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-4956745202287041553 | Works Progress Administration | Works Progress Administration - wikipedia Works Progress Administration Jump to : navigation , search Works Progress Administration Agency overview Formed May 6 , 1935 ( 1935 - 05 - 06 ) Preceding Federal Emergency Relief Administration Dissolved June 30 , 1943 Employees 8.5 million 1935 -- 1943 3.3 million in November 1938 ( peak ) Annual budget $1.3 billion ( 1935 ) Key document Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration ) was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency , employing millions of people ( mostly unskilled men ) to carry out public works projects , including the construction of public buildings and roads . In a much smaller project , Federal Project Number One , the WPA employed musicians , artists , writers , actors and directors in large arts , drama , media , and literacy projects . Almost every community in the United States had a new park , bridge or school constructed by the agency . The WPA 's initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion ( about 6.7 percent of the 1935 GDP ) . Headed by Harry Hopkins , the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States . At its peak in 1938 , it provided paid jobs for three million unemployed men and women , as well as youth in a separate division , the National Youth Administration . Between 1935 and 1943 , when the agency was disbanded , the WPA employed 8.5 million people . Most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity . Hourly wages were typically set to the prevailing wages in each area . Full employment , which was reached in 1942 and emerged as a long - term national goal around 1944 , was not the goal of the WPA ; rather , it tried to provide one paid job for all families in which the breadwinner suffered long - term unemployment . `` The stated goal of public building programs was to end the depression or , at least , alleviate its worst effects , '' sociologist Robert D. Leighninger asserted . `` Millions of people needed subsistence incomes . Work relief was preferred over public assistance ( the dole ) because it maintained self - respect , reinforced the work ethic , and kept skills sharp . '' The WPA was a national program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments , which provided 10 -- 30 % of the costs . Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies , with the WPA responsible for wages ( and for the salaries of supervisors , who were not on relief ) . WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs . It was liquidated on June 30 , 1943 , as a result of low unemployment due to the worker shortage of World War II . The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Establishment 2 Employment 3 Projects 3.1 Federal Project Number One 3.1. 1 Federal Art Project 3.1. 2 Federal Music Project 3.1. 3 Federal Theatre Project 3.1. 4 Federal Writers ' Project 3.1. 5 Historical Records Survey 4 Relief for African Americans 5 Women 6 Criticism 7 Evolution 8 Termination 9 Legacy 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Establishment ( edit ) FDR prepares to speak about the establishment of the work relief program and Social Security at his fireside chat of April 28 , 1935 . FERA administrator and WPA head Harry Hopkins speaking to reporters ( November 1935 ) A joint resolution introduced January 21 , 1935 , the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 8 , 1935 . On May 6 , 1935 , FDR issued Executive Order 7034 , establishing the Works Progress Administration . The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , which was dissolved . Direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program -- a major public works program directed by the WPA . The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins , supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and close adviser to Roosevelt . Both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA . Hallie Flanagan , national director of the Federal Theatre Project , wrote that `` for the first time in the relief experiments of this country the preservation of the skill of the worker , and hence the preservation of his self - respect , became important . '' The WPA was organized into the following divisions : The Division of Engineering and Construction , which planned and supervised construction projects including airports , dams , highways and sanitation systems . The Division of Professional and Service Projects ( called the Division of Women 's and Professional Projects in 1937 ) , which was responsible for white - collar projects including education programs , recreation programs , and the arts projects . It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division . The Division of Finance . The Division of Information . The Division of Investigation , which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud , misappropriation of funds and disloyalty . The Division of Statistics , also known as the Division of Social Research . The Project Control Division , which processed project applications . Other divisions including the Employment , Management , Safety , Supply , and Training and Reemployment . Employment ( edit ) WPA road development project These ordinary men and women proved to be extraordinary beyond all expectation . They were golden threads woven in the national fabric . In this , they shamed the political philosophy that discounted their value and rewarded the one that placed its faith in them , thus fulfilling the founding vision of a government by and for its people . All its people . -- Nick Taylor , American - Made : The Enduring Legacy of the WPA The goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered . Harry Hopkins testified to Congress in January 1935 why he set the number at 3.5 million , using Federal Emergency Relief Administration data . Estimating costs at $1,200 per worker per year ( $21 thousand in present - day terms ) , he asked for and received $4 billion ( $69.9 billion in present - day terms ) . Many women were employed , but they were few compared to men . In 1935 there were 20 million people on relief in the United States . Of these , 8.3 million were children under 16 years of age ; 3.8 million were persons between the ages of 16 and 65 who were not working or seeking work . These included housewives , students in school , and incapacitated persons . Another 750,000 were person age 65 or over . Thus , of the total of 20 million persons then receiving relief , 13 million were not considered eligible for employment . This left a total of 7 million presumably employable persons between the ages of 16 and 65 inclusive . Of these , however , 1.65 million were said to be farm operators or persons who had some non-relief employment , while another 350,000 were , despite the fact that they were already employed or seeking work , considered incapacitated . Deducting this 2 million from the total of 7.15 million , there remained 5.15 million persons age 16 to 65 , unemployed , looking for work , and able to work . FDR and Hopkins ( September 1938 ) Because of the assumption that only one worker per family would be permitted to work under the proposed program , this total of 5.15 million was further reduced by 1.6 million -- the estimated number of workers who were members of families with two or more employable people . Thus , there remained a net total of 3.55 million workers in as many households for whom jobs were to be provided . The WPA reached its peak employment of 3,334,594 people in November 1938 . To be eligible for WPA employment , an individual had to be an American citizen , 18 or older , able - bodied , unemployed , and certified as in need by a local public relief agency approved by the WPA . The WPA Division of Employment selected the worker 's placement to WPA projects based on previous experience or training . Worker pay was based on three factors : the region of the country , the degree of urbanization , and the individual 's skill . It varied from $19 per month to $94 per month , with the average wage being about $52.50 -- $893.00 in present - day terms . The goal was to pay the local prevailing wage , but limit the hours of work to 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week ; the stated minimum being 30 hours a week , or 120 hours a month . Projects ( edit ) Typical plaque on a WPA project Griffith Observatory Timberline Lodge WPA projects were administered by the Division of Engineering and Construction and the Division of Professional and Service Projects . Most projects were initiated , planned and sponsored by states , counties or cities . Nationwide projects were sponsored until 1939 . The WPA built traditional infrastructure of the New Deal such as roads , bridges , schools , courthouses , hospitals , sidewalks , waterworks , and post-offices , but also constructed museums , swimming pools , parks , community centers , playgrounds , coliseums , markets , fairgrounds , tennis courts , zoos , botanical gardens , auditoriums , waterfronts , city halls , gyms , and university unions . Most of these are still in use today . The amount of infrastructure projects of the WPA included 40,000 new and 85,000 improved buildings . These new buildings included 5,900 new schools ; 9,300 new auditoriums , gyms , and recreational buildings ; 1,000 new libraries ; 7,000 new dormitories ; and 900 new armories . In addition , infrastructure projects included 2,302 stadiums , grandstands , and bleachers ; 52 fairgrounds and rodeo grounds ; 1,686 parks covering 75,152 acres ; 3,185 playgrounds ; 3,026 athletic fields ; 805 swimming pools ; 1,817 handball courts ; 10,070 tennis courts ; 2,261 horseshoe pits ; 1,101 ice - skating areas ; 138 outdoor theatres ; 254 golf courses ; and 65 ski jumps . Total expenditures on WPA projects through June 1941 totaled approximately $11.4 billion -- the equivalent of $186 billion today . Over $4 billion was spent on highway , road , and street projects ; more than $1 billion on public buildings , including the iconic Dock Street Theatre in Charleston , the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles , and Timberline Lodge in Oregon 's Mount Hood National Forest . More than $1 billion -- $16.3 billion today -- was spent on publicly owned or operated utilities ; and another $1 billion on welfare projects , including sewing projects for women , the distribution of surplus commodities , and school lunch projects . One construction project was the Merritt Parkway in Connecticut , the bridges of which were each designed as architecturally unique . In its eight - year run , the WPA built 325 firehouses and renovated 2,384 of them across the United States . The 20,000 miles of water mains , installed by their hand as well , contributed to increased fire protection across the country . The direct focus of the WPA projects changed with need . In 1935 priority projects were to improve infrastructure ; roads , extension of electricity to rural areas , water conservation , sanitation and flood control . In 1936 , as outlined in that year 's Emergency Relief Appropriations Act , public facilities became a focus ; parks and associated facilities , public buildings , utilities , airports , and transportation projects were funded . The following year , saw the introduction of agricultural improvements , such as the production of marl fertilizer and the eradication of fungus pests . As the Second World War approached , and then eventually began , WPA projects became increasingly defense related . One project of the WPA was funding state - level library service demonstration projects , to create new areas of library service to underserved populations and to extend rural service . Another project was the Household Service Demonstration Project , which trained 30,000 women for domestic employment . South Carolina had one of the larger statewide library service demonstration projects . At the end of the project in 1943 , South Carolina had twelve publicly funded county libraries , one regional library , and a funded state library agency . Federal Project number one ( edit ) A significant aspect of the Works Progress Administration was the Federal Project Number One , which had five different parts : the Federal Art Project , the Federal Music Project , the Federal Theatre Project , the Federal Writers Project , and the Historical Records Survey . The government wanted to provide new federal cultural support instead of just providing direct grants to private institutions . After only one year , over 40,000 artists and other talented workers had been employed through this project in the United States . Cedric Larson stated that `` The impact made by the five major cultural projects of the WPA upon the national consciousness is probably greater in toto than anyone readily realizes . As channels of communication between the administration and the country at large , both directly and indirectly , the importance of these projects can not be overestimated , for they all carry a tremendous appeal to the eye , the ear , or the intellect -- or all three . '' Federal Art Project ( edit ) Main article : Federal Art Project This project was directed by Holger Cahill and in 1936 , the peak for employment in this federal project , the Federal Art Project employed over 5,300 artists . The Arts Service Division created illustrations and posters for the WPA writers , musicians , and theaters . The Exhibition Division had public exhibitions of artwork from the WPA , and artists from the Art Teaching Division were employed in settlement houses and community centers to give classes to an estimated 50,000 children and adults . They set up over 100 art centers around the country that served an estimated eight million individuals . Federal music Project ( edit ) Noon - hour WPA band concert in Lafayette Square , New Orleans ( 1940 ) Main article : Federal Music Project Directed by Nikolai Sokoloff , former principal conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra , the Federal Music Project employed over 16,000 musicians at its peak . Its purpose was to establish different ensembles such as chamber groups , orchestras , choral units , opera units , concert bands , military bands , dance bands , and theater orchestras that gave an estimated 131,000 performances and programs to 92 million people each week . The Federal Music Project performed plays and dances , as well as radio dramas . In addition , the Federal Music Project gave music classes to an estimated 132,000 children and adults every week , recorded folk music , served as copyists , arrangers , and librarians to expand the availability of music , and experimented in music therapy . Sokoloff stated , `` Music can serve no useful purpose unless it is heard , but these totals on the listeners ' side are more eloquent than statistics as they show that in this country there is a great hunger and eagerness for music . '' Federal Theatre Project ( edit ) Main article : Federal Theatre Project This project was directed by Iowan Hallie Flanagan , and employed 12,700 performers at its peak . These performers presented more than 1,000 performances each month to almost one million people , produced 1,200 plays in the four years it was established , and introduced 100 new playwrights . Many performers later became successful in Hollywood including Orson Welles , John Houseman , Burt Lancaster , Joseph Cotten , Canada Lee , Will Geer , Joseph Losey , Virgil Thompson , Nicholas Ray , E.G. Marshall and Sidney Lumet . The Federal Theatre Project was the first project to end in June 1939 after four years from an end of funding from the federal government . Federal writers ' Project ( edit ) Main article : Federal Writers ' Project This project was directed by Henry Alsberg and employed 6,686 writers at its peak in 1936 . By January 1939 , more than 275 major books and booklets had been published by the FWP . Most famously , the FWP created the American Guide Series , which produced thorough guidebooks for every state that include descriptions of towns , waterways , historic sites , oral histories , photographs , and artwork . An association or group that put up the cost of publication sponsored each book , the cost was anywhere from $5,000 to $10,000 . In almost all cases , the book sales were able to reimburse their sponsors . Additionally , another important part of this project was to record oral histories to create archives such as the Slave Narratives and collections of folklore . These writers also participated in research and editorial services to other government agencies . Historical Records Survey ( edit ) Main article : Historical Records Survey This project was the smallest of Federal Project Number One and served to identify , collect , and conserve United States ' historical records . It is one of the biggest bibliographical efforts and was directed by Dr. Luther H. Evans . At its peak , this project employed more than 4,400 workers . 1940 WPA poster using Little Miss Muffet to promote reading among children . WPA health education poster about cancer , c. 1936 -- 1938 Poster for the WPA shows various items that can be purchased at the 5 & 10 ¢ store WPA poster advertising art classes for children WPA poster promoting the zoo as a place to visit , showing an elephant 1936 WPA Poster for Federal Theatre Project presentation WPA poster encouraging laborers to work for America Relief for African Americans ( edit ) The share of Federal Emergency Relief Administration and WPA benefits for African Americans exceeded their proportion of the general population . The FERA 's first relief census reported that more than two million African Americans were on relief during early 1933 , a proportion of the African - American population ( 17.8 % ) that was nearly double the proportion of whites on relief ( 9.5 % ) . This was during the period of Jim Crow and racial segregation in the South , when blacks were largely disenfranchised . By 1935 , there were 3,500,000 African Americans ( men , women and children ) on relief , almost 35 percent of the African - American population ; plus another 250,000 African - American adults were working on WPA projects . Altogether during 1938 , about 45 percent of the nation 's African - American families were either on relief or were employed by the WPA . Civil rights leaders initially objected that African Americans were proportionally underrepresented . African American leaders made such a claim with respect to WPA hires in New Jersey , stating , `` In spite of the fact that Blacks indubitably constitute more than 20 percent of the State 's unemployed , they composed 15.9 % of those assigned to W.P.A. jobs during 1937 . '' Nationwide in 1940 , 9.8 % of the population were African American . However , by 1941 , the perception of discrimination against African Americans had changed to the point that the NAACP magazine Opportunity hailed the WPA : It is to the eternal credit of the administrative officers of the WPA that discrimination on various projects because of race has been kept to a minimum and that in almost every community Negroes have been given a chance to participate in the work program . In the South , as might have been expected , this participation has been limited , and differential wages on the basis of race have been more or less effectively established ; but in the northern communities , particularly in the urban centers , the Negro has been afforded his first real opportunity for employment in white - collar occupations . The WPA mostly operated segregated units , as did its youth affiliate , the National Youth Administration . Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North ; however of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South , only 11 were black . Historian Anthony Badger argues , `` New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation . '' Women ( edit ) Hispanic women in Costilla , New Mexico , weaving rag rugs in 1939 . About 15 % of the household heads on relief were women , and youth programs were operated separately by the National Youth Administration . The average worker was about 40 years old ( about the same as the average family head on relief ) . WPA policies were consistent with the strong belief of the time that husbands and wives should not both be working ( because the second person working would take one job away from some other breadwinner ) . A study of 2,000 female workers in Philadelphia showed that 90 % were married , but wives were reported as living with their husbands in only 18 percent of the cases . Only 2 percent of the husbands had private employment . Of the 2,000 women , all were responsible for one to five additional people in the household . In rural Missouri , 60 % of the WPA - employed women were without husbands ( 12 % were single ; 25 % widowed ; and 23 % divorced , separated or deserted ) . Thus , only 40 % were married and living with their husbands , but 59 % of the husbands were permanently disabled , 17 % were temporarily disabled , 13 % were too old to work , and remaining 10 % were either unemployed or handicapped . Most of the women worked with sewing projects , where they were taught to use sewing machines and made clothing and bedding , as well as supplies for hospitals , orphanages , and adoption centers . One WPA - funded project , the Pack Horse Library Project , mainly employed women to deliver books to rural areas in eastern Kentucky . Many of the women employed by the project were the sole breadwinners for their families . Criticism ( edit ) Poster representing the WPA defending itself from attacks The WPA had numerous critics , especially from conservatives . The strongest attacks were that it was the prelude for a national political machine on behalf of Roosevelt . Reformers secured the Hatch Act of 1939 that largely depoliticized the WPA . Others complained that far left elements played a major role , especially in the New York City unit . Representative J. Parnell Thomas of the House Committee on Un-American Activities claimed in 1938 that divisions of the WPA were a `` hotbed of Communists '' and `` one more link in the vast and unparalleled New Deal propaganda network . '' Much of the criticism of the distribution of projects and funding allotment is a result of the view that the decisions were politically motivated . The South , as the poorest region of the United States , received 75 percent less in federal relief and public works funds per capita than the West . Critics would point to the fact that Roosevelt 's Democrats could be sure of voting support from the South , whereas the West was less of a sure thing ; swing states took priority over the other states . There was a perception that WPA employees were not diligent workers , and that they had little incentive to give up their busy work in favor of productive jobs . Some employers said that the WPA instilled poor work habits and encouraged inefficiency . Some job applicants found that a WPA work history was viewed negatively by employers , who said they had formed poor work habits . A Senate committee reported that , `` To some extent the complaint that WPA workers do poor work is not without foundation. ... Poor work habits and incorrect techniques are not remedied . Occasionally a supervisor or a foreman demands good work . '' The WPA and its workers were ridiculed as being lazy . The organization 's initials were said to stand for `` We Poke Along '' or `` We Putter Along '' or `` We piddle around '' or `` Whistle , Piss and Argue . '' These were sarcastic references to WPA projects that sometimes slowed down deliberately because foremen had an incentive to keep going , rather than finish a project . The WPA 's Division of Investigation proved so effective in preventing political corruption `` that a later congressional investigation could n't find a single serious irregularity it had overlooked , '' wrote economist Paul Krugman . `` This dedication to honest government was n't a sign of Roosevelt 's personal virtue ; rather , it reflected a political imperative . FDR 's mission in office was to show that government activism works . To maintain that mission 's credibility he needed to keep his administration 's record clean . And he did . '' Evolution ( edit ) Francis C. Harrington , WPA national administrator 1938 -- 40 On December 23 , 1938 , after leading the WPA for 3.5 years , Harry Hopkins resigned and became the Secretary of Commerce . To succeed him Roosevelt appointed Francis C. Harrington , a colonel in the Army Corps of Engineers and the WPA 's chief engineer , who had been leading the Division of Engineering and Construction . Following the passage of the Reorganization Act of 1939 in April 1939 , the WPA was grouped with the Bureau of Public Roads , Public Buildings Branch of the Procurement Division , Branch of Buildings Management of the National Park Service , United States Housing Authority and the Public Works Administration under the newly created Federal Works Agency . Created at the same time , the Federal Security Agency assumed the WPA 's responsibility for the National Youth Administration . `` The name of the Works Progress Administration has been changed to Work Projects Administration in order to make its title more descriptive of its major purpose , '' President Roosevelt wrote when announcing the reorganization . As WPA projects became more subject to the state , local sponsors were called on to provide 25 % of project costs . As the number of public works projects slowly diminished , more projects were dedicated to preparing for war . Having languished since the end of World War I , the American military services were depopulated and served by crumbling facilities ; when Germany occupied Czechoslovakia in 1938 , the U.S. Army numbered only 176,000 soldiers . WPA researchers and map makers prepare the air raid warning map for New Orleans within days of the attack on Pearl Harbor ( December 11 , 1941 ) On May 26 , 1940 , FDR delivered a fireside chat to the American people about `` the approaching storm '' , and on June 6 Harrington reprioritized WPA projects , anticipating a major expansion of the U.S. military . `` Types of WPA work to be expedited in every possible way to include , in addition to airports and military airfields , construction of housing and other facilities for enlarged military garrisons , camp and cantonment construction , and various improvements in navy yards , '' Harrington said . He observed that the WPA had already made substantial contributions to national defense over its five years of existence , by building 85 percent of the new airports in the U.S. and making $420 million in improvements to military facilities . He predicted there would be 500,000 WPA workers on defense - related projects over the next 12 months , at a cost of $250 million . The estimated number of WPA workers needed for defense projects was soon revised to between 600,000 and 700,000 . Vocational training for war industries was also begun by the WPA , with 50,000 trainees in the program by October 1940 . `` Only the WPA , having employed millions of relief workers for more than five years , had a comprehensive awareness of the skills that would be available in a full - scale national emergency , '' wrote journalist Nick Taylor . `` As the country began its preparedness buildup , the WPA was uniquely positioned to become a major defense agency . '' Harrington died suddenly , aged 53 , on September 30 , 1940 . Notably apolitical -- he boasted that he had never voted -- he had deflected Congressional criticism of the WPA by bringing attention to its building accomplishments and its role as an employer . Harrington 's successor , Howard O. Hunter , served as head of the WPA until May 1 , 1942 . Termination ( edit ) Unemployment ended with war production for World War II , as millions of men joined the services , and cost - plus contracts made it attractive for companies to hire unemployed men and train them . Concluding that a national relief program was no longer needed , Roosevelt directed the Federal Works Administrator to end the WPA in a letter December 4 , 1942 . `` Seven years ago I was convinced that providing useful work is superior to any and every kind of dole . Experience had amply justified this policy , '' FDR wrote : By building airports , schools , highways , and parks ; by making huge quantities of clothing for the unfortunate ; by serving millions of lunches to school children ; by almost immeasurable kinds and quantities of service the Work Projects Administration has reached a creative hand into every county in this Nation . It has added to the national wealth , has repaired the wastage of depression , and has strengthened the country to bear the burden of war . By employing eight millions of Americans , with thirty millions of dependents , it has brought to these people renewed hope and courage . It has maintained and increased their working skills ; and it has enabled them once more to take their rightful places in public or in private employment . Roosevelt ordered a prompt end to WPA activities to conserve funds that had been appropriated . Operations in most states ended February 1 , 1943 . With no funds budgeted for the next fiscal year , the WPA ceased to exist after June 30 , 1943 . Legacy ( edit ) `` The agencies of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration had an enormous and largely unrecognized role in defining the public space we now use '' , wrote sociologist Robert D. Leighninger . `` In a short period of ten years , the Public Works Administration , the Works Progress Administration , and the Civilian Conservation Corps built facilities in practically every community in the country . Most are still providing service half a century later . It is time we recognized this legacy and attempted to comprehend its relationship to our contemporary situation . '' Alabama National Guard Armory , Guntersville , Alabama ( 1936 ) Prairie County Courthouse , DeValls Bluff , Arkansas ( 1939 ) Griffith Observatory , Los Angeles , California ( 1933 ) Santa Ana City Hall , Santa Ana , California ( 1935 ) Leon High School , Tallahassee , Florida ( 1936 -- 37 ) Government House , St. Augustine , Florida ( 1937 ) Fort Hawkins , Macon , Georgia ( 1936 -- 38 ) Boise High School Gymnasium , Boise , Idaho ( 1936 ) Midway International Airport , Chicago , Illinois ( 1935 -- 39 ) Gregg Park Bandshell , Vincennes , Indiana ( 1939 ) Canoe house , University of Iowa ( 1937 ) Jenkins Culvert , Gove County , Kansas ( 1938 ) Louisville Fire Department Headquarters , Louisville , Kentucky ( 1936 ) Alvar Street Branch , New Orleans Public Library ( 1940 ) WPA Field House and Pump Station , Scituate , Massachusetts ( 1938 ) Detroit Naval Armory , Detroit , Michigan ( 1936 -- 39 ) Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall , Brandon , Minnesota ( 1936 ) Milaca Municipal Hall , Milaca , Minnesota ( 1936 ) Upland Auditorium , Upland , Nebraska ( 1936 ) Jackie Robinson Play Center , Harlem , New York ( 1936 ) LaGuardia Airport , Queens , New York ( 1937 -- 39 ) U.S. Post Office , Rhinebeck , New York ( 1940 ) Robeson County Agricultural Building , Lumberton , North Carolina ( 1937 ) Emmons County Courthouse , Linton , North Dakota ( 1934 ) Rubber Bowl Stadium , Akron , Ohio ( 1940 ) Timberline Lodge , Mt . Hood National Forest , Oregon ( 1936 -- 38 ) Oregon State Library , Salem , Oregon ( 1939 ) Schenley Park , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( 1938 -- 39 ) McCoy Stadium , Pawtucket , Rhode Island ( 1942 ) Dock Street Theatre , Charleston , South Carolina ( 1937 ) Liberty Colored High School , Liberty , South Carolina ( 1937 ) Dinosaur Park , Rapid City , South Dakota ( 1936 ) Bristol Municipal Stadium , Bristol , Tennessee ( 1934 ) Dealey Plaza , Dallas , Texas ( 1940 ) Schoolhouse , Lometa , Texas ( 1938 -- 40 ) River Walk , San Antonio , Texas ( 1939 ) City Library , Monroe , Utah ( 1934 ) Bremerton Public Library , Bremerton , Washington ( 1938 ) White Center Fieldhouse , White Center , Washington ( 1938 -- 40 ) Raleigh County Courthouse , Beckley , West Virginia ( 1936 -- 37 ) Carson Park Baseball Stadium , Eau Claire , Wisconsin ( 1937 ) Mondeaux Lodge House , Westboro , Wisconsin ( 1936 -- 38 ) Natrona County High School , Casper , Wyoming ( 1941 ) See also ( edit ) American Guide Series Federal Art Project Federal Project Number One Hatch Act of 1939 List of Federal Art Project artists Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt Public Works of Art Project Section of Painting and Sculpture , in Treasury department References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Arnesen , Eric ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working - Class History . 1 . New York : Routledge . p. 1540 . ISBN 9780415968263 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jason Scott ( 2006 ) . Building New Deal Liberalism : The Political Economy of Public Works , 1933 -- 1956 . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 87 . ISBN 9780521828055 . Jump up ^ `` WPA Pays Up and Quits '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 1943 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Works Progress Administration ( 1936 ) . `` WPA Workers ' Handbook '' . New Deal Network . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Bradford A. ( Spring 1982 ) . `` The New Deal Reconsidered '' . The Wilson Quarterly . 6 ( 2 ) : 62 -- 76 . JSTOR 40256265 . ^ Jump up to : Leighninger , Robert D. ( 2007 ) . Long - Range Public Investment : The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal . Columbia , S.C. : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 9781570036637 . ^ Jump up to : Leighninger , Robert D. ( May 1996 ) . `` Cultural Infrastructure : The Legacy of New Deal Public Space '' . Journal of Architectural Education . 49 ( 4 ) : 226 -- 236 . JSTOR 1425295 . Jump up ^ `` Text of Relief Bill Offered in House '' . The New York Times . January 22 , 1935 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Key Events , Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Work Projects Administration and Its Predecessors '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( May 6 , 1935 ) . `` Executive Order 7034 - Creating Machinery for the Works Progress Administration '' . The American Presidency Project . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Deeben , John P. ( Fall 2012 ) . `` Family Experiences and New Deal Relief : The Correspondence Files of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , 1933 -- 1936 '' . Prologue Magazine . Vol. 44 no . 2 . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Hallie ( 1965 ) . Arena : The History of the Federal Theatre . New York : Benjamin Blom , reprint edition ( 1940 ) . OCLC 855945294 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Engineering and Construction '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Professional and Service Projects '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Finance '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Information '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Investigation '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Division of Statistics '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Project Control Divisions '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Records of Other WPA Divisions '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Nick ( 2008 ) . American - Made : The Enduring Legacy of the WPA , When FDR Put the Nation to Work . New York : Bantam Books . ISBN 9780553802351 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Donald S. ( 1973 ) ( 1943 ) . The WPA and Federal Relief Policy . New York : Da Capo Press . OCLC 255072517 . Jump up ^ `` WPA Employment . '' Gjenvick Archives : The Future of Our Past , Social and Cultural History . ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ `` Records of WPA Projects '' . Records of the Work Projects Administration ( WPA ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. ( 1999 ) . Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195038347 . Jump up ^ `` Website on Merritt Parkway Bridges '' . Past-inc.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` WPA and Rural Libraries '' . Newdeal.feri.org . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Blazing the Way : The WPA Library Service Demonstration Project in South Carolina by Robert M. Gorman '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Don ; Goldbard , Arlene ( 1995 ) . `` New Deal Cultural Programs : Experiments in Cultural Democracy '' . Webster 's World of Cultural Democracy . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Larson , Cedric ( July 1939 ) . `` The Cultural Projects of the WPA '' . Public Opinion Quarterly . 3 ( 3 ) : 491 -- 496 . JSTOR 2744973 . ^ Jump up to : John Salmond , `` The New Deal and the Negro '' in John Braeman et al. , eds . The New Deal : The National Level ( 1975 ) . pp 188 -- 89 Jump up ^ Charles L. Lumpkins ( 2008 ) . American Pogrom : The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics . Ohio University Press . p. 179 . Jump up ^ Cheryl Lynn Greenberg ( 2009 ) . To Ask for an Equal Chance : African Americans in the Great Depression . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Anthony J. Badger ( 2011 ) . New Deal / New South : An Anthony J. Badger Reader . U. of Arkansas Press . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Bethany ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Episode 32 Tapestries '' . A History of Central Florida . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pack Horse Librarians of Eastern Kentucky '' . Horse Canada . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Donald C. ( 2007 ) . `` The Book Women of Kentucky : The WPA Pack Horse Library Project , 1936 - 1943 '' . Libraries & the Cultural Record . 42 ( 2 ) : 120 -- via Project MUSE . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Alexander Keyssar , The right to vote : the contested history of democracy in the United States ( 2000 ) p 193 Jump up ^ Gina Misiroglu , ed. ( 2015 ) . American Countercultures : An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists , Alternative Lifestyles , and Radical Ideas in U.S. History . Routledge . p. 334 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ginzberg , Eli ( 2004 ) ( 1943 ) . The Unemployed . New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers . p. 447 . ISBN 9780765805744 . Jump up ^ Wood , Margaret Mary ( 1953 ) . Paths of Loneliness : The Individual Isolated in Modern Society . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 61 . OCLC 620533 . Jump up ^ Report of investigation of public relief in the District of Columbia ( U.S. Senate ) , ( 1938 ) Jump up ^ David A. Taylor , Soul of a people : the WPA Writer 's Project uncovers Depression America ( 2009 ) p 12 Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 2007 ) . The Conscience of a Liberal . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 62 . ISBN 9780393060690 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( April 15 , 1939 ) . `` Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act '' . The American Presidency Project . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin D. `` Fireside Chat 15 : On National Defense ( May 26 , 1940 ) '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 1 , 1940 ) . `` WPA Head Dies in Connecticut '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt , Franklin D. ( December 4 , 1942 ) . `` Letter to the Federal Works Administrator Discontinuing the W.P.A '' . The American Presidency Project . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Further reading ( edit ) Adams , Don ; Goldbard , Arlene . `` New Deal Cultural Programs : Experiments in Cultural Democracy . '' Webster 's World of Cultural Democracy 1995 . Halfmann , Drew , and Edwin Amenta . `` Who voted with Hopkins ? Institutional politics and the WPA . '' Journal of Policy History 13 # 2 ( 2001 ) : 251 - 287 . online Hopkins , June . `` The Road Not Taken : Harry Hopkins and New Deal Work Relief '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 29 # 2 ( 1999 ) : 306 - 16 online Howard , Donald S. WPA and federal relief policy ( 1943 ) , 880pp ; highly detailed report by the independent Russell Sage Foundation . Kelly , Andrew , Kentucky by Design : The Decorative Arts , American Culture and the Arts Programs of the WPA . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . 2015 . Larson , Cedric . `` The Cultural Projects of the WPA . '' The Public Opinion Quarterly 3 # 3 ( 1939 ) : 491 -- 196 . Accessed in JSTOR Leighninger , Robert D. `` Cultural Infrastructure : The Legacy of New Deal Public Space . '' Journal of Architectural Education 49 , no . 4 ( 1996 ) : 226 -- 236 . Leighninger , Robert D. , Jr . Long - Range Public Investment : the Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal . Columbia , S.C. : University of South Carolina Press ( 2007 ) . Lindley , Betty Grimes & Lindley , Ernest K. A New Deal for Youth : the Story of the National Youth Administration ( 1938 ) McJimsey George T. Harry Hopkins : Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy ( 1987 ) Meriam ; Lewis . Relief and Social Security . 900 pp. Washington , DC : The Brookings Institution , 1946 . Millett ; John D. & Gladys Ogden . Administration of Federal Work Relief 1941 . Musher , Sharon Ann . Democratic Art : The New Deal 's Influence on American Culture . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2015 . Rose , Nancy . The WPA and Public Employment in the Great Depression ( 2009 ) Sargent , James E. `` Woodrum 's Economy Bloc : The Attack on Roosevelt 's WPA , 1937 - 1939 . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 1985 ) : 175 - 207 . in JSTOR Sheppard , Si . Buying of the Presidency ? , The : Franklin D. Roosevelt , the New Deal , and the Election of 1936 ( ABC - CLIO , 2014 ) . Singleton , Jeff . The American Dole : Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression ( 2000 ) Smith , Jason Scott . Building New Deal Liberalism : the Political Economy of Public Works , 1933 -- 1956 ( 2005 ) Taylor , David A. Soul of a People : The WPA Writers ' Project Uncovers Depression America . ( 2009 ) Taylor , Nick . American - Made : The Enduring Legacy of the WPA : When FDR Put the Nation to Work ( 2008 ) United States Senate . `` Report of investigation of public relief in the District of Columbia '' . Washington D.C. : 1938 Williams , Edward Ainsworth . Federal aid for relief ( 1939 ) Young , William H. , & Nancy K . The Great Depression in America : a Cultural Encyclopedia . 2 vols . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 2007 ISBN 0 - 313 - 33520 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Works Progress Administration . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Executive Order 7034 John C. Kennedy Papers. 1912 - 1938 . 5 '' linear ( circa 80 items ) . Footage of the Federal Theatre Project 's 1936 `` Voodoo Macbeth '' -- with informative annotations . The Great Depression in Washington State Project , including an illustrated map of major WPA projects and a multimedia history of the Federal Theater Project in the State . The Index of American Design at the National Gallery of Art Works by Work Projects Administration at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Works Progress Administration at Internet Archive Works by Works Progress Administration at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Guide to the WPA Oregon Federal Art Project collection at the University of Oregon WPA inspired Gulf Coast Civic Works Project An Introduction to the Employer of Last Resort Proposal from Dollars & Sense . Includes several images from the original WPA . Living New Deal Project -- The Living New Deal Project documents the living legacy of New Deal agencies , including the WPA . The Living New Deal website includes an extensive digital map featuring detailed information about specific WPA projects by location . New Deal Agencies : The Works Progress Administration Soul of a People documentary on Smithsonian Networks Works Progress Administration Tampa Office Records at the University of South Florida Arizona Archives Online Finding Aid -- The Arizona State Museum Library & Archives holds the records of the WPA Statewide Archaeological Project ( 1938 -- 1940 ) and are found on AAO . WPA Art Inventory Project at the Connecticut State Library WPA Omaha , Nebraska City Guide Project by the University of Nebraska Omaha Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library . WPA publications from Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , North Carolina , and Tennessee housed at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections Research Center Tapestries at A History of Central Florida Podcast WPA digital collection at the New York Public Library WPA Music Manuscripts at Wayne State University Library is a digitization project that contains 174 images of WPA music copies from 1935 - 1943 . WPA posters : Posters from the WPA at the Library of Congress Libraries and the WPA : The WPA Library Project in South Carolina South Carolina Public Library History , 1930 -- 1945 WPA Children 's Books ( 1935 -- 1943 ) Broward County Library 's Bienes Museum of the Modern Book WPA murals : Database of WPA murals WPA - FAP Mural Division in NYC , and restoration of murals at the Williamsburg Houses and Hospital for Chronic Diseases on Welfare Island WPA mural projects by noted muralist Sr. Lucia Wiley WPA Artist Louis Schanker WPA Artist Robert Tabor Works Progress Administration Federal Project Number One Federal Art Project Federal Music Project Federal Theatre Project Federal Writers ' Project Pack Horse Library Project Historical Records Survey New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr . Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F. Wagner Commons Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Adams_1995 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Leighninger_Long_Range was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Smith was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference Taylor was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&oldid=810147501 '' Categories : Works Progress Administration New Deal agencies Defunct agencies of the United States government History of the United States government Former United States Federal assistance programs 1935 establishments in Washington , D.C. Government agencies established in 1935 Government agencies disestablished in 1943 1943 disestablishments in Washington , D.C. Great Depression in the United States Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2016 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 16 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the purpose of the works progress administration | [
"The Works Progress Administration (WPA; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing millions of people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects,[1] including the construction of public buildings and roads. In a much smaller project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects.[1]"
] | [
"employing millions of people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects"
] |
