 0.159 49 In Indium indigo 13 5 114.818 ( 1 ) 7.31 0429.75 ! 429.75 2345 0.233 1.78 0.25 50 Sn Tin English word ( stannum in Latin ) 14 5 118.710 ( 7 ) 7.287 0505.08 ! 505.08 2875 0.228 1.96 2.3 51 Sb Antimony uncertain : perhaps from the Greek anti , ' against ' , and monos , ' alone ' , or the Old French antimoine , ' Monk 's bane ' ( stibium in Latin ) 15 5 121.760 ( 1 ) 6.685 0903.78 ! 903.78 1860 0.207 2.05 0.2 52 Te Tellurium Latin tellus , ' earth ' 16 5 127.60 ( 3 ) 6.232 0722.66 ! 722.66 1261 0.202 2.1 0.001 53 Iodine French iode ( after the Greek ioeides , ' violet ' ) 17 5 126.90447 ( 3 ) 4.93 0386.85 ! 386.85 457.4 0.214 2.66 0.45 54 Xe Xenon the Greek xenos , ' strange ' 18 5 131.293 ( 6 ) 0.005887 0161.4 ! 161.4 165.03 0.158 2.6 . 00003 ! 3 × 10 55 Cs Caesium the Latin caesius , ' sky blue ' 6 132.90545196 ( 6 ) 1.873 0301.59 ! 301.59 944 0.242 0.79 56 Ba Barium the Greek barys , ' heavy ' 6 137.327 ( 7 ) 3.594 1000 2170 0.204 0.89 425 57 La Lanthanum the Greek lanthanein , ' to lie hidden ' 6 138.90547 ( 7 ) 6.145 1193 3737 0.195 1.1 39 58 Ce Cerium the then recently discovered asteroid Ceres , considered a planet at the time 6 140.116 ( 1 ) 6.77 1068 3716 0.192 1.12 66.5 59 Pr Praseodymium the Greek praseios didymos meaning ' green twin ' 6 140.90766 ( 2 ) 6.773 1208 3793 0.193 1.13 9.2 60 Nd Neodymium the Greek neos didymos meaning ' new twin ' 6 144.242 ( 3 ) 7.007 1297 3347 0.19 1.14 41.5 61 Pm Promethium Prometheus of Greek mythology who stole fire from the Gods and gave it to humans 6 145 ! ( 145 ) 7.26 1315 3273 -- 1.13 . 0000000000000000002 ! 2 × 10 62 Sm Samarium Samarskite , the name of the mineral from which it was first isolated 6 150.36 ( 2 ) 7.52 1345 2067 0.197 1.17 7.05 63 Eu Europium Europe 6 151.964 ( 1 ) 5.243 1099 1802 0.182 1.2 64 Gd Gadolinium Johan Gadolin , chemist , physicist and mineralogist 6 157.25 ( 3 ) 7.895 1585 3546 0.236 1.2 6.2 65 Tb Terbium Ytterby , Sweden 6 158.92535 ( 2 ) 8.229 1629 3503 0.182 1.2 1.2 66 Dy Dysprosium the Greek dysprositos , ' hard to get ' 6 162.500 ( 1 ) 8.55 1680 2840 0.17 1.22 5.2 67 Ho Holmium Holmia , the New Latin name for Stockholm 6 164.93033 ( 2 ) 8.795 1734 2993 0.165 1.23 1.3 68 Er Erbium Ytterby , Sweden 6 167.259 ( 3 ) 9.066 1802 3141 0.168 1.24 3.5 69 Tm Thulium Thule , the ancient name for Scandinavia 6 168.93422 ( 2 ) 9.321 1818 2223 0.16 1.25 0.52 70 Yb Ytterbium Ytterby , Sweden 6 173.045 ( 10 ) 6.965 1097 1469 0.155 1.1 3.2 71 Lu Lutetium Lutetia , the Latin name for Paris 6 174.9668 ( 1 ) 9.84 1925 3675 0.154 1.27 0.8 72 Hf Hafnium Hafnia , the New Latin name for Copenhagen 6 178.49 ( 2 ) 13.31 2506 4876 0.144 1.3 73 Ta Tantalum King Tantalus , father of Niobe from Greek mythology 5 6 180.94788 ( 2 ) 16.654 3290 5731 0.14 1.5 74 Tungsten the Swedish tung sten , ' heavy stone ' ( W is wolfram , the old name of the tungsten mineral wolframite ) 6 6 183.84 ( 1 ) 19.25 3695 5828 0.132 2.36 1.3 75 Re Rhenium Rhenus , the Latin name for the river Rhine 7 6 186.207 ( 1 ) 21.02 3459 5869 0.137 1.9 . 0007 ! 7 × 10 76 Os Osmium the Greek osmè , meaning ' smell ' 8 6 190.23 ( 3 ) 22.61 3306 5285 0.13 2.2 0.002 77 Ir Iridium Iris , the Greek goddess of the rainbow 9 6 192.217 ( 3 ) 22.56 2719 4701 0.131 2.2 0.001 78 Pt Platinum the Spanish platina , meaning ' little silver ' 10 6 195.084 ( 9 ) 21.46 2041.4 4098 0.133 2.28 0.005 79 Au Gold English word ( aurum in Latin ) 11 6 196.966569 ( 5 ) 19.282 1337.33 3129 0.129 2.54 0.004 80 Hg Mercury the New Latin name mercurius , named after the Roman god ( Hg from former name hydrargyrum , from Greek hydr - , ' water ' , and argyros , ' silver ' ) 12 6 200.592 ( 3 ) 13.5336 0234.43 ! 234.43 629.88 0.14 0.085 81 Tl Thallium the Greek thallos , ' green twig ' 13 6 204.38 11.85 0577 ! 577 1746 0.129 1.62 0.85 82 Pb Lead English word ( plumbum in Latin ) 14 6 207.2 ( 1 ) 11.342 0600.61 ! 600.61 2022 0.129 1.87 14 83 Bi Bismuth Uncertain , possibly Arabic or German 15 6 208.98040 ( 1 ) 9.807 0544.7 ! 544.7 1837 0.122 2.02 0.009 84 Po Polonium Named after the home country of Marie Curie ( Polonia , Latin for Poland ) , who is also the discoverer of Radium 16 6 209 ! ( 209 ) 9.32 0527 ! 527 1235 -- 2.0 . 0000000002 ! 2 × 10 85 At Astatine the Greek astatos , ' unstable ' 17 6 210 ! ( 210 ) 7 0575 ! 575 610 -- 2.2 0.000000000000000000003 ! 3 × 10 86 Rn Radon From radium , as it was first detected as an emission from radium during radioactive decay 18 6 222 ! ( 222 ) 0.00973 0202 ! 202 211.3 0.094 2.2 . 0000000000004 ! 4 × 10 87 Fr Francium Francia , the New Latin name for France 7 223 ! ( 223 ) 1.87 0300 ! 300 950 -- 0.7 0.000000000000000001 ! ~ 1 × 10 88 Ra Radium the Latin radius , ' ray ' 7 223 ! ( 226 ) 5.5 0973 ! 973 0.094 0.9 . 0000009 ! 9 × 10 89 Ac Actinium the Greek aktis , ' ray ' 7 227 ! ( 227 ) 10.07 1323 3471 0.12 1.1 . 00000000055 ! 5.5 × 10 90 Th Thorium Thor , the Scandinavian god of thunder 7 232.0377 ( 4 ) 11.72 2115 5061 0.113 1.3 9.6 91 Pa Protactinium the Greek protos , ' first ' , and actinium , which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium 7 231.03588 ( 2 ) 15.37 1841 4300 -- 1.5 . 0000014 ! 1.4 × 10 92 U Uranium Uranus , the seventh planet in the Solar System 7 238.02891 ( 3 ) 18.95 1405.3 4404 0.116 1.38 2.7 93 Np Neptunium Neptune , the eighth planet in the Solar System 7 237 ! ( 237 ) 20.45 0917 ! 917 4273 -- 1.36 0.000000000003 ! ≤ 3 × 10 94 Pu Plutonium Pluto , a dwarf planet in the Solar System ( then considered the ninth planet ) 7 244 ! ( 244 ) 19.84 0912.5 ! 912.5 3501 -- 1.28 0.00000000003 ! ≤ 3 × 10 95 Am Americium The Americas , as the element was first synthesized on the continent , by analogy with europium 7 243 ! ( 243 ) 13.69 1449 2880 -- 1.13 0 ! 0 96 Cm Curium Pierre Curie , a physicist , and Marie Curie , a physicist and chemist , named after great scientists by analogy with gadolinium 7 247 ! ( 247 ) 13.51 1613 3383 -- 1.28 0 ! 0 97 Bk Berkelium Berkeley , California , where the element was first synthesized , by analogy with terbium 7 247 ! ( 247 ) 14.79 1259 2900 -- 1.3 0 ! 0 98 Cf Californium California , where the element was first synthesized 7 251 ! ( 251 ) 15.1 1173 1743 ! ( 1743 ) -- 1.3 0 ! 0 99 Es Einsteinium Albert Einstein , physicist 7 252 ! ( 252 ) 8.84 1133 1269 ! ( 1269 ) -- 1.3 0 ! 0 100 Fm Fermium Enrico Fermi , physicist 7 257 ! ( 257 ) 9.7 ! ( 9.7 ) 1125 ! ( 1125 ) -- -- 1.3 0 ! 0 101 Md Mendelevium Dmitri Mendeleev , chemist and inventor 7 258 ! ( 258 ) 10.3 ! ( 10.3 ) 1100 ! ( 1100 ) -- -- 1.3 0 ! 0 102 No Nobelium Alfred Nobel , chemist , engineer , innovator , and armaments manufacturer 7 259 ! ( 259 ) 9.9 ! ( 9.9 ) 1100 ! ( 1100 ) -- -- 1.3 0 ! 0 103 Lr Lawrencium Ernest O. Lawrence , physicist 7 266 ! ( 266 ) 15.6 ! ( 15.6 ) 1900 ! ( 1900 ) -- -- 1.3 0 ! 0 104 Rf Rutherfordium Ernest Rutherford , chemist and physicist 7 267 ! ( 267 ) 23.2 ! ( 23.2 ) 2400 ! ( 2400 ) 5800 ! ( 5800 ) -- -- 0 ! 0 105 Db Dubnium Dubna , Russia 5 7 268 ! ( 268 ) 29.3 ! ( 29.3 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 106 Sg Seaborgium Glenn T. Seaborg , scientist 6 7 269 ! ( 269 ) 35.0 ! ( 35.0 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 107 Bh Bohrium Niels Bohr , physicist 7 7 270 ! ( 270 ) 37.1 ! ( 37.1 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 108 Hs Hassium Hesse , Germany , where the element was first synthesized 8 7 277 ! ( 277 ) 40.7 ! ( 40.7 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 109 Mt Meitnerium Lise Meitner , physicist 9 7 278 ! ( 278 ) 37.4 ! ( 37.4 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 110 Ds Darmstadtium Darmstadt , Germany , where the element was first synthesized 10 7 281 ! ( 281 ) 34.8 ! ( 34.8 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 111 Rg Roentgenium Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , physicist 11 7 282 ! ( 282 ) 28.7 ! ( 28.7 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 112 Cn Copernicium Nicolaus Copernicus , astronomer 12 7 285 ! ( 285 ) 23.7 ! ( 23.7 ) -- 357 ! ~ 357 -- -- 0 ! 0 113 Nh Nihonium the Japanese name for Japan , Nihon , where the element was first synthesized 13 7 286 ! ( 286 ) 16 ! ( 16 ) 0700 ! ( 700 ) 1400 ! ( 1400 ) -- -- 0 ! 0 114 Fl Flerovium Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions , part of JINR where the element was synthesized ; itself named for Georgy Flyorov , physicist 14 7 289 ! ( 289 ) 14 ! ( 14 ) -- 210 ! ~ 210 -- -- 0 ! 0 115 Mc Moscovium Moscow Oblast , Russia , where the element was first synthesized 15 7 290 ! ( 290 ) 13.5 ! ( 13.5 ) 0700 ! ( 700 ) 1400 ! ( 1400 ) -- -- 0 ! 0 116 Lv Livermorium Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( in Livermore , California ) which collaborated with JINR on its synthesis 16 7 293 ! ( 293 ) 12.9 ! ( 12.9 ) 0709 ! ( 709 ) 1085 ! ( 1085 ) -- -- 0 ! 0 117 Ts Tennessine Tennessee , United States 17 7 294 ! ( 294 ) 7.2 ! ( 7.2 ) 0723 ! ( 723 ) 0883 ! ( 883 ) -- -- 0 ! 0 118 Og Oganesson Yuri Oganessian , physicist 18 7 294 ! ( 294 ) 5.0 ! ( 5.0 ) -- 350 ! ( 350 ) -- -- 0 ! 0 Notes ^ Jump up to : Z is the standard symbol for atomic number ; C is the standard symbol for heat capacity ; and χ is the standard symbol for electronegativity on the Pauling scale . Jump up ^ Unless otherwise indicated , elements are primordial -- they occur naturally , and not through decay . ^ Jump up to : The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens , and the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table . ^ Jump up to : The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials , which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value . ^ Jump up to : The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise atomic weight can not be given . ^ Jump up to : The value listed is the conventional atomic - weight value suitable for trade and commerce . The actual value may differ depending on the isotopic composition of the sample . Since 2009 , IUPAC provides the standard atomic - weight values for these elements using the interval notation . The corresponding standard atomic weights are : Hydrogen : ( 1.00784 , 1.00811 ) Lithium : ( 6.938 , 6.997 ) Boron : ( 10.806 , 10.821 ) Carbon : ( 12.0096 , 12.0116 ) Nitrogen : ( 14.00643 , 14.00728 ) Oxygen : ( 15.99903 , 15.99977 ) Magnesium : ( 24.304 , 24.307 ) Silicon : ( 28.084 , 28.086 ) Sulfur : ( 32.059 , 32.076 ) Chlorine : ( 35.446 , 35.457 ) Bromine : ( 79.901 , 79.907 ) Thallium : ( 204.382 , 204.385 ) Jump up ^ This element does not solidify at a pressure of one atmosphere . Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atmospheres , which corresponds to a melting point of absolute zero . Jump up ^ The atomic weight of commercial lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996 -- analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value . Jump up ^ This element sublimes at one atmosphere of pressure . ^ Jump up to : The element does not have any stable nuclides , and a value in brackets , e.g. ( 209 ) , indicates the mass number of the longest - lived isotope of the element . However , four such elements , bismuth , thorium , protactinium , and uranium , have characteristic terrestrial isotopic compositions , and thus their standard atomic weights are given . ^ Jump up to : This element is transient -- it occurs only through decay . ^ Jump up to : This element is synthetic -- the transuranic elements 95 and above do not occur naturally , but they can all be produced artificially . ^ Jump up to : The value has not been precisely measured , usually because of the element 's short half - life ; the value given in parentheses is a prediction . Jump up ^ With error bars : 357 + 112 − 108 K . Jump up ^ This predicted value is for liquid oganesson , not gaseous oganesson . Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : Metal Metalloid Nonmetal Unknown chemical properties Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas See also Book : Chemical elements Chemical database Discovery of the chemical elements Element collecting Fictional element Goldschmidt classification Island of stability List of chemical elements List of nuclides List of the elements ' densities Periodic Systems of Small Molecules Prices of elements and their compounds Systematic element name Table of nuclides Timeline of chemical element discoveries The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Atomas , a game about combining elements References ^ Jump up to : IUPAC ( ed . ) . `` chemical element '' . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . doi : 10.1351 / goldbook. C01022 . Jump up ^ Los Alamos National Laboratory ( 2011 ) . `` Periodic Table of Elements : Oxygen '' . Los Alamos , New Mexico : Los Alamos National Security , LLC . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Oerter , Robert ( 2006 ) . The Theory of Almost Everything : The Standard Model , the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics . Penguin . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28786 - 0 . Jump up ^ E.M. Burbidge ; G.R. Burbidge ; W.A. Fowler ; F. Hoyle ( 1957 ) . `` Synthesis of the Elements in Stars '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 29 ( 4 ) : 547 -- 650 . Bibcode : 1957RvMP ... 29 ... 547B . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 29.547 . Jump up ^ See the timeline on p. 10 in Oganessian , Yu . Ts. ; Utyonkov , V. ; Lobanov , Yu. ; Abdullin , F. ; Polyakov , A. ; Sagaidak , R. ; Shirokovsky , I. ; Tsyganov , Yu. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Evidence for Dark Matter '' ( PDF ) . Physical Review C. 74 ( 4 ) : 044602 . Bibcode : 2006PhRvC ... 74d4602O . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 74.044602 . Jump up ^ lbl.gov ( 2005 ) . `` The Universe Adventure Hydrogen and Helium '' . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ astro.soton.ac.uk ( 3 January 2001 ) . `` Formation of the light elements '' . University of Southampton . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ foothill.edu ( 18 October 2006 ) . `` How Stars Make Energy and New Elements '' ( PDF ) . Foothill College . ^ Jump up to : Dumé , B. ( 23 April 2003 ) . `` Bismuth breaks half - life record for alpha decay '' . Physicsworld.com . Bristol , England : Institute of Physics . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Marcillac , P. ; Coron , N. ; Dambier , G. ; Leblanc , J. ; Moalic , J-P ( 2003 ) . `` Experimental detection of alpha - particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth '' . Nature . 422 ( 6934 ) : 876 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 422 ... 876D . doi : 10.1038 / nature01541 . PMID 12712201 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , K. ( 17 October 2006 ) . `` Heaviest element made -- again '' . Nature News . doi : 10.1038 / news061016 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Schewe , P. ; Stein , B. ( 17 October 2000 ) . `` Elements 116 and 118 Are Discovered '' . Physics News Update . American Institute of Physics . Archived from the original on 1 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . Jump up ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency . `` Technetium - 99 '' . epa.gov . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Harvard -- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics . `` ORIGIN OF HEAVY ELEMENTS '' . cfa.harvard.edu . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBERS '' . ndt-ed.org . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ periodic.lanl.gov . `` PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS : LANL Carbon '' . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Jump up ^ Katsuya Yamada . `` Atomic mass , isotopes , and mass number '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Pierce College . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pure element '' . European Nuclear Society . Jump up ^ Wilford , J.N. ( 14 January 1992 ) . `` Hubble Observations Bring Some Surprises '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Wright , E.L. ( 12 September 2004 ) . `` Big Bang Nucleosynthesis '' . UCLA , Division of Astronomy . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Wallerstein , George ; Iben , Icko ; Parker , Peter ; Boesgaard , Ann ; Hale , Gerald ; Champagne , Arthur ; Barnes , Charles ; Käppeler , Franz ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Synthesis of the elements in stars : forty years of progress '' ( PDF ) . Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 ( 4 ) : 995 -- 1084 . Bibcode : 1997RvMP ... 69 ... 995W . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 69.995 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Earnshaw , A. ; Greenwood , N. ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . Jump up ^ Croswell , K. ( 1996 ) . Alchemy of the Heavens . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 47214 - 5 . Jump up ^ Plato ( 2008 ) ( c. 360 BC ) . Timaeus . Forgotten Books . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60620 - 018 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hillar , M. ( 2004 ) . `` The Problem of the Soul in Aristotle 's De anima '' . NASA / WMAP . Archived from the original on 9 September 2006 . Retrieved 10 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Partington , J.R. ( 1937 ) . A Short History of Chemistry . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65977 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , R. ( 1661 ) . The Sceptical Chymist . London . ISBN 0 - 922802 - 90 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lavoisier , A.L. ( 1790 ) . Elements of chemistry translated by Robert Kerr . Edinburgh . pp. 175 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 17914 - 0 . Jump up ^ Transactinide - 2 . www.kernchemie.de Jump up ^ Carey , G.W. ( 1914 ) . The Chemistry of Human Life . Los Angeles . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 2840 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glanz , J. ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Scientists Discover Heavy New Element '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` IUPAC Announces Start of the Name Approval Process for the Element of Atomic Number 112 '' ( PDF ) . IUPAC. 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IUPAC ( International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ) : Element 112 is Named Copernicium '' . IUPAC. 20 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Oganessian , Yu . Ts. ; Utyonkov , V. ; Lobanov , Yu. ; Abdullin , F. ; Polyakov , A. ; Sagaidak , R. ; Shirokovsky , I. ; Tsyganov , Yu. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Evidence for Dark Matter '' ( PDF ) . Physical Review C. 74 ( 4 ) : 044602 . Bibcode : 2006PhRvC ... 74d4602O . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 74.044602 . Jump up ^ Greiner , W. `` Recommendations '' ( PDF ) . 31st meeting , PAC for Nuclear Physics . Joint Institute for Nuclear Research . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 30 November 2016 ) . `` IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113 , 115 , 117 , and 118 '' . IUPAC . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Four New Names Officially Added to the Periodic Table of Elements '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Periodic Table -- Royal Society of Chemistry '' . www.rsc.org . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . etymonline.com . Jump up ^ Wieser , Michael E. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2011 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure Appl . Chem. IUPAC. 85 ( 5 ) : 1047 -- 1078 . doi : 10.1351 / PAC - REP - 13 - 03 - 02 . ( for standard atomic weights of elements ) Jump up ^ Sonzogni , Alejandro . `` Interactive Chart of Nuclides '' . National Nuclear Data Center : Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . ( for atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers 103 -- 118 ) Jump up ^ Holman , S.W. ; Lawrence , R.R. ; Barr , L. ( 1 January 1895 ) . `` Melting Points of Aluminum , Silver , Gold , Copper , and Platinum '' . Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 31 : 218 -- 233 . doi : 10.2307 / 20020628 . Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chemical elements . Ball , P. ( 2004 ) . The Elements : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 284099 - 1 . Emsley , J. ( 2003 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks : An A-Z Guide to the Elements . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850340 - 7 . Gray , T. ( 2009 ) . The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers Inc . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 814 - 9 . Scerri , E.R. ( 2007 ) . The Periodic Table , Its Story and Its Significance . Oxford University Press . Strathern , P. ( 2000 ) . Mendeleyev 's Dream : The Quest for the Elements . Hamish Hamilton Ltd . ISBN 0 - 241 - 14065 - X . Kean , Sam ( 2011 ) . The Disappearing Spoon : And Other True Tales of Madness , Love , and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements . Back Bay Books . Compiled by A.D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson . ( 1997 ) . Blackwell Scientific Publications , Oxford , ed . Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) . doi : 10.1351 / goldbook . ISBN 0 - 9678550 - 9 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) XML on - line corrected version : created by M. Nic , J. Jirat , B. Kosata ; updates compiled by A. Jenkins . External links Videos for each element by the University of Nottingham ( hide ) Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Big History Themes and subjects Chronology of the universe Cosmic evolution Deep time Time scales Goldilocks principle Modernity Eight thresholds 1 : Creation - Big Bang and cosmogony 2 : Stars - creation of stars 3 : Elements - creation of chemical elements inside dying stars 4 : Planets - formation of planets 5 : Life - abiogenesis and evolution of life 6 : Humans - development of Homo sapiens Paleolithic era 7 : Agriculture - Agricultural Revolution 8 : Modernity - modern era Web - based education Big History Project Crash Course Big History ChronoZoom Notable people Walter Alvarez Eric Chaisson David Christian Bill Gates Carl Sagan Graeme Snooks Cynthia Stokes Brown LCCN : sh85022897 GND : 4009874 - 6 NDL : 00562407 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_element&oldid=817362551 '' Categories : Chemical elements Chemistry Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bislama Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs La . lojban . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who used the term element for the first time | [
"The term 'elements' (stoicheia) was first used by the Greek philosopher Plato in about 360 BCE in his dialogue Timaeus, which includes a discussion of the composition of inorganic and organic bodies and is a speculative treatise on chemistry. Plato believed the elements introduced a century earlier by Empedocles were composed of small polyhedral forms: tetrahedron (fire), octahedron (air), icosahedron (water), and cube (earth).[24][25]"
] | [
"Plato"
] |
8904155177077440015 | New England Patriots | New England Patriots - wikipedia New England Patriots Jump to : navigation , search New England Patriots Current season Established November 16 , 1959 ; 57 years ago ( November 16 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in and headquartered in Gillette Stadium Foxborough , Massachusetts Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Eastern Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Red , Silver , White Mascot Pat Patriot Personnel Owner ( s ) Robert Kraft Chairman Robert Kraft CEO Robert Kraft President Jonathan Kraft General manager Bill Belichick ( de facto ) Head coach Bill Belichick Team history Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Bay State Patriots ( 1971 ) New England Patriots ( 1971 -- present ) Team nicknames The Pats Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) , 2003 ( XXXVIII ) , 2004 ( XXXIX ) , 2014 ( XLIX ) , 2016 ( LI ) Conference championships ( 9 ) AFC : 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 Division championships ( 19 ) AFL East : 1963 AFC East : 1978 , 1986 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 24 ) AFL : 1963 NFL : 1976 , 1978 , 1982 , 1985 , 1986 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Home fields Nickerson Field ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Fenway Park ( 1963 -- 1968 ) Alumni Stadium ( 1969 ) Harvard Stadium ( 1970 ) Foxboro Stadium ( 1971 -- 2001 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2002 -- present ) The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston region . The Patriots compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough , Massachusetts , which is located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston and 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of downtown Providence , Rhode Island . The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium . An original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Patriots joined the NFL in the 1970 merger of the two leagues . The team changed its name from the original Boston Patriots after relocating to Foxborough in 1971 . The Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium from 1971 to 2001 , then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season . The Patriots ' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL . The Patriots have appeared in the Super Bowl nine times in franchise history , the most of any team , seven of them since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000 . The Patriots have since become one of the most successful teams in NFL history , winning 14 AFC East titles in 16 seasons since 2001 , without a losing season in that period . The franchise has since set numerous notable records , including most wins in a ten - year period ( 126 , in 2003 -- 2012 ) , an undefeated 16 - game regular season in 2007 , the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history ( a 21 - game streak from October 2003 to October 2004 ) , and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history ( won eight straight division titles from 2009 to 2016 ) . The team owns the record for most Super Bowls reached ( seven ) and won ( five ) by a head coach -- quarterback tandem . The Patriots are tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five . The Steelers are in front with six . Patriot fans rally in front of Boston City Hall following the Super Bowl XXXVIII championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Season - by - season records 1.2 Records 2 Rivalries 2.1 New York Jets 2.2 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 2.3 Buffalo Bills 2.4 Miami Dolphins 2.5 Baltimore Ravens 3 Controversies 3.1 `` Spygate '' 3.2 `` Deflategate '' 4 Strategy 5 Stadium 6 Logos and uniforms 6.1 Logos 6.2 Uniforms 6.2. 1 1960 -- 1992 6.2. 2 1993 -- present 6.2. 3 Alternate uniforms 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired numbers 7.3 New England Patriots Hall of Fame members 7.4 All - decade teams 7.4. 1 1960s ( AFL ) 7.4. 2 1970s , 1980s , 1990s 7.4. 3 2000s 7.5 Anniversary teams 7.5. 1 35th anniversary ( 1994 ) 7.5. 2 50th anniversary ( 2009 ) 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Coaches 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Culture 9.1 Cheerleaders and mascot 9.2 Radio and television 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External links Franchise history For more details on this topic , see History of the New England Patriots . `` Pat Patriot '' logo , used through 1992 . On November 16 , 1959 , Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League ( AFL ) . The following winter , locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team 's official name . The most popular choice -- and the one that Sullivan selected -- was the `` Boston Patriots '' . Immediately thereafter , artist Phil Bissell of The Boston Globe developed the `` Pat Patriot '' logo . The Patriots struggled for most of their years in the AFL , and they never had a regular home stadium . Nickerson Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium all served as home fields during their time in the American Football League . They played in only one AFL championship game , following the 1963 season , in which they lost to the San Diego Chargers 51 -- 10 . They did not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years . When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970 , the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division , where they still play today . The following year , the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , which would serve as their home for the next 30 years . As a result of the move , they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots . The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22 , 1971 , the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England . During the 1970s , the Patriots had some success , earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976 -- as a wild card team -- and in 1978 -- as AFC East champions . They lost in the first round both times . In 1985 , they returned to the playoffs , and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX , which they lost to the Chicago Bears 46 -- 10 . Following their Super Bowl loss , they returned to the playoffs in 1986 , but lost in the first round . The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years . During the 1990 season , the Patriots went 1 -- 15 . They changed ownership three times in the ensuing 14 years , being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988 , who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992 . Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis , Missouri ( where it would have been renamed as the St. Louis Stallions ) , but instead sold the team in 1994 to its current owner Robert Kraft . Though Orthwein 's period as owner was short and controversial , he did oversee major changes to the team , first with the hiring of former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells in 1993 . Orthwein and his marketing team also commissioned the NFL to develop a new visual identity and logo , and changed their primary colors from the traditional red , white and blue to blue and silver for the team uniforms . Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances , including Super Bowl XXXI , which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35 -- 21 . Pete Carroll , Parcells 's successor , would also take the team to the playoffs twice in 1997 & 1998 before being dismissed as head coach after the 1999 season . The Patriots ' current coach , Bill Belichick , was hired in 2000 , and a new home field , Gillette Stadium , was opened in 2002 . Under Belichick , the team won three Super Bowls in four years ( 2001 , 2003 , and 2004 ) . The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16 -- 0 record , becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated in the regular season , and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games . After advancing to Super Bowl XLII , the team 's fourth Super Bowl in seven years , the Patriots were defeated by the Giants to end their bid for a 19 -- 0 season . With the loss , the Patriots ended the year at 18 -- 1 , becoming only one of three teams to go 18 -- 1 along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears . The Patriots ' returned to the Super Bowl in 2012 but lost again to the Giants , 21 -- 17 . In 2015 , they won Super Bowl XLIX , defeating the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28 -- 24 . The Patriots became the first team to reach nine Super Bowls in the 2016 -- 17 playoffs and faced the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI , which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory , tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history , 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6 ; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime . Season - by - season records For more details on this topic , see List of New England Patriots seasons . Sam `` Bam '' Cunningham is the franchise 's all - time leading rusher Records All - time Patriots leaders Leader Player Record number Years played for Patriots Passing Tom Brady 61,582 passing yards 2000 -- present Rushing Sam Cunningham 5,453 rushing yards 1973 -- 1982 Receiving Stanley Morgan 10,352 receiving yards 1977 -- 1989 Scoring Stephen Gostkowski 1,457 points 2006 -- present Coaching wins Bill Belichick 201 wins 2000 -- present Rivalries Super Bowl banners at Gillette Stadium prior to the Patriots winning Super Bowl XLIX In terms of number of games played , the Patriots have competed most against teams either currently or formerly from the AFC East division . This includes the current teams , the New York Jets , the Miami Dolphins , and the Buffalo Bills , as well as former divisional opponents the Indianapolis Colts . Among those , however , a few run deeper than others . New York Jets Main article : Jets -- Patriots rivalry Patriots ' head coach Bill Belichick was `` traded '' from the Jets to the Patriots in 2000 The closest geographically has been the rivalry with the New York Jets . The Patriots and Jets have been in the same division ( what is now the AFC East ) since both teams ' foundings in 1960 , and have played each other at least twice a year since then . The rivalry between the Jets and Patriots has escalated since 1996 , when Patriots head coach Bill Parcells left the Patriots under controversy to become the head coach of the Jets ; he was replaced by former Jets coach Pete Carroll . Four years later Carroll was fired , and Parcells 's assistant , Bill Belichick , resigned the day he was named the Jets ' head coach to become the head coach of the Patriots . Six years after that , Eric Mangini , an assistant under Belichick , became the head coach of the Jets . Bill Belichick achieved his 200th career head coaching win ( regular season and playoffs ) on November 22 , 2012 , defeating the Jets 49 -- 19 ; it was his 163rd such win as Patriots coach . The Patriots defeated the Jets in Week seven of the 2015 season by a score of 30 -- 23 , to give them a 6 -- 0 record to date . Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts Main article : Colts -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots rivalry with the Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts ran through the two clubs ' tenure together in the AFC East ( 1970 -- 2001 ) . The two clubs clashed in several close games , such as on December 19 , 1971 , as a late Patriots touchdown decided a 21 -- 17 New England win ; on September 18 , 1978 , the Colts rallied to defeat the Patriots 34 -- 27 on Monday Night Football on a virtual one - man scoring rampage by running back Joe Washington ; on September 4 , 1983 , the Colts defeated the Patriots in overtime 29 -- 23 in their final season in Baltimore . The Patriots defeated the Colts in back - to - back overtime games , 23 -- 17 on December 8 , 1991 , and 37 -- 34 on November 15 , 1992 . The Pats facing the Colts in 2011 Even though the two clubs were placed in separate divisions in the NFL 's 2002 divisional realignment , their rivalry did not diminish . At that time , both teams were among the best in the AFC , and both were led by likely Hall of Fame quarterbacks , Peyton Manning ( for the Colts ) and Tom Brady ( for the Patriots ) The teams met three times in four years ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 ) in the playoffs , with the winner going on to win that season 's Super Bowl each time . The Manning portion of the rivalry began in Manning 's rookie season , 1998 ; in 1999 Manning suffered a bitter 31 -- 28 loss in September as the Patriots behind Drew Bledsoe erased a 28 -- 7 Colts lead , then defeated the Patriots 20 -- 15 in Indianapolis on December 12 . The Brady -- Manning portion of the rivalry began on September 30 , 2001 , as Brady made his first NFL start in a 44 -- 13 Patriots win at Foxboro ; on October 21 the Patriots defeated the Colts at the RCA Dome 38 -- 17 . After the Colts left the AFC East in 2002 , they first met on November 30 , 2003 , in a 38 -- 34 Patriots win decided on a last - second goal line stand by the Patriots . The Colts broke a six - game Patriot winning streak in the rivalry in November 2005 , then won twice in 2006 ; in the AFC Championship Game the Colts erased a 21 -- 6 halftime lead ; the game lead tied or changed seven times in the second half before a late touchdown led to a 38 -- 34 Colts win . The November 4 , 2007 , meeting involved both teams being unbeaten to that point ; the 8 -- 0 Patriots and the 7 -- 0 Colts . The Patriots rallied to win 24 -- 20 . The Colts won again in 2008 and then erased a large Patriots lead in 2009 's 4th and 2 game . Manning 's final meeting with the Patriots as a Colt came in November 2010 ; a late interception sealed a 31 -- 28 Patriots win . In 2012 , the Patriots faced the Colts , quarterbacked now by Andrew Luck , on November 18 ; the Patriots defeated the Colts 59 -- 24 . The Patriots also beat the Colts on January 12 , 2014 , 43 -- 22 . The Patriots played the Colts in the playoffs again on January 18 , 2015 , in the AFC title game , winning 45 -- 7 . Buffalo Bills Main article : Bills -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots and the Bills were both charter members of the AFL , and even competed with each other in an AFL playoff game . They have remained divisional rivals since the NFL - AFL merger . Prior to the rise of Tom Brady , the two teams shared a mellow , yet occasionally competitive rivalry , featuring highlights from players such as O.J. Simpson , Steve Grogan , Joe Ferguson , Jim Kelly , and Drew Bledsoe . However , Brady has dominated the Bills ever since taking over as the Patriots ' franchise quarterback , holding a 26 - 3 regular season record over them . Though Patriots fans usually feel apathetic towards the Bills , Bills fans have come to despise the Patriots more than any other rival . The rivalry has remained somewhat intense in recent years with multiple players having played for both teams , the Bills usually giving their all when playing the Patriots , and the presence of Rex Ryan , who coached both the Bills and Jets and was known for his trash - talk . Miami Dolphins Main article : Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots first played the Miami Dolphins in 1966 in the AFL , when Miami was one of two expansion teams to debut that year in that league . The Dolphins dominated the Patriots in the 1970s and 1990s , but the two teams remained competitive with each other for years before the rise of Tom Brady . Brady , however , struggled occasionally against the Dolphins in the 2000s before reasserting dominance in the 2010s . The Patriots and Dolphins are the only two teams in the Super Bowl era to post undefeated regular season records , with Miami going 14 - 0 in 1972 and the Patriots going 16 - 0 in 2007 . Notable moments between the clubs include the Snowplow Game , three playoff matchups , and the Dolphins revealing their Wildcat offense against the Patriots . Baltimore Ravens The Ravens first met the New England Patriots in 1996 , but the rivalry truly started in 2007 when the Ravens suffered a bitter 27 -- 24 loss in the Patriots ' quest for perfection . The rivalry began to escalate in 2009 when the Ravens lost to the Patriots 27 -- 21 in a game that involved a confrontation between Patriots quarterback Tom Brady and Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs . Both players would go on to take verbal shots at each other through the media after the game . The Ravens defeated the Patriots in the 2009 AFC Wild Card playoff game , 33 -- 14 . This was the first time the Ravens had ever defeated the Patriots . The Ravens faced the Patriots in week six of the 2010 season . The Patriots ended up winning 23 -- 20 in overtime ; the game caused controversy from a hit to the helmet of tight end Todd Heap by Patriots safety Brandon Meriweather . Tom Brady has a career record of 8 -- 3 against the Ravens The Ravens played the Patriots for the third consecutive season in the 2012 AFC championship game , which the Ravens lost 23 -- 20 . The rivalry reached a new level of friction with this , the second career playoff game between the two clubs . The Ravens clawed to a 20 -- 16 lead in the fourth quarter , but Patriots quarterback Tom Brady dove into the end zone to make the score 23 -- 20 with around 11 minutes remaining ; this proved to be the winning touchdown . On the Ravens ' last possession of the game , quarterback Joe Flacco threw a pass to wide receiver Lee Evans in the corner of the end zone which looked to be the game - winning touchdown , before a last - second strip by Sterling Moore forced the ball from the hands of Evans , forcing the game to be decided on a last - minute field goal by Ravens placekicker Billy Cundiff . With 11 seconds remaining on the clock , the kicker missed the 32 - yard field goal attempt , allowing the Patriots to kill the clock on their way to Super Bowl XLVI for a rematch with the New York Giants . The Ravens ' first regular - season win over the Patriots came on September 23 , 2012 . The game was emotional as receiver Torrey Smith was competing following the death of his brother in a motorcycle accident just the night before . Smith caught two touchdowns in a back and forth game ; the Ravens erased a 13 -- 0 lead in the first half and led 14 -- 13 , but the Patriots scored at the end of the second quarter for a 20 -- 14 lead . The lead changed twice in the third quarter and the Patriots led 30 -- 21 in the fourth , but the Ravens scored on Smith 's second touchdown catch . The Ravens were stopped on fourth down but the Patriots had to punt ; in the final two minutes a pass interference penalty on Devin McCourty put the ball at the Patriots 7 - yard line ; new Ravens kicker Justin Tucker booted a 27 - yard field goal on the final play ; the ball sailed directly over the upright and was ruled good ; the quality of officiating by replacement referees caused controversy as Bill Belichick angrily reached for one of the referees as they were leaving the field , leading to a $50,000 fine later that week . Massachusetts native Robert Kraft has owned the team since 1994 The two teams met again on January 20 , 2013 , in the AFC Championship , where the Ravens won 28 -- 13 . The Patriots led at halftime , 13 -- 7 , but the Ravens defense gave up no points in the 2nd half . It was the first time ever that Tom Brady lost a game at home after leading at halftime , and the first time a road team beat the Patriots in the AFC Championship . The two teams met once again at Gillette Stadium in the playoffs on January 10 , 2015 . The Patriots trailed by as much as 14 twice , before beating the Ravens 35 -- 31 to advance to the AFC Championship . Controversies This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) `` Spygate '' Main article : 2007 New England Patriots videotaping controversy `` Deflategate '' Main article : Deflategate During the 2015 AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts , allegations arose that the Patriots were utilizing under - inflated footballs . It was even suggested that the Patriots ' staff themselves deliberately deflated the footballs to give their team an unfair advantage during the playoffs . A lengthy investigation and heated debate commenced shortly afterwards , with a full report being published in May 2015 . The Wells Report found that balls provided by the Patriots , who were the home team , indeed had less pressure on average than the balls provided by the Colts . Also notable was the findings of some suggestions of communication between Tom Brady and two Patriots locker room attendants , indicating Brady was likely `` generally aware '' of the situation and that the Patriots staff intentionally deflated the footballs . A later study by the American Enterprise Institute called the evidence and methodology of the Wells report `` deeply flawed '' and `` unreliable '' . In the aftermath of the incident , the NFL suspended Brady without pay for the first four games of the 2015 season , fined the Patriots $1 million , and forced them to forfeit their 2016 first round draft pick and 2017 fourth round draft pick . Brady appealed his suspension , which was eventually vacated by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York , only for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to reinstate it a year later for the 2016 NFL season . Brady eventually agreed to serve the suspension in 2016 , but led the Patriots to win Super Bowl LI in spite of it . Strategy Further information : New England Patriots strategy Under head coach Bill Belichick , the Patriots have employed specific on - field and off - field strategies . On the field , the Patriots have typically utilized an `` Erhardt -- Perkins '' offense and a `` Fairbanks -- Bullough '' 3 -- 4 defense , referred to commonly as a two - gap 3 -- 4 defensive system . Their philosophy in making personnel decisions and in game planning has focused on the `` team '' concept , stressing preparation , strong work ethic , versatility , and lack of individual ego . This approach , which has led to five Super Bowl victories under Belichick , was analyzed in the 2004 book Patriot Reign . When owner Robert Kraft purchased the team in 1994 , he did so for $175 million . Since then , the Patriots have sold out every home game in both Foxboro Stadium and Gillette Stadium . By 2009 , the value of the franchise had increased by over $1 billion , to a Forbes magazine estimated value of $1.361 billion , third highest in the NFL only behind the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins . As of July 2015 , the Patriots are the seventh most valuable sports franchise in the world according to Forbes magazine . Stadium Main article : Gillette Stadium Gillette Stadium , home of the Patriots Since 2002 , the Patriots ' home stadium has been Gillette Stadium , a $350 million facility privately financed by Kraft . It houses all administrative offices for the team and its owning entity , The Kraft Group , as well as the Kraft - owned Major League Soccer team , the New England Revolution . The field , which was originally natural grass , was replaced with a FieldTurf surface during the 2006 season . The area around the stadium was developed , beginning in 2007 , into a $375 million `` lifestyle and entertainment center '' called Patriot Place ; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene . Prior to 2002 , the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971 , the team 's second year in the NFL after the AFL -- NFL merger . During the team 's days in the American Football League , the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston -- they played at Braves Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium . Logos and uniforms Logos The current New England Patriots wordmark logo , first unveiled on July 3 , 2013 . The Patriots original logo was a simple tricorner hat , used only for the 1960 season . From 1961 to 1992 , the Patriots used a logo of a Revolutionary War minuteman hiking a football . The Patriots script logo during this time consisted of a western - style font . The minuteman logo became known as the `` Pat Patriot '' logo , which later became the name of the team 's mascot . In 1993 , a new logo was unveiled involving the gray face of a minuteman wearing a red , white and blue hat that begins as a tricorner and transitions into a flowing banner - like design . It became popularly known as the `` Flying Elvis '' . This remains the team 's logo today , with the blue being darkened in 2000 . On July 3 , 2013 , the Patriots unveiled a new wordmark logo . Uniforms 1960 -- 1992 The Patriots originally wore red jerseys with white block numbering at home , and white jerseys with red block numbering on the road . Both uniforms used white pants and white helmets , first with the hat logo over the player 's number , then with the `` Pat Patriot '' logo starting in 1961 . A blue stripe was added to the two red helmet stripes in 1964 . The numbers on both the home and away jerseys gained a blue outline in 1973 . In 1979 , the Patriots began the first of many sporadic runs of wearing red pants with the white jerseys . The red pants were dropped in 1981 , but returned in 1984 . After being dropped again in 1988 , they were used again from 1990 to 1992 . 