-7530329829598290961 | Solar wind | Solar wind - wikipedia Solar wind This article is about the stellar wind from the Sun . For other uses , see Solar wind ( disambiguation ) . Ulysses ' observations of solar wind speed as a function of helio latitude during solar minimum . Slow wind ( ≈ 400 km / s ) is confined to the equatorial regions , while fast wind ( ≈ 750 km / s ) is seen over the poles . Red / blue colors show inward / outward polarities of the heliospheric magnetic field . An illustration of the structure of the Sun Granules Sunspot Photosphere Chromosphere Convection zone Radiation zone Tachocline Solar core Corona Flare Prominence Solar wind The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun , called the corona . This plasma consists of mostly electrons , protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between 0.5 and 10 keV . Embedded within the solar - wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field . The solar wind varies in density , temperature and speed over time and over solar latitude and longitude . Its particles can escape the Sun 's gravity because of their high energy resulting from the high temperature of the corona , which in turn is a result of the coronal magnetic field . At a distance of more than a few solar radii from the Sun , the solar wind is supersonic and reaches speeds of 250 to 750 kilometers per second . The flow of the solar wind is no longer supersonic at the termination shock . The Voyager 2 spacecraft crossed the shock more than five times between 30 August and 10 December 2007 . Voyager 2 crossed the shock about a billion kilometers closer to the Sun than the 13.5 - billion - kilometer distance where Voyager 1 came upon the termination shock . The spacecraft moved outward through the termination shock into the heliosheath and onward toward the interstellar medium . Other related phenomena include the aurora ( northern and southern lights ) , the plasma tails of comets that always point away from the Sun , and geomagnetic storms that can change the direction of magnetic field lines . Contents 1 History 2 Acceleration 3 Properties and structure 3.1 Fast and slow solar wind 3.2 Pressure 3.3 Coronal mass ejection 4 Solar System effects 4.1 Magnetospheres 4.2 Atmospheres 4.3 Moons and planetary surfaces 5 Outer limits 6 Notable events 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The existence of particles flowing outward from the Sun to the Earth was first suggested by British astronomer Richard C. Carrington . In 1859 , Carrington and Richard Hodgson independently made the first observation of what would later be called a solar flare . This is a sudden , localised increase in brightness on the solar disc , which is now known to often occur in conjunction with an episodic ejection of material and magnetic flux from the Sun 's atmosphere , known as a coronal mass ejection . On the following day , a geomagnetic storm was observed , and Carrington suspected that there might be a connection , which is now attributed to the arrival of the coronal mass ejection in near - Earth space and its subsequent interaction with the Earth 's magnetosphere . George FitzGerald later suggested that matter was being regularly accelerated away from the Sun and was reaching the Earth after several days . Laboratory simulation of the magnetosphere 's influence on the Solar Wind ; these auroral - like Birkeland currents were created in a terrella , a magnetised anode globe in an evacuated chamber . In 1910 British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington essentially suggested the existence of the solar wind , without naming it , in a footnote to an article on Comet Morehouse . The idea never fully caught on even though Eddington had also made a similar suggestion at a Royal Institution address the previous year . In the latter case , he postulated that the ejected material consisted of electrons while in his study of Comet Morehouse he supposed them to be ions . The first person to suggest that the ejected material consisted of both ions and electrons was Kristian Birkeland . His geomagnetic surveys showed that auroral activity was nearly uninterrupted . As these displays and other geomagnetic activity were being produced by particles from the Sun , he concluded that the Earth was being continually bombarded by `` rays of electric corpuscles emitted by the Sun '' . In 1916 , Birkeland proposed that , `` From a physical point of view it is most probable that solar rays are neither exclusively negative nor positive rays , but of both kinds '' . In other words , the solar wind consists of both negative electrons and positive ions . Three years later in 1919 , Frederick Lindemann also suggested that particles of both polarities , protons as well as electrons , come from the Sun . Around the 1930s , scientists had determined that the temperature of the solar corona must be a million degrees Celsius because of the way it stood out into space ( as seen during total eclipses ) . Later spectroscopic work confirmed this extraordinary temperature . In the mid-1950s Sydney Chapman calculated the properties of a gas at such a temperature and determined it was such a superb conductor of heat that it must extend way out into space , beyond the orbit of Earth . Also in the 1950s , Ludwig Biermann became interested in the fact that no matter whether a comet is headed towards or away from the Sun , its tail always points away from the Sun . Biermann postulated that this happens because the Sun emits a steady stream of particles that pushes the comet 's tail away . Wilfried Schröder claimed that Paul Ahnert was the first to relate solar wind to comet tail direction based on observations of the comet Whipple - Fedke ( 1942g ) . Eugene Parker realised heat flowing from the Sun in Chapman 's model and the comet tail blowing away from the Sun in Biermann 's hypothesis had to be the result of the same phenomenon , which he termed the `` solar wind '' . In 1957 , Parker showed , even though the Sun 's corona is strongly attracted by solar gravity , it is such a good heat conductor that it is still very hot at large distances . Since gravity weakens as distance from the Sun increases , the outer coronal atmosphere escapes supersonically into interstellar space . Furthermore , Parker was the first person to notice that the weakening effect of the gravity has the same effect on hydrodynamic flow as a de Laval nozzle : it incites a transition from subsonic to supersonic flow . Opposition to Parker 's hypothesis on the solar wind was strong . The paper he submitted to The Astrophysical Journal in 1958 was rejected by two reviewers . It was saved by the editor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar . In January 1959 , the Soviet spacecraft Luna 1 first directly observed the solar wind and measured its strength , using hemispherical ion traps . The discovery , made by Konstantin Gringauz , was verified by Luna 2 , Luna 3 and by the more distant measurements of Venera 1 . Three years later a similar measurement was performed by Neugebauer and collaborators using the Mariner 2 spacecraft . In the late 1990s , the Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer ( UVCS ) instrument on board the SOHO spacecraft observed the acceleration region of the fast solar wind emanating from the poles of the Sun and found that the wind accelerates much faster than can be accounted for by thermodynamic expansion alone . Parker 's model predicted that the wind should make the transition to supersonic flow at an altitude of about 4 solar radii from the photosphere ( surface ) ; but the transition ( or `` sonic point '' ) now appears to be much lower , perhaps only 1 solar radius above the photosphere , suggesting that some additional mechanism accelerates the solar wind away from the Sun . The acceleration of the fast wind is still not understood and can not be fully explained by Parker 's theory . The gravitational and electromagnetic explanation for this acceleration is , however , detailed in an earlier paper by 1970 Nobel laureate for Physics , Hannes Alfvén . The first numerical simulation of the solar wind in the solar corona including closed and open field lines was performed by Pneuman and Kopp in 1971 . The magnetohydrodynamics equations in steady state were solved iteratively starting with an initial dipolar configuration . In 1990 , the Ulysses probe was launched to study the solar wind from high solar latitudes . All prior observations had been made at or near the Solar System 's ecliptic plane . In 2018 , NASA launched the Parker Solar Probe , named in honor of Eugene Parker , on a mission to study the structure and dynamics of the solar corona , in an attempt to understand the mechanisms that cause particles to be heated and accelerated as solar wind . During its seven year mission , the probe will make twenty - four orbits of the sun , passing further into the corona with each orbit 's perihelion , ultimately passing within 0.04 astronomical units of the sun 's surface . It is the first NASA spacecraft named for a living person , and Parker himself , at age 91 , was on hand to observe the launch . Acceleration ( edit ) While early models of the solar wind relied primarily on thermal energy to accelerate the material , by the 1960s it was clear that thermal acceleration alone can not account for the high speed of solar wind . An additional unknown acceleration mechanism is required and likely relates to magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere . The Sun 's corona , or extended outer layer , is a region of plasma that is heated to over a million kelvin . As a result of thermal collisions , the particles within the inner corona have a range and distribution of speeds described by a Maxwellian distribution . The mean velocity of these particles is about 145 km / s , which is well below the solar escape velocity of 618 km / s . However , a few of the particles achieve energies sufficient to reach the terminal velocity of 400 km / s , which allows them to feed the solar wind . At the same temperature , electrons , due to their much smaller mass , reach escape velocity and build up an electric field that further accelerates ions away from the Sun . The total number of particles carried away from the Sun by the solar wind is about 1.3 × 10 per second . Thus , the total mass loss each year is about ( 2 -- 3 ) × 10 solar masses , or about ( 1.3 -- 1.9 ) million tonnes per second . This is equivalent to losing a mass equal to the Earth every 150 million years . However , only about 0.01 % of the Sun 's total mass has been lost through the solar wind . Other stars have much stronger stellar winds that result in significantly higher mass loss rates . Properties and structure ( edit ) Fast and slow solar wind ( edit ) The solar wind is observed to exist in two fundamental states , termed the slow solar wind and the fast solar wind , though their differences extend well beyond their speeds . In near - Earth space , the slow solar wind is observed to have a velocity of 300 -- 500 km / s , a temperature of 1.4 -- 1.6 × 10 K and a composition that is a close match to the corona . By contrast , the fast solar wind has a typical velocity of 750 km / s , a temperature of 8 × 10 K and it nearly matches the composition of the Sun 's photosphere . The slow solar wind is twice as dense and more variable in nature than the fast solar wind . The slow solar wind appears to originate from a region around the Sun 's equatorial belt that is known as the `` streamer belt '' , where coronal streamers are produced by magnetic flux open to the heliosphere draping over closed magnetic loops . The exact coronal structures involved in slow solar wind formation and the method by which the material is released is still under debate . Observations of the Sun between 1996 and 2001 showed that emission of the slow solar wind occurred at latitudes up to 30 -- 35 ° during the solar minimum ( the period of lowest solar activity ) , then expanded toward the poles as the solar cycle approached maximum . At solar maximum , the poles were also emitting a slow solar wind . The fast solar wind originates from coronal holes , which are funnel - like regions of open field lines in the Sun 's magnetic field . Such open lines are particularly prevalent around the Sun 's magnetic poles . The plasma source is small magnetic fields created by convection cells in the solar atmosphere . These fields confine the plasma and transport it into the narrow necks of the coronal funnels , which are located only 20,000 kilometers above the photosphere . The plasma is released into the funnel when these magnetic field lines reconnect . Pressure ( edit ) The wind exerts a pressure at 1 AU typically in the range of 1 -- 6 nPa ( 1 -- 6 × 10 N / m ) , although it can readily vary outside that range . The ram pressure is a function of wind speed and density . The formula is P = m * n * V = 1.6726 × 10 * n * V where m is the proton mass , pressure P is in nPa ( nanopascals ) , n is the density in particles / cm and V is the speed in km / s of the solar wind . Coronal mass ejection ( edit ) Main article : Coronal mass ejection Both the fast and slow solar wind can be interrupted by large , fast - moving bursts of plasma called interplanetary coronal mass ejections , or ICMEs . ICMEs are the interplanetary manifestation of solar coronal mass ejections , which are caused by release of magnetic energy at the Sun . CMEs are often called `` solar storms '' or `` space storms '' in the popular media . They are sometimes , but not always , associated with solar flares , which are another manifestation of magnetic energy release at the Sun . ICMEs cause shock waves in the thin plasma of the heliosphere , launching electromagnetic waves and accelerating particles ( mostly protons and electrons ) to form showers of ionizing radiation that precede the CME . When a CME impacts the Earth 's magnetosphere , it temporarily deforms the Earth 's magnetic field , changing the direction of compass needles and inducing large electrical ground currents in Earth itself ; this is called a geomagnetic storm and it is a global phenomenon . CME impacts can induce magnetic reconnection in Earth 's magnetotail ( the midnight side of the magnetosphere ) ; this launches protons and electrons downward toward Earth 's atmosphere , where they form the aurora . ICMEs are not the only cause of space weather . Different patches on the Sun are known to give rise to slightly different speeds and densities of wind depending on local conditions . In isolation , each of these different wind streams would form a spiral with a slightly different angle , with fast - moving streams moving out more directly and slow - moving streams wrapping more around the Sun . Fast moving streams tend to overtake slower streams that originate westward of them on the Sun , forming turbulent co-rotating interaction regions that give rise to wave motions and accelerated particles , and that affect Earth 's magnetosphere in the same way as , but more gently than , CMEs . Solar System effects ( edit ) Main article : Space weather The heliospheric current sheet results from the influence of the Sun 's rotating magnetic field on the plasma in the solar wind Over the Sun 's lifetime , the interaction of its surface layers with the escaping solar wind has significantly decreased its surface rotation rate . The wind is considered responsible for comets ' tails , along with the Sun 's radiation . The solar wind contributes to fluctuations in celestial radio waves observed on the Earth , through an effect called interplanetary scintillation . Magnetospheres ( edit ) Main article : Magnetosphere Schematic of Earth 's magnetosphere . The solar wind flows from left to right . Where the solar wind intersects with a planet that has a well - developed magnetic field ( such as Earth , Jupiter or Saturn ) , the particles are deflected by the Lorentz force . This region , known as the magnetosphere , causes the particles to travel around the planet rather than bombarding the atmosphere or surface . The magnetosphere is roughly shaped like a hemisphere on the side facing the Sun , then is drawn out in a long wake on the opposite side . The boundary of this region is called the magnetopause , and some of the particles are able to penetrate the magnetosphere through this region by partial reconnection of the magnetic field lines . Noon meridian section of magnetosphere The solar wind is responsible for the overall shape of Earth 's magnetosphere . Fluctuations in its speed , density , direction , and entrained magnetic field strongly affect Earth 's local space environment . For example , the levels of ionizing radiation and radio interference can vary by factors of hundreds to thousands ; and the shape and location of the magnetopause and bow shock wave upstream of it can change by several Earth radii , exposing geosynchronous satellites to the direct solar wind . These phenomena are collectively called space weather . From the European Space Agency 's Cluster mission , a new study has taken place that proposes that it is easier for the solar wind to infiltrate the magnetosphere than previously believed . A group of scientists directly observed the existence of certain waves in the solar wind that were not expected . A recent study shows that these waves enable incoming charged particles of solar wind to breach the magnetopause . This suggests that the magnetic bubble forms more as a filter than a continuous barrier . This latest discovery occurred through the distinctive arrangement of the four identical Cluster spacecraft , which fly in a controlled configuration through near - Earth space . As they sweep from the magnetosphere into interplanetary space and back again , the fleet provides exceptional three - dimensional insights on the phenomena that connect the sun to Earth . The research characterised variances in formation of the interplanetary magnetic field ( IMF ) largely influenced by Kelvin -- Helmholtz instability ( which occur at the interface of two fluids ) as a result of differences in thickness and numerous other characteristics of the boundary layer . Experts believe that this was the first occasion that the appearance of Kelvin - Helmholtz waves at the magnetopause had been displayed at high latitude dawnward orientation of the IMF . These waves are being seen in unforeseen places under solar wind conditions that were formerly believed to be undesired for their generation . These discoveries show how Earth 's magnetosphere can be penetrated by solar particles under specific IMF circumstances . The findings are also relevant to studies of magnetospheric progressions around other planetary bodies . This study suggests that Kelvin - Helmholtz waves can be a somewhat common , and possibly constant , instrument for the entrance of solar wind into terrestrial magnetospheres under various IMF orientations . Atmospheres ( edit ) The solar wind affects other incoming cosmic rays interacting with planetary atmospheres . Moreover , planets with a weak or non-existent magnetosphere are subject to atmospheric stripping by the solar wind . Venus , the nearest and most similar planet to Earth , has 100 times denser atmosphere , with little or no geo - magnetic field . Space probes discovered a comet - like tail that extends to Earth 's orbit . Earth itself is largely protected from the solar wind by its magnetic field , which deflects most of the charged particles ; however some of the charged particles are trapped in the Van Allen radiation belt . A smaller number of particles from the solar wind manage to travel , as though on an electromagnetic energy transmission line , to the Earth 's upper atmosphere and ionosphere in the auroral zones . The only time the solar wind is observable on the Earth is when it is strong enough to produce phenomena such as the aurora and geomagnetic storms . Bright auroras strongly heat the ionosphere , causing its plasma to expand into the magnetosphere , increasing the size of the plasma geosphere and injecting atmospheric matter into the solar wind . Geomagnetic storms result when the pressure of plasmas contained inside the magnetosphere is sufficiently large to inflate and thereby distort the geomagnetic field . Although Mars is larger than Mercury and four times farther from the Sun , it is thought that the solar wind has stripped away up to a third of its original atmosphere , leaving a layer 1 / 100th as dense as the Earth 's . It is believed the mechanism for this atmospheric stripping is gas caught in bubbles of magnetic field , which are ripped off by solar winds . In 2015 the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution ( MAVEN ) mission measured the rate of atmospheric stripping caused by the magnetic field carried by the solar wind as it flows past Mars , which generates an electric field , much as a turbine on Earth can be used to generate electricity . This electric field accelerates electrically charged gas atoms , called ions , in Mars ' upper atmosphere and shoots them into space . The MAVEN mission measured the rate of atmospheric stripping at about 100 grams ( ≈ 1 / 4 lb ) per second . Moons and planetary surfaces ( edit ) Apollo 's SWC experiment Mercury , the nearest planet to the Sun , bears the full brunt of the solar wind , and since its atmosphere is vestigial and transient , its surface is bathed in radiation . Mercury has an intrinsic magnetic field , so under normal solar wind conditions , the solar wind can not penetrate its magnetosphere and particles only reach the surface in the cusp regions . During coronal mass ejections , however , the magnetopause may get pressed into the surface of the planet , and under these conditions , the solar wind may interact freely with the planetary surface . The Earth 's Moon has no atmosphere or intrinsic magnetic field , and consequently its surface is bombarded with the full solar wind . The Project Apollo missions deployed passive aluminum collectors in an attempt to sample the solar wind , and lunar soil returned for study confirmed that the lunar regolith is enriched in atomic nuclei deposited from the solar wind . These elements may prove useful resources for lunar colonies . Outer limits ( edit ) Main article : Heliopause ( astronomy ) The solar wind `` blows a bubble '' in the interstellar medium ( the rarefied hydrogen and helium gas that permeates the galaxy ) . The point where the solar wind 's strength is no longer great enough to push back the interstellar medium is known as the heliopause and is often considered to be the outer border of the Solar System . The distance to the heliopause is not precisely known and probably depends on the current velocity of the solar wind and the local density of the interstellar medium , but it is far outside Pluto 's orbit . Scientists hope to gain perspective on the heliopause from data acquired through the Interstellar Boundary Explorer ( IBEX ) mission , launched in October 2008 . Notable events ( edit ) From May 10 to May 12 , 1999 , NASA 's Advanced Composition Explorer ( ACE ) and WIND spacecraft observed a 98 % decrease of solar wind density . This allowed energetic electrons from the Sun to flow to Earth in narrow beams known as `` strahl '' , which caused a highly unusual `` polar rain '' event , in which a visible aurora appeared over the North Pole . In addition , Earth 's magnetosphere increased to between 5 and 6 times its normal size . On 13 December 2010 , Voyager 1 determined that the velocity of the solar wind , at its location 10.8 billion miles ( 17.4 billion km ) from Earth had slowed to zero . `` We have gotten to the point where the wind from the Sun , which until now has always had an outward motion , is no longer moving outward ; it is only moving sideways so that it can end up going down the tail of the heliosphere , which is a comet - shaped - like object , '' said Voyager project scientist Edward Stone . See also ( edit ) Space portal Star portal Deep Space Climate Observatory Dyson - Harrop satellite Electric sail Helium Focusing Cone Interplanetary medium List of plasma ( physics ) articles Magnetic sail Parker Solar Probe Parker spiral Plasmasphere Solar Cycle Solar sail Solar Wind Composition Experiment STEREO Sunspot Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McComas , D.J. ; Elliott , H.A. ; Schwadron , N.A. ; Gosling , J.T. ; Skoug , R.M. ; Goldstein , B.E. ( 2003 - 05 - 15 ) . `` The three - dimensional solar wind around solar maximum '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 30 ( 10 ) : 1517 . Bibcode : 2003GeoRL ... 30.1517 M . doi : 10.1029 / 2003GL017136 . ISSN 1944 - 8007 . Jump up ^ Owens , Mathew J. ; Forsyth , Robert J. ( 2013 - 11 - 28 ) . `` The Heliospheric Magnetic Field '' . Living Reviews in Solar Physics. 10 ( 1 ) : 5 . Bibcode : 2013LRSP ... 10 ... 5O . doi : 10.12942 / lrsp - 2013 - 5 . ISSN 2367 - 3648 . Jump up ^ McGRAW - HILL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Science & Technology , 8th ed. , ( c ) 1997 , vol. 16 , page 685 Jump up ^ `` NASA - Voyager 2 Proves Solar System Is Squashed '' . Jump up ^ `` Voyager 2 finds solar system 's shape is ' dented ' '' . 11 December 2016 -- via Reuters . Jump up ^ CNN , Kate Tobin . `` CNN.com - Spacecraft reaches edge of solar system - Nov. 5 , 2003 '' . Jump up ^ Cliver , Edward W. ; Dietrich , William F. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The 1859 space weather event revisited : limits of extreme activity '' . Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. 3 . Bibcode : 2013JSWSC ... 3A ... 31C . doi : 10.1051 / swsc / 2013053 . ISSN 2115 - 7251 . ^ Jump up to : Meyer - Vernet , Nicole ( 2007 ) . Basics of the Solar Winds . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81420 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Durham , Ian T. ( 2006 ) . `` Rethinking the History of Solar Wind Studies : Eddington 's Analysis of Comet Morehouse '' . Notes and Records of the Royal Society . 60 . pp. 261 -- 270 . Jump up ^ Egeland , Alv ; Burke , William J. ( 2005 ) . Kristian Birkeland : The First Space Scientist . Springer , Dordrecht , The Netherlands . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Kristian Birkeland , `` Are the Solar Corpuscular Rays that penetrate the Earth 's Atmosphere Negative or Positive Rays ? '' in Videnskapsselskapets Skrifter , I Mat -- Naturv . Klasse No. 1 , Christiania , 1916 . Jump up ^ Philosophical Magazine , Series 6 , Vol. 38 , No. 228 , December 1919 , 674 ( on the Solar Wind ) Jump up ^ Ludwig Biermann ( 1951 ) . `` Kometenschweife und solare Korpuskularstrahlung '' . Zeitschrift für Astrophysik. 29 : 274 . Bibcode : 1951ZA ... 29 ... 274B . Jump up ^ Schröder , Wilfried ( 2008 ) . Who First Discovered the Solar Wind ? . Germany : Darmstadt . OCLC 232645128 . Jump up ^ Christopher T. Russell . `` THE SOLAR WIND AND MAGNETOSPHERIC DYNAMICS '' . Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of California , Los Angeles . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Roach , John ( August 27 , 2003 ) . `` Astrophysicist Recognized for Discovery of Solar Wind '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Eugene Parker ( 1958 ) . `` Dynamics of the Interplanetary Gas and Magnetic Fields '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 128 : 664 . Bibcode : 1958ApJ ... 128 ... 664P . doi : 10.1086 / 146579 . Jump up ^ ( Brian Harvey , Russian planetary exploration : history , development , legacy , prospects . Springer , 2007 , p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 46343 - 7 ) Jump up ^ David Darling , Internet Encyclopedia of Science . Jump up ^ `` Luna 1 '' . NASA National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ M. Neugebauer & C.W. Snyder ( 1962 ) . `` Solar Plasma Experiment '' . Science . 138 ( 3545 ) : 1095 -- 1097 . Bibcode : 1962Sci ... 138.1095 N . doi : 10.1126 / science. 138.3545. 1095 - a . PMID 17772963 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks on the Rotation of a Magnetized Sphere with Application to Solar Radiation '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Hannes Alfvén ( 1942 ) . `` Remarks on the Rotation of a Magnetized Sphere with Application to Solar Radiation '' . Arkiv för Matematik , Astronomi och Fysik . 28A ( 6 ) : 1 -- 9 . Jump up ^ G.W. Pneuman & R.A. Kopp ( 1971 ) . `` Gas - magnetic field interactions in the solar corona '' . Solar Physics. 18 ( 2 ) : 258 . Bibcode : 1971SoPh ... 18 ... 258P . doi : 10.1007 / BF00145940 . Jump up ^ `` Solar System Exploration : Missions : By Target : Mars : Present '' . Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` Parker Solar Probe Launches on NASA Voyage to ' Touch the Sun ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Encrenaz , Thérèse ; Bibring , J. - P. ; Blanc , M. ( 2003 ) . The Solar System . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 00241 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Kallenrode , May - Britt ( 2004 ) . Space Physics : An Introduction to Plasmas and . Springer . ISBN 3 - 540 - 20617 - 5 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Bradley W. ; Ostlie , Dale A. ( 1995 ) . An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics ( revised 2nd ed . ) . Benjamin Cummings . p. 409 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 54730 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schrijver , Carolus J. ; Zwaan , Cornelis ( 2000 ) . Solar and stellar magnetic activity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 58286 - 5 . Jump up ^ Meyer - Vernet , Nicole ( 2007 ) . Basics of the Solar Wind . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81420 - 0 . Jump up ^ Geiss , J. ; Gloeckler , G. ; Steiger , R. Von . `` Origin of the solar wind from composition data '' . Space Science Reviews . 72 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 49 -- 60 . Bibcode : 1995SSRv ... 72 ... 49G . doi : 10.1007 / BF00768753 . ISSN 0038 - 6308 . Jump up ^ Suess , Steve ( June 3 , 1999 ) . `` Overview and Current Knowledge of the Solar Wind and the Corona '' . The Solar Probe . NASA / Marshall Space Flight Center . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harra , Louise ; Milligan , Ryan ; Fleck , Bernhard ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Hinode : source of the slow solar wind and superhot flares '' . ESA . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Antiochos , S.K. ; Mikić , Z. ; Titov , V.S. ; Lionello , R. ; Linker , J.A. ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Model for the Sources of the Slow Solar Wind '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 731 ( 2 ) : 112 . arXiv : 1102.3704 . Bibcode : 2011ApJ ... 731 ... 112A . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 731 / 2 / 112 . ISSN 0004 - 637X . Jump up ^ Fisk , L.A. ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Acceleration of the solar wind as a result of the reconnection of open magnetic flux with coronal loops '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics. 108 ( A4 ) : 1157 . Bibcode : 2003JGRA ... 108.1157 F . doi : 10.1029 / 2002JA009284 . ISSN 2156 - 2202 . Jump up ^ Zirker , J.B. ( 1977 ) , Coronal holes and high ‐ speed wind streams , Reviews of Geophysics , 15 ( 3 ) , 257 - 269 Jump up ^ Hassler , Donald M. ; Dammasch , Ingolf E. ; Lemaire , Philippe ; Brekke , Pål ; Curdt , Werner ; Mason , Helen E. ; Vial , Jean - Claude ; Wilhelm , Klaus ( 1999 ) . `` Solar Wind Outflow and the Chromospheric Magnetic Network '' . Science . 283 ( 5403 ) : 810 -- 813 . Bibcode : 1999Sci ... 283 ... 810H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 283.5403. 810 . PMID 9933156 . Jump up ^ Marsch , Eckart ; Tu , Chuanyi ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Solar Wind Origin in Coronal Funnels '' . ESA . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dendy , Richard ( 1995 ) . Plasma Physics : An Introductory Course . Cambridge University Press . p. 234 . ISBN 9780521484527 . Jump up ^ Endal , A.S. ; Sofia , S. ( 1981 ) . `` Rotation in solar - type stars . I - Evolutionary models for the spin - down of the Sun '' . Astrophysical Journal , Part 1 . 243 : 625 -- 640 . Bibcode : 1981ApJ ... 243 ... 625E . doi : 10.1086 / 158628 . Jump up ^ Robin Kerrod ( 2000 ) . Asteroids , Comets , and Meteors . Lerner Publications , Co . Jump up ^ Jokipii , J.R. ( 1973 ) . `` Turbulence and Scintillations in the Interplanetary Plasma '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 11 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 28 . Bibcode : 1973ARA&A ... 11 ... 1J . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. aa. 11.090173. 000245 . Jump up ^ NASA Study Using Cluster Reveals New Insights Into Solar Wind , NASA , Greenbelt , 2012 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Grünwaldt H ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` Venus tail ray observation near Earth '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 24 ( 10 ) : 163 -- 1166 . Bibcode : 1997GeoRL ... 24.1163 G . doi : 10.1029 / 97GL01159 . Jump up ^ `` Solar wind ripping chunks off Mars - '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ NASA . `` NASA Mission Reveals Speed of Solar Wind Stripping Martian Atmosphere '' . Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution ( MAVEN ) mission . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ @ MAVEN2Mars ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` NASA MAVEN mission measures solar wind atmospheric stripping on Mars '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Starukhina , L.V. ( 2006 ) . `` Polar regions of the moon as a potential repository of solar - wind - implanted gases '' . Advances in Space Research . 37 : 50 -- 58 . Bibcode : 2006AdSpR ... 37 ... 50S . doi : 10.1016 / j. asr. 2005.04. 033 . Jump up ^ `` The Day the Solar Wind Disappeared '' . NASA Science . 13 December 1999 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Voyager Near Solar System Edge '' . BBC . 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Probe Sees Solar Wind Decline En Route To Interstellar Space '' . NASA . 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . References ( edit ) Fox , Karen C. ( 2012 ) `` NASA Study Using Cluster Reveals New Insights Into Solar Wind '' NASA . S. Cuperman and N. Metzler , Role of fluctuations in the interplanetary magnetic field on the heat conduction in the Solar Wind. J. Geophys . Res. 78 ( 16 ) , 3167 - 3168 , 1973 . S. Cuperman and N. Metzler . Astrophys . J. , 182 ( 3 ) , 961 - 975 , 1973 . S. Cuperman and N. Metzler , Solution of 3 - fluid model equations with anomalous transport coefficients for thequiet Solar Wind . Astrophys. J. , 196 ( 1 ) 205 - 219 , 1975 S. Cuperman , N. Metzler and M. Spygelglass , Confirmation of known numerical solutions for the quiet Solar Wind equations . Astrophys . J. , 198 ( 3 ) , 755 - 759 , 1975 . S. Cuperman and N. Metzler , Relative magnitude of streaming velocities of alpha particles and protons at 1AU . Astrophys. and Space Sci. 45 ( 2 ) 411 - 417 , 1976 . N. Metzler . A multi-fluid model for stellar winds. Proceedings of the L.D. de Feiter Memorial Symposium on the Study of Traveling Interplanetary Phenomena . AFGL - TR - 77 - 0309 , Air Force Systems Command , USAF , 1978 . N. Metzler and M. Dryer , A self - consistent solution of the three - fluid model of the Solar Wind . Astrophys . J. , 222 ( 2 ) , 689 - 695 , 1978 . S. Cuperman and N. Metzler , Comments on Acceleration of Solar Wind He + + 3 effects of Resonant and nonresonant interactions with transverse waves . J. Geophys . Res. 84 ( NA5 ) , 2139 - 2140 ( 1979 ) N. Metzler , S. Cuperman , M. Dryer and P. Rosenau , A time - dependent two - fluid model with thermal conduction for Solar Wind . Astrophys . J. , 231 ( 3 ) 960 - 976 , 1979 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar wind . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Solar - wind interaction with planetary ionospheres Real - time plots of solar wind activity from the Advanced Composition Explorer The Sun Internal structure Core Radiation zone Tachocline Convection zone Atmosphere Photosphere Supergranulation Granule Faculae Sunspot Chromosphere Plage Spicule Moreton wave Corona Transition region Coronal hole Coronal loop Coronal mass ejection Prominence Helmet streamer Supra - arcade downflows Variation Solar cycle List of solar cycles Solar maximum Solar minimum Wolf number Solar wind Flare Helioseismology Heliosphere Current sheet Termination shock Heliosheath Heliopause Bow shock Related topics Heliophysics Solar activity Solar astronomy Solar dynamo Eclipse Solar energy Solar neutrino Solar observation Solar phenomena Solar physics Solar System Solar telescope Solar time Space weather Standard solar model Radiation Spectral class : G2V Magnetospherics Submagnetosphere Atmospheric circulation Aurora Earth 's magnetic field Geosphere Jet stream Polar wind Earth 's magnetosphere Birkeland current Ionosphere Magnetopause Magnetosheath Magnetosphere Magnetosphere chronology Magnetosphere particle motion Plasmasphere Ring current Van Allen radiation belt Solar wind Coronal cloud Coronal mass ejection Solar flare Geomagnetic storm Heliosphere Interplanetary magnetic field Heliospheric current sheet Heliopause Space weather Satellites Full list Arase ( 2016 ) Cluster II Double Star Geotail IMAGE MMS ( 2015 ) Polar THEMIS Van Allen Probes Wind Research projects HAARP SHARE Unwin Radar SuperDARN Other magnetospheres Hermian Lunar Jovian Ganymedian Saturnian Uranian Neptunian Related topics Flux tube Gas torus Lunar swirls Planetary rings Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune BNF : cb119790203 ( data ) GND : 4135572 - 6 LCCN : sh85124550 NDL : 00572585 SUDOC : 027833666 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_wind&oldid=866501097 '' Categories : Solar phenomena Space plasmas Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 18 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is made up of charged particles that continually escape from the corona | [
"The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona. This plasma consists of mostly electrons, protons and alpha particles with kinetic energy between 0.5 and 10 keV. Embedded within the solar-wind plasma is the interplanetary magnetic field.[2] The solar wind varies in density, temperature and speed over time and over solar latitude and longitude. Its particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high energy resulting from the high temperature of the corona, which in turn is a result of the coronal magnetic field.\n"
] | [
"solar wind"
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-6449492531953252603 | Super Dancer | Super Dancer - Wikipedia Super Dancer Jump to : navigation , search Super Dancer Genre Dance Reality Created by Ashish Golwalkar Ranjeet Thakur Ujjwal Anand Arvind Rao Presented by Jay Bhanushali Paritosh Tripathi Rithvik Dhanjani ( former ) Judges Shilpa Shetty Kundra Geeta Kapoor Anurag Basu Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 02 No. of episodes 52 Production Producer ( s ) Ranjeet Thakur Hemant Ruprell Location ( s ) Mumbai , India Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 70 minutes approx . Production company ( s ) Frames Production Distributor Sony Pictures Networks Release Original network Sony Entertainment Television Sony Entertainment Television Asia Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 10 September 2016 -- 24 March 2018 External links Website Super Dancer is an Indian Hindi kids dance reality television series , which airs on Sony Entertainment Television and Sony Entertainment Television Asia. The winner of season 1 of this series is Ditya Bhande and Bishal Sharma is the winner of Super Dancer Chapter 2 . The series is produced by Ranjeet Thakur and Hemant Ruprell for their production house Frames Production . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 2 Season 1 2.1 Participants 2.2 Power Card Entry 3 Season 2 3.1 Participants 3.2 Power Card Entry 3.3 Robo Girl Trend 3.4 5 - Year Old Dancers 3.5 Varun 's Kind Gesture 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Concept ( edit ) The show Super Dancer - Dance Ka Kal aims to find a kid prodigy who has the potential to be the future of dance . The kids are aged between 4 and 13 years of age . They are not only required to have 3Ds of dancing - Desire , Discipline and Determination - but also should be a keen learner , adaptable to all dance styles and circumstances and should be a passionate dancer with a unique personality . This show is an ideal opportunity for every kid to hone their talent and dancing skills . After the initial auditions and mega auditions , 12 Super Dancers are selected to be competing for the title of Dance Ka Kal ( future of dance ) . They are each paired with one choreographer ( Super Guru ) who has a unique style similar to theirs . These Super Gurus train them , choreograph acts for them and also perform with them . The Super Dancers perform on Saturdays and along with their choreographers on Sunday . The performances are voted by the audience every week on the website or the SonyLiv App . On the basis of the number of votes , one kid is being eliminated every week . Season 1 ( edit ) Participants ( edit ) Contestant From Choreographer Notes Ditya Sagar Bhande ' Mumbai Ruel Dausan WINNER Dipali Borkar Pune Sonali Kar Finalist Masoom Narzary Guwahati Palden Lama Mawroh Finalist Yogesh Sharma Mathura Vaibhav Ghughe Finalist Laxman Kumbhar Raipur Paul Marshal Finalist Eliminated on 23 October 2016 Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 Siddhanth Damedhar Aurangabad Shyam Yadav Eliminated on 23 October 2016 Power Card entry on 30 October 2016 Eliminated on 26 November 2016 Ashish Das Guwahati Lipsa Acharya Eliminated on 19 November 2016 Ananya Choksi Raipur Amrita Maitra Eliminated on 12 November 2016 Varsha Mishra Agra Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 16 October 2016 Harsh Prajapati Jaipur Anuja Eliminated on 16 October 2016 Mahi Soni Chattarpur Sneha Kapoor Eliminated on 9 October 2016 Lakshay Sinha Malda Biki Das Eliminated Power Card Entry ( edit ) Five contestants - Laxman Kumbhar , Siddhanth Damedhar ( both of whom were eliminated from the show earlier ) , Lakshay Sinha ( who could n't perform earlier in the competition due to his injury ) , Tiyash Saha & Harsh Dhara ( both standby contestants ) were called back on 30 October 2016 to gain a Power Card Entry into the competition . The judges chose Laxman Kumbhar & Siddhanth Damedhar and they Re-entered the competition . Winner Ditya Sagar Bhande from Mumbai won the first season of Super dancer . Her choreographer was Ruel Dausan . Season 2 ( edit ) Participants ( edit ) Contestant From Choreographer Notes Bishal Sharma Jorhat , Assam Vaibhav Ghuge Winner Akash Thapa Dehradun , Uttarakhand Vivek Chachere Finalist Ritik Diwaker Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh Pratik Utekar Finalist Vaishnavi Prajapati Panipat , Haryana Manan Sachdeva Finalist Power card entry on 26th November 2017 Shagun Singh Bhilai , Chhattisgarh Aishwarya Radhakrishnan Eliminated on 18 March 2018 Akash Mitra Patna , Bihar Rishikaysh Jogadaand Power card entrant ( Eliminated on February 2018 ) Muskan Sharma Indore , Madhya Pradesh Paul Marshal Eliminated on 11th February 2018 Mishti Sinha Ahmednagar , Maharashtra Omkar Shinde Palden Lama Mawroh Left the show due to injury on 26th January 2018 Power card entry on 26th November 2017 Eliminated on 12 November 2017 Arushi Saxena Ludhiana , Punjab Nishant Bhat Eliminated on 14 January 2018 Vivek Jogdande Aurangabad , Maharashtra Ruel Dausan Varindani Eliminated on 19th November 2017 Jyoti Ranjan Sahu Bhubaneswar , Odisha Anuradha Iyengar Eliminated on 19 November 2017 Abir Rahman Kolkata , West Bengal Sonali Kar Eliminated on 12 November 2017 Kunal Jyoti Rabha Guwahati , Assam Palden Lama Mawroh Eliminated on 29 October 2017 Chandresh Delwar Indore , Madhya Pradesh Khushboo Gupta Eliminated on 29 October 2017 Power Card Entry ( edit ) Three contestants , Vaishnavi Prajapati from Panipat with her Super Guru Manan , Akash Mitra from Patna with his Super Guru Rishikesh Jogdand and Mishti Sinha from Ahmednagar with her Super Guru Palden Lama Mowroh took a return on Power Card Entry . With top 9 , voting started . For almost 6 weeks at a stretch , there was not a single elimination on the show . Firstly , Arushi Saxena ( known as all rounder of the show ) had to leave the show by normal elimination and provided the show Super 8 . Mishti Sinha had to bid goodbye to the show due to an injury in her leg . Doctors suggested her to have respite and show got Super 7 . Robo girl trend ( edit ) Muskan Sharma termed as `` robotic girl '' of the show had set a trend of perfect indomitable robotics . She pursued such a different and tough dance form making many persons her fan . She performed robotics with contemporary and salsa which gave her a distinct look . Appreciated , she was said as trendsetter by shilpa shetty as the incredible girl invigorated and emboldened many other girls to chase robotics . Her Super Guru Paul always tried to present a message in her dance in which they were invincible . But voted less till super 7 , she was eliminated . 5 - year old Dancers ( edit ) Akash Mitra is an amazing child on the show . He is super cute and seems to be Anurag Basu 's favorite . He is always indifferent to all the situations and is termed as `` God Ka Favourite Bachcha '' . With his Super Guru Rishikesh , this 5 year old showcase his talent in many styles . He is majorly seen in feud with his friend Vaishnavi. he later got eliminated just before top 5 . Vaishnavi is a 5 year old talented girl on the show who gets tickled easily . Judges were shocked when they come to know about her handicapped but willing mentor . She and her Super Guru Manan does simple but effective acts on the stage without getting encumbered . Varun 's kind gesture ( edit ) Moved by the plight of one of the contestants Ritik Diwaker , bollywood actor Varun Dhawan decides to sponsor the 11 - year - old boy 's education . In the day of grand finale , Ritik danced on a medley of songs , including `` Bulleya '' , `` Dil Diyan Gallan '' and the title track of Dangal , and Varun was impressed . He 's seen some of his earlier acts too and was bowled over by his happy feet . When he learnt that Ritik 's father , Gaurishankar Diwaker , is unable to work as his left hand is nonfunctional , Varun decided to help the child as he did n't want his studies to suffer . See also ( edit ) Super Dancer Season 2 : Winner Name 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Super Dancer Chapter 2 : Bishal Sharma from Assam wins the show , '' The GenX Times , 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's four new shows from different genres '' . Indian Television . 14 May 2016 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Dancer Official Site '' . superdancer.sonyliv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` VARUN DHAWAN TO SPONSOR SUPER DANCER 2 CONTESTANT RITIK DIWAKER 'S EDUCATION '' . Mumbai Mirror . Indian Times . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) `` The template below ( Super Dancer ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Super Dancer Season 1 Season 2 Finalists Contestants Ditya Bhande Masoom Narzary Dipali Borkar Yogesh Sharma Lakshman Kumbhar Choreographers Ruel Varindani Palden Lama Sonali Kar Vaibhav Ghuge Paul Cardoz Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Reality and comedy The Drama Company Family Time With Kapil Sharma Super Dancer Drama Ek Deewaana Tha Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai History and mythology Mere Sai Porus Prithvi Vallabh - Itihaas Bhi , Rahasya Bhi Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Dancer&oldid=836016340 '' Categories : 2010s Indian television series 2016 Indian television series debuts Hindi - language television programs Indian dance television shows Indian reality television series Television shows set in Mumbai Sony Entertainment Television series Frames Production series Hidden categories : Use Indian English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 04 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the winner of supper dancer 2018 | [
"\n\nContestant\nFrom\nChoreographer\nNotes\n\n\nBishal Sharma\nJorhat, Assam\nVaibhav Ghuge\nWinner\n\n\nAkash Thapa\nDehradun, Uttarakhand\nVivek Chachere\nFinalist\n\n\nRitik Diwaker\nKanpur, Uttar Pradesh\nPratik Utekar\nFinalist\n\n\nVaishnavi Prajapati\nPanipat, Haryana\nManan Sachdeva\nFinalist\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\n\n\nShagun Singh\nBhilai, Chhattisgarh\nAishwarya Radhakrishnan\nEliminated on 18 March 2018\n\n\nAkash Mitra\nPatna, Bihar\nRishikaysh Jogadaand\nPower card entrant (Eliminated on February 2018)\n\n\nMuskan Sharma\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nPaul Marshal\nEliminated on 11th February 2018\n\n\nMishti Sinha\nAhmednagar, Maharashtra\nOmkar Shinde\nPalden Lama Mawroh\n\nLeft the show due to injury on 26th January 2018\nPower card entry on 26th November 2017\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\n\nArushi Saxena\nLudhiana, Punjab\nNishant Bhat\nEliminated on 14 January 2018\n\n\nVivek Jogdande\nAurangabad, Maharashtra\nRuel Dausan Varindani\nEliminated on 19th November 2017\n\n\nJyoti Ranjan Sahu\nBhubaneswar, Odisha\nAnuradha Iyengar\nEliminated on 19 November 2017\n\n\nAbir Rahman\nKolkata, West Bengal\nSonali Kar\nEliminated on 12 November 2017\n\n\nKunal Jyoti Rabha\nGuwahati, Assam\nPalden Lama Mawroh\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n\nChandresh Delwar\nIndore, Madhya Pradesh\nKhushboo Gupta\nEliminated on 29 October 2017\n\n"
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"Bishal Sharma"
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-8760622785715965007 | Food drying | Food drying - wikipedia Food drying Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article only describes one highly specialized aspect of its associated subject . Please help improve this article by adding more general information . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Flattened fish drying in the sun in Madagascar . Fish are preserved through such traditional methods as drying , smoking and salting . A whole potato , sliced pieces ( right ) , and dried sliced pieces ( left ) Food drying is a method of food preservation in which food is dried ( dehydrated or desiccated ) . Drying inhibits the growth of bacteria , yeasts , and mold through the removal of water . Dehydration has been used widely for this purpose since ancient times ; the earliest known practice is 12,000 B.C. by inhabitants of the modern Middle East and Asia regions . Water is traditionally removed through evaporation ( air drying , sun drying , smoking or wind drying ) , although today electric food dehydrators or freeze - drying can be used to speed the drying process and ensure more consistent results . 1890 newspaper advertisement showing tin of dried coconut Contents ( hide ) 1 Food types 2 Preparation 3 Other methods 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Food types ( edit ) A collection of dried mushrooms Sun - drying octopus Many different foods can be prepared by dehydration . Meat has held an historically significant role . For centuries , much of the European diet depended on dried cod -- known as salt cod , bacalhau ( with salt ) , or stockfish ( without ) . It formed the main protein source for the slaves on the West Indian plantations , and was a major economic force within the triangular trade . Dried fish most commonly cod or haddock , known as Harðfiskur , is a delicacy in Iceland , while dried reindeer meat is a traditional Sami food . Currently popular dried meats include prosciutto ( a.k.a. Parma ham ) , bresaola , biltong and beef jerky . Dried fruits have been consumed historically due to their high sugar content and sweet taste , and a longer shelf - life from drying . Fruits are often observed differently when dried . The plum becomes a prune , the grape a raisin . Figs and dates are also transformed into new , different products that can either be eaten as they are , used in recipes , or rehydrated . Freeze - dried vegetables are often found in food for backpackers , hunters , and the military . Garlic and onion are often dried . Edible mushrooms , as well as other fungi , are also sometimes dried for preservation purposes or to be used as seasonings . Preparation ( edit ) Home drying of vegetables , fruit and meat can be carried out with electrical dehydrators ( household appliance ) or by sun - drying or by wind . Preservatives such as potassium metabisulfite , BHA , or BHT may be used , but are not required . However , dried products without these preservatives may require refrigeration or freezing to ensure safe storage for a long time . Industrial food dehydration is often accomplished by freeze - drying . In this case food is flash frozen and put into a reduced - pressure system which causes the water to sublimate directly from the solid to the gaseous phase . Although freeze - drying is more expensive than traditional dehydration techniques , it also mitigates the change in flavor , texture , and nutritional value.In addition , another widely used industrial method of drying of food is convective hot air drying . Industrial hot air dryers are simple and easy to design , construct and maintain . More so , it is very affordable and has been reported to retain most of the nutritional properties of food if dry using appropriate drying conditions . Other methods ( edit ) This electric food dehydrator has a hot air blower that blows air through trays with foods on them . Pictured are mango and papaya slices being dried . There are many different methods for drying , each with their own advantages for particular applications ; these include : Convection drying Bed dryers Drum drying Freeze Drying Microwave - vacuum drying Shelf dryers Spray drying Infrared radiation drying Combined thermal hybrid drying Sunlight Commercial food dehydrators Household oven See also ( edit ) Food portal Bouillon cube Curing Dried fruit Instant noodles Instant soup List of dried foods List of smoked foods List of foods Meat extract References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grandidier ( 1899 ) , p. 521 Jump up ^ `` Historical Origins of Food Preservation '' . Accessed June 2011 . Jump up ^ Trager , James ( 1997 ) . The Food Chronology : A Food Lover 's Compendium of Events and Anecdotes from Prehistory to the Present . Henry Holt . ISBN 080505247X . Jump up ^ `` Food Dehydrator reviews '' . www.dehydratorjudge.com . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Modeling the thin - layer drying of fruits and vegetables : A review '' . Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety . Wiley - Blackwell . 15 ( 3 ) : 599 -- 618 . 2016 - 02 - 04 . doi : 10.1111 / 1541 - 4337.12196 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Si X , Chen Q , Bi J , Wu X , Yi J , Zhou L , Li Z ( 2016 ) . `` Comparison of different drying methods on the physical properties , bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of raspberry powders '' . J Sci Food Agric. 96 ( 6 ) : 2055 -- 62 . doi : 10.1002 / jsfa. 7317 . PMID 26108354 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Recent advances of novel thermal combined hot air drying of agricultural crops '' . Trends in Food Science & Technology . Elsevier . 57 ( A ) : 132 -- 145 . 2016 - 10 - 30 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tifs. 2016.09. 012 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dried food . National Center for Home Food Preservation , drying section ( hide ) Food preservation Biopreservation Canning Cold chain Curing Drying Fermentation Freeze - drying Freezing Hurdle technology Irradiation Jamming Jellying Jugging Modified atmosphere Pascalization Pickling Potting Confit Potjevleesch Salting Smoking Sugaring Tyndallization Vacuum packing NDL : 00564857 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_drying&oldid=811450027 '' Categories : Cooking techniques Drying processes Food technology Dried foods Garde manger Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing context from July 2013 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 November 2017 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | advantages of drying as a method of food preservation | [
"Food drying is a method of food preservation in which food is dried (dehydrated or desiccated). Drying inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and mold through the removal of water. Dehydration has been used widely for this purpose since ancient times; the earliest known practice is 12,000 B.C. by inhabitants of the modern Middle East and Asia regions.[2] Water is traditionally removed through evaporation (air drying, sun drying, smoking or wind drying), although today electric food dehydrators or freeze-drying can be used to speed the drying process and ensure more consistent results."
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"inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and mold"
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7199474375147154625 | Electrochemical gradient | Electrochemical gradient - wikipedia Electrochemical gradient Jump to : navigation , search Diagram of ion concentrations and charge across a semi-permeable cellular membrane . An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential , usually for an ion that can move across a membrane . The gradient consists of two parts , the chemical gradient , or difference in solute concentration across a membrane , and the electrical gradient , or difference in charge across a membrane . When there are unequal concentrations of an ion across a permeable membrane , the ion will move across the membrane from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration through simple diffusion . Ions also carry an electric charge that forms an electric potential across a membrane . If there is an unequal distribution of charges across the membrane , then the difference in electric potential generates a force that drives ion diffusion until the charges are balanced on both sides of the membrane . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Chemistry 3 Biological context 4 Ion gradients 5 Proton gradients 5.1 Bacteriorhodopsin 5.2 Photophosphorylation 5.3 Oxidative Phosphorylation 6 See also 7 References Overview ( edit ) Electrochemical potential is important in electroanalytical chemistry and industrial applications such as batteries and fuel cells . It represents one of the many interchangeable forms of potential energy through which energy may be conserved . In biological processes , the direction an ion moves by diffusion or active transport across a membrane is determined by the electrochemical gradient . In mitochondria and chloroplasts , proton gradients are used to generate a chemiosmotic potential that is also known as a proton motive force . This potential energy is used for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation , respectively . An electrochemical gradient has two components . First , the electrical component is caused by a charge difference across the lipid membrane . Second , a chemical component is caused by a differential concentration of ions across the membrane . The combination of these two factors determines the thermodynamically favourable direction for an ion 's movement across a membrane . An electrochemical gradient is analogous to the water pressure across a hydroelectric dam . Membrane transport proteins such as the sodium - potassium pump within the membrane are equivalent to turbines that convert the water 's potential energy to other forms of physical or chemical energy , and the ions that pass through the membrane are equivalent to water that ends up at the bottom of the dam . Also , energy can be used to pump water up into the lake above the dam . In similar manner , chemical energy in cells can be used to create electrochemical gradients . Chemistry ( edit ) The term is typically applied in contexts wherein a chemical reaction is to take place , such as one involving the transfer of an electron at a battery electrode . In a battery , an electrochemical potential arising from the movement of ions balances the reaction energy of the electrodes . The maximum voltage that a battery reaction can produce is sometimes called the standard electrochemical potential of that reaction ( see also Electrode potential and Table of standard electrode potentials ) . In instances pertaining specifically to the movement of electrically charged solutes , the potential is often expressed in units of volts . See : Concentration cell . Biological context ( edit ) The generation of a transmembrane electrical potential through ion movement across a cell membrane drives biological processes like nerve conduction , muscle contraction , hormone secretion , and sensory processes . By convention , a typical animal cell has a transmembrane electrical potential of - 50 mV to - 70 mV inside the cell relative to the outside . Electrochemical gradients also play a role in establishing proton gradients in oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria . The final step of cellular respiration is the electron transport chain . Four complexes embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion make up the electron transport chain . However , only complexes I , III , and IV pump protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space ( IMS ) . In total , there are ten protons translocated from the matrix to the IMS which generates an electrochemical potential of more than 200mV . This drives the flux of protons back into the matrix through ATP synthase which produces ATP by adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP . Thus , generation of a proton electrochemical gradient is crucial for energy production in mitochondria . The total equation for the electron transport chain is : N A D H + 11 H + ( m a t r i x ) + 1 / 2 O 2 ⟶ N A D + + 10 H + ( I M S ) + H 2 O ( \ displaystyle NADH + 11H ^ ( + ) ( matrix ) + 1 / 2 \ O_ ( 2 ) \ longrightarrow NAD ^ ( + ) + 10H ^ ( + ) ( IMS ) + H_ ( 2 ) O ) Similar to the electron transport chain , the light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis pump protons into the thylakoid lumen of chloroplasts to drive the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase . The proton gradient can be generated through either noncyclic or cyclic photophosphorylation . Of the proteins that participate in noncyclic photophosphorylation , photosystem II ( PSII ) , plastiquinone , and cytochrome b f complex directly contribute to generating the proton gradient . For each four photons absorbed by PSII , eight protons are pumped into the lumen . The total equation for photophosphorylation is shown : 2 H 2 O + 6 H + ( s t r o m a ) + 2 N A D P + ⟶ O 2 + 8 H + ( l u m e n ) + 2 N A D P H ( \ displaystyle 2H_ ( 2 ) O + 6H ^ ( + ) ( stroma ) + 2NADP ^ ( + ) \ longrightarrow O_ ( 2 ) + 8H ^ ( + ) ( lumen ) + 2NADPH ) Several other transporters and ion channels play a role in generating a proton electrochemical gradient . One is TPK , a potassium channel that is activated by Ca and conducts K from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma which helps establish the pH gradient . On the other hand , the electro - neutral K efflux antiporter ( KEA ) transports K into the thylakoid lumen and H into the stroma which helps establish the electric field . Ion gradients ( edit ) Diagram of the Na - K - ATPase . Since the ions are charged , they can not pass through the membrane via simple diffusion . Two different mechanisms can transport the ions across the membrane : active or passive transport . An example of active transport of ions is the Na - K - ATPase ( NKA ) . NKA catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and an inorganic phosphate and for every molecule of ATP hydrolized , three Na are transported outside and two K are transported inside the cell . This makes the inside of the cell more negative than the outside and more specifically generates a V of about - 60mV . An example of passive transport is ion fluxes through Na , K , Ca , and Cl channels . These ions tend to move down their concentration gradient . For example , since there is a high concentration of Na outside the cell , Na will flow through the Na channel into the cell . Since the electric potential inside the cell is negative , the influx of a positive ion depolarizes the membrane which brings the transmembrane electric potential closer to zero . However , Na will continue moving down its concentration gradient as long as the effect of the chemical gradient is greater than the effect of the electrical gradient . Once the effect of both gradients are equal ( for Na this at a V of about + 70mV ) , the influx of Na stops because the driving force ( ΔG ) is zero . The equation for the driving force is : Δ G = R T l n ( C i n / C o u t ) + Z F V m ( \ displaystyle \ Delta G = RTln ( C_ ( in ) / C_ ( out ) ) + ZFV_ ( m ) ) In this equation , R represents the gas constant , T represents absolute temperature , Z is the ionic charge , and F represents the Faraday constant . Proton gradients ( edit ) Proton gradients in particular are important in many different types of cells as a form of energy storage . The gradient is usually used to drive ATP synthase , flagellar rotation , or transport of metabolites . This section will focus on three processes that help establish proton gradients in their respective cells : bacteriorhodopsin and noncyclic photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation . Bacteriorhodopsin ( edit ) Diagram of the conformational shift in retinal that initiates proton pumping in bacteriorhodopsin . The way bacteriorhodopsin generates a proton gradient in Archaea is through a proton pump . The proton pump relies on proton carriers to drive protons from the side of the membrane with a low H concentration to the side of the membrane with a high H concentration . In bacteriorhodopsin , the proton pump is activated by absorption of photons of 568 nm wavelength which leads to isomerization of the Schiff base ( SB ) in retinal forming the K state . This moves SB away from Asp85 and Asp212 , causing H transfer from the SB to Asp85 forming the M1 state . The protein then shifts to the M2 state by separating Glu204 from Glu194 which releases a proton from Glu204 into the external medium . The SB is reprotonated by Asp96 which forms the N state . It is important that the second proton comes from Asp96 since its deprotonated state is unstable and rapidly reprotonated with a proton from the cytosol . The protonation of Asp85 and Asp96 causing re-isomerization of the SB forming the O state . Finally , bacteriorhodopsin returns to its resting state when Asp85 releases its proton to Glu204 . Photophosphorylation ( edit ) Simplified diagram of photophosphorylation . PSII also relies on light to drive the formation of proton gradients in chloroplasts , however PSII utilizes vectorial redox chemistry to achieve this goal . Rather than physically transporting protons through the protein , reactions requiring the binding of protons will occur on the extracellular side while reactions requiring the release of protons will occur on the intracellular side . Absorption of photons of 680 nm wavelength is used to excite two electrons in P to a higher energy level . These higher energy electrons are transferred to protein - bound plastoquinone ( PQ ) and then to unbound plastoquinone ( PQ ) . This reduces plastoquinone ( PQ ) to plastoquinol ( PQH ) which is released from PSII after gaining two protons from the stroma . The electrons in P are replenished by oxidizing water through the oxygen - evolving complex ( OEC ) . This results in release of O and H into the lumen . The total reaction is shown : 4 p h o t o n s ( 680 n m ) + 2 H 2 O + 2 P Q + 4 H + ( s t r o m a ) ⟶ O 2 + 2 P Q H 2 + 4 H + ( l u m e n ) ( \ displaystyle 4 \ photons ( 680nm ) \ + \ 2H_ ( 2 ) O \ + \ 2PQ \ + \ 4H ^ ( + ) ( stroma ) \ longrightarrow O_ ( 2 ) \ + \ 2PQH_ ( 2 ) \ + \ 4H ^ ( + ) ( lumen ) ) After being released from PSII , PQH travels to the cytochrome b f complex which then transfers two electrons from PQH to plastocyanin in two separate reactions . The process that occurs is similar to the Q - cycle in Complex III of the electron transport chain . In the first reaction , PQH binds to the complex on the lumen side and one electron is transferred to the iron - sulfur center which then transfers it to cytochrome f which then transfers it to plastocyanin . The second electron is transferred to heme b which then transfers it to heme b which then transfers it to PQ . In the second reaction , a second PQH gets oxidized , adding an electron to another plastocyanin and PQ . Both reactions together transfer four protons into the lumen . Oxidative phosphorylation ( edit ) Detailed diagram of the electron transport chain in mitochondria . In the electron transport chain , Complex I ( CI ) catalyzes the reduction of ubiquinone ( UQ ) to ubiquinol ( UQH ) by the transfer of two electrons from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NADH ) which translocates four protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the IMS : N A D H + H + + U Q + 4 H + ( m a t r i x ) ⟶ N A D + + U Q H 2 + 4 H + ( I M S ) ( \ displaystyle NADH + H ^ ( + ) + UQ + 4H ^ ( + ) ( matrix ) \ longrightarrow NAD ^ ( + ) + UQH_ ( 2 ) + 4H ^ ( + ) ( IMS ) ) Complex III ( CIII ) catalyzes the Q - cycle . The first step involving the transfer of two electrons from the UQH reduced by CI to two molecules of oxidized cytochrome c at the Q site . In the second step , two more electrons reduce UQ to UQH at the Q site . The total reaction is shown : 2 c y t o c h r o m e c ( o x i d i z e d ) + U Q H 2 + 2 H + ( m a t r i x ) ⟶ 2 c y t o c h r o m e c ( r e d u c e d ) + U Q + 4 H + ( I M S ) ( \ displaystyle 2 \ cytochrome \ c \ ( oxidized ) \ + \ UQH_ ( 2 ) \ + \ 2H ^ ( + ) \ ( matrix ) \ longrightarrow 2 \ cytochrome \ c \ ( reduced ) \ + \ UQ \ + \ 4H ^ ( + ) \ ( IMS ) ) Complex IV ( CIV ) catalyzes the transfer of two electrons from the cytochrome c reduced by CIII to one half of a full oxygen . Utilizing one full oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation requires the transfer of four electrons . The oxygen will then consume four protons from the matrix to form water while another four protons are pumped into the IMS . The total reaction is shown : 2 c y t o c h r o m e c ( r e d u c e d ) + 4 H + ( m a t r i x ) + 1 / 2 O 2 ⟶ 2 c y t o c h r o m e c ( o x i d i z e d ) + 2 H + ( I M S ) + H 2 O ( \ displaystyle 2 \ cytochrome \ c \ ( reduced ) \ + \ 4H ^ ( + ) \ ( matrix ) \ + \ 1 / 2 \ O_ ( 2 ) \ longrightarrow 2 \ cytochrome \ c \ ( oxidized ) \ + \ 2H ^ ( + ) \ ( IMS ) \ + \ H_ ( 2 ) O ) See also ( edit ) Concentration cell Transmembrane potential difference Action potential Cell potential Electrodiffusion Galvanic cell Electrochemical cell Proton exchange membrane References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . p. 403 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nath , Sunil ; Villadsen , John ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Oxidative phosphorylation revisited '' . Biotechnology and Bioengineering. 112 ( 3 ) : 429 -- 437 . doi : 10.1002 / bit. 25492 . ISSN 1097 - 0290 . Jump up ^ Yang , Huanghe ; Zhang , Guohui ; Cui , Jianmin ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` BK channels : multiple sensors , one activation gate '' . Membrane Physiology and Membrane Biophysics. 6 : 29 . doi : 10.3389 / fphys. 2015.00029 . PMC 4319557 . PMID 25705194 . Jump up ^ Shattock , Michael J. ; Ottolia , Michela ; Bers , Donald M. ; Blaustein , Mordecai P. ; Boguslavskyi , Andrii ; Bossuyt , Julie ; Bridge , John H.B. ; Chen - Izu , Ye ; Clancy , Colleen E. ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Na+ / Ca2+ exchange and Na+ / K+ - ATPase in the heart '' . The Journal of Physiology. 593 ( 6 ) : 1361 -- 1382 . doi : 10.1113 / jphysiol. 2014.282319 . ISSN 1469 - 7793 . PMC 4376416 . PMID 25772291 . ^ Jump up to : Aperia , Anita ; Akkuratov , Evgeny E. ; Fontana , Jacopo Maria ; Brismar , Hjalmar ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Na+ - K+ - ATPase , a new class of plasma membrane receptors '' . American Journal of Physiology . Cell Physiology. 310 ( 7 ) : C491 -- C495 . doi : 10.1152 / ajpcell. 00359.2015 . ISSN 0363 - 6143 . PMID 26791490 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Poburko , Damon ; Demaurex , Nicolas ( 2012 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Regulation of the mitochondrial proton gradient by cytosolic Ca2+ signals '' . Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology. 464 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 26 . doi : 10.1007 / s00424 - 012 - 1106 - y . ISSN 0031 - 6768 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 743 -- 745 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . p. 744 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 769 -- 770 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . p. 770 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Höhner , Ricarda ; Aboukila , Ali ; Kunz , Hans - Henning ; Venema , Kees ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Proton Gradients and Proton - Dependent Transport Processes in the Chloroplast '' . Plant Physiology. 7 : 218 . doi : 10.3389 / fpls. 2016.00218 . PMC 4770017 . PMID 26973667 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 464 -- 465 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Bob ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Interacting Ions in Biophysics : Real is not Ideal '' . Biophysical Journal . 104 ( 9 ) : 1849 -- 1866 . arXiv : 1305.2086 . Bibcode : 2013BpJ ... 104.1849 E . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpj. 2013.03. 049 . PMC 3647150 . PMID 23663828 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . p. 465 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Gunner , M.R. ; Amin , Muhamed ; Zhu , Xuyu ; Lu , Jianxun ( 2013 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Molecular mechanisms for generating transmembrane proton gradients '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - Bioenergetics . Metals in Bioenergetics and Biomimetics Systems . 1827 ( 8 -- 9 ) : 892 -- 913 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbabio. 2013.03. 001 . PMC 3714358 . PMID 23507617 . Jump up ^ Wickstrand , Cecilia ; Dods , Robert ; Royant , Antoine ; Neutze , Richard ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Bacteriorhodopsin : Would the real structural intermediates please stand up ? '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - General Subjects . Structural biochemistry and biophysics of membrane proteins . 1850 ( 3 ) : 536 -- 553 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbagen. 2014.05. 021 . Jump up ^ Nelson , David ; Cox , Michael ( 2013 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry . New York : W.H. Freeman . pp. 782 -- 783 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3414 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schöttler , Mark Aurel ; Tóth , Szilvia Z. ; Boulouis , Alix ; Kahlau , Sabine ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Photosynthetic complex stoichiometry dynamics in higher plants : biogenesis , function , and turnover of ATP synthase and the cytochrome b 6 f complex '' . Journal of Experimental Botany. 66 ( 9 ) : 2373 -- 2400 . doi : 10.1093 / jxb / eru495 . ISSN 0022 - 0957 . PMID 25540437 . ^ Jump up to : Sun , Fei ; Zhou , Qiangjun ; Pang , Xiaoyun ; Xu , Yingzhi ; Rao , Zihe ( 2013 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Revealing various coupling of electron transfer and proton pumping in mitochondrial respiratory chain '' . Current Opinion in Structural Biology . 23 ( 4 ) : 526 -- 538 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sbi. 2013.06. 013 . Campbell & Reece ( 2005 ) . Biology . Pearson Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 7146 - X . Stephen T. Abedon , `` Important words and concepts from Chapter 8 , Campbell & Reece , 2002 ( 1 / 14 / 2005 ) '' , for Biology 113 at the Ohio State University Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrochemical_gradient&oldid=832158684 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Electrochemistry Electrophysiology Membrane biology Physical quantities Thermodynamics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 05 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what uses the energy found within a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of atp | [
"In biological processes, the direction an ion moves by diffusion or active transport across a membrane is determined by the electrochemical gradient. In mitochondria and chloroplasts, proton gradients are used to generate a chemiosmotic potential that is also known as a proton motive force. This potential energy is used for the synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation, respectively.[2]"
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"oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation"
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-5400056415194410770 | Green Eggs and Ham | Green Eggs and Ham - wikipedia Green Eggs and Ham Jump to : navigation , search For the television series , see Green Eggs and Ham ( TV series ) . For the video game , see Dr. Seuss : Green Eggs and Ham ( video game ) . Green Eggs and Ham Author Dr. Seuss Cover artist Dr. Seuss Country United States Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Random House The Living Books Company Publication date August 12 , 1960 ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 80016 - 5 OCLC 184476 Preceded by One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish Followed by The Sneetches and Other Stories Green Eggs and Ham is a children 's book by Dr. Seuss , first published on August 12 , 1960 . As of 2016 , the book has sold 8 million copies worldwide . The story has appeared in several adaptations starting with 1973 's Dr. Seuss on the Loose starring Paul Winchell as the voice of both Sam - I - Am and the first - person narrator . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Background 3 Reception and cultural impact 4 Adaptations 5 Temporary ban 6 Selected translations 7 References 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) A character named `` Sam - I - am '' pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham . The unnamed character refuses , responding , `` I do not like green eggs and ham . I do not like them , Sam - I - am . '' He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him , asking him to try them in eight locations ( house , box , car , tree , train , dark , rain , boat ) and with three animals ( mouse , fox , and goat ) . Finally , he gives into Sam 's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham , which he does like after all and happily responds , `` I do so like green eggs and ham . Thank you . Thank you , Sam - I - am . '' Background ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham is one of Seuss 's `` Beginner Books '' , written in a very simple vocabulary for beginning readers . The vocabulary of the text consists of just 50 different words and was the result of a bet between Seuss and Bennett Cerf , Dr. Seuss 's publisher . that Seuss ( after completing The Cat in the Hat using 236 words ) could not complete an entire book without exceeding that limit . The 50 words are : a , am , and , anywhere , are , be , boat , box , car , could , dark , do , eat , eggs , fox , goat , good , green , ham , here , house , I , if , in , let , like , may , me , mouse , not , on , or , rain , Sam , say , see , so , thank , that , the , them , there , they , train , tree , try , will , with , would , you . Reception and cultural impact ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham was published on August 12 , 1960 . By 2001 , it had become the fourth - best selling English - language children 's hardcover book of all time . As of 2014 , the book has sold 8 million copies . In 1999 the National Education Association ( NEA ) conducted an online survey of children and teachers , seeking the 100 most popular children 's books . The children ranked Green Eggs and Ham third , just above another Dr. Seuss book , The Cat in the Hat . The teachers ranked it fourth . Teachers ranked it fourth again in a 2007 NEA poll . Scholastic Parent & Child magazine placed it # 7 among the `` 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' in 2012 . That same year , it was ranked number 12 among the `` Top 100 Picture Books '' in a survey published by School Library Journal -- the first of five Dr. Seuss books on the list . The book has become sufficiently ingrained in the cultural consciousness that U.S. District Court Judge James Muirhead referenced Green Eggs and Ham in his September 21 , 2007 court ruling after receiving an egg in the mail from prisoner Charles Jay Wolff who was protesting against the prison diet . Muirhead ordered the egg destroyed and rendered his judgment in the style of Seuss . Senator Ted Cruz read the book on the floor of the United States Senate during his filibuster over the funding over Obamacare . Musician will.i.am has stated that his moniker is inspired by the story . On September 29 , 1991 , following Dr. Seuss ' death earlier that week , the Reverend Jesse Jackson recited an excerpt of Green Eggs and Ham on Saturday Night Live during a special tribute segment . Adaptations ( edit ) Green Eggs and Ham is the third of the three Geisel stories that were adapted into the television special Dr. Seuss on the Loose , which featured a connecting narration by The Cat In The Hat , in 1973 . ( The Sneetches and The Zax were the other two . ) The song `` Green Eggs and Ham '' was recorded by the band Moxy Früvous on their 1992 independent debut album Moxy Früvous and is a rap treatment of the famous story . The book was also made into a Living Books adaptation for the PC . Although similar there were differences to reflect the new media such as Sam - I - Am sings his opening lines . An upcoming animated television series based on the book , Green Eggs and Ham , will premiere on Netflix in 2018 , produced by Warner Bros. Animation , A Very Good Production , A Stern Talking To , Random House Children 's Entertainment and Gulfstream Television and distributed by Warner Bros. Television . The book was also featured as one of the segments brought to life via live - action in a stage - play fashion in the 1994 TV film In Search of Dr. Seuss . Temporary ban ( edit ) Main article : Book censorship in China In 1965 , the book was banned in the People 's Republic of China for its `` portrayal of early Marxism '' . The ban was lifted in 1991 , following Seuss ' death . Selected translations ( edit ) לֹא רָעֵב וְלֹא אוֹהֵב ( Lo ra'ev ve - lo ohev , 1960 , Hebrew ISBN 9789652294661 ) Huevos verdes con jamón ( 1960 , Spanish , ISBN 1880507013 ) Groene eieren met ham ( 1960s , Dutch , ISBN 9024002966 ) 火腿 加 綠 蛋 ( Huǒ tuǐ jiā lǜ dàn , 1992 , Chinese , ISBN 9573211254 ) Prosciutto e uova verdi ( 2002 , Italian , ISBN 880902446X ) Virent ova ! Viret perna ! ( 2003 , Latin , ISBN 0865165556 ) Kto zje zielone jajka sadzone ? ( 2004 , Polish , ISBN 8372781249 ) Les œufs verts au jambon ( 2009 , French , ISBN 9781569756881 ) Grünes Ei mit Speck ( 2011 , German , ISBN 9783596854417 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/arts/literature/20-best-selling-childrens-books9.htm Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss on the Loose '' . IMDB . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 stories behind Dr. Seuss stories '' . CNN . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Green Eggs and Ham '' . snopes.com. 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 99 Interesting Facts about the world # 18 '' . All That is Interesting . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ A 50 - year feast in 50 words , Marketplace . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Sam - I - Am ! 50 Years of Green Eggs and Ham '' . Gnews. 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . Publishers Weekly . 17 December 2001 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Menand , Louis . `` A Critic at Large : Cat People : What Dr. Seuss Really Taught Us '' . The New Yorker . 23 December 2002 . Jump up ^ Kids ' top 100 books NEA : National Education Association . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books '' . NEA : National Education Association . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Parent & Child 100 Greatest Books for Kids '' ( PDF ) . Scholastic Corporation . 2012 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Picture Books Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Judge makes ' Green Eggs and Ham ' ruling '' . MSNBC . Jump up ^ `` ORDER the egg filed by the plaintiff is to be destroyed re : 55 Motion for Contempt , injunction '' , Wolff v. NH Department of Corrections et al ( Case 1 : 2006cv00321 ) , September 18 , 2007 , Filing 56 Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/why-ted-cruz-read-green-eggs-and-ham-in-the-u-s-senate-1.1867499 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/23/magazine/23FOB-Q4-t.html?_r=0 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ABC News 2010 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Picks Up ' Green Eggs and Ham ' Animated Series From Ellen DeGeneres '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2012/01/20/surprisingly-banned-books_n_1218905.html Jump up ^ `` Banned Books Week : Green Eggs and Ham '' . New York Public Library . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Claasen , Lynda ( 16 January 2015 ) . How Dr. Seuss Created Green Eggs and Ham ( Video ) . Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Fox in Socks Hop on Pop I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? Wacky Wednesday Great Day for Up ! Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! There 's a Wocket in My Pocket I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer Geisel PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Eggs List of egg topics Types Bird Fish and amphibian Monotreme Fossil record Cephalopod Fish Reptile ( dinosaur ) Pathology Biology Embryo Ichthyoplankton Ootheca Oviparity Spawn Zygote Components Yolk White Shell As food List of egg dishes Boiled Coddled Custard desserts Deviled Eggs Benedict Fried Omelette Poached Pickled Roe Scotch Scrambled Smoked Soufflé Tea egg Trophic egg In culture Easter egg Egging Fabergé egg Humpty Dumpty Oomancy Ovo vegetarianism Yoshi Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Eggs_and_Ham&oldid=804726676 '' Categories : Books by Dr. Seuss 1960 children 's books Eggs in culture American children 's picture books Constrained writing Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 19 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the characters in green eggs and ham | [
"A character named \"Sam-I-am\" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, \"I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am.\" He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, \"I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am.\"",
"A character named \"Sam-I-am\" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, \"I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am.\" He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, \"I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am.\"",
"A character named \"Sam-I-am\" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, \"I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am.\" He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, \"I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am.\"",
"A character named \"Sam-I-am\" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, \"I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am.\" He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, \"I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am.\"",
"A character named \"Sam-I-am\" pesters an unnamed character to try a plate of green eggs and ham. The unnamed character refuses, responding, \"I do not like green eggs and ham. I do not like them, Sam-I-am.\" He continues to repeat this as Sam persistently follows him, asking him to try them in eight locations (house, box, car, tree, train, dark, rain, boat) and with three animals (mouse, fox, and goat). Finally, he gives into Sam's pestering and tries the green eggs and ham, which he does like after all and happily responds, \"I do so like green eggs and ham. Thank you. Thank you, Sam-I-am.\""
] | [
"Sam-I-am",
"an unnamed character",
"mouse",
"fox",
"goat"
] |
-7797208467345357704 | Suez Canal | Suez canal - wikipedia Suez canal Suez Canal Specifications Length 193 km ( 120 miles ) ( originally 164 km or 102 mi ) Maximum boat beam 77.5 m ( 254 ft 3 in ) Minimum boat draft 20.1 m Minimum boat air draft 68 m Locks None Navigation authority Suez Canal Authority History Original owner Suez Canal Company ( Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez ) Construction began 25 September 1859 ( 1859 - 09 - 25 ) Date completed 17 November 1869 ( 1869 - 11 - 17 ) Geography Start point Port Said End point Port Tewfik , Suez The southern terminus of the Suez Canal at Suez on the Gulf of Suez ( Red Sea ) The Suez Canal ( Arabic : قناة السويس qanāt as - suwēs ) is an artificial sea - level waterway in Egypt , connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez . Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869 , it was officially opened on 17 November 1869 . The canal offers watercraft a shorter journey between the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans via the Mediterranean and Red Seas by avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian Oceans , reducing the journey by approximately 7,000 kilometres ( 4,300 mi ) . It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez . Its length is 193.30 km ( 120.11 mi ) , including its northern and southern access channels . In 2012 , 17,225 vessels traversed the canal ( average 47 per day ) . The original canal was a single - lane waterway with passing locations in the Ballah Bypass and the Great Bitter Lake . It contains no locks system , with seawater flowing freely through it . In general , the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer . South of the lakes , the current changes with the tide at Suez . The canal is owned and maintained by the Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) of Egypt . Under the Convention of Constantinople , it may be used `` in time of war as in time of peace , by every vessel of commerce or of war , without distinction of flag '' . In August 2014 , construction was launched to expand and widen the Ballah Bypass for 35 km ( 22 mi ) to speed the canal 's transit time . The expansion was planned to double the capacity of the Suez Canal from 49 to 97 ships a day . At a cost of $ 8.4 billion , this project was funded with interest - bearing investment certificates issued exclusively to Egyptian entities and individuals . The `` New Suez Canal '' , as the expansion was dubbed , was opened with great fanfare in a ceremony on 6 August 2015 . On 24 February 2016 , the Suez Canal Authority officially opened the new side channel . This side channel , located at the northern side of the east extension of the Suez Canal , serves the East Terminal for berthing and unberthing vessels from the terminal . As the East Container Terminal is located on the Canal itself , before the construction of the new side channel it was not possible to berth or unberth vessels at the terminal while the convoy was running . Contents 1 Precursors 1.1 2nd millennium BCE 1.2 Canals dug by Necho , Darius I and Ptolemy 1.3 Receding Red Sea and the dwindling Nile 1.4 Old Cairo to the Red Sea 1.5 Repair by al - Ḥākim 1.6 Conception by Venice 1.7 Napoleon 's discovery of an ancient canal 2 History 2.1 Interim period 2.2 Construction by the Suez Canal Company 2.3 Company rule after opening 2.4 Suez Crisis 2.5 Arab -- Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973 2.6 Bypass expansion 2.7 Timeline 2.8 Leadership 3 Layout and operation 3.1 Capacity 3.2 Navigation 3.3 Operation 3.4 Convoy sailing 3.5 Canal crossings 4 Alternative routes 4.1 Cape Agulhas 4.2 Northern Sea Route 4.3 Negev desert railroad 5 Environmental impact 6 Suez Canal Economic Zone 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Precursors ( edit ) Main article : Canal of the Pharaohs Ancient west -- east canals were built to facilitate travel from the Nile River to the Red Sea . One smaller canal is believed to have been constructed under the auspices of Senusret II or Ramesses II . Another canal , probably incorporating a portion of the first , was constructed under the reign of Necho II , but the only fully functional canal was engineered and completed by Darius I . 2nd millennium bce ( edit ) The legendary Sesostris ( likely either Pharaoh Senusret II or Senusret III of the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt ) may have started work on an ancient canal joining the Nile with the Red Sea ( 1897 BC -- 1839 BC ) , when an irrigation channel was constructed around 1850 BC that was navigable during the flood season , leading into a dry river valley east of the Nile River Delta named Wadi Tumelat . ( It is said that in ancient times the Red Sea reached northward to the Bitter Lakes and Lake Timsah . ) In his Meteorology , Aristotle wrote : One of their kings tried to make a canal to it ( for it would have been of no little advantage to them for the whole region to have become navigable ; Sesostris is said to have been the first of the ancient kings to try ) , but he found that the sea was higher than the land . So he first , and Darius afterwards , stopped making the canal , lest the sea should mix with the river water and spoil it . Strabo wrote that Sesostris started to build a canal , and Pliny the Elder wrote : 165 . Next comes the Tyro tribe and , the harbour of the Daneoi , from which Sesostris , king of Egypt , intended to carry a ship - canal to where the Nile flows into what is known as the Delta ; this is a distance of over 60 miles . Later the Persian king Darius had the same idea , and yet again Ptolemy II , who made a trench 100 feet wide , 30 feet deep and about 35 miles long , as far as the Bitter Lakes . In the second half of the 19th century , French cartographers discovered the remnants of an ancient north -- south canal past the east side of Lake Timsah and ending near the north end of the Great Bitter Lake . This proved to be the celebrated canal made by the Persian king Darius I , as his stele commemorating its construction was found at the site . ( This ancient , second canal may have followed a course along the shoreline of the Red Sea when it once extended north to Lake Timsah . ) In the 20th century the northward extension of this ancient canal was discovered , extending from Lake Timsah to the Ballah Lakes . This was dated to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt by extrapolating the dates of ancient sites along its course . The reliefs of the Punt expedition under Hatshepsut , 1470 BC , depict seagoing vessels carrying the expeditionary force returning from Punt . This suggests that a navigable link existed between the Red Sea and the Nile . Recent excavations in Wadi Gawasis may indicate that Egypt 's maritime trade started from the Red Sea and did not require a canal . Evidence seems to indicate its existence by the 13th century BC during the time of Ramesses II . Canals dug by Necho , Darius I and Ptolemy ( edit ) Remnants of an ancient west -- east canal through the ancient Egyptian cities of Bubastis , Pi - Ramesses , and Pithom were discovered by Napoleon Bonaparte and his engineers and cartographers in 1799 . According to the Histories of the Greek historian Herodotus , about 600 BC , Necho II undertook to dig a west -- east canal through the Wadi Tumilat between Bubastis and Heroopolis , and perhaps continued it to the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea . Regardless , Necho is reported as having never completed his project . Herodotus was told that 120,000 men perished in this undertaking , but this figure is doubtless exaggerated . According to Pliny the Elder , Necho 's extension to the canal was about 57 English miles , equal to the total distance between Bubastis and the Great Bitter Lake , allowing for winding through valleys . The length that Herodotus tells , of over 1000 stadia ( i.e. , over 114 miles ( 183 km ) ) , must be understood to include the entire distance between the Nile and the Red Sea at that time . With Necho 's death , work was discontinued . Herodotus tells that the reason the project was abandoned was because of a warning received from an oracle that others would benefit from its successful completion . Necho 's war with Nebuchadnezzar II most probably prevented the canal 's continuation . Necho 's project was completed by Darius I of Persia , who ruled over Ancient Egypt after it had been conquered by his predecessor Cambyses II . It may be that by Darius 's time a natural waterway passage which had existed between the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea in the vicinity of the Egyptian town of Shaluf ( alt . Chalouf or Shaloof ) , located just south of the Great Bitter Lake , had become so blocked with silt that Darius needed to clear it out so as to allow navigation once again . According to Herodotus , Darius 's canal was wide enough that two triremes could pass each other with oars extended , and required four days to traverse . Darius commemorated his achievement with a number of granite stelae that he set up on the Nile bank , including one near Kabret , and a further one a few miles north of Suez . The Darius Inscriptions read : Saith King Darius : I am a Persian . Setting out from Persia , I conquered Egypt . I ordered this canal dug from the river called the Nile that flows in Egypt , to the sea that begins in Persia . When the canal had been dug as I ordered , ships went from Egypt through this canal to Persia , even as I intended . -- Darius Inscription The canal left the Nile at Bubastis . An inscription on a pillar at Pithom records that in 270 or 269 BC , it was again reopened , by Ptolemy II Philadelphus . In Arsinoe , Ptolemy constructed a navigable lock , with sluices , at the Heroopolite Gulf of the Red Sea , which allowed the passage of vessels but prevented salt water from the Red Sea from mingling with the fresh water in the canal . Receding Red Sea and the dwindling Nile ( edit ) The Red Sea is believed by some historians to have gradually receded over the centuries , its coastline slowly moving southward away from Lake Timsah and the Great Bitter Lake . Coupled with persistent accumulations of Nile silt , maintenance and repair of Ptolemy 's canal became increasingly cumbersome over each passing century . Two hundred years after the construction of Ptolemy 's canal , Cleopatra seems to have had no west -- east waterway passage , because the Pelusiac branch of the Nile , which fed Ptolemy 's west -- east canal , had by that time dwindled , being choked with silt . Old Cairo to the Red Sea ( edit ) By the 8th century , a navigable canal existed between Old Cairo and the Red Sea , but accounts vary as to who ordered its construction -- either Trajan or ' Amr ibn al - ' As , or Omar the Great . This canal was reportedly linked to the River Nile at Old Cairo and ended near modern Suez . A geography treatise by Dicuil reports a conversation with an English monk , Fidelis , who had sailed on the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea during a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the first half of the 8th century The Abbasid Caliph al - Mansur is said to have ordered this canal closed in 767 to prevent supplies from reaching Arabian detractors . Repair by al - Hakim ( edit ) Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah is claimed to have repaired the Cairo to Red Sea passageway , but only briefly , circa 1000 AD , as it soon `` became choked with sand . '' However , we are told that parts of this canal still continued to fill in during the Nile 's annual inundations . Conception by Venice ( edit ) The successful 1488 navigation of southern Africa by Bartolomeu Dias opened a direct maritime trading route to India and the spice islands , and forever changed the balance of Mediterranean trade . One of the most prominent losers in the new order , as former middlemen , was the former spice trading center of Venice . Venetian leaders , driven to desperation , contemplated digging a waterway between the Red Sea and the Nile -- anticipating the Suez Canal by almost 400 years -- to bring the luxury trade flooding to their doors again . But this remained a dream . -- Colin Thubron , Seafarers : The Venetians ( 1980 ) , p. 102 Despite entering negotiations with Egypt 's ruling Mamelukes , the Venetian plan to build the canal was quickly put to rest by the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517 , led by Sultan Selim I Napoleon 's discovery of an ancient canal ( edit ) During the French campaign in Egypt and Syria in late 1798 , Napoleon showed an interest in finding the remnants of an ancient waterway passage . This culminated in a cadre of archaeologists , scientists , cartographers and engineers scouring northern Egypt . Their findings , recorded in the Description de l'Égypte , include detailed maps that depict the discovery of an ancient canal extending northward from the Red Sea and then westward toward the Nile . Later , Napoleon , who would become French Emperor in 1804 , contemplated the construction of a north -- south canal to connect the Mediterranean with the Red Sea . But the plan was abandoned because it wrongly concluded that the waterway would require locks to operate . These would be very expensive and take a long time to construct . This decision was based on an erroneous belief that the Red Sea was 10 m ( 33 ft ) higher than the Mediterranean . The error was the result of using fragmentary survey measurements taken in wartime during Napoleon 's Egyptian Expedition . In 1819 the Pacha of Egypt undertook some canal work . However , as late as 1861 , the unnavigable ancient route discovered by Napoleon from Bubastis to the Red Sea still channeled water in spots as far east as Kassassin . History ( edit ) Interim period ( edit ) Bathymetric chart , northern Gulf of Suez , route to Cairo , 1856 Although the alleged difference in sea levels could be problematic for construction , the idea of finding a shorter route to the east remained alive . In 1830 , F.R. Chesney submitted a report to the British government that stated that there was no difference in elevation and that the Suez Canal was feasible , but his report received no further attention . Lieutenant Waghorn established his `` Overland Route '' , which transported post and passengers to India via Egypt . Linant de Bellefonds , a French explorer of Egypt , became chief engineer of Egypt 's Public Works . In addition to his normal duties , he surveyed the Isthmus of Suez and made plans for the Suez Canal . French Saint - Simonianists showed an interest in the canal and in 1833 , Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin tried to draw Muhammad Ali 's attention to the canal but was unsuccessful . Alois Negrelli , the Austrian railroad pioneer , became interested in the idea in 1836 . In 1846 , Prosper Enfantin 's Société d'Études du Canal de Suez invited a number of experts , among them Robert Stephenson , Negrelli and Paul - Adrien Bourdaloue to study the feasibility of the Suez Canal ( with the assistance of Linant de Bellefonds ) . Bourdaloue 's survey of the isthmus was the first generally accepted evidence that there was no practical difference in altitude between the two seas . Britain , however , feared that a canal open to everyone might interfere with its India trade and therefore preferred a connection by train from Alexandria via Cairo to Suez , which was eventually built by Stephenson . Construction by the Suez canal Company ( edit ) Suez Canal , 1869 In 1854 and 1856 , Ferdinand de Lesseps obtained a concession from Sa'id Pasha , the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan , to create a company to construct a canal open to ships of all nations . The company was to operate the canal for 99 years from its opening . De Lesseps had used his friendly relationship with Sa'id , which he had developed while he was a French diplomat in the 1830s . As stipulated in the concessions , Ferdinand convened the International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez ( Commission Internationale pour le percement de l'isthme des Suez ) consisting of 13 experts from seven countries , among them John Robinson McClean , later President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in London , and again Negrelli , to examine the plans developed by Linant de Bellefonds , and to advise on the feasibility of and the best route for the canal . After surveys and analyses in Egypt and discussions in Paris on various aspects of the canal , where many of Negrelli 's ideas prevailed , the commission produced a unanimous report in December 1856 containing a detailed description of the canal complete with plans and profiles . The Suez Canal Company ( Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez ) came into being on 15 December 1858 and work started on the shore of the future Port Said on 25 April 1859 . 