1993 -- present The Patriots underwent a complete identity overhaul before the 1993 season , starting with the introduction of the aforementioned `` Flying Elvis '' logo . The new uniforms consisted of a royal blue home jersey and a white away jersey . The helmet was silver with the Flying Elvis logo and no additional striping . Both uniforms used silver pants , originally with stripes designed to look like those flowing from the Flying Elvis , but these were changed to simple red and blue stripes after one season . When they debuted , both the home and away jerseys used red block numbers with a blue and white outline , but after one season the home uniforms switched to the now - familiar white with a red outline . In 1995 , the Patriots switched the block numbers to a more modern rounded number font with a dropshadow . The Patriots were one of the first adopters of custom numbers , a trend that would grow drastically over the next 20 years . However , in 2000 , the Patriots also became one of the only teams to drop the rounded numbers and switched back to block numbers . Also that year , the shade of blue was darkened from royal to nautical blue . The Patriots , unsatisfied with the white - on - silver road look , also took the opportunity to introduce blue pants to be worn with the white jersey , offering a better contrast . To better match the blue pants , the number on the white jersey was switched from red to blue . Alternate uniforms In 1994 , the Patriots wore the `` Pat Patriot '' helmets and plain white striped pants from two seasons prior as alternates as part of the NFL 's 75th anniversary celebration . In 2002 , NFL teams were allowed to add a permanent third jersey to be worn in a maximum of two games . The Patriots reintroduced a red jersey as their alternate , complimented with the old - style `` Pat Patriot '' helmet . In 2003 , the Patriots changed their alternate to a silver jersey with blue pants . For this uniform , the `` Flying Elvis '' helmet was utilized . The uniform was identical to the white jersey with any areas of white replaced by silver . These uniforms were dropped after 2007 . No alternate uniform was used in 2008 . In 2009 , the red alternate was reintroduced , again accompanied by the `` Pat Patriot '' helmet . An alternate white road jersey was also worn with the older helmet for one game , using red numbers , in tribute to the 50th anniversary of the AFL . The red alternate gained a blue outline around the numbers in 2010 and this was worn through 2012 . The Patriots retired their alternate red uniforms in 2013 , thanks to a new NFL rule outlawing throwback alternate helmets . In 2016 , the Patriots took part in the NFL Color Rush program , wearing monochrome navy uniforms on September 22 against the Houston Texans . Players Further information : List of New England Patriots players , List of New England Patriots starting quarterbacks , and List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks Current roster New England Patriots roster view talk Quarterbacks 12 Tom Brady 10 Jimmy Garoppolo Running backs 38 Brandon Bolden 34 Rex Burkhead 46 James Develin FB 35 Mike Gillislee 33 Dion Lewis KR 28 James White Wide receivers 80 Danny Amendola PR 14 Brandin Cooks 13 Phillip Dorsett 15 Chris Hogan 18 Matthew Slater Tight ends 83 Dwayne Allen 87 Rob Gronkowski 47 Jacob Hollister Offensive linemen 60 David Andrews C 61 Marcus Cannon T 74 Cole Croston T 71 Cameron Fleming T 75 Ted Karras G 69 Shaq Mason G 77 Nate Solder T 62 Joe Thuney G 68 LaAdrian Waddle T Defensive linemen 97 Alan Branch DT 90 Malcom Brown DT 70 Adam Butler DT 98 Trey Flowers DE 92 Geneo Grissom DE 93 Lawrence Guy DE 55 Cassius Marsh DE 91 Deatrich Wise Jr . DE Linebackers 59 Marquis Flowers OLB 45 David Harris OLB 54 Dont'a Hightower MLB 48 Harvey Langi OLB 52 Elandon Roberts MLB 53 Kyle Van Noy OLB Defensive backs 29 Johnson Bademosi CB 21 Malcolm Butler CB 23 Patrick Chung SS 43 Nate Ebner SS 24 Stephon Gilmore CB 30 Duron Harmon FS 31 Jonathan Jones CB 36 Brandon King SS 32 Devin McCourty FS 37 Jordan Richards SS 25 Eric Rowe CB Special teams 6 Ryan Allen P 49 Joe Cardona LS 3 Stephen Gostkowski K Reserve lists 51 Keionta Davis DE ( NF - Inj . ) 11 Julian Edelman WR ( IR ) -- Chase Farris G ( NF - Inj . ) 63 Antonio Garcia T ( NF - Ill . ) 76 Andrew Jelks T ( NF - Inj . ) 41 Cyrus Jones CB ( IR ) 64 Caleb Kidder DE ( IR ) 82 Matt Lengel TE ( IR ) 58 Shea McClellin OLB ( IR ) 19 Malcolm Mitchell WR ( IR ) 95 Derek Rivers DE ( IR ) 99 Vincent Valentine DT ( IR ) Practice squad 94 Angelo Blackson DE -- James Ferentz C -- Taylor Heinicke QB 81 Cody Hollister WR -- David Jones FS 72 Jason King G 27 Ryan Lewis CB 84 Riley McCarron WR 22 Robert Nelson CB -- Damarius Travis SS Rookies in italics Roster updated September 22 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 12 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA John Hannah played on the Pats ' offensive line from 1973 to 1985 Retired numbers New England Patriots retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 20 Gino Cappelletti WR , K 1960 -- 1970 40 Mike Haynes CB 1976 -- 1982 57 Steve Nelson LB 1974 -- 1987 73 John Hannah 1973 -- 1985 78 Bruce Armstrong 1987 -- 2000 79 Jim Lee Hunt DL 1960 -- 1971 89 Bob Dee DL 1960 -- 1967 New England Patriots Hall of Fame members The New England Patriots feature 22 former players and two contributors in their team hall of fame , established in 1991 . A committee of media and staff selected 11 players for enshrinement between 1991 and 2001 , before a six - year span of no selections . In 2007 , in advance of the 2008 opening of The Hall at Patriot Place , the Patriots introduced a new nomination committee to select three candidates , with the winner of an Internet fan vote being enshrined in the hall of fame . In order to be eligible , players and coaches must be retired for at least four years . Beginning in 2011 , and meeting every five years , a senior selection committee has the option of voting a player who has been retired for at least 25 seasons into the hall of fame . Former owner Billy Sullivan was inducted by owner Robert Kraft in March 2009 , the Patriots ' 50th season , as a contributor . Additionally , four of these Patriots players have also been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The Patriots have officially retired seven uniform numbers . New England Patriots Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 73 John Hannah 1973 -- 1985 1991 ( Pro : 1991 ) 87 Ben Coates TE 1991 -- 1999 2008 85 Nick Buoniconti LB 1962 -- 1968 1992 ( Pro : 2001 ) 35 Jim Nance FB 1965 -- 1971 2009 20 Gino Cappelletti WR / K 1960 -- 1970 1992 39 Sam Cunningham RB 1973 -- 1982 89 Bob Dee DL 1960 -- 1967 1993 11 Drew Bledsoe QB 1993 -- 2001 2011 79 Jim Lee Hunt DT 1960 -- 1971 1993 56 Jon Morris 1964 -- 1974 2011 57 Steve Nelson LB 1974 -- 1987 1993 80 Troy Brown WR / PR / CB 1993 -- 2007 2012 15 Vito `` Babe '' Parilli QB 1961 -- 1967 1993 54 Tedy Bruschi LB 1996 -- 2008 2013 40 Mike Haynes CB 1976 -- 1982 1994 ( Pro : 1997 ) 24 Ty Law CB 1995 -- 2004 2014 14 Steve Grogan QB 1975 -- 1990 1995 55 Willie McGinest LB / DE 1994 -- 2005 2015 56 Andre Tippett LB 1982 -- 1993 1999 ( Pro : 2008 ) 65 Houston Antwine DL 1961 -- 1971 2015 78 Bruce Armstrong 1987 -- 2000 2001 33 Kevin Faulk RB 1999 -- 2011 2016 86 Stanley Morgan WR 1977 -- 1989 2007 26 Raymond Clayborn CB 1977 - 1989 2017 Contributors No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted -- Billy Sullivan Owner & founder 1960 -- 1988 2009 -- Gil Santos Broadcaster 1972 -- 1979 , 1991 -- 2012 2013 Three other players enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent part of their careers with the Patriots : 28 Curtis Martin , RB ( 1995 -- 1997 ) , elected in 2012 . Bill Parcells , head coach ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , elected in 2013 . 55 Junior Seau , LB ( 2006 -- 2009 ) , elected in 2015 . All - decade teams 1960s ( AFL ) In November 1971 , fans voted on a 10 - year Patriots anniversary team , which coincided with the team 's 10 years in the then - defunct American Football League : Additional selections for returner , special teamer , and coach were added in 2009 : ( show ) Boston Patriots All - 1960s Team Offense Parilli ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Garron ( RB ) Colclough ( WR ) Graham ( WR ) Whalen ( TE ) Long ( T ) Neville ( T ) Neighbors ( G ) St. Jean ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Dee ( DE ) Eisenhauer ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Hunt ( DT ) Addison ( OLB ) Philpott ( OLB ) Buoniconti ( MLB ) Shonta ( CB ) Johnson ( CB ) Webb ( S ) Hall ( S ) Special Teams Garron ( Ret . ) Cappelletti ( PK ) Yewcic ( P ) Webb ( ST ) Coach Holovak 1970s , 1980s , 1990s In March 2009 , as part of the Patriots ' 50th anniversary , a group of local media and other team figures selected all - decade teams for the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s : ( show ) New England Patriots All - 1970s Team Offense Grogan ( QB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Johnson ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Vataha ( WR ) Francis ( TE ) Gray ( T ) Neville ( T ) Hannah ( G ) S. Adams ( G ) Lenkaitis ( C ) Defense J. Adams ( DE ) McGee ( DE ) Hamilton ( NT ) Zabel ( OLB ) King ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Hunt ( ILB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Haynes ( CB ) Fox ( S ) McCray ( S ) Special Teams Herron ( Ret . ) Smith ( PK ) Patrick ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Coach Fairbanks New England Patriots All - 1980s Team Offense Grogan ( QB ) Collins ( RB ) C. James ( RB ) Fryar ( WR ) Morgan ( WR ) Dawson ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Holloway ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Wooten ( G ) Brock ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Veris ( DE ) Bishop ( NT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Blackmon ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Rembert ( ILB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Lippett ( CB ) R. James ( S ) Marion ( S ) Special Teams Fryar ( Ret . ) Franklin ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Coach Berry New England Patriots All - 1990s Team Offense Bledsoe ( QB ) Martin ( RB ) Russell ( RB ) Glenn ( WR ) Jefferson ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Harlow ( T ) Rucci ( G ) Lane ( G ) Wohlabaugh ( C ) Defense McGinest ( DE ) Williams ( DE ) Goad ( NT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Slade ( OLB ) Brown ( ILB ) Johnson ( ILB ) Hurst ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Clay ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Meggett ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Tupa ( P ) Whigham ( ST ) Coach Parcells 2000s On March 16 , 2010 , the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected an all - decade team for the 2000s : ( show ) New England Patriots All - 2000s Team Offense Brady ( QB ) Dillon ( RB ) Moss ( WR ) Welker ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Graham ( TE ) Light ( T ) Kaczur ( T ) Andruzzi ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Koppen ( C ) Defense Seymour ( DE ) Warren ( DE ) Wilfork ( NT ) McGinest ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Bruschi ( ILB ) Phifer ( ILB ) Law ( CB ) Samuel ( CB ) Harrison ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Miller ( P ) Izzo ( ST ) Coach Belichick Anniversary teams 35th anniversary ( 1994 ) In 1994 , a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team : ( show ) New England Patriots 35th Anniversary Team ( 1994 ) Offense Grogan ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Cappelletti ( WR ) Francis ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Neville ( T ) Hannah ( G ) S. Adams ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense J. Adams ( DE ) Eisenhauer ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) J. Hunt ( DT ) Tippett ( LB ) Buoniconti ( LB ) Nelson ( LB ) S. Hunt ( LB ) Haynes ( CB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Hall ( S ) Special Teams Cappelletti ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) 50th anniversary ( 2009 ) In 2009 , the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected a 50th anniversary team : ( show ) New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) Offense Brady ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Fryar ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Light ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Seymour ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Wilfork ( DT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Buoniconti ( ILB ) Haynes ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Harrison ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Captains Cappelletti ( Offense ) Bruschi ( Defense ) Coach Belichick All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Coaches Head coaches Main article : List of New England Patriots head coaches Patriots head coach Bill Belichick delivers remarks during the team 's visit to the White House This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Current staff New England Patriots staff Front office Chairman / CEO -- Robert Kraft President -- Jonathan Kraft Director of Player Personnel -- Nick Caserio Director of College Scouting -- Monti Ossenfort Director of Pro Personnel -- Dave Ziegler Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brian Smith Director of Scouting Administration -- Nancy Meier Football Research Director -- Ernie Adams Director of Football / Head Coach Administration -- Berj Najarian Head coaches Head Coach / General Manager -- Bill Belichick Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks -- Josh McDaniels Assistant Quarterbacks -- Jerry Schuplinski Running Backs -- Ivan Fears Wide Receivers -- Chad O'Shea Tight Ends -- Nick Caley Offensive Line -- Dante Scarnecchia Offensive Assistant -- Cole Popovich Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Matt Patricia Defensive Line -- Brendan Daly Linebackers -- Brian Flores Cornerbacks -- Josh Boyer Safeties -- Steve Belichick Defensive Assistant -- Mike Pellegrino Coaching Assistant -- Brian Belichick Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Joe Judge Assistant Special Teams -- Raymond Ventrone Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Moses Cabrera Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- James Hardy → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Culture Cheerleaders and mascot Main article : New England Patriots Cheerleaders The Patriots Cheerleaders performing a routine in 2007 The Patriots NFL Cheerleaders are simply known as the Patriots Cheerleaders . In 2005 , cheerleader Kristin Gauvin won Miss Massachusetts , in part from her local commitment with the Patriots . The Patriots ' mascot is Pat Patriot , a revolutionary minuteman wearing a Patriots home jersey . The Patriots also employ a corps known as the End Zone Militia . During each game , about ten men dressed as minutemen line the back of each end zone . When the Patriots score a touchdown , field goal , point - after - touchdown or safety , the militia behind the opposite end zone fire a volley of blanks from flintlock muskets . Per an interview with the Loren & Wally Show on WROR 105.7 FM in and around the time of Super Bowl XLIX , said shots use double the load of black powder than a regular historical reenactor does , specifically 200 grains , in order to be heard throughout the stadium . ESPN writer Josh Pahigian named this one of the top ten celebrations in the league in 2007 . Radio and television Main article : List of New England Patriots broadcasters The Patriots ' flagship radio station is WBZ - FM 98.5 FM , owned by CBS Radio . The larger radio network is called the New England Patriots Radio Network , whose 37 affiliate stations span seven states . Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti were the longtime announcing team until their retirement following the conclusion of the 2012 NFL season . Santos was replaced by Bob Socci . Former Patriots QB Scott Zolak joined the radio team in the 2011 season as a sideline analyst , and in 2013 , he replaced Cappelletti as color commentator . Any preseason games not on national television are shown on CBS 's O&O WBZ - TV , who also airs the bulk of Patriots regular season games by virtue of CBS having the rights to most AFC games ; CBS also has a presence at the nearby Patriot Place with the `` CBS Scene '' bar / restaurant . During the regular season whenever the Patriots host an NFC team , the games are aired on Fox affiliate WFXT - TV . Preseason games were broadcast on ABC affiliate WCVB - TV from 1995 until the change to WBZ in 2009 . Don Criqui was play - by - play announcer for the 1995 -- 2012 seasons , with Randy Cross as a color commentator and Mike Lynch as a sideline reporter . Lynch was replaced by WBZ reporter Steve Burton in 2009 . See also American football portal The Kraft Group Notes and references Jump up ^ `` The History of the New England Patriots '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of the Patriots Logo and Uniform '' . New England Patriots. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palma , Briana ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` How much do you know about the Patriots ? '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Dates -- Patriots History '' . New England Patriots . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` For this dandy doodle , designer was more like a 30 - minute man '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship instant analysis : Patriots pound Steelers to reach another Super Bowll '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Here 's How the Patriots Won Their Fifth Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Acee , Kevin ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots win wild , historic Super Bowl '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Passing Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Rushing Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Receiving Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Scoring Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots All - Time Coaching Wins '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Exactly Will History Judge Parcells ? ( Pt 3 ) '' . patsfans.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bisman , Neil ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` History Fuels Rivalry Between Jets and Patriots '' . NBC New York . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin W. Ryan ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` The 10 Best Moments of the Jets - Pats Rivalry '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jets - Patriots rivalry through the years ( Belichick resigns as head coach ) '' . Newsday . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jets hire Mangini as head coach '' . ESPN . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Humiliated in a New York Minute '' . The New York Times . November 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Very rare ' performance by Tom Brady reflects his greatness '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boxscore finder : Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts vs New England Patriots '' . Pro Football - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts - Recap - November 4 , 2007 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts vs. New England Patriots - Recap - November 21 , 2010 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts vs. New England Patriots - Recap - January 12 , 2014 '' . ESPN . January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` New England Beats Indianapolis 45 - 7 In AFC Championship : The Two - Way '' . NPR . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. New England Patriots Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Buffalo Bills Rivalry Survey '' . www.allcounted.com . Jump up ^ `` New Bills coach Rex Ryan says Patriots still his top target - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Miami Dolphins Results The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins stun Patriots 38 - 13 '' . The Seattle Times . 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` A closer look at the Patriots - Ravens rivalry '' . Boston.com . December 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Baltimore Ravens 12 / 03 / 2007 '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots 10 / 04 / 2009 '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Wild Card Round : Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots 10 / 17 / 2010 '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 AFC Championship Game Rapid Reaction '' . ESPN . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Torey Smith 's brother dies in a motorcycle crash '' . USA Today . September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick to receive fine Wednesday for grabbing referee '' . National Football League . September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Golen , Jimmy ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Ravens Win AFC Championship Game , Hold Off Patriots in Rematch to Reach Super Bowl '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots -- Box Score -- January 10 , 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL was ready to check New England Patriots ' footballs against Colts , report says - Newsday '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Colts Raised Concerns About Under - Inflated Balls After Game vs. Patriots in Indianapolis '' . Boston.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` What the heck is Deflategate anyway ? '' . CNN . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wells Jr. , Theodore V. ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` INVESTIGATIVE REPORT CONCERNING FOOTBALLS USED DURING THE AFC CHAMPIONSHIP GAME ON JANUARY 18 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Wells Report '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension upheld '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Borges , Ron ( September 1 , 2000 ) . `` Coming to terms with the system '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2000 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guregian , Karen ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Scott Pioli starts life as lone boss in Kansas City '' . Boston Herald . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Long , Mark ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Versatile Vrabel vaults into Super Bowl lore '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( January 24 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots all about the rings '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` # 3 New England Patriots '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Team Valuations '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` The NFL 's Most Valuable Teams '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports '' . Gillette Stadium . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Select FieldTurf for Gillette Stadium '' . FieldTurf . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patriot Place '' . Patriot Place . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Marc ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` New England Patriots debut new , bolder logo '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots ' Uniform Evolves From Flying Elvis Over The Years '' . NESN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of NFL Uniforms : New England Patriots '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of the Patriots ' Uniform '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New NFL Safety Rule Forbids Alternate Helmets '' . Bleacher Report . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fiske , Angelique ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Check out the 2016 Patriots Color Rush Jerseys '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall at Patriot Place '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Coates elected to Patriots Hall of Fame '' . New England Patriots . July 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall at Patriot Place Presented by Raytheon Hall of Fame ! '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Hall of Fame Senior Selection Committee formed '' . New England Patriots . March 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finn , Chad ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` Sullivan inducted into team 's Hall '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots Anniversary Teams '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots All - Decade teams announced '' . New England Patriots . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots All - Decade Team '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots Cheerleaders and Appearances '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Celebration : Best NFL Touchdown Rituals '' . ESPN . Josh Pahigian . December 13 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Media Center -- Radio Stations '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Further reading Fox , Larry ( 1979 ) . The New England Patriots : Triumph & Tragedy . Macmillan Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 689 - 10992 - X Hyldburg , Bob ( 2009 ) . Total Patriots : The Definitive Encyclopedia of the World - Class Franchise . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 099 - 7 Holley , Michael ( 2004 ) . Patriot Reign : Bill Belichick , the Coaches , and the Players Who Built a Champion . William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 06 - 075794 - 9 Price , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Blueprint : How the New England Patriots Beat the System to Create the Last Great NFL Superpower . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 36838 - 0 Lavin , James ( 2005 ) . Management Secrets of the New England Patriots : From Patsies to Triple Super Bowl Champs ; Vol. 1 . Pointer Press . ISBN 0 - 9762039 - 5 - 2 Lavin , James ( 2005 ) . Management Secrets of the New England Patriots : From Patsies to Triple Super Bowl Champs ; Vol. 2 . Pointer Press . ISBN 0 - 9762039 - 8 - 7 Glennon , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Good , the Bad & the Ugly New England Patriots : Heart - pounding , Jaw - dropping , and Gut - wrenching Moments from New England Patriots History . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 118 - 7 Felger , Michael ( 2004 ) . Tales from the Patriots Sideline . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 525 - X Donaldson , Jim ( 2009 ) . Then Belichick Said to Brady : The Best New England Patriots Stories Ever Told . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 239 - 6 Donaldson , Jim ( 2005 ) . Stadium Stories : New England Patriots . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 3788 - 3 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New England Patriots . Official website Works by or about New England Patriots in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` New England Patriots collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame The Hall at Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 19 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) Sports teams based in Massachusetts Australian rules football USAFL Boston Demons Baseball MLB Boston Red Sox NYPL Lowell Spinners CCBL Bourne Braves Brewster Whitecaps Chatham Anglers Cotuit Kettleers Falmouth Commodores Harwich Mariners Hyannis Harbor Hawks Orleans Firebirds Wareham Gatemen Yarmouth -- Dennis Red Sox FCBL Brockton Rox Martha 's Vineyard Sharks North Shore Navigators Pittsfield Suns Wachusett Dirt Dawgs Worcester Bravehearts NECBL New Bedford Bay Sox North Adams SteepleCats Plymouth Pilgrims Valley Blue Sox Basketball NBA Boston Celtics Football NFL New England Patriots WFA Boston Renegades Hockey NHL Boston Bruins AHL Springfield Thunderbirds ECHL Worcester Railers NWHL Boston Pride CWHL Boston Blades Lacrosse MLL Boston Cannons UWLX Boston Storm Roller derby WFTDA Bay State Brawlers Roller Derby Boston Roller Derby MRDA Pioneer Valley Roller Derby Rugby league USARL Boston Thirteens Oneida FC Rugby union RSL Boston RFC NERFU Boston Irish Wolfhounds Mystic River South Shore Anchors Soccer MLS New England Revolution NWSL Boston Breakers PDL FC Boston Western Mass Pioneers NPSL Boston City FC Greater Lowell NPSL FC Champions Soccer League USA Greater Lowell United FC UWS New England Mutiny WPSL Boston Breakers Academy Boston Breakers Reserves Boston Breakers U23 FC Stars FC Stars U23 Ultimate Club Boston Ironsides College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) AIC Yellow Jackets ( ice hockey ) Bentley Falcons ( ice hockey ) Boston College Eagles Boston University Terriers Harvard Crimson Holy Cross Crusaders UMass Minutemen and Minutewomen UMass Lowell River Hawks Merrimack Warriors ( ice hockey ) Northeastern Huskies VIAF : 152400362 LCCN : n82010743 ISNI : 0000 0004 0471 940X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Patriots&oldid=800560477 '' Categories : New England Patriots 1960 establishments in Massachusetts American Football League teams American football teams in Boston Boston Patriots Foxborough , Massachusetts National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1960 Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many times have patriots been to the superbowl | [
"The Patriots have appeared in the Super Bowl nine times in franchise history, the most of any team, seven of them since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000. The Patriots have since become one of the most successful teams in NFL history, winning 14 AFC East titles in 16 seasons since 2001, without a losing season in that period. The franchise has since set numerous notable records, including most wins in a ten-year period (126, in 2003–2012), an undefeated 16-game regular season in 2007, the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history (a 21-game streak from October 2003 to October 2004), and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history (won eight straight division titles from 2009 to 2016). The team owns the record for most Super Bowls reached (seven) and won (five) by a head coach–quarterback tandem. The Patriots are tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five. The Steelers are in front with six."
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"nine times"
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-3691592352294919092 | Rutherford model | Rutherford model - wikipedia Rutherford model Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Basic diagram of the atomic nuclear model : electrons in green and nucleus in red Play media 3D animation of an atom incorporating the Rutherford model The Rutherford model is a model of the atom devised by Ernest Rutherford . Rutherford directed the famous Geiger -- Marsden experiment in 1909 which suggested , upon Rutherford 's 1911 analysis , that J.J. Thomson 's plum pudding model of the atom was incorrect . Rutherford 's new model for the atom , based on the experimental results , contained the new features of a relatively high central charge concentrated into a very small volume in comparison to the rest of the atom and with this central volume also containing the bulk of the atomic mass of the atom . This region would be known as the `` nucleus '' of the atom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Experimental basis for the model 2 Contribution to modern science 3 Symbolism 4 References 5 External links Experimental basis for the model ( edit ) Rutherford overturned Thomson 's model in 1911 with his well - known gold foil experiment in which he demonstrated that the atom has a tiny and heavy nucleus . Rutherford designed an experiment to use the alpha particles emitted by a radioactive element as probes to the unseen world of atomic structure . If Thomson was correct , the beam would go straight through the gold foil . Most of the beams went through the foil , but a few were reflected . Rutherford presented his own physical model for subatomic structure , as an interpretation for the unexpected experimental results . In it , the atom is made up of a central charge ( this is the modern atomic nucleus , though Rutherford did not use the term `` nucleus '' in his paper ) surrounded by a cloud of ( presumably ) orbiting electrons . In this May 1911 paper , Rutherford only committed himself to a small central region of very high positive or negative charge in the atom . For concreteness , consider the passage of a high speed α particle through an atom having a positive central charge N e , and surrounded by a compensating charge of N electrons . From purely energetic considerations of how far particles of known speed would be able to penetrate toward a central charge of 100 e , Rutherford was able to calculate that the radius of his gold central charge would need to be less ( how much less could not be told ) than 3.4 × 10 meters . This was in a gold atom known to be 10 meters or so in radius -- a very surprising finding , as it implied a strong central charge less than 1 / 3000th of the diameter of the atom . The Rutherford model served to concentrate a great deal of the atom 's charge and mass to a very small core , but did n't attribute any structure to the remaining electrons and remaining atomic mass . It did mention the atomic model of Hantaro Nagaoka , in which the electrons are arranged in one or more rings , with the specific metaphorical structure of the stable rings of Saturn . The plum pudding model of J.J. Thomson also had rings of orbiting electrons . Jean Baptiste Perrin claimed in his Nobel lecture that he was the first one to suggest the model in his paper dated 1901 . The Rutherford paper suggested that the central charge of an atom might be `` proportional '' to its atomic mass in hydrogen mass units u ( roughly 1 / 2 of it , in Rutherford 's model ) . For gold , this mass number is 197 ( not then known to great accuracy ) and was therefore modeled by Rutherford to be possibly 196 u . However , Rutherford did not attempt to make the direct connection of central charge to atomic number , since gold 's `` atomic number '' ( at that time merely its place number in the periodic table ) was 79 , and Rutherford had modeled the charge to be about + 100 units ( he had actually suggested 98 units of positive charge , to make half of 196 ) . Thus , Rutherford did not formally suggest the two numbers ( periodic table place , 79 , and nuclear charge , 98 or 100 ) might be exactly the same . A month after Rutherford 's paper appeared , the proposal regarding the exact identity of atomic number and nuclear charge was made by Antonius van den Broek , and later confirmed experimentally within two years , by Henry Moseley . These are the key indicators - The atom 's electron cloud does not influence alpha particle scattering . Much of an atom 's positive charge is concentrated in a relatively tiny volume at the center of the atom , known today as the nucleus . The magnitude of this charge is proportional to ( up to a charge number that can be approximately half of ) the atom 's atomic mass -- the remaining mass is now known to be mostly attributed to neutrons . This concentrated central mass and charge is responsible for deflecting both alpha and beta particles . The mass of heavy atoms such as gold is mostly concentrated in the central charge region , since calculations show it is not deflected or moved by the high speed alpha particles , which have very high momentum in comparison to electrons , but not with regard to a heavy atom as a whole . The atom itself is about 100,000 ( 10 ) times the diameter of the nucleus . This could be related to putting a grain of sand in the middle of a football field . Contribution to modern science ( edit ) After Rutherford 's discovery , scientists started to realize that the atom is not ultimately a single particle , but is made up of far smaller subatomic particles . Subsequent research determined the exact atomic structure which led to Rutherford 's gold foil experiment . Scientists eventually discovered that atoms have a positively charged nucleus ( with an exact atomic number of charges ) in the center , with a radius of about 1.2 × 10 meters × ( Atomic Mass Number ) . Electrons were found to be even smaller . Later , scientists found the expected number of electrons ( the same as the atomic number ) in an atom by using X-rays . When an X-ray passes through an atom , some of it is scattered while the rest passes through the atom . Since the X-ray loses its intensity primarily due to scattering at electrons , by noting the rate of decrease in X-ray intensity , the number of electrons contained in an atom can be accurately estimated . Symbolism ( edit ) See also Bohr model , which applies just as well to the section below . Generic atomic planetary model . Shield of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rutherford 's model deferred to the idea of many electrons in rings , per Nagaoka . However , once Niels Bohr modified this view into a picture of just a few planet - like electrons for light atoms , the Rutherford - Bohr model caught the imagination of the public . It has since continually been used as a symbol for atoms and even for `` atomic '' energy ( even though this is more properly considered nuclear energy ) . Examples of its use over the past century include but are not limited to : The logo of the United States Atomic Energy Commission , which was in part responsible for its later usage in relation to nuclear fission technology in particular . The flag of the International Atomic Energy Agency is a Rutherford atom , enclosed in olive branches . The US minor league baseball Albuquerque Isotopes ' logo is a Rutherford atom , with the electron orbits forming an A . A similar symbol , the Atomic whirl , was chosen as the symbol for the American Atheists , and has come to be used as a symbol of atheism in general . The Unicode Miscellaneous Symbols codepoint U + 269B ( ⚛ ) uses a Rutherford atom . On maps , it is generally used to indicate a nuclear power installation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Akhlesh Lakhtakia ( Ed . ) ; Salpeter , Edwin Ε. ( 1996 ) . `` Models and Modelers of Hydrogen '' . American Journal of Physics . World Scientific . 65 ( 9 ) : 933 . Bibcode : 1997AmJPh ... 65 ... 933L . doi : 10.1119 / 1.18691 . ISBN 981 - 02 - 2302 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ E. Rutherford , `` The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom '' , Philosophical Magazine . Series 6 , vol. 21 . May 1911 Jump up ^ 1926 Lecture for Nobel Prize in Physics Jump up ^ Nicholas Giordano ( 1 January 2012 ) . College Physics : Reasoning and Relationships . Cengage Learning . pp. 1051 -- . ISBN 1 - 285 - 22534 - 1 . Jump up ^ Constan , Zach ( 2010 ) . `` Learning Nuclear Science with Marbles '' . The Physics Teacher. 48 ( 2 ) : 114 . Bibcode : 2010PhTea ... 48 ... 114C . doi : 10.1119 / 1.3293660 . External links ( edit ) Rutherford 's Model by Raymond College Rutherford 's Model by Kyushu University ( hide ) Atomic models Single atoms Dalton model ( Billiard ball model ) Thomson model ( Plum pudding model ) Lewis model ( Cubical atom model ) Nagaoka model ( Saturnian model ) Rutherford model ( Planetary model ) Bohr model ( Rutherford -- Bohr model ) Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( Refined Bohr model ) Gryziński model ( Free - fall model ) Schrodinger model ( Electron cloud model ) Dirac - Gordon model ( Relativistic atomic model ) Atoms in solids Drude model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Band structure Density functional theory Atoms in fluids Newtonian fluids Liquid helium Noble gas Van der Waals gas Nascent hydrogen Scientists Felix Bloch Niels Bohr John Dalton Paul Dirac Paul Drude Walter Gordon Michał Gryziński Irving Langmuir Gilbert N. Lewis Hantaro Nagaoka Isaac Newton Ernest Rutherford Erwin Schrödinger Arnold Sommerfeld J.J. Thomson Johannes Diderik van der Waals Book : Atomic models Category : Atoms Portal : Physics / Chemistry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_model&oldid=820797702 '' Categories : Foundational quantum physics History of physics Ernest Rutherford 1911 in science Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 17 : 42 . About Wikipedia | who is credited with the first idea of a nuclear atom | [
"The Rutherford model is a model of the atom devised by Ernest Rutherford. Rutherford directed the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment in 1909 which suggested, upon Rutherford's 1911 analysis, that J. J. Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom was incorrect. Rutherford's new model[1] for the atom, based on the experimental results, contained the new features of a relatively high central charge concentrated into a very small volume in comparison to the rest of the atom and with this central volume also containing the bulk of the atomic mass of the atom. This region would be known as the \"nucleus\" of the atom."