1881 drawing of the Suez Canal The excavation took some 10 years using forced labour ( corvée ) of Egyptian workers during the first years . Some sources estimate that over 30,000 people were working on the canal at any given period , that more than 1.5 million people from various countries were employed , and that thousands of labourers died , many of them from cholera and similar epidemics . The British government had opposed the project from the outset to its completion . As one of the diplomatic moves against the canal , it disapproved of the use of `` slave labour '' of forced workers . The British Empire was the major global naval force and officially condemned the forced work and sent armed Bedouins to start a revolt among workers . Involuntary labour on the project ceased , and the viceroy condemned the corvée , halting the project . Angered by the British opportunism , de Lesseps sent a letter to the British government remarking on the British lack of remorse a few years earlier when forced workers died in similar conditions building the British railway in Egypt . Initially international opinion was skeptical and Suez Canal Company shares did not sell well overseas . Britain , Austria , and Russia did not buy a significant number of shares . However , with assistance from the Cattaui banking family , and their relationship with James de Rothschild of the French House of Rothschild bonds and shares were successfully promoted in France and other parts of Europe . All French shares were quickly sold in France . A contemporary British skeptic claimed `` One thing is sure ... our local merchant community does n't pay practical attention at all to this grand work , and it is legitimate to doubt that the canal 's receipts ... could ever be sufficient to recover its maintenance fee . It will never become a large ship 's accessible way in any case . '' Suez Canal , Egypt . early 1900s . Goodyear Archival Collection . Brooklyn Museum The canal opened under French control on 17 November 1869 . Although numerous technical , political , and financial problems had been overcome , the final cost was more than double the original estimate . The opening was performed by Khedive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt and Sudan , and at Ismail 's invitation French Empress Eugenie in the Imperial yacht L'Aigle piloted by Napoléon Coste , upon whom the Khedive bestowed the Ottoman Order of the Medjidie . The Khedive , in particular , was able to overcome initial reservations held by both British and French creditors by enlisting the help of the Sursock Family , whose deep connections proved invaluable in securing much international support for the project . The first ship to follow L'Aigle through the canal was the British P&O liner Delta . Fourth ship through the canal was the Swedish steam frigate Vanadis . Although L'Aigle was officially the first vessel through the canal , HMS Newport , captained by George Nares , passed through it first . On the night before the canal was due to open , Captain Nares navigated his vessel , in total darkness and without lights , through the mass of waiting ships until it was in front of L'Aigle . When dawn broke , the French were horrified to find that the Royal Navy was first in line and that it would be impossible to pass them . Nares received both an official reprimand and an unofficial vote of thanks from the Admiralty for his actions in promoting British interests and for demonstrating such superb seamanship . An Anchor Line ship , the S.S. Dido , became the first to pass through the Canal from South to North . After the opening , the Suez Canal Company was in financial difficulties . The remaining works were completed only in 1871 , and traffic was below expectations in the first two years . De Lesseps therefore tried to increase revenues by interpreting the kind of net ton referred to in the second concession ( tonneau de capacité ) as meaning a ship 's cargo capacity and not only the theoretical net tonnage of the `` Moorsom System '' introduced in Britain by the Merchant Shipping Act in 1854 . The ensuing commercial and diplomatic activities resulted in the International Commission of Constantinople establishing a specific kind of net tonnage and settling the question of tariffs in its protocol of 18 December 1873 . This was the origin of the Suez Canal Net Tonnage and the Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate , both of which are still in use today . Company rule after opening ( edit ) Suez Canal , ca 1914 The canal had an immediate and dramatic effect on world trade . Combined with the American transcontinental railroad completed six months earlier , it allowed the world to be circled in record time . It played an important role in increasing European colonization of Africa . The construction of the canal was one of the reasons for the Panic of 1873 , because goods from the Far East were carried in sailing vessels around the Cape of Good Hope and were stored in British warehouses . An inability to pay his bank debts led Said Pasha 's successor , Isma'il Pasha , to sell his 44 % share in the canal for £ 4,000,000 ( about £ 89.1 million in 2017 ) to the government of Great Britain in 1875 . French shareholders still held the majority . Local unrest caused the British to invade in 1882 and take full control , although nominally Egypt remained part of the Ottoman Empire . The British representative 1883 to 1907 was Evelyn Baring , 1st Earl of Cromer , who reorganized and modernized the government and suppressed rebellions and corruption . thereby facilitating increased traffic on the canal . The Convention of Constantinople in 1888 declared the canal a neutral zone under the protection of the British , who had occupied Egypt and Sudan at the request of Khedive Tewfiq to suppress the Urabi Revolt against his rule . The revolt went on from 1879 to 1882 . As a result of British involvement on the side of Khedive Tewfiq , Britain gained control of the canal in 1882 . The British defended the strategically important passage against a major Ottoman attack in 1915 , during the First World War . Under the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty of 1936 , the UK retained control over the canal . The canal was again strategically important in the 1939 -- 1945 Second World War , and Italo - German attempts to capture it were repulsed during the North Africa Campaign , during which the canal was closed to Axis shipping . In 1951 Egypt repudiated the treaty and in October 1954 the UK agreed to remove its troops . Withdrawal was completed on 18 July 1956 . Suez Crisis ( edit ) Main article : Suez Crisis Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the Suez Canal hit during the initial Anglo - French assault on Port Said , 5 November 1956 Because of Egyptian overtures towards the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to support the construction of the Aswan Dam . Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser responded by nationalizing the canal on 26 July 1956 and transferring it to the Suez Canal Authority , intending to finance the dam project using revenue from the canal . On the same day that the canal was nationalized Nasser also closed the Straits of Tiran to all Israeli ships . This led to the Suez Crisis in which the UK , France , and Israel invaded Egypt . According to the pre-agreed war plans under the Protocol of Sèvres , the Israelis invaded the Sinai Peninsula on 29 October , forcing Egypt to engage them militarily , and allowing the Anglo - French partnership to declare the resultant fighting a threat to stability in the Middle East and enter the war - officially to separate the two forces but in reality to regain the Canal and bring down the Nasser government . To save the British from what he thought was a disastrous action and to stop the war from a possible escalation , Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester B. Pearson proposed the creation of the first United Nations peacekeeping force to ensure access to the canal for all and an Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula . On 4 November 1956 , a majority at the United Nations voted for Pearson 's peacekeeping resolution , which mandated the UN peacekeepers to stay in Sinai unless both Egypt and Israel agreed to their withdrawal . The United States backed this proposal by putting pressure on the British government through the selling of sterling , which would cause it to depreciate . Britain then called a ceasefire , and later agreed to withdraw its troops by the end of the year . Pearson was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . As a result of damage and ships sunk under orders from Nasser the canal was closed until April 1957 , when it was cleared with UN assistance . A UN force ( UNEF ) was established to maintain the free navigability of the canal , and peace in the Sinai Peninsula . According to the historian Abd aI - Azim Ramadan , Nasser 's decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation . The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , showed Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making . Ramadan considered Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader . Arab -- Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973 ( edit ) Egyptian vehicles crossing the Suez Canal on 7 October 1973 , during the Yom Kippur War Israeli tank crossing the Suez Canal , 1973 In May 1967 , Nasser ordered the UN peacekeeping forces out of Sinai , including the Suez Canal area . Israel objected to the closing of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping . The canal had been closed to Israeli shipping since 1949 , except for a short period in 1951 -- 1952 . After the 1967 Six - Day War , Israeli forces occupied the Sinai peninsula , including the entire east bank of the Suez Canal . Unwilling to allow the Israelis to use the canal , Egypt immediately imposed a blockade which closed the canal to all shipping until 5 June 1975 . As a result , 15 cargo ships , known as the `` Yellow Fleet '' , were trapped in the canal for over eight years . In 1973 , during the Yom Kippur War , the canal was the scene of a major crossing by the Egyptian army into Israeli - occupied Sinai and a counter-crossing by the Israeli army to Egypt . Much wreckage from this conflict remains visible along the canal 's edges . After the Yom Kippur War the United States initiated Operation Nimbus Moon . The amphibious assault ship USS Inchon ( LPH - 12 ) was sent to the Canal , carrying 12 RH - 53D minesweeping helicopters of HM - 12 . These partly cleared the canal between May and December 1974 . She was relieved by the LST USS Barnstable County ( LST1197 ) . The British Royal Navy initiated Operation Rheostat and Task Group 65.2 provided for Operation Rheostat One ( six months in 1974 ) , the minehunters HMS Maxton , HMS Bossington , and HMS Wilton , the Fleet Clearance Diving Team ( FCDT ) and HMS Abdiel , a practice minelayer / MCMV support ship ; and for Operation Rheostat Two ( six months in 1975 ) the minehunters HMS Hubberston and HMS Sheraton , and HMS Abdiel . When the Canal Clearance Operations were completed , the canal and its lakes were considered 99 % clear of mines . The canal was then reopened by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat aboard an Egyptian destroyer , which led the first convoy northbound to Port Said in 1975 . At his side stood the Iranian Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi , delegated to represent his father , Mohammed Reza Pahlavi , the Shah of Iran . The cruiser USS Little Rock was the only American naval ship in the convoy . The UNEF mandate expired in 1979 . Despite the efforts of the United States , Israel , Egypt , and others to obtain an extension of the UN role in observing the peace between Israel and Egypt , as called for under the Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty of 1979 , the mandate could not be extended because of the veto by the Soviet Union in the UN Security Council , at the request of Syria . Accordingly , negotiations for a new observer force in the Sinai produced the Multinational Force and Observers ( MFO ) , stationed in Sinai in 1981 in coordination with a phased Israeli withdrawal . It is there under agreements between the United States , Israel , Egypt , and other nations . Bypass expansion ( edit ) Main article : New Suez Canal In the summer of 2014 , months after taking office as President of Egypt , Abdel Fattah el - Sisi ordered the expansion of the Ballah Bypass from 61 metres wide to 312 metres wide for 35 kilometers . The project was called the New Suez Canal , as it would allow ships to transit the canal in both directions simultaneously . The project cost more than $8 billion and was completed within one year . Sisi declared the expanded channel open for business in a ceremony on 6 August 2015 . Timeline ( edit ) Suez Canal in February 1934 . Air photograph taken by Swiss pilot and photographer Walter Mittelholzer USS America ( CV - 66 ) , an American aircraft carrier in the Suez Canal Container ship Hanjin Kaohsiung transiting the Suez Canal Circa 1799 -- Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Egypt and orders a feasibility analysis . This reports a supposed 10 - metre ( 33 ft ) difference in sea levels and a high cost , so the project is put on hold . Circa 1840 -- A second survey finds the first analysis incorrect . A direct link between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea is possible and not as expensive as previously estimated . 30 November 1854 -- The former French consul in Cairo , Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps , obtains the first license for construction and subsequent operation from the Viceroy for a period of 99 years . 6 January 1856 -- de Lesseps is provided with a second , more detailed license . 15 December 1858 -- de Lesseps establishes the `` Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez '' , with Said Pasha acquiring 22 % of the Suez Canal Company ; the majority is controlled by French private holders . 25 April 1859 -- construction officially starts . 17 November 1869 -- The canal is opened , owned and operated by Suez Canal Company . 18 December 1873 -- The International Commission of Constantinople establishes the Suez Canal Net Ton and the Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate ( as known today ) 25 November 1875 -- Britain becomes a minority share holder in the company , acquiring 44 % , with the remainder being controlled by French business syndicates . 20 May 1882 -- Britain invades Egypt , with French assistance , and begins its occupation of Egypt . 25 August 1882 -- Britain takes control of the canal . 2 March 1888 -- The Convention of Constantinople renews the guaranteed right of passage of all ships through the canal during war and peace ; these rights were already part of the licenses awarded to de Lesseps , but are recognised as international law . 14 November 1936 -- Following a new treaty , Britain theoretically pulls out of Egypt , but establishes the ' Suez Canal Zone ' under its control . 13 June 1956 -- Suez Canal Zone is restored to Egyptian sovereignty , following British withdrawal and years of negotiations . 26 July 1956 -- Egypt nationalizes the company ; its Egyptian assets , rights and obligations are transferred to the Suez Canal Authority , which compensates the previous owners at the established pre-nationalization price . Egypt closes the canal to Israeli shipping as part of a broader blockade involving the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba . 31 October 1956 to 24 April 1957 -- the canal is blocked to shipping following the Suez Crisis , a conflict that leads to an Israeli , French and British occupation of the canal zone . 22 December 1956 -- The canal zone is restored to Egyptian control , following French and British withdrawal , and the landing of UNEF troops . 5 June 1967 to 10 June 1975 -- the canal is blocked by Egypt , following the war with Israel ; it becomes the front line during the ensuing War of Attrition and the 1973 war , remaining closed to international shipping , until general agreement was near . 1 January 2008 -- New rules of navigation passed by the Suez Canal Authority come into force . 6 August 2015 -- The new canal extensions are opened . Leadership ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ferdinand de Lesseps , developer of the Suez Canal Presidents of the Suez Canal Company ( 1858 -- 1956 ) : Ferdinand de Lesseps ( 15 December 1858 -- 7 December 1894 ) Jules Guichard ( 17 December 1892 -- 17 July 1896 ) ( acting for de Lesseps to 7 December 1894 ) Auguste - Louis - Albéric , prince d'Arenberg ( 3 August 1896 -- 1913 ) Charles Jonnart ( 19 May 1913 -- 1927 ) Louis de Vogüé ( 4 April 1927 -- 1 March 1948 ) François Charles - Roux ( 4 April 1948 -- 26 July 1956 ) Chairmen of the Suez Canal Authority ( 1956 -- present ) : Doctor Mohamed Helmy Bahgat Badawy ( 26 July 1956 -- 9 July 1957 ) Engineer Mahmoud Younis ( 10 July 1957 -- 10 October 1965 ) Engineer Mashhour Ahmed Mashhour ( 14 October 1965 -- 31 December 1983 ) Engineer Mohamed Ezzat Adel ( 1 January 1984 -- December 1995 ) Admiral Ahmed Ali Fadel ( 22 January 1996 -- Aug 2012 ) Admiral Mohab Mamish ( 2012 -- present ) Layout and Operation ( edit ) Suez Canal Legend km Mediterranean Sea Approaches ( Southward convoy waiting area ) 0.0 Port Said 0.0 Port Said lighthouse , fishing harbour , cruise terminal Port Said ( city ) , former headquarters Port Said harbour , Port Fuad ( city ) , East Port , SCCT container terminal E-class turning dock Al Salam Bridge 51.5 Ballah ( former by - pass ) 59.9 Eastern lane : second shipping lane , New Suez Canal El Ferdan Railway Bridge 76.5 Ismaïlia , SCA headquarters Lake Timsah 95.0 Deversoir Great Bitter Lake Small Bitter Lake Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel overhead powerline 162 Suez , Suez Port Petroleum Dock , Port Tewfik Gulf of Suez ( Northward convoy waiting area ) Red Sea Legend : Navigable canal Anchorage Dock , industrial or logistical area Village or town , feature Railroad ( defunct ) with swing bridge When built , the canal was 164 km ( 102 mi ) long and 8 m ( 26 ft ) deep . After several enlargements , it is 193.30 km ( 120.11 mi ) long , 24 m ( 79 ft ) deep and 205 metres ( 673 ft ) wide . It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km ( 14 mi ) , the canal itself of 162.25 km ( 100.82 mi ) and the southern access channel of 9 km ( 5.6 mi ) . The so - called New Suez Canal , functional since 6 August 2015 , currently has a new parallel canal in the middle part , with its length over 35 km ( 22 mi ) . The current parameters of the Suez Canal , including both individual canals of the parallel section are : depth 23 to 24 metres ( 75 to 79 ft ) and width at least 205 to 225 metres ( 673 to 738 ft ) ( that width measured at 11 metres ( 36 ft ) of depth ) . Capacity ( edit ) See also : Suezmax The canal allows passage of ships up to 20 m ( 66 ft ) draft or 240,000 deadweight tons and up to a height of 68 m ( 223 ft ) above water level and a maximum beam of 77.5 m ( 254 ft ) under certain conditions . The canal can handle more traffic and larger ships than the Panama Canal , as Suezmax dimensions are greater than both Panamax and New Panamax . Some supertankers are too large to traverse the canal . Others can offload part of their cargo onto a canal - owned boat to reduce their draft , transit , and reload at the other end of the canal . Navigation ( edit ) Ships moored at El Ballah during transit Predominant currents in the Mediterranean Sea for June The canal has no locks because of the flat terrain , and the minor sea level difference between each end is inconsequential for shipping . As the canal has no sea surge gates , the ports at the ends would be subject to the sudden impact of tsunamis from the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea , according to a 2012 article in the Journal of Coastal Research . There is one shipping lane with passing areas in Ballah - Bypass near El Qantara and in the Great Bitter Lake . On a typical day , three convoys transit the canal , two southbound and one northbound . The passage takes between 11 and 16 hours at a speed of around 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 mph ) . The low speed helps prevent erosion of the banks by ships ' wakes . By 1955 , about two - thirds of Europe 's oil passed through the canal . Around 8 % of world sea trade is carried via the canal . In 2008 , 21,415 vessels passed through the canal and the receipts totaled $5.381 billion , with an average cost per ship of $251,000 . New Rules of Navigation came into force on 1 January 2008 , passed by the board of directors of the Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) to organise vessels ' transit . The most important amendments include allowing vessels with 62 - foot ( 19 m ) draught to pass , increasing the allowed breadth from 32 metres ( 105 ft ) to 40 metres ( 130 ft ) ( following improvement operations ) , and imposing a fine on vessels using divers from outside the SCA inside the canal boundaries without permission . The amendments allow vessels loaded with dangerous cargo ( such as radioactive or flammable materials ) to pass if they conform with the latest amendments provided by international conventions . The SCA has the right to determine the number of tugs required to assist warships traversing the canal , to achieve the highest degree of safety during transit . Operation ( edit ) Post-deepening , a capesize bulk carrier approaches the Friendship Bridge Northbound convoy waits in the Great Bitter Lake as southbound convoy passes , October 2014 Before August 2015 , the canal was too narrow for free two - way traffic , so ships would pass in convoys and use bypasses . The by - passes were 78 km ( 48 mi ) out of 193 km ( 120 mi ) ( 40 % ) . From north to south , they are : Port Said by - pass ( entrances ) 36.5 km ( 23 mi ) , Ballah by - pass & anchorage , 9 km ( 6 mi ) , Timsah by - pass 5 km ( 3 mi ) , and the Deversoir by - pass ( northern end of the Great Bitter Lake ) 27.5 km ( 17 mi ) . The bypasses were completed in 1980 . Typically , it would take a ship 12 to 16 hours to transit the canal . The canal 's 24 - hour capacity was about 76 standard ships . In August 2014 , Egypt chose a consortium that includes the Egyptian army and global engineering firm Dar Al - Handasah to develop an international industrial and logistics hub in the Suez Canal area , and began the construction of a new canal section from km 60 to km 95 combined with expansion and deep digging of the other 37 km of the canal . This will allow navigation in both directions simultaneously in the 72 km long central section of the canal . These extensions were formally opened on 6 August 2015 by President Al - Sisi . Convoy sailing ( edit ) Since the canal does not cater to unregulated two - way traffic , all ships transit in convoys on regular times , scheduled on a 24 - hour basis . Each day , a single northbound convoy starts at 04 : 00 from Suez . At dulka lane sections , the convoy uses the eastern route . Synchronised with this convoy 's passage is the southbound convoy . It starts at 03 : 30 from Port Said and so passes the Northbound convoy in the two - lane section . Canal crossings ( edit ) The canal in 2015 From north to south , the crossings are : The Suez Canal Bridge ( 30 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 32 ° 19 ′ 03 '' E / 30.828248 ° N 32.317572 ° E / 30.828248 ; 32.317572 ( Suez Canal Bridge ) ) , also called the Egyptian - Japanese Friendship Bridge , a high - level road bridge at El Qantara . In Arabic , al qantara means `` arch '' . Opened in 2001 , it has a 70 - metre ( 230 ft ) clearance over the canal and was built with assistance from the Japanese government and by Kajima . El Ferdan Railway Bridge ( 30 ° 39 ′ 25 '' N 32 ° 20 ′ 02 '' E / 30.657 ° N 32.334 ° E / 30.657 ; 32.334 ( El Ferdan Railway Bridge ) ) 20 km ( 12 mi ) north of Ismailia ( 30 ° 35 ′ N 32 ° 16 ′ E / 30.583 ° N 32.267 ° E / 30.583 ; 32.267 ( Ismailia ) ) was completed in 2001 and is the longest swing - span bridge in the world , with a span of 340 m ( 1100 ft ) . The previous bridge was destroyed in 1967 during the Arab - Israeli conflict . The current bridge is no longer functional due to the expansion of the Suez Canal , as the parallel shipping lane completed in 2015 just east of the bridge lacks a structure spanning it . Pipelines taking fresh water under the canal to Sinai , about 57 km ( 35 mi ) north of Suez , at 30 ° 27.3 ′ N 32 ° 21.0 ′ E / 30.4550 ° N 32.3500 ° E / 30.4550 ; 32.3500 ( Fresh - water pipelines ) . Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel ( 30 ° 5 ′ 9 '' N 32 ° 34 ′ 32 '' E / 30.08583 ° N 32.57556 ° E / 30.08583 ; 32.57556 ( Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel ) ) south of the Great Bitter Lake ( 30 ° 20 ′ N 32 ° 23 ′ E / 30.333 ° N 32.383 ° E / 30.333 ; 32.383 ( Great Bitter Lake ) ) was built in 1983 . Because of leakage problems , a new water - tight tunnel was built inside the old one from 1992 to 1995 . The Suez Canal overhead powerline crossing ( 29 ° 59 ′ 46 '' N 32 ° 34 ′ 59 '' E / 29.996 ° N 32.583 ° E / 29.996 ; 32.583 ( Suez Canal overhead powerline crossing ) ) was built in 1999 . A railway on the west bank runs parallel to the canal for its entire length . Six new tunnels for cars and trains are also planned across the canal . Currently the Ahmed Hamdi is the only tunnel connecting Suez to the Sinai . Alternative routes ( edit ) Cape Agulhas ( edit ) The main alternative is around Cape Agulhas , the southernmost point of Africa , commonly referred as the Cape of Good Hope route . This was the only sea route before the canal was constructed , and when the canal was closed . It is still the only route for ships that are too large for the canal . In the early 21st century , the Suez Canal has suffered from diminished traffic due to piracy in Somalia , with many shipping companies choosing to take the long route instead . Between 2008 and 2010 , it is estimated that the canal lost 10 % of traffic due to the threat of piracy , and another 10 % due to the financial crisis . An oil tanker going from Saudi Arabia to the United States has 2,700 mi ( 4,345 km ) longer to go when taking the route south of Africa rather than the canal . Before the canal 's opening in 1869 , goods were sometimes offloaded from ships and carried overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea . Northern Sea route ( edit ) A graphical comparison between the Northern Sea Route ( blue ) and an alternative route through Suez Canal ( red ) In recent years , the shrinking Arctic sea ice has made the Northern Sea Route feasible for commercial cargo ships between Europe and East Asia during a six - to - eight - week window in the summer months , shortening the voyage by thousands of miles compared to that through the Suez Canal . According to polar climate researchers , as the extent of the Arctic summer ice pack recedes the route will become passable without the help of icebreakers for a greater period each summer . The Bremen - based Beluga Group claimed in 2009 to be the first Western company to attempt using the Northern Sea Route without assistance from icebreakers , cutting 4000 nautical miles off the journey between Ulsan , Korea and Rotterdam , the Netherlands . Negev desert railroad ( edit ) Israel has declared that it will construct a railroad through the Negev desert to compete with the canal , with construction partly financed by China . Environmental impact ( edit ) Main article : Lessepsian migration The opening of the canal created the first salt - water passage between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea . Although the Red Sea is about 1.2 m ( 4 ft ) higher than the eastern Mediterranean , the current between the Mediterranean and the middle of the canal at the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer . The current south of the Bitter Lakes is tidal , varying with the tide at Suez . The Bitter Lakes , which were hypersaline natural lakes , blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades , but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea the barrier to migration was removed , and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the eastern Mediterranean . The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient - poor than the Atlantic , so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the less salty and nutrient - rich eastern Mediterranean . Accordingly , most Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota , and only few do the opposite . This migratory phenomenon is called Lessepsian migration ( after Ferdinand de Lesseps ) or `` Erythrean invasion '' . Also impacting the eastern Mediterranean , starting in 1968 , was the operation of Aswan High Dam across the Nile . While providing for increased human development , the project reduced the inflow of freshwater and ended all natural nutrient - rich silt entering the eastern Mediterranean at the Nile Delta . This provided less natural dilution of Mediterranean salinity and ended the higher levels of natural turbidity , additionally making conditions more like those in the Red Sea . Invasive species originating from the Red Sea and introduced into the Mediterranean by the canal have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the ecology , endangering many local and endemic species . About 300 species from the Red Sea have been identified in the Mediterranean , and there are probably others yet unidentified . The Egyptian government 's intent to enlarge the canal has raised concerns from marine biologists , fearing that this will worsen the invasion of Red Sea species . Construction of the canal was preceded by cutting a small fresh - water canal called Sweet Water Canal from the Nile delta along Wadi Tumilat to the future canal , with a southern branch to Suez and a northern branch to Port Said . Completed in 1863 , these brought fresh water to a previously arid area , initially for canal construction , and subsequently facilitating growth of agriculture and settlements along the canal . Suez canal Economic zone ( edit ) The Suez Canal Economic Zone , sometimes shortened to the Suez Canal Zone , describes the set of locations neighbouring the canal where customs rates have been reduced to zero in order to attract investment . The zone comprises over 600km2 within the governorates of Port Said , Ismailia and Suez . Projects in the zone are collectively described as the Suez Canal Area Development Project ( SCADP ) . The plan focuses on development of East Port Said and the port of Ain Sokhna , and hopes to extend to four more ports at West Port Said , El - Adabiya , Arish and El Tor . The zone incorporates the three `` Qualifying Industrial Zones '' at Port Said , Ismailia and Suez , a 1996 American initiative to encourage economic ties between Israel and its neighbours . See also ( edit ) Egypt portal Transport portal Kanal İstanbul New Imperialism New Suez Canal Panama Canal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yearly Number & Net Tone by Ship Type , Direction & Ship Status '' . Suez Canal . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 23 Apr 2014 . Jump up ^ Suez Canal Authority ^ Jump up to : The Red Sea Pilot . Imray Laurie Norie & Wilson . 1995 . p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Official Web Site of the Suez Canal Authority '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Constantinople Convention of the Suez Canal of 2 March 1888 still in force and specifically maintained in Nasser 's Nationalization Act . ^ Jump up to : `` New Suez Canal project proposed by Egypt to boost trade '' . Cairo News.Net . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadros , Sherine ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` Egypt Opens New £ 6bn Suez Canal '' . Sky News . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt opens East Port Said side channel for navigation - Xinhua '' . News.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Suez Canal '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 22 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Rappoport , S. ( Doctor of Philosophy , Basel ) . History of Egypt ( undated , early 20th century ) , Volume 12 , Part B , Chapter V : `` The Waterways of Egypt '' , pages 248 -- 257 . London : The Grolier Society . ^ Jump up to : Hassan , F.A. & Tassie , G.J. Site location and history ( 2003 ) . Kafr Hassan Dawood On - Line , Egyptian Cultural Heritage Organization . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Please refer to Sesostris # Modern research . Jump up ^ J.H. Breasted attributes the ancient canal 's early construction to Senusret III , up through the first cataract . Please refer to J.H. Breasted , Ancient Records of Egypt , Part One , Chicago 1906 , § § 642 -- 648 Jump up ^ Fisher , William B. ; Smith , Charles Gordon . `` Suez Canal '' . www.britannica.com . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition , s.v. `` Suez Canal '' Archived 14 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 14 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Naville , Édouard . `` Map of the Wadi Tumilat '' ( plate image ) , in The Store - City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus ( 1885 ) . London : Trubner and Company . Jump up ^ `` Meteorology ( 1.15 ) '' . Ebooks.adelaide.edu.au. 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ The Elder Pliny and John Healey Natural History ( 6.33. 165 ) Penguin Classics ; Reprint edition ( 5 February 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044413 - 1 p. 70 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Carte hydrographique de l'Basse Egypte et d'une partie de l'Isthme de Suez ( 1855 , 1882 ) . Volume 87 , page 803 . Paris . See ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Shea , William H. `` A Date for the Recently Discovered Eastern Canal of Egypt '' , in Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 226 ( April 1977 ) , pp. 31 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Sanford ( 1938 ) , p. 72 ; Garrison ( 1999 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Hess , Richard S. Rev. of Israel in Egypt : The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition , by James K. Hoffmeier . The Denver Journal 1 ( 1 January 1998 ) . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Fekri A. Kafr Hassan Dawood On - line , 17 August 2003 . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Martínez Babon , Javier . `` Consideraciones sobre la Marinay la Guerra durante el Egipto Faraónico '' Archived 1 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Descriptions de l'Égypte , Volume 11 ( État Moderne ) , containing Mémoire sur la communication de la mer des Indes à la Méditerranée par la mer Rouge et l'Isthme de Sueys , par M.J.M. Le Père , ingénieur en chef , inspecteur divisionnaire au corps impérial des ponts et chaussées , membre de l'Institut d'Égypte , pp. 21 -- 186 Jump up ^ Their reports were published in Description de l'Égypte Jump up ^ Montet , Pierre . Everyday Life in the Days of Ramesses The Great ( 1981 ) , page 184 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . Jump up ^ Silver , Morris . Ancient Economies II ( 6 April 1998 ) , `` 5c . Evidence for Earlier Canals . '' ANCIENT ECONOMIES II . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Economics Department , City College of New York . Jump up ^ Herodotus ii. 158 . Jump up ^ `` The figure ' 120,000 ' is doubtless exaggerated . Mehemet Ali lost only 10,000 in making the Mahmûdieh Canal ( from the Nile to Alexandria ) . '' remarked W.W. How and J. Wells , A Commentary on Herodotus . Jump up ^ According to Herodotus , work on the project was `` stayed by a prophetic utterance that he ( Necho ) was toiling beforehand for the barbarian . The Egyptians call all men of other languages barbarians . '' ( Herodotus , eo . loc ... ) Jump up ^ `` Cambyses II - king of Persia '' . ^ Jump up to : Apparently , Ptolemy considered the Great Bitter Lake as a northern extension of the Red Sea , whereas Darius had not , because Arsinoe is located north of Shaluf . ( See Naville , `` Map of the Wadi Tumilat '' , referenced above . ) Jump up ^ Please refer to Darius the Great 's Suez Inscriptions . Jump up ^ Jona Lendering . `` Darius ' Suez Inscriptions '' . Livius.org . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pithom Stele - translation of inscription '' . www.attalus.org . Jump up ^ R.E. Gmirkin , `` Berossus and Genesis , Manetho and Exodus : Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch '' , p. 236 Jump up ^ Petermann , A. Karte Der Bai Von Súes ( 1856 ) . Nach der Engl . Aufnahme v. Comm . Mansell . Jump up ^ Tuchman , Barbara Bible and Sword : How the British came to Palestine MacMillan , London ( 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 333 - 33414 - 0 Jump up ^ Starthern , P ( 2013 ) `` The Venetians '' p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Hall , Linda . The Search for the Ancient Suez Canal . Kansas City , Missouri . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Please refer to Description de l'Égypte . Jump up ^ Descriptions de l'Égypte , Volume 11 ( État Moderne ) , containing Mémoire sur la communication de la mer des Indes à la Méditerranée par la mer Rouge et l'Isthme de Sueys , par M.J.M. Le Père , ingénieur en chef , inspecteur divisionnaire au corps impérial des ponts et chaussées , membre de l'Institut d'Égypte , pp. 21 -- 186 Jump up ^ Wilson , The Suez Canal Jump up ^ `` ( untitled ) '' . The Hobart Town Gazette. 26 February 1820 . p. 2 , col. 1 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Percement de l'isthme de Suez . Rapport et Projet de la Commission Internationale . Documents Publiés par M. Ferdinand de Lesseps . Troisième série . Paris aux bureaux de l'Isthme de Suez , Journal de l'Union des deux Mers , et chez Henri Plon , Éditeur , 1856 . On Google Books ( french ) Jump up ^ Arnold . T. Wilson , The Suez Canal Jump up ^ `` Le canal de Suez -- ARTE '' . Arte.tv. 13 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Oster ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ There is differing information on the exact amounts Jump up ^ ( reported by German historian Uwe A. Oster ) Archived 19 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kassir , Samir . Beirut , First Edition . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Suez Canal '' . Russojapanesewar.com . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Haddad , Emily A. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Digging to India : Modernity , Imperialism , and the Suez Canal '' . Victorian Studies . Indiana University Press . 47 ( 3 ) : 363 . JSTOR 3830220 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Ångkorvetter Byggda I Karlskrona '' . vhfk.se . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The People : Captain Nares '' . HMS Challenger . University of California , San Diego . Archived from the original on 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Glasgow Herald , 17 November 1903 Jump up ^ History of the Anchor Line 1852 - 1911 . 1911 . Glasgow , UK : John Horn , for Anchor Line . Jump up ^ Protocol of the Commission ( in french ) Jump up ^ Geoffrey Hicks , `` Disraeli , Derby and the Suez Canal , 1875 : some myths reassessed . '' History 97.326 ( 2012 ) : 182 - 203 . online Jump up ^ Robert L. Tignor , `` Lord Cromer : Practitioner and Philosopher of Imperialism . '' Journal of British Studies 2.2 ( 1963 ) : 142 - 159 . online Jump up ^ First World War -- Willmott , H.P. Dorling Kindersley , 2003 , Page 87 Jump up ^ `` The Suez Canal formally opened to ships '' . stratscope.com . StratScope . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1956 : Egypt seizes Suez Canal '' . 26 July 1956 -- via news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ The Other Side of Suez ( documentary ) -- 2003 Jump up ^ Elie Podeh ; Onn Winckler ( 1 December 2004 ) . Rethinking Nasserism : Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt . University Press of Florida . pp. 105 , 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 3137 - 8 . the prominent historian and commentator Abd al - Azim Ramadan , In a series of articles published in AlWafd , subsequently compiled in a hook published in 2000 , Ramadan criticized the Nasser cult , ... The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company , as other events during Nasser 's rule , Ramadan wrote , showed Nasser to be far from a rational , responsible leader ... His decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone , made without political or military consultation ... The source of all this evil . Ramadan noted , was Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making ... the revolutionary regime led by the same individual -- Nasser -- repeated its mistakes when it decided to expel the international peacekeeping force from the Sinai Peninsula and close the Straits of Tiran in 1967 . Both decisions led to a state of war with Israel , despite the lack of military preparedness Jump up ^ `` OPERATION RHEOSTAT ONE -- ROYAL NAVY MINESWEEPERS ARRIVE AT PORT SAID TO HELP CLEAR THE SUEZ CANAL ( Allocated Title ) '' . www.iwm.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` OPERATION RHEOSTAT ONE -- FLEET CLEARANCE DIVING TEAM AT WORK ON THE WRECK OF THE MECCA ( Allocated Title ) '' . www.iwm.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` OPERATION RHEOSTAT TWO -- THE SUEZ CANAL IS REOPENED ( Allocated Title ) '' . www.iwm.org.uk . Jump up ^ http://www.history.navy.mil/nan/backissues/1970s/1974/sep74.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Stars and Stripes '' . 1975 - 06 - 07 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Multinational Force and Observers ) Jump up ^ Lakshmi , Aiswarya ( 17 July 2015 ) . `` Egypt Completes New Waterway in Suez Canal '' . MarineLink . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt completes dredging for new waterway in Suez Canal '' . Al - Ahram. 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Knecht , Eric ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` Egypt 's Sisi launches nationalist New Suez Canal celebration '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Suez Canal '' . Government of Egypt ( Suez Canal Authority ) . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Canal Characteristics '' . Suez Canal Authority . 2010 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Characteristics of the canal '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Navigation Circular `` The New Suez Canal '' No 5 / 2015 `` . Suez Canal Authority . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` '' Attached Charts '' to Navigation Circular `` The New Suez Canal '' No 5 / 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Suez Canal Authority . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Suez Canal Authority http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg Jump up ^ `` Canal Characteristics '' . Suez Canal Authority . 2010 . Retrieved 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Finkl , Charles W. ; Pelinovsky , Efim ; Cathcart , Richard B. ( 2012 ) . `` A Review of Potential Tsunami Impacts to the Suez Canal '' . Journal of Coastal Research . 283 : 745 -- 759 . doi : 10.2112 / JCOASTRES - D - 12A - 00002.1 . ISSN 0749 - 0208 . Jump up ^ SC News Jump up ^ `` Traffic system '' . Egyptian Maritime Data Bank ( EMDB ) . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Saleh , Stephen Kalin and Yasmine . `` Egypt awards Suez hub project to consortium that includes army : sources '' . Jump up ^ http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/sc.aspx?show=69 Jump up ^ Kingsley , Patrick ( 5 August 2014 ) . `` Egypt to build new Suez canal '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` Egypt launches Suez Canal expansion '' . BBC News . 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic system '' . Jump up ^ `` Navigation Circular 5 / 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Navigation , Convoy System '' . Suez Canal Authority . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kajima History '' . Kajima . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Salt - Corroded Tunnel Undergoes Major Renovation '' . Kajima.co.jp . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Six tunnels under Suez Canal '' . Tunnelbuilder. 1 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Liam Stack , Arab countries meet to tackle Somali pirate threat -- The Christian Science Monitor ( 21 November 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Louis Wasser , Somali piracy costs Suez Canal business , San Francisco Chronicle ( 29 April 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Bowden , Anna et al . The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy Archived 29 June 2012 at Archive - It page 13 . One Earth Future , December 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Overland Mail by Thomas Fletcher Waghorn , Railway Alexandria -- Cairo -- Suez built by Robert Stephenson Jump up ^ `` The Final Frontier : The Northern Sea Route '' . Jump up ^ `` Bye pirates , hello Northeast Passage '' . AsianCorrespondent.com. 3 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Melting ice cap opens up Northeast Passage to British ships '' . Daily Mail . 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` German vessels ready for the Northern Sea Route '' . BarentsObserver.com. 5 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( In Estonian ) Israel builds a railroad between the Mediterranean and the Red sea '' . E24.ee. 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Madl , Pierre ( 1999 ) . Essay about the phenomenon of Lessepsian Migration , Colloquial Meeting of Marine Biology I , Salzburg , April 1999 ( revised in Nov. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Galil and Zenetos ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Britannica ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Suez Canal Economic Zone '' . GAFI . Ministry of Investment , Egypt . 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt aims to attract $30 bln in investment in Suez Canal Zone within 5 years : Investment minister '' . Ahram Online . 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Abdel - Razek , Sherine ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` Canal corridor developments '' . Al Ahram Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Qualifying Industrial Zones '' . American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt . March 2018 . References ( edit ) Britannica ( 2007 ) `` Suez Canal '' , in : The new Encyclopædia Britannica , 15th ed. , 28 , Chicago , Ill . ; London : Encyclopædia Britannica , ISBN 1 - 59339 - 292 - 3 Farnie , D.A. East and West of Suez : Suez Canal in History , 1854 - 1956 , a stanmdard scholarly history ; 870pp Galil , B.S. and Zenetos , A. ( 2002 ) . `` A sea change : exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea '' , in : Leppäkoski , E. , Gollasch , S. and Olenin , S. ( eds ) , Invasive aquatic species of Europe : distribution , impacts , and management , Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0837 - 6 , p. 325 -- 336 Garrison , Ervan G. ( 1999 ) A history of engineering and technology : artful methods , 2nd ed. , Boca Raton , Fla . ; London : CRC Press , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 9810 - X Hallberg , Charles W . The Suez Canal : Its History and Diplomatic Importance ( 1931 ) , a stanmdard scholarly history ; 440pp ; online Karabell , Zachary ( 2003 ) Parting the Desert : The Creation of the Suez Canal , Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 40883 - 0 Oster , Uwe ( 2006 ) Le fabuleux destin des inventions : le canal de Suez , TV documentary produced by ZDF and directed by Axel Engstfeld ( Germany ) Rathbone , William ( 1882 ) . Great Britain and the Suez Canal . London : Chapman and Hall , Limited . Sanford , Eva Matthews ( 1938 ) The Mediterranean world in ancient times , Ronald series in history , New York : The Ronald Press Company , 618 p . Pudney , John . Suez ; De Lesseps ' Canal . New York : Praeger , 1969 . Print . Wilson , Sir Arnold T . The Suez Canal ( 1939 ) online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suez Canal . Suez Canal Authority Darius the Great 's Suez Inscriptions Suez Canal on OpenStreetMap Encyclopedia of the Orient : Suez Canal Entrance of the Suez Canal -- 1882 Suez Canal Container Terminal at Port Said Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library 3min video of sailing the 163km on YouTube , including the new section American Society of Civil Engineers - Suez Canal Suez Canal Authorities Suez Canal Authority ( SCA ) Port Said Port Authority Suez Governorate Ismailia Governorate Port Said Governorate Cities and ports Port Said Port Fuad Suez Canal Container Terminal Ismailia Suez Suez Port Infrastructure Waterworks Suezmax Lake Manzala Lake Timsah Great Bitter Lake Sweet Water Canal Constructions Port Said Lighthouse Suez Canal Bridge El Ferdan Railway Bridge Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel Power line crossing Canal expansion ( 2015 ) Area Development Project New Suez Canal Marine life Lessepsian migration List History Heroopolite Gulf Canal of the Pharaohs Société d'études du Canal de Suez ( 1846 ) French / UK operation Ferdinand de Lesseps Isma'il Pasha Suez Canal Company Convention of Constantinople Raid on the Suez Canal Anglo - Egyptian treaty of 1936 Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Operation Musketeer Operation Tarnegol Operation Telescope Protocol of Sèvres United Nations Security Council Resolution 118 United Nations Security Council Resolution 119 Egypt topics History Chronology Prehistoric Ancient topics Achaemenid Ptolemaic Battle of Actium Lighthouse of Alexandria Roman Diocese of Egypt Library of Alexandria Christian Sassanid Muslim Muslim conquest Islamization Fustat Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Fatimid Caliphate Crusader invasions Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Mamluk Ottoman Egypt Eyalet Muhammad Ali dynasty Al - Nahda Khedivate Ethiopian -- Egyptian War ' Urabi revolt Modern French occupation Revolt of Cairo British occupation 1919 revolution World War II Sultanate Kingdom 1948 Arab -- Israeli War Republic Nasser era 1952 revolution Land reform Suez Crisis United Arab Republic Six - Day War Sadat era Yom Kippur War Libyan -- Egyptian War Assassination of Anwar Sadat Mubarak era 2010s crisis 2013 Rabaa massacre By topic Anarchism Capital Cigarette industry Constitution Copts Genetic Healthcare Jews Muslim Brotherhood 1928 - 38 1939 - 54 1954 - present Parliament Population Postal Saladin Timekeeping devices By city Alexandria Cairo Port Said Geography Biota Cities Climate Deserts Earthquakes Environmental issues Fossils Geology Halfaya Pass Islands Lakes Mountains Mount Sinai Nile Delta Northern coast Qattara Depression Red Sea Riviera Rivers Nile Sinai Peninsula Suez Canal Towns and villages Wadis Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Governorates Postal codes Civil Code Conflicts Conscription Constitution Elections Foreign relations Missions Islamic extremism Judiciary Law enforcement Massacres Military Supreme Council Nationality law Parliament Passport Political parties President list Prime Minister list Proposed new capital Refugees of the Syrian Civil War Terrorism Terrorism and tourism Twin towns and sister cities Economy Agriculture Banking National Bank Companies Economic regions Egyptian stock exchange Egyptian pound Energy Entrepreneurship policies Fishing Impact on the environment Lighthouses Military industry Mining Mines Nuclear program Power stations Aswan Dam Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces Tallest buildings Telecommunications Internet Tourism Cultural tourism Transport Airlines Airports Railway stations Water supply and sanitation Water resources management Society General Abortion Animal welfare Billionaires Cannabis Capital punishment Censuses Corruption Crime Human trafficking Mass sexual assault Rape Demographics Diaspora Education Academic grading Law schools Medical schools Schools Universities Families Abaza family Feminism Gender inequality Health Healthcare Hospitals Homelessness Human rights Freedom of religion LGBT rights International rankings Languages Egyptian Arabic Sa'idi Arabic Sign Language Liberalism Literature Prostitution Religion Bahá'í Blasphemy law Christianity Catholic dioceses Coptic Churches Hinduism Identification card controversy Irreligion Islam Ahmadiyya Mosques Niqāb Judaism Synagogues Scientology Smoking Units of measurement Vehicle registration plates Women Culture Art Botanical gardens Castles Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Beer Wine Films Flag list regions Football Football clubs Football stadiums Egyptians Media Magazines Newspapers Radio TV Museums Music National anthem Olympics Public holidays World Heritage Sites Portal WikiProject Commons BIBSYS : 90591893 BNE : XX451056 BNF : cb119333319 ( data ) GND : 4058518 - 9 ISNI : 0000 0004 0644 1253 NARA : 10044415 SELIBR : 163296 VIAF : 139560417 Coordinates : 30 ° 42 ′ 18 '' N 32 ° 20 ′ 39 '' E / 30.70500 ° N 32.34417 ° E / 30.70500 ; 32.34417 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suez_Canal&oldid=854487867 '' Categories : Suez Canal Canals in Egypt Ship canals 1860s in Egypt Canals opened in 1869 Cuts ( earthmoving ) Macro-engineering Economy of Egypt Egypt -- United Kingdom relations Geography of Egypt Red Sea 1869 establishments in Egypt NM Rothschild & Sons Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template other archives Use dmy dates from August 2013 Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 129 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 18 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which waterway connects the mediterranean sea with red sea | [
"The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس qanāt as-suwēs) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, it was officially opened on 17 November 1869. The canal offers watercraft a shorter journey between the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans via the Mediterranean and Red Seas by avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian Oceans, reducing the journey by approximately 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi). It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez. Its length is 193.30 km (120.11 mi), including its northern and southern access channels. In 2012, 17,225 vessels traversed the canal (average 47 per day).[1]\n"
] | [
"Suez Canal"
] |
4539822006561421356 | Typhoon Haiyan | Typhoon Haiyan - Wikipedia Typhoon Haiyan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2013 typhoon . For other typhoons of the same name , see Typhoon Haiyan ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Tropical Storm Yolanda . It has been suggested that portions of this article be split out into another article titled Effects of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines . ( Discuss ) ( September 2017 ) Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) Typhoon ( JMA scale ) Category 5 ( Saffir -- Simpson scale ) Typhoon Haiyan at peak intensity on November 7 Formed November 3 , 2013 Dissipated November 11 , 2013 Highest winds 10 - minute sustained : 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) 1 - minute sustained : 315 km / h ( 195 mph ) Lowest pressure 895 hPa ( mbar ) ; 26.43 inHg Fatalities 6,329 confirmed , 1,074 missing Damage $2.86 billion ( 2013 USD ) ( Preliminary total ) Areas affected Caroline Islands , Philippines , South China , Vietnam Part of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season History Meteorological history Response Humanitarian response Other wikis commons : Category : Typhoon Haiyan ( 2013 ) Typhoon Haiyan was an extremely deadly and intense typhoon , known as Super Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines . On making landfall , Haiyan devastated portions of Southeast Asia , particularly the Philippines . It is the deadliest Philippine typhoon on record , killing at least 6,300 people in that country alone . In terms of JTWC - estimated 1 - minute sustained winds , Haiyan is tied with Meranti for being the strongest landfalling tropical cyclone on record . In January 2014 , bodies were still being found . The thirtieth named storm of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season , Haiyan originated from an area of low pressure several hundred kilometers east - southeast of Pohnpei in the Federated States of Micronesia on November 2 , 2013 . Tracking generally westward , environmental conditions favored tropical cyclogenesis and the system developed into a tropical depression the following day . After becoming a tropical storm and attaining the name Haiyan at 0000 UTC on November 4 , the system began a period of rapid intensification that brought it to typhoon intensity by 1800 UTC on November 5 . By November 6 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) assessed the system as a Category 5 - equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir - Simpson hurricane wind scale ; the storm passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau shortly after attaining this strength . Thereafter , it continued to intensify ; at 1200 UTC on November 7 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) upgraded the storm 's maximum ten - minute sustained winds to 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) , the highest in relation to the cyclone . The Hong Kong Observatory put the storm 's maximum ten - minute sustained winds at 285 km / h ( 180 mph ) prior to landfall in the central Philippines , while the China Meteorological Administration estimated the maximum two - minute sustained winds at the time to be around 78 m / s ( 280 km / h or 175 mph ) . At the same time , the JTWC estimated the system 's one - minute sustained winds to 315 km / h ( 195 mph ) , unofficially making Haiyan the strongest tropical cyclone ever observed based on wind speed , a record which would then be surpassed by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 at 345 km / h ( 215 mph ) . Haiyan is also tied with Typhoon Meranti in 2016 as the strongest tropical cyclone in the Eastern Hemisphere by 1 - minute sustained winds ; several others have recorded lower central pressure readings . At 20 : 04 UTC on November 7 , the eye of the cyclone made its first landfall in the Philippines at Guiuan , Eastern Samar . Gradually weakening , the storm made five additional landfalls in the country before emerging over the South China Sea . Turning northwestward , the typhoon eventually struck northern Vietnam as a severe tropical storm on November 10 . Haiyan was last noted as a tropical depression by the JMA the following day . The cyclone caused catastrophic destruction in the Visayas , particularly on Samar and Leyte . According to UN officials , about 11 million people have been affected -- many have been left homeless . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 2.1 Micronesia and Palau 2.2 Philippines 2.3 Southern China 2.4 Vietnam 3 Impact 3.1 Micronesia and Palau 3.2 Philippines 3.3 China and Taiwan 3.4 Vietnam 4 Aftermath 4.1 Philippines 4.1. 1 Environmental impact 4.1. 2 Looting and violence 4.1. 3 Criticism of government response 4.1. 4 Humanitarian crisis and population displacement 4.1. 5 International response 4.1. 5.1 Supranational bodies 4.1. 6 Celebrities , companies , and NGOs 4.1. 6.1 Politics involving aid relief 4.2 Vietnam 4.3 Climate change 5 In popular media 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Meteorological history ( edit ) Main article : Meteorological history of Typhoon Haiyan Map plotting the track and intensity of the storm , according to the Saffir -- Simpson scale On November 2 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) began monitoring a broad low - pressure area about 425 kilometers ( 265 miles ) east - southeast of Pohnpei , one of the states in the Federated States of Micronesia . As the system moved through a region favoring tropical cyclogenesis , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified it as a tropical depression early on November 3 . The system quickly intensified into a tropical storm , prompting the JMA to assign it the name Haiyan ( Chinese : 海燕 ; literally : `` petrel '' ) at 0000 UTC on November 4 . Tracking generally westward along the southern periphery of a subtropical ridge , rapid intensification ensued by November 5 as a central dense overcast with an embedded eye developing ; the JMA classified Haiyan as a typhoon later that day . On November 6 , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) assigned the storm the local name Yolanda as it approached their area of responsibility . Intensification slowed somewhat during the day , though the JTWC estimated the storm to have attained Category 5 - equivalent super typhoon status on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale around 1200 UTC . Later , the eye of the typhoon passed over the island of Kayangel in Palau . Comparison between Haiyan and Katrina Around 1200 UTC on November 7 , Haiyan attained ten - minute sustained winds of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) and a minimum central pressure of 895 mbar ( hPa ; 26.43 inHg ) . Six hours later , the JTWC estimated Haiyan to have attained one - minute sustained winds of 315 km / h ( 195 mph ) and gusts up to 380 km / h ( 235 mph ) . The storm displayed some characteristics of an annular tropical cyclone , though a strong convective band remained present along the western side of the system . At 2040 UTC on November 7 , Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan , Eastern Samar at peak intensity . The JTWC 's unofficial estimate of one - minute sustained winds of 305 km / h ( 190 mph ) would , by that measure , make Haiyan the most powerful storm ever recorded to strike land . Interaction with land caused slight degradation of the storm 's structure , though it remained an exceptionally powerful storm when it struck Tolosa , Leyte around 2300 UTC . The typhoon made four additional landfalls as it traversed the Visayas : Daanbantayan , Bantayan Island , Concepcion , and Busuanga Island . Haiyan , with its core disrupted by interaction with the Philippines , emerged over the South China Sea late on November 8 . Environmental conditions ahead of the storm soon became less favorable , as cool stable air began wrapping into the western side of the circulation . Continuing across the South China Sea , Haiyan turned more northwesterly late on November 9 and through November 10 as it moved around the southwestern edge of the subtropical ridge previously steering it westward . Rapid weakening ensued as Haiyan approached its final landfall in Vietnam , ultimately striking the country near Haiphong around 2100 UTC as a severe tropical storm . Once onshore , the storm quickly diminished and was last noted as it dissipated over Guangxi Province , China , on November 11 . Preparations ( edit ) Micronesia and Palau ( edit ) Typhoon Haiyan near Palau on November 6 Upon JTWC 's declaration of Tropical Depression 31W on November 3 , a tropical storm warning was issued for Chuuk Lagoon , Losap , and Poluwat in the Federated States of Micronesia . Further west , Faraulep , Satawal , and Woleai , were placed under a typhoon watch while Fananu and Ulul were placed under a tropical storm watch . The following day , the tropical storm warning expanded to include Satawal while a typhoon warning was issued for Woleai . Much of Yap State and the islands of Koror and Kayangel in Palau were placed under a typhoon watch . The government issued a mandatory evacuation for Kayangel , and although most residents ignored the warning , they all survived the storm . As Haiyan progressed westward , the easternmost advisories were gradually discontinued . As Haiyan intensified into a typhoon on November 5 , warnings were raised across Palau and Yap State . Government offices in Melekeok were used as an evacuation building for Palau . Despite mandatory evacuation orders , most residents on Kayangel remained on the island and rode out the typhoon . Philippines ( edit ) PAGASA raised rainfall warning advisory in the Central and Eastern Visayas during the passage of Haiyan ( Yolanda ) . Shortly before Typhoon Haiyan entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility on November 6 , PAGASA raised Public Storm Warning Signal ( PSWS ) No. 1 , the lowest of four levels , for much of the Visayas and Mindanao . As the storm continued to approach the country , warnings expanded into Luzon and increased in severity for eastern areas . By the evening of November 7 , PSWS No. 4 , the highest level of warning which indicates winds in excess of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) are expected , was raised for Biliran Island , Eastern Samar , Leyte , Northern Cebu , Metro Cebu , Samar , and Southern Leyte . Through November 8 , the coverage of PSWS No. 4 continued to expand , with areas in southern Luzon being included . PSWS Map in the Philippines during the passage of Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) . Officials placed police officers in the Bicol Region ahead of the storm . In the provinces of Samar and Leyte , classes were canceled , and residents in flood - and landslide - prone areas were required to evacuate . Some of the storm - threatened areas were affected by an earlier earthquake in Bohol . Then - Philippine President Noynoy Aquino requested the military to deploy planes and helicopters to the region expected to be affected . As Haiyan was moving very fast , PAGASA issued warnings at different levels to about 60 of the 80 provinces , including the capital Metro Manila . On November 8 , the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated , providing widespread charitable satellite coverage to relief organizations . Southern China ( edit ) The State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters hoisted a level three emergency response in the provinces of Hainan , Guangdong and Guangxi . All fishing vessels were urged to return to ports by noon on November 9 . The Hong Kong Observatory issued the Strong Monsoon Signal at 19 : 10 HKT on November 9 , and it was still in place on November 13 . Vietnam ( edit ) On November 8 , Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung activated the highest state of preparedness in the country . Approximately 600,000 people across southern and central provinces were evacuated while a further 200,000 were evacuated in northern provinces . Alerts were sent to 85,328 seagoing vessels , with a collective crew of 385,372 people , to sail to safer waters away from the storm . Requests were sent to China , Malaysia , Indonesia , and the Philippines to aid any fishermen who needed immediate shelter from the typhoon . Threatening Vietnam after two other typhoons , Wutip and Nari , there were concerns that the storm would cause significant damage to homes with makeshift repairs . Roughly 460,000 military personnel and other authorities were mobilized to assist in evacuation efforts . Hundreds of flights were canceled across the country while schools were closed on November 11 . On the small island of Cồn Cỏ , all residents were moved to underground shelters with enough supplies for several days . The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) branches in Vietnam prepared relief stockpiles , consisting of food , water , housing material , and ₫ 6.6 billion ( US $310,000 ) in funds . The local United Nations Resident Coordinator , Pratibha Mehta , praised the government 's actions and credited them with saving numerous lives . However , there were complaints from many residents that the warnings came too late . Impact ( edit ) Fatalities by country Country Deaths Missing Philippines 6,300 1,061 China 11 9 Vietnam 10 Taiwan 8 0 Total 6,329 1,074 Micronesia and Palau ( edit ) On Kayangel in Palau , a high storm surge damaged several houses , while strong winds downed trees . Despite residents ' refusal to evacuate , no fatalities or major injuries took place on the island . Helicopters were flown to the island to survey damage and provide relief supplies . The government planned to evacuate those who were left homeless from the island . Koror , Babeldaob and Kayangel each lost access to water and power . In Koror , winds reaching as high as 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) blew out rooftops and downed trees and power lines . A causeway linking an offshore hospital to the main island was temporarily shut down after being inundated by water . On the northern end of Babeldaob , Haiyan damaged schools and buildings . Lying closest to Haiyan at the time of the typhoon 's passage , Kayangel was flooded in its entirety , and all homes were destroyed . Though no people were killed there , 69 others were displaced by the storm . Philippines ( edit ) This article about a catastrophe contains content that is written like a promotional piece . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Effects of Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) in the Philippines ( hide ) Casualties Region Dead Injured Missing CALABARZON ( IV - A ) 0 MIMAROPA ( IV - B ) 19 61 24 Bicol Region ( V ) 6 21 0 Western Visayas ( VI ) 294 2,068 27 Central Visayas ( VII ) 74 348 5 Eastern Visayas ( VIII ) 5,877 26,186 1,005 Zamboanga Peninsula ( IX ) 0 Caraga ( XIII ) 0 0 Total 6,300 28,689 1,061 ( hide ) Damages Amount in PH ₱ in US $ Productive 21,833,622,975.09 499,969,224.19 Infrastructure 9,584,596,305.69 219,478,150.03 Social 55,110,825,740.69 1,261,985,554.18 Cross-Sectoral 3,069,023,613.41 70,277,725.17 Total damages 89,598,068,634.88 2,051,710,653.57 SOURCE : Data gathered from the last update by National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council ( NDRRMC ) as of April 17 , 2014 . Animated enhanced infrared satellite loop of Typhoon Haiyan from peak intensity to landfall in the Philippines Weather radar reflectivity loop of Haiyan 's landfall on Leyte Island . Tacloban City was struck by the northern eyewall , the most powerful part of the storm . ( show ) Costliest Philippine typhoons Rank Name Year PHP USD Haiyan ( Yolanda ) 2013 89.6 billion 2.02 billion Bopha ( Pablo ) 2012 42.2 billion 1.04 billion Rammasun ( Glenda ) 2014 38.6 billion 871 million Parma ( Pepeng ) 2009 27.3 billion 608 million 5 Nesat ( Pedring ) 2011 15 billion 333 million 6 Fengshen ( Frank ) 2008 13.5 billion 301 million 7 Koppu ( Lando ) 2015 11 billion 236 million 8 Megi ( Juan ) 11 billion 255 million 9 Ketsana ( Ondoy ) 2009 11 billion 244 million 10 Mike ( Ruping ) 10.8 billion 241 million Sources Destructive Typhoons from 1970 until 2003 by NDRRMC . Situation Report No. 50 of the Effects of TS Ondoy and TY Pepeng by NDRRMC . Situation Report No. 27 of the Effects of TS Juan by NDRRMC . Situation Report No. 38 of the Effects of TY Pablo by the NDRRMC . NDRRMC Updates re Effects of TY YOLANDA ( HAIYAN ) NDRRMC FINAL REPORT re Effects of Typhoon `` GLENDA '' ( RAMMASUN ) SitRep No. 26 re Preparedness Measures and Effects of Typhoon LANDO ( KOPPU ) ( show ) Deadliest Philippine typhoons Rank Typhoon Year Deaths September 1881 Typhoon 1881 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 Haiyan ( Yolanda ) 2013 7003630000000000000 ♠ 6,300 Thelma ( Uring ) 1991 7003510000000000000 ♠ 5,100 Bopha ( Pablo ) 2012 7003190100000000000 ♠ 1,901 5 `` Angela Typhoon '' 1867 7003180000000000000 ♠ 1,800 6 Winnie 7003161900000000000 ♠ 1,619 7 October 1897 Typhoon 1897 7003150000000000000 ♠ 1,500 8 Ike ( Nitang ) 1984 7003136300000000000 ♠ 1,363 9 Washi ( Sendong ) 2011 7003126800000000000 ♠ 1,268 10 Trix 1952 7002995000000000000 ♠ 995 Sources Philippine Storm Surge History by Project NOAH of PAGASA . Deadliest typhoons in the Philippines article published by ABS - CBN News on November 8 , 2013 . Worst Typhoons in the Philippines according to Typhoon 2000 . NDRRMC Updates re Effects of TY YOLANDA ( HAIYAN ) by the NDRRMC on April 15 , 2014 . Pedro Ribera , Ricardo Garcia - Herrera and Luis Gimeno ( July 2008 ) . `` Historical deadly typhoons in the Philippines '' . Weather . Royal Meteorological Society . 63 ( 7 ) : 196 . doi : 10.1002 / wea. 275 . Typhoon Haiyan , called Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines , caused catastrophic damage throughout much of the islands of Leyte , where cities and towns were largely destroyed . As of April 17 , 2016 , the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council ( NDRRMC ) confirmed 6,300 fatalities across the country , 5,877 of those taking place in the Eastern Visayas . The true death toll remains unclear , being claimed to be at least 10,000 by some victims from Tacloban City , Leyte . As of November 13 , 2015 , the Philippine Red Cross estimated that 22,000 people were missing . In Surigao City , 281.9 mm ( 11.10 in ) of rainfall was recorded , much of which fell in under 12 hours . Storm surges were also recorded in many places . In the island of Leyte and Samar , PAGASA measured 5 -- 6 meter ( 15 -- 19 ft ) waves . In Tacloban , Leyte , the terminal building of Tacloban Airport was destroyed by a 5.2 m ( 17 ft ) storm surge up to the height of the second story . Along the airport , a storm surge of 4 m ( 13 ft ) was estimated . Waves of 4.6 m ( 15 ft ) were also estimated . On the western coast of Samar , the storm surge was not as significant . Haiyan 's first landfall was at Guiuan in Eastern Samar , where the typhoon touched down at 4 : 40am . Nearly all structures in the township suffered at least partial damage , many of which were completely flattened . For several days following Haiyan 's first landfall , the damage situation in the fishing town remained unclear due to lack of communication in and out of the area . The damage could finally be assessed after Philippine Air Force staff arrived in Guiuan on November 10 . Prior to this , a local priest was able to take his motorbike from Guiuan to the towns of Cabalogan and Calbayog ( also in Samar ) armed with photos of the devastation , shot on his mobile phone . There was widespread devastation from the storm surge in Tacloban City especially in San Jose , with many buildings being destroyed , trees knocked over or broken , and cars piled up . The low - lying areas on the eastern side of Tacloban city were hardest hit , with some areas completely washed away . Flooding also extended for 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) inland on the east coast of the province . City administrator Tecson John Lim stated that roughly 90 percent of the city had been destroyed . Journalists on the ground have described the devastation as , `` off the scale , and apocalyptic '' . Most families in Samar and Leyte lost some family members or relatives ; families came in from outlying provinces looking for relatives , especially children , who may have been washed away . The entire first floor of the Tacloban City Convention Center , which was serving as an evacuation shelter , was submerged by storm surge . Many residents in the building were caught off - guard by the fast rising waters and subsequently drowned or were injured in the building . Although wind speeds were extreme , the major cause of damage and loss of life appears to have been storm surge . The major focus of devastation appears to have been on the east coast of Samar and Leyte , with a particular focus on Tacloban , because of its location between Samar and Leyte , and the large population in low - lying areas . Philippine Department of the Interior and Local Government ( DILG ) Secretary Mar Roxas said the scale of the relief operation that was now required was overwhelming , with some places described as a wasteland of mud and debris . Sebastian Rhodes Stampa , head of a UN disaster assessment co-ordination team , said there was `` destruction on a massive scale '' in Tacloban . `` There are cars thrown like tumbleweed and the streets are strewn with debris . The last time I saw something of this scale was in the aftermath of the ( 2004 ) Indian Ocean tsunami . '' There is little communication in the city , and no mobile phone coverage . Up the east coast of the Leyte there are numerous towns and villages that are completely cut off without any assistance . Large parts of Leyte and Samar are without power and may have no power for a month . The storm crossed the Visayas region for almost a day , causing widespread flooding . In Cebu and Bohol , struck by a magnitude 7.2 earthquake two weeks before , cities were also severely devastated . During the morning of November 8 , media stations across the country were able to broadcast live the destruction of Haiyan . However , before afternoon , all communications on the Visayas region failed . The Presidential Communications Department of President Benigno Aquino III had difficulty contacting DILG Secretary Mar Roxas and Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin in Tacloban City to plan relief . Widespread power interruptions , landslides and flash floods were also reported . Major roads were blocked by trees , and impassable. 453 domestic and international airline flights were canceled . Some airports were also closed on November 8 and 9 . Ferries were affected . Relief and rescue efforts were underway by November 9 , but some places remained isolated and out of communication due to severe damage . China and Taiwan ( edit ) Typhoon Haiyan reached Hainan Province , where severe damage took place and six people were killed in various incidents . The hardest hit area was Qionghai , where roughly 3,500 people across 20 villages were isolated due to extensive flooding . Direct economic losses in Hainan amounted to ¥ 4.9 billion ( US $803 million ) . In Guangxi Province to the north , heavy rains up to 380 mm ( 15 in ) fell and wind gusts reached 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) . An estimated 1.21 million people were affected , of whom 26,300 were evacuated . Two people died while four others went missing after a car fell off a flooded road into a river near Beihai . Losses throughout Guangxi amounted to ¥ 275 million ( US $45 million ) . Approximately 900 homes and 25,500 hectares of crops were destroyed , while 8,500 homes were damaged . Additionally , an estimated 3 million people were affected by the storm throughout Southern China . A cargo ship broke moorings at Sanya on November 8 ; three members of the crew drowned while four others went missing . One person also went missing off the coast of Lantau Island , Hong Kong . Along the coast of New Taipei , 16 people were swept out to sea by three 8 m ( 26 ft ) waves . After several hours of search and rescue , eight were hospitalized while the other eight drowned . This was considered the largest loss of life from waves in Taiwan in several years . Vietnam ( edit ) Haiyan made landfall as a severe tropical storm in Quảng Ninh Province on November 10 and produced high winds and widespread heavy rainfall which affected northern Vietnam . Rainfall totals of up to 461 mm ( 18.1 in ) and wind gusts of up to 147 km / h ( 91 mph ) were recorded . Ten people were killed while they were preparing for Haiyan 's landfall , while no one was killed after the system made landfall ; however , 4 people are missing in Quảng Ninh Province . Aftermath ( edit ) Due to extensive damage and high death toll , PAGASA announced that the name Yolanda would be stricken off the typhoon naming lists . PAGASA chose the name Yasmin to replace Yolanda for the 2017 season . During their 2014 annual session the ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee announced that the name Haiyan would also be retired from its naming lists on January 1 , 2015 , and was therefore replaced by the name Bailu . Philippines ( edit ) Animated satellite comparison of power outages across the Visayas following Typhoon Haiyan . Map of damaged houses by municipality showing track of storm , from the United Nations , as of November 18 , 2013 An aerial view of Guiuan , the town where the typhoon made its first landfall Destruction in Basey , Samar after the typhoon passed over the town . By November 11 , the provinces of Aklan , Capiz , Cebu , Iloilo , Leyte , Palawan , and Samar , were placed under a state of national calamity , allowing the government to use state funds for relief and rehabilitation and to control prices of basic goods . Additionally , approximately ₱ 30.6 million ( US $700,000 ) had been allocated in relief assistance by the NDRRMC . Local and national agencies deployed a collective 18,177 personnel , 844 vehicles , 44 seagoing vessels , and 31 aircraft for various operations . CBCP also declared 8 days of mourning for victims of the typhoon on the same date . World Health Organization Representative in the Philippines Dr Julie Hall noted that while many survivors requiring medical attention in the first week suffer from trauma and fractures , the concern shifts toward chronic conditions as the weeks pass . The WHO coordinated the massive international response to help the Philippine government meet the acute need for healthcare services in the affected areas . Extreme damage to infrastructure throughout the region posed logistical problems that greatly slowed relief efforts . Though aid was flown into local airports , most of it remained there as roads remained closed . According to estimates on November 13 , only 20 percent of the affected population in Tacloban City was receiving aid . With lack of access to clean water , some residents dug up water pipes and boiled water from there in order to survive . Thousands of people sought to evacuate the city via C - 130 cargo planes , however , the slow process fueled further aggravation . Reports of escaped prisoners raping women in the city prompted a further urgency to evacuate . One resident was quoted as saying `` Tacloban is a dead city . '' Due to the lack of electricity , planes could only operate during the daylight , further slowing the evacuations . At dawn on November 12 , thousands of people broke through fences and rushed planes only to be forced back by police and military personnel . A similar incident occurred later that day as a U.S. cargo plane was landing . On November 14 , a correspondent from the BBC reported Tacloban to be a `` war zone , '' although the situation soon stabilized when the presence of government law enforcement was increased . Safety concerns prompted several relief agencies to back out of the operation , and some United Nations staff were pulled out for safety reasons . A message circulating among the agencies urged them to not go into Tacloban for this reason . On the west coast of Leyte Island , residents in Ormoc were fearing that the focus on Tacloban City would leave them without aid . Though not as hard hit , roughly 90 percent of the city was damaged or destroyed and supplies were running low . Hospitals in the city were either shut down or working at partial capacity , leaving many of the nearly 2,000 injured in the city without medical assistance . In nearby Baybay , lack of assistance fueled anger and incited looting for survival . In the coastal community Guiuan , which took the full brunt of the typhoon , Mayor Christopher Gonzalez is credited with saving countless lives after he incessantly urged residents to evacuate . He referred to the storm as `` delubyo ( deluge ) , '' which roughly translates to Armageddon . Of the town 's 45,000 residents , 87 died , 931 were injured , and 23 others were listed as missing . U.S. Navy Capt . Russell Hays , a medical officer , estimated that a storm of Haiyan 's caliber could have killed as many as 4,500 in Guiuan alone had it not been for the mayor 's efforts . On November 18 , the government of the Philippines launched an online portal , called the Foreign Aid Transparency Hub ( FaiTH ) , that provides the public a transparency view of the funds and other aids received by the government from the international community . To lead the management and rehabilitation efforts of the central provinces in the Philippines affected by Typhoon Haiyan , Philippines President Benigno Aquino III appointed Panfilo Lacson as Typhoon Haiyan Rehabilation Czar . Environmental impact ( edit ) Devastated coconut trees in Guiuan Typhoon Haiyan knocked over Power Barge 103 of NAPOCOR in Estancia , Iloilo causing an oil spill . As a result of the typhoon , the government is planning to replant mangroves in coastal areas while preserving the remaining ones . Affected residents were allowed to return to their homes by the Department of Health on December 7 , 2013 after an air quality test found out that benzene levels in affected areas reached near - zero parts per million . Earlier , residents were asked to evacuate affected areas as the benzene levels had reached unhealthy amounts . Looting and violence ( edit ) The remains of a home destroyed by the storm in Tacloban City . Throughout Tacloban City , widespread looting took place in the days following Haiyan 's passage . In some instances , relief trucks were attacked and had food stolen in the city . Two of the city 's malls and numerous grocery stores were subjected to looting . A fuel depot in the city was guarded by armed police while 200 additional officers were dispatched to assist . Security checkpoints had since been set up all over Tacloban and a curfew was imposed on residents to prevent more attacks . Philippine military forces also prevented members of the New People 's Army from ambushing a relief convoy bound for Samar in Matnog , Sorsogon , killing two . President Benigno Aquino III considered declaring martial law in hopes of restoring order in affected areas . Looting intensified as slow recovery efforts forced residents to seek any means necessary to survive . Tacloban city administrator Tecson John Lim stated , `` The looting is not criminality . It is self - preservation . '' The Chicago Tribune reported that some areas were on the brink of anarchy , though Interior Secretary Mar Roxas denied such claims . Further complicating efforts to retain order was the lack of officers reporting for work . In Tacloban , only 100 of the city 's 1,300 police personnel reported for duty . In Alangalang , just west of Tacloban , eight people were crushed to death after the walls of a warehouse collapsed during a raid on a government rice stockpile . Approximately 33,000 bags of rice , each weighing 50 kg ( 110 lb ) , were stolen . Warehouses were also raided in Jaro and Palo . Throughout the city of Tacloban itself , people began looting from homes as stores had been completely emptied . Criticism of government response ( edit ) Color coded map of Eastern Visayas showing the number of deaths caused by Typhoon Haiyan . More than 1,000 500 - 999 100 - 499 50 - 99 25 - 49 1 - 24 0 Condemnations of slow government action in the relief effort in response to the typhoon mounted days after the storm had passed . Media reports criticized the Aquino administration for apparent lack of preparation and coordination among government agencies in the aid operation . Up until November 12 , five days after the typhoon struck , survivors continued to struggle with basic necessities such as food , water , and shelter while remote towns in Leyte and Samar were yet to be reached by aid . The Philippine government responded by saying that they have dealt with the tragedy `` quite well '' but the response had been slow due to the breakdown of the local governance in affected areas where officials and employees , who were usually the first to respond in these events , were victims of the typhoon themselves . Cabinet Secretary Jose Rene Almendras said that the national government had to take over despite logistical challenges and assured it is working toward providing aid the quickest way possible to the survivors . The national Government was also criticized for putting the responsibility of handling the dead to the Bureau of Fire instead to the Department of Health . Dr. Racquel Fortun , one of the forensic experts to go to the area three days after the typhoon insisted that handling of the bodies is a health matter and therefore a responsibility of DOH . One of the biggest controversies of Typhoon Haiyan is probably the number of the victims or the body count . According to the Philippine government sources , the number of those killed during the typhoon ranges from 4,000 to 6,000 individuals while some sources claim that the body count reaches up to 15,000 . Humanitarian crisis and population displacement ( edit ) The Philippines faced a humanitarian crisis days after the typhoon hit much of the Visayas with 1.9 million homeless and more than 6,000,000 displaced . In Tacloban alone , ninety percent of the structures are either destroyed or damaged while other cities , such as Ormoc , are reporting similar damage . The United Nations fear that the possibility of the spread of disease is high due to the lack of food , water , shelter , and medication . Casualties have been reported as a result of the lack of aid in affected areas and the number of dead is likely to rise . As a result of the damage in Tacloban and much of Leyte , thousands of people who once lived in the area left and made their way into less affected areas such as Cebu and Manila . Catbalogan reported that their population more than doubled after the typhoon with the influx of refugees into the city . Around 20,000 people have fled to Manila as a result of the storm . International response ( edit ) Main article : Humanitarian response to Typhoon Haiyan Summary of international relief efforts in the Philippines following Typhoon Haiyan Country Cash donation ( in US dollars ) Humanitarian aid and supplies Other aid Source Australia 7007700000000000000 ♠ $70 million Emergency and humanitarian supplies . Royal Australian Air Force and Royal Australian Navy deployed with Australian Medical Assistance Team and supplies . Bahrain 90 tons of relief supplies . Bangladesh 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1 million Belgium 7005677000000000000 ♠ $677 thousand Humanitarian aid . Field hospital , water purification system , 5 medical doctors , 13 nurses , and 10 logistic personnel . Brunei Humanitarian aid and relief supplies . Emergency team deployed . Aircraft from the Royal Brunei Air Force deployed with supplies . Canada 7007400000000000000 ♠ $40 million Humanitarian aid ; water purification units ; infrastructure repair teams ; medical units Three hundred members of the Canadian military Disaster Assistance Response Team ( DART ) and their equipment are sent , along with three additional Griffon helicopters . Canadian Medical Assistance Team deployed several mobile primary medical teams , to assist under - serviced rural and remote communities in northern Cebu , and western and central Leyte . GlobalMedic , a Toronto - based NGO has three teams of rescuers and medics dispatched to the disaster zone along with large quantities of water purification supplies and equipment . Chile Humanitarian aid . China 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1.4 million Deployed the naval hospital ship , Peace Ark . Denmark 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7.8 million Humanitarian aid . Provided UN with the emergency response base camp and infrastructure to facilitate the rapid humanitarian relief efforts . France 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1.4 million Sent 70 tons of relief supplies and a team of 61 persons from the Sécurité Civile , to restore electricity and water supplies , and others . Germany 23 tons of aid . Rescue teams sent . Holy See 7005150000000000000 ♠ $150 thousand Hong Kong Call to postpone economic sanctions . 7006515900000000000 ♠ $5.16 million given to international charities . Iceland 7005100000000000000 ♠ $100 thousand India 15 tonnes of relief supplies . Indonesia 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1 million Humanitarian aid of goods and logistics worth 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1 million . Indonesian Red Cross sent 688,862 tonnes emergency supplies . Three Indonesian Air Force Hercules aircraft deployed with supplies to affected areas . Logistical aid including aircraft , food , generators and medicine . The Indonesian Red Cross deployed KM Emir cargo ship loaded with emergency supplies and also 30 Indonesian Red Cross volunteers . Ireland 7006135500000000000 ♠ $1.36 million 100 tonnes of emergency supplies . Israel Sent members of the Israeli Foreign Ministry and the Israeli Defense Forces ' Home Command . Italy 7006135700000000000 ♠ $1.36 million Japan 7007520000000000000 ♠ $52 million Humanitarian aid . Deployed the JDS Ise ( DDH - 182 ) and JDS Ōsumi ( LST - 4001 ) and Boeing KC - 767 along with 1,180 members of the Japanese Self - Defense Forces. The Japan Disaster Relief team was also deployed . Kuwait 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10 million Malaysia 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1 million Essential relief supplies and humanitarian aid . Malaysian Filipino community collected supplies to be sent . Aircraft from the Royal Malaysian Air Force deployed with supplies . The Malaysian disaster relief team was also deployed . Mexico 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1 million Netherlands 7007490000000000000 ♠ $49 million New Zealand 7006122000000000000 ♠ $1.22 million 30 tonnes of food and medical supplies . Norway 7007416000000000000 ♠ $41.6 million 100 tonnes of food and 70 tonnes of communication equipment . In addition to the aid provided by the Norwegian government , Norwegians supported various aid agencies , such as the Norwegian Red Cross and the Norwegian branch of Save the Children , with donations through texting reaching 30 million NOK ( US $4.9 million ) . On October 24 , a relief concert with various Norwegian artists was held in Norway for the victims of the typhoon in the Philippines . During the 70 min . TV sendt broadcast , Norwegians donated another 24.7 million NOK ( 4 million USD ) . Panama 200,000 worth of humanitarian aid . Qatar 80 tonnes of relief supplies . Russia Over 200 personnel from the Ministry of Emergency Situations deployed for medical and relief efforts . Saudi Arabia 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10 million Relief supplies . Saudi Prince Talal bin Abdul Aziz pledged $100,000 in behalf of the Arab Gulf Program for Development ( AGFUND ) . Singapore 7005276000000000000 ♠ $276 thousand Humanitarian aid . Aircraft from the Republic of Singapore Air Force deployed with supplies . South Africa Rescue South Africa Disaster Response Team sent . The 50 man trauma / rescue team treated patients and repaired the Abuyog District Hospital . South Korea 7007250000000000000 ♠ $25 million Humanitarian aid including Humanitarian teams and Relief goods ( family tents , water purifiers , beef fried rice , blankets , and sanitation kits ) turned over to DSWD . Deployed Emergency relief team ( two batches of medical and rescue personnel , 17 - man survey team ) . Pledged USD 5M worth of assistance and USD 20M ODA for construction and rehabilitation from 2014 - 2016 . Deployed 2 C - 130 planes , Bi Ro Bong LST and Sung In Bong LST for humanitarian transport along with 520 members of the Korean Army . Spain 7006180000000000000 ♠ $1.8 million The Spanish government also chartered two flights that brought 35 tons of humanitarian aid to the disaster area . Switzerland 7006540000000000000 ♠ $5.4 million 21 tons of Emergency Assistance . Members of Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit sent . Taiwan 7005200000000000000 ♠ $200 thousand 680 tons of relief supplies . Estimated total amount of donated relief materials and money reached US $12.3 million as of mid-December . Taiwan , by Navy and Air Force , is the first country delivering relief supplies to Philippines . A 35 - person team organized by the Taiwan Root Medical Peace Corps arrived in the affected areas to provide free medical assistance . Aircraft from the Republic of China Air Force and Republic of China Navy vessel deployed with supplies . Thailand Humanitarian aid . Turkey Humanitarian supplies . United Arab Emirates 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10 million United Kingdom 7008131092123000000 ♠ $131 million Deployed HMS Daring and HMS Illustrious and Royal Air Force C - 130J - stationed in Cebu delivering over 235,000 of aid - and Royal Air Force Boeing C - 17 Globemaster III for Humanitarian Aid and Relief ( HADR ) efforts . United States 7007867000000000000 ♠ $86.7 million Deployed the USS George Washington ( CVN - 73 ) and her embarked carrier strike group , along with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit , embarked aboard the USS Ashland ( LSD 48 ) and USS Germantown ( LSD 42 ) , of Amphibious Squadron 11 . At its peak , the U.S. military efforts included more than 13,400 military personnel from the US Marine Corps , US Navy and US Air Force . 66 aircraft were involved in the mission including the fixed - wing C17 Globemaster , C - 130 Hercules , and MV - 22 Osprey , as well as HH - 60 helicopters. 