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"Ernest Rutherford"
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-8844387788586266680 | Sklar Brothers | Sklar brothers - wikipedia Sklar brothers This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Randy and Jason Sklar Randy Sklar ( left ) and Jason Sklar ( right ) at the Streamy Awards 2010 ( 1972 - 01 - 12 ) January 12 , 1972 ( age 46 ) St. Louis , Missouri Other names Sklar Brothers Alma mater University of Michigan Occupation Actors , comedians Notable work The Oblongs , Apt 2F , Cheap Seats , Back on Topps , Held Up , Sklarbro Country , Sklarbro County ( midweek podcast of Sklarbro Country ) , Mighty Med , You 're Doing It Wrong , Finding the Funny Spouse ( s ) Amy Sklar ( Randy ) Jessica Zucker ( Jason ) Children 2 each Parent ( s ) Richard ( 1942 - 2009 ) and Annette Awards Streamy Awards Website Official website Farrell Randal `` Randy '' Sklar and Jason Nathan Sklar ( born January 12 , 1972 ) , professionally known as the Sklar Brothers , are American identical twin comedians and actors . They formerly hosted the show Cheap Seats on ESPN Classic , which came to an end on November 19 , 2006 , after four seasons . Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 Cheap Seats 1.2 Web series 1.3 SportsCenter 1.4 United Stats of America 1.5 Sklarbro Country 1.6 Rome on Showtime 1.7 Better Call Saul 2 Stand - up specials 3 Discography 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Randy and Jason grew up in suburban St. Louis . They went to the University of Michigan , where they joined the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity . While enrolled , they decided to pursue a career in comedy . In 1994 , they moved to New York where they developed their comedy style at stand - up comedy clubs . In the summer of 1997 , Jason and Randy starred in and wrote for MTV 's sitcom / sketch / standup program Apt 2F . It was their first television work . The show lasted one season . The Sklar brothers have also appeared in television shows such as CSI , Comedy Bang ! Bang ! , Mighty Med , Childrens Hospital , Law & Order , Becker , Providence , The Oblongs ( as conjoined twin brothers Biff and Chip Oblong ) , Entourage , Grey 's Anatomy ( as conjoined twin brothers Peter and Jake Weitzman ) , Curb Your Enthusiasm ( Jason only ) , and It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( as dance marathon DJs on the episode `` The Gang Dances Their Asses Off '' ) . They recently appeared on season 3 of Better Call Saul as the owners of a music shop called ABQ In Tune . The Sklars have appeared in the films My Baby 's Daddy , Bubble Boy , Wild Hogs , and The Comebacks . The brothers were pit reporters on Comedy Central 's Battlebots . Randy appeared on an episode of Take Home Chef , where his wife and chef Curtis Stone surprised him with a gourmet dinner of Beef Wellington . They have appeared numerous times on Chelsea Lately . They have appeared on Comedy Central 's @ midnight . They produced and starred in a special that ran on ESPN 2 called Utilityman : The Quest for Cooperstown a lighthearted yet somewhat serious attempt to get seminal utility baseball player for the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1980s José Oquendo into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown . Randy has appeared numerous times on the Forum on Jim Rome is Burning on ESPN and Rome on CBS Sports . They appear monthly on Rome on Showtime in a segment called Sklarred for Life . They appeared in the 2008 Microsoft film VoIP As You Are : The Legend of Dan Wilson . They regularly fill in as guest hosts for Jim Rome on his National and North American syndicated radio show formerly on Premiere Radio , currently on CBS Radio . They participated regularly on NPR 's southern California affiliate KPCC 's The Madeleine Brand Show as sports correspondents . They produced two Sports Pilots called Sklar Talk for NPR 's KPCC that both aired in 2011 . The Sklars are also frequent guests on the podcasts Never Not Funny and World Football Daily . They have also appeared on AST Radio , Jordan , Jesse GO ! and Battleship Pretension , WTF with Marc Maron , You Made It Weird , and Professor Blastoff . They were featured in the Troma production Citizen Toxie : The Toxic Avenger IV as Jason Gonzales and Randy Diaz , a pair of Tromaville Anchormen . Randy and Jason are featured in an ad campaign by running shoe and apparel company Brooks . In August 2010 , they made a cameo appearance in the web comedy The Legend of Neil in season 3 episode 3 , depicting two football - loving ' Armos ' statues . In 2012 , the twins began to appear in what would become a series of commercials for Time Warner Cable . In February 2014 , the brothers recorded their first one - hour stand - up special at the Majestic Theater in Madison , Wisconsin . The special then premiered on Netflix on April 25 , 2014 and the CD / DVD dropped on iTunes on Tuesday April 29 , 2014 . The brothers uniquely framed their special as if it were an NFL playoff game with Rich Eisen leading a roundtable discussion of the brothers ' comedy on an NFL Network set , along with future Hall of Fame Defensive Lineman Dwight Freeney , NY Giant Defensive Back Terrell Thomas , and actor and former Georgia Bulldog football player Omar Dorsey . In addition the ubiquitous sideline reporter Bonnie Bernstein makes a cameo , interviewing the brothers pre - and post-show . The stand up special features a pre-game breakdown by this crew , a halftime report , and a post game wrap up . The stand up special titled What Are We Talking About will be available on Netflix instant streaming for three years after the April 25 , 2014 premiere . Randy Sklar is married to Amy Sklar , an interior designer who was featured on HGTVs Design Star and they have two daughters . Jason is married to Dr. Jessica Zucker , a fertility therapist who created her own line of critically acclaimed pregnancy loss cards . They have a son and a daughter . While on a special Mother 's Day themed episode of @ midnight with their mother , Annette , she was asked to pick her favorite son ; she picked Randy without any hesitation . Cheap Seats ( edit ) Main article : Cheap Seats ( TV series ) Starting in 2004 , Randy and Jason appeared on Cheap Seats , on which they played fictitious ESPN research assistants who end up hosting a comedy show as they comment on odd and notable sporting events from ESPN 's extensive library . Cheap Seats borrowed its format from Mystery Science Theater 3000 . The cast of MST3K apparently were pleased with the show and afforded it a high honor - they appeared in the second season opener in their normal silhouette format , making fun of the Sklars ' host show bits . So far it is the only time Michael J. Nelson , Bill Corbett and Kevin Murphy have appeared as their MST3K characters Mike Nelson , Crow T. Robot and Tom Servo , respectively , since MST3K was cancelled . Web series ( edit ) The brothers co-wrote with Nick Kroll the web series Layers , directed by Michael Blieden , on which they played twin publicists Larry and Terry Bridge . Their web series Back on Topps was produced by Vuguru , the online production company of Michael Eisner . It won two Streamy Awards . In 2010 , the online network Crackle released Held Up , an original series written by the brothers and starring Kaitlin Olson of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . Held Up tells the story of a bored bank teller 's life - changing experience when two teams of bumbling bank robbers hold up his branch . They also started hosting a weekly Earwolf podcast series called Sklarbro Country in 2010 . SportsCenter ( edit ) The brothers wrote and appeared on ESPN 's SportsCenter in a comedic segment called `` The Bracket '' . Randy and Jason occasionally fill in for Jim Rome on The Jim Rome Show on radio . Randy occasionally appeared as a `` Forum '' guest on ESPN 's Jim Rome Is Burning . Currently , the duo make appearances on the Showtime show Rome also hosted by Jim Rome . United Stats of America ( edit ) In 2012 , the Sklar brothers hosted a television show on History titled United Stats of America . A `` by the numbers '' series , it featured interesting statistics about the U.S. , mixed with experiments , stunts , and the Sklars ' unique brand of humor . After one season , the show is currently on indefinite hiatus . United Stats of America episodes are now available for viewing on Apple TV . Sklarbro Country ( edit ) Since August 2010 the Sklar Brothers have hosted a popular weekly podcast called Sklarbro Country on the Earwolf network . They have described the podcast as the intersection of sports , comedy , and indie rock , and the show has had guests ranging from Jon Hamm to Terrell Owens to Diablo Cody . Memorable episodes featured Richard Simmons , Patton Oswalt , the end of the year Character Specials , Hamm , Rich Eisen , and Adam Carolla . Sklarbro Country was nominated for best podcast in the televised 2012 Comedy Central Comedy Awards . In the summer of 2012 , the Sklar Brothers added Sklarbro County to their weekly output of the podcast . Described as a shorter midweek snack of an episode , the show is co-hosted by up and coming character comedic actor Dan Van Kirk . Dan finds crazy stories of people doing stupid or silly things and Randy , Jason , and Dan and a guest all riff as if it were a writers ' room . Randy has described the show this way : `` If a 30 - person brawl breaks out at a Chuck E. Cheese in Tampa , FL at a 5 - year - old 's birthday party and the fight spills over into a Burlington Coat Factory parking lot , ending in someone defecating in an ex-boyfriend's hatchback ... we 'll be there to make fun of it . '' Sklarbro County is available weekly on Tuesdays , also on the Earwolf Network . Rome on Showtime ( edit ) The brothers have become a regular staple of Jim Rome 's monthly show , Rome on Showtime with a popular segment , titled `` Sklarred for Life '' , where Jim Rome tees up the 6 - 8 craziest stories of the last month that happened in the world of sports , video clips , photos , arrests , and the brothers mercilessly skewer the subjects of those stories in a fast paced joke - ladened segment . Better Call Saul ( edit ) Recently the Sklar brothers also made a cameo appearance on AMC 's Better Call Saul as the owners of music shop who are purchasing airtime from the now - suspended lawyer Jimmy McGill ( otherwise known as Saul Goodman of Breaking Bad fame ) . Stand - up specials ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Sklar Brothers '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The brothers have done three stand up specials in their career . The first two stand - up specials were Comedy Central Presents half - hour stand - up specials that aired on Comedy Central in 2001 and in 2009 . In April 2014 , the brothers premiered What Are We Talking About , their first 1 - hour stand up special on Netflix . The material was a culmination of material from the past couple of years , the 2011 album Hendersons and Daughters , and material written as close to 2 weeks before the special was recorded in Madison , Wisconsin at the Majestic Theater . In the Netflix special , the brothers employ a unique framing device where they treat their stand up special as if it were an NFL playoff game that gets broken down by NFL Network Anchor , Rich Eisen and current NFL players , Dwight Freeney and Terrell Thomas , along with actor , Omar Dorsey ( who played football for the University of Georgia ) . Sideline reporter for the NFL , Bonnie Bernstein makes a cameo , interviewing the brothers pre - and post-show as well , lending a level of authenticity to the running sketch . Discography ( edit ) Poppin ' the Hood ! ( 2004 ) Sklar Maps ( 2007 ) Hendersons and Daughters ( 2011 ) What Are We Talking About ( 2014 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Notable Alumni Alpha Epsilon Pi . Aepi.org . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` United Stats of America : New series May 8 on History '' . TV By The Numbers. 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Sklarbo Country '' . Earwolf . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/jimmy-cant-catch-break-better-call-saul-sets-seaso-255696 Jump up ^ http://uproxx.com/sepinwall/better-call-saul-expenses-recap-review/ Jump up ^ Sklar Maps ( Explicit ) : The Sklar Brothers : MP3 Downloads . Amazon.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hendersons and Daughters : Music . Amazon.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Sklar Brothers at whosay.com Jason Sklar on IMDb Randy Sklar on IMDb Official Sklarbro Country site Interview with the Sklars from 2007 on public radio program The Sound of Young America MusicBrainz : 70607436 - ebf0 - 4a83 - af43 - 650308b3502f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sklar_Brothers&oldid=800179217 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people American male comedians Jewish American male actors Jewish male comedians American male film actors American male television actors Identical twins Male actors from St. Louis University of Michigan alumni American podcasters Twin people from the United States Comedians from Missouri American comedy duos American stand - up comedians 21st - century American comedians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links BLP articles lacking sources from June 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 BLP articles lacking sources from April 2014 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 23 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the twins in better call saul | [
"The Sklar brothers have also appeared in television shows such as CSI, Comedy Bang! Bang!, Mighty Med, Childrens Hospital, Law & Order, Becker, Providence, The Oblongs (as conjoined twin brothers Biff and Chip Oblong), Entourage, Grey's Anatomy (as conjoined twin brothers Peter and Jake Weitzman), Curb Your Enthusiasm (Jason only), and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (as dance marathon DJs on the episode \"The Gang Dances Their Asses Off\"). They recently appeared on season 3 of Better Call Saul as the owners of a music shop called ABQ In Tune. The Sklars have appeared in the films My Baby's Daddy, Bubble Boy, Wild Hogs, and The Comebacks.\n"
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"The Sklar brothers"
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-1950112412329981475 | History of the United States | History of the United States - wikipedia History of the United States `` American history '' redirects here . For the history of the continents , see History of the Americas . See also : Economic history of the United States and Timeline of the United States history This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Internet Pornography Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 15,000 BC . Numerous cultures formed . The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas . Most colonies formed after 1600 . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After defeating France , the British government imposed a series of new taxes after 1765 , rejecting the colonists ' argument that new taxes needed their approval ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self - government in Massachusetts . Armed conflict began in 1775 . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America . Led by General George Washington , it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Canada and Florida ) . The Articles of Confederation established a central government , but it was ineffectual at providing stability , as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer . A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser , a strong central government was created . Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 , which solidified national pride . Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny , U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast . While the United States was large in terms of area , its population in 1790 was only 4 million . However , it grew rapidly , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater . However compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off of the institution , mostly from production of cotton . Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery . Seven Southern slave states rebelled and created the foundation of the Confederacy . Its attack of Fort Sumter against the Union forces started the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . Confederate defeat led to the impoverishment of the South and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to freed slaves . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South in 1877 , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting . This continued until gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights were made . The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed and large - scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many reforms including the 16th to 19th constitutional amendments , which brought the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and women 's suffrage . Initially neutral during World War I , the United States declared war on Germany in 1917 and funded the Allied victory the following year . Women obtained the right to vote in 1920 , with Native Americans obtaining citizenship and the right to vote in 1924 . After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade - long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs , which included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . The New Deal defined modern American liberalism . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the United States entered World War II and financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using newly invented nuclear weapons on two Japanese cities to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater . The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers in the aftermath of World War II . During the Cold War , the two countries confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . The purpose of this was to stop the spread of communism . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the Civil Rights Movement , another wave of social reforms was enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African - Americans and other racial minorities . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union was officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower . After the Cold War , the United States began focusing on modern conflicts in the Middle East and nuclear programs in North Korea . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al - Qaeda in 2001 , followed by wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which was followed by slower - than - usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s . Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal Contents 1 Pre-Columbian Era 1.1 Native development prior to European contact 1.1. 1 Major cultures 1.2 Native development in Hawaii 2 Colonial period 2.1 Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization 2.2 British colonization 3 18th century 3.1 Political integration and autonomy 4 American Revolution 5 Early years of the republic 5.1 Confederation and Constitution 5.2 President George Washington 5.3 Slavery 6 19th century 6.1 Jeffersonian Republican Era 6.2 War of 1812 6.3 Era of Good Feelings 6.4 Indian removal 6.5 Second Party System 6.6 Second Great Awakening 6.7 Abolitionism 6.8 Westward expansion and Manifest Destiny 6.9 Divisions between North and South 6.10 Civil War 6.11 Emancipation 6.12 Reconstruction Era 6.13 The West and the Gilded Age 7 20th century 7.1 Progressive Era 7.2 Imperialism 7.3 World War I 7.4 Women 's suffrage 7.5 Roaring Twenties 7.6 Great Depression and New Deal 7.7 World War II 7.8 The Cold War , counterculture , and civil rights 7.8. 1 Climax of liberalism 7.8. 2 Civil Rights Movement 7.8. 3 The Women 's Movement 7.8. 4 The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War Détente 7.9 Close of the 20th century 8 21st century 8.1 9 / 11 and the War on Terror 8.2 The Great Recession 8.3 Recent events 9 See also 10 References 11 Notes 12 Textbooks 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links Pre-Columbian Era ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistory of the United States , History of Native Americans in the United States , and Pre-Columbian era See also : Native Americans in the United States This map shows the approximate location of the ice - free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites ( Clovis theory ) . It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and the present - day United States . The prevailing theory proposes that people migrated from Eurasia across Beringia , a land bridge that connected Siberia to present - day Alaska during the Ice Age , and then spread southward throughout the Americas . This migration may have begun as early as 30,000 years ago and continued through to about 10,000 + years ago , when the land bridge became submerged by the rising sea level caused by the ending of the last glacial period . These early inhabitants , called Paleoamericans , soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes . The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents , spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the early modern period . While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus ' voyages of 1492 to 1504 , in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans , even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus ' initial landing . Native development prior to European contact ( edit ) Main article : History of Native Americans in the United States The Cultural areas of pre-Columbian North America , according to Alfred Kroeber . Native American cultures are not normally included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as `` Neolithic , '' which is a category that more often includes only the cultures in Eurasia , Africa , and other regions . The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips ' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology . They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases ; see Archaeology of the Americas . The Clovis culture , a megafauna hunting culture , is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points . Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis , New Mexico . The Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America . The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point , a flaked flint spear - point with a notched flute , by which it was inserted into a shaft . Dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods . Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon - dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B.P. ( roughly 9100 to 8850 BCE ) . Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America , with some arrayed around the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada , as well as adjacent areas to the West and Southwest . According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas , they have been living on this continent since their genesis , described by a wide range of traditional creation stories . Other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river , believed to be the Mississippi River . Genetic and linguistic data connect the indigenous people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians . Archeological and linguistic data has enabled scholars to discover some of the migrations within the Americas . A Folsom point for a spear . The Folsom Tradition was characterized by use of Folsom points as projectile tips , and activities known from kill sites , where slaughter and butchering of bison took place . Folsom tools were left behind between 9000 BCE and 8000 BCE . Na - Dené - speaking peoples entered North America starting around 8000 BCE , reaching the Pacific Northwest by 5000 BCE , and from there migrating along the Pacific Coast and into the interior . Linguists , anthropologists and archeologists believe their ancestors comprised a separate migration into North America , later than the first Paleo - Indians . They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada , south along the Pacific Coast , into the interior of Canada , and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest . They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan - speaking peoples , including the present - day and historical Navajo and Apache . They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages , which were used seasonally . People did not live there year - round , but for the summer to hunt and fish , and to gather food supplies for the winter . The Oshara Tradition people lived from 5500 BCE to 600 CE . They were part of the Southwestern Archaic Tradition centered in north - central New Mexico , the San Juan Basin , the Rio Grande Valley , southern Colorado , and southeastern Utah . Since the 1990s , archeologists have explored and dated eleven Middle Archaic sites in present - day Louisiana and Florida at which early cultures built complexes with multiple earthwork mounds ; they were societies of hunter - gatherers rather than the settled agriculturalists believed necessary according to the theory of Neolithic Revolution to sustain such large villages over long periods . The prime example is Watson Brake in northern Louisiana , whose 11 - mound complex is dated to 3500 BCE , making it the oldest , dated site in the Americas for such complex construction . It is nearly 2,000 years older than the Poverty Point site . Construction of the mounds went on for 500 years until was abandoned about 2800 BCE , probably due to changing environmental conditions . Poverty Point culture is a Late Archaic archaeological culture that inhabited the area of the lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf Coast . The culture thrived from 2200 BCE to 700 BCE , during the Late Archaic period . Evidence of this culture has been found at more than 100 sites , from the major complex at Poverty Point ( a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) across a 100 - mile ( 160 km ) range to the Jaketown Site near Belzoni , Mississippi . The K'alyaan Totem Pole of the Tlingit Kiks. ádi Clan , erected at Sitka National Historical Park to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 Battle of Sitka . Poverty Point is a 1 square mile ( 2.6 km ) complex of six major earthwork concentric rings , with additional platform mounds at the site . Artifacts show the people traded with other Native Americans located from Georgia to the Great Lakes region . This is one among numerous mound sites of complex indigenous cultures throughout the Mississippi and Ohio valleys . They were one of several succeeding cultures often referred to as mound builders . The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures refers to the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1,000 CE in the eastern part of North America . The term `` Woodland '' was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites dated between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures . The Hopewell tradition is the term for the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE . The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society , but a widely dispersed set of related populations , who were connected by a common network of trade routes , known as the Hopewell Exchange System . At its greatest extent , the Hopewell exchange system ran from the Southeastern United States into the southeastern Canadian shores of Lake Ontario . Within this area , societies participated in a high degree of exchange ; most activity was conducted along the waterways that served as their major transportation routes . The Hopewell exchange system traded materials from all over the United States . The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were of many nations and tribal affiliations , each with distinctive cultural and political identities , but they shared certain beliefs , traditions and practices , such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol . Their gift - giving feast , potlatch , is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate special events such as the raising of a Totem pole or the appointment or election of a new chief . The most famous artistic feature of the culture is the Totem pole , with carvings of animals and other characters to commemorate cultural beliefs , legends , and notable events . Major cultures ( edit ) Grave Creek Mound , located in Moundsville , West Virginia , is one of the largest conical mounds in the United States . It was built by the Adena culture . Adena culture : The Adena culture was a Native American culture that existed from 1000 BC to 200 BC , in a time known as the Early Woodland period . The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system . A map showing the extent of the Coles Creek cultural period and some important sites . Coles Creek culture : The Coles Creek culture is an indigenous development of the Lower Mississippi Valley that took place between the terminal Woodland period and the later Plaquemine culture period . The period is marked by the increased use of flat - topped platform mounds arranged around central plazas , more complex political institutions , and a subsistence strategy still grounded in the Eastern Agricultural Complex and hunting rather than on the maize plant as would happen in the succeeding Plaquemine Mississippian period . The culture was originally defined by the unique decoration on grog - tempered ceramic ware by James A. Ford after his investigations at the Mazique Archeological Site . He had studied both the Mazique and Coles Creek Sites , and almost went with the Mazique culture , but decided on the less historically involved sites name . It is ancestral to the Plaquemine culture . The Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument . Hohokam culture : The Hohokam was a culture centered along American Southwest . The early Hohokam founded a series of small villages along the middle Gila River . They raised corn , squash and beans . The communities were located near good arable land , with dry farming common in the earlier years of this period . They were known for their pottery , using the paddle - and - anvil technique . The Classical period of the culture saw the rise in architecture and ceramics . Buildings were grouped into walled compounds , as well as earthen platform mounds . Platform mounds were built along river as well as irrigation canal systems , suggesting these sites were administrative centers allocating water and coordinating canal labor . Polychrome pottery appeared , and inhumation burial replaced cremation . Trade included that of shells and other exotics . Social and climatic factors led to a decline and abandonment of the area after 1400 A.D. Ancestral Puebloan archeological sites The Great Kiva of Chetro Ketl at the Chaco Culture National Historical Park , UNESCO World Heritage Site . Cliff Palace , Mesa Verde National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Taos Pueblo , a UNESCO World Heritage site , is an Ancient Pueblo belonging to a Native American tribe of Pueblo people , marking the cultural development in the region during the Pre-Columbian era . White House Ruins , Canyon de Chelly National Monument Ancestral Puebloan culture : The Ancestral Puebloan culture covered present - day Four Corners region of the United States , comprising southern Utah , northern Arizona , northwestern New Mexico , and southwestern Colorado . It is believed that the Ancestral Puebloans developed , at least in part , from the Oshara Tradition , who developed from the Picosa culture . They lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses , larger clan type structures , grand pueblos , and cliff sited dwellings . The Ancestral Puebloans possessed a complex network that stretched across the Colorado Plateau linking hundreds of communities and population centers . The culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings built along cliff walls , particularly during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III eras . Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos : Mesa Verde National Park , Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Taos Pueblo . The best - preserved examples of the stone dwellings are in National Parks , examples being , Navajo National Monument , Chaco Culture National Historical Park , Mesa Verde National Park , Canyons of the Ancients National Monument , Aztec Ruins National Monument , Bandelier National Monument , Hovenweep National Monument , and Canyon de Chelly National Monument . Mississippian culture Monks Mound of Cahokia ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) in summer . The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs . An artistic recreation of The Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture as it may have looked at its peak 1050 -- 1400 CE . Engraved stone palette from Moundville , illustrating two horned rattlesnakes , perhaps referring to The Great Serpent of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex . A human head effigy pot from the Nodena Site . Mississippian culture : The Mississippian culture which extended throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and built sites throughout the Southeast , created the largest earthworks in North America north of Mexico , most notably at Cahokia , on a tributary of the Mississippi River in present - day Illinois . The ten - story Monks Mound at Cahokia has a larger circumference than the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid of Egypt . The 6 square miles ( 16 km ) city complex was based on the culture 's cosmology ; it included more than 100 mounds , positioned to support their sophisticated knowledge of astronomy , and built with knowledge of varying soil types . The society began building at this site about 950 CE , and reached its peak population in 1,250 CE of 20,000 -- 30,000 people , which was not equalled by any city in the present - day United States until after 1800 . Cahokia was a major regional chiefdom , with trade and tributary chiefdoms located in a range of areas from bordering the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico . Kincaid c. 1050 -- 1400 AD , is one of the largest settlements of the Mississippian culture , it was located at the southern tip of present - day U.S. state of Illinois . Kincaid Mounds has been notable for both its significant role in native North American prehistory and for the central role the site has played in the development of modern archaeological techniques . The site had at least 11 substructure platform mounds ( ranking fifth for mound - culture pyramids ) . Artifacts from the settlement link its major habitation and the construction of the mounds to the Mississippian period , but it was also occupied earlier during the Woodland period . The Mississippian culture developed the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex , the name which archeologists have given to the regional stylistic similarity of artifacts , iconography , ceremonies and mythology . The rise of the complex culture was based on the people 's adoption of maize agriculture , development of greater population densities , and chiefdom - level complex social organization from 1200 CE to 1650 CE . The Mississippian pottery are some of the finest and most widely spread ceramics north of Mexico . Cahokian pottery was especially fine , with smooth surfaces , very thin walls and distinctive tempering , slips and coloring . Map of the Five Nations of the Iroquois ( from the Darlington Collection ) . Iroquois Culture : The Iroquois League of Nations or `` People of the Long House '' , based in present - day upstate and western New York , had a confederacy model from the mid-15th century . It has been suggested that their culture contributed to political thinking during the development of the later United States government . Their system of affiliation was a kind of federation , different from the strong , centralized European monarchies . Leadership was restricted to a group of 50 sachem chiefs , each representing one clan within a tribe . The Oneida and Mohawk people had nine seats each ; the Onondagas held fourteen ; the Cayuga had ten seats ; and the Seneca had eight . Representation was not based on population numbers , as the Seneca tribe greatly outnumbered the others . When a sachem chief died , his successor was chosen by the senior woman of his tribe in consultation with other female members of the clan ; property and hereditary leadership were passed matrilineally . Decisions were not made through voting but through consensus decision making , with each sachem chief holding theoretical veto power . The Onondaga were the `` firekeepers '' , responsible for raising topics to be discussed . They occupied one side of a three - sided fire ( the Mohawk and Seneca sat on one side of the fire , the Oneida and Cayuga sat on the third side . ) Elizabeth Tooker , an anthropologist , has said that it was unlikely the U.S. founding fathers were inspired by the confederacy , as it bears little resemblance to the system of governance adopted in the United States . For example , it is based on inherited rather than elected leadership , selected by female members of the tribes , consensus decision - making regardless of population size of the tribes , and a single group capable of bringing matters before the legislative body . Long - distance trading did not prevent warfare and displacement among the indigenous peoples , and their oral histories tell of numerous migrations to the historic territories where Europeans encountered them . The Iroquois invaded and attacked tribes in the Ohio River area of present - day Kentucky and claimed the hunting grounds . Historians have placed these events as occurring as early as the 13th century , or in the 17th - century Beaver Wars . Through warfare , the Iroquois drove several tribes to migrate west to what became known as their historically traditional lands west of the Mississippi River . Tribes originating in the Ohio Valley who moved west included the Osage , Kaw , Ponca and Omaha people . By the mid-17th century , they had resettled in their historical lands in present - day Kansas , Nebraska , Arkansas and Oklahoma . The Osage warred with Caddo - speaking Native Americans , displacing them in turn by the mid-18th century and dominating their new historical territories . Native development in Hawaii ( edit ) Kamehameha I , founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Main article : History of Hawaii Native development in Hawaii begins with the settlement of Polynesians between the 1st and 10th centuries . Around 1200 AD Tahitian explorers found and began settling the area as well . This became the rise of the Hawaiian civilization and would be separated from the rest of the world for another 500 years until the arrival of the British . Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 . Within five years of contact , European military technology would help Kamehameha I conquer most of the people , and eventually unify the islands for the first time ; establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii . Colonial period ( edit ) Main article : Colonial history of the United States European territorial claims in North America , c. 1750 France Great Britain Spain After a period of exploration sponsored by major European nations , the first successful English settlement was established in 1607 . Europeans brought horses , cattle , and hogs to the Americas and , in turn , took back to Europe maize , turkeys , potatoes , tobacco , beans , and squash . Many explorers and early settlers died after being exposed to new diseases in the Americas . The effects of new Eurasian diseases carried by the colonists , especially smallpox and measles , were much worse for the Native Americans , as they had no immunity to them . They suffered epidemics and died in very large numbers , usually before large - scale European settlement began . Their societies were disrupted and hollowed out by the scale of deaths . Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish colonization of the Americas , Dutch colonization of the Americas , and French colonization of the Americas Spanish explorers were the first Europeans with Christopher Columbus ' second expedition , to reach Puerto Rico on November 19 , 1493 ; others reached Florida in 1513 . Spanish expeditions quickly reached the Appalachian Mountains , the Mississippi River , the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains . In 1540 , Hernando de Soto undertook an extensive exploration of the Southeast . The Letter of Christopher Columbus on the Discovery of America to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain In 1540 , Francisco Vásquez de Coronado explored from Arizona to central Kansas . Small Spanish settlements eventually grew to become important cities , such as San Antonio , Texas ; Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Tucson , Arizona ; Los Angeles , California ; and San Francisco , California . New Netherland was a 17th - century Dutch colony centered on present - day New York City and the Hudson River Valley ; the Dutch traded furs with the Native Americans to the north . The colony served as a barrier to expansion from New England . Despite being Calvinists and building the Reformed Church in America , the Dutch were tolerant of other religions and cultures . The colony , which was taken over by Britain in 1664 , left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life . This includes secular broad - mindedness and mercantile pragmatism in the city as well as rural traditionalism in the countryside ( typified by the story of Rip Van Winkle ) . Notable Americans of Dutch descent include Martin Van Buren , Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Eleanor Roosevelt and the Frelinghuysens . New France was the area colonized by France from 1534 to 1763 . There were few permanent settlers outside Quebec and Acadia , but the French had far - reaching trading relationships with Native Americans throughout the Great Lakes and Midwest . French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were based in farming communities that served as a granary for Gulf Coast settlements . The French established plantations in Louisiana along with settling New Orleans , Mobile and Biloxi . The Wabanaki Confederacy were military allies of New France through the four French and Indian Wars while the British colonies were allied with the Iroquois Confederacy . During the French and Indian War -- the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War -- New England fought successfully against French Acadia . The British removed Acadians from Acadia ( Nova Scotia ) and replaced them with New England Planters . Eventually , some Acadians resettled in Louisiana , where they developed a distinctive rural Cajun culture that still exists . They became American citizens in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase . Other French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were absorbed when the Americans started arriving after 1770 , or settlers moved west to escape them . French influence and language in New Orleans , Louisiana and the Gulf Coast was more enduring ; New Orleans was notable for its large population of free people of color before the Civil War . British colonization ( edit ) Further information : British colonization of the Americas Excerpt of a Description of New England by English explorer John Smith , published in 1616 . The Mayflower , which transported Pilgrims to the New World . During the first winter at Plymouth , about half of the Pilgrims died . The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century along with much smaller numbers of Dutch and Swedes . Colonial America was defined by a severe labor shortage that employed forms of unfree labor such as slavery and indentured servitude and by a British policy of benign neglect ( salutary neglect ) . Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants . Salutary neglect permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders . Squanto known for having been an early liaison between the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower settlers , who made their settlement at the site of Squanto 's former summer village . The first successful English colony , Jamestown , was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia . Jamestown languished for decades until a new wave of settlers arrived in the late 17th century and established commercial agriculture based on tobacco . Between the late 1610s and the Revolution , the British shipped an estimated 50,000 to 120,000 convicts to their American colonies . A severe instance of conflict was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia in which Native Americans killed hundreds of English settlers . The largest conflicts between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century were King Philip 's War in New England and the Yamasee War in South Carolina . Jennie Augusta Brownscombe , The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth , 1914 , Pilgrim Hall Museum , Plymouth , Massachusetts New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans . The Pilgrims established a settlement in 1620 at Plymouth Colony , which was followed by the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 . The Middle Colonies , consisting of the present - day states of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Delaware , were characterized by a large degree of diversity . The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina , with Georgia Colony -- the last of the Thirteen Colonies -- established in 1733 . The Indian massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622 . Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies . The colonies were characterized by people primarily of the Judeo - Christian faiths , with many Congregationalists in New England , German and Dutch Reformed in the Middle Colonies , Catholics in Maryland , and Scots - Irish Presbyterians on the frontier . Sephardic Jews were among early settlers in cities of New England and the South . Many immigrants arrived as religious refugees : French Huguenots settled in New York , Virginia and the Carolinas . Many royal officials and merchants were Anglicans . Religiosity expanded greatly after the First Great Awakening , a religious revival in the 1740s led by preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield . American Evangelicals affected by the Awakening added a new emphasis on divine outpourings of the Holy Spirit and conversions that implanted within new believers an intense love for God . Revivals encapsulated those hallmarks and carried the newly created evangelicalism into the early republic , setting the stage for the Second Great Awakening beginning in the late 1790s . In the early stages , evangelicals in the South such as Methodists and Baptists preached for religious freedom and abolition of slavery ; they converted many slaves and recognized some as preachers . John Gadsby Chapman , The Baptism of Pocahontas ( 1840 ) . A copy is on display in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol . Each of the 13 American colonies had a slightly different governmental structure . Typically , a colony was ruled by a governor appointed from London who controlled the executive administration and relied upon a locally elected legislature to vote taxes and make laws . By the 18th century , the American colonies were growing very rapidly as a result of low death rates along with ample supplies of land and food . The colonies were richer than most parts of Britain , and attracted a steady flow of immigrants , especially teenagers who arrived as indentured servants . The tobacco and rice plantations imported African slaves for labor from the British colonies in the West Indies , and by the 1770s African slaves comprised a fifth of the American population . The question of independence from Britain did not arise as long as the colonies needed British military support against the French and Spanish powers . Those threats were gone by 1765 . London regarded the American colonies as existing for the benefit of the mother country . This policy is known as mercantilism . 18th century ( edit ) Map of the British and French settlements in North America in 1750 , before the French and Indian War An upper - class , with wealth based on large plantations operated by slave labor , and holding significant political power and even control over the churches , emerged in South Carolina and Virginia . A unique class system operated in upstate New York , where Dutch tenant farmers rented land from very wealthy Dutch proprietors , such as the Rensselaer family . The other colonies were more equalitarian , with Pennsylvania being representative . By the mid-18th century Pennsylvania was basically a middle - class colony with limited deference to its small upper - class . A writer in the Pennsylvania Journal in 1756 summed it up : The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort , and at present pretty much upon a Level . They are chiefly industrious Farmers , Artificers or Men in Trade ; they enjoy in are fond of Freedom , and the meanest among them thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest . Political integration and autonomy ( edit ) Join , or Die : This 1756 political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin urged the colonies to join together during the French and Indian War . The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) was a watershed event in the political development of the colonies . It was also part of the larger Seven Years ' War . The influence of the main rivals of the British Crown in the colonies and Canada , the French and North American Indians , was significantly reduced with the territory of the Thirteen Colonies expanding into New France both in Canada and the Louisiana Territory . Moreover , the war effort resulted in greater political integration of the colonies , as reflected in the Albany Congress and symbolized by Benjamin Franklin 's call for the colonies to `` Join or Die '' . Franklin was a man of many inventions -- one of which was the concept of a United States of America , which emerged after 1765 and was realized in July 1776 . Following Britain 's acquisition of French territory in North America , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 with the goal of organizing the new North American empire and protecting the native Indians from colonial expansion into western lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains . In ensuing years , strains developed in the relations between the colonists and the Crown . The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765 , imposing a tax on the colonies without going through the colonial legislatures . The issue was drawn : did Parliament have this right to tax Americans who were not represented in it ? Crying `` No taxation without representation '' , the colonists refused to pay the taxes as tensions escalated in the late 1760s and early 1770s . An 1846 painting of the 1773 Boston Tea Party . The population density in the American Colonies in 1775 . The Boston Tea Party in 1773 was a direct action by activists in the town of Boston to protest against the new tax on tea . Parliament quickly responded the next year with the Coercive Acts , stripping Massachusetts of its historic right of self - government and putting it under army rule , which sparked outrage and resistance in all thirteen colonies . Patriot leaders from all 13 colonies convened the First Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance to the Coercive Acts . The Congress called for a boycott of British trade , published a list of rights and grievances , and petitioned the king for redress of those grievances . The appeal to the Crown had no effect , and so the Second Continental Congress was convened in 1775 to organize the defense of the colonies against the British Army . Ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were deliberately violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the arrival in Boston of the British Army to punish the Bostonians . This heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . The American Revolutionary War began at Concord and Lexington in April 1775 when the British tried to seize ammunition supplies and arrest the Patriot leaders . In terms of political values , the Americans were largely united on a concept called Republicanism , that rejected aristocracy and emphasized civic duty and a fear of corruption . For the Founding Fathers , according to one team of historians , `` republicanism represented more than a particular form of government . It was a way of life , a core ideology , an uncompromising commitment to liberty , and a total rejection of aristocracy . '' American Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution and History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) See also : Commemoration of the American Revolution Reading of The Declaration of Independence originally written by Thomas Jefferson , presented on July 4th 1776 . Washington 's surprise crossing of the Delaware River in December 1776 was a major comeback after the loss of New York City ; his army defeated the British in two battles and recaptured New Jersey . The Thirteen Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776 as the United States of America . In the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) the Americans captured the British invasion army at Saratoga in 1777 , secured the Northeast and encouraged the French to make a military alliance with the United States . France brought in Spain and the Netherlands , thus balancing the military and naval forces on each side as Britain had no allies . General George Washington ( 1732 -- 99 ) proved an excellent organizer and administrator who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors , selecting and mentoring his senior officers , supporting and training his troops , and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army . His biggest challenge was logistics , since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment , munitions , clothing , paychecks , or even the food supply of the soldiers . As a battlefield tactician , Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts . As a strategist , however , he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did . The British sent four invasion armies . Washington 's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776 , and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga ( 1777 ) and Yorktown ( 1781 ) . He limited the British control to New York City and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence The Loyalists , whom the British counted upon too heavily , comprised about 20 % of the population but never were well organized . As the war ended , Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783 , taking the Loyalist leadership with them . Washington astonished the world when , instead of seizing power for himself , he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia . Political scientist Seymour Martin Lipset observes , `` The United States was the first major colony successfully to revolt against colonial rule . In this sense , it was the first ' new nation ' . '' On July 2 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress , meeting in Philadelphia , declared the independence of the colonies by adopting the resolution from Richard Henry Lee , that stated : That these United Colonies are , and of right out to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved ; that measures should be immediately taken for procuring the assistance of foreign powers , and a Confederation be formed to bind the colonies more closely together . On July 4 , 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence and this date is celebrated as the nation 's birthday . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . On September 9 , 1776 , Congress officially changed the nation 's name to the United States of America . Until this point , the nation was known as the `` United Colonies of America '' The new nation was founded on Enlightenment ideals of liberalism in what Thomas Jefferson called the unalienable rights to `` life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness '' , and dedicated strongly to republican principles . Republicanism emphasized the people are sovereign ( not hereditary kings ) , demanded civic duty , feared corruption , and rejected any aristocracy . Early years of the Republic ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) See also : First Party System and Second Party System Confederation and Constitution ( edit ) Reading of the United States Constitution of 1787 Further information : Articles of Confederation and History of the United States Constitution Economic growth in America per capita income . Index with 1700 set as 100 . In the 1780s the national government was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress and became territories . With the migration of settlers to the Northwest , soon they became states . Nationalists worried that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Nationalists -- most of them war veterans -- organized in every state and convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . The delegates from every state wrote a new Constitution that created a much more powerful and efficient central government , one with a strong president , and powers of taxation . The new government reflected the prevailing republican ideals of guarantees of individual liberty and of constraining the power of government through a system of separation of powers . The Congress was given authority to ban the international slave trade after 20 years ( which it did in 1807 ) . A compromise gave the South Congressional apportionment out of proportion to its free population by allowing it to include three - fifths of the number of slaves in each state 's total population . This provision increased the political power of southern representatives in Congress , especially as slavery was extended into the Deep South through removal of Native Americans and transportation of slaves by an extensive domestic trade . To assuage the Anti-Federalists who feared a too - powerful national government , the nation adopted the United States Bill of Rights in 1791 . Comprising the first ten amendments of the Constitution , it guaranteed individual liberties such as freedom of speech and religious practice , jury trials , and stated that citizens and states had reserved rights ( which were not specified ) . President George Washington ( edit ) George Washington legacy remains among the two or three greatest in American history , as Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , hero of the Revolution , and the first President of the United States . Reading of the Farewell address of President George Washington , 1796 George Washington -- a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War , commander - in - chief of the Continental Army , and president of the Constitutional Convention -- became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution in 1789 . The national capital moved from New York to Philadelphia in 1790 and finally settled in Washington DC in 1800 . The major accomplishments of the Washington Administration were creating a strong national government that was recognized without question by all Americans . His government , following the vigorous leadership of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton , assumed the debts of the states ( the debt holders received federal bonds ) , created the Bank of the United States to stabilize the financial system , and set up a uniform system of tariffs ( taxes on imports ) and other taxes to pay off the debt and provide a financial infrastructure . To support his programs Hamilton created a new political party -- the first in the world based on voters -- the Federalist Party . Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed an opposition Republican Party ( usually called the Democratic - Republican Party by political scientists ) . Hamilton and Washington presented the country in 1794 with the Jay Treaty that reestablished good relations with Britain . The Jeffersonians vehemently protested , and the voters aligned behind one party or the other , thus setting up the First Party System . Depiction of election - day activities in Philadelphia by John Lewis Krimmel , 1815 Federalists promoted business , financial and commercial interests and wanted more trade with Britain . Republicans accused the Federalists of plans to establish a monarchy , turn the rich into a ruling class , and making the United States a pawn of the British . The treaty passed , but politics became intensely heated . The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 , when western settlers protested against a federal tax on liquor , was the first serious test of the federal government . Washington called out the state militia and personally led an army , as the insurgents melted away and the power of the national government was firmly established . Washington refused to serve more than two terms -- setting a precedent -- and in his famous farewell address , he extolled the benefits of federal government and importance of ethics and morality while warning against foreign alliances and the formation of political parties . John Adams , a Federalist , defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election . War loomed with France and the Federalists used the opportunity to try to silence the Republicans with the Alien and Sedition Acts , build up a large army with Hamilton at the head , and prepare for a French invasion . However , the Federalists became divided after Adams sent a successful peace mission to France that ended the Quasi-War of 1798 . Slavery ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the United States Slaves Waiting for Sale : Richmond , Virginia . Painted upon the sketch of 1853 During the first two decades after the Revolutionary War , there were dramatic changes in the status of slavery among the states and an increase in the number of freed blacks . Inspired by revolutionary ideals of the equality of men and influenced by their lesser economic reliance on slavery , northern states abolished slavery . States of the Upper South made manumission easier , resulting in an increase in the proportion of free blacks in the Upper South ( as a percentage of the total non-white population ) from less than one percent in 1792 to more than 10 percent by 1810 . By that date , a total of 13.5 percent of all blacks in the United States were free . After that date , with the demand for slaves on the rise because of the Deep South 's expanding cotton cultivation , the number of manumissions declined sharply ; and an internal U.S. slave trade became an important source of wealth for many planters and traders . In 1809 , president James Madison severed the US 's involvement with the Atlantic slave trade . 19th century ( edit ) Jeffersonian Republican Era ( edit ) Jefferson saw himself as a man of the frontier and a scientist ; he was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West . Jefferson 's major achievement as president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , which provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion west of the Mississippi River . Jefferson , a scientist himself , supported expeditions to explore and map the new domain , most notably the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Jefferson believed deeply in republicanism and argued it should be based on the independent yeoman farmer and planter ; he distrusted cities , factories and banks . He also distrusted the federal government and judges , and tried to weaken the judiciary . However he met his match in John Marshall , a Federalist from Virginia . Although the Constitution specified a Supreme Court , its functions were vague until Marshall , the Chief Justice ( 1801 -- 35 ) , defined them , especially the power to overturn acts of Congress or states that violated the Constitution , first enunciated in 1803 in Marbury v. Madison . War of 1812 ( edit ) Main article : War of 1812 Territorial expansion ; Louisiana Purchase in white . Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams for the presidency in the 1800 election . Americans were increasingly angry at the British violation of American ships ' neutral rights in order to hurt France , the impressment ( seizure ) of 10,000 American sailors needed by the Royal Navy to fight Napoleon , and British support for hostile Indians attacking American settlers in the Midwest . They may also have desired to annex all or part of British North America . Despite strong opposition from the Northeast , especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade with Britain , Congress declared war on June 18 , 1812 . Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with what would become one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . The war was frustrating for both sides . Both sides tried to invade the other and were repulsed . The American high command remained incompetent until the last year . The American militia proved ineffective because the soldiers were reluctant to leave home and efforts to invade Canada repeatedly failed . The British blockade ruined American commerce , bankrupted the Treasury , and further angered New Englanders , who smuggled supplies to Britain . The Americans under General William Henry Harrison finally gained naval control of Lake Erie and defeated the Indians under Tecumseh in Canada , while Andrew Jackson ended the Indian threat in the Southeast . The Indian threat to expansion into the Midwest was permanently ended . The British invaded and occupied much of Maine . The British raided and burned Washington , but were repelled at Baltimore in 1814 -- where the `` Star Spangled Banner '' was written to celebrate the American success . In upstate New York a major British invasion of New York State was turned back . Finally in early 1815 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a major British invasion at the Battle of New Orleans , making him the most famous war hero . With Napoleon ( apparently ) gone , the causes of the war had evaporated and both sides agreed to a peace that left the prewar boundaries intact . Americans claimed victory on February 18 , 1815 as news came almost simultaneously of Jackson 's victory of New Orleans and the peace treaty that left the prewar boundaries in place . Americans swelled with pride at success in the `` second war of independence '' ; the naysayers of the antiwar Federalist Party were put to shame and the party never recovered . The Indians were the big losers ; they never gained the independent nationhood Britain had promised and no longer posed a serious threat as settlers poured into the Midwest . Era of good feelings ( edit ) Main article : Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings As strong opponents of the war , the Federalists held the Hartford Convention in 1814 that hinted at disunion . National euphoria after the victory at New Orleans ruined the prestige of the Federalists and they no longer played a significant role as a political party . President Madison and most Republicans realized they were foolish to let the Bank of the United States close down , for its absence greatly hindered the financing of the war . So , with the assistance of foreign bankers , they chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . Settlers crossing the Plains of Nebraska . The Republicans also imposed tariffs designed to protect the infant industries that had been created when Britain was blockading the U.S. With the collapse of the Federalists as a party , the adoption of many Federalist principles by the Republicans , and the systematic policy of President James Monroe in his two terms ( 1817 -- 25 ) to downplay partisanship , the nation entered an Era of Good Feelings , with far less partisanship than before ( or after ) , and closed out the First Party System . The Monroe Doctrine , expressed in 1823 , proclaimed the United States ' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas . This was a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States . The Monroe Doctrine was adopted in response to American and British fears over Russian and French expansion into the Western Hemisphere . In 1832 , President Andrew Jackson , 7th President of the United States , ran for a second term under the slogan `` Jackson and no bank '' and did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States of America , ending the Bank in 1836 . Jackson was convinced that central banking was used by the elite to take advantage of the average American , and instead implemented state banks , popularly known as `` pet banks . '' Indian removal ( edit ) Main article : Indian removal The Indian Removal Act resulted in the transplantation of several Native American tribes and the Trail of Tears . In 1830 , Congress passed the Indian Removal Act , which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Native American tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River . Its goal was primarily to remove Native Americans , including the Five Civilized Tribes , from the American Southeast ; they occupied land that settlers wanted . Jacksonian Democrats demanded the forcible removal of native populations who refused to acknowledge state laws to reservations in the West ; Whigs and religious leaders opposed the move as inhumane . Thousands of deaths resulted from the relocations , as seen in the Cherokee Trail of Tears . The Trail of Tears resulted in approximately 2,000 -- 8,000 of the 16,543 relocated Cherokee perished along the way . Many of the Seminole Indians in Florida refused to move west ; they fought the Army for years in the Seminole Wars . Second Party system ( edit ) Main articles : Second Party System and Presidency of Andrew Jackson Henry Clay After the First Party System of Federalists and Republicans withered away in the 1820s , the stage was set for the emergence of a new party system based on well organized local parties that appealed for the votes of ( almost ) all adult white men . The former Jeffersonian ( Democratic - Republican ) party split into factions . They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe , and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles , led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , became the Democratic Party . As Norton explains the transformation in 1828 : Jacksonians believed the people 's will had finally prevailed . Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties , political leaders , and newspaper editors , a popular movement had elected the president . The Democrats became the nation 's first well - organized national party ... and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth - century American politics . Opposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party . The Democratic Party had a small but decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s , when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery . Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats : Horace Greeley 's New York Tribune -- the leading Whig paper -- endorsed Clay for President and Fillmore for Governor , 1844 . The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society . They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty . The 1824 `` corrupt bargain '' had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power . They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special - interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich . They sought to restore the independence of the individual ( the `` common man , '' i.e. the artisan and the ordinary farmer ) by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency , which they distrusted . Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative , and Jackson 's political power was largely expressed in negative acts . He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined . Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement . Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government . But Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform mid the establishment of a public education system . They believed , for instance , that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools . Nor did Jackson share reformers ' humanitarian concerns . He had no sympathy for American Indians , initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears . Second Great Awakening ( edit ) Main article : Second Great Awakening A drawing of a Protestant camp meeting , 1829 . The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement that affected the entire nation during the early 19th century and led to rapid church growth . The movement began around 1790 , gained momentum by 1800 , and , after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations , whose preachers led the movement . It was past its peak by the 1840s . It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations . Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age . The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements -- including abolitionism and temperance designed to remove the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ . Abolitionism ( edit ) Main article : Abolitionism in the United States Officers and men of the Irish - Catholic 69th New York Volunteer Regiment attend Catholic services in 1861 . Recording of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave by Frederick Douglass , Chapter 7 After 1840 the abolitionist movement redefined itself as a crusade against the sin of slave ownership . It mobilized support ( especially among religious women in the Northeast affected by the Second Great Awakening ) . William Lloyd Garrison , a radical abolitionist , published the most influential of the many anti-slavery newspapers , The Liberator , while Frederick Douglass , an ex-slave , began writing for that newspaper around 1840 and started his own abolitionist newspaper North Star in 1847 . The great majority of anti-slavery activists , such as Abraham Lincoln , rejected Garrison 's theology and held that slavery was an unfortunate social evil , not a sin . Westward expansion and manifest Destiny ( edit ) Main article : American frontier The American colonies and the new nation grew rapidly in population and area , as pioneers pushed the frontier of settlement west . The process finally ended around 1890 -- 1912 as the last major farmlands and ranch lands were settled . Native American tribes in some places resisted militarily , but they were overwhelmed by settlers and the army and after 1830 were relocated to reservations in the west . The highly influential `` Frontier Thesis '' of Wisconsin historian Frederick Jackson Turner argues that the frontier shaped the national character , with its boldness , violence , innovation , individualism , and democracy . The California Gold Rush news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad . Recent historians have emphasized the multicultural nature of the frontier . Enormous popular attention in the media focuses on the `` Wild West '' of the second half of the 19th century . As defined by Hine and Faragher , `` frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities , the use of the land , the development of markets , and the formation of states '' . They explain , `` It is a tale of conquest , but also one of survival , persistence , and the merging of peoples and cultures that gave birth and continuing life to America . '' The first settlers in the west were the Spanish in New Mexico ; they became U.S. citizens in 1848 . The Hispanics in California ( `` Californios '' ) were overwhelmed by over 100,000 gold rush miners . California grew explosively . San Francisco by 1880 had become the economic hub of the entire Pacific Coast with a diverse population of a quarter million . From the early 1830s to 1869 , the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by over 300,000 settlers . ' 49ers ( in the California Gold Rush ) , ranchers , farmers , and entrepreneurs and their families headed to California , Oregon , and other points in the far west . Wagon - trains took five or six months on foot ; after 1869 , the trip took 6 days by rail . Manifest Destiny was the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent . This concept was born out of `` A sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven . '' Manifest Destiny was rejected by modernizers , especially the Whigs like Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln who wanted to build cities and factories -- not more farms . Democrats strongly favored expansion , and won the key election of 1844 . After a bitter debate in Congress the Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845 , leading to war with Mexico , who considered Texas to be a part of Mexico due to the large numbers of Mexican settlers . The American occupation of Mexico City in 1848 The Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) broke out with the Whigs opposed to the war , and the Democrats supporting the war . The U.S. army , using regulars and large numbers of volunteers , defeated the Mexican armies , invaded at several points , captured Mexico City and won decisively . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848 . Many Democrats wanted to annex all of Mexico , but that idea was rejected by southerners who argued that by incorporating millions of Mexican people , mainly of mixed race , would undermine the United States as an exclusively white republic . Instead the U.S. took Texas and the lightly settled northern parts ( California and New Mexico ) . The Hispanic residents were given full citizenship and the Mexican Indians became American Indians . Simultaneously , gold was discovered in California in 1849 , attracting over 100,000 men to northern California in a matter of months in the California Gold Rush . A peaceful compromise with Britain gave the U.S. ownership of the Oregon Country , which was renamed the Oregon Territory . Divisions between North and South ( edit ) Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) United States map , 1863 Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) The central issue after 1848 was the expansion of slavery , pitting the anti-slavery elements in the North , against the pro-slavery elements that dominated the South . A small number of active Northerners were abolitionists who declared that ownership of slaves was a sin ( in terms of Protestant theology ) and demanded its immediate abolition . Much larger numbers in the North were against the expansion of slavery , seeking to put it on the path to extinction so that America would be committed to free land ( as in low - cost farms owned and cultivated by a family ) , free labor , and free speech ( as opposed to censorship of abolitionist material in the South ) . Southern whites insisted that slavery was of economic , social , and cultural benefit to all whites ( and even to the slaves themselves ) , and denounced all anti-slavery spokesmen as `` abolitionists . '' Justifications of slavery included economics , history , religion , legality , social good , and even humanitarianism , to further their arguments . Defenders of slavery argued that the sudden end to the slave economy would have had a profound and killing economic impact in the South where reliance on slave labor was the foundation of their economy . They also argued that if all the slaves were freed , there would be widespread unemployment and chaos . Religious activists split on slavery , with the Methodists and Baptists dividing into northern and southern denominations . In the North , the Methodists , Congregationalists , and Quakers included many abolitionists , especially among women activists . ( The Catholic , Episcopal and Lutheran denominations largely ignored the slavery issue . ) The issue of slavery in the new territories was seemingly settled by the Compromise of 1850 , brokered by Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas ; the Compromise included the admission of California as a free state in exchange for no federal restrictions on slavery placed on Utah or New Mexico . The point of contention was the Fugitive Slave Act , which increased federal enforcement and required even free states to cooperate in turning over fugitive slaves to their owners . Abolitionists pounced on the Act to attack slavery , as in the best - selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe . The Compromise of 1820 was repealed in 1854 with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , promoted by Senator Douglas in the name of `` popular sovereignty '' and democracy . It permitted voters to decide on the legality slavery in each territory , and allowed Douglas to adopt neutrality on the issue of slavery . Anti-slavery forces rose in anger and alarm , forming the new Republican Party . Pro - and anti - contingents rushed to Kansas to vote slavery up or down , resulting in a miniature civil war called Bleeding Kansas . By the late 1850s , the young Republican Party dominated nearly all northern states and thus the electoral college . It insisted that slavery would never be allowed to expand ( and thus would slowly die out ) . The Southern slavery - based societies had become wealthy based on their cotton and other agricultural commodity production , and some particularly profited from the internal slave trade . Northern cities such as Boston and New York , and regional industries , were tied economically to slavery by banking , shipping , and manufacturing , including textile mills . By 1860 , there were four million slaves in the South , nearly eight times as many as there were nationwide in 1790 . The plantations were highly profitable , due to the heavy European demand for raw cotton . Most of the profits were invested in new lands and in purchasing more slaves ( largely drawn from the declining tobacco regions ) . The United States , immediately before the Civil War . All of the lands east of , or bordering , the Mississippi River were organized as states in the Union , but the West was still largely unsettled . For 50 of the nation 's first 72 years , a slaveholder served as President of the United States and , during that period , only slaveholding presidents were re-elected to second terms . In addition , southern states benefited by their increased apportionment in Congress due to the partial counting of slaves in their populations . Slave rebellions , by Gabriel Prosser ( 1800 ) , Denmark Vesey ( 1822 ) , Nat Turner ( 1831 ) , and most famously by John Brown ( 1859 ) , caused fear in the white South , which imposed stricter oversight of slaves and reduced the rights of free blacks . The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required the states to cooperate with slave owners when attempting to recover escaped slaves , which outraged Northerners . Formerly , an escaped slave that reached a non-slave state was presumed to have attained sanctuary and freedom under the Missouri Compromise . The Supreme Court 's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional ; angry Republicans said this decision threatened to make slavery a national institution . After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election , seven Southern states seceded from the union and set up a new nation , the Confederate States of America ( Confederacy ) , on February 8 , 1861 . It attacked Fort Sumter , a U.S. Army fort in South Carolina , thus igniting the war . When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the Confederacy in April 1861 , four more states seceded and joined the Confederacy . A few of the ( northernmost ) `` slave states '' did not secede and became known as the border states ; these were Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri . During the war , the northwestern portion of Virginia seceded from the Confederacy . and became the new Union state of West Virginia . West Virginia is usually associated with the border states . Civil War ( edit ) Main article : American Civil War The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war . The ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union . The Civil War began on April 12 , 1861 , when elements of 100,000 Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina . In response to the attack , on April 15 , Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts , protect the capital , and `` preserve the Union '' , which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states . The two armies had their first major clash at the First Battle of Bull Run ( Battle of Manassas ) , ending in a Union defeat , but , more importantly , proved to both the Union and Confederacy that the war would be much longer and bloodier than originally anticipated . Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton and Major General John Alexander McClernand at the Battle of Antietam . The war soon divided into two theaters : Eastern and Western . In the western theater , the Union was relatively successful , with major battles , such as Perryville and Shiloh along with Union gunboat dominance of navigable rivers producing strategic Union victories and destroying major Confederate operations . Warfare in the Eastern theater began poorly for the Union as the Confederates won at Manassas Junction ( Bull Run ) , just outside Washington . Major General George B. McClellan was put in charge of the Union armies . After reorganizing the new Army of the Potomac , McClellan failed to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia in his Peninsula Campaign and retreated after attacks from newly appointed Confederate General Robert E. Lee . Meanwhile , both sides concentrated in 1861 -- 62 on raising and training new armies . The main action was Union success in controlling the border states , with Confederates largely driven out of Maryland , West Virginia ( a new state ) , Kentucky and Missouri . The autumn 1862 Confederate campaign into Maryland was designed to hurt Union morale and win European support . It ended with Confederate retreat at the Battle of Antietam , and Lincoln 's warning he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863 if the states did not return . Making slavery a central war goal Energized Republicans in the North , as well as their enemies , the anti-war Copperhead Democrats . It ended the risk of British and French intervention . Lee 's smaller army won at the Battle of Fredericksburg late in 1862 , causing yet another change in commanders . Lee won again at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 , while losing his top aide , Stonewall Jackson . But Lee pushed too hard and ignored the Union threat in the west . Lee invaded Pennsylvania in search of supplies and to cause war - weariness in the North . In perhaps the turning point of the war , Lee 's army was badly beaten at the Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , and barely made it back to Virginia . On the homefront , industrial expansion in the North expanded dramatically , using its extensive railroad service , and moving industrial workers into munitions factories . Foreign trade increased , with the United States providing both food and cotton to Britain , And Britain sending in manufactured products and thousands of volunteers for the Union Army ( plus a few to the Confederates ) . The British operated blockade runners bringing in food , luxury items and munitions to the Confederacy , bringing out tobacco and cotton . The Union blockade increasingly shut down Confederate ports , and by late 1864 the blockade runners Were usually captured before they could make more than handful of runs . Modern recording of Gettysburg Address originally spoken by U.S President Abraham Lincoln The Battle of Franklin , November 30 , 1864 . In the West , on July 4 , 1863 , Union forces under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant gained control of the Mississippi River at the Battle of Vicksburg , thereby splitting the Confederacy . Lincoln made General Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant put General William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of the Western armies . In 1864 , Sherman marched south from Chattanooga to capture Atlanta , a decisive victory that ended war jitters among Republicans in the North who feared they might fail to reelect Lincoln in 1864 . Lincoln won a landslide . The last two years of the war were bloody for both sides , With Sherman marching almost unopposed through central and eastern Georgia , then moving up through South Carolina and North Carolina , burning cities , destroying plantations , ruining railroads and bridges , but avoiding civilian casualties . Sherman demonstrated that the South line the long - term ability to resist a northern invasion . Much of the heartland of the Confederacy was physically destroyed , and could no longer provide desperately needed food , horses , mules , wagons , boots or munitions to its combat armies . In spring 1864 Grant , realizing that Lee was unable to replenishes casualties , while Lincoln would provide replacements for Union losses , launched a war of attrition against Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . This war of attrition was divided into three main campaigns . The first of these , the Overland Campaign forced Lee to retreat into the city of Petersburg where Grant launched his second major offensive , the Richmond - Petersburg Campaign in which he besieged Petersburg . After a near ten - month siege , Petersburg surrendered . However , the defense of Fort Gregg allowed Lee to move his army out of Petersburg . Grant pursued and launched the final , Appomattox Campaign which resulted in Lee surrendering his Army of Northern Virginia numbering 28,000 on April 9 , 1865 , at Appomattox Court House . Other Confederate armies followed suit and the war ended with no postwar insurgency . The American Civil War was the world 's earliest industrial war . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history , resulting in the deaths of about 750,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties . About ten percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 died . Its legacy includes ending slavery in the United States , restoring the Union , and strengthening the role of the federal government . According to historian Allan Nevins the Civil War had a major long - term impact on the United States in terms of developing its leadership potential and moving the entire nation beyond the adolescent stage : The fighting and its attendant demands upon industry , finance , medicine , and law also helped train a host of leaders who during the next 35 years , to 1900 , made their influence powerfully felt on most of the social , economic , and cultural fronts . It broke down barriers of parochialism ; it ended distrust of large - scale effort ; it hardened and matured the whole people emotionally . The adolescent land of the 1850s ... rose under the blows of battle to adult estate . The nation of the post-Appomattox generation , though sadly hurt ( especially in the South ) by war losses , and deeply scarred psychologically ( especially in the North ) by war hatreds and greeds , had at last the power , resolution , and self - trust of manhood . Emancipation ( edit ) See also : Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln by Francis Bicknell Carpenter ( People in the image are clickable . ) Modern reading of President Abraham Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 giving freedom to all African Americans who resided within the Confederacy but not those within the Union . The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1 , 1863 . In a single stroke it changed the legal status , as recognized by the U.S. government , of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from `` slave '' to `` free . '' It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government , by running away or through advances of federal troops , the slave became legally and actually free . The owners were never compensated . Plantation owners , realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system , sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army . By June 1865 , the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves . Large numbers moved into camps run by the Freedmen 's Bureau , where they were given food , shelter , medical care , and arrangements for their employment were made . The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a large negative impact on the black population , with a large amount of sickness and death . Reconstruction Era ( edit ) Main article : Reconstruction Era See also : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 . Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 to the Compromise of 1877 . The major issues faced by Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves ( called `` Freedmen '' ) , the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels , the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states , the powers of the federal government needed to prevent a future civil war , and the question of whether Congress or the President would make the major decisions . The severe threats of starvation and displacement of the unemployed Freedmen were met by the first major federal relief agency , the Freedmen 's Bureau , operated by the Army . Three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' were passed to expand civil rights for black Americans : the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery ; the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal rights for all and citizenship for blacks ; the Fifteenth Amendment prevented race from being used to disfranchise men . Ex-Confederates remained in control of most Southern states for over two years , but changed when the Radical Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1866 elections . President Andrew Johnson , who sought easy terms for reunions with ex-rebels , was virtually powerless in the face of the Radical Republican Congress ; he was impeached , but the Senate 's attempt to remove him from office failed by one vote . Congress enfranchised black men and temporarily stripped many ex-Confederate leaders of the right to hold office . New Republican governments came to power based on a coalition of Freedmen made up of Carpetbaggers ( new arrivals from the North ) , and Scalawags ( native white Southerners ) . They were backed by the U.S. Army . Opponents said they were corrupt and violated the rights of whites . Atlanta 's railyard and roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War State by state they lost power to a conservative - Democratic coalition , which gained control of the entire South by 1877 . In response to Radical Reconstruction , the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) emerged in 1867 as a white - supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights and Republican rule . President Ulysses Grant 's vigorous enforcement of the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870 shut down the Klan , and it disbanded . Paramilitary groups , such as the White League and Red Shirts emerged about 1874 that worked openly to use intimidation and violence to suppress black voting to regain white political power in states across the South during the 1870s . Rable described them as the military arm of the Democratic Party . Reconstruction ended after the disputed 1876 election . The Compromise of 1877 gave Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes the White House in exchange for removing all remaining federal troops in the South . The federal government withdrew its troops from the South , and Southern Democrats took control of every Southern state . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states effectively disfranchised most black voters and many poor whites by making voter registration more difficult through poll taxes , literacy tests , and other arbitrary devices . They passed segregation laws and imposed second - class status on blacks in a system known as Jim Crow that lasted until the Civil Rights Movement . The West and the Gilded Age ( edit ) Main articles : Gilded Age and American Indian Wars § West of the Mississippi ( 1811 -- 1924 ) The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad ( 1869 ) at First Transcontinental Railroad , by Andrew J. Russell . The latter half of the nineteenth century was marked by the rapid development and settlement of the far West , first by wagon trains and riverboats and then aided by the completion of the transcontinental railroad . Large numbers of European immigrants ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) took up low - cost or free farms in the Prairie States . Mining for silver and copper opened up the Mountain West . The United States Army fought frequent small - scale wars with Native Americans as settlers encroached on their traditional lands . Gradually the U.S. purchased the Native American tribal lands and extinguished their claims , forcing most tribes onto subsidized reservations . According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) , from 1789 to 1894 : The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number . They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men , women and children , including those killed in individual combats , and the lives of about 30,000 Indians . The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ... Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry . The `` Gilded Age '' was a term that Mark Twain used to describe the period of the late 19th century with a dramatic expansion of American wealth and prosperity , underscored by the mass corruption in the government . Reforms of the Age included the Civil Service Act , which mandated a competitive examination for applicants for government jobs . Other important legislation included the Interstate Commerce Act , which ended railroads ' discrimination against small shippers , and the Sherman Antitrust Act , which outlawed monopolies in business . Twain believed that this age was corrupted by such elements as land speculators , scandalous politics , and unethical business practices . Since the days of Charles A. Beard and Matthew Josephson , some historians have argued that the United States was effectively plutocratic for at least part of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . As financiers and industrialists such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller began to amass vast fortunes , many U.S. observers were concerned that the nation was losing its pioneering egalitarian spirit . By 1890 American industrial production and per capita income exceeded those of all other world nations . In response to heavy debts and decreasing farm prices , wheat and cotton farmers joined the Populist Party . An unprecedented wave of immigration from Europe served to both provide the labor for American industry and create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas . From 1880 to 1914 , peak years of immigration , more than 22 million people migrated to the United States . Most were unskilled workers who quickly found jobs in mines , mills , factories . Many immigrants were craftsmen ( especially from Britain and Germany ) bringing human skills , and others were farmers ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) who purchased inexpensive land on the Prairies from railroads who sent agents to Europe . Poverty , growing inequality and dangerous working conditions , along with socialist and anarchist ideas diffusing from European immigrants , led to the rise of the labor movement , which often included violent strikes . Skilled workers banded together to control their crafts and raise wages by forming labor unions in industrial areas of the Northeast . Before the 1930s few factory workers joined the unions in the labor movement . Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor ( 1886 -- 1924 ) , coordinating multiple unions . Industrial growth was rapid , led by John D. Rockefeller in oil and Andrew Carnegie in steel ; both became leaders of philanthropy ( Gospel of Wealth ) , giving away their fortunes to create the modern system of hospitals , universities , libraries , and foundations . Mulberry Street , along which Manhattan 's Little Italy is centered . Lower East Side , circa 1900 . Almost 97 % of residents of the 10 largest American cities of 1900 were non-Hispanic whites . The Panic of 1893 broke out and was a severe nationwide depression impacting farmers , workers , and businessmen who saw prices , wages , and profits fall . Many railroads went bankrupt . The resultant political reaction fell on the Democratic Party , whose leader President Grover Cleveland shouldered much of the blame . Labor unrest involved numerous strikes , most notably the violent Pullman Strike of 1894 , which was shut down by federal troops under Cleveland 's orders . The Populist Party gained strength among cotton and wheat farmers , as well as coal miners , but was overtaken by the even more popular Free Silver movement , which demanded using silver to enlarge the money supply , leading to inflation that the silverites promised would end the depression . The financial , railroad , and business communities fought back hard , arguing that only the gold standard would save the economy . In the most intense election in the nation 's history , conservative Republican William McKinley defeated silverite William Jennings Bryan , who ran on the Democratic , Populist , and Silver Republican tickets . Bryan swept the South and West , but McKinley ran up landslides among the middle class , industrial workers , cities , and among upscale farmers in the Midwest . Prosperity returned under McKinley , the gold standard was enacted , and the tariff was raised . By 1900 the U.S. had the strongest economy on the globe . Apart from two short recessions ( in 1907 and 1920 ) the overall economy remained prosperous and growing until 1929 . Republicans , citing McKinley 's policies , took the credit . 20th century ( edit ) Progressive Era ( edit ) Main article : Progressive Era American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in a 1902 Puck cartoon . Dissatisfaction on the part of the growing middle class with the corruption and inefficiency of politics as usual , and the failure to deal with increasingly important urban and industrial problems , led to the dynamic Progressive Movement starting in the 1890s . In every major city and state , and at the national level as well , and in education , medicine , and industry , the progressives called for the modernization and reform of decrepit institutions , the elimination of corruption in politics , and the introduction of efficiency as a criterion for change . Leading politicians from both parties , most notably Theodore Roosevelt , Charles Evans Hughes , and Robert La Follette on the Republican side , and William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson on the Democratic side , took up the cause of progressive reform . Women became especially involved in demands for woman suffrage , prohibition , and better schools ; their most prominent leader was Jane Addams of Chicago , who created settlement houses . `` Muckraking '' journalists such as Upton Sinclair , Lincoln Steffens and Jacob Riis exposed corruption in business and government along with rampant inner city poverty . Progressives implemented anti-trust laws and regulated such industries of meat - packing , drugs , and railroads . Four new constitutional amendments -- the Sixteenth through Nineteenth -- resulted from progressive activism , bringing the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and woman suffrage . The Progressive Movement lasted through the 1920s ; the most active period was 1900 -- 18 . Imperialism ( edit ) Further information : American imperialism This cartoon reflects the view of Judge magazine regarding America 's imperial ambitions following a quick victory in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 . The American flag flies from the Philippines and Hawaii in the Pacific to Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean . The United States emerged as a world economic and military power after 1890 . The main episode was the Spanish -- American War , which began when Spain refused American demands to reform its oppressive policies in Cuba . The `` splendid little war '' , as one official called it , involved a series of quick American victories on land and at sea . At the Treaty of Paris peace conference the United States acquired the Philippines , Puerto Rico , and Guam . Cuba became an independent country , under close American tutelage . Although the war itself was widely popular , the peace terms proved controversial . William Jennings Bryan led his Democratic Party in opposition to control of the Philippines , which he denounced as imperialism unbecoming to American democracy . President William McKinley defended the acquisition and was riding high as the nation had returned to prosperity and felt triumphant in the war . McKinley easily defeated Bryan in a rematch in the 1900 presidential election . After defeating an insurrection by Filipino nationalists , the United States engaged in a large - scale program to modernize the economy of the Philippines and dramatically upgrade the public health facilities . By 1908 , however , Americans lost interest in an empire and turned their international attention to the Caribbean , especially the building of the Panama Canal . In 1912 when Arizona became the final mainland state , the American Frontier came to an end . The canal opened in 1914 and increased trade with Japan and the rest of the Far East . A key innovation was the Open Door Policy , whereby the imperial powers were given equal access to Chinese business , with not one of them allowed to take control of China . World War I ( edit ) Main articles : American entry into World War I and United States home front during World War I American Cemetery at Romagne - sous - Montfaucon As World War I raged in Europe from 1914 , President Woodrow Wilson took full control of foreign policy , declaring neutrality but warning Germany that resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against American ships supplying goods to Allied nations would mean war . Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off supplies to Britain through the sinking of ships such as the RMS Lusitania ; the U.S. declared war in April 1917 mainly from the threat of the Zimmermann telegram . American money , food , and munitions arrived quickly , but troops had to be drafted and trained ; by summer 1918 American soldiers under General John J. Pershing arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , while Germany was unable to replace its losses . The result was Allied victory in November 1918 . President Wilson demanded Germany depose the Kaiser and accept his terms in the famed Fourteen Points speech . Wilson dominated the 1919 Paris Peace Conference but Germany was treated harshly by the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) as Wilson put all his hopes in the new League of Nations . Wilson refused to compromise with Senate Republicans over the issue of Congressional power to declare war , and the Senate rejected the Treaty and the League . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Further information : Women 's suffrage in the United States Women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote in 1913 . The women 's suffrage movement began with the June 1848 National Convention of the Liberty Party . Presidential candidate Gerrit Smith argued for and established women 's suffrage as a party plank . One month later , his cousin Elizabeth Cady Stanton joined with Lucretia Mott and other women to organize the Seneca Falls Convention , featuring the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equal rights for women , and the right to vote . Many of these activists became politically aware during the abolitionist movement . The women 's rights campaign during `` first - wave feminism '' was led by Stanton , Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony , among many others . Stone and Paulina Wright Davis organized the prominent and influential National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850 . The movement reorganized after the Civil War , gaining experienced campaigners , many of whom had worked for prohibition in the Women 's Christian Temperance Union . By the end of the 19th century a few western states had granted women full voting rights , though women had made significant legal victories , gaining rights in areas such as property and child custody . Women 's suffragists parade in New York City in 1917 , carrying placards with signatures of more than a million women . Around 1912 the feminist movement began to reawaken , putting an emphasis on its demands for equality and arguing that the corruption of American politics demanded purification by women because men could not do that job . Protests became increasingly common as suffragette Alice Paul led parades through the capital and major cities . Paul split from the large National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) , which favored a more moderate approach and supported the Democratic Party and Woodrow Wilson , led by Carrie Chapman Catt , and formed the more militant National Woman 's Party . Suffragists were arrested during their `` Silent Sentinels '' pickets at the White House , the first time such a tactic was used , and were taken as political prisoners . Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt , Herbert H. Lehman , and the American Labor Party teach other women how to vote , 1936 . The old anti-suffragist argument that only men could fight a war , and therefore only men deserve the right to vote , was refuted by the enthusiastic participation of tens of thousands of American women on the home front in World War I. Across the world , grateful nations gave women the right to vote . Furthermore , most of the Western states had already given the women the right to vote in state and national elections , and the representatives from those states , including the first woman Jeannette Rankin of Montana , demonstrated that woman suffrage was a success . The main resistance came from the south , where white leaders were worried about the threat of black women voting . Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919 , and women could vote in 1920 . NAWSA became the League of Women Voters , and the National Woman 's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment , which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women 's movement in 1972 . Politicians responded to the new electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women , especially prohibition , child health , and world peace . The main surge of women voting came in 1928 , when the big - city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect Al Smith , a Catholic from New York City . Meanwhile , Protestants mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican Herbert Hoover . Roaring Twenties ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Further information : Roaring 20s and Causes of the Great Depression Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in Chicago , 1921 . In the 1920s the U.S. grew steadily in stature as an economic and military world power . The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles imposed by its Allies on the defeated Central Powers ; instead , the United States chose to pursue unilateralism . The aftershock of Russia 's October Revolution resulted in real fears of Communism in the United States , leading to a Red Scare and the deportation of aliens considered subversive . Money supply decreased a lot between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States . While public health facilities grew rapidly in the Progressive Era , and hospitals and medical schools were modernized , the nation in 1918 lost 675,000 lives to the Spanish flu pandemic . In 1920 , the manufacture , sale , import and export of alcohol were prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment , Prohibition . The result was that in cities illegal alcohol became a big business , largely controlled by racketeers . The second Ku Klux Klan grew rapidly in 1922 -- 25 , then collapsed . Immigration laws were passed to strictly limit the number of new entries . The 1920s were called the Roaring Twenties due to the great economic prosperity during this period . Jazz became popular among the younger generation , and thus the decade was also called the Jazz Age . Dorothea Lange 's Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California , centering on Florence Owens Thompson , a mother of seven , age 32 , in Nipomo , California , March 1936 . The Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) and the New Deal ( 1933 -- 36 ) were decisive moments in American political , economic , and social history that reshaped the nation . Great Depression and New Deal ( edit ) Main articles : Great Depression in the United States and New Deal During the 1920s , the nation enjoyed widespread prosperity , albeit with a weakness in agriculture . A financial bubble was fueled by an inflated stock market , which later led to the Stock Market Crash on October 29 , 1929 . This , along with many other economic factors , triggered a worldwide depression known as the Great Depression . During this time , the United States experienced deflation as prices fell , unemployment soared from 3 % in 1929 to 25 % in 1933 , farm prices fell by half , and manufacturing output plunged by one - third . President Franklin Roosevelt engaged in radio Fireside chats as means with regularly communicating with the public , this was innovative for the time . Outgoing president Herbert Hoover and Roosevelt on Inauguration Day , 1933 In 1932 , Democratic presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt promised `` a New Deal for the American people '' , coining the enduring label for his domestic policies . The result was a series of permanent reform programs including Relief for the unemployed , assistance for the elderly , jobs for young men , social security , unemployment insurance , public housing , bankruptcy insurance , farm subsidies , and regulation of financial securities . State governments added new programs as well , and introduced the sales tax to pay for them . Ideologically the revolution established modern liberalism in the United States and kept the Democrats in power in Washington almost continuously for Three decades thanks to the New Deal Coalition of ethnic Whites , Blacks , blue - collar workers , labor unions , and white Southerners . It provided relief to the long - term unemployed through numerous programs , such as the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) and for young men , the Civilian Conservation Corps . Large scale spending projects designed to provide private sector construction jobs and rebuild the infrastructure were under the purview of the Public Works Administration . The Second New Deal was a turn to the left in 1935 -- 36 , building up labor unions through the Wagner Act . Unions became a powerful element of the merging New Deal Coalition , which won reelection for Roosevelt in 1936 , 1940 , and 1944 by mobilizing union members , blue collar workers , relief recipients , big city machines , ethnic , and religious groups ( especially Catholics and Jews ) and the white South , along with blacks in the North ( where they could vote ) . Roosevelt seriously weakened his second term by a failed effort to pack the Supreme Court , which had been a center of conservative resistance to his programs . Most of the relief programs were dropped after 1938 in the 1940s when the conservatives regained power in Congress through the Conservative Coalition . Of special importance is the Social Security program , begun in 1935 . The economy basically recovered by 1936 , but had a sharp , short recession in 1937 - 38 ; long - term unemployment , however , remained a problem until it was solved by wartime spending . World War II ( edit ) Further information : World War II , Military history of the United States during World War II , and United States home front during World War II The Japanese crippled American naval power with the attack on Pearl Harbor , destroying many battleships . In the Depression years , the United States remained focused on domestic concerns while democracy declined across the world and many countries fell under the control of dictators . Imperial Japan asserted dominance in East Asia and in the Pacific . Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy militarized and threatened conquests , while Britain and France attempted appeasement to avert another war in Europe . U.S. legislation in the Neutrality Acts sought to avoid foreign conflicts ; however , policy clashed with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II . Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' , pledging full - scale financial and munitions support for the Allies -- but no military personnel . This was carried out through the Lend - Lease agreements . Japan tried to neutralize America 's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , which catalyzed American support to enter the war . The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money , industrial output , food , petroleum , technological innovation , and ( especially 1944 -- 45 ) , military personnel . Much of the focus in Washington was maximizing the economic output of the nation . The overall result was a dramatic increase in GDP , the export of vast quantities of supplies to the Allies and to American forces overseas , the end of unemployment , and a rise in civilian consumption even as 40 % of the GDP went to the war effort . This was achieved by tens of millions of workers moving from low - productivity occupations to high efficiency jobs , improvements in productivity through better technology and management , and the move into the active labor force of students , retired people , housewives , and the unemployed , and an increase in hours worked . President Roosevelt 's Infamy Speech in aftermath of Pearl Harbor Attack . Congress consequently declared war on the Empire of Japan . Into the Jaws of Death : The Normandy landings began the Allied march toward Germany from the west . It was exhausting ; leisure activities declined sharply . People tolerated the extra work because of patriotism , the pay , and the confidence that it was only `` for the duration '' , and life would return to normal as soon as the war was won . Most durable goods became unavailable , and meat , clothing , and gasoline were tightly rationed . In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up and lived in cramped quarters . Prices and wages were controlled , and Americans saved a high portion of their incomes , which led to renewed growth after the war instead of a return to depression . American corpses sprawled on the beach of Tarawa , November 1943 . The Allies -- the United States , Britain , and the Soviet Union , China , as well as Poland , Canada and other countries -- fought the Axis powers of Germany , Italy , and Japan . The Allies saw Germany as the main threat and gave highest priority to Europe . The U.S. dominated the war against Japan and stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific in 1942 . After losing Pearl Harbor and in the Philippines to the Japanese , and drawing the Battle of the Coral Sea ( May 1942 ) , the American Navy inflicted a decisive blow at Midway ( June 1942 ) . American ground forces assisted in the North African Campaign that eventually concluded with the collapse of Mussolini 's fascist government in 1943 , as Italy switched to the Allied side . A more significant European front was opened on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , in which American and Allied forces invaded Nazi - occupied France from Britain . On the home front , mobilization of the U.S. economy was managed by Roosevelt 's War Production Board . The wartime production boom led to full employment , wiping out this vestige of the Great Depression . Indeed , labor shortages encouraged industry to look for new sources of workers , finding new roles for women and blacks . A Japanese American unfurled this banner the day after the Pearl Harbor attack . This Dorothea Lange photograph was taken in March 1942 , just prior to the man 's internment . However , the fervor also inspired anti-Japanese sentiment , leading to internment of Japanese Americans . This was taken under the directive of President Roosevelt , who signed Executive Order 9066 . The terms of this executive order resulted in some 120,000 people of Japanese descent living in the US removed from their homes and placed in internment camps . Two - thirds of those interned were American citizens and half of them were children . Those who were as little as 1 / 16 Japanese and orphaned infants with `` one drop of Japanese blood '' were placed in internment camps . The US Supreme Court held the Japanese American internment camps to be constitutional in a 6 -- 3 decision in Korematsu v. United States Supreme Court case . The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon , which lead Oppenheimer to recall verses from the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita , notably being : `` I am become Death , the destroyer of worlds '' . Research and development took flight as well , best seen in the Manhattan Project , a secret effort to harness nuclear fission to produce highly destructive atomic bombs . From 1942 to 1946 , the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs . The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion - type bomb at the Trinity test , conducted at New Mexico 's Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945 . The Allies pushed the Germans out of France but faced an unexpected counterattack at the Battle of the Bulge in December . The final German effort failed , and , as Allied armies in East and West were converging on Berlin , the Nazis hurriedly tried to kill the last remaining Jews . The western front stopped short , leaving Berlin to the Soviets as the Nazi regime formally capitulated in May 1945 , ending the war in Europe . Over in the Pacific , the U.S. implemented an island hopping strategy toward Tokyo , establishing airfields for bombing runs against mainland Japan from the Mariana Islands and achieving hard - fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 . Bloodied at Okinawa , the U.S. prepared to invade Japan 's home islands when B - 29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , forcing the empire 's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II . The U.S. occupied Japan ( and part of Germany ) , sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines . During the war , Roosevelt coined the term `` Four Powers '' to refer four major Allies of World War II , the United States , the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and China , which later became the foundation of the United Nations Security Council . Excerpt of U.S President Harry Truman 's speech regarding the nuclear attack on Hiroshima , Japan. Captions provided Though the nation lost more than 400,000 military personnel , the mainland prospered untouched by the devastation of war that inflicted a heavy toll on Europe and Asia . Participation in postwar foreign affairs marked the end of predominant American isolationism . The awesome threat of nuclear weapons inspired both optimism and fear . Nuclear weapons were never used after 1945 , as both sides drew back from the brink and a `` long peace '' characterized the Cold War years , starting with the Truman Doctrine on May 22 , 1947 . There were , however , regional wars in Korea and Vietnam . The Cold War , Counterculture , and Civil rights ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and United States in the 1950s Cuban Missile Crisis a meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961 . President John F Kennedy Address on the Cuban Missile Crisis Following World War II , the United States emerged as one of the two dominant superpowers , the USSR being the other . The U.S. Senate on a bipartisan vote approved U.S. participation in the United Nations ( UN ) , which marked a turn away from the traditional isolationism of the U.S. and toward increased international involvement . The primary American goal of 1945 -- 48 was to rescue Europe from the devastation of World War II and to contain the expansion of Communism , represented by the Soviet Union . U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The U.S. joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam and toppled left - wing governments in the third world to try to stop its spread . The Truman Doctrine of 1947 provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to counteract the threat of Communist expansion in the Balkans . In 1948 , the United States replaced piecemeal financial aid programs with a comprehensive Marshall Plan , which pumped money into the economy of Western Europe , and removed trade barriers , while modernizing the managerial practices of businesses and governments . President Kennedy 's Civil Rights Address , June 11 , 1963 . The Plan 's $13 billion budget was in the context of a U.S. GDP of $258 billion in 1948 and was in addition to the $12 billion in American aid given to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Marshall Plan . Soviet head of state Joseph Stalin prevented his satellite states from participating , and from that point on , Eastern Europe , with inefficient centralized economies , fell further and further behind Western Europe in terms of economic development and prosperity . In 1949 , the United States , rejecting the long - standing policy of no military alliances in peacetime , formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) alliance , which continues into the 21st century . In response the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact of communist states , leading to the `` iron curtain '' . Sound of Apollo 11 and its landing on the Moon Apollo 11 In August 1949 the Soviets tested their first nuclear weapon , thereby escalating the risk of warfare . The threat of mutually assured destruction however , prevented both powers from nuclear war , and resulted in proxy wars , especially in Korea and Vietnam , in which the two sides did not directly confront each other . Within the United States , the Cold War prompted concerns about Communist influence . The unexpected leapfrogging of American technology by the Soviets in 1957 with Sputnik , the first Earth satellite , began the Space Race , won by the Americans as Apollo 11 landed astronauts on the moon in 1969 . The angst about the weaknesses of American education led to large - scale federal support for science education and research . In the decades after World War II , the United States became a global influence in economic , political , military , cultural , and technological affairs . Beginning in the 1950s , middle - class culture became obsessed with consumer goods . White Americans made up nearly 90 % of the population in 1950 . In 1960 , the charismatic politician John F. Kennedy was elected as the first and -- thus far -- only Roman Catholic President of the United States . The Kennedy family brought a new life and vigor to the atmosphere of the White House . His time in office was marked by such notable events as the acceleration of the United States ' role in the Space Race , escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War , the Cuban missile crisis , the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the jailing of Martin Luther King , Jr. during the Birmingham campaign , and the appointment of his brother Robert F. Kennedy to his Cabinet as Attorney General . Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas , on November 22 , 1963 , leaving the nation in profound shock . Climax of liberalism ( edit ) American soldiers during the Vietnam War , 1967 The climax of liberalism came in the mid-1960s with the success of President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) in securing congressional passage of his Great Society programs . They included civil rights , the end of segregation , Medicare , extension of welfare , federal aid to education at all levels , subsidies for the arts and humanities , environmental activism , and a series of programs designed to wipe out poverty . As recent historians have explained : Gradually , liberal intellectuals crafted a new vision for achieving economic and social justice . The liberalism of the early 1960s contained no hint of radicalism , little disposition to revive new deal era crusades against concentrated economic power , and no intention to redistribute wealth or restructure existing institutions . Internationally it was strongly anti-Communist . It aimed to defend the free world , to encourage economic growth at home , and to ensure that the resulting plenty was fairly distributed . Their agenda - much influenced by Keynesian economic theory - envisioned massive public expenditure that would speed economic growth , thus providing the public resources to fund larger welfare , housing , health , and educational programs . Johnson was rewarded with an electoral landslide in 1964 against conservative Barry Goldwater , which broke the decades - long control of Congress by the Conservative coalition . However , the Republicans bounced back in 1966 and elected Richard Nixon in 1968 . Nixon largely continued the New Deal and Great Society programs he inherited ; conservative reaction would come with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 . Meanwhile , the American people completed a great migration from farms into the cities and experienced a period of sustained economic expansion . Civil rights movement ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. ( right ) , with President Lyndon B. Johnson in the background ( left ) Starting in the late 1950s , institutionalized racism across the United States , but especially in the South , was increasingly challenged by the growing Civil Rights Movement . The activism of African - American leaders Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King , Jr. led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott , which launched the movement . For years African Americans would struggle with violence against them but would achieve great steps toward equality with Supreme Court decisions , including Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 , which ended the Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation between whites and blacks . President Lyndon Johnson 's speech on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Duncan West speaking with Cesar Chavez . The Delano UFW rally . Duncan represented the Teamsters who were supporting the UFW and condemning their IBT leadership for working as thugs against a fellow union . Duncan and his wife Mary were the branch organizers of the LA IS . Martin Luther King , Jr. , who had won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to achieve equality of the races , was assassinated in 1968 . Following his death others led the movement , most notably King 's widow , Coretta Scott King , who was also active , like her husband , in the Opposition to the Vietnam War , and in the Women 's Liberation Movement . There were 164 riots in 128 American cities in the first nine months of 1967 . Frustrations with the seemingly slow progress of the integration movement led to the emergence of more radical discourses during the early 1960s , which , in turn , gave rise to the Black Power movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s . The decade would ultimately bring about positive strides toward integration , especially in government service , sports , and entertainment . Native Americans turned to the federal courts to fight for their land rights . They held protests highlighting the federal government 's failure to honor treaties . One of the most outspoken Native American groups was the American Indian Movement ( AIM ) . In the 1960s , Cesar Chavez began organizing poorly paid Mexican - American farm workers in California . He led a five - year - long strike by grape pickers . Then Chávez formed the nation 's first successful union of farm workers . His United Farm Workers of America ( UFW ) faltered after a few years but after Chavez died in 1993 he became an iconic `` folk saint '' in the pantheon of Mexican Americans . The women 's movement ( edit ) Further information : Second - wave feminism Anti-Vietnam War demonstration , 1967 A new consciousness of the inequality of American women began sweeping the nation , starting with the 1963 publication of Betty Friedan 's best - seller , The Feminine Mystique , which explained how many housewives felt trapped and unfulfilled , assaulted American culture for its creation of the notion that women could only find fulfillment through their roles as wives , mothers , and keepers of the home , and argued that women were just as able as men to do every type of job . In 1966 Friedan and others established the National Organization for Women , or NOW , to act for women as the NAACP did for African Americans . Two hippies at Woodstock Protests began , and the new Women 's Liberation Movement grew in size and power , gained much media attention , and , by 1968 , had replaced the Civil Rights Movement as the U.S 's main social revolution . Marches , parades , rallies , boycotts , and pickets brought out thousands , sometimes millions . There were striking gains for women in medicine , law , and business , while only a few were elected to office . The Movement was split into factions by political ideology early on , however ( with NOW on the left , the Women 's Equity Action League ( WEAL ) on the right , the National Women 's Political Caucus ( NWPC ) in the center , and more radical groups formed by younger women on the far left ) . The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution , passed by Congress in 1972 was defeated by a conservative coalition mobilized by Phyllis Schlafly . They argued that it degraded the position of the housewife and made young women susceptible to the military draft . However , many federal laws ( i.e. , those equalizing pay , employment , education , employment opportunities , and credit ; ending pregnancy discrimination ; and requiring NASA , the Military Academies , and other organizations to admit women ) , state laws ( i.e. , those ending spousal abuse and marital rape ) , Supreme Court rulings ( i.e. ruling that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied to women ) , and state ERAs established women 's equal status under the law , and social custom and consciousness began to change , accepting women 's equality . The controversial issue of abortion , deemed by the Supreme Court as a fundamental right in Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , is still a point of debate today . The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War détente ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II shadows a Soviet Tu - 95 Bear D aircraft in the early 1970s U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie speaking at Fairmount Park , Philadelphia on Earth Day , 1970 Amid the Cold War , the United States entered the Vietnam War , whose growing unpopularity fed already existing social movements , including those among women , minorities , and young people . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society social programs and numerous rulings by the Warren Court added to the wide range of social reform during the 1960s and 1970s . Feminism and the environmental movement became political forces , and progress continued toward civil rights for all Americans . The Counterculture Revolution swept through the nation and much of the western world in the late sixties and early seventies , further dividing Americans in a `` culture war '' but also bringing forth more liberated social views . Johnson was succeeded in 1969 by Republican Richard Nixon , who attempted to gradually turn the war over to the South Vietnamese forces . He negotiated the peace treaty in 1973 which secured the release of POWs and led to the withdrawal of U.S. troops . The war had cost the lives of 58,000 American troops . Nixon manipulated the fierce distrust between the Soviet Union and China to the advantage of the United States , achieving détente ( relaxation ; ease of tension ) with both parties . Nixon departs The Watergate scandal , involving Nixon 's cover - up of his operatives ' break - in into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex destroyed his political base , sent many aides to prison , and forced Nixon 's resignation on August 9 , 1974 . He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford . The Fall of Saigon ended the Vietnam War and resulted in North and South Vietnam being reunited . Communist victories in neighboring Cambodia and Laos occurred in the same year . The OPEC oil embargo marked a long - term economic transition since , for the first time , energy prices skyrocketed , and American factories faced serious competition from foreign automobiles , clothing , electronics , and consumer goods . By the late 1970s the economy suffered an energy crisis , slow economic growth , high unemployment , and very high inflation coupled with high interest rates ( the term stagflation was coined ) . Since economists agreed on the wisdom of deregulation , many of the New Deal era regulations were ended , such as in transportation , banking , and telecommunications . Jimmy Carter , running as someone who was not a part of the Washington political establishment , was elected president in 1976 . On the world stage , Carter brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt . In 1979 , Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage , resulting in the Iran hostage crisis . With the hostage crisis and continuing stagflation , Carter lost the 1980 election to the Republican Ronald Reagan . On January 20 , 1981 , minutes after Carter 's term in office ended , the remaining U.S. captives held at the U.S. embassy in Iran were released , ending the 444 - day hostage crisis . Close of the 20th century ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate challenges Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall in 1987 , shortly before the end of the Cold War . President Regan 's Bradenburg Gate speech , famous for the phrase ' Tear down this wall ' Ronald Reagan produced a major realignment with his 1980 and 1984 landslide elections . Reagan 's economic policies ( dubbed `` Reaganomics '' ) and the implementation of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 lowered the top marginal tax rate from 70 % to 28 % over the course of seven years . Reagan continued to downsize government taxation and regulation . The U.S. experienced a recession in 1982 , but the negative indicators reversed , with the inflation rate decreasing from 11 % to 2 % , the unemployment rate decreasing from 10.8 % in December 1982 to 7.5 % in November 1984 , and the economic growth rate increasing from 4.5 % to 7.2 % . Reagan ordered a buildup of the U.S. military , incurring additional budget deficits . Reagan introduced a complicated missile defense system known as the Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) ( dubbed `` Star Wars '' by opponents ) in which , theoretically , the U.S. could shoot down missiles with laser systems in space . The Soviets reacted harshly because they thought it violated the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , and would upset the balance of power by giving the U.S. a major military advantage . For years Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev argued vehemently against SDI . However , by the late 1980s he decided the system would never work and should not be used to block disarmament deals with the U.S. Historians argue how great an impact the SDI threat had on the Soviets -- whether it was enough to force Gorbachev to initiate radical reforms , or whether the deterioration of the Soviet economy alone forced the reforms . There is agreement that the Soviets realized they were well behind the Americans in military technology , that to try to catch up would be very expensive , and that the military expenses were already a very heavy burden slowing down their economy . Reagan 's Invasion of Grenada and bombing of Libya were popular in the U.S , though his backing of the Contras rebels was mired in the controversy over the Iran -- Contra affair that revealed Reagan 's poor management style . Supreme Court Justice - nominee Sandra Day O'Connor talks with President Ronald Reagan outside the White House , July 15 , 1981 . Serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006 . She was the first woman to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Reagan met four times with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , who ascended to power in 1985 , and their summit conferences led to the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty . Gorbachev tried to save Communism in the Soviet Union first by ending the expensive arms race with America , then by shedding the East European empire in 1989 . The Soviet Union collapsed on Christmas Day 1991 , ending the U.S -- Soviet Cold War . Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty The United States emerged as the world 's sole remaining superpower and continued to intervene in international affairs during the 1990s , including the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq . Following his election in 1992 , President Bill Clinton oversaw one of the longest periods of economic expansion and unprecedented gains in securities values , a side effect of the digital revolution and new business opportunities created by the Internet . He also worked with the Republican Congress to pass the first balanced federal budget in 30 years . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of lying about a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky . He was acquitted by the Senate . The failure of impeachment and the Democratic gains in the 1998 election forced House Speaker Newt Gingrich , a Republican , to resign from Congress . Clinton , Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13 , 1993 . The Republican Party expanded its base throughout the South after 1968 ( excepting 1976 ) , largely due to its strength among socially conservative white Evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics , added to its traditional strength in the business community and suburbs . As white Democrats in the South lost dominance of the Democratic Party in the 1990s , the region took on the two - party apparatus which characterized most of the nation . The Republican Party 's central leader by 1980 was Ronald Reagan , whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation , lower taxes , and a strong anti-Soviet foreign policy . His iconic status in the party persists into the 21st century , as practically all Republican Party leaders acknowledge his stature . Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue , `` The Republican party , nationally , moved from right - center toward the center in 1940s and 1950s , then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s . '' They add : `` The Democratic party , nationally , moved from left - center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved further toward the right - center in the 1970s and 1980s . '' The presidential election in 2000 between George W. Bush and Al Gore was one of the closest in U.S. history and helped lay the seeds for political polarization to come . The vote in the decisive state of Florida was extremely close and produced a dramatic dispute over the counting of votes . The U.S. Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore ended the recount with a 5 -- 4 vote . That meant Bush , then in the lead , carried Florida and the election . Including 2000 , the Democrats outpolled the Republicans in the national vote in every election from 1992 to 2016 , except for 2004 . 21st century ( edit ) 9 / 11 and the War on Terror ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Further information : September 11 attacks and War on Terror The NASDAQ Composite index swelled with the dot - com bubble in the optimistic `` New Economy '' . The bubble burst in 2000 . On September 11 , 2001 ( `` 9 / 11 '' ) , the United States was struck by a terrorist attack when 19 al - Qaeda hijackers commandeered four airliners to be used in suicide attacks and intentionally crashed two into both twin towers of the World Trade Center and the third into the Pentagon , killing 2,937 victims -- 206 aboard the three airliners , 2,606 who were in the World Trade Center and on the ground , and 125 who were in the Pentagon . The fourth plane was re-taken by the passengers and crew of the aircraft . While they were not able to land the plane safely , they were able to re-take control of the aircraft and crash it into an empty field in Pennsylvania , killing all 44 people including the four terrorists on board , thereby saving whatever target the terrorists were aiming for . Within two hours , both Twin Towers of the World Trade Center completely collapsed causing massive damage to the surrounding area and blanketing Lower Manhattan in toxic dust clouds . All in all , a total of 2,977 victims perished in the attacks . In response , President George W. Bush on September 20 announced a `` War on Terror '' . On October 7 , 2001 , the United States and NATO then invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime , which had provided safe haven to al - Qaeda and its leader Osama bin Laden . President Bush 's address in reaction to the 9 / 11 attacks The former World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , built in its place The federal government established new domestic efforts to prevent future attacks . The controversial USA PATRIOT Act increased the government 's power to monitor communications and removed legal restrictions on information sharing between federal law enforcement and intelligence services . A cabinet - level agency called the Department of Homeland Security was created to lead and coordinate federal counter-terrorism activities . Some of these anti-terrorism efforts , particularly the U.S. government 's handling of detainees at the prison at Guantanamo Bay , led to allegations against the U.S. government of human rights violations . George W. Bush addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations on September 12 , 2002 to outline the complaints of the United States government against the Iraqi government . In 2003 , from March 19 to May 1 , the United States launched an invasion of Iraq , which led to the collapse of the Iraq government and the eventual capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein , with whom the U.S. had long - standing tense relations . The reasons for the invasion cited by the Bush administration included the spreading of democracy , the elimination of weapons of mass destruction ( a key demand of the UN as well , though later investigations found parts of the intelligence reports to be inaccurate ) , and the liberation of the Iraqi people . Despite some initial successes early in the invasion , the continued Iraq War fueled international protests and gradually saw domestic support decline as many people began to question whether or not the invasion was worth the cost . In 2007 , after years of violence by the Iraqi insurgency , President Bush deployed more troops in a strategy dubbed `` the surge '' . While the death toll decreased , the political stability of Iraq remained in doubt . Headquarters of the Lehman Brothers , who filed for bankruptcy in September 2008 at the height of the U.S. financial crisis . In 2008 , the unpopularity of President Bush and the Iraq war , along with the 2008 financial crisis , led to the election of Barack Obama , the first African - American President of the United States . After his election , Obama reluctantly continued the war effort in Iraq until August 31 , 2010 , when he declared that combat operations had ended . However , 50,000 American soldiers and military personnel were kept in Iraq to assist Iraqi forces , help protect withdrawing forces , and work on counter-terrorism until December 15 , 2011 , when the war was declared formally over and the last troops left the country . At the same time , Obama increased American involvement in Afghanistan , starting a surge strategy using an additional 30,000 troops , while proposing to begin withdrawing troops sometime in December 2014 . With regards to Guantanamo Bay , President Obama forbade torture but in general retained Bush 's policy regarding the Guantanamo detainees , while also proposing that the prison eventually be closed . In May 2011 , after nearly a decade in hiding , the founder and leader of Al Qaeda , Osama bin Laden , was killed in Pakistan in a raid conducted by U.S. naval special forces acting under President Obama 's direct orders . While Al Qaeda was near collapse in Afghanistan , affiliated organizations continued to operate in Yemen and other remote areas as the CIA used drones to hunt down and remove its leadership . The Boston Marathon Bombing was a bombing incident , followed by subsequent related shootings , that occurred when two pressure cooker bombs exploded during the Boston Marathon on April 15 , 2013 . The bombs exploded about 12 seconds and 210 yards ( 190 m ) apart at 2 : 49 pm EDT , near the marathon 's finish line on Boylston Street . They killed 3 people and injured an estimated 264 others . The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -- formerly known as Al - Qaeda in Iraq -- rose to prominence in September 2014 . In addition to taking control of much of Western Iraq and Eastern Syria , ISIS also beheaded three journalists , two American and one British . These events lead to a major military offensive by the United States and its allies in the region . On December 28 , 2014 , President Obama officially ended the combat mission in Afghanistan and promised a withdrawal of all remaining U.S. troops at the end of 2016 with the exception of the embassy guards . The Great recession ( edit ) Main article : Great Recession Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . In September 2008 , the United States , and most of Europe , entered the longest post -- World War II recession , often called the `` Great Recession . '' Multiple overlapping crises were involved , especially the housing market crisis , a subprime mortgage crisis , soaring oil prices , an automotive industry crisis , rising unemployment , and the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression . The financial crisis threatened the stability of the entire economy in September 2008 when Lehman Brothers failed and other giant banks were in grave danger . Starting in October the federal government lent $245 billion to financial institutions through the Troubled Asset Relief Program which was passed by bipartisan majorities and signed by Bush . Following his election victory by a wide electoral margin in November 2008 , Bush 's successor -- Barack Obama -- signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , which was a $787 billion economic stimulus aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening recession . Obama , like Bush , took steps to rescue the auto industry and prevent future economic meltdowns . These included a bailout of General Motors and Chrysler , putting ownership temporarily in the hands of the government , and the `` cash for clunkers '' program which temporarily boosted new car sales . First African American President Barack Obama 's inauguration speech , January 2009 The recession officially ended in June 2009 , and the economy slowly began to expand once again . The unemployment rate peaked at 10.1 % in October 2009 after surging from 4.7 % in November 2007 , and returned to 5.0 % as of October 2015 . However , overall economic growth has remained weaker in the 2010s compared to expansions in previous decades . Recent events ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington , September 12 , 2009 . From 2009 to 2010 , the 111th Congress passed major legislation such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , informally known as Obamacare , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act , which were signed into law by President Obama . Following the 2010 midterm elections , which resulted in a Republican - controlled House of Representatives and a Democratic - controlled Senate , Congress presided over a period of elevated gridlock and heated debates over whether or not to raise the debt ceiling , extend tax cuts for citizens making over $250,000 annually , and many other key issues . These ongoing debates led to President Obama signing the Budget Control Act of 2011 . In the Fall of 2012 , Mitt Romney challenged Barack Obama for the Presidency . Following Obama 's reelection in November 2012 , Congress passed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 -- which resulted in an increase in taxes primarily on those earning the most money . Congressional gridlock continued as Congressional Republicans ' call for the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act -- popularly known as `` Obamacare '' -- along with other various demands , resulted in the first government shutdown since the Clinton administration and almost led to the first default on U.S. debt since the 19th century . As a result of growing public frustration with both parties in Congress since the beginning of the decade , Congressional approval ratings fell to record lows , with only 11 % of Americans approving as of October 2013 . Other major events that have occurred during the 2010s include the rise of new political movements , such as the conservative Tea Party movement and the liberal Occupy movement . There was also unusually severe weather during the early part of the decade . In 2012 , over half the country experienced record drought and Hurricane Sandy caused massive damage to coastal areas of New York and New Jersey . On the morning of June 26 , 2015 outside the Supreme Court , the crowd reacts to the Court 's decision on Obergefell v. Hodges The ongoing debate over the issue of rights for the LGBT community , most notably that of same - sex marriage , began to shift in favor of same - sex couples , and has been reflected in dozens of polls released in the early part of the decade . In 2012 , President Obama became the first president to openly support same - sex marriage , and the 2013 Supreme Court decision in the case of United States v. Windsor provided for federal recognition of same - sex unions . In June 2015 , the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage nationally in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges . Political debate has continued over issues such as tax reform , immigration reform , income inequality and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East , particularly with regards to global terrorism , the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and an accompanying climate of Islamophobia . Trump signing Executive Order 13769 at the Pentagon as the Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of Defense James Mattis look on , January 27 , 2017 On November 8 , 2016 , Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump defeated Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton to become the President - elect of the United States . Trump 's election became mired in controversy after U.S. intelligence agencies concluded that associates of the Russian government interfered in the election `` to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process . '' This , along with questions about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials , led to the launch of investigations into the matter by the FBI , and the Senate and the House Intelligence Committees . Historical graph of political party control of the Senate and House of Representatives as well as the Presidency . See also ( edit ) American urban history Colonial history of the United States Economic history of the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of education in the United States History of United States foreign policy History of immigration to the United States History of religion in the United States History of the Southern United States History of women in the United States List of historians by area of study # History of the United States List of history journals # United States and Canada List of Presidents of the United States Military history of the United States Outline of United States history Politics of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States Gullah portal African American portal United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Ideas About Human Migration From Asia To Americas '' . ScienceDaily . October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . 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Interior Tlingit Noun Dictionary : The Dialects Spoken by Tlingit Elders of Carcross and Teslin , Yukon , and Atlin , British Columbia , Whitehorse , Yukon Territory : Yukon Native Language Centre . ISBN 1 - 55242 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ Joe W. Saunders * , Rolfe D. Mandel , Roger T. Saucier , E. Thurman Allen , C.T. Hallmark , Jay K. Johnson , Edwin H. Jackson , Charles M. Allen , Gary L. Stringer , Douglas S. Frink , James K. Feathers , Stephen Williams , Kristen J. Gremillion , Malcolm F. Vidrine , and Reca Jones , `` A Mound Complex in Louisiana at 5400 -- 5000 Years Before the Present '' , Science , September 19 , 1997 : Vol. 277 no . 5333 , pp. 1796 -- 1799 , accessed October 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ ^ Fagan , Brian M. 2005 . Ancient North America : The Archaeology of a Continent . Fourth Edition . New York . Thames & Hudson Inc. p. 418 . Jump up ^ `` Hopewell '' . Ohio History Central . Jump up ^ Douglas T. Price , and Gary M. Feinman ( 2008 ) . Images of the Past , 5th edition . 