12 U.S. Navy vessels responded in all . The US also deployed the United States Agency for International Development and Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance crisis response teams to oversee military operations , and coordinate the US government response with the government of the Philippines . Vietnam 7005100000000000000 ♠ $100 thousand Supranational bodies ( edit ) Debris littering the streets of Tacloban City on November 14 , nearly a week after the storm struck . Devastation in the town of Basey , Samar , where more than 300 individuals perished due to storm surge . The United Nations said it was going to increase critical relief operations as a result of the devastation caused by the typhoon . Its Manila office issued a statement that read , `` Access remains a key challenge as some areas are still cut off from relief operations . Unknown numbers of survivors do not have basic necessities such as food , water and medicines and remain inaccessible for relief operations , as roads , airports and bridges were destroyed or covered in wreckage . '' The United Nations also began relief operations by this time ; however , the severe damage to infrastructure hampered efforts to distribute supplies . The UN activated the Cluster System , in which groups of humanitarian organizations ( UN and non-UN ) work to restore health , shelter , nutrition and economic activity . The World Health Organization , which leads the Health Cluster , the largest one , has developed guidance on donations of medicine and healthcare equipment , so that the Philippines receives supplies appropriate for this emergency . According to WHO , many people suffered cuts , wounds , and broken bones during the disaster and others were injured in flooding that followed the typhoon . Interpol announced that they would send in Interpol officers from Lyon to help local law enforcement identify any of the corpses that are unidentified . The World Health Organization has spearheaded initiatives among help workers , especially from the Department of Health ( Philippines ) , in extending Psychological First Aid to people in typhoon - affected areas . WHO Representative in the country Dr Julie Hall foresees long - lasting effects from the typhoon . She calls for increased preparedness to give support to families and communities for the long - term , citing the need for more trained field workers . Celebrities , companies , and NGOs ( edit ) American band Journey donated $350,000 to help relief efforts in the Philippines , and its lead singer had a message for his homeland : `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' . Arnel Pineda ( the band 's Filipino vocalist ) and the rest of the band announced the donation on November 15 , 2013 . It will go to the United Nations World Food Programme , which is providing Filipinos with food assistance . The donation should provide 1.4 million meals . IKEA , Walmart , Samsung , and HSBC are among those taking advantage of the event to donate to those in need . Northwestern Mutual announced they will donate $100,000 to the American Red Cross . The Coca - Cola Company says they have donated $2.5 million of their advertising budget to the relief efforts as of November 25 . By mid-December FIFA donated $1 million . DHL deployed its Asia Pacific Disaster Response Team to the disaster areas to provide on - the - ground logistics support to assist with the relief effort in the aftermath of the devastating Typhoon Haiyan . Three rotating teams made up of volunteer employees from the Asia Pacific region were based at the Mactan Cebu Airport on Cebu island , providing support and assistance to the country 's most affected areas west of Leyte Island , including Guiuan , Roxas , and Tacloban city . Many smaller initiatives were founded as well - e.g. to prepare by donating to children a typhoon - ready backpack as floating device . U.S. Marines assisting in the Philippine disaster relief . Sixteen - time NBA Champions Los Angeles Lakers donated $150,000 to the Philippine Red Cross to aid the typhoon affected victims . During their home game against the Memphis Grizzlies , Kobe Bryant handed the check to the Junior NBA players representing the Philippines . His teammate , Pau Gasol , pledged to donate $1,000 per point to UNICEF with the directive to help victims of Super Typhoon Haiyan in the country as well . He scored 24 points in a won game against the Golden State Warriors . Major League Baseball donated $200,000 to UNICEF and the American Red Cross , with Commissioner Bud Selig encouraging fans to donate to the organizations . UNICEF delivered portable toilets and hygiene supplies to the region and also appealed for $34 million to help the four million children affected . The American Red Cross announced that they collected $11 million in donations for the Philippines Relief Fund . Mercy Corps dispatched a `` emergency response '' team to help with humanitarian efforts . MAP International launched medical relief efforts providing over $10 million in medicines and supplies to the Philippines . Among the NGO responses , among the most comprehensive disaster response came from the Taiwan - based `` Buddhist Tzu Chi Foundation '' . , which organized a large - scale cash - for - work program in Tacloban from Nov 20 to Dec 8 with up to 31,000 participants per day , totaling nearly 300,000 day shifts . This operation not only helped clean out the thousands of tons of debris covering the city , but also kick - started the local economy . Tzu Chi also contributed emergency cash aid of 8000 , 12000 or 15000 pesos depending on family size for over 60,000 families in the affected areas of Tacloban , Ormoc , Palo , Tanauan and Tunga , and has been providing free clinics , hot meals , and temporary class rooms for over 15 schools in the area . Doctors Without Borders is sending 200 tons of aid . The International Society for Krishna Consciousness 's Food For Life Global , the world 's largest vegan food relief organisation , raised money and provided vegan meals in the Philippines to Typhoon Haiyan survivors . Other NGOs run by faith - based organisations that raised money and / or aided in the disaster relief efforts of Typhoon Haiyan included Catholic Relief Services , Catholic Medical Mission Board ( CMMB ) , Adventist Development and Relief Agency ( ADRA ) , LDS Philanthropies , American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee ( AJJDC ) , Samaritan 's Purse , Salvation Army , Christian Children 's Fund of Canada , MAP International and World Vision . The Iglesia Ni Cristo ( INC ) , the largest indigenous Christian church based in the Philippines held series of massive relief distributions and medical and dental missions to affected population of the storm to different parts of Visayas . The humanitarian mission was done under the `` Lingap sa Mamamayan '' ( Aid for Humanity ) project in cooperation with the Felix Y . Manalo ( FYM ) Foundation Inc. , the INC 's charitable arm . The church conducted the largest walk for a cause in the world ( walkathon ) on February 15 , 2014 , dubbed as ' Iglesia Ni Cristo World Wide Walk for Those Affected by Typhoon Yolanda / Haiyan ' . The walk for a cause raised millions of money to help the victims of the super typhoon for the construction of their houses and shelters . The aim of the activity is to make the world understand that Haiyan survivors are still in dare need of help and financial assistance . Indeed , the worldwide walk caught the attention of the world when it breaks two Guinness world records as the largest charity walk in a single venue ( Manila , Philippines ) with 175,000 participants , and largest charity walk in 24 hours for multiple venues ( from Christchurch , New Zealand to Hawaii , USA ) in 13 time zones , 54 countries , 24 hours with 519 , 521 participants . Celebrities such as David and Victoria Beckham , Stephen Colbert , Kim Kardashian , David Guetta , and The X Factor contributed to the fundraising . On November 26 , iTunes released a compilation album entitled Songs for the Philippines featuring different artists , including Katy Perry , Madonna , Bob Dylan , and The Beatles . All proceeds will go to the Philippine Red Cross . OneRepublic donated $100,000 on November 30 , 2013 . Other celebrities that offered their support included Linkin Park , The Offspring , Alicia Keys , and Justin Bieber . On the day of his death , actor Paul Walker attended a charity event for his organization , Reach Out Worldwide , for the victims of the typhoon that was held right before his accident . On March 11 , 2014 , a benefit concert called The Pinoy Relief Benefit Concert was held at Madison Square Garden in New York , City . Jennifer Hudson , Pentatonix , A Great Big World , Plain White T 's , Jessica Sanchez , Charice and REO Brothers performed . Special guests also included Dr. Oz , Dante Basco , Bobby Lopez , Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Apl. de. ap. 100 % of proceeds raised directly went to the Typhoon Haiyan survivors . Pinoy Relief was created to help survivors and focus on three specific areas : restoring livelihoods , building classrooms and providing shelter in partnership with local NGOs , Habitat for Humanity Philippines and Operation Blessing Philippines . On March 13 , 2016 , former United States of America vice president Al Gore , visited Tacloban and delivered his speech in front of the survivors of Haiyan . He also dropped by at the MV Eva Jocelyn , a cargo ship that washed out inland during the typhoon and now converted into a memorial park . Politics involving aid relief ( edit ) First UK - funded humanitarian flight arrives at Mactan - Cebu International Airport . The island of Binuluanguan overflown by a helicopter from HMS Daring . The aid contributions of China and the United States were given focus with regards to their involvement in the politics of the Philippines . Apart from having the two largest economies in the world , both countries are involved in a complex relationship with the island country . China is currently disputing the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea with the Philippines while the United States used to be an occupying power and currently has a mutual defense treaty with the islands . China was initially criticized for its meager contribution of US $100,000 cash each from the government and the Chinese Red Cross to the typhoon victims , which led to commentary about its disputes with the Philippines . Earlier in 2013 , the Philippines sued China over the nine - dotted line . Commentators attribute this low amount to China 's intentions to isolate the Philippines while strengthening its ties with the rest of Southeast Asia . The move had mixed reactions from the public of China with some commending its decision while others , such as The Global Times , insisted that China should be a responsible power . China later increased its contributions by US $1.64 million in supplies and sent its naval hospital ship Peace Ark for disaster relief . '' The contributions of the United States was in contrast to that of China . It gave the Philippines an amount of US $51.9 million worth of aid apart and deployed the United States Marines , United States Navy and United States Air Force in order to assist with the humanitarian operations . This was seen by observers as part of the Asia pivot that the United States government had previously announced . The Philippine government had been discussing with the U.S. plans regarding the deployment of U.S. military troops within the country . Aid contributions of the U.S. was seen as a sign of goodwill in order to further strengthen relations . Vietnam ( edit ) Following Typhoon Haiyan 's landfall in Vietnam , widespread search and rescue missions took place in the affected provinces . Damage assessments were also conducted in 13 provinces to determine what aid was needed . The IFRC began distribution of relief supplies and assisted residents in returning home by November 12 . Operations regarding the aftermath of Typhoon Wutip were temporarily suspended due to Haiyan . Climate change ( edit ) Political leaders and climate scientists connected the typhoon to climate change , both at the time and subsequently and led to calls for climate justice . The 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference was coincidentally in progress when the typhoon struck and Yeb Saño , the lead negotiator of the Philippines delegation , received a standing ovation at the conference when he declared a hunger strike . In solidarity with my countrymen who are struggling to find food back home , I will now commence a voluntary fasting for the climate ; this means I will voluntarily refrain from eating food during this COP , until a meaningful outcome is in sight . -- Yeb Saño Several delegates , including American delegate Collin Reese , joined him in fasting . Sixty people from Climate Action Network , an umbrella group of environmental non-governmental organisations , also joined the hunger strike . The correlation between the increasing intensity of storms and the progression of climate change was discussed by climate scientists . `` Typhoons , hurricanes and all tropical storms draw their vast energy from the warmth of the sea . We know sea - surface temperatures are warming pretty much around the planet , so that 's a pretty direct influence of climate change on the nature of the storm , '' said Will Steffen , director of the Australian National University climate change institute . Myles Allen , head of the climate dynamics group at the University of Oxford , said that `` The current consensus is that climate change is not making the risk of hurricanes any greater , but there are physical arguments and evidence that there is a risk of more intense hurricanes . '' The Huffington Post made the point that the 70 % deforestation of the Philippines since 1900 , as reported by the national Forest Management Bureau , made far more lethal flooding from cyclones like Haiyan more likely . The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report had stated in September of the same year that `` Time series of cyclone indices such as power dissipation , an aggregate compound of tropical cyclone frequency , duration , and intensity that measures total wind energy by tropical cyclones , show upward trends in the North Atlantic and weaker upward trends in the western North Pacific since the late 1970s . '' In popular media ( edit ) A detailed analysis of Typhoon Haiyan and its destruction in the Philippines was featured in a documentary called Megastorm : World 's Biggest Typhoon . It aired on December 30 , 2013 on Discovery Channel . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal 2013 Bohol earthquake -- rocked Leyte 's neighboring islands of Bohol and Cebu less than a month before Haiyan struck Typhoons in the Philippines 1881 Haiphong typhoon Typhoon Axel ( Garding , 1994 ) -- last typhoon making landfall over Leyte before Haiyan Tropical Storm Thelma ( Uring ; 1991 ) -- second deadliest Philippine tropical cyclone Typhoon Son - Tinh ( Ofel , 2012 ) -- hit the same area a year ago and had a similar track with Haiyan Other most intense tropical cyclones Typhoon Tip ( Warling , 1979 ) -- strongest tropical cyclone based on pressure in recorded history Typhoon Rita ( Kading , 1978 ) Hurricane Patricia -- strongest tropical cyclone based on reliably measured maximum sustained winds in recorded history . Typhoon Nancy Typhoon Nora ( Luming , 1973 ) Typhoon Gay ( 1992 ) Typhoon Meranti Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Joint Typhoon Warning Center is a joint United States Navy -- United States Air Force task force that issues tropical cyclone warnings for the western Pacific Ocean and other regions . Jump up ^ The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean . Jump up ^ A super typhoon is defined as a tropical cyclone with one - minute sustained winds of at least 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) . Jump up ^ Total damages figure includes agriculture , infrastructure , casualties , etc. damages . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Why Typhoon Haiyan Caused So Much Damage ( Report ) . NPR . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Typhoon Haiyan death toll rises over 5,000 ( Report ) . BBC . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Final Report RE : Effects of Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) ( PDF ) ( Report ) . The Philippine National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . December 11 , 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joey Gabieta ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` More bodies turning up in Tacloban '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Asia News Network . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical Cyclones in 2013 '' . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mersereau , Dennis . `` At 200 MPH , Hurricane Patricia Is Now the Strongest Tropical Cyclone Ever Recorded '' . The Vane . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tacloban : City at the centre of the storm '' . BBC . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joint Typhoon Warning Center Mission Statement ( Report ) . 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Jump up ^ NDRRMC Advisory : Severe Weather Bulletin No. 01 re Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) ( PDF ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NDRRMC Advisory : Severe Weather Bulletin No. 02 re Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) ( PDF ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NDRRMC Advisory : Severe Weather Bulletin No. 04 re Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) ( PDF ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NDRRMC Advisory : Severe Weather Bulletin No. 04 - A ( Intermediate ) re Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) ( PDF ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . November 7 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ NDRRMC Advisory : Severe Weather Bulletin No. 5 re Typhoon `` Yolanda '' ( Haiyan ) ( PDF ) . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( Report ) . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellalyn B. De Vera & Aaron B. Recuenco ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Super Typhoon ' Yolanda ' may hit Visayas Friday '' . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ FR Jimenez ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` PNoy , nagbabala sa seryosong peligrong dala ng ' super typhoon ' na si ' Yolanda ' '' . GMA News . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joey Gabieta , Jani Arnaiz , Nestor Burgos , Doris Bongcac , Carla Gomez , Carmel Loise Matus and Jhunnex Napallacan ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Evacuation centers , rescue plans set in Visayas for supertyphoon Yolanda '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kristine Angeli Sabillo ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Aquino : PH ready to face supertyphoon ' Yolanda ' '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ANC ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Yolanda ' accelerates , signal number 4 up over parts of E. Visayas '' . ANC . Yahoo ! News Philippines . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Disaster Charter -- Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines ( Report ) . International Charter on Space and Major Disasters . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China issues higher Typhoon alert as Haiyan nears '' . People 's Daily . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` '' Massive destruction '' as Typhoon Haiyan kills at least 1,200 in Philippines , says Red Cross `` . Thomson Reuters Foundation . Reuters . November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typhoon Haiyan : Hundreds feared dead in Philippines '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Storm Surges by Typhoon Yolanda '' . Project NOAH . Department of Science and Technology . Jump up ^ `` TYPHOON HAIYAN LEAVES EASTERN SAMAR SURF COMMUNITY IN SHAMBLES '' . surfline.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coren , Anna ; Botelho , Greg ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Everything is gone ' in Guiuan , tropical paradise forever transformed by typhoon '' . CNN . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Some towns in Eastern Samar remain isolated '' . GMA News . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Aben , Elena L. ; Recuenco , Aaron B. ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` 1,200 dead or missing '' . Manila , Philippines : Manila Bulletin . 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November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Tran ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Philippines rescue services brace for devastation of typhoon Haiyan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frances Mangosing ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Manila loses contact with Roxas , Gazmin in Leyte '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staffs ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Super typhoon Haiyan shuts airports , flights cancelled across Philippines '' . News Corp Australia . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typhoon Haiyan Leaves 7 Dead in South China '' . China Radio International . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan affects over 1,200 Hainan villages '' . Xinhua News Agency . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Haiyan Storm Kills 8 in China , Devastates Farming '' . ABC News . Associated Press . November 12 , 2013 . 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Nick Paton Walsh and Anna Coren ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Typhoon Haiyan : Grief and hunger dominate amid survival struggle '' . CNN . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sunshine de Leon & Barbara Demick ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Desperation grows among Philippine survivors of Typhoon Haiyan '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kate Hodal ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Typhoon Haiyan : Philippines aid effort hampered by lawlessness '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gerry Mullany ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Overshadowed by Tacloban , Other Devastated Philippine Cities Fear Aid Will Not Come '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul Baylis & Te - Ping Chen ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` How One Philippine Town Avoided Calamity '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cris Larano ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Have Faith in Aid Donations , Say Philippine Officials '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zinnia Dela Peña ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' FAiTH ' for foreign aid '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cris Larano ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Philippines ' Aquino Appoints Past Senator to Helm Typhoon Rehab '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hazel P. Villa ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` DOH : Air pollution in Iloilo oil spill site at critical level '' . Rappler . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Napocor president assures Iloilo oil spill cleanup to abide by DOH recommendations '' . Philippines News Agency . Interaksyon . November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dennis Carcamo ( November 29 , 2013 ) . `` Group urges Iloilo fishermen to sue Napocor for oil leak '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Benzene from Iloilo oil spill reaches alarming level '' . ABS - CBN News . November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Philippines to plant more mangroves '' . The Straits Times . November 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ K. Villanoy ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mga residente ng Iloilo na apektado ng oil spill , pinauwi na sa kanilang mga tahanan '' ( in Filipino ) . DWIZ . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typhoon Haiyan slams into northern Vietnam '' . CBS News . Associated Press . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Curfew , armored vehicles in Tacloban '' . Rappler . Agence France - Presse . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Laude , Jaime ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Military foils NPA attempt to ambush relief convoy to Samar '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Red Cross says typhoon relief efforts being hampered by looters '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harlan , Chico ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Philippines reeling after historic typhoon '' . The Washington Post . pp. A1 , A20 . Jump up ^ `` Manila media cite inept typhoon aid effort '' . The Standard . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aquino under pressure over typhoon aid , U.S. carrier to arrive '' . Reuters . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Govt slow response hit '' . Manila Standard Today . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Philippines defends aid response '' . BBC . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Palace aware of slow relief : ' We 're moving ' '' . Rappler . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons from Yolanda : 4 ways to improve the retrieval and identification of bodies in disasters '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov 't stops ' Yolanda ' body count at 4,011 '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan death toll tops 6,000 in the Philippines '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yolanda death toll as high as 15,000 , priest says '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estimate Of Number Left Homeless By Typhoon Soars '' . NPR . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Tacloban survivors wait for aid '' . BBC News . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines typhoon : Aid effort gathers pace '' . BBC News . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exodus from hell : Residents flee typhoon - ravaged Tacloban '' . USA Today . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Philippines reflects on traumatic week '' . Financial Times . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Over 18,000 Haiyan survivors flock to Manila '' . Rappler . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia boosts Philippines aid to US $28 mil '' . The Sun Daily . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Australian emergency medical team heads for Philippines '' . ABC News . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Relief ship HMAS Tobruk leaves Townsville bound for the Philippines '' . News Corp Australia . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More foreign aid pour in for ' Yolanda ' victims '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release details '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bangladesh . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steun aan de Filippijnse bevolking '' ( in Dutch ) . Office of the Prime Minister of Belgium . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brunei sends emergency team to Philippines '' . The Brunei Times . November 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mackrael , Kim ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` Ottawa will match Canadians ' donations to Typhoon Haiyan relief efforts , minister says '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawa sending DART to Philippines after deadly storm '' . CTV News . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canada sending 3 military choppers to assist in Philippines relief effort '' . CTV News . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tamara Shephard ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` GlobalMedic responds to Philippine typhoon Haiyan '' . Etobicoke Guardian . Etobicoke Guardian . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connor , Kevin ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` Toronto medic , firefighter to help typhoon - devastated Philippines '' . Sun News Network . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Blanchfield ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Harper says Canada 's DART mission heading to Iloilo , Philippines '' . The Canadian Press . CTV News . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines Typhoon Victims Await Assistance As Latin America And U.S. Send Aid '' . Fox News Latino . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` China Increases Aid to Philippines '' . The New York Times . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` China 's Peace Ark departs for typhoon - hit Philippines '' . Xinhua News Agency . November 21 , 2013 . November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danish support to the Filipino victims of Typhoon Haiyan '' . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark increases its support to the victims of the Typhoon Haiyan '' . November 12 , 2013 . November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines : la logistique , un défi pour l'aide humanitaire française '' ( in French ) . L'Express . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia pledges $10 m in aid for the Philippines in wake of Typhoon Haiyan '' . ABC News . Agence France - Presse . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican gives $150,000 in emergency aid to PH '' . Agence France - Presse . Philippine Daily Inquirer . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of remarks by CE at media session ( with video ) '' . Hong Kong Government Information Centre . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HK $40 m boost for disaster relief fund approved , ensuring aid for typhoon '' . South China Morning Post . November 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tsang , Emily ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Disaster fund too rigid to offer timely help in Philippines , say charities '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland to Send ISK 12.3 Million to the Philippines '' . Iceland Review . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Akinyemi , Aron ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` India Launches Relief Effort for Typhoon Haiyan Victims '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Primanita , Arientha ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Indonesia Sends $2 m Typhoon Haiyan Aid to Philippines '' . Jakarta Globe . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia to Send Typhoon Aid to Philippines '' . Jakarta Globe . November 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pelepasan Misi Kemanusiaan PMI Untuk Filipina '' ( in Indonesian ) . Indonesian Red Cross . November 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : UN launches $301 m Philippines aid appeal Aid at a glance '' . BBC . 12 November 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hutton , Brian . `` Irish aid arriving in Philippines '' . Irish Independent . Press Association . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Munguia , Hayley ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` IsraAID sends medical team to Philippines to help after monster storm '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines typhoon Haiyan -- a million euro in aid from Italy '' . Ako ay Pilipino . November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan triples Philippines aid package to over $30 million '' . GMA News . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Damage in the Philippines ( Dispatch of Assessment Team ) '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Japan sends first major deployment of relief troops '' . The Straits Times . November 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Belford , Aubrey ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` Aid flows to typhoon survivors as Philippines struggles to rebuild '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan MSDF relief ship arrives near typhoon - hit island in Philippines '' . GlobalPost . Kyodo News . November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kuwait to send $10 mn in urgent aid '' . Gulf Times . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hani Shamira Shahrudin ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` USD 1 million aid from Malaysia to the Philippines '' . New Straits Times . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia sends RM4. 2mil aid to typhoon - ravaged Philippines '' . The Star . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysian Red Crescent to send team to help Haiyan victims '' . New Straits Times , AsiaOne . November 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Melissa Goh ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Malaysia 's Filipino community sends relief aid to those affected by Typhoon Haiyan '' . Channel NewsAsia . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soo Wern Jun ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mercy teams land in the Philippines '' . The Sun Daily . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Stevens ; Jethro Mullen & Greg Botelho ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Aid , troops head to typhoon - ravaged Philippines , but will it be enough ? '' . CNN . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NZ to donate another $2.9 m to Haiyan victims '' . The New Zealand Herald . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : NZ Air Force airlifts survivors to safety '' . The New Zealand Herald . November 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bent Tandstad ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` -- Situasjonen på Filippinane er desperat '' ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vegard Tjørhom ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Noreg gir nye millionar til tyfonofre '' ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Norwegian Training Center Manila sends vessel to Tacloban with relief goods '' . Norwegian Embassy in Manila . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enorm interesse for norsk skip - Nyheter , tv og radio fra hele verden '' ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Norwegian Training Center Manila sends vessel to Tacloban with relief goods '' . Norwegian Embassy in Manila . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Artistdugnad for Filippinene - NRK - Kultur og underholdning '' ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . November 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Samlet inn 24 millioner kroner med fakkeltog og konsert - VG Nett om Filippinene '' ( in Norwegian ) . VG Nett . November 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 nye millioner til Filippinene '' ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Panama to send humanitarian aid to Philippines '' . The Global Times . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar Sends Urgent Aid To The Philippines '' . Bernama . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Russian emergencies ministry sends rescuers and doctors to typhoon - hit Philippines '' . Voice of Russia . November 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's Emergencies Ministry opens Philippines typhoon hotline - News - World - The Voice of Russia : News , Breaking news , Politics , Economics , Business , Russia , International current events , Expert opinion , podcasts , Video '' . Voice of Russia . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia offers $10 million aid for typhoon - hit Philippines '' . Al Arabiya . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saudia Cargo delivers aid to distressed Filipinos '' . Saudi Gazette . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Christa Case ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Why Arab presidents and princes are pledging millions to Philippines in typhoon Haiyan aid ( + video ) '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dollar - for - Dollar Matching for All Donations to Singapore Red Cross Typhoon Haiyan Relief Appeal '' . Singapore Red Cross . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SAF sends relief supplies to the Philippines , helps in evacuation '' . Channel NewsAsia . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rescue South Africa Disaster Response Team '' . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Ministry Attends a Donors ' Pledging Session to Help the Philippines Recover from Typhoon Haiyan '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` S. Korea to offer 5 mln USD in aid for typhoon - hit Philippines '' . Xinhua News Agency . China Internet Information Center . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean soldiers check relief goods for victims of Typhoon Haiyan , loaded on a South Korean Air Force C - 130 cargo plane before it leaves for Tacloban airport in central Philippines , at Seoul military airport in Seongnam '' . Reuters . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean naval ships carrying relief cargo depart for Philippines '' . Yonhap news english . Yonhap news . December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean troops in PHL to help with Yolanda rehabilitation '' . GMA news . December 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spain sends P80M aid for typhoon relief '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland allocates CHF 6 million to victims of Typhoon Haiyan '' . Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Love and Empathy Transcend Boundaries : Relief Aid Extended by Taiwan to the Philippines in Wake of Typhoon Haiyan , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Taiwan , December 2013 Jump up ^ `` World comes to aid of Haiyan victims '' . Bangkok Post . November 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 中 和 艦 菲律賓 人道 救援 紀實 '' ( in Chinese ) . Central News Agency . November 29 , 2013 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Govt to help Philippines storm victims '' . Bangkok Post . November 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's Humanitarian Aid Reaches to Philippines - Philippines ReliefWeb '' . ReliefWeb . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christa Case Bryant ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Why Arab presidents and princes are pledging millions to Philippines in typhoon Haiyan aid '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK to send ship to help Philippines , David Cameron announces '' . BBC . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HMS Daring arrives in Philippines to aid Typhoon Haiyan victims '' . BBC . November 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British carrier HMS Illustrious to aid typhoon victims '' . BBC . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klapper , Bradley ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Official : 5 Americans killed in Philippines typhoon ; US ups humanitarian aid to $37 million '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super-Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) '' . United States Agency for International Development . November 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan leaves 1,774 dead , ' hideous ' destruction '' . CNN . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Tom ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Newly sworn in US ambassador to Philippines heads to typhoon - ravaged country to coordinate massive humanitarian aid mission '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ JTF 505 ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` JTF 505 disestablished '' . US Embassy Manila . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ USAID ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` USAID Typhoon Haiyan Infographic '' . US Agency for International Development . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Matthew ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` USAID Secretary of State John Kerry announces $25 M in new aid for typhoon - ravaged Philippines '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typhoon Haiyan : Philippines declares state of calamity '' . BBC News . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World responds : Even equally typhoon - weary Vietnam sends aid '' . Agence France - Presse . Philippine Daily Inquirer . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yap , Cecilia , Guinto , Joel & Bennett , Simeon ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` UN Rushes Aid as Typhoon Haiyan Leaves Philippines Counting Dead '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Philippines : Typhoon Haiyan Situation Report No. 22 '' ( PDF ) . OCHA. 10 December 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Relief arriving in the Philippines , challenges for delivery persist '' . World Health Organization . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interpol sends expertise team for typhoon - stricken Philippines '' . Azeri - Press Agency . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WHO recommendations for mental health support in emergencies shared with DoH '' . December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Journey donates $350 K in Typhoon Haiyan relief '' . KGO - TV . Associated Press . November 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TYPHOON DEVASTATION '' . USA Today . November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : China gives less aid to Philippines than Ikea '' . The Guardian . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northwestern Mutual aids Philippines with $100,000 grant to American Red Cross '' ( Press release ) . Northwestern Mutual . PR Newswire . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Eleanor ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Coke Suspends Ad Campaign For Best Reason You Could Imagine '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Football : FIFA gives US $1 m aid for Philippines football '' . Channel News Asia . December 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DHL deploys Disaster Response Team to support Philippines relief and recovery effort following Typhoon Haiyan '' . Transglobal express . November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taclob - Give a child a typhoon - ready backpack '' . betterplace.org -- Change the world with your donation . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Helping Philippine Super Typhoon Victims '' . nbclosangeles.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Win , Gasol Donates $24,000 to Philippines '' . nbclosangeles.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Baseball donates $200,000 to support disaster relief efforts in Philippines '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cha , Frances ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` World Toilet Day aims to improve sanitation for 2.5 billion '' . CNN . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohan , Josh ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Red Cross : Philippines Relief Fund Tops $11 Million '' . ABC News . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Read , Richard ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Portland - based Mercy Corps sends team responding to Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World comes to aid of Haiyan victims '' . News24 . Agence France - Presse . November 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` URGENT Help Needed for Survivors of Typhoon Haiyan '' . Hare Krishna Food for Life . November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Food for Life serving hot vegan pasta to kids in the Philippines '' . Hare Krishna Food for Life . November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson , Christopher & Grubb , Jennifer ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` How to help Typhoon Haiyan survivors '' . CNN . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ November 15 , 2013 . `` Emergency Relief for Typhoon Haiyan '' . LDS Philanthropies . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` INC conducts second phase of massive relief distributions in Leyte '' . November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` INC conducts relief , medical mission in Tacloban '' . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iglesia Ni Cristo conducts last leg of relief distribution for Yolanda survivors in Hernani , Samar '' . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` INC to Stage the Largest Worldwide Walk for Yolanda ( Haiyan ) Survivors '' . January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide walk For Yolanda / Haiyan Victims ( Charities and Fundraising ) '' . February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved Feb 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iglesia ni Cristo 's Worldwide Walk breaks 2 Guinness world records '' . Philippine News Agency . February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leslie Ann Aquino ( February 15 , 2014 ) . `` INC smashes Guinness Record '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Beckhams clothes sale prompts queues '' . BBC News . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lu , Anne ( November 18 , 2013 ) . `` Stephen Colbert Mocks China 's Donation To Philippines , Raises Over $100 K For Haiyan Victims ( VIDEO ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Kardashian eBays her old clothes to help Philippines typhoon victims ... but donates just 10 % of the proceeds to charity '' . The Daily Mail . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta shows # love for Philippines '' . USA Today . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines Helped by Voting and Downloads on X Factor '' . Las Vegas Guardian Express . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Desta , Yohana ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` New album uses hit songs to aid Philippines '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OneRepublic donate to Philippines relief efforts '' . Daily Express . November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Linkin Park , Offspring to Play Fundraising ' Concert for the Philippines ' '' . Billboard . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : Singer Alicia Keys visits refugees in Philippines '' . The Straits Times . November 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber sings for Typhoon Haiyan victims '' . The Daily Telegraph . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast and Furious ' star Paul Walker dies in car accident '' . CNN . November 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charice , Jessica Sanchez others in NYC Yolanda relief concert '' . Rappler.com . March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pinoy Relief Benefit Concert @ Madison Square Garden -- Empowering Typhoon Victims to Get Back on Their Feet '' . AsianJournal.com . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Gore visits ' Yolanda ' ground zero '' . ABS - CBN News . March 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US gives , China withholds in Philippine crisis '' . Asia Times . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan , the Philippines , the United States , and China '' . Council of Foreign Relations . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amid territorial spat with Manila , China 's paltry offer of typhoon aid threatens global image '' . Fox News . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Philippine aid controversy '' . BBC News . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China to Philippines : Here , Have a Measly $100,000 in Aid '' . Time . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Haiyan : U.S. , Britain Send Warships to Philippines as New Weather Disturbance Threatens Relief Operations '' . The International Business Times . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yamada , Seiji ( 2017 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Hearts and Minds : Typhoon Yolanda / Haiyan and the Use of Humanitarian Assistance / Disaster Relief to Further Strategic Ends '' . Social Medicine . 11 ( 2 ) : 76 -- 83 . ISSN 1557 - 7112 . Jump up ^ `` The US Disaster Relief Mission In The Philippines Has Big Strategic Implications '' . The Business Insider . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Borenstein , Seth ( 29 November 2015 ) . `` Global warming seen as more concrete , urgent problem since Kyoto '' . PBS Newshour . Associated Press . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Yamada , Seiji ; Galat , Absalon ( Oct 2014 ) . `` Typhoon Yolanda / Haiyan and Climate Justice '' . Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 8 ( 5 ) : 432 -- 435 . ISSN 1935 - 7893 . doi : 10.1017 / dmp. 2014.97 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Matt ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Typhoon prompts ' fast ' by Philippines climate delegate '' . BBC . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan Chua ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` More delegates on hunger strike at UN climate talks '' . ABS - CBN News . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Is climate change to blame for Typhoon Haiyan ? '' . The Guardian . November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change This Week : Super Typhoon , Calls to Action , and More ! '' . The Huffington Post . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Megastorm : World 's Biggest Typhoon '' ( Press release ) . Discovery Channel . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Haiyan : 10 deadliest typhoons in Philippines '' . Agence France - Presse . The Daily Telegraph . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 5 tropical cyclones have caused most deaths in the Philippines '' . Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Typhoon Haiyan ( 2013 ) . General information about the typhoon JMA General Information of Typhoon Haiyan ( 1330 ) from Digital Typhoon Super Typhoon Haiyan from Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies Past Positions and Intensities of Typhoon Haiyan ( as of 20 : 00 HKT on November 11 , 2013 ) from the Hong Kong Observatory Compilation of satellite imagery and mapping products , pre - and post-disaster from UN-SPIDER Severe Weather Bulletin for Typhoon YOLANDA ( HAIYAN ) by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council General information about the response operation in the Philippines Assessing the Response to Typhoon Yolanda / Haiyan : Hearing before the Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations , United States Senate , One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , First Session , November 19 , 2013 Latest humanitarian response information via ReliefWeb Response to the crisis via FAO in emergencies Media coverage of Typhoon Haiyan 's destruction in the Philippines MULTIMEDIA REPORT : ' The Sea Washed it Away ' : On the Ground After Typhoon Haiyan by The Weather Channel IMAGES : Haiyan before and after the storm by BBC Typhoon Haiyan coverage by CBS News Typhoon Yolanda updates and coverage by Rappler Relief operations of the Government of the Philippines Updates : Typhoon Yolanda by the Government of the Philippines Foreign Aid Transparency Hub ( FAiTH ) -- Transparency portal by the Government of the Philippines Others Typhoon Yolanda Person Finder by Google Retired Pacific typhoon names Pre 2000 's Lucille ( 1960 ) , Ophelia ( 1960 ) , Karen ( 1962 ) , Bess ( 1974 ) , Bess ( 1982 ) , Ike ( 1984 ) , Roy ( 1988 ) , Mike ( 1990 ) , Mireille ( 1991 ) , Thelma ( 1991 ) , Omar ( 1992 ) 2000s 2001 : Vamei 2002 : Chataan , Rusa , Pongsona 2003 : Imbudo , Maemi 2004 : Sudal , Rananim 2005 : Matsa , Nabi , Longwang 2006 : Chanchu , Bilis , Saomai , Xangsane , Durian 2009 : Morakot , Ketsana , Parma 2010s 2010 : Fanapi 2011 : Washi 2012 : Vicente , Bopha 2013 : Sonamu , Utor , Fitow , Haiyan 2014 : Rammasun 2015 : Soudelor , Mujigae , Koppu , Melor 2016 : Meranti , Sarika , Haima , Nock - ten Typhoon names retired by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration 1960s Dading Welming 1970s Pitang Sening Titang Yoling Wening Didang Atang Kading 1980s Nitang Undang Sisang Herming Unsang Yoning 1990s Ruping Uring Rosing Iliang Loleng 2000s Gloria Harurot Unding Violeta Winnie Milenyo Reming Cosme Frank Ondoy Pepeng 2010s Juan Katring Bebeng Juaning Mina Pedring Sendong Pablo Labuyo Santi Yolanda Glenda Jose Mario Ruby Seniang Lando Nona ( Nonoy ) Karen Lawin Nina Tropical cyclones of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season Timeline STS Sonamu TD Bising TS Shanshan TD TD TS Yagi TD TD TS Leepi TS Bebinca STS Rumbia TY Soulik TS Cimaron TD TD STS Jebi TS Mangkhut TY Utor TD TD TD 13W STS Trami STS Pewa TS Unala TD 03C STS Kong - rey TD TD TD TD TS Yutu STS Toraji TY Man - yi TD 18W TY Usagi STS Pabuk TD TD TD TD TY Wutip TS Sepat TY Fitow TY Danas TD TD TD Phailin TY Nari TY Wipha TY Francisco TD 27W TY Lekima TY Krosa TD Wilma TY Haiyan ( history ) TS Podul TD TD TD Lehar TD 33W Book Portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Typhoon_Haiyan&oldid=805616277 '' Categories : Typhoon Haiyan 2013 disasters in China 2013 disasters in the Philippines 2013 in Palau 2013 in Taiwan 2013 in the Federated States of Micronesia 2013 in Vietnam 2013 Pacific typhoon season Retired Pacific typhoons Typhoons in China Typhoons in Palau Typhoons in Hong Kong Typhoons in Taiwan Typhoons in the Federated States of Micronesia Typhoons in the Philippines Typhoons in Vietnam Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Use mdy dates from January 2016 Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles to be split from September 2017 All articles to be split Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with a promotional tone from February 2016 All articles with a promotional tone Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 15 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did typhoon haiyan hit the philippines 2013 | [
"At 2040 UTC on November 7, Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in Guiuan, Eastern Samar at peak intensity.[18] The JTWC's unofficial estimate of one-minute sustained winds of 305 km/h (190 mph) would, by that measure, make Haiyan the most powerful storm ever recorded to strike land.[19] Interaction with land caused slight degradation of the storm's structure, though it remained an exceptionally powerful storm when it struck Tolosa, Leyte around 2300 UTC.[20] The typhoon made four additional landfalls as it traversed the Visayas:[21] Daanbantayan, Bantayan Island, Concepcion, and Busuanga Island."