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CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Artifacts - Ramey pottery '' . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Woods , Thomas E ( 2007 ) . 33 questions about American history you 're not supposed to ask . Crown Forum . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 34668 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wright , R ( 2005 ) . Stolen Continents : 500 Years of Conquest and Resistance in the Americas . Mariner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 49240 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Tooker E ( 1990 ) . `` The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League '' . In Clifton JA . The Invented Indian : Cultural Fictions and Government Policies . New Brunswick , N.J. , U.S.A : Transaction Publishers . pp. 107 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56000 - 745 - 6 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , LF . `` Osage '' . Oklahoma Encyclopedia of History and Culture . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2011 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Joseph Patrick Byrne ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Pestilence , Pandemics , and Plagues . ABC - CLIO . pp. 415 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Eric Hinderaker and Rebecca Horn , `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp. 395 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Robert Greenberger , Juan Ponce de León : the exploration of Florida and the search for the Fountain of Youth ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Pyne , Stephen J. ( 1998 ) . How the Canyon Became Grand . New York City : Penguin Books . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 88110 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : A. Grove Day , Coronado 's Quest : The Discovery of the Southwestern States ( 1940 ) online Jump up ^ David J. Weber , New Spain 's Far Northern Frontier : Essays on Spain in the American West , 1540 -- 1821 ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : Jaap Jacobs , The Colony of New Netherland : A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth - Century America ( 2nd ed . Cornell University Press ; 2009 ) online Jump up ^ Brebner , John Bartlet . New England 's Outpost : Acadia before the Conquest of Canada . Archon Books Hamden , Conn. 1927 Jump up ^ Dean Jobb , The Cajuns : A People 's Story of Exile and Triumph ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Allan Greer , `` National , Transnational , and Hypernational Historiographies : New France Meets Early American History , '' Canadian Historical Review ( 2010 ) 91 # 4 pp 695 -- 724 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven . `` Death in Early America '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barker , Deanna . `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . National Association for Interpretation , Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Henretta , James A. ( 2007 ) . `` History of Colonial America '' . Encarta Online Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Davie Butler , `` British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies , '' American Historical Review ( 1896 ) 2 # 1 pp. 12 -- 33 in JSTOR ; Thomas Keneally , The Commonwealth of Thieves , Random House Publishing , Sydney , 2005 . Jump up ^ Tougias , Michael ( 1997 ) . `` King Philip 's War in New England '' . HistoryPlace.com . Jump up ^ Oatis , Steven J. ( 2004 ) . A Colonial Complex : South Carolina 's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War , 1680 -- 1730 . University of Nebraska Press . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Max Savelle ( 2005 ) ( 1948 ) . Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 185 -- 90 . ISBN 9781419107078 . Jump up ^ Clinton Rossiter , Seedtime of the Republic : the origin of the American tradition of political liberty ( 1953 ) p 106 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2010 ) . The First American : The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 232 -- 40 , 510 -- 12 . ISBN 9780307754943 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2012 ) ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic , 1763 -- 89 ( 4th ed . ) . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 14 -- 27 . ISBN 9780226923420 . Jump up ^ Robert Allison ( 2007 ) . The Boston Tea Party . Applewood Books . pp. 47 -- 63 . ISBN 9781933212111 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 - 4 Jump up ^ Robert A. Divine , T.H. Breen , et al . The American Story ( 3rd ed. 2007 ) p 147 Jump up ^ John E. Ferling , Independence : The Struggle to Set America Free ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Lesson Plan on `` What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader ? '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ Lipset , The First New Nation ( 1979 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . Jump up ^ https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-renames-the-nation-united-states-of-america Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene , and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Richard Labunski , James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , The Presidency of George Washington ( 1974 ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall Smelser , `` The Jacobin Phrenzy : The Menace of Monarchy , Plutocracy , and Anglophilia , 1789 -- 1798 , '' Review of Politics ( 1959 ) 21 # 1 pp 239 -- 258 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John C. Miller , The Federalist Era : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Lesson Plan on `` Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ `` George Washington 's Farewell Address '' . Archiving Early America . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2008 ) ch 10 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , pp. 79 -- 81 Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) pp 368 -- 74 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose , Undaunted Courage : Meriwether Lewis , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Jean Edward Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) pp 309 -- 26 Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Julius W. ( 1925b . ) Expansionists of 1812 Jump up ^ David Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , The War of 1812 , p. 4 Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 , Spencer Tucker , p. 236 Jump up ^ Wood , Empire of Liberty ( 2009 ) ch 18 Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/articles/met-the-enemy-4.htm Jump up ^ Marshall Smelser , `` Tecumseh , Harrison , and the War of 1812 , '' Indiana Magazine of History ( March 1969 ) 65 # 1 pp 25 -- 44 online ^ Jump up to : J.C.A. Stagg , The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ James Banner , To the Hartford Convention : the Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : George Dangerfield , The Era of Good Feelings : America Comes of Age in the Period of Monroe and Adams Between the War of 1812 , and the Ascendancy of Jackson ( 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : Paul Goodman , `` The First American Party System '' in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham , eds . The American Party Systems : Stages of Political Development ( 1967 ) , 56 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Mark T. Gilderhus , `` The Monroe Doctrine : Meanings and Implications , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly March 2006 , Vol. 36 # 1 pp 5 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Andrew Jackson Archived January 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , North Carolina History Project Jump up ^ David Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler , Indian Removal ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Robert Vincent Remini , Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Stannard 1993 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Russell ( 1991 ) . `` The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period : A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses '' . In William L. Anderson . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . pp. 75 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( Houghton Mifflin , 2007 ) p 287 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( 2007 ) pp 287 -- 88 Jump up ^ Robert Allen Rutland , The Democrats : From Jefferson to Clinton ( U. of Missouri Press , 1995 ) ch 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Sydney Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp 415 -- 71 Jump up ^ Timothy L. Smith , Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ John Stauffer , Giants : The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ James Oakes ( 2008 ) . The Radical and the Republican : Frederick Douglass , Abraham Lincoln , and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics . W.W. Norton . p. 57 . ISBN 9780393078725 . Jump up ^ Molly Oshatz ( 2011 ) . Slavery and Sin : The Fight Against Slavery and the Rise of Liberal Protestantism . Oxford U.P. p. 12 . ISBN 9780199751686 . Jump up ^ For a recent overview see Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , Frontiers : A Short History of the American West ( 2008 ) ; for elaborate detail see Howard R. Lamar , ed . The New Encyclopedia of the American West ( 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , The American West : A New Interpretive History ( Yale University Press , 2000 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ John David Unruh , The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1993 ) p 120 Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Howe argues that , `` American imperialism did not represent an American consensus ; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity . '' Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( 2007 ) pp 705 -- 06 ^ Jump up to : Hine and Faragher , The American West ( 2000 ) ch 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . p. 798 . ISBN 9780199726578 . Jump up ^ Jeff Forret , Slavery in the United States ( Facts on File , 2012 ) Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Southern Argument for Slavery ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Sensbach . Review of McKivigan , John R. ; Snay , Mitchell , eds. , Religion and the Antebellum Debate Over Slavery H - SHEAR , H - Net Reviews . January 2000 . online Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Compromise of 1850 ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , America 's Great Debate : Henry Clay , Stephen A. Douglas , and the Compromise That Preserved the Union ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Nicole Etcheson , Bleeding Kansas : Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : James Oliver Horton : Exhibit Reveals History of Slavery in New York City '' Archived December 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , PBS Newshour , January 25 , 2007 , Retrieved February 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Kenneth Stampp , The Causes of the Civil War ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) ch 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Woodworth , Decision in the Heartland : The Civil War in the West ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , The Army of the Potomac : Mr. Lincoln 's Army ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ On Lee 's strategy in 1863 see James M. McPherson , `` To Conquer a Peace ? '' Civil War Times ( March / April 2007 ) 46 # 2 pp 26 -- 33 , online at EBSCO Jump up ^ A new way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . J. David Hacker , `` Recounting the Dead , '' New York Times Sept 20 , 2011 . For more details see J. David Hacker , `` A census - based count of the Civil War dead . '' Civil War History 57.4 ( 2011 ) : 307 -- 348 . Jump up ^ John Huddleston , Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape ( 2002 ) p 3 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , `` Introduction '' in Paul Gates , Agriculture and the Civil War ( 1965 ) p.v. Jump up ^ `` Art & History : First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22 , 1862 , for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation . Sight measurement . Height : 108 inches ( 274.32 cm ) Width : 180 inches ( 457.2 cm ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) pp 445 -- 513 is a brief treatment ; see also Eric Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) ; and Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Paul A , Cimbala , The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War ( 2005 ) includes a brief history and primary documents ^ Jump up to : George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Edward L. Ayers , The Promise of the New South : Life After Reconstruction ( 1992 ) pp 3 -- 54 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 3rd ed. 1974 ) Jump up ^ Howard Sitkoff , The Struggle for Black Equality ( 3rd ed. 2008 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) . Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States ( except Alaska ) . p. 637 . ISBN 9780883544624 . Jump up ^ Alan Trachtenberg , The Incorporation of America : Culture and Society in the Gilded Age ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Charles , A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The rise of American civilization ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Matthew Josephson , The robber barons : The great American capitalists , 1861 -- 1901 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Pettigrew , Richard Franklin ( 2010 ) . Triumphant Plutocracy : The Story of American Public Life from 1870 to 1920 . Nabu Press . ISBN 1146542747 . Jump up ^ Ryan , foreword by Vincent P. De Santis ; edited by Leonard Schlup , James G. ( 2003 ) . Historical dictionary of the Gilded Age . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . p. 145 . ISBN 0765603314 . Jump up ^ John Calvin Reed , The New Plutocracy ( 1903 ) . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Learn About the Gilded Age '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Growth of U.S. Population '' . TheUSAonline.com . Jump up ^ Bacon , Katie ( June 12 , 2007 ) . The Dark Side of the Gilded Age . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 pp. 264 -- 282 . Jump up ^ `` '' The First Measured Century : An Illustrated Guide to Trends in America , 1900 -- 2000 `` '' . Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Jump up ^ Charles Hoffmann , `` The Depression of the Nineties , '' Journal of Economic History ( 1956 ) 16 # 2 pp 137 -- 164 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Worth Robert Miller , `` A Centennial Historiography of American Populism , '' Kansas History ( 1993 ) 16 # 1 pp 54 -- 69 . online edition Archived July 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William D. Harpine ( 2006 ) . From the Front Porch to the Front Page : McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 176 -- 86 . ISBN 9781585445592 . Jump up ^ H. Wayne Morgan , `` William McKinley as a Political Leader , '' Review of Politics ( 1966 ) 28 # 4 pp. 417 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( 2006 ) . `` Learn About the Progressive Era '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ George Mowry , The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 ( Harpers , 1954 ) Jump up ^ `` A Thing Well Begun Is Half Done '' . Persuasive Maps : PJ Mode Collection . Cornell University . Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson . `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher ( 1996 ) 29 # 3 pp. 341 -- 61 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Fred H. Harrington , `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1935 ) 22 # 2 pp. 211 -- 30 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism ? '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1937 ) 24 # 1 pp 43 -- 52 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter W. Stanley , A Nation in the Making : The Philippines and the United States , 1899 -- 1921 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen , Jon Thares Davidann , and Yoneyuki Sugital , eds . Trans - Pacific relations : America , Europe , and Asia in the twentieth century ( Greenwood , 2003 ) Jump up ^ McNabb , James B. ( 2005 ) . `` Germany 's Decision for Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and Its Impact on the U.S. Declaration of War '' . In Roberts , Priscilla Mary and Spencer Tucker . World War I : Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 482 -- 83 . ISBN 9781851094202 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ The Seneca Falls Convention was preceded by the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City , at which women 's rights issues were debated , especially African - American women 's rights . Gordon , Ann D. ; Collier - Thomas , Bettye ( 1997 ) . `` Introduction '' . African American women and the vote , 1837 -- 1965 . University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 2 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 059 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rebecca J. Mead , How the Vote Was Won : Woman Suffrage in the Western United States , 1868 -- 1914 ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Glenda Riley , Inventing the American Woman : An Inclusive History ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue -- 1917 '' . New York Times . 1917 . Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Katherine H. Adams and Michael L. Keene , Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Frost - Knappman and Kathryn Cullen - Dupont , Women 's Suffrage in America ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s ( 1995 ) pp 98 -- 144 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After Suffrage : Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ) . Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 . Lexington Books . p. 163 . ISBN 9780739101261 . Jump up ^ `` Feature : World War I and isolationism , 1913 -- 33 '' . U.S. Department of State . April 29 , 1991 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle ( 2009 ) . Handbook to Life in America . Infobase Publishing . p. 245ff . ISBN 9781438119014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandemics and Pandemic Scares in the 20th Century '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Jump up ^ For a comprehensive history by a leading scholar see David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Shlaes 2008 , pp. 85 , 90 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , `` What the New Deal Did , '' Political Science Quarterly , ( Summer 2009 ) 124 # 2 pp 251 -- 68 Jump up ^ Conrad Black , Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom ( 2003 ) pp 648 -- 82 Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Harold G. Vatter , The U.S. Economy in World War II ( 1988 ) pp 27 -- 31 Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2001 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear ( 1999 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ Roger Daniels , Prisoners Without Trial : Japanese Americans in World War II ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Short History of Amache Japanese Internment Camp '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ogawa , Dennis M. and Fox , Jr. , Evarts C. Japanese Americans , from Relocation to Redress. 1991 , page 135 . Jump up ^ Richey , Warren ( December 5 , 2007 ) . `` Key Guantánamo cases hit Supreme Court '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes , The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Ralph Smith 's eyewitness account of the Trinity trip to watch blast '' . White Sands Missile Range , Public Affairs Office . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen Ambrose , Eisenhower and Berlin , 1945 : The Decision to Halt at the Elbe ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Ronald H. Spector , Eagle Against the Sun ( 1985 ) ch 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ D.M. Giangreco , Hell to Pay : Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan , 1945 -- 1947 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Finn , Winners in Peace : MacArthur , Yoshida , and Postwar Japan ( 1992 ) pp 43 -- 103 Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leland , Anne ; Oboroceanu , Mari -- Jana ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Long Peace : Inquiries Into the History of the Cold War ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Blakeley , Ruth ( 2009 ) . State Terrorism and Neoliberalism : The North in the South . Routledge . p. 92 . ISBN 0415686172 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Cold War : A New History ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ James T. Patterson , Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . United States -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Brien , John F. Kennedy : A Biography ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eric Alterman and Kevin Mattson , The Cause : The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Robert Dallek , Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein , Guns or Butter : The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ David Edwin Harrell , Jr. , Edwin S. Gaustad , John B. Boles , Sally Foreman Griffith , Randall M. Miller , Randall B. Woods , Unto a Good Land : A History of the American People ( 2005 ) pp 1052 -- 53 Jump up ^ Gregory Schneider , The Conservative Century : From Reaction to Revolution ( Rowman & Littlefield. 2009 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ Bruce J. Dierenfield , The Civil Rights Movement ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Lupo ( 2010 ) . Flak - Catchers : One Hundred Years of Riot Commission Politics in America . Lexington Books . pp. 123 -- 24 . ISBN 9780739138120 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Peniel E. ( 2001 ) . `` '' Black Liberation without Apology : Reconceptualizing the Black Power Movement. `` '' . The Black Scholar. 31 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 2 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jacobs ( 2006 ) . Mexican American Literature : The Politics of Identity . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 9781134218233 . Jump up ^ Angela Howard Zophy , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism : A Woman 's Crusade ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Jane J. Mansbridge , Why We Lost the ERA ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Intended Consequences : Birth Control , Abortion , and the Federal Government in Modern America ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Roger Chapman , Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Voices , and Viewpoints ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : John Robert Greene , The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Martha Derthick , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ `` People & Events : The Election of 1976 '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 2000 ) . The American Presidents . Taylor & Francis . p. 545 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2184 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jan 20 , 1981 : Iran Hostage Crisis ends '' . This Day in History . History.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Effective Federal Tax Rates : 1979 -- 2001 '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 140 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` The United States Unemployment Rate '' . Miseryindex.us . November 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( 2010 ) . Arsenal of Democracy : The Politics of National Security -- From World War II to the War on Terrorism . Basic Books . p. 350 . ISBN 9780465015078 . Jump up ^ Ruud van Dijk ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of the Cold War . Routledge . pp. 863 -- 64 . ISBN 1 - 135 - 92311 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Ehrman ; Michael W. Flamm ( 2009 ) . Debating the Reagan Presidency . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 101 -- 82 . ISBN 9780742570573 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( July 7 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Nominating Woman , an Arizona Appeals Judge , to Serve on Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 243 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz 2008 , p. 400 Jump up ^ Theodore Caplow ; Howard M. Bahr ; Bruce A. Chadwick ; John Modell ( 1994 ) . Recent Social Trends in the United States , 1960 -- 1990 . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 337 . ISBN 9780773512122 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 420 -- 27 Jump up ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks , The 9 / 11 Commission Report ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ David E. Sanger , Confront and Conceal : Obama 's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power ( 2012 ) ch 1 , 5 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 59 -- 87 Jump up ^ `` Report Details Alleged Abuse of Guantanamo Bay , Abu Ghraib Detainees '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo an ideal recruitment tool for terrorists -- UN human rights chief '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 88 -- 113 Jump up ^ `` CIA 's final report : No WMD found in Iraq '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clifton , Eli ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Poll : 62 Percent Say Iraq War Was n't Worth Fighting '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milbank , Dana ; Deane , Claudia ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` Poll Finds Dimmer View of Iraq War '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 453 Jump up ^ William Crotty , `` Policy and Politics : The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election , '' Polity ( 2009 ) 41 # 3 pp 282 -- 311 doi : 10.1057 / pol. 2009.3 Jump up ^ NBC News , `` ' The war is over ' : Last US soldiers leave Iraq , '' MSNBC Dec. 18 , 2011 Archived March 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald , `` Obama 's new executive order on Guantanamo : The president again bolsters the Bush detention regime he long railed against , '' Salon March 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Obama Lays Out Strategy for ' New Phase ' in Terror Fight '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Cooper , Helene ; Mazzetti , Mark ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Bin Laden Is Dead , Obama Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Peter L. Bergen , Manhunt : The Ten - Year Search for Bin Laden -- from 9 / 11 to Abbottabad ( 2012 ) pp 250 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on the End of the Combat Mission in Afghanistan '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Payne , The Great Recession : What Happened ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ * Rosenberg , Jerry M. ( 2012 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007 -- 2012 . Scarecrow Press 2nd edition 708pp . ISBN 9780810883406 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Kolb ( 2011 ) . The Financial Crisis of Our Time . Oxford University Press . p. 96ff . ISBN 9780199792788 . Jump up ^ Riley , Charles ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Treasury close to profit on TARP bank loans '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'd Approve TARP Again ' : George W. Bush '' . November 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Rattner , Overhaul : An Insider 's Account of the Obama Administration 's Emergency Rescue of the Auto Industry ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Kaiser , Emily ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Recession ended in June 2009 : NBER '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ CNBC . `` US economy may be stuck in slow lane for long run '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local news from Bellingham , Whatcom County , WA - BellinghamHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mejeur , Jeanne . `` NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT MONTHLY UPDATE '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce S. Jansson ( 2011 ) . The Reluctant Welfare State : Engaging History to Advance Social Work Practice in Contemporary Society . Cengage Learning . p. 466 . ISBN 0840034407 . Jump up ^ Robert P. Watson ; et al. ( 2012 ) . The Obama Presidency : A Preliminary Assessment . SUNY Press . ISBN 9781438443287 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Abramson et al. Change and Continuity in the 2008 and 2010 Elections ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Congress Ends 2011 Mired in Gridlock '' . InvestorPlace . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallup , Inc . `` Congress ' Job Approval Falls to 11 % Amid Gov 't Shutdown '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tottoli , Roberto ( 2014 ) . Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West . p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Trump promises ' I will not let you down '' . Associated Press . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Entous , Adam . `` Declassified report says Putin ' ordered ' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Fleitz , Fred ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Was Friday 's declassified report claiming Russian hacking of the 2016 election rigged ? '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of Presidents of the United States '' . Filibustercartoons.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Congress by Party 1855 -- 2013 '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Notes ( edit ) Textbooks ( edit ) Alexander , Ruth M. and Mary Beth Norton , Major Problems in American Women 's History ( 4th ed. 2006 ) Beard , Charles A. and Mary Beard , The Rise of American civilization ( 2 vol. 1927 ) , Complete edition online , highly influential in 1920s -- 1940s Carnes , Mark C. , and John A. Garraty , The American Nation : A History of the United States ( 14th ed. 2015 ) ; university and AP textbook Hamby , Alonzo L. ( 2010 ) . Outline of U.S. History . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Divine , Robert A. et al. America Past and Present ( 10th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Foner , Eric . Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 4th ed. 2013 ) , university textbook Gilbert , Martin . The Routledge Atlas of American History ( 2010 ) Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2016 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the Republic ( 16th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . , university textbook 12th edition 2002 online Schweikart , Larry , and Dave Dougherty . A Patriot 's History of the Modern World , Vol . I : From America 's Exceptional Ascent to the Atomic Bomb : 1898 -- 1945 ; Vol. II : From the Cold War to the Age of Entitlement , 1945 -- 2012 ( 2 vol. 2013 ) , a view from the right Tindall , George B. , and David E. Shi . America : A Narrative History ( 9th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . A People 's History of the United States . HarperPerennial Modern Classics . ISBN 9780060528423 . , a view from the left Further reading ( edit ) Agnew , Jean - Christophe , and Roy Rosenzweig , eds . A Companion to Post-1945 America ( 2006 ) Alden , John R. A history of the American Revolution ( 1966 ) 644pp online Boehm , Lisa Krissoff , and Steven Hunt Corey . America 's Urban History ( 2014 ) ; University textbook ; see website Boyer , Paul , ed . The Oxford companion to United States history ( 2001 ) online The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations ( 4 vol 2013 ) online Chambers , John Whiteclay , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( 2000 ) online Diner , Hasia , ed . Encyclopedia of American Women 's History ( 2010 ) Evans , Sara M. Born for Liberty : A History of Women in America ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Fiege , Mark . The Republic of Nature : An Environmental History of the United States ( 2012 ) 584 pages Gerber , David A. American Immigration : A Very Short Introduction ( 2011 ) Goldfield , David . ed . Encyclopedia of American Urban History ( 2 vol 2006 ) ; 1056pp ; Gray , Edward G. ed . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) Horton , James Oliver and Lois E. Horton . Hard Road to Freedom : The Story of African America ( 2 vol. 2002 ) Howe , Daniel Walker . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) , Pulitzer Prize Hopkins , A.G. American Empire : A Global History ( 2018 ) excerpt Hornsby Jr. , Alton . A Companion to African American History ( 2008 ) Johnson , Thomas H. , ed . The Oxford companion to American history ( 1966 ) online Kammen , Michael G , ed . The Past before us : Contemporary historical writing in the United States ( 1980 ) , wide - ranging survey of historiography ; online free Kazin , Michael , et al. eds . The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2011 ) Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) , Pulitzer Prize online Kirkendall , Richard S. A Global Power : America Since the Age of Roosevelt ( 2nd ed. 1980 ) university textbook 1945 -- 80 online Kirkland , Edward C. A History Of American Economic Life ( 3rd ed. 1960 ) online Kurian , George T. ed . Encyclopedia of American Studies ( 4 vol. 2001 ) . Lancaster , Bruce , Bruce Catton , and Thomas Fleming . The American Heritage History of the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , very well illustrated Leuchtenburg , William E. The American President : From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton ( 2015 ) , popular narrative by a leading scholar ; 904 pp McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2003 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; comprehensive coverage of 1848 -- 1865 Middleton , Richard , and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Milner , Clyde A. , Carol A. O'Connor , and Martha A. Sandweiss , eds . The Oxford History of the American West ( 1996 ) Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review Nugent , Walter . Progressivism : A Very Short Introduction ( 2009 ) Patterson , James T. Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 1997 ) Patterson , James T. Restless Giant : The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2007 ) Paxson , Frederic Logan . History of the American frontier , 1763 -- 1893 ( 1924 ) online , old survey by leading authority ; Pulitzer Prize Perry , Elisabeth Israels , and Karen Manners Smith , eds . The Gilded Age & Progressive Era : A Student Companion ( 2006 ) Pole , Jack P. and J.R. Pole . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Resch , John , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture , and the Homefront ( 4 vol 2004 ) , essays by experts on a wide range of homefront topics . Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Sheehan - Dean , ed. , Aaron ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 44 - 435131 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , 2 vol . 1232pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Slotten , Hugh Richard , ed. , The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science , Medicine , and Technology ( 2014 ) , 1456 pp Taylor , Alan . Colonial America : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) 168pp Taylor , Alan . American Colonies ( 2002 ) , 526 pages ; by a leading scholar Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 -- 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) online Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) Wilentz , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Age of Reagan : A History , 1974 -- 2008 . Wood , Gordon S. Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) Zophy , Angela Howard , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History . ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . 763 pp. articles by experts online Primary sources ( edit ) Commager , Henry Steele and Milton Cantor . Documents of American History Since 1898 ( 8th ed. 2 vol 1988 ) Engel , Jeffrey A. et al. eds . America in the World : A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror ( 2014 ) 416pp with 200 primary sources , 1890s -- 2013 Troy , Gil , and Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. , eds . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHistory of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Encyclopedia of American Studies , sophisticated short articles on a wide range of topics . 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"Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride.\n"
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52378181532581320 | List of best-selling music artists | List of best - selling Music artists - wikipedia List of best - selling Music artists Jump to : navigation , search This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales . The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order , with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top . If two or more artists have the same claimed sales , they are then ranked by certified units . The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units ( for each country ) within the provided sources include sales of albums , singles , compilation - albums , music videos as well as downloads of singles and full - length albums . Sales figures , such as those from Soundscan , which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine , have not been included in the certified units column . As of 2017 , based on both sales claims and certified units , The Beatles are considered the highest - selling band . Elvis Presley is considered the highest - selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest - selling individual artist based on certified units . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 Artists by reputed sales 2.1 250 million or more records 2.2 200 million to 249 million records 2.3 120 million to 199 million records 2.4 100 million to 119 million records 2.5 80 million to 99 million records 2.6 75 million to 79 million records 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Definitions All artists included on this list , which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20 % in certified units . That is why Cliff Richard , Diana Ross , Scorpions , Charles Aznavour , Bing Crosby , Gloria Estefan , Deep Purple , Iron Maiden , Tom Jones , The Jackson 5 , Dionne Warwick , the Spice Girls , Luciano Pavarotti , Dolly Parton , Ozzy Osbourne , Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list . The more recent the artist , the higher the required percentage of certified units , so artists such as Rihanna , Taylor Swift , Flo Rida , Katy Perry , Justin Bieber , Adele , Lady Gaga , Bruno Mars and Nicki Minaj are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75 % in certified units . The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . All certified units are converted from Gold / Platinum / Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies . The certified sales percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts . The requirements of certified sales are designed to avoid inflated sales figures , which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes . The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources . For clarity , the sources used , say the term `` records '' ( singles , albums , videos ) and not `` albums '' . However , if all available sources for an artist or band say `` albums '' , such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount . This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists ' available certified units : inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high , are not used . The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists ' certified sales . In other words , the available certified sales for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones . The certified sales of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures . This is because Recording Industry Association of America and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification . For this reason , some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units . The over certified figures , however , are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications , one such example is Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA , yet during the time of the certification , it had sold 5.4 million downloads . The certified sales for some artists / bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification . Artists by reputed sales 250 million or more records The Beatles Elvis Presley Michael Jackson Madonna Elton John Led Zeppelin Pink Floyd To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value : each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Beatles United Kingdom 1960 -- 1970 1962 Rock / Pop 7002270800000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 270.8 million ( show ) US : 212.250 million JPN : 4.950 million UK : 17.845 million GER : 8 million FRA : 3.890 million CAN : 14.455 million AUS : 3.060 million ITA : 305,000 BRA : 550,000 SWE 485,000 SPA : 1.240 million SWI : 350,000 BEL : 265,000 ARG : 1.590 million DEN : 260,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 175,000 NZ : 660,000 600 million 500 million Elvis Presley United States 1954 -- 1977 1954 Rock and roll / Pop / Country 7002211500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 211.5 million ( show ) US : 188.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.245 million GER : 1.2 million FRA : 2.590 million CAN : 2.925 million AUS : 1.587 million ITA : 105,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE 380,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 105,000 SWI : 185,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 110,000 DEN : 120,000 AUT : 205,000 FIN : 213,945 NZ : 117,500 600 million 500 million Michael Jackson United States 1964 -- 2009 1971 Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B 7002184100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 184.1 million ( show ) US : 104.5 million JPN : 4.650 million UK : 27.195 million GER : 11.275 million FRA : 11.375 million CAN : 4.670 million AUS : 6.6 million ITA : 1.170 million BRA : 280,000 SWE : 1.230 million SPA : 1.995 million MEX : 3.670 million SWI : 910,000 BEL : 365,000 ARG : 100,000 DEN : 1.179 million AUT : 1.197 million POL : 530,000 FIN : 384,127 NZ : 902,500 350 million 300 million Madonna United States 1979 -- present 1982 Pop / Dance / Electronica 7002170500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 170.5 million ( show ) US : 85.675 million JPN : 6.450 million UK : 28.845 million GER : 12.4 million FRA : 12.795 million CAN : 6.030 million AUS : 4.717 million ITA : 465,000 BRA : 3.440 million SWE : 1.070 million SPA : 2.815 million MEX : 510,000 SWI : 1.080 million BEL : 690,000 ARG : 970,000 DEN : 407,000 AUT : 602,500 POL : 530,000 FIN : 652,686 NZ : 417,500 300 million 275 million Elton John United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Pop / Rock 7002169000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 169 million ( show ) US : 117.850 million JPN : 1.1 million UK : 22.295 million GER : 7.9 million FRA : 4.825 million CAN : 5.975 million AUS : 2.837 million BRA : 835,000 SWE : 740,000 SPA : 1.2 million MEX : 100,000 SWI : 1.313 million BEL : 390,000 ARG : 120,000 DEN : 150,000 AUT : 765,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 163,481 NZ : 255,000 300 million 250 million Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968 -- 1980 1969 Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock 7002139500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 139.5 million ( show ) US : 114.1 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 9.130 million GER : 3.775 million FRA : 2.310 million CAN : 4.710 million AUS : 2.8 million ITA : 345,000 BRA : 820,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 211,000 ARG : 360,000 POL : 120,000 300 million 200 million Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965 -- 1996 , 2014 1967 Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock 7002118800000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 118.8 million ( show ) US : 78 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 11.320 million GER : 7.5 million FRA : 6.360 million CAN : 6.790 million AUS : 2.932 million ITA : 1.685 million BRA : 515,000 SWE : 220,000 SPA : 625,000 SWI : 390,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 430,000 AUT : 460,000 POL : 590,000 NZ : 787,500 250 million 200 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 200 million to 249 million records Rihanna Mariah Carey Celine Dion AC / DC Whitney Houston Queen The Rolling Stones To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Rihanna Barbados United States 2005 -- present 2005 R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip - hop 7002225200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 225.2 million ( show ) US : 167.05 million JPN : 1.4 million UK : 28.7 million GER : 4.475 million FRA : 1.425 million CAN : 2.760 million AUS : 9.115 million ITA : 1.395 million BRA : 555,000 SWE : 2.480 million SPA : 1.430 million MEX : 380,000 SWI : 840,000 BEL : 645,000 DEN : 1.072 AUT : 120,000 POL : 660,000 IRE : 240,000 NZ : 667,500 230 million Mariah Carey United States 1988 -- present R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip - hop 7002136000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 136 million ( show ) US : 92.6 million JPN : 14.5 million UK : 9.620 million GER : 3.250 million FRA : 4.690 million CAN : 4.1 million AUS : 3.445 million ITA : 200,000 BRA : 835,000 SWE : 425,000 SPA : 1 million SWI : 515,000 BEL : 150,000 DEN : 130,000 AUT : 200,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 200 million 175 million Celine Dion Canada 1981 -- present 1981 Pop 7002125000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 125 million ( show ) US : 56.550 million JPN : 7.150 million UK : 13.555 million GER : 8 million FRA : 15.685 million CAN : 12.245 million AUS : 3.302 million BRA : 505,000 SWE : 1.105 million SPA : 1 million SWI : 1.685 million BEL : 1.885 million ARG : 340,000 DEN : 370,000 AUT : 440,000 POL : 680,000 FIN : 356,183 NZ : 192,500 200 million 175 million AC / DC Australia 1973 -- present Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll 7002113100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 113.1 million ( show ) US : 79.7 million UK : 4.2 million GER : 10.3 million FRA : 4.180 million CAN : 2.490 million AUS : 7.330 million ITA : 750,000 SWE : 350,000 SPA : 1.355 million SWI : 894,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 570,000 DEN : 135,000 AUT : 380,000 FIN : 321,169 NZ : 140,000 200 million 150 million Whitney Houston United States 1977 -- 2012 1984 R&B / Soul / Pop 7002112600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 112.6 million ( show ) US : 75.275 million JPN : 4.3 million UK : 14.605 million GER : 5.6 million FRA : 2.275 million CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.580 million ITA : 140,000 BRA : 1.025 SWE : 1.035 million SPA : 1.260 million SWI : 845,000 BEL : 215,000 DEN : 140,000 AUT : 535,000 POL : 180,000 FIN : 247,222 200 million 170 million Queen United Kingdom 1971 -- present 1973 Rock 7002114700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 114.7 million ( show ) US : 55.1 million JPN : 2.850 million UK : 28.615 million GER : 11.525 million FRA : 4.495 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.167 million ITA : 460,000 BRA : 970,000 SWE : 190,000 SPA : 1.720 million SWI : 1.256 million BEL : 100,000 ARG : 1.040 million AUT : 900,000 POL : 810,000 FIN : 366,152 NZ : 275,000 200 million 150 million The Rolling Stones United Kingdom 1962 -- present 1963 Rock / Blues rock 7001972000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.2 million ( show ) US : 74.750 million JPN : 950,000 UK : 8.510 million GER : 3.2 million FRA : 3.370 million AUS : 417,500 CAN : 3.025 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 690,000 SWI : 238,000 BEL : 120,000 ARG : 710,000 AUT : 300,000 POL : 140,000 NZ : 190,000 200 million ABBA Sweden 1972 -- 1982 1972 Pop / Disco 7001607000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.7 million ( show ) US : 12.7 million JPN : 1.5 million UK : 18.970 million GER : 10.450 million FRA : 2.750 million CAN : 2.785 million AUS : 6.127 million BRA : 275,000 SWE : 800,000 SPA : 1.005 million MEX : 260,000 SWI : 600,000 BEL : 380,000 ARG : 230,000 DEN : 600,000 AUT : 175,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 656,319 NZ : 297,500 200 million 100 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 120 million to 199 million records Taylor Swift Garth Brooks Eminem Eagles U2 Bruno Mars Kanye West To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Taylor Swift United States 2006 -- present 2006 Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop - rock 7002157000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 157 million ( show ) US : 134.5 million JPN : 2.850 million UK : 7.6 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 150,000 CAN : 4.460 million AUS : 5.355 million ITA : 210,000 BRA : 170,000 SWE : 180,000 MEX : 450,000 NZ : 367,500 170 million Garth Brooks United States 1989 -- present 1989 Country 7002146000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 156 million ( show ) US : 149.4 million UK : 520,000 CAN : 5.730 million AUS : 280,000 IRE : 120,000 160 million Eminem United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7002132000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 132 million ( show ) US : 86.1 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 21.425 million GER : 3.450 million FRA : 3.170 million CAN : 3.770 million AUS : 5.702 million ITA : 450,000 BRA : 200,000 SWE : 810,000 SPA : 290,000 MEX : 365,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 475,000 DEN : 556,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 250,000 FIN : 124,547 IRE : 285,000 NZ : 562,500 155 million Eagles United States 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- present 1972 Rock 7002129190000099999 ♠ Total available certified units : 129.2 million ( show ) US : 108.9 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 7.635 million GER : 925,000 FRA : 2.040 million CAN : 4.2 million AUS : 3.395 million SWE : 140,000 SPA : 500,000 SWI : 290,000 DEN : 185,000 FIN : 124,749 NZ : 352,500 150 million U2 Ireland 1976 -- present 1980 Rock 7002106500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 106.5 million ( show ) US : 53.1 million JPN : 1.450 million UK : 18.620 million GER : 5.125 million FRA : 5.025 million CAN : 7.115 million AUS : 4.412 million ITA : 765,000 BRA : 2.675 million SWE : 515,000 SPA : 2.275 million MEX : 835,000 SWI : 696,000 BEL : 725,000 ARG : 590,000 DEN : 473,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 360,000 FIN : 235,460 IRE : 316,000 NZ : 765,000 150 million Billy Joel United States 1964 -- present 1971 Pop / Rock 7002102600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.6 million ( show ) US : 87.950 million JPN : 2 million UK : 5.655 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 925,000 CAN : 3.275 million AUS : 1.267 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 162,500 150 million Phil Collins United Kingdom 1980 -- 2011 , 2015 -- present 1981 Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary 7001877000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 87.7 million ( show ) US : 39.850 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 15.250 million GER : 13.8 million FRA : 6.410 million CAN : 3.375 million AUS : 1.522 BRA : 1.370 million SWE : 245,000 SPA : 2.150 million SWI : 973,000 BEL : 305,000 ARG : 980 million AUT : 440,000 FIN : 182,581 NZ : 122,500 150 million Aerosmith United States 1970 -- present 1973 Hard rock 7001846009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 84.6 million ( show ) US : 70.250 million JPN : 2.7 million UK : 3.170 million GER : 2 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.950 million AUS : 225,000 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 600,000 SWE : 260,000 SPA : 200,000 MEX : 230,000 SWI : 145,000 ARG : 290,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 FIN : 101,722 150 million Frank Sinatra United States 1935 -- 1995 1939 Pop / Swing 7001373009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 37.3 million ( show ) US : 28.2 million UK : 5.445 million GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 650,000 AUS : 245,000 BRA : 350,000 SWE : 130,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 180,000 150 million Barbra Streisand United States 1960 -- present 1963 Pop / Adult contemporary 7001974000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.4 million ( show ) US : 82.450 million UK : 5.765 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 3.150 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 2.047 million SWE : 120,000 SPA : 150,000 FIN : 186,501 NZ : 137,500 145 million Bruno Mars United States 2004 -- present Pop rock / R&B 7002118000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 118 million ( show ) US : 84.5 million JPN : 1.1 million UK : 12.9 million GER : 3.4 million FRA : 1.775 million CAN : 5.240 million AUS : 4.690 million ITA : 615,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 470,000 MEX : 780,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 345,000 DEN : 365,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 532,500 PHL : 330,000 124 million Kanye West United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop / Electronic / Pop rock 7002102300000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.3 million ( show ) US : 87.750 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 10.220 million GER : 300,000 CAN : 1.180 million AUS : 2.135 million ITA : 135,000 SWE : 160,000 DEN : 404,000 121 million Bruce Springsteen United States 1972 -- present 1973 Rock 7002101500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 101.5 million ( show ) US : 76.