] | [
"At 2040 UTC on November 7"
] |
-3280963377494034044 | List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States | List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy ( retiring July 31 , 2018 ) Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States . Its membership , as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices , any six of whom would constitute a quorum . Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate . Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014 . The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution , which stipulated that the `` judicial Power of the United States , shall be vested in one supreme Court '' together with any lower courts Congress may establish . Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 . It specified the Court 's original and appellate jurisdiction , created thirteen judicial districts , and fixed the number of justices at six ( one chief justice and five associate justices ) . Since 1789 , Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court , historically in response to the country 's own expansion in size . An 1801 act would have decreased the Court 's size to five members upon its next vacancy . However , an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred , maintaining the Court 's size at six members . Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807 , to nine in 1837 , and to ten in 1863 . An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court 's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies , and two vacancies did occur during this period . However , before a third vacancy occurred , the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened , restoring the Court 's size to nine members , where it has remained since . While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life , many have retired or resigned . Beginning in the early 20th century , many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether . A retired justice , according to the United States Code , is no longer a member of the Supreme Court , but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court , and many retired justices have served in these capacities . Historically , the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years . However , since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current justices of the Supreme Court 2 All justices of the Supreme Court 2.1 Notes 3 Timelines 3.1 All justices 3.2 Current justices 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court ; listed in order of seniority , they are : John Roberts , Chief Justice since September 29 , 2005 Age 7004231780000000000 ♠ 63 Anthony Kennedy , Associate Justice since February 18 , 1988 Age 7004299400000000000 ♠ 81 Clarence Thomas , Associate Justice since October 23 , 1991 Age 7004255870000000000 ♠ 70 Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Associate Justice since August 10 , 1993 Age 7004311660000000000 ♠ 85 Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice since August 3 , 1994 Age 7004291870000000000 ♠ 79 Samuel Alito , Associate Justice since January 31 , 2006 Age 7004249400000000000 ♠ 68 Sonia Sotomayor , Associate Justice since August 8 , 2009 Age 7004233940000000000 ♠ 64 Elena Kagan , Associate Justice since August 7 , 2010 Age 7004212600000000000 ♠ 58 Neil Gorsuch , Associate Justice since April 10 , 2017 Age 7004185810000000000 ♠ 50 All justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 113 persons have served on the Court . William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court -- 36 years , 211 days , and Thomas Johnson 's 163 day tenure is the shortest . Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice , and later appointed chief justice separately : Charles Evans Hughes , William Rehnquist , John Rutledge , Harlan F. Stone , and Edward Douglass White . While listed twice , each of them has been assigned only one index number . The justices of the Supreme Court are : Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) NY Chief Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days George Washington John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 15 , 1790 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) 7002382000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 17 days William Cushing ( 1732 -- 1810 ) MA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 2 , 1790 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) 7003752700000000000 ♠ 20 years , 223 days James Wilson ( 1742 -- 1798 ) PA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) 7003324200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 320 days 5 John Blair ( 1732 -- 1800 ) VA Associate Justice New seat September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) February 2 , 1790 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003209100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 265 days 6 James Iredell ( 1751 -- 1799 ) NC Associate Justice New seat February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 7003344800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 161 days 7 Thomas Johnson ( 1732 -- 1819 ) MD Associate Justice J. Rutledge November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) August 6 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 days 8 William Paterson ( 1745 -- 1806 ) NJ Associate Justice T. Johnson March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) March 11 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 7003492800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 181 days John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC Chief Justice Jay December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days 9 Samuel Chase ( 1741 -- 1811 ) MD Associate Justice Blair January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) 7003561300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 135 days 10 Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) CT Chief Justice J. Rutledge March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days 11 Bushrod Washington ( 1762 -- 1829 ) VA Associate Justice Wilson December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) November 9 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) 7004113390000000000 ♠ 31 years , 17 days John Adams 12 Alfred Moore ( 1755 -- 1810 ) NC Associate Justice Iredell December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) April 21 , 1800 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 7003137500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 280 days 13 John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) VA Chief Justice Ellsworth January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( Died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days 14 William Johnson ( 1771 -- 1834 ) SC Associate Justice Moore March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) 7004110460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 89 days Thomas Jefferson 15 Henry Brockholst Livingston ( 1757 -- 1823 ) NY Associate Justice Paterson December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) 7003590100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 57 days 16 Thomas Todd ( 1765 -- 1826 ) KY Associate Justice New seat March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) 7003691600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 341 days 17 Gabriel Duvall ( 1752 -- 1844 ) MD Associate Justice S. Chase November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) 7003845100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 50 days James Madison 18 Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) MA Associate Justice Cushing November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) 7004122730000000000 ♠ 33 years , 219 days 19 Smith Thompson ( 1768 -- 1843 ) NY Associate Justice Livingston December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) 7003741300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 108 days James Monroe 20 Robert Trimble ( 1776 -- 1828 ) KY Associate Justice Todd May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) June 16 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) 7002801000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 70 days John Quincy Adams 21 John McLean ( 1785 -- 1861 ) OH Associate Justice Trimble March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) January 11 , 1830 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) 7004114060000000000 ♠ 31 years , 83 days Andrew Jackson 22 Henry Baldwin ( 1780 -- 1844 ) PA Associate Justice Washington January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) January 18 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) 7003520700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 94 days 23 James Moore Wayne ( 1790 -- 1867 ) GA Associate Justice W. Johnson January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) 7004118600000000000 ♠ 32 years , 172 days 24 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) MD Chief Justice J. Marshall March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days 25 Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783 -- 1841 ) VA Associate Justice Duvall March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) May 12 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) 7003175000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 289 days 26 John Catron ( 1786 -- 1865 ) TN Associate Justice New seat March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) May 1 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) 7004102560000000000 ♠ 28 years , 29 days 27 John McKinley ( 1780 -- 1852 ) AL Associate Justice New seat September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) January 9 , 1838 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) 7003530500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 192 days Martin Van Buren 28 Peter Vivian Daniel ( 1784 -- 1860 ) VA Associate Justice Barbour March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) January 10 , 1842 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) 7003671600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 142 days 29 Samuel Nelson ( 1792 -- 1873 ) NY Associate Justice Thompson February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) February 27 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) 7004101360000000000 ♠ 27 years , 275 days John Tyler 30 Levi Woodbury ( 1789 -- 1851 ) NH Associate Justice Story January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) September 23 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) 7003217200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 346 days James K. Polk 31 Robert Cooper Grier ( 1794 -- 1870 ) PA Associate Justice Baldwin August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) August 10 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) 7003857500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 174 days 32 Benjamin Robbins Curtis ( 1809 -- 1874 ) MA Associate Justice Woodbury December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) 7003218200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 355 days Millard Fillmore 33 John Archibald Campbell ( 1811 -- 1889 ) AL Associate Justice McKinley March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) April 11 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) 7003294100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 19 days Franklin Pierce 34 Nathan Clifford ( 1803 -- 1881 ) ME Associate Justice Curtis January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) January 21 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) 7003858600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 185 days James Buchanan 35 Noah Haynes Swayne ( 1804 -- 1884 ) OH Associate Justice McLean January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) January 27 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) 7003693700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 363 days Abraham Lincoln 36 Samuel Freeman Miller ( 1816 -- 1890 ) IA Associate Justice Daniel July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) July 21 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) 7004103110000000000 ♠ 28 years , 84 days 37 David Davis ( 1815 -- 1886 ) IL Associate Justice Campbell December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) December 10 , 1862 -- March 4 , 1877 ( Resigned ) 7003519800000000000 ♠ 14 years , 84 days 38 Stephen Johnson Field ( 1816 -- 1899 ) CA Associate Justice New seat March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) May 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 7004126240000000000 ♠ 34 years , 205 days 39 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) OH Chief Justice Taney December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days 40 William Strong ( 1808 -- 1895 ) PA Associate Justice Grier February 18 , 1870 ( No vote recorded ) March 14 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) 7003392800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 275 days Ulysses S. Grant 41 Joseph Philo Bradley ( 1813 -- 1892 ) NJ Associate Justice New seat March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) March 23 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) 7003797500000000000 ♠ 21 years , 305 days 42 Ward Hunt ( 1810 -- 1886 ) NY Associate Justice Nelson December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) January 9 , 1873 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) 7003330500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 18 days 43 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) OH Chief Justice S.P. Chase January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days 44 John Marshall Harlan ( 1833 -- 1911 ) KY Associate Justice Davis November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) December 10 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) 7004123600000000000 ♠ 33 years , 308 days Rutherford B. Hayes 45 William Burnham Woods ( 1824 -- 1887 ) GA Associate Justice Strong December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) January 5 , 1881 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) 7003232000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 129 days 46 Stanley Matthews ( 1824 -- 1889 ) OH Associate Justice Swayne May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) May 17 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) 7003286600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 309 days James Garfield 47 Horace Gray ( 1828 -- 1902 ) MA Associate Justice Clifford December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) January 9 , 1882 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) 7003755300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 249 days Chester A. Arthur 48 Samuel Blatchford ( 1820 -- 1893 ) NY Associate Justice Hunt March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) April 3 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003411300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 95 days 49 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( 1825 -- 1893 ) MS Associate Justice Woods January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) January 18 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 5 days Grover Cleveland 50 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) IL Chief Justice Waite July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days 51 David Josiah Brewer ( 1837 -- 1910 ) KS Associate Justice Matthews December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) January 6 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003738500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 81 days Benjamin Harrison 52 Henry Billings Brown ( 1836 -- 1913 ) MI Associate Justice Miller December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) January 5 , 1891 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) 7003598600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 143 days 53 George Shiras , Jr . ( 1832 -- 1924 ) PA Associate Justice Bradley July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) 7003378700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 136 days 54 Howell Edmunds Jackson ( 1832 -- 1895 ) TN Associate Justice L. Lamar February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) March 4 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) 7002887000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 157 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Associate Justice Blatchford February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) March 12 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003612400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 281 days Grover Cleveland 56 Rufus Wheeler Peckham ( 1838 -- 1909 ) NY Associate Justice H. Jackson December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) January 6 , 1896 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) 7003503900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 291 days 57 Joseph McKenna ( 1843 -- 1926 ) CA Associate Justice Field January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) January 26 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) 7003984000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 345 days William McKinley 58 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . ( 1841 -- 1935 ) MA Associate Justice Gray December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) December 8 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) 7004106270000000000 ♠ 29 years , 35 days Theodore Roosevelt 59 William R. Day ( 1849 -- 1923 ) OH Associate Justice Shiras February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) March 2 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days 60 William Henry Moody ( 1853 -- 1917 ) MA Associate Justice Brown December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) December 17 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 7003143400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 338 days 61 Horace Harmon Lurton ( 1844 -- 1914 ) TN Associate Justice Peckham December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1910 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) 7003166500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 204 days William Howard Taft 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Associate Justice Brewer May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 7003207000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 244 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA Chief Justice Fuller December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days 63 Willis Van Devanter ( 1859 -- 1941 ) WY Associate Justice E.D. White December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1911 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) 7003964700000000000 ♠ 26 years , 150 days 64 Joseph Rucker Lamar ( 1857 -- 1916 ) GA Associate Justice Moody December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) January 3 , 1911 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 364 days 65 Mahlon Pitney ( 1858 -- 1924 ) NJ Associate Justice J. Harlan March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) March 18 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) 7003394000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 288 days 66 James Clark McReynolds ( 1862 -- 1946 ) TN Associate Justice Lurton August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) October 12 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003960800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 111 days Woodrow Wilson 67 Louis Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) KY Associate Justice J. Lamar June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) June 5 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) 7003828800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 253 days 68 John Hessin Clarke ( 1857 -- 1945 ) OH Associate Justice Hughes July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) October 9 , 1916 -- September 18 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003217000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 344 days 69 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) CT Chief Justice E.D. White June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 70 George Sutherland ( 1862 -- 1942 ) UT Associate Justice Clarke September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) October 2 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) 7003558600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 107 days 71 Pierce Butler ( 1866 -- 1939 ) MN Associate Justice Day December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) January 2 , 1923 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) 7003616200000000000 ♠ 16 years , 318 days 72 Edward Terry Sanford ( 1865 -- 1930 ) TN Associate Justice Pitney January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) February 19 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) 7003257400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 17 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Associate Justice McKenna February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) March 2 , 1925 -- July 2 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003596600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 122 days Calvin Coolidge 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY Chief Justice Taft February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 74 Owen Josephus Roberts ( 1875 -- 1955 ) PA Associate Justice Sanford May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) June 2 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) 7003553800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 59 days 75 Benjamin N. Cardozo ( 1870 -- 1938 ) NY Associate Justice Holmes February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) March 14 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) 7003230800000000000 ♠ 6 years , 117 days 76 Hugo Black ( 1886 -- 1971 ) AL Associate Justice Van Devanter August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) August 19 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7004124470000000000 ♠ 34 years , 29 days Franklin D. Roosevelt 77 Stanley Forman Reed ( 1884 -- 1980 ) KY Associate Justice Sutherland January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) January 31 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 7003696500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 25 days 78 Felix Frankfurter ( 1882 -- 1965 ) MA Associate Justice Cardozo January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) January 30 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) 7003861100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 210 days 79 William O. Douglas ( 1898 -- 1980 ) CT Associate Justice Brandeis April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) April 17 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 7004133600000000000 ♠ 36 years , 211 days 80 Frank Murphy ( 1890 -- 1949 ) MI Associate Justice Butler January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) February 5 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003345200000000000 ♠ 9 years , 164 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY Chief Justice Hughes June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days 81 James F. Byrnes ( 1882 -- 1972 ) SC Associate Justice McReynolds June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) 7002452000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 87 days 82 Robert H. Jackson ( 1892 -- 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Stone July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 7003483800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 90 days 83 Wiley Blount Rutledge ( 1894 -- 1949 ) IA Associate Justice Byrnes February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) February 15 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003239900000000000 ♠ 6 years , 207 days 84 Harold Hitz Burton ( 1888 -- 1964 ) OH Associate Justice O. Roberts September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) October 1 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) 7003476000000000000 ♠ 13 years , 12 days Harry S. Truman 85 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) KY Chief Justice Stone June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days 86 Tom C. Clark ( 1899 -- 1977 ) TX Associate Justice Murphy August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) August 24 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 7003650100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 292 days 87 Sherman Minton ( 1890 -- 1965 ) IN Associate Justice W. Rutledge October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) 7003256000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 3 days 88 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) CA Chief Justice Vinson March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 89 John Marshall Harlan II ( 1899 -- 1971 ) NY Associate Justice R. Jackson March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) March 28 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7003602300000000000 ♠ 16 years , 179 days 90 William J. Brennan ( 1906 -- 1997 ) NJ Associate Justice Minton March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) October 16 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) 7004123300000000000 ♠ 33 years , 277 days 91 Charles Evans Whittaker ( 1901 -- 1973 ) MO Associate Justice Reed March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) March 25 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 6 days 92 Potter Stewart ( 1915 -- 1985 ) OH Associate Justice Burton May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) 7003829800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 262 days 93 Byron White ( 1917 -- 2002 ) CO Associate Justice Whittaker April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) 7004113960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 73 days John F. Kennedy 94 Arthur Goldberg ( 1908 -- 1990 ) IL Associate Justice Frankfurter September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) October 1 , 1962 -- July 25 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 7003103100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 300 days 95 Abe Fortas ( 1910 -- 1982 ) TN Associate Justice Goldberg August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) 7003131800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 222 days Lyndon B. Johnson 96 Thurgood Marshall ( 1908 -- 1993 ) NY Associate Justice Clark August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 7003876500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 364 days 97 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) VA Chief Justice Warren June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon 98 Harry Blackmun ( 1908 -- 1999 ) MN Associate Justice Fortas May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) 7003882100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 55 days 99 Lewis F. Powell Jr . ( 1907 -- 1998 ) VA Associate Justice Black December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) 7003564900000000000 ♠ 15 years , 170 days 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) AZ Associate Justice J. Harlan II December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003537600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 262 days 101 John Paul Stevens ( born 1920 ) IL Associate Justice Douglas December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) 7004126110000000000 ♠ 34 years , 192 days Gerald Ford 102 Sandra Day O'Connor ( born 1930 ) AZ Associate Justice Stewart September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days Ronald Reagan 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) VA Chief Justice Burger September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days 103 Antonin Scalia ( 1936 -- 2016 ) VA Associate Justice Rehnquist September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) 7004107320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 140 days 104 Anthony Kennedy ( born 1936 ) CA Associate Justice Powell February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) February 18 , 1988 -- Incumbent 7004111030000000000 ♠ 30 years , 145 days 105 David Souter ( born 1939 ) NH Associate Justice Brennan October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) 7003683800000000000 ♠ 18 years , 263 days George H.W. Bush 106 Clarence Thomas ( born 1948 ) GA Associate Justice T. Marshall October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent 7003976000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 263 days 107 Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( born 1933 ) NY Associate Justice B. White August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent 7003910300000000000 ♠ 24 years , 337 days Bill Clinton 108 Stephen Breyer ( born 1938 ) MA Associate Justice Blackmun July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent 7003874500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 344 days 109 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) MD Chief Justice Rehnquist September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003467000000000000 ♠ 12 years , 287 days George W. Bush 110 Samuel Alito ( born 1950 ) NJ Associate Justice O'Connor January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent 7003454600000000000 ♠ 12 years , 163 days 111 Sonia Sotomayor ( born 1954 ) NY Associate Justice Souter August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent 7003326100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 339 days Barack Obama 112 Elena Kagan ( born 1960 ) MA Associate Justice Stevens August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 7003289700000000000 ♠ 7 years , 340 days 113 Neil Gorsuch ( born 1967 ) CO Associate Justice Scalia April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) April 10 , 2017 -- Incumbent 7002459000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 94 days Donald Trump Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice , and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice . ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process . ^ Jump up to : State of residence at the time of appointment . For example , in 1971 , Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona , but in 1986 , when elevated to chief justice , he was appointed from Virginia . Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office , with the end date being the date of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted , and remained in office . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , May 19 -- July 11 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , February 3 -- 24 , 1930 . ^ Jump up to : While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Van Devanter received and accepted his first -- in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , June 30 -- July 3 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , April 22 -- June 24 , 1946 , and again , under 62 Stat. 869 , September 8 -- October 5 , 1953 . ^ Jump up to : While Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Powell received and accepted his first -- in accordance with 62 Stat. 869 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869 , September 3 -- 29 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : As of July 13 , 2018 . Timelines ( edit ) All justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court . Information regarding each justice 's predecessors , successors and fellow justices , as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned ( and comparisons between justices drawn ) from it . Additionally , The progression of presidents , along with the number of justices each nominated , is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context . Regarding the associate justice seat numbers , due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789 , two of the ten seats chronicled below -- `` Seat 7 '' and `` Seat 5 '' -- have been abolished , both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 . Current justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice 's tenure on the Court . See also ( edit ) List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office Law of the United States List of courts of the United States List of national supreme courts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2014 ) . Landmark Legislation 1774 -- 2012 : Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . CQ Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2005 ) . `` Judiciary Act of 1869 '' . In Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 548 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article III '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year 's end '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Federal Judges in U.S. See $25,000 More as Salary Freeze Falls '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About The Supreme Court '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Stacking the Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Dems ' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim '' . CBS News . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice John G. Roberts , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Anthony M. Kennedy '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Clarence Thomas '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Stephen G. Breyer '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Samuel Anthony Alito , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Sonia Sotomayor '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Elena Kagan '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Neil M. Gorsuch '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Biographies of Justices Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice : John Roberts Associate Justices : Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Marshal Supreme Court Police Reporter of Decisions Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction Burial places of justices The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Lists of Justices of High Courts of the United States List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( Chief Judges ) ( Assoc . Judges ) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma ( Civil ) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ( Civil ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=849984907 '' Categories : Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Lists of United States Supreme Court justices Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Lietuvių Polski Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 19 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the current justices of the u.s. supreme court | [
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte",
"This article is part of the series on theUnited StatesSupreme Court\nThe Court\nDecisions\nProcedure\nHistory\nCourt Building\n\nCurrent membership\nChief Justice\nJohn Roberts\nAssociate Justices\nAnthony Kennedy (retiring July 31, 2018)\nClarence Thomas\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nStephen Breyer\nSamuel Alito\nSonia Sotomayor\nElena Kagan\nNeil Gorsuch\nRetired Associate Justices\nJohn Paul Stevens\nSandra Day O'Connor\nDavid Souter\n\nAll members\nList of all justices\nby court\nby seat\nby time in office\nby education\nList of Chief Justices\nList of Associate Justices\nSpecialty lists\nAll nominations\nUnsuccessful nominations\nNominations late in presidency\nCourt demographics\nJustices who served in Congress\nIdeological leanings of justices\n\nCourt functionaries\nClerks\nReporter of Decisions\nMarshal of the Court\nSupreme Court Police\n\nOther countries\nLaw Portalvte"
] | [
"John Roberts",
"Anthony Kennedy",
"Clarence Thomas",
"Ruth Bader Ginsburg",
"Stephen Breyer",
"Samuel Alito",
"Sonia Sotomayor",
"Elena Kagan",
"Neil Gorsuch"
] |
474338111734902669 | The Originals (TV series) | The Originals ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Originals ( TV series ) The Originals Genre Horror Fantasy Supernatural Created by Julie Plec Starring Joseph Morgan Daniel Gillies Claire Holt Phoebe Tonkin Charles Michael Davis Daniella Pineda Leah Pipes Danielle Campbell Yusuf Gatewood Riley Voelkel Danielle Rose Russell Steven Krueger Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 92 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Julie Plec Michael Narducci ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Leslie Morgenstein Gina Girolamo Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) My So - Called Company Alloy Entertainment CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) -- August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) Chronology Related shows The Vampire Diaries Legacies External links Website The Originals is an American television series that began airing on The CW on October 3 , 2013 . Created as a spin - off of The Vampire Diaries , the series follows vampire - werewolf hybrid Klaus Mikaelson as he and his family become embroiled in the supernatural politics of New Orleans . On May 10 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season . On July 20 , 2017 , it was announced by series creator Julie Plec ahead of Comic Con that the series ' fifth season would be its last . The final season debuted on April 18 , 2018 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 The Originals : The Awakening 7 Novels 8 Spin - off 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Series overview ( edit ) The Originals , a spin - off from The Vampire Diaries , centers around three of the Mikaelson siblings : Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) , Elijah ( Daniel Gillies ) , and Rebekah ( Claire Holt ) . The Mikaelson family is called `` the Originals '' as they are the first vampires to ever exist . Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson is a descendant of a witch and a werewolf , and his quest to unleash his hybrid nature was detailed in The Vampire Diaries . The backdoor pilot , which aired on April 25 , 2013 , also revealed that the werewolf Hayley ( Phoebe Tonkin ) is pregnant with Klaus 's child . The series begins with the Original siblings returning to the city of New Orleans for the first time since 1919 , where a pregnant Hayley has also settled . Having originally built the city , they had been forced to abandon it when fleeing from their vengeful father . In their absence , Klaus 's protégé , Marcel ( Charles Michael Davis ) , took charge of the city . Klaus resolves that they must take down Marcel and get back the city that once belonged to them . While doing that they must also protect their city from a war brewing between vampires , werewolves , and witches . Over time , new and old friendships are formed , love is in the air , death surrounds them , and the Originals learn more about their own family past . The first season describes how Klaus 's mystical child is going to be born and speaks of the threats that the Originals together must keep her safe from . The second season deals with the return of Klaus and his siblings ' parents , and the arrival of an aunt who threatens the baby 's life . The third season shows the Mikaelsons facing both a prophecy that speaks of their downfall , and the first - sired vampires who have wanted revenge for a millennium . The fourth season jumps ahead five years , with the Mikaelsons returning to New Orleans and having to face a reawakened ancient menace set on destroying anything in its path . The fifth and final season of the series takes place seven years after the fourth season , with Hope now being a teenager at a school for supernatural children , the Salvatore Boarding School for the Young and Gifted . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Originals characters Joseph Morgan as Niklaus `` Klaus '' Mikaelson : The self - proclaimed King of New Orleans and the Original Hybrid : half - Original Vampire and half - werewolf . As the son of a witch and a werewolf plus being a vampire by magic , Klaus is one of the most ruthless and feared supernatural beings in history but also has a soft spot for his family . He is the father of Hayley 's daughter , Hope , and is the adoptive father of Marcel , also his former protégé . He eventually develops feelings for Cami . Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson : An Original Vampire and Klaus 's older maternal half - brother . He is shown to be extremely suave , always sporting a suit , and relatively level - headed compared to Klaus 's more heated tendencies . He harbors romantic affections for Hayley . Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson ( main season 1 ; special guest star season 2 -- 5 ) : An Original Vampire and Klaus 's younger maternal half - sister . She is Klaus 's favorite and the youngest of the Mikaelson siblings after the death of Henrik . At one time , she was in a romantic relationship with Marcel . Despite her unwavering love for her family , she desires to find love and start a family of her own , which is complicated by her family name and vampire status . She eventually leaves New Orleans to pursue a simpler life outside of her family . Holt departs the main cast near the end of season 1 , but has guest starred sporadically in every season since . Maisie Richardson - Sellers portrayed Rebekah during the second half of season 2 and one episode of season 3 , when Rebekah possessed witch Eva Sinclair 's body . Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall : Originally a werewolf , later hybrid , who conceived a daughter with Klaus named Hope . She is revealed to be the long - lost Alpha of her werewolf bloodline . Later , she rises to become the Alpha of the entire Crescent pack when the Alphas of all the other bloodlines bow down before her . She is initially reluctant to be involved with the Mikaelsons , but is eventually accepted into the family and accepts them in return . She reciprocates Elijah 's romantic feelings , but marries Jackson Kenner in order to unite their packs . Charles Michael Davis as Marcel Gerard : A vampire , now enhanced Original Vampire , and former slave . He was turned by Klaus , his adoptive father and former mentor . He has a romantic past with both Rebekah and Cami . His relationship with the Mikaelsons is complicated as a result of his history with them as well as philosophical differences . They are often adversarial as Klaus and Marcel constantly struggle for power over New Orleans . He rescues Davina from being sacrificed and takes her under his wing as his adoptive daughter . Daniella Pineda as Sophie Deveraux ( main season 1 ) : A powerful witch of the French Quarter . Leah Pipes as Camille O'Connell ( main seasons 1 -- 3 ; special guest star season 4 -- 5 ) : A human therapist for Klaus whom he is later affectionate toward , though she was briefly romantically involved with Marcel . Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire ( main seasons 1 -- 3 ; special guest star season 4 -- 5 ) : A powerful young witch and Marcel 's adoptive daughter who becomes Regent of all witch covens in New Orleans . She does n't much care for the Mikaelsons and seeks to destroy them with Marcel 's help , until she unknowingly falls in love with one . Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith ( guest star season 1 ; main season 2 -- 5 ) : A witch once possessed by Finn , the eldest brother among the Mikaelson siblings . He is the ex-husband of Eva Sinclair , the witch Rebekah possessed . He succeeds Davina as Regent of all witch covens in New Orleans . Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson ( recurring season 2 ; main season 3 -- 5 ) : Klaus 's long - lost maternal older half - sister , Freya is an immensely powerful and skilled thousand - year - old witch , former immortal , and the eldest of the Mikaelson siblings . Danielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson ( main season 5 ) , the teen - aged daughter of Klaus and Hayley , and who is an extremely powerful supernatural being as she holds the three-fold lineage of vampire , werewolf , and witch . Steven Krueger as Joshua `` Josh '' Rosza ( recurring seasons 1 -- 4 ; main season 5 ) , a visitor to New Orleans who is soon turned into a vampire . He befriends Davina , and later serves as Marcel 's lieutenant . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Originals episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 22 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 5 13 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) Production ( edit ) On January 11 , 2013 , it was announced that a backdoor pilot focused on the Originals , starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus and titled The Originals would air sometime in April for a potential series pick - up for the 2013 -- 2014 season . On April 26 , 2013 , The Originals was confirmed for a full series . This second spin - off attempt will be overseen by Julie Plec , with no involvement by Kevin Williamson . The Originals was officially picked up by The CW on April 26 , 2013 , for the 2013 -- 14 season . Season one of The Originals was set to premiere on Tuesday , October 15 . However , on July 29 , 2013 , The CW announced that the series premiere would instead air on October 3 , 2013 , following the fifth - season premiere of The Vampire Diaries in order to attract fans of the series . On October 10 , 2013 , the CW ordered three additional scripts for the series . On November 11 , 2013 , the CW decided to order a full season for The Originals . Following her March 11 episode Claire Holt left the main cast . Holt confirmed that she will be returning to the show , but she needs to spend time with her family first . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) 2.21 May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 1.76 2013 -- 14 149 2.61 1.6 / 4 Monday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) 1.37 May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 1.19 2014 -- 15 172 1.81 0.9 / 3 Thursday 9 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 9 ) Friday 9 : 00 pm ( 10 -- 22 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) 0.89 May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) 0.85 2015 -- 16 181 1.44 0.6 / 2 Friday 8 : 00 pm 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) 1.05 June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 0.80 2016 -- 17 TBD TBD TBD 5 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 13 April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 0.97 August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 0.86 2017 -- 18 188 1.36 0.6 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Refs 2014 Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Single - Camera Series Colleen Labaff , Kimberley Spiteri Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actor in a New Series Joseph Morgan Won Favorite New TV Drama The Originals Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated Choice TV Actress Fantasy / Sci - Fi Claire Holt Nominated 2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Liplock Joseph Morgan & Leah Pipes Nominated Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated 2018 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Commercial Television Kurt Jones ( Episode : `` Bag of Cobras '' ) Nominated People 's Choice Awards The Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show of 2018 The Originals Pending Teen Choice Awards Choice Fantasy / Sci - Fi Series The Originals Nominated Choice TV Actor Fantasy / Sci - Fi Joseph Morgan Nominated The Originals : the Awakening ( edit ) See also : List of The Originals episodes § The Originals : The Awakening The Originals : The Awakening is a webseries . The series explores the character Kol Mikaelson and his relationships with his siblings . Flashing back to 1914 , Kol is on a quest to form an alliance with the witches of the French Quarter . Awakening gives answers to some questions about Kol 's past , including the origins of his rivalry with his family and the unique backstory he has with the New Orleans witches . Each webisode is approximately two minutes long . Novels ( edit ) On January 27 , 2015 , the first book in a series of novels based on the show was released . The Rise , The Loss , and The Resurrection make up the three novels in The Originals series written by Julie Plec . Spin - off ( edit ) Main article : Legacies ( TV series ) In August 2017 , it was announced that a spin - off focusing on Hope Mikaelson , the daughter of Klaus and Hayley , was in development . Julie Plec , co-creator of The Vampire Diaries and creator of The Originals , wrote the script and is credited with creating the series . In January 2018 , it was revealed that filming for the pilot would go into production in the second quarter of 2018 . It was announced in March 2018 that the spin - off was in fact ordered to pilot , but instead of a traditional pilot , Plec would be delivering a fifteen - minute pilot presentation of the series to The CW . It was also announced that The Vampire Diaries veteran Matt Davis would star in the project along with Aria Shahghasemi , Quincy Fouse , Jenny Boyd , and Kaylee Bryant . Shahghasemi will debut in the fifth season of The Originals as Hope 's friend Landon . On May 11 , 2018 , it was announced that the spin - off , titled Legacies , was ordered to series for the 2018 -- 19 season . The show will center around `` a 17 - year - old Hope , along with Alaric 's twin daughters , and other young witches , vampires , and werewolves '' as they come of age at the Salvatore Boarding School for the Young and Gifted . See also ( edit ) Vampire film List of vampire television series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Moves Up ' The Originals ' Premiere to Follow ' The Vampire Diaries ' + ' Supernatural ' Gets Earlier Start '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Originals ' & ' iZombie ' Renewed By The CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Originals ' to End After Season 5 on The CW '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ julieplec ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` An announcement ... # TheOriginals '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The CW Midseason Schedule Update '' . The Futon Critic . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Originals Season 4 Promo Features ( Spoiler ) 's Shocking ' Return ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danielle Campbell Is Returning to The Originals For a Visit '' . E ! Online . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Orders Backdoor Pilot for ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff , ' The Originals ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; Philiana Ng ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff ' The Originals ' in the Works at CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Shows Renewed 2013 -- ' Hart of Dixie , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Kenneally ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` The CW sets fall premieres : ' Tomorrow People , ' ' The Originals ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Orders Additional Scripts for The Originals , Tomorrow People and Reign '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` CW Gives Full - Season Orders To Freshman Series ' The Originals ' , ' The Tomorrow People ' & ' Reign ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` Claire Holt Quits ' The Originals ' -- Rebekah 's Last Episode Season 1 - TVLine '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Originals at PaleyFest : The Cast Talks Elijah 's Undoing , Klaroline , Whether Rebekah Will Return , and More '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Monday , October 6 Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Scorpion ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusted up , low CW premieres hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' finale adjusts up , ' Originals ' and ' Masters of Illusion ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Originals ' premiere and others hold , final NCAA Tournament numbers : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' rerun adjusts up , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Riverdale ' down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' reruns adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Nominations '' . Emmy Awards . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 : The winners list '' . CNN . January 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners : Full List '' . Variety . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crist , Allison ; Nordyke , Kimberly ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual ASC Awards - February 17 . 2018 '' . American Society of Cinematographers . February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 People 's Choice Awards : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! News . September 5 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Originals : The Rise : Julie Plec : 9780373788897 : Amazon.com : Books '' . amazon.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Originals Series '' . barnesandnoble.com . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , August 2 '' . The Futon Critic . August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ducote , Jonathan . `` The Originals Spinoff - Ordered to Pilot ? '' . The TV Ratings Guide . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' TVD / The Originals ' Universe Spinoff : Matt Davis & Danielle Rose Russell Lead Cast of Hope - Centric Series In Works At the CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` The CW picks up Legacies , the Hope - centric Originals spin - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Originals ( TV series ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Originals ( TV series ) Official website The Originals on IMDb The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies The CW original programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society The L.A. Complex Life Sentence Life Unexpected Lifechangers MADtv The Messengers Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The Originals The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Robert Irvine Show The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People Valor A Wicked Offer WWE Saturday Morning Slam Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) All American ( since 2018 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Black Lightning ( since 2018 ) Charmed ( since 2018 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) Dynasty ( since 2017 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legacies ( since 2018 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Outpost ( since 2018 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Upcoming In the Dark ( TBA ) Roswell , New Mexico ( TBA ) Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Originals_(TV_series)&oldid=865837181 '' Categories : The Originals 2010s American drama television series 2013 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings American fantasy television series American horror fiction television series American supernatural television series American television spin - offs The CW shows Dark fantasy television series English - language television programs Serial drama television series Television series about siblings Television series by Alloy Entertainment Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in New Orleans Television shows filmed in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Vampires in television Werewolves in television Witchcraft in television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 14 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many seasons is there in the originals | [
"The Originals\nGenre\n\nHorror\nFantasy\nSupernatural\nCreated by\nJulie PlecStarring\n\nJoseph Morgan\nDaniel Gillies\nClaire Holt\nPhoebe Tonkin\nCharles Michael Davis\nDaniella Pineda\nLeah Pipes\nDanielle Campbell\nYusuf Gatewood\nRiley Voelkel\nDanielle Rose Russell\nSteven Krueger\nComposer(s)\nMichael SubyCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n5No. of episodes\n92 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producer(s)\n\nJulie Plec\nMichael Narducci (seasons 1–4)\nLeslie Morgenstein\nGina Girolamo\nRunning time\n45 minutesProduction company(s)\n\nMy So-Called Company\nAlloy Entertainment\nCBS Television Studios\nWarner Bros. Television\nDistributor\nWarner Bros. Television DistributionReleaseOriginal network\nThe CWOriginal release\nOctober 3, 2013 (2013-10-03) – August 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)ChronologyRelated shows\nThe Vampire DiariesLegaciesExternal links\nWebsite"
] | [
"5"