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 7.145 million GER : 4.325 million FRA : 1.887 million CAN : 3.2 million AUS : 3.362 million ITA : 575,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 810,000 SPA : 1.730 million SWI : 400,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 290,000 FIN : 449,800 IRE : 189,500 NZ : 375,000 120 million Bee Gees United Kingdom Australia 1963 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 1963 Pop / Disco 7001673000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 67.3 million ( show ) US : 41.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 9.065 million GER : 6.675 million FRA : 3.4 million CAN : 3.215 million AUS : 1.187 million BRA : 350,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 415,000 ARG : 180,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 380,000 120 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 100 million to 119 million records Katy Perry Justin Bieber Adele Lady Gaga Metallica Jay Z Bon Jovi To ensure the high level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Lady Gaga United States 2005 -- present 2008 Pop / Dance / Electronic 7001972000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.2 million ( show ) US : 66.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 10.985 million GER : 2.9 million FRA : 1.58 million CAN : 2.4 million AUS : 2.890 million ITA : 815,000 BRA : 470,000 SWE : 680,000 SPA : 410,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 445,000 BEL : 270,000 DEN : 340,000 AUT : 182,500 POL : 130,000 IRE : 165,000 NZ : 277,500 114 million Metallica United States 1981 -- present Heavy metal / Thrash metal 7001941000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 94.1 million ( show ) US : 73.3 million JPN : 900,000 UK : 3.335 million GER : 3.425 million FRA : 940,000 CAN : 3.805 million AUS : 2.637 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 675,000 SPA : 420,000 MEX : 430,000 SWI : 560,000 BEL : 335,000 DEN : 180,000 ARG : 770,000 AUT : 340,000 POL : 735,000 FIN : 530,676 NZ : 315,000 110 million Katy Perry United States 2001 -- present 2008 Pop 7002127200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 127.2 million ( show ) US : 96.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 11.950 million GER : 2.750 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 5.8 million AUS : 5.090 million ITA : 680,000 BRA : 625,000 SWE : 520,000 SPA : 180,000 MEX : 900,000 SWI : 160,000 BEL : 135,000 DEN : 235,000 AUT : 240,000 NZ : 360,000 100 million Justin Bieber Canada United States 2008 -- present 2009 Pop / Teen pop , Dance pop 7002126700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 126.7 million ( show ) US : 86.5 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 14.785 million GER : 3.1 million FRA : 1.2 CAN : 4.780 million AUS : 4.340 million ITA : 1.595 million BRA : 810,000 SWE : 1.820 million SPA : 860,000 MEX : 2.910 million BEL : 435,000 DEN : 1.850 million POL : 370,000 NZ : 600,000 100 million Adele United Kingdom 2006 -- present 2008 Pop , soul 7002104500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 104.5 million ( show ) US : 61 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 20.550 million GER : 4.7 million CAN : 6.040 million AUS : 3.955 million ITA : 1.545 million BRA : 1.310 million SWE : 240,000 SPA : 800,000 MEX : 1.490 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 795,000 DEN : 522,500 POL : 300,000 FIN : 151,639 NZ : 577,500 100 million Jay Z United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop 7001961000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 96.1 million ( show ) US : 80.7 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 9.320 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.6 million AUS : 1.260 ITA : 180,000 SWE : 130,000 100 million Bon Jovi United States 1983 -- present Hard rock / Glam metal 7001838000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 83.8 million ( show ) US : 49.9 million JPN : 4.400 million UK : 9.290 million GER : 5.650 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 4.735 million AUS : 3.030 million ITA : 110,000 BRA : 435,000 SWE : 365,000 SPA : 1.620 million MEX : 250,000 SWI : 1.275 million AUT : 725,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 350,000 POL : 110,000 FIN : 422,500 NZ : 210,000 100 million Lil Wayne United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7001799000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 79.9 million ( show ) US : 77.7 million UK : 1.460 million CAN : 280,000 AUS : 525,000 100 million Linkin Park United States 1996 -- present 2000 Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock 7001787000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.7 million ( show ) US : 58.6 million JPN : 1.550 million UK : 5.945 million GER : 5.750 million FRA : 1.025 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 1.450 million ITA : 430,000 BRA : 595,000 SWE : 165,000 SPA : 175,000 MEX : 225,000 SWI : 425,000 BEL : 140,000 DEN : 125,000 AUT : 252,500 POL : 220,000 FIN : 120,469 NZ : 252,500 100 million Britney Spears United States 1998 -- present 1998 Pop / Dance / Dance - pop 7001785000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.5 million ( show ) US : 44.2 million JPN : 2.1 million UK : 10.150 million GER : 5.050 million FRA : 3.732 million CAN : 3.680 million AUS : 3.130 million ITA : 175,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 1.010 million SPA : 990,000 MEX : 1.175 million SWI : 485,000 AUT : 365,000 BEL : 935,000 ARG : 240,000 DEN : 187,500 POL : 210,000 FIN : 143,627 NZ : 240,000 100 million Beyoncé United States 1997 -- present 2002 R&B / Pop 7001780000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78 million ( show ) US : 53.650 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 13.685 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 560,000 CAN : 1.395 million AUS : 2.905 million ITA : 260,000 BRA : 390,000 SPA : 1.010 million MEX : 110,000 SWI : 165,000 BEL : 115,000 DEN : 230,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 210,000 100 million Rod Stewart United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001778000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 77.8 million ( show ) US : 43.650 million JPN : 450,000 UK : 18.330 million GER : 3.8 million FRA : 1.8 million CAN : 4.055 million AUS : 2.610 million BRA : 980,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 290,000 SWI : 100,000 ARG : 500,000 AUT : 100,000 POL : 220,000 IRE : 195,000 NZ : 280,000 100 million Fleetwood Mac United Kingdom United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Pop 7001761009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 76.1 million ( show ) US : 51.250 million UK : 13.585 million GER : 3.5 million FRA : 800,000 AUS : 2.767 million CAN : 2.950 million SPA : 300,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 NZ : 572,500 100 million Guns N ' Roses United States 1985 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001737000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 73.7 million ( show ) US : 48.5 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 5.850 million GER : 4.1 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.520 million AUS : 2.410 ITA : 685,000 BRA : 1.9 million SWE : 485,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 760,000 SWI : 365,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 1.080 million AUT : 365,000 IRE : 105,000 NZ : 270,000 100 million George Strait United States 1981 -- present 1984 Country 7001728000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72.8 million ( show ) US : 72.150 million CAN : 705,000 100 million Backstreet Boys United States 1993 -- present 1995 Pop 7001720000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72 million ( show ) US : 41.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 4.835 million GER : 7 million FRA : 325,000 CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.4 million BRA : 1.625 million SWE : 655,000 SPA : 1.850 million MEX : 1.475 million SWI : 415,000 BEL : 425,000 ARG : 740,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 171,390 NZ : 132,500 100 million Neil Diamond United States 1966 -- present 1966 Pop / Rock 7001683000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 68.3 million ( show ) US : 55.9 million UK : 7.130 million GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.725 million AUS : 1.945 million SPA : 100,000 NZ : 127,500 100 million Prince United States 1976 -- 2016 1978 Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock 7001642000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.2 million ( show ) US : 48.950 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 7.045 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 2.110 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.120 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 177,500 100 million Paul McCartney United Kingdom 1960 -- present 1970 Rock 7001606000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.6 million ( show ) US : 41.450 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 12.365 million GER : 1.525 million FRA : 1.305 million CAN : 1.955 million AUS : 465,000 SWE : 210,000 SPA : 640,000 DEN : 210,000 100 million Kenny Rogers United States 1958 -- present Country / Pop 7001589000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 58.9 million ( show ) US : 51.550 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 2.520 million CAN : 4.6 million AUS : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Janet Jackson United States 1982 -- present 1982 R&B / Pop 7001521000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 52.1 million ( show ) US : 39.750 million JPN : 1.6 million UK : 4.760 million GER : 1.4 million FRA : 1.475 million CAN : 1.460 million AUS : 1.155 SWE : 105,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 170,000 BEL : 125,000 100 million Julio Iglesias Spain 1968 -- present 1968 Latin 7001510000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51 million ( show ) US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 1.620 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 6.1 million CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 540,000 ITA : 400,000 NLD : 950,000 BRA : 12.475 million SWE : 290,000 SPA : 8.7 million MEX : 2.975 million BEL : 125,000 ARG : 3.220 million FIN : 131,636 100 million Chicago United States 1967 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001483000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48.3 million ( show ) US : 44.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 1.490 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 1.865 million SPA : 100,000 100 million The Carpenters United States 1969 -- 1983 1969 Pop 7001460000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46 million ( show ) US : 34.6 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 7.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 275,000 BRA : 100,000 100 million Bob Dylan United States 1959 -- present 1963 Folk / Rock 7001451000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.1 million ( show ) US : 35.6 million UK : 5.825 million GER : 625,000 FRA : 800,000 CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 480,000 SWI : 175,000 NZ : 105,000 100 million Dire Straits United Kingdom 1977 -- 1995 1978 Rock 7001447000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.7 million ( show ) US : 15.5 million UK : 11.1 million GER : 3.750 million FRA : 5.3 million CAN : 2.575 million AUS : 2.190 million ITA : 385,000 BRA : 175,000 SWE : 360,000 SPA : 1.380 million SWI : 1 million BEL : 100,000 AUT : 300,000 FIN : 471,530 NZ : 155,000 100 million Bryan Adams Canada 1979 -- present 1979 Rock 7001445000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.5 million ( show ) US : 21 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 8.675 million GER : 3.850 million FRA : 650,000 CAN : 5.120 million AUS : 2.010 million BRA : 100,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 250,000 AUT : 375,000 FIN : 183,444 100 million Def Leppard United Kingdom 1977 -- present 1979 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001418009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.8 million ( show ) US : 35.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.960 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 2.995 million AUS : 385,000 SWE : 150,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 125,000 100 million Cher United States 1964 -- present 1965 Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk 7001404000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.4 million ( show ) US : 21.9 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 6.450 million GER : 4.175 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 1.340 million AUS : 1.530 million ITA : 300,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE : 850,000 SPA : 600,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 295,000 BEL : 275,000 DEN : 300,000 AUT : 250,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 150,000 100 million Lionel Richie United States 1968 -- present 1981 Pop / R&B 7001402000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.2 million ( show ) US : 28.650 million UK : 6.155 million GER : 1.050 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 2.380 million AUS : 260,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 145,000 100 million Genesis United Kingdom 1967 -- 1999 2006 -- present 1969 Progressive rock / Pop rock 7001399000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 39.9 million ( show ) US : 21.650 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 7.325 million GER : 5.875 million FRA : 3.460 million CAN : 805,000 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 250,000 SWI : 400,000 100 million James Taylor United States 1968 -- present 1970 Rock / Pop 7001355000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.5 million ( show ) US : 34.650 million UK : 655,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 100,000 100 million Olivia Newton - John Australia 1966 -- present 1966 Pop 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 27 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 3.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 310,000 100 million Stevie Wonder United States 1961 -- present 1962 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 21.650 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 8.285 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 1.550 million SPA : 250,000 100 million Tina Turner United States 1955 -- present Rock / Pop 7001328009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.8 million ( show ) US : 12.7 million UK : 8.145 million GER : 6.050 million FRA : 1.135 million CAN : 1.560 million AUS : 480,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 565,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 630,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 241,954 100 million Linda Ronstadt United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Folk / Country 7001325000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.5 million ( show ) US : 31.5 million UK : 435,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 500,000 100 million Donna Summer United States 1968 -- 2012 Pop / Disco / R&B 7001308000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.8 million ( show ) US : 24.5 million UK : 3.735 million FRA : 900,000 CAN : 1.550 million BRA : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million The Beach Boys United States 1961 -- present 1962 Rock / Pop / Surf Rock 7001305000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.5 million ( show ) US : 25.6 million UK : 3.410 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 400,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 492,500 SPA : 250,000 100 million David Bowie United Kingdom 1962 -- 2016 1967 Art rock / Glam rock / Pop 7001296000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 29.6 million ( show ) US : 11.7 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 11.445 million GER : 525,000 FRA : 2.380 million CAN : 2.215 million AUS : 565,000 ITA : 320,000 SPA : 170,000 NZ : 142,500 100 million The Who United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1965 Rock / Hard rock 7001269000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 26.9 million ( show ) US : 22.150 million UK : 3.905 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 425,000 ITA : 125,000 100 million Barry White United States 1972 -- 2003 1973 R&B / Soul 7001217000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 21.7 million ( show ) US : 16.5 million UK : 3.665 million FRA : 1.1 million CAN : 150,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 150,000 100 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 80 million to 99 million records B'z Shania Twain Coldplay Flo Rida Nicki Minaj Ayumi Hamasaki Van Halen To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Shania Twain Canada 1993 -- present Country pop 7001756009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 75.6 million ( show ) US : 54.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 6.795 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 975,000 CAN : 6.8 million AUS : 2.360 million BRA : 475,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 100,000 SWI : 310,000 BEL : 250,000 ARG : 120,000 AUT : 115,000 NZ : 402,500 90 million Coldplay United Kingdom 1996 -- present 1999 Alternative rock , Pop rock , Pop 7001737000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 73.7 million ( show ) US : 26.6 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 23.085 million GER : 4.150 million FRA : 2.930 CAN : 3.205 million AUS : 3.585 million ITA : 2.525 million BRA : 340,000 SWE : 590,000 SPA : 1.030 million MEX : 1.890 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 735,000 ARG : 280,000 DEN : 619,000 AUT : 197,500 POL : 220,000 IRE : 210,000 NZ : 345,000 90 million Santana United States 1966 -- present 1969 Rock 7001618000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 61.8 million ( show ) US : 47.475 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 2.980 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.510 million CAN : 1.660 million AUS : 855,000 BRA : 375,000 SWE : 125,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 405,000 SWI : 375,000 BEL : 190,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 145,000 POL : 205,000 NZ : 135,000 90 million Earth , Wind & Fire United States 1969 -- present 1971 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001356000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.6 million ( show ) US : 31.8 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 2.525 million FRA : 500,000 CAN : 360,000 90 million Johnny Cash United States 1954 -- 2003 1956 Country / Rock and roll / Gospel 7001307000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.7 million ( show ) US : 25.7 million UK : 3.660 million GER : 400,000 CAN : 490,000 AUS : 522,500 90 million B'z Japan 1988 -- present Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock 7001855000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 85.5 million ( show ) JPN : 85.5 million 86 million Nicki Minaj United States 2008 -- present Hip hop , Pop 7001672000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 67.2 million ( show ) US : 54.5 million JPN : 350,000 UK : 6.3 million GER : 800,000 FRA : 225,000 CAN : 480,000 AUS : 2.835 million ITA : 350,000 BRA : 250,000 SWE : 400,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 180,000 DEN : 130,000 NZ : 187,500 85 million R.E.M. United States 1980 -- 2011 Alternative rock 7001424000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.4 million ( show ) US : 21.150 million UK : 8.705 million GER : 4.275 million FRA : 1.450 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 1.030 ITA : 175,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 500,000 SPA : 1.1 million SWI : 450,000 BEL : 150,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 350,000 IRE : 127,500 NZ : 105,000 85 million Flo Rida United States 2007 -- present 2007 Hip - hop , Hip house , EDM 7001698000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 69.8 million ( show ) US : 49 million JPN : 650,000 UK : 7.960 million GER : 3 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 2.810 million AUS : 3.535 million ITA : 330,000 SWE : 780,000 SPA : 140,000 MEX : 330,000 SWI : 420,000 DEN : 205,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 247,500 80 million Ayumi Hamasaki Japan 1998 -- present 1998 J - pop / Pop / dance / electronic 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million ( show ) JPN : 64.3 million 80 million Van Halen United States 1978 -- present 1978 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million ( show ) US : 57.8 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 740,000 GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2.450 million BRA : 200,000 80 million Red Hot Chili Peppers United States 1983 -- present Funk rock / Alternative rock 7001573000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 57.3 million ( show ) US : 32.250 million JPN : 2.6 million UK : 9.595 million GER : 2.650 million FRA : 1.420 million CAN : 2.020 million AUS : 2.590 million ITA : 420,000 BRA : 515,000 SWE : 390,000 SPA : 640,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 170,000 ARG : 390,000 DEN : 227,000 AUT : 247,500 POL : 245,000 FIN : 171,951 NZ : 285,000 80 million Foreigner United States United Kingdom 1976 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard Rock 7001496000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 49.6 million ( show ) US : 45.1 million UK : 1.300 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 700,000 AUS : 105,000 SWI : 125,000 80 million The Doors United States 1965 -- 1973 1967 Psychedelic rock 7001469000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46.9 million ( show ) US : 36.6 million UK : 2.040 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 1.9 million CAN : 2.780 million AUS : 1.022 million ITA : 130,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 125,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million George Michael United Kingdom 1981 -- 2016 1984 Pop 7001457000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.7 million ( show ) US : 19.8 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.850 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.217 million CAN : 1.770 million AUS : 2.205 million BRA : 350,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 850,000 SWI : 335,000 BEL : 215,000 ARG : 110,000 DEN : 380,000 AUT : 140,000 POL : 340,000 NZ : 140,000 80 million Reba McEntire United States 1975 -- present Country / Country Pop 7001427000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.7 million ( show ) US : 41.9 million CAN : 850,000 80 million Meat Loaf United States 1968 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard rock 7001415000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.5 million ( show ) US : 23.6 million UK : 9.665 million GER : 2.350 million CAN : 3.260 million AUS : 2.382 million SWE : 100,000 SWI : 115,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Barry Manilow United States 1973 -- present 1973 Pop / Soft rock 7001365000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 36.5 million ( show ) US : 33.3 million UK : 2.825 million CAN : 400,000 80 million Tom Petty United States 1976 -- present 1977 Rock 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 31.250 million UK : 1 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 1.7 million SWE : 200,000 80 million Johnny Hallyday France 1957 -- present 1960 Rock / Pop 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million ( show ) FRA : 24.035 million SWI : 268,000 BEL : 430,000 80 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 75 million to 79 million records Journey The Black Eyed Peas Kenny G Tupac Shakur Usher Robbie Williams Enya To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Black Eyed Peas United States 1995 -- present 1998 Hip - hop / R&B / Dance 7001556000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 55.6 million ( show ) US : 29.4 million JPN : 1.250 million UK : 10.8 million GER : 2.250 million FRA : 2.650 million CAN : 2.7 million AUS : 3.270 million ITA : 365,000 BRA : 255,000 SWE : 300,000 SPA : 460,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 460,000 BEL : 460,000 DEN : 161,000 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 340,000 76 million Journey United States 1973 -- present Rock / Soft rock 7001620000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 62 million ( show ) US : 59.7 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.360 million CAN : 725,000 75 million Kenny G United States 1982 -- present 1984 Smooth jazz 7001519000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.9 million ( show ) US : 48.1 million JPN : 700,000 UK : 360,000 CAN : 950,000 BRA : 1.350 million SPA : 450,000 75 million Tupac Shakur United States 1991 -- 1996 1991 Hip hop 7001509000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.9 million ( show ) US : 46.2 million UK : 3.015 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 820,000 AUS : 395,000 75 million Usher United States 1991 -- present R&B / Pop 7001509000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.9 million ( show ) US : 37.435 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 7.925 million GER : 850,000 FRA : 210,000 CAN : 1.190 million AUS : 2.112 million SWE : 105,000 SWI : 170,000 DEN : 117,500 NZ : 150,000 75 million Robbie Williams United Kingdom 1990 -- present Pop rock 7001503000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.3 million ( show ) US : 500,000 UK : 27.350 million GER : 9.475 million FRA : 2.695 million CAN : 250,000 AUS : 2.905 million ITA : 360,000 SWE : 445,000 SPA : 440,000 MEX : 1.595 million SWI : 983,000 BEL : 600,000 DEN : 631,500 AUT : 917,500 POL : 140,000 ARG : 270,000 FIN : 235,743 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 445,000 75 million Enya Ireland 1982 -- present New - age / Celtic 7001500000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50 million ( show ) US : 26.5 million JPN : 4.6 million UK : 5.250 million GER : 4.2 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 1.540 million AUS : 1.505 BRA : 1.650 million SWE : 390,000 SPA : 1.760 million MEX : 125,000 SWI : 370,000 BEL : 460,000 ARG : 390,000 DEN : 100,000 AUT : 185,000 POL : 120,000 NZ : 135,000 75 million Alabama United States 1972 -- present 1980 Country / Pop rock 7001480000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48 million ( show ) US : 46.8 million CAN : 1.2 million 75 million Nirvana United States 1987 -- 1994 1989 Grunge / Alternative rock 7001455000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.5 million ( show ) US : 26.5 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 5.570 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 2.5 million CAN : 2.970 million AUS : 1.257 ITA : 375,000 BRA : 725,000 SWE : 380,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 475,000 SWI : 190,000 BEL : 350,000 ARG : 490,000 AUT : 230,000 POL : 300,000 NZ : 215,000 75 million The Police United Kingdom 1977 -- 1986 2007 -- 2008 1978 Pop / Rock 7001388009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.8 million ( show ) US : 23.150 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 8.160 million GER : 1.775 million FRA : 3.340 million CAN : 875,000 AUS : 407,500 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 140,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 100,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 252,000 75 million Bob Marley Jamaica 1962 -- 1981 Reggae 7001385000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.5 million ( show ) US : 21.850 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 7.175 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 4.735 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 350,000 ITA : 225,000 SWE : 120,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 303,000 ARG : 240,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 427,500 75 million Kiss United States 1972 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001278000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 27.8 million ( show ) US : 26 million CAN : 1.495 million UK : 100,000 AUS : 130,000 ARG : 112,000 75 million Aretha Franklin United States 1956 -- present 1961 Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million ( show ) US : 23.5 million UK : 840,000 FRA : 275,000 CAN : 150,000 75 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . See also List of best - selling albums List of best - selling singles List of best - selling girl groups List of highest - certified music artists in the United States Notes Jump up ^ To be on this list , artists who began charting : before 1975 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 % in certified units . between 1975 -- 1990 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 -- 64 % in certified units . ( That is 2.9 % for each additional year after 1975 ) between 1990 -- 2000 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 64 -- 70 % in certified units . ( That is 0.6 % for each additional year after 1990 ) between 2000 -- present are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 70 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 0.66 % for each additional year after 2000 ) ^ Jump up to : Certification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century ; thus , certification databases are not able to cover all sales . Some ( or all ) records released and sold prior to a certification system 's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases . Year of establishment ( from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively ) : United States : 1958 Japan : 1989 : United Kingdom : 1973 Germany : 1975 France : 1973 Canada : 1975 Australia : 1997 ( online certification - database has begun since 1997 . Certifications ; however , existed in Australia since the 1970s ) Italy : 2009 ( online certification - database covers certifications issued since 2009 . Certifications ; however , have existed in Italy since the 1990s ) Netherlands : 1978 Brazil : 1990 Sweden : 1987 Spain : 1979 Mexico : 1999 Switzerland : 1989 Belgium : 1997 Argentina : 1980 Denmark : 2001 ( online certifications for Denmark start from 2001 . Certifications ; however , existed in Denmark since the early 1990s ) Austria : 1990 Poland : 1995 Finland : 1971 Ireland : 2005 New Zealand : July 1978 Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales , if stores order more albums than they are able to sell , due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales . Often , however , actual sales are larger than certified sales , since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications . Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple certification - levels , meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level . As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites , certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels . See the changes in Certification - award - levels in the following markets : United States ( Note , U.S. certification - award - levels for singles before 1989 were : 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum . Also , U.S. certification - awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were : 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum ) Japan United Kingdom Germany France Canada ( Canadian certification - award - levels for singles before February 1982 were : 75,000 for Gold and 150,000 for Platinum ) Italy Netherlands Brazil Sweden Spain Mexico Switzerland Belgium Argentina Denmark Austria : Poland Finland New Zealand : ( NZ certification levels before June 2007 were : 5,000 for Gold , 10,000 for Platinum ) ( The levels for singles were adjusted again on June 17 , 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold , 15,000 for Platinum , to 15,000 for Gold , 30,000 for Platinum ) References Jump up ^ NEWSLINE : A Former Music Executive . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Troubles in Store . Spin Magazine . Spin Media L.L.C. February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Debuts Album Award With Streams '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music streaming numbers now count toward Canada 's Gold / Platinum certifications '' . National Music Centre . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Now Counts Streaming Towards Certified Sales Awards '' . musicbusinessworldwide.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum : We Found Love '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Best - Selling Songs & Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ Yearbook 2017 : IFPI Global Music Report 2017 ( Page 5 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bundesverband Musikindustrie : Internationales : Abb. 28 / / Umsätze aus dem europäischen Musikverkauf '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Beatles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Gold Disc Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BVMI : Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNEP : Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum searchable database '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Itaiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABPD : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROMUSICAE Charts : Home > Weekly charts '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 928 -- 939 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Note that the certifications for DVDs need to be retrieved by selecting the years at `` http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp '' ^ Jump up to : `` Awards 1997 -- 2003 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop : Goud En Platina '' . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Austria . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recorded Music New Zealand : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioscope : Latest Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Radioscope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loebenberg , Priscilla ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Fab Four came to America 50 years ago with the help of a Maryland teenager '' . Carroll County Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hotten , Russell ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Beatles at 50 : From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did ' Thriller ' Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Elvis Presley ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 913 -- 929 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 940 -- 952 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amprofon Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2016 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 15 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 43 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Mark ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Elvis impersonator reviews his career highlights , wardrobe '' . Daily Herald of Arlington Heights . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shah , Sabir ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Pakistan is not lone target of extortion , gangster crimes '' . The News International of Pakistan . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salo , Jackie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elvis Presley Quotes : 10 Things He Said To Remember The Icon On Anniversary Of His Death '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Michael Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc Les Certifications depuis 1973 ( singles ) '' . InfoDisc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 6th July 2009 ( Issue 1010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 13th July 2009 ( Issue 1011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverige Toplistan : Sök '' . Sverige Toplistan ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Note : To retrieve the certifications , type in artist 's name in the box of `` Sök '' , and then click on `` Visa '' of the desired album / single / video ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 952 -- 966 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin i august '' . IFPI Denmark . September 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' King of Pop ' Michael Jackson was born today '' . Geo News . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' . CNN . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : 100 facts about the king of pop '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Agencies , China Daily ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` 50 facts about Michael Jackson that made him a legend '' . China Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Madonna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 210 ( Madonna ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin november / december / januar '' . IFPI Denmark . February 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 22 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts '' . IFPI Denmark . April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & platin januar 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna compares herself to Picasso , saying she 's going to be creative until the day she dies '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna 's Rebel Heart beats strong on latest tour '' . The Macomb Daily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : healthy pop star admits to ' weakness ' for sticky toffee pudding '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Elton John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forårets guld - og platincertificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnham , Emily ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Elton John to play two concerts in Maine this fall '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hebditch , Jon ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sir Elton John to play Aberdeen this weekend '' . The Press and Journal of Scotland . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Jacqui ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John to play at WSU 's Nutter Center '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John , songtrack to my life '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Led Zeppelin ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications Albums -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 10 / 11 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 10th August 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Celebration Day ' for Led Zeppelin fans '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Jane ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jimmy Page reflects on Led Zeppelin '' . The Age . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Logue , Timothy ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend : Delco man pens the real story behind Led Zeppelin 's rise '' . Delaware County Daily Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barbrick , Greg ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Music DVD / CD Review : Led Zeppelin -- Celebration Day '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Pink Floyd ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Floyd to release a new album in 2014 , entitled The Endless River '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : January 1995 ( Page 6 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Stephen ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` CONCERT REVIEW : Pink Floyd music lives on with tribute band '' . The Sun Chronicle . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Royal Mail Marks 50 Years of Pink Floyd With Special Stamps '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd drummer fears for young musicians trying to break through '' . Irish Examiner . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Pink Floyd Designer Exhibiting His Work In Ely '' . Ely Standard . May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Rihanna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2017 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts ( 31 / 03 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i september '' . IFPI Denmark . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts : Certtifications - Awards '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna and the other female stars living the life dating billionaires '' . News.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ronnie ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Barbados ' precious stone '' . Barbados Today . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Mariah Carey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 ( Million Seller List by Year ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 ( Mariah Carey ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 4 ( UGE 51 - 2016 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey will return to Vegas for a handful of Christmastime concerts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julie , Jackson ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey to hold solo concert in October '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reporter , AFP ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey asks fans to pray for sick husband '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` For Mariah Carey , the angel is in the details '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Proefrock , Stacia . `` Allmusic : Celine Dion ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 1995 年 ( 1995 million - seller list ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( July 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 47 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 22 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion to launch fashion line with The Bugatti Group '' . Kingston Whig - Standard . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ptashnick , Victoria ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Céline Dion joins Twitter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Learning to love Celine Dion '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barhat , Vikram Singh ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Celine Dion : Taking Chances tour to heights '' . Gulf News . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : AC / DC ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Francois ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Review : AC / DC thrill Vancouver fans at BC Place '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Ronan ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' AC / DC 's music is the best antidepressant there is ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Giants AC / DC Accept The Inevitable And Agree To Make Their Music Available On iTunes '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Martin ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` MSPs tell AC / DC ... We Salute You '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Whitney Houston ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( January 2014 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 27th February 2012 Issue No. 1148 ( for single `` I Will Always Love You '' and albums `` The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' , `` Whitney Houston '' ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Whitney Houston : 10 Career - Defining Moments '' . Time . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levine , Barry ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Four more who should be in the Hall of Fame '' . The Albany Herald . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Michael ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Music world stunned at Whitney Houston 's death '' . The Australian . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ France - Presse , Agence ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Music world stunned at death of Whitney Houston , 48 '' . Hürriyet Daily News . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Queen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2004 年 ( 2004 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castle , Jill ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The 20 Queen facts you can share with your mates at the Hydro '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tolhurst , Alain ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Queen guitarist reveals Sidmouth inspiration '' . Sidmouth Herald . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fox , Emily ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Queen rocker Brian May reveals he is undergoing ' urgent tests ' for cancer '' . Daily Express . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Rolling Stones ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ; Dixon , Louise ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years on stage '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCall , Tris ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Maybe the last time ? Rolling Stones set to rock Newark , London '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : ABBA ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 2001 ( Gold Album - Page 8 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum Database ( February 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( September 8 , 1979 ) . ABBA 's Australian certifications at Billboard Magazine ( September 8 , 1979 issue ) . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 25 - 2004 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 28 April 2014 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 19 March 2007 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trauth , Beti ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` ABBA music enhances ' Mamma Mia ! ' at the Van Duzer '' . Times - Standard . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Kerry ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mamma Mia ! ' at ASU Gammage '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Philip ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ABBA Gold and the UK Bee Gees tribute acts to perform in Skegness '' . Skegness Standard Newspaper . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA , Hollies , Genesis enter Rock Hall in NYC bash '' . The Register Citizen Newspaper . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Taylor Swift ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wirt , John ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Superstar Taylor Swift encores in Tiger Stadium '' . The Advocate of Louisiana . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Garth Brooks ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kelly ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Garth Brooks is back in Raleigh , doing 3 shows at PNC '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Eminem ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 17 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Jonathan ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Letter from Eminem to Tupac 's mother discovered '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Eagles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michelle , Mitchell ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Eagles tribute band comes to the Wayne '' . The Daily Progress . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : U2 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 22 / 09 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Lara ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Former U2 manager Paul McGuinness : Cracking crime on the Côte d'Azur '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Billy Joel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Case , Wesley ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Billy Joel to perform at M&T Bank Stadium in July '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Phil Collins ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Phil Collins ' fans rejoice : Artist announces end of retirement '' . CNN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Aerosmith ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 ARIA Singes Chart : Annual Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leimkuehler , Matthew ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Aerosmith frontman Steven Tyler to perform at Iowa State Fair '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Frank Sinatra ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kathaleen ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` New Mexico musicians weigh in on performing with Frank Sinatra '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Barbra Streisand ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gornall , Jonathan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Newsmaker : Barbra Streisand '' . The National of Abu Dhabi . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Bruno Mars ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 12 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PARI : List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . Philippine Association of the Record Industry . PARI . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClellan , Bill ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Where 's our burning love in St. Louis ? '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Kanye West ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold / Platinum database : October 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Track Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Chris ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bluesfest review : Twenty minutes late , Kanye West still captures massive crowd '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Bruce Springsteen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april '' . IFPI Denmark . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kidd , James ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Book review : with Born to Run , Bruce Springsteen charts a true artist 's life '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 27 May 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 448 . Jump up ^ Maury Dean ( 2003 ) . Rock ' N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora Publishing . p. 283 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Bee Gees ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 1996 ( Page 5 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : November 1996 ( Page 4 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Barry Gibb honors brothers at sold out show , reveals Bee Gees ' best song '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Lady Gaga ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barr , Gordon ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga : We chart her career as she prepares for Metro Radio Arena concert '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Metallica ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 07 / 10 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pashelka , Curtis ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Shark Hosting ' Metallica Night ' at SAP Center '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Katy Perry ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Andrews , Travis ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is the first judge named for new ' American Idol ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collar , Matt . `` Allmusic : Justin Bieber ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber disappoints with ' hungover ' performance at V Festival '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Davis . `` Allmusic : Adele ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Felicity ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Adele Australian tour 2017 : Grammy winner to sing at Brisbane 's Gabba in March '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Jay - Z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pagliery , Jose ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jay - Z to buy music streaming Aspiro for $56 million '' . CNN . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bon Jovi ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 28th January 2008 ( Issue 935 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Australian certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mathew ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Bon Jovi recalls the early days and how Livin ' on a Prayer changed everything '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Lil Wayne ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levy , Piet ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Lil Wayne , Jeezy coming to UW - Milwaukee Panther Arena June 12 '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Linkin Park ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington : Lead singer of Linkin Park remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Britney Spears ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april ( 01 / 05 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 6 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Hunter ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Finally , our elected officials are giving Britney Spears the respect she deserves '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Beyonce ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Company : Beyoncé '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Conciones Top 20 Anual 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schroats , Stephen ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Beyoncé considers investing in a rising NBA team , report says '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Rod Stewart ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Andy ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Rod Stewart speaks exclusively ahead of Shrewsbury show '' . Shropshire Star . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Fleetwood Mac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 29 June 2003 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 16 September 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Urban , Kelly ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fleetwood Mac tribute band TUSK to rock Arcadia '' . The Tribune - Democrat . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Guns N ' Roses ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ P. Mayor , Jeffrey ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses announces August concert in Seattle '' . The News Tribune . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : George Strait ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hammontree , John ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Who won the Ultimate Southern Music Bracket ? '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Backstreet Boys ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2001 年 ( 2001 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Backstreet ? s Back : Kevin Re-Joins The Backstreet Boys Permanently , Eighth Album In The Future '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Neil Diamond ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Michael ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Heider show will mine Neil Diamond hits '' . La Crosse Tribune . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Prince ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fong , Michelle ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prince 's memorable performances in Dayton '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Paul McCartney ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Sweden : Certifications for 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer ( page 75 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Chirs ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Paul McCartney wanted a free Brooklyn Nets T - shirt more than anything '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vinopal & Erlewine , David & Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kenny Rogers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( June 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Kenny Rogers : ' Christmas Once Again ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Janet Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lindquist , David ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Janet Jackson will make good on postponed Indy date '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Julio Iglesias ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julio Iglesias 30th Anniversary . Billboard . May 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Report , Staff ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Julio Iglesias to perform in Sharjah '' . Gulf News . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Chicago ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital downloads : February 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flans , Robyn ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Newbury Park drummer will rejoin Chicago for one big night '' . Ventura County Star . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Carpenters ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum database ( June 2009 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nice , Bill ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sugar High Theatricals presents ' An Evening with The Carpenters ' '' . The Register - Mail . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bob Dylan ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is Bob Dylan 's painting taken from a photo of Blackpool 's North Pier ? '' . Blackpool Gazette . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Dire Straits ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greaves , Amanda ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dire Straits tribute turns back the clock '' . The Ilkley Gazette . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bryan Adams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian certifications for Bryan Adams '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Szaroleta , Tom ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Saturday 's Bryan Adams concert postponed by Irma '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Def Leppard ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report Issue # 850 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulson , Jen ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Trifecta of rock -- Def Leppard , Poison , Tesla -- to play Colorado Springs '' . The Gazette of Colorado Springs . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Cher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cher 's Australia 's certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard magazine : Believe in the Album ( Issue January 22 , 2000 page 2 ) '' . Billboard . January 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI email -- Greatest Hits 1999 certification '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . RIANZ . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chareunsy , Don ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Fabulous and incomparable Cher to headline at The Park Theater at Monte Carlo '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Lionel Richie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 05 / 05 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Travis ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' All the hits ... all night long ! ' : Lionel Richie kicks off Mid-State Fair '' . The Tribune of San Luis Obispo . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Genesis ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book excerpt : Phil Collins ' `` Not Dead Yet '' `` . CBS News . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : James Taylor ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patinkin , Mark ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` James Taylor 's quiet perseverance is pitch perfect '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Olivia Newton - John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newton - John 's new battle with cancer 25 years after initial diagnosis '' . The Australian . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Stevie Wonder ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Michael ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Never - ending wonder : Stevie Wonder confirms suspicions that he 's still amazing '' . The Norman Transcript . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : Tina Turner ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben , Cosgrove ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tina Turner : Unpublished Photos of the Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Time . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Linda Ronstadt ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millican , Jim ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Rock ' n ' roll memories '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Donna Summer ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Disco Queen Donna Summer re-Embraces the Spotlight '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : The Beach Boys ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Chris ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Remember when - The Beach Boys played Cawley Stadium '' . The Sun of Lowell . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : David Bowie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rebel , rebel : We profile singing legend David Bowie '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eder & Erlewine , Bruce & Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Who ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Huba , Nicholas ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Who to play Boardwalk Hall July 22 '' . The Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogen , Ed . `` Allmusic : Barry White ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connor , Tracy ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Barry White dies at 58 while waiting for kidney transplant in 2003 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Shania Twain ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Gavin ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Shania Twain sets North Little Rock concert '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Coldplay ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alpad , Christina ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` The ' adventure of a lifetime ' for Coldplay fans '' . The Manila Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Santana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolgamott , L. Kent ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Santana coming to Lincoln '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Earth , Wind & Fire ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2011 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( April 2013 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Earth , Wind & Fire founder Maurice White dead at 74 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Johnny Cash ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Belanger , Joe ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tribute artist walks the line as legendary Johnny Cash '' . The London Free Press . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : B'z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yang , Jeff ( September 8 , 2005 ) . `` ASIAN POP Hello Kitty ! Rock ! Rock ! '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Nicki Minaj ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ofole - Prince , Samantha ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Nicki Minaj signs up as spokesperson and investor for Moscato wine '' . CaribPress . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R.E.M. ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Mike ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Mills : A Rock Star of Fantasy Sports '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Flo Rida ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Chuck ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Society Confidential : Flo Rida hits Sabrage '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : Ayumi Hamasaki ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( オリコン ) 浜崎 あゆみ 、 ソロ 初 の 総 売上 5000 万 枚 超え 「 ファン の みんなの 記録 」 ( First solo artist with over 50 million in sales ) '' . Oricon . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 年間 ありがとう ! 「 ケータイ ランキング 」 発表 ! アーティスト 1 位 は EXILE 、 楽曲 は GReeeeN 「 キセキ 」 ~ レコチョク の ケータイ 向け 「 着うた ( R ) 」 「 着うた フル ( R ) 」 サービス 12 / 15 終了 '' . Oricon . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Van Halen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Van Halen to Release First Concert Album With David Lee Roth '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Red Hot Chili Peppers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer : Page 15 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jimmy , Blake ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers make a triumphant return to Reading and Leeds festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Foreigner ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kridlin , Jay ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Foreigner still shines at 40 at Tampa 's MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Doors ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' When You 're Strange ' looks at Doors , Morrison with fresh sensibility , footage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Allmusic : George Michael ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( UGE 20 - 2004 '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singer George Michael dies at age 53 '' . The New Zealand Herald . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Reba McEntire ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Three decades after her first hit , Reba McEntire -- now 60 -- is poised for a comeback '' . National Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Meat Loaf ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Meat Loaf collapses onstage in Canada '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Barry Manilow ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tuccio - Koonz , Linda ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Barry Manilow to perform at Foxwoods '' . Connecticut Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Tom Petty ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wetjen , Andre ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Petty tribute band to play in Kelowna on Friday , Nov. 27 '' . The Daily Courier of Kelowna . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Johnny Hallyday ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Vidéos -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legendary French Singer Johnny Hallyday Is Being Treated for Cancer '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : The Black Eyed Peas ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 31 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apl. De. Ap completes roster of artists at ' MTV Music Evolution 2015 ' '' . The Manila Times . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Journey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( September 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Neil ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Neil 's glee for the journey '' . St Helens Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yanow , Scott . `` Allmusic : Kenny G ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Mel ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` How would you define his music ? Kenny G simply says it 's jazz . '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephan . `` Allmusic : 2 Pac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowman , Rob ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Seeing rapper Tupac Shakur 's life , death and music through ' All Eyez ' biopic '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Lynda . `` Allmusic : Usher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Souza , Alison ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` R&B star Usher toughens up to play boxer Sugar Ray Leonard in Hands Of Stone '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Robbie Williams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Staffordshire Day : The county 's most famous homegrown talent '' . Express & Star . May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Enya ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roper , Kerri - Ann ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Enya on rich list despite lack of hits '' . Irish Examiner . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Alabama ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Max B ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama brings ' southern pride ' to Deadwood '' . Rapid City Journal . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Nirvana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : 7th November 2011 ( Issue No. 1132 ) '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Brian ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Nirvana tribute night in castlebar venue '' . The Connaught Telegraph . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Police ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2002 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2005 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2007 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Andy Summers finds new magic in Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Qatar Tribune . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Bob Marley ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 20 / 05 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meschino , Patricia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Music and Marketing Genius of Bob Marley , 34 Years After His Passing '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kiss ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , John ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` KISS Alive at 35 '' . The Press Democrat . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Aretha Franklin ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Aretha Franklin to retire after recording album with Stevie Wonder '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About RIAJ : History '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Albums '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( October 2 , 1976 ) . CRIA . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certifications '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos -- Certificados '' ( Brazilian Association of Record Producers -- Certificates ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier certification database covering the years 1999 -- 2010 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community -- Awards '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards 1997 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capif '' ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guld - og platinplader er devalueret ( Gold and Platinum awards are lowered ) . b.dk ( in Danish ) . April 24 , 2003 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot '' ( IFPI Statistics ) ( in Finnish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Finland . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bialik , Carl ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Spun : The Off - the - Wall Accounting of Record Sales '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The awards : Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Recording Industry -- World Sales 2003 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Takes The Crop ( February 14 , 2008 ) '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 14 , 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIIA Certifications '' . Billboard . August 10 , 1996 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAJ Certs Plan Criticized . Recording Industry Association of Japan . October 25 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 現 基準 - 旧 基準 ( ~ 2003.06 ) '' ( Current criteria - Former Criteria ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Timeline '' ( PDF ) . BPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Verleihgrenzen '' ( Guidelines for Gold and Platinum awards ) ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( July 26 , 2006 ) . France Lowers Gold Standard . Billboard . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Singles '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Definitions '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CRIA Reports 46 % Rise for Disk Certifications . Billboard magazine . February 27 , 1982 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Newsline : Italian Label Body FIMI . Billboard magazine . February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI Lowers Gold , Platinum Levels '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certification - award - levels '' ( Words ) ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Níveis de Certificação '' ( Levels of Certification ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2009 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Certification - award - levels '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Global Newsline : Spain Lowers Certifications . Billboard magazine . November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Top 100 Albums ( SEMANA 37 : del 07.09. 2009 al 13.09. 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier changes in certification - levels including levels for Pre-loaded albums / singles and Mater Ringtones ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 35 . Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries ( Unit sales ) ( Page 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . RIAJ . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2007 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark Revamps Certification Levels . Billboard . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nye regler for platinplader til downloads ( New rule for Gold and Platinum downloads ) . gaffa.dk. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark : Guld og platin . IFPI ( Denmark ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certification levels for Austria ( all periods ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . ^ Jump up to : GSA : Austria . Billboard magazine . December 6 , 1997 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pełny Tekst Regulaminu Przyznawania Wyróżnień '' ( Complete Rules of Awards ) ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Certification - levels '' ( PDF ) . ZPAV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Music Charts of NZ : June 4 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . rianz.org.nz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On Demand Streams Added To New Zealand Top 40 Album Charts '' . scoop.co.nz . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Music History of music and Classical history Prehistoric Ancient Religious Biblical Secular Classical / art music Medieval Renaissance Baroque Classical period Romantic Impressionist 20th century Contemporary 21st century Vernacular music Blues Circus music Country music Jazz Folk music Popular music Hip hop music Pop music Progressive music Psychedelic music Rock music Heavy metal Punk rock Alternative Soul music Performance Ensembles Band ( rock and pop ) Backup band All - female band Rhythm section Big band Choir Concert band Conducting Disc jockey Musician Orchestra Singing Lead vocalist Backing vocalist Theory Composition Form Genre Notation Composer Improvisation Songwriter Lyrics Song Education and study Bachelor of Music Master of Music Doctor of Musical Arts PhD Music education Music history Music psychology Cultural aspects Musicology Ethnomusicology Ecomusicology Production Single A-side and B - side Extended play Album Compilation Live Remix Audio engineer Record label Record producer Sampling Music technology ( electric ) Music technology ( electronic and digital ) Sound recording and reproduction Cover Remix Cultural and regional genres African Central East North Southern West Asian Central East Middle - Eastern South Southeast European Central Eastern Northern Southeastern Southern Western Latin American Central American South American North American Caribbean Oceanian Melanesian Micronesian Polynesian By sovereign state Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Macedonia Republic of the Congo Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria São Tomé and Príncipe Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Lists Index Outline Terminology Instruments Musical forms by era Cultural and regional genres Popular music genres Albums Songs Jazz and popular music glossary Audio Related articles Album - equivalent unit Music and politics Music festival Music therapy Musical instrument Women in music Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_music_artists&oldid=802657271 '' Categories : Lists of bestsellers Lists of musicians Rock music Popular music Lists of best - selling music artists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski Português Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 16 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has sold the most albums world wide | [
"\n\nArtist\nCountry / Market\nPeriod active\nRelease year of first charted record\nGenre\nTotal certified units\n(from available markets)[b]\nClaimed sales\n\n\nThe Beatles\nUnited Kingdom\n1960–1970[10]\n1962[10]\nRock / Pop[10]\n7002270800000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 270.8 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 212.250 million[11]\nJPN: 4.950 million[b][12]\nUK: 17.845 million[b][13]\nGER: 8 million[b][14]\nFRA: 3.890 million[b][15][16]\nCAN: 14.455 million[b][17]\nAUS: 3.060 million[b][18][19]\nITA: 305,000[b][20]\nBRA: 550,000[b][21]\nSWE 485,000[b][22]\nSPA: 1.240 million[b][23][24]\nSWI: 350,000[b][25]\nBEL: 265,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 1.590 million[b][28]\nDEN: 260,000[b][29][30]\nAUT: 500,000[b][31]\nPOL: 175,000[b][32]\nNZ: 660,000[b][33][34]\n\n\n\n\n600 million[35][36]\n500 million[37]\n\n\nElvis Presley\nUnited States\n1954–1977[38]\n1954[38]\nRock and roll / Pop / Country[38]\n7002211500000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 211.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 188.650 million[11]\nJPN: 300,000[b][12]\nUK: 12.245 million[b][13]\nGER: 1.2 million[b][14]\nFRA: 2.590 million[b][15][16]\nCAN: 2.925 million[b][17]\nAUS: 1.587 million[b][18]\nITA: 105,000[b][20]\nBRA: 125,000[b][21]\nSWE 380,000[b][22]\nSPA: 300,000[b][23][39][40]\nMEX: 105,000[b][41][42]\nSWI: 185,000[b][25]\nBEL: 115,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 110,000[b][28]\nDEN: 120,000[b][43][44][45]\nAUT: 205,000[b][31]\nFIN: 213,945[b][46]\nNZ: 117,500[b][33][34]\n\n\n\n\n600 million[47][48]\n500 million[49]\n\n\nMichael Jackson\nUnited States\n1964–2009[50]\n1971[50]\nPop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B[50]\n7002184100000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 184.1 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 104.5 million[11]\nJPN: 4.650 million[b][12][51]\nUK: 27.195 million[13]\nGER: 11.275 million[14]\nFRA: 11.375 million[15][16][52]\nCAN: 4.670 million[17]\nAUS: 6.6 million[b][18][19][53][54][55]\nITA: 1.170 million[b][20]\nBRA: 280,000[b][21]\nSWE: 1.230 million[b][22][56]\nSPA: 1.995 million[b][23][24][39][40][57]\nMEX: 3.670 million[b][41]\nSWI: 910,000[b][25]\nBEL: 365,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 100,000[b][28]\nDEN: 1.179 million[b][58][59][60]\nAUT: 1.197 million[b][31]\nPOL: 530,000[b][32]\nFIN: 384,127[46]\nNZ: 902,500[33][34]\n\n\n\n\n350 million[61][62]\n300 million[63][64]\n\n\nMadonna\nUnited States\n1979–present[65]\n1982[65]\nPop / Dance / Electronica[65]\n7002170500000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 170.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 85.675 million[11]\nJPN: 6.450 million [b][12][51]\nUK: 28.845 million[13]\nGER: 12.4 million[14]\nFRA: 12.795 million[15][16][52]\nCAN: 6.030 million[17]\nAUS: 4.717 million[b][18][66][67]\nITA: 465,000[b][20]\nBRA: 3.440 million[b][21]\nSWE: 1.070 million[b][22][56]\nSPA: 2.815 million[23][24][39][40][57]\nMEX: 510,000[b][41]\nSWI: 1.080 million[b][25]\nBEL: 690,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 970,000[28]\nDEN: 407,000[b][58][59][68][69][70][71]\nAUT: 602,500[b][31]\nPOL: 530,000[b][32]\nFIN: 652,686[46]\nNZ: 417,500[33][34]\n\n\n\n\n300 million[72][73]\n275 million[74]\n\n\nElton John\nUnited Kingdom\n1964–present[75]\n1969[75]\nPop / Rock[75]\n7002169000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 169 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 117.850 million[11]\nJPN: 1.1 million [b][12]\nUK: 22.295 million[b][13]\nGER: 7.9 million[b][14]\nFRA: 4.825 million[b][15][16][52]\nCAN: 5.975 million[b][17]\nAUS: 2.837 million[b][18]\nBRA: 835,000[b][21]\nSWE: 740,000[b][22]\nSPA: 1.2 million[b][23][24][40][57]\nMEX: 100,000[b][41]\nSWI: 1.313 million[b][25]\nBEL: 390,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 120,000[28]\nDEN: 150,000[b][44][59][76]\nAUT: 765,000[b][31]\nPOL: 150,000[b][32]\nFIN: 163,481[46]\nNZ: 255,000[b][33][34]\n\n\n\n\n300 million[77][78]\n250 million[79][80]\n\n\nLed Zeppelin\nUnited Kingdom\n1968–1980[81]\n1969[81]\nHard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock[81]\n7002139500000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 139.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 114.1 million[11]\nJPN: 400,000 [b][12]\nUK: 9.130 million[b][13]\nGER: 3.775 million[b][14]\nFRA: 2.310 million[b][15][16][82]\nCAN: 4.710 million[17]\nAUS: 2.8 million[b][18][83][84]\nITA: 345,000[b][20]\nBRA: 820,000[b][21]\nSPA: 450,000[b][24][40][57]\nSWI: 211,000[b][25]\nARG: 360,000[b][28]\nPOL: 120,000[b][32]\n\n\n\n\n300 million[85][86]\n200 million[87][88]\n\n\nPink Floyd\nUnited Kingdom\n1965–1996, 2014[89][90]\n1967[89]\nProgressive rock / Psychedelic rock[89]\n7002118800000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 118.8 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 78 million[11]\nJPN: 100,000[b][91]\nUK: 11.320 million[b][13]\nGER: 7.5 million[b][14]\nFRA: 6.360 million[b][15][16][52]\nCAN: 6.790 million[b][17]\nAUS: 2.932 million[b][18][19]\nITA: 1.685 million[b][20]\nBRA: 515,000[b][21]\nSWE: 220,000[b][22][56]\nSPA: 625,000[b][23][24][39][57]\nSWI: 390,000[b][25]\nBEL: 115,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 430,000[b][28]\nAUT: 460,000[b][31]\nPOL: 590,000[b][32]\nNZ: 787,500[b][33][34]\n\n\n\n\n250 million[92][93]\n200 million[94][95]\n\n"
] | [
"The Beatles"
] |
-4854481769175022585 | Tomb Raider (film) | Tomb Raider ( film ) - wikipedia Tomb Raider ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2018 film starring Alicia Vikander . For the 2001 film starring Angelina Jolie , see Lara Croft : Tomb Raider . Tomb Raider Theatrical release poster Directed by Roar Uthaug Produced by Graham King Screenplay by Geneva Robertson - Dworet Alastair Siddons Story by Evan Daugherty Geneva Robertson - Dworet Based on Tomb Raider by Crystal Dynamics Starring Alicia Vikander Dominic West Walton Goggins Daniel Wu Kristin Scott Thomas Music by Tom Holkenborg Cinematography George Richmond Edited by Stuart Baird Michael Tronick Production companies Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Warner Bros. Pictures GK Films Square Enix Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) ( Berlin ) March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) ( United Kingdom ) March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 118 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $90 - 106 million Box office $263.2 million Tomb Raider is a 2018 action - adventure film directed by Roar Uthaug with a screenplay by Geneva Robertson - Dworet and Alastair Siddons , from a story by Evan Daugherty and Robertson - Dworet . It is based on the 2013 video game of the same name , with some elements of its sequel by Crystal Dynamics , and is a reboot of the Tomb Raider film series . The film stars Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft , in which she embarks on a perilous journey to her father 's last - known destination , hoping to solve the mystery of his disappearance . Dominic West , Walton Goggins , Daniel Wu , and Kristin Scott Thomas appear in supporting roles . Principal photography took place from January to June 2017 at the Warner Bros. Studios in the United Kingdom and in Cape Town , South Africa . The first Tomb Raider film not to be distributed by Paramount Pictures , it was released in the United Kingdom on March 14 , 2018 and in the United States on March 16 , 2018 , by Warner Bros. Pictures in RealD 3D , IMAX 3D and IMAX . It has grossed $262 million worldwide , making it the 10th highest - grossing film of 2018 . The film received mixed reviews from critics , with some criticizing the plot as `` paint - by - numbers '' but others praising the grittiness and realistic take on the franchise . While Vikander 's performance was praised , the characterization of Croft drew a polarized response ; some described her as a `` capable , powerful and unobjectified heroine '' while others called her bland and a `` punching bag and onlooker . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Future 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Following the disappearance of her father Richard Croft , Lara Croft makes a living as a bike courier . When she is arrested after a bike accident involving a police car , Richard 's business partner Ana Miller posts her bail and warns her that if she does not claim her inheritance , her father 's estate will be sold off . Lara reluctantly accepts and gains access to her father 's office . There she finds a pre-recorded message from Richard detailing his research into Himiko , the mythical Queen of Yamatai who was said to command the power over life and death . Richard warns Lara to destroy all of his research but Lara decides not to so she can investigate further . Lara travels to Hong Kong where she hires Lu Ren , captain of the ship Endurance , to sail into the Devil 's Sea to the island of Yamatai . The ship capsizes in a violent storm and Lara is washed ashore where she is knocked unconscious . She is revived by Mathias Vogel , the leader of an expedition to locate Himiko 's tomb . The expedition has been funded by a shadowy organisation called Trinity that seeks to harness and weaponise Himiko 's power . Vogel takes Lara prisoner , claiming that he killed her father and intends to use Richard 's research to continue his expedition . Lara escapes with the help of Lu Ren , who also survived the storm and has been put to work with the local fishermen digging for Himiko 's tomb . She evades capture but is seriously wounded in the process and passes out from her injuries . Lara regains consciousness after nightfall and is forced to kill a Trinity guard when she is nearly discovered . She follows a mysterious figure wandering the island and discovers that the figure is her father , who himself had been held captive on Yamatai . After Lara convinces him that she is real , Richard treats her injuries . Despite his protests , Lara sets off to recover his research from Vogel 's camp . Lara makes contact with Lu Ren , and he , along with the fishermen , stage distractions that allow Lara to infiltrate the Trinity camp and recover her father 's research . In the ensuing chaos , Richard makes his way to the Himiko 's tomb and is captured by Vogel , who persuades Lara to open the tomb . The party navigates a series of booby traps and locates Himiko 's sarcophagus . Two Trinity soldiers attempt to remove her corpse but become infected by Himiko 's `` power , '' which is actually a disease so potent that mere physical contact triggers immediate bodily disintegration . Vogel shoots the infected soldier , concluding that he can not remove Himiko 's body . He instead settles for detaching a finger , which he seals in a pouch . In the confusion , Lara and Richard overpower the remaining soldiers , though Vogel escapes and Richard becomes infected . Knowing there is no cure , Richard proposes destroying Himiko 's tomb to prevent the virus from spreading across the world . Lara gives chase to Vogel as Richard sets off a bomb , killing himself and sealing the tomb . Lara confronts Vogel and the two fight . Lara overpowers him and force - feeds him Himiko 's severed finger before kicking him down a deep chasm just as the infection takes over . She is rescued by Lu Ren and the fishermen , who then commandeer a Trinity helicopter to escape Yamatai . Lara returns to London , where she formally accepts her inheritance and inadvertently discovers that Trinity 's front company is actually a subsidiary of Croft Holdings . She proceeds to investigate Trinity further among her father 's files and begins to suspect that Ana Miller is one of its agents who manipulated her into accepting her inheritance in order to have Lara sign over control of Croft Holdings ' business operations to her when Richard Croft stopped cooperating with Trinity . Having witnessed Trinity 's ruthlessness firsthand , she prepares for her next adventure to thwart their future plans . Cast ( edit ) Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft Maisy De Freitas as 7 - year - old Lara Emily Carey as 14 - year - old Lara Dominic West as Lord Richard Croft , Lara 's archaeologist father . Walton Goggins as Mathias Vogel , a rival archaeologist of Richard Croft and a member of Trinity , a shadowy organization . Daniel Wu as Lu Ren , the ship captain who helps Lara in searching for her father . Kristin Scott Thomas as Ana Miller , an associate at Richard Croft 's company , Croft Holdings . Derek Jacobi as Mr. Yaffe , an associate at Croft Holdings . Nick Frost as Max , pawn shop owner and gun salesman . Jaime Winstone as Pamela , Max 's wife . Hannah John - Kamen as Sophie , Croft 's close friend . Antonio Aakeel as Nitin Ahuja , a shy friend of Lara . Duncan Airlie James as Terry , the Mixed Martial Arts club operator . Additionally , Annabel Wood portrays Rose , Lara 's opponent at the Mixed Martial Arts club , Shekhar Varma and Rekha John - Cheriyan appear as Nitin 's parents . Josef Altin portray Bruce , Lara 's boss . Billy Postlethwaite and Roger Nsengiyumva appear as Bill and Rog , Lara 's co-workers and opponents at the race . Michael Obiora portray Baxter , Croft Holdings 's receptionist . Keenan Arrison portray Rocket , a Trinity guard , and Alexandre Willaume is Trinity 's lieutenant . Production ( edit ) GK Films first acquired the rights to the film in 2011 . Norwegian director Roar Uthaug came on board in November 2015 and Alicia Vikander was announced to be the new Lara Croft in April 2016 . Deadline Hollywood had previous reported that Daisy Ridley was considered for the role at one point , though she later claimed in an interview that it was just a `` crazy rumor '' . Walton Goggins was announced to play the villain in December 2016 . Much of the rest of the cast was revealed in early 2017 . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on January 23 , 2017 in Cape Town , South Africa and ended on June 9 , 2017 at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden . Wilton House near Salisbury in Wiltshire was the location for exterior shots for Croft Manor . Release ( edit ) Tomb Raider premiered on March 2 , 2018 in Berlin , Germany at an exclusive preview with invited guests and cosplaying fans . It was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 , by Warner Bros. Pictures , days after the fifth anniversary of the franchise 's video game reboot . The film gets an IMAX 3D and a RealD 3D release . Outside the US , the film was released in most territories between March 8 -- 16 , 2018 , whereas Japan will receive the film on March 21 , 2018 and Poland on April 6 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 8 , 2018 , Tomb Raider has grossed $55.1 million in the United States and Canada , and $208.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $263.2 million . In order to break even , the film needs to gross at least $275 million worldwide . In the United States and Canada , Tomb Raider was released alongside Love , Simon and I Can Only Imagine , and is projected to gross $23 -- 29 million from 3,854 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $9.1 million on its first day ( including $2.1 million from Thursday night previews ) . It went on to open to $23.5 million , finishing second at the box office behind Black Panther ( $27 million in its fifth week ) . It fell 55 % to $10.6 million in its second weekend , finishing 5th at the box office . It grossed $4.9 million in its third weekend , falling 51 % and finishing seventh . Internationally the film opened in nine Asian countries a week prior to its United States debut . It made $14.2 million over the weekend , with Korea 's $2.9 million being the biggest market . The film opened in China on March 16 , 2018 and made $12.3 million the first day . It was the fifth - highest grossing day for a Warner Bros. movie , opening 6 % higher than Wonder Woman ; it went on to debut to $41 million . As of 8 April 2018 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $77 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $9.4 million ) , France ( $9 million ) , and the Russian Commonwealth ( $7.3 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 50 % , based on 232 reviews , and an average rating of 5.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Tomb Raider reboots the franchise with a more grounded approach and a star who 's clearly more than up to the task -- neither of which are well served by an uninspired origin story . '' It is the best - reviewed live - action video game film in the history of the site . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 53 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by the 2001 film ; PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it a 70 % positive score . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and said , `` The Lara Croft reboot Tomb Raider is n't half bad for an hour . Then there 's another hour . That hour is quite bad . It 's no fun watching your action heroine get shoved , punched and kicked to the sidelines of her own movie , while the menfolk take over and take turns overacting before expiring . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a mixed review , criticizing the story but praising Vikander , writing , `` When all the one - dimensional supporting characters and familiar action moves fall by the wayside , the one thing left standing is Vikander ... The film strains credulity even for a vid - game fantasy by letting the leading lady recover awfully quickly from bad injuries , but other than that Vikander commands attention and is the element here that makes Tomb Raider sort of watchable . '' Matt Bobkin of Exclaim ! gave the film a 5 out of 10 score , writing `` Tomb Raider is at its best when delivering mindless action , but do n't bother trying to glean any sort of deeper , subversive meaning . '' Jerome Maida of PhillyVoice compared Alicia Vikander negatively to Jolie , writing `` She never comes across as having an ounce of sex appeal and , at times , looks like she could be 16 . Toss in the lack of curves and Warner Brothers could have decided to gender bend and make a film titled ' Luke Croft ' - and it would have come across the same way . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the film saying that `` The exciting surprise of the new Tomb Raider , directed by the Norwegian genre specialist Roar Uthaug , is that it does n't tamp down Vikander 's inner flame , or the three - dimensionality of her talent ; it does n't fold and insert her into an overly gymnastic and CGI - happy thrill ride . The movie is full of vine - swinging , bow - and - arrow - shooting , ancient - spirit - meeting action , but most of it is staged on a convincing human scale , one that 's been expertly tailored to its star 's understated directness . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and said `` this is a beautifully crafted and unpretentious piece of action cinema , with a number of sequences that are as gorgeous as they are thrilling , and a female hero who 's as elegant as she is deadly : an ass - kicking Audrey Hepburn . '' Future ( edit ) Producer Adrian Askarieh told IGN in an interview that he may oversee a film universe with Just Cause , Hitman , Tomb Raider , Deus Ex , and Thief . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Variety Media . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fabian , Daniel ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` '' Tomb Raider `` : Das war die exklusive Preview mit Alicia Vikander '' . DVD-Forum.at ( in German ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` TOMB RAIDER - Premierenclip Deutsch HD German ( 2018 ) '' . Warner Bros. DE . YouTube . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOMB RAIDER ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised For $460 M+ Profit ; Faith - Based ' I Can Only Imagine ' Surprises With $15 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilkenny , Katie ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) : Full Cast & Crew '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Departed ' & ' The Town ' Producer Plans ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot For 2013 '' . The Film Stage . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot Finds Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Alicia Vikander to Star as Lara Croft in ' Tomb Raider ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Is ' Star Wars ' Daisy Ridley Being Eyed As Lara Croft In ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 73 Questions With Daisy Ridley '' . Vogue . YouTube . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot Casts Walton Goggins as Villain Opposite Alicia Vikander ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Connor ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tomb Raider reboot movie is like Raiders of the Lost Ark according to bad guy actor Walton Goggins '' . GamesRadar+ . Future Publishing . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' : Walton Goggins on His `` Confused '' , `` Angry '' , and `` Desperate '' Villain `` . Collider . Future Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Reboot Adds ' Into the Badlands ' Star Daniel Wu ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` Dominic West Joins Alicia Vikander in ' Tomb Raider ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hannah John - Kamen Joins ' Tomb Raider ' Cast ; Andre Royo Steps Into Amazon 's ' Beautiful Boy ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` New Tomb Raider Movie Filming Has Begun ! '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tomb Raider Reboot Begins Shooting in January 2017 '' . MovieWeb . Watchr Media . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Myles , Sarah ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tomb Raider Movie Is About To Head Into Production '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` New Tomb Raider Movie Wraps Production '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) : Filming & Production '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Alicia Vikander 's ' Tomb Raider ' Gets 2018 Release Date '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CS ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` IMAX and Warner Bros. Extend Deal to Include 12 More Films '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Fuster ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops $500 M Overseas , $1 B WW With $67 M China Bow ; ' Tomb Raider ' Kicks Off -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Opens with $12.3 Million on first day in China '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 46 Video Game Movies Ranked by Tomatometer '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raider Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' review : Alicia Vikander is a craftier Croft but vanishes in second half of movie '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bobkin , Matt ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider review '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Siebert , Valerie ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Film critic slams Tomb Raider 's Alicia Vikander for ' lack of curves ' '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Tomb Raider ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz , Matt ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Tomb Raider Movie Review and Summary '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Just Cause Movie Will Take Cues from Just Cause 3 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Tomb Raider on IMDb Tomb Raider Lara Croft Video games Main titles First series Tomb Raider ( 1996 ) II III The Last Revelation Chronicles The Angel of Darkness Second series Legend Anniversary Underworld Third series Tomb Raider ( 2013 ) Rise of the Tomb Raider Shadow of the Tomb Raider Spin - offs Handheld series Tomb Raider ( GBC ) Curse of the Sword The Prophecy Lara Croft series Guardian of Light Temple of Osiris Relic Run Go Films Lara Croft : Tomb Raider Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life Tomb Raider Other media Revisioned : Tomb Raider Tomb Raider ( comic ) Corporate Square Enix Square Enix Europe Crystal Dynamics Eidos Montréal Square Enix Montreal Core Design Related List of media Toby Gard Book Films directed by Roar Uthaug Cold Prey ( 2006 ) Magic Silver ( 2009 ) Escape ( 2012 ) The Wave ( 2015 ) Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_Raider_(film)&oldid=835632361 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2018 3D films British films British 3D films American films American 3D films British action thriller films British coming - of - age films American action thriller films American action adventure films American coming - of - age films Films directed by Roar Uthaug Films scored by Junkie XL Films set in London Films set in Hong Kong Films set in Japan Films set on islands Films set on oceans Films shot in London Films shot in England Films shot in South Africa IMAX films Live - action films based on video games Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Reboot films Tomb Raider films Works based on Square Enix video games Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 21 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays laura croft in tomb raider 2018 | [
"Tomb Raider is a 2018 action-adventure film directed by Roar Uthaug with a screenplay by Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Alastair Siddons, from a story by Evan Daugherty and Robertson-Dworet. It is based on the 2013 video game of the same name, with some elements of its sequel by Crystal Dynamics, and is a reboot of the Tomb Raider film series. The film stars Alicia Vikander as Lara Croft, in which she embarks on a perilous journey to her father's last-known destination, hoping to solve the mystery of his disappearance. Dominic West, Walton Goggins, Daniel Wu, and Kristin Scott Thomas appear in supporting roles."
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"Alicia Vikander"
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