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6416511843168255767 | 1st century | 1st century - wikipedia 1st century Jump to : navigation , search Millennium : 1st millennium Centuries : 1st century BC 1st century 2nd century Timelines : 1st century BC 1st century 2nd century State leaders : 1st century BC 1st century 2nd century Decades : 0s 10s 20s 30s 40s 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s Categories : Births -- Deaths Establishments -- Disestablishments Eastern Hemisphere in AD 50 , in the middle of the first century Eastern Hemisphere in AD 100 , at the end of the first century The 1st century was the century that lasted from AD 1 to AD 100 according to the Julian calendar . It is often written as the 1st century AD or 1st century CE to distinguish it from the 1st century BC ( or BCE ) which preceded it . The 1st century is considered part of the Classical era , epoch , or historical period . During this period , Europe , North Africa and the Near East fell under increasing domination by the Roman Empire , which continued expanding , most notably conquering Britain under the emperor Claudius ( AD 43 ) . The reforms introduced by Augustus during his long reign stabilized the empire after the turmoil of the previous century 's civil wars . Later in the century the Julio - Claudian dynasty , which had been founded by Augustus , came to an end with the suicide of Nero in AD 68 . There followed the famous Year of Four Emperors , a brief period of civil war and instability , which was finally brought to an end by Vespasian , ninth Roman emperor , and founder of the Flavian dynasty . The Roman Empire generally experienced a period of prosperity and dominance in this period and the First Century is remembered as part of the Empire 's golden age . The 1st century saw the appearance of Christianity . China continued to be dominated by the Han Dynasty , despite a fourteen - year interruption by the Xin dynasty under Wang Mang . Han rule was restored in AD 23 ; Wang Mang 's rule represents the watershed between the Western / Former Han and the Eastern / Later Han . The capital was also moved from Chang'an to Luoyang . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regional events and politics 2 Events 3 Significant people 3.1 Literature 3.2 Science and philosophy 4 Inventions , discoveries , introductions 5 References Regional events and politics ( edit ) Western Europe : Celtic , Germanic , Saami and Finnic tribal chiefdom and the Roman Empire Eastern Europe : Roman Empire , Dacian , Sarmatian , Venedae and Balt tribal chiefdoms North Africa : Roman Empire , Garamantes , Mauri , Libyan and Gaetulian tribal chiefdoms West Africa : Gur , Kwa , Soninke and Mande tribal chiefdoms Central Africa : Bantu tribes , collapsing Nok culture Nok civilization East Africa : Kingdom of Kush , Kingdom of Blemmyes , Kingdom of Aksum Southern Africa : Bantu tribes , Khoisan . Western Asia : Roman and Parthian Empires , Sabaean and Arabian Kingdoms , smaller tribes . Central Asia : Kushan Empire , Sarmatian , Dahae and other Iranian tribal chiefdoms South Asia : Kushan Empire , Western Satraps , Satavahana Empire , Dravidian Kingdoms , Kingdom of Kalinga , Indo - Parthian Kingdom , Zhangzhung . Southeast Asia : Mandala of city - states , Kingdom of Funan East Asia : Han Dynasty , Yamatai , Xiongnu and Xianbei tribal chiefdoms , Three Kingdoms of Korea ( Goguryeo , Baekje and Silla ) . North America : Central America : Mayan , Teotihuacan and Zapotec civilizations . Caribbean : South America : Nazca , Moche civilizations , Tairona tribal chiefdoms . Events ( edit ) The skeleton called the `` Ring Lady '' unearthed in Herculaneum , one of the victims of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 Early 1st century -- Augustus of Primaporta , ( perhaps a copy of a bronze statue of ca . 20 BC ) , is made . It is now kept in Musei Vaticani , Braccio Nuovo , Rome . Early 1st century -- Gemma Augustea is made . It is now kept at Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna . Early 1st century -- House of the Silver Wedding , Pompeii , is built . Excavated in 1893 , the year of the silver wedding anniversary of Italy 's King Humbert and his wife , Margherita of Savoy , who have supported archaeological fieldwork at Pompeii . Early 1st century - Inner shrine , Ise , Mie , Mie Prefecture , is built . Yayoi period . AD 1 : Lions became extinct in Western Europe . AD 2 : First census of China , the census is one of the most accurate in Chinese history . AD 6 : Census of Quirinius . AD 7 : Prince Cunobeline of Catuvellauni defeats the Trinovantes in England and establishes his capital at Camulodunum ( modern - day Colchester ) . AD 9 : Three Roman legions were ambushed and destroyed at Teutoberg Forest by Germans under the leadership of Arminius . AD 9 : Prince Cunobeline is crowned King of Catuvellauni , his Kingdom dominates Southern England . AD 9 -- 23 : Wang Mang temporarily overthrew the Han dynasty of China . AD 9 -- 23 : Xin dynasty . AD 14 : Augustus Caesar , first emperor of Rome , dies . His adopted son , stepson and son - in - law Tiberius is his successor . AD 25 : The Han dynasty is restored by Liu Xiu who proclaims himself Emperor Guangwu of Han . AD 28 -- 75 : Emperor Ming of Han , Buddhism reaches China . Humans arrive on Pentecost Island and establish the Bunlap tribe , among others . c . AD 29 : Jesus begins his ministry ( traditional date ) . c . AD 33 : The Crucifixion of Jesus ( traditional date ) . c . AD 33 -- 36 : Conversion of Paul the Apostle . AD 40 : Succession crisis erupts at King Cunobeline 's court and his exiled younger son Prince Adminius flees to the court of Caligula in Rome . AD 40 : Emperor Caligula plans to invade Britain , but forgets to bring an army , he instead declares war upon the sea , whipping it and taking shells as prisoners . AD 40 -- 43 : Revolts erupts in Vietnam by the Trung sisters . AD 42 : King Cunobeline dies , his son Caratacus becomes King . He and his brother conquer much of South - Eastern England , expanding territory into Atrebates , driving out King Verica . King Verica travels to Rome to the court of Claudius to help reclaim his throne . AD 43 : Roman conquest of Britain begins . London is founded ( although it could have existed centuries before this date ) . AD 44 : Death of Herod Agrippa . AD 41 -- 54 : Rachias , an ambassador sent from Sri Lanka to the court of Claudius . Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka first write down Buddha 's teachings , creating the Pali canon . The regions of present - day Afghanistan , Pakistan and North India come under the control of the Kushans , a nomadic people forced out of northwest China by the Han Dynasty . Tacitus mentions the Suiones , who will one day be called the Swedes . Kaundinya , an Indian brahmin marries Soma and establishes the pre-Angkor Cambodian Kingdom of Funan . The Goths settle in northern Poland , which they called Gothiscandza , and shape the Wielbark culture . c . AD 50 : Christian Council of Jerusalem . Mid-1st century -- Wall niche , from garden in Pompeii , is made . It is now kept at Fitzwilliam Museum , University of Cambridge , England . Mid-1st century -- Detail of a wall painting in the House of M. Lucretius Fronto , Pompeii , is made . AD 58 -- 88 : Rule of Ming and Zhang . AD 60 : Queen Boudica of The Iceni in England launches a rebellion against The Romans . Tens of thousands die and the Roman army is massively damaged . The Rebellion fails and Boadicea commits suicide by poisoning herself . Three major cities are obliterated . AD 64 : Great Fire of Rome , first Roman mass Persecution of Christians , earliest significant recognition of Christians in Rome . AD 66 -- 73 : First Jewish - Roman War . AD 69 : Cartimandua , Queen of the Brigantes in Northern England , is overthrown in a civil war . Her unpopular alliance with Rome , the betrayal of Caratacus and her love for someone other than her husband are the three reasons which led to her demise . The Action enraged the Romans so much that they conquered and annexed The Kingdom . AD 70 : destruction of Herod 's Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus . AD 79 : Pompeii and Herculaneum destroyed by eruption of Mount Vesuvius . AD 80 : The Colosseum is finished . Jewish Council of Jamnia . Spread of the Roman Empire , reaches largest size under Trajan . Late 1st century -- Cityscape , detail of a Second Style wall painting from a bedroom in the House of Publius Fannius Synistor , Boscoreale , is made . It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York . The painting `` Alexander the Great confronts Darius III at the Battle of Issos '' , detail of mosaic floor decoration from Pompeii , Italy is made . It is a Roman copy after a Greek painting of c. 310 BC , perhaps by Philoxenos or Helen of Egypt . It is now at Museo Archeologico Nazionale , Naples , Italy . Late 1st century -- Bedroom , from the House of Publius Fannius Synistor , Boscoreale is made . It is reconstructed with later furnishings at The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York . Late 1st century -- Seascape , detail of a wall painting from Villa Farnesina , Rome , is made . Late 1st century -- Young Woman Writing , detail of a wall painting , from Pompeii , is made . It is now kept at Museo Archeologico Nazionale , Naples . Late 1st century -- Mausoleum under Construction , relief from the tomb of the Haterius family , Via Labicana , Rome , is made . It is now kept at Musei Vaticani , Museo Gregoriano Profano , ex Lateranese , Rome . Late 1st century -- Middle - Aged Flavian Woman , is made . It is now kept at Musei Vaticani , Museo Gregoriano Profano , ex Lateranese , Rome . c . Late 1st century - early 2nd century -- Buddha and Attendants , from Katra Keshavdev , Mathura , Madhya Pradesh , India , is made . Kushan period . It is now kept at Mathura Museum . 1st - 2nd centuries - Tomb model of a house , is made . Eastern Han dynasty . It is now kept at The Nelson - Atkins Museum of Art , Kansas City , Missouri . Significant people ( edit ) Augustus Antonia Minor Caligula Claudius Vespasian Seneca the Younger Plutarch Antonia Minor , Roman noblewoman , mother of Germanicus and Claudius Arminius , Germanic military leader Augustus Caesar ( Gaius Octavius ) , first emperor of Rome Ban Chao , Chinese general Boudica , Celtic Briton leader Caligula ( Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ) ( Caligula ) , emperor of Rome Gnaeus Julius Agricola , Roman general Livilla ( Claudia Livia Julia ) , Roman noblewoman Claudia Octavia , empress of Rome Claudius ( Tiberius Claudius Nero ) , emperor of Rome Clement I of Rome , pope of Rome Decebalus , king of Dacia Domitian ( Titus Flavius Domitianus ) , emperor of Rome Galba ( Servius Sulpicius Galba ) , emperor of Rome Gan Ying , Chinese ambassador to Rome Germanicus ( Nero Claudius Drusus ) , Roman general Guangwu of Han , emperor of China Heraios , Kushan chieftain Hillel the Elder , Jewish religious leader Ignatius of Antioch , bishop of Antioch James the Just , Christian apostle Jesus of Nazareth John the Baptist , religious prophet of Christianity and Islam Julia Agrippina , empress of Rome , mother of Nero Kujula Kadphises , Kushan ruler Livia Drusilla , first empress of Rome Ma Yuan , Chinese general Ming of Han , Chinese emperor Nero Claudius Caesar ( Nero ) , emperor of Rome Marcus Cocceius Nerva , emperor of Rome Marcus Salvius Otho , emperor of Rome Paul of Tarsus , Christian apostle Publius Quinctilius Varus , Roman general Saint Peter , Christian apostle , first pope of Rome Polycarp , bishop of Smyrna Pontius Pilate , Roman procurator of Judea Lucius Aelius Seianus , Roman statesman Thomas the Apostle , Christian apostle Tiberius ( Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar ) , emperor of Rome Titus ( Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus ) , emperor of Rome Trajan ( Marcus Ulpius Traianus ) , emperor of Rome Trung Sisters , Vietnamese rebel leaders Vespasian ( Titus Flavius Vespasianus ) , emperor of Rome Vitellius , emperor of Rome Valeria Messalina , empress of Rome Vipsania Agrippina Major , Roman noblewoman , mother of Caligula Wang Mang , Chinese official , founding emperor of the short - lived Xin dynasty Yuan An , Chinese statesman Zhang of Han , emperor of China Literature ( edit ) Martial ( Marcus Valerius Martialis ) , Roman poet Methodios I of Constantinople , Roman hagiographer , saint and patriarch Ovid ( Publius Ovidius Naso ) , Roman poet Petronius ( Gaius Petronius Arbiter ) , Roman poet Phaedrus , Roman fabulist of Macedonian origin Pliny the Elder ( Gaius Plinius Secundus ) , Roman writer , commentator and naturalist Pliny the Younger ( Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus ) , Roman writer and lawyer Lucius Annaeus Seneca , Roman writer , philosopher and statesman Silius Italicus ( Tiberius Catius Asconius Silius Italicus ) , Roman poet Statius ( Publius Papinius Statius ) , Roman poet Valerius Maximus , Roman writer Science and philosophy ( edit ) Aulus Cornelius Celsus , Roman encyclopaedist Apollonius of Tyana , Greek philosopher Ban Biao , Chinese historian Ban Gu , Chinese historian Ban Zhao , Chinese historian Columella ( Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella ) , Roman writer on agriculture Hero of Alexandria , Greek mathematician and engineer Josephus ( Titus Flavius Josephus ) , Jewish - Roman scholar and historian Livy ( Titus Livius Patavinus ) , Roman historian Philo of Alexandria , Jewish Hellenistic philosopher Plutarch , Greek historian and biographer Rabbi Akiva , Jewish tannaim theologian Strabo , Greek geographer , philosopher and historian Tacitus ( Gaius Cornelius Tacitus ) , Roman historian Quintilian ( Marcus Fabius Quintilianus ) , Roman rhetorician Quintus Asconius Pedianus , Roman historian Quintus Curtius Rufus , Roman historian Yochanan ben Zakkai , Jewish tannaim theologian Wang Chong , Chinese philosopher Inventions , discoveries , introductions ( edit ) Codex , the first form of the modern book , appears in the Roman Empire AD 78 : the beginning of the Saka Era used by South Asian calendars . Bookbinding Various inventions by Hero of Alexandria , including the steam turbine ( aeolipile ) , water organ , and various other water - powered machines . AD 31 : the Han Dynasty Chinese engineer and statesman Tu Shih ( d . AD 38 ) from Nanyang invented the first - known hydraulic - powered bellows to heat the blast furnace in smelting cast iron . He used a complex mechanical device that was powered by the rushing current against a waterwheel , a practice that would continue in China . Although Philo of Byzantium described the saqiya chain pump in the early 2nd century BC , the square - pallet chain pump was innovated in China during this century , mentioned first by the philosopher Wang Chong around AD 80 . Wang Chong also accurately described the water cycle in meteorology , and argued against the mainstream ' radiating influence ' theory for solar eclipses , the latter of which was accepted by many , including Zhang Heng . The Chinese astronomer Liu Xin ( d . AD 23 ) documented 1080 different stars , amongst other achievements . End of 1st century -- codex replaces the scroll . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ in violation of the general rule that the abbreviation AD should precede the date in question . Jump up ^ J. Dwight Pentecost , The Words and Works of Jesus Christ : A Study of the Life of Christ ( Zondervan , 1981 ) pages 577 - 578 . Jump up ^ Andreas J. Köstenberger , John ( Baker Academic , 2004 ) , page 110 . Jump up ^ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible 2000 Amsterdam University Press ISBN 90 - 5356 - 503 - 5 page 249 Jump up ^ Paul L. Maier `` The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus '' in Jerry Vardaman and Edwin M. Yamauchi , Chronos , kairos , Christos : nativity and chronological studies ( 1989 ) ISBN 0 - 931464 - 50 - 1 , pp. 113 - 129 Jump up ^ The Riddles of the Fourth Gospel : An Introduction to John by Paul N. Anderson 2011 ISBN 0 - 8006 - 0427 - X pages 200 Jump up ^ Herod the Great by Jerry Knoblet 2005 ISBN 0 - 7618 - 3087 - 1 page 183 - 184 Jump up ^ Jesus in Johannine tradition by Robert Tomson Fortna , Tom Thatcher 2001 ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22219 - 2 page 77 Jump up ^ Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity : A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 ISBN 0 - 8308 - 2699 - 8 pages 19 - 21 Jump up ^ The Cradle , the Cross , and the Crown : An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger , L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4365 - 3 pages 77 - 79 Jump up ^ Paul 's early period : chronology , mission strategy , theology by Rainer Riesner 1997 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4166 - 7 page 19 - 27 ( page 27 has a table of various scholarly estimates ) Jump up ^ Bromiley , Geoffrey William ( 1979 ) . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia : A-D ( International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ( W.B. Eerdmans ) ) . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Company . p. 689 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 3781 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Paul ( 2002 ) . Jesus , the Rise of Early Christianity : A History of New Testament Times . InterVarsity Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 2699 - 8 . Jump up ^ L. Niswonger , Richard ( 1993 ) . New Testament History . Zondervan Publishing Company . p. 200 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 31201 - 9 . 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-8363607536257121408 | Operation Cobra | Operation Cobra - wikipedia Operation Cobra Jump to : navigation , search Operation Cobra Part of Operation Overlord ( the Battle of Normandy ) M4 Sherman tanks and infantrymen of the US 4th Armored Division in Coutances Date 25 -- 31 July 1944 Location Saint - Lô , Normandy , France 49 ° 06 ′ 55 '' N 1 ° 05 ′ 25 '' W / 49.115277 ° N 1.090277 ° W / 49.115277 ; - 1.090277 ( Saint Lo ) Coordinates : 49 ° 06 ′ 55 '' N 1 ° 05 ′ 25 '' W / 49.115277 ° N 1.090277 ° W / 49.115277 ; - 1.090277 ( Saint Lo ) Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Germany Commanders and leaders Bernard Montgomery Omar Bradley J. Lawton Collins Troy Middleton Charles H. Corlett Günther von Kluge Paul Hausser Eugen Meindl Strength 8 infantry divisions 3 armored divisions 2,451 tanks and tank destroyers 2 infantry divisions 1 parachute division 4 understrength Panzer divisions 1 Panzergrenadier division 190 tanks and assault guns Casualties and losses 1,800 casualties at least 109 medium tanks unknown number of light tanks and tank destroyers ~ 70 tanks and assault guns Operation Overlord Invasion of Normandy Prelude Atlantic Wall Bodyguard Fortitude Zeppelin Titanic Taxable , Glimmer & Big Drum Combined Bomber Offensive Pointblank Transport Plan Postage Able Tarbrush Tiger Fabius Initial airborne assault British sector Tonga Deadstick Merville Battery Mallard American sector Albany Boston Chicago Detroit Elmira Normandy landings American sector Omaha Utah Pointe du Hoc Anglo - Canadian sector Gambit Sword Juno Gold Port - en - Bessin Initial ground campaign American sector Brécourt Manor Graignes Hill 30 Saint - Lô Carentan Cherbourg Anglo - Canadian sector Caen Bréville Perch Villers - Bocage Le Mesnil - Patry Douvres Martlet Epsom Windsor Charnwood Jupiter 2nd Odon Atlantic Goodwood Verrières Ridge Breakout Cobra Spring Bluecoat Totalize Lüttich Tractable Hill 262 Chambois Falaise Brest Paris Air and sea operations Ushant La Caine Cherbourg Pierres Noires Audierne Bay Supporting operations Dingson Samwest Titanic Cooney Jedburgh Pluto Mulberry Dragoon Aftermath Cemeteries Operation Cobra was the codename for an offensive launched by the First United States Army ( Lieutenant General Omar Bradley ) seven weeks after the D - Day landings , during the Normandy Campaign of World War II . The intention was to take advantage of the distraction of the Germans by the British and Canadian attacks around Caen , in Operation Goodwood and break through the German defenses that were penning in his troops , while the Germans were unbalanced . Once a corridor had been created , the First Army would then be able to advance into Brittany , rolling up the German flanks once free of the constraints of the bocage country . After a slow start the offensive gathered momentum and German resistance collapsed as scattered remnants of broken units fought to escape to the Seine . Lacking the resources to cope with the situation , the German response was ineffectual and the entire Normandy front soon collapsed . Operation Cobra , together with concurrent offensives by the British Second Army and the Canadian First Army , was decisive in securing an Allied victory in the Normandy Campaign . Having been delayed several times by poor weather , Operation Cobra commenced on 25 July , with a concentrated aerial bombardment from thousands of Allied aircraft . Supporting offensives had drawn the bulk of German armored reserves toward the British and Canadian sector and coupled with the general lack of men and materiel available to the Germans , it was impossible for them to form successive lines of defense . Units of the U.S. VII Corps led the initial two - division assault , while other First Army corps mounted supporting attacks designed to pin German units in place . Progress was slow on the first day but opposition started to crumble once the defensive crust had been broken . By 27 July , most organized resistance had been overcome and the VII and VIII Corps advanced rapidly , isolating the Cotentin peninsula . By 31 July , XIX Corps had destroyed the last forces opposing the First Army , which emerged from the bocage . Reinforcements were moved west by Field Marshal Günther von Kluge and employed in various counterattacks , the largest of which , Unternehmen Lüttich ( Operation Liège ) , was launched on 7 August between Mortain and Avranches . Although this led to the bloodiest phase of the battle , it was mounted by already exhausted and understrength units and was a costly failure . On 8 August , troops of the newly activated Third United States Army captured the city of Le Mans , formerly the German 7th Army headquarters . Operation Cobra transformed the high - intensity infantry combat of Normandy into rapid maneuver warfare and led to the creation of the Falaise pocket and the loss of the German position in northwestern France . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Planning 2.1 Supporting operations 2.2 Logistics 3 Allied offensive 3.1 Preliminary attacks 3.2 Main attack and breakthrough 25 -- 27 July 3.3 Breakout and advance 28 -- 31 July 3.4 Operation Bluecoat , 30 July -- 7 August 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 Citations 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : Invasion of Normandy and Operation Overlord Following the successful Allied invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944 , progress inland was slow . To facilitate the Allied build - up in France and to secure room for further expansion , the deep water port of Cherbourg on the western flank of the American sector and the historic town of Caen in the British and Canadian sector to the east , were early objectives . The original plan for the Normandy campaign envisioned strong offensive efforts in both sectors , in which the Second Army ( Lieutenant - General Sir Miles Dempsey ) would secure Caen and the area south of it and the First US Army ( Lieutenant General Omar Bradley ) would `` wheel round '' to the Loire . General Sir Bernard Montgomery -- commanding all Allied ground forces in Normandy -- intended Caen to be taken on D - Day , while Cherbourg was expected to fall 15 days later . The Second Army was to seize Caen and then form a front to the southeast , extending to Caumont - l'Éventé , to acquire airfields and protect the left flank of the First US Army as it moved on Cherbourg . Possession of Caen and its surroundings -- desirable for open terrain that would permit maneuver warfare -- would also give the Second Army a suitable staging area for a push south to capture Falaise , which could be used as the pivot for a swing right to advance on Argentan and then the Touques River . Caen 's capture has been described by historian L.F. Ellis as the most important D - Day objective assigned to Lieutenant - General Crocker 's British I Corps . Ellis and Chester Wilmot called the Allied plan `` ambitious '' since the Caen sector contained the strongest defences in Normandy . Anglo - Canadian offensives in the Caen area after D - Day , from 6 June - 20 July 1944 The initial attempt by I Corps to reach the city on D - Day was blocked by elements of the 21st Panzer Division and with the Germans committing most of the reinforcements sent to meet the invasion to the defense of Caen , the Anglo - Canadian front rapidly congealed short of Second Army 's objectives . Operation Perch in the week following D - Day and Operation Epsom ( 26 -- 30 June ) brought some territorial gains and depleted its defenders but Caen remained in German hands until Operation Charnwood ( 7 -- 9 July ) , when the Second Army managed to take the northern part of the city up to the River Orne in a frontal assault . The successive Anglo - Canadian offensives around Caen kept the best of the German forces in Normandy , including most of the available armor , to the eastern end of the Allied lodgement , but even so the First US Army made slow progress against dogged German resistance . In part , operations were slow due to the constraints of the bocage landscape of densely packed banked hedgerows , sunken lanes , and small woods , for which U.S. units had not trained . With no port facilities in Allied hands , all reinforcement and supply had to take place over the beaches via the two Mulberry harbors and was at the mercy of the weather . On 19 June , a severe storm descended on the English Channel , lasting for three days , and causing significant delays to the Allied build - up and the cancellation of some planned operations . The First US Army advance in the western sector was eventually halted by Bradley before the town of Saint - Lô , to concentrate on the seizure of Cherbourg . The defense of Cherbourg consisted largely of four battlegroups formed from the remnants of units that had retreated up the Cotentin peninsula but the port defenses had been designed principally to meet an attack from the sea . Organized German resistance ended only on 27 June , when the 9th US Infantry Division managed to reduce the defences of Cap - de-la - Hague , north - west of the city . Within four days , VII Corps ( Major General J. Lawton `` Lightning Joe '' Collins ) resumed the offensive toward Saint - Lô , alongside XIX Corps and VIII Corps , causing the Germans to move additional armor into the U.S. sector . Planning ( edit ) Further information : Operation Cobra order of battle The originator of the idea for Operation Cobra is disputed . According to Montgomery 's official biographer , the foundation of Operation Cobra was laid on 13 June . Planning was immensely aided by detailed Ultra intelligence which supplied up - to - date decodes of communications between Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW , the German armed forces high command ) and Hitler 's generals . Montgomery 's plan at that time called for the U.S. First Army to take Saint - Lô and Coutances and then make two southward thrusts ; one from Caumont toward Vire and Mortain and the other from Saint - Lô toward Villedieu and Avranches . Although pressure was to be kept up along the Cotentin Peninsula towards La Haye - du - Puits and Valognes , the capture of Cherbourg was not the priority . With the capture of Cherbourg by VII Corps ( Lieutenant - General Lawton Collins ) on 27 June , Montgomery 's initial timetable was soon outdated and the thrust from Caumont was never adopted . Following the conclusion of Operation Charnwood and the cancellation of the First Army offensive towards Saint - Lô , Montgomery met with Bradley and Dempsey on 10 July to discuss plans for the 21st Army Group . Bradley admitted that progress on the western flank was very slow but that plans had been laid for another breakout attempt , codenamed Operation Cobra , to be launched by the First Army on 18 July . Montgomery approved the plan and that the strategy would be to draw German attention from the First Army to the British and Canadian sector . Dempsey was instructed to `` go on hitting , drawing the German strength , especially the armour , onto yourself -- so as to ease the way for Brad ( ley ) '' . To accomplish this , Operation Goodwood was planned and Eisenhower ensured that both operations would have the support of the Allied air forces with their strategic bombers . German dispositions , night of 24 -- 25 July 1944 On 12 July , Bradley briefed his commanders on the Cobra plan , which consisted of three phases . The main effort would be under the control of VII Corps . In the first phase , the breakthrough attack would be conducted by the 9th Infantry Division ( Major General Manton S. Eddy ) and the 30th Infantry Division ( Major General Leland Hobbs ) , which would break into the German defensive zone and then hold the flanks of the penetration while the 1st Infantry Division ( Major General Clarence Huebner ) and 2nd Armored Division ( Major General Edward H. Brooks ) pushed into the depth of the position until resistance collapsed . The 1st Infantry Division `` was to take Marigny , with this objective exploited by a stream of General Watson 's 3rd Armored Division armor that would move south toward Coutances '' . The 2nd Armored Division -- part of `` Collins ' exploitation force '' of the 2nd Armored Division in the east of the VII Corps sector and the `` 1st Infantry Division reinforced by Combat Command B ( CCB ) of the 3rd Armored division in the west '' -- would `` pass through the 30th Infantry Division sector ... and guard the overall American left flank . '' If VII Corps succeeded , the western German position would become untenable , permitting a relatively easy advance to the southwest end of the bocage to cut off and seize the Brittany peninsula . First Army intelligence estimated that no German counterattack would occur in the first few days after Cobra 's launch and that if they did later , they would be no more than battalion - sized operations . Cobra was to be a concentrated attack on a 7,000 yd ( 6,400 m ) front , unlike previous American broad front offensives and would have a mass of air support . Fighter - bombers would concentrate on hitting forward German defenses in a 250 yd ( 230 m ) belt immediately south of the Saint - Lô -- Periers road , while General Spaatz 's heavy bombers would bomb to a depth of 2,500 yd ( 2,300 m ) behind the German main line of resistance . It was anticipated that the physical destruction and shock value of a short , intense preliminary bombardment would greatly weaken the German defense so in addition to divisional artillery , Army - and Corps - level units would provide support , including nine heavy , five medium and seven light artillery battalions . Over 1,000 divisional and corps artillery pieces were committed to the offensive and approximately 140,000 artillery rounds were allocated to the operation in VII Corps , with another 27,000 for VIII Corps . To overcome the constraints of the bocage that had made attacks so difficult and costly for both sides , Rhino modifications were made to some M4 Sherman , M5A1 Stuart tanks and M10 tank destroyers , by fitting them with hedge - breaching ' tusks ' that could force a path through hedgerows . German tanks remained restricted to the roads but U.S. armored vehicles could maneuver more freely , although the effectiveness of the devices was exaggerated . By the eve of Cobra , 60 percent of the tanks of the First Army had the rhino modification . To preserve operational security , Bradley forbade their use until Cobra was launched . In all , 1,269 M4 medium tanks , 694 M5A1 light tanks and 288 M10 tank destroyers were available . Supporting operations ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Goodwood , Operation Atlantic , and Operation Spring Men of the 1st Battalion , Welsh Guards , part of the 32nd Guards Brigade of the Guards Armoured Division , in action near Cagny , 19 July 1944 . On 18 July , the British VIII and I Corps -- to the east of Caen -- launched Operation Goodwood . The offensive began with the largest air bombardment in support of ground forces yet , with more than 1,000 aircraft dropping 6,000 short tons ( 5,400 t ) of high explosive and fragmentation bombs from low altitude . German positions to the east of Caen were shelled by 400 artillery pieces and many villages were reduced to rubble but German artillery further to the south , on the Bourguébus Ridge , was outside the range of the British artillery and the defenders of Cagny and Émiéville were largely unscathed by the bombardment . This contributed to the losses suffered by Second Army , which sustained over 4,800 casualties . Principally an armored offensive , between 250 and 400 British tanks were put out of action , although recent examination suggests that only 140 were completely destroyed with an additional 174 damaged . The operation remains the largest tank battle ever fought by the British Army and resulted in the expansion of the Orne bridgehead and the capture of Caen on the south bank of the Orne . Simultaneously , the II Canadian Corps on the western flank of Goodwood began Operation Atlantic to strengthen the Allied foothold along the banks of the Orne river and take Verrières Ridge to the south of Caen . Atlantic made initial gains but ran out of steam as casualties mounted . Having cost the Canadians 1,349 men and with the heavily defended ridge firmly in German hands , Atlantic was closed down on 20 July . At Montgomery 's urging , `` strongly underlined in the Supreme Commander 's communications to Montgomery '' , the II Canadian Corps commander , Lieutenant - General Guy Simonds , began a second offensive a few days later , codenamed Operation Spring . This had the limited but important aim of tying down German units to prevent them from being transferred to the American sector , although Simonds took the opportunity to make another bid for Verrières Ridge . Again the fighting for Verrières Ridge proved extremely bloody for the Canadians , with 25 July marking the costliest day for a Canadian battalion -- The Black Watch ( Royal Highland Regiment ) of Canada -- since the Dieppe Raid of 1942 . A counterstroke by two German divisions pushed the Canadians back past their start lines and Simonds had to commit reinforcements to stabilize the front . With Goodwood , the Canadian operations caused the Germans to commit most of their armor and reinforcements to the eastern sector . Operation Spring -- despite its cost -- had drawn the 9th SS Panzer Division away from the U.S. sector on the eve of Operation Cobra . Only two Panzer divisions with 190 tanks now faced the First Army . Seven Panzer divisions with 750 tanks were around Caen , far away from Operation Cobra as were all the heavy Tiger tank battalions and the three Nebelwerfer brigades in Normandy . Logistics ( edit ) Each division consumed 750 short tons ( 680 t ) of supplies daily . Allied offensive ( edit ) Preliminary attacks ( edit ) Bradley and Collins near Cherbourg To gain good terrain for Operation Cobra , Bradley and Collins conceived a plan to push forward to the Saint - Lô -- Periers road , along which VII and VIII Corps were securing jumping - off positions . On 18 July , at a cost of 5,000 casualties , the American 29th and 35th Infantry Divisions managed to gain the vital heights of Saint - Lô , driving back General der Fallschirmtruppen Eugen Meindl 's II Parachute Corps . Meindl 's paratroopers , together with the 352nd Infantry Division ( which had been in action since its D - Day defense of Omaha Beach ) were now in ruins , and the stage for the main offensive was set . Due to poor weather conditions that had also been hampering Goodwood and Atlantic , Bradley decided to postpone Cobra for a few days -- a decision that worried Montgomery , as the British and Canadian operations had been launched to support a break - out attempt that was failing to materialize . By 24 July the skies had cleared enough for the start order to be given , and 1,600 Allied aircraft took off for Normandy . However , the weather closed in again over the battlefield . Under poor visibility conditions , more than 25 Americans were killed and 130 wounded in the bombing before the air support operation was postponed until the following day . Some enraged soldiers opened fire on their own aircraft , a not uncommon practice in Normandy when suffering from friendly fire . Main attack and breakthrough 25 -- 27 July ( edit ) Operation Cobra 25 -- 29 July 1944 After the one - day postponement , Cobra got underway at 09 : 38 on 25 July , when around 600 Allied fighter - bombers attacked strongpoints and enemy artillery along a 300 yd ( 270 m ) - wide strip of ground located in the St. Lô area . For the next hour , 1,800 heavy bombers of the U.S. Eighth Air Force saturated a 6,000 yd × 2,200 yd ( 5,500 m × 2,000 m ) area on the Saint - Lô -- Periers road , succeeded by a third and final wave of medium bombers . Approximately 3,000 U.S. aircraft had carpet - bombed a narrow section of the front , with the Panzer - Lehr - Division taking the brunt of the attack . However , once again not all the casualties were German ; Bradley had specifically requested that the bombers approach the target from the east , out of the sun and parallel to the Saint - Lô -- Periers road , in order to minimize the risk of friendly losses , but most of the airmen instead came in from the north , perpendicular to the front line . Bradley , however , had apparently misunderstood explanations from the heavy bomber commanders that a parallel approach was impossible because of the time and space constraints Bradley had set . Additionally , a parallel approach would not in any event have assured that all bombs would fall behind German lines because of deflection errors or obscured aim points due to dust and smoke . Despite efforts by U.S. units to identify their positions , inaccurate bombing by the Eighth Air Force killed 111 men and wounded 490 . The dead included Bradley 's friend and fellow West Pointer Lieutenant General Lesley McNair -- the highest - ranking U.S. soldier to be killed in action in the European Theater of Operations . By 11 : 00 , the infantry began to move forward , advancing from crater to crater beyond what had been the German outpost line . Although no serious opposition was forecast , the remnants of Fritz Bayerlein ′ s Panzer Lehr -- consisting of roughly 2,200 men and 45 armored vehicles -- had regrouped and were prepared to meet the advancing U.S. troops , and to the west of Panzer Lehr the German 5th Parachute Division had escaped the bombing almost intact . Collins ' VII Corps were quite disheartened to meet fierce enemy artillery fire , which they expected to have been suppressed by the bombing . Several U.S. units found themselves entangled in fights against strongpoints held by a handful of German tanks , supporting infantry and 88 mm ( 3.46 in ) guns -- VII Corps gained only 2,200 yd ( 2,000 m ) during the rest of the day . However , if the first day 's results had been disappointing , General Collins found cause for encouragement ; although the Germans were fiercely holding their positions , these did not seem to form a continuous line and were susceptible to being outflanked or bypassed . Even with prior warning of the American offensive , the British and Canadian actions around Caen had convinced the Germans that the real threat lay there , and tied down their available forces to such an extent that a succession of meticulously prepared defensive positions in depth , as encountered during Goodwood and Atlantic , were not created to meet Cobra . The St. Lô breakthrough , 25 -- 31 July On the morning of 26 July , the U.S. 2nd Armored Division and the veteran 1st Infantry Division joined the attack as planned , reaching one of Cobra 's first objectives -- a road junction north of Le Mesnil - Herman -- the following day . Also on the 26th , Major General Troy H. Middleton 's VIII Corps entered the battle , led by the 8th and 90th Infantry Divisions . Despite clear paths of advance through the floods and swamps across their front , both divisions initially disappointed the First Army by failing to gain significant ground , but first light the next morning revealed that the Germans had been compelled to retreat by their crumbling left flank , leaving only immense minefields to delay VIII Corps ' advance . By noon on 27 July , the 9th Infantry Division of VII Corps was also clear of any organized German resistance , and was advancing rapidly . Breakout and advance 28 -- 31 July ( edit ) By 28 July , the German defenses across the U.S. front had largely collapsed under the full weight of VII and VIII Corps ' advance , and resistance was disorganised and patchy . VIII Corps ' 4th Armored Division -- entering combat for the first time -- captured Coutances but met stiff opposition east of the town , and U.S. units penetrating into the depth of the German positions were variously counterattacked by elements of the 2nd SS Panzer , 17th SS Panzergrenadier , and 353rd Infantry Divisions , all seeking to escape entrapment . A desperate counterattack was mounted against the 2nd Armored Division by German remnants , but this was a disaster and the Germans abandoned their vehicles and fled on foot . An exhausted and demoralized Bayerlein reported that his Panzer Lehr Division was `` finally annihilated '' , with its armor wiped out , its personnel either casualties or missing , and all headquarters records lost . US M5A1 Stuart tank of the 4th Armored Division ( VIII Corps ) in Coutances Meanwhile , Marshal von Kluge -- commanding all German forces on the Western Front ( Oberbefehlshaber West ) -- was mustering reinforcements , and elements of the 2nd and 116th Panzer Divisions were approaching the battlefield . The U.S. XIX Corps -- led by Major General Charles H. Corlett -- entered the battle on 28 July on the left of VII Corps , and between 28 and 31 July became embroiled with these reinforcements in the fiercest fighting since Cobra began . During the night of 29 July near Saint - Denis - le - Gast , to the east of Coutances , elements of the U.S. 2nd Armored Division found themselves fighting for their lives against a German column from the 2nd SS Panzer and 17th SS Panzergrenadier Divisions , which passed through the American lines in the darkness . Other elements of the 2nd Armored were attacked near Cambry and fought for six hours ; however , Bradley and his commanders knew that they were currently dominating the battlefield and such desperate assaults were no threat to the overall American position . When ordered to concentrate his division , Colonel Heinz Günther Guderian -- 116th Division 's senior staff officer -- was frustrated by the high level of Allied fighter - bomber activity . Without receiving direct support from the 2nd Panzer Division as promised , Guderian stated that his panzergrenadiers could not successfully counterattack the Americans . Advancing southward along the coast , later that day , the U.S. VIII Corps seized the town of Avranches -- described by historian Andrew Williams as `` the gateway to Brittany and southern Normandy '' -- and by 31 July XIX Corps had thrown back the last German counterattacks after fierce fighting , inflicting heavy losses in men and tanks . The American advance was now relentless , and the First Army was finally free of the bocage . Operation Bluecoat , 30 July -- 7 August ( edit ) Main article : Operation Bluecoat On 30 July , to protect Cobra 's flank and prevent the disengagement and relocation of further German forces , the British VIII Corps and XXX Corps launched Operation Bluecoat south from Caumont toward Vire and Mont Pinçon . Bluecoat kept German armoured units fixed on the British eastern front and continued the wearing down of the strength of German armoured formations in the area . The breakthrough in the centre of the Allied front surprised the Germans , when they were distracted by the Allied attacks at both ends of the Normandy bridgehead . By the time of the American breakout at Avranches , there was little to no reserve strength left for Unternehmen Lüttich ( Operation Liège ) , the German counter-offensive , which had been defeated by 12 August , leaving the 7th Army with no choice but to retire rapidly east of the Orne river , with a rearguard of the remaining armoured and motorised units , to allow time for the surviving infantry to reach the Seine . After the first stage of the withdrawal beyond the Orne , the manoeuvre collapsed for a lack of fuel , Allied air attacks and the constant pressure of the Allied armies , culminating in the encirclement of German forces in the Falaise pocket . Aftermath ( edit ) Map showing the breakout from the Normandy beachhead At noon on 1 August , the U.S. Third Army was activated under the command of Lieutenant General George S. Patton . Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to the overall command of both armies , named the U.S. 12th Army Group . Patton wrote a poem containing the words , So let us do real fighting , boring in and gouging , biting . Let 's take a chance now that we have the ball . Let 's forget those fine firm bases in the dreary shell raked spaces , Let 's shoot the works and win ! Yes , win it all ! The U.S. advance following Cobra was extraordinarily rapid . Between 1 August and 4 August , seven divisions of Patton 's Third Army had swept through Avranches and over the bridge at Pontaubault into Brittany . The German army in Normandy had been reduced to such a poor state by the Allied offensives that , with no prospect of reinforcement in the wake of the Soviet summer offensive against Army Group Centre , very few Germans believed they could now avoid defeat . Rather than order his remaining forces to withdraw to the Seine , Adolf Hitler sent a directive to von Kluge demanding `` an immediate counterattack between Mortain and Avranches '' to `` annihilate '' the enemy and make contact with the west coast of the Cotentin peninsula . Eight of the nine Panzer divisions in Normandy were to be used in the attack but only four ( one of them incomplete ) could be relieved from their defensive tasks and assembled in time . German commanders immediately protested that such an operation was impossible given their remaining resources but these objections were overruled and the counter-offensive , commenced on 7 August around Mortain . The 2nd , 1st SS and 2nd SS Panzer Divisions led the assault , although with only 75 Panzer IVs , 70 Panthers , and 32 self - propelled guns between them . Hopelessly optimistic , the offensive threat was over within 24 hours , although fighting continued until 13 August . By 8 August , the city of Le Mans -- the former headquarters of the German 7th Army -- had fallen to the Americans . With von Kluge 's few remaining battleworthy formations destroyed by the First Army , the Allied commanders realised that the entire German position in Normandy was collapsing . Bradley declared : This is an opportunity that comes to a commander not more than once in a century . We 're about to destroy an entire hostile army and go all the way from here to the German border . On 14 August , in conjunction with American movements northward to Chambois , Canadian forces launched Operation Tractable ; the Allied intention was to trap and destroy the German 7th Army and 5th Panzer Army near the town of Falaise . Five days later , the two arms of the encirclement were almost complete ; the advancing U.S. 90th Infantry Division had made contact with the Polish 1st Armored Division and the first Allied units crossed the Seine at Mantes Gassicourt , while German units were fleeing eastward by any means they could find . By 22 August , the Falaise Pocket -- which the Germans had been fighting desperately to keep open to allow their trapped forces to escape -- was finally sealed , ending the Battle of Normandy with a major Allied victory . All German forces west of the Allied lines were now dead or in captivity and although perhaps 100,000 German troops escaped they left behind 40,000 -- 50,000 prisoners and over 10,000 dead . A total of 344 tanks and self - propelled guns , 2,447 soft - skinned vehicles and 252 artillery pieces were found abandoned or destroyed in the northern sector of the pocket . The Allies were able to advance freely through undefended territory and by 25 August all four Allied armies ( First Canadian , Second British , First U.S. , and Third U.S. ) involved in the Normandy campaign were on the river Seine . See also ( edit ) Normandy portal Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Of which 700 were from VIII Corps , and 600 from VII Corps , while the rest are from unknown specific other units . Jump up ^ `` The quick capture of that key city ( Caen ) and the neighbourhood of Carpiquet was the most ambitious , the most difficult and the most important task of Lieutenant - General J.T. Crocker 's I Corps '' . Wilmot states `` The objectives given to Crocker 's seaborne divisions were decidedly ambitious , since his troops were to land last , on the most exposed beaches , with the farthest to go , against what was potentially the greatest opposition . '' Jump up ^ These included the bulk of the available armored reserves : the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler , the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend and the Panzer - Lehr - Division . Jump up ^ By 10 July , Bradley had become concerned enough to write that the Allies faced the possibility of a World War I - type stalemate in the campaign . Jump up ^ I Corps suffered 3,817 casualties and VIII Corps suffered 1,020 casualties . Jump up ^ Reynolds claims that a careful study of the relevant documents indicate a maximum tank loss of 253 tanks during Goodwood , most of which were repairable but Buckley claims 21st Army Group lost around 400 tanks during the operation , although he too notes that most were eventually recovered . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 204 ^ Jump up to : Bercuson , p. 232 ^ Jump up to : Pugsley , p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Zaloga , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 236 ^ Jump up to : Jackson , p. 113 Jump up ^ Green , p. 62 Jump up ^ Pugsley , p. 53 Jump up ^ Stephen Napier , Armoured Campaign Jump up ^ Stephen Napier , Armoured Campaign ^ Jump up to : Trew , p. 64 Jump up ^ Van der Vat , p. 110 Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 261 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 24 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 38 Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 78 Jump up ^ Greiss , p. 308 Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 81 ^ Jump up to : Keegan , p. 135 Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 171 Jump up ^ Wilmot , p. 272 Jump up ^ Bercuson , p. 215 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 131 Jump up ^ Greiss , p. 317 Jump up ^ Greiss , p. 308 -- 310 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 114 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Greiss , p. 312 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 163 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 165 ^ Jump up to : Greiss , p. 316 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 249 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 126 Jump up ^ Lewin , p. 336 Jump up ^ Esposito , pp. 78 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Wilmot , p. 351 Jump up ^ Greiss , p. 311 ^ Jump up to : Trew , p. 49 Jump up ^ Blumenson , p. 187 Jump up ^ Zaloga , p. 32 Jump up ^ D'Este , p. 338 Jump up ^ Weigley , p. 136 Jump up ^ Pogue , p. 197 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 175 ^ Jump up to : Bradley , p. 272 Jump up ^ Zaloga , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 252 ^ Jump up to : Yenne , Bill ( 2004 ) . Operation Cobra and the Great Offensive : Sixty Days that Changed the Course of World War II . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 8263 - 5 . Jump up ^ Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2004 ) . Operation Cobra 1944 : Breakout from Normandy . Praeger . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98263 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 250 Jump up ^ Esposito , pp. 76 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , pp. 249 -- 250 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Weigley , p. 151 Jump up ^ Griess , p. 324 Jump up ^ Blumenson , p. 219 Jump up ^ Zaloga , p. 3 Jump up ^ Weigley , p. 149 Jump up ^ Blumenson , p. 207 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 161 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 165 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 167 Jump up ^ Wilmot , p. 362 Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. 186 Jump up ^ Buckley , p. 36 Jump up ^ Trew , pp. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Van - Der - Vat , p. 158 ^ Jump up to : Copp , Approach to Verrières Ridge Jump up ^ Zuehlke , p. 166 Jump up ^ Stacey , pp. 195 -- 196 Jump up ^ Bercuson , p. 225 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 256 Jump up ^ Wilmot , p. 389 Jump up ^ Clymer , Samuel ( August 2011 ) . `` Operation Pluto : The Red Ball Express '' ( PDF ) . The Intercom , Journal of the Cape Canaveral Chapter of the Military Officers Association of America . 34 ( 8 ) : 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 253 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 174 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 180 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 254 Jump up ^ Sullivan , p. 107 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 182 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 183 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 255 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 258 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 260 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 261 ^ Jump up to : Hastings , p. 262 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 263 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 265 Jump up ^ Daglish 2009 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1962 , pp. 419 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 266 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 186 Jump up ^ Wilmot , p. 399 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 277 Jump up ^ D'Este , p. 414 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 196 Jump up ^ Wilmot , p. 401 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 283 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 285 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 286 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 194 ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 197 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 301 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 203 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 306 Jump up ^ Hastings , p. 313 References ( edit ) Bercuson , David ( 2004 ) ( 1996 ) . Maple Leaf Against the Axis . Red Deer Press . ISBN 0 - 88995 - 305 - 8 . Blumenson , M. ( 1961 ) . Breakout and Pursuit ( PDF ) . United States Army in World War II : European Theater of Operations . Washington , D.C. : US Government Printing Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 001882 - 4 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Bradley , General of the Army Omar N. ( 1983 ) . A General 's Life . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 41023 - 7 . Buckley , John , ed. ( 2007 ) ( 2006 ) . The Normandy Campaign 1944 : Sixty Years On . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 44942 - 1 . Copp , Terry ( 1 March 1999 ) . `` The Approach to Verrières Ridge '' . Legion Magazine . Ottawa : Canvet Publications ( 25 ) . Retrieved 26 January 2009 . Daglish , I. ( 2009 ) . Operation Bluecoat . Pen & Sword . ISBN 0 - 85052 - 912 - 3 . D'Este , Carlo . Decision in Normandy . Konecky & Konecky . ISBN 1 - 56852 - 260 - 6 . Ellis , L.F. ( 2004 ) ( 1st pub . HMSO 1962 ) . Victory in the West : The Battle of Normandy . History of the Second World War , United Kingdom Military Series . I ( facsimile ed . ) . Uckfield : Naval & Military Press . ISBN 1 - 845740 - 58 - 0 . Esposito , Brigadier General Vincent ( 1995 ) . World War II : European Theater . The West Point Atlas of War . Tess Press . ISBN 1 - 60376 - 023 - 7 . Green , Michael ( 1999 ) . Patton and the Battle of the Bulge : Operation Cobra and Beyond . MBI . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 0652 - 4 . Griess , Thomas ( 2002 ) . The Second World War : Europe and the Mediterranean ( SquareOne ed . ) . West Point , New York : Department of History , United States Military Academy . ISBN 0 - 7570 - 0160 - 2 . Hastings , Max ( 2006 ) ( 1985 ) . Overlord : D - Day and the Battle for Normandy ( repr . ed . ) . Vintage Books USA . ISBN 0 - 307 - 27571 - X . Jackson , G.S. ( 2006 ) ( 1945 ) . 8 Corps : Normandy to the Baltic . Staff , 8 Corps . MLRS Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905696 - 25 - 3 . Keegan , John ( 2006 ) . Atlas of World War II . Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 089077 - 0 . Lewin , Ronald ( 2001 ) ( 1978 ) . Ultra goes to War ( Penguin Classic Military History ed . ) . London : Penguin Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 139042 - 0 . Napier , Stephen ( 2015 ) . Armoured Campaign in Normandy June - August 1944 . The History Press . ISBN 0750962704 . Pogue , Forrest C. ( 1954 ) . The Supreme Command . United States Government Printing Office . ISBN 0 - 16 - 001916 - 8 . Pugsley , Christopher ( 2005 ) . Operation Cobra . Battle Zone Normandy . Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3015 - 2 . Reynolds , Michael ( 2002 ) . Sons of the Reich : The History of II SS Panzer Corps in Normandy , Arnhem , the Ardennes and on the Eastern Front . Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors . ISBN 0 - 9711709 - 3 - 2 . Stacey , Colonel Charles Perry ; Bond , Major C.C.J. ( 1960 ) . `` The Victory Campaign : The operations in North - West Europe 1944 -- 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War . The Queen 's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa . OCLC 155106767 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Sullivan , John J. ( 1988 ) . `` The Botched Air Support of Operation Cobra '' ( PDF ) . Parameters , the US Army 's Senior Professional Journal . 18 ( March ) : 97 -- 110 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Trew , Simon ; Badsey , Stephen ( 2004 ) . Battle for Caen . Battle Zone Normandy . The History Press . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3010 - 1 . Van Der Vat , Dan ( 2003 ) . D - Day : The Greatest Invasion : A People 's History . Madison Press . ISBN 1 - 55192 - 586 - 9 . Weigley , Russell ( 1981 ) . Eisenhower 's Lieutenants . Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 13333 - 5 . Williams , Andrew ( 2004 ) . D - Day to Berlin . Hodder . ISBN 0 - 340 - 83397 - 1 . Wilmot , Chester ; Christopher Daniel McDevitt ( 1997 ) ( 1952 ) . The Struggle for Europe . Wordsworth Editions . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 677 - 9 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2001 ) . Operation Cobra 1944 : Breakout from Normandy . Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 296 - 2 . Zuehlke , Mark ( 2001 ) . The Canadian Military Atlas . Stoddart . ISBN 0 - 7737 - 3289 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Normandiememoire.com . `` Operation Cobra : the break - out '' . Archived from the original on 21 August 2003 . Wiacek , Jacques . `` Operation Cobra and final stages of the battle in normandy '' . Youtube . `` The Big Picture , BREAKOUT AND PURSUIT 1961 , Operation Cobra '' . 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Line Under The Ocean ) Operation Fortitude ( Deception plan ) Operation Perch ( UK ) Operation Martlet ( UK ) Operation Epsom ( UK ) Operation Windsor ( Canada ) Operation Charnwood ( UK ) Operation Jupiter ( UK ) Operations Greenline , Pomegranate and Express ( UK ) Operation Goodwood ( UK ) Operation Atlantic ( Canada ) Operation Spring ( Canada ) Operation Cobra ( US ) Operation Bluecoat ( UK ) Operation Totalize ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Operation Lüttich ( German ) Operation Tractable ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Battle for Brest ( US ) Battle for Caen ( UK , Canada ) Battle of Verriéres Ridge ( Canada ) Battle of Carentan ( US ) Battle of Cherbourg ( US ) Battle of Villers - Bocage ( UK ) Landing points ( W → E ) : Utah Beach ( US ) Omaha Beach ( US ) Pointe du Hoc ( US ) Gold Beach ( UK ) Juno Beach ( Canada ) Sword Beach ( UK ) Other : Crisbecq Battery Falaise Pocket Hill 262 Hillman Fortress Houlgate battery Longues - sur - Mer battery Maisy battery Merville Gun Battery Mont Canisy battery Pegasus Bridge Category : Operation Overlord Category : Operation Overlord people Atlantic Wall D - 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"\n\nOperation Cobra\n\n\nPart of Operation Overlord (the Battle of Normandy)\n\n\n\nM4 Sherman tanks and infantrymen of the US 4th Armored Division in Coutances\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n25–31 July 1944\n\n\nLocation\nSaint-Lô, Normandy, France\n49°06′55″N 1°05′25″W / 49.115277°N 1.090277°W / 49.115277; -1.090277 (Saint Lo)Coordinates: 49°06′55″N 1°05′25″W / 49.115277°N 1.090277°W / 49.115277; -1.090277 (Saint Lo)\n\n\nResult\nAllied victory[1][2]\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n United States\n Germany\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n Bernard Montgomery[3]\n Omar Bradley[3]\n J. Lawton Collins[3]\n Troy Middleton[3]\n Charles H. Corlett[3][3]\n Günther von Kluge[3]\n Paul Hausser[3]\n Eugen Meindl[3]\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n8 infantry divisions[3]\n3 armored divisions[3]\n2,451 tanks and tank destroyers[4][5][6]\n2 infantry divisions[3]\n1 parachute division[3]\n4 understrength Panzer divisions[3]\n1 Panzergrenadier division[3]\n190 tanks and assault guns[5][6]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n1,800 casualties[nb 1]\nat least 109 medium tanks\nunknown number of light tanks and tank destroyers [9]\n~ 70 tanks and assault guns [10]\n\n"
] | [
"25–31 July 1944"
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-7392954485094617394 | PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds | PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds - Wikipedia PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds Developer ( s ) PUBG Corporation Publisher ( s ) PUBG Corporation ( Windows ) Microsoft Studios ( Xbox One ) Tencent Games ( mobile ) Director ( s ) Brendan Greene Producer ( s ) Chang - han Kim Designer ( s ) Brendan Greene Composer ( s ) Tom Salta Engine Unreal Engine 4 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows Xbox One Android iOS Release Microsoft Windows WW : December 20 , 2017 Xbox One WW : December 12 , 2017 Android , iOS CHN : February 9 , 2018 WW : March 19 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Battle royale Mode ( s ) Multiplayer PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds ( PUBG ) is an online multiplayer battle royale game developed and published by PUBG Corporation , a subsidiary of South Korean video game company Bluehole . The game is based on previous mods that were created by Brendan `` PlayerUnknown '' Greene for other games using the film Battle Royale for inspiration , and expanded into a standalone game under Greene 's creative direction . In the game , up to one hundred players parachute onto an island and scavenge for weapons and equipment to kill others while avoiding getting killed themselves . The available safe area of the game 's map decreases in size over time , directing surviving players into tighter areas to force encounters . The last player or team standing wins the round . The game was released for Microsoft Windows via Steam 's early access beta program in March 2017 , with a full release on December 20 , 2017 . That same month , the game was released by Microsoft Studios for the Xbox One via its Xbox Game Preview program . A few months later , it was localized and released by Tencent Games in China , while two mobile versions based on the game for Android and iOS were also released . The game is one of the best - selling of all time , with over fifty million sold across all platforms by June 2018 . In addition , the Windows version holds a peak concurrent player count of over three million on Steam , which is an all - time high on the platform . Battlegrounds received positive reception from critics during both its early access period and on official release , who found that while the game still was not fully finished and had some technical flaws , Battlegrounds presented new types of gameplay that could be easily approached by players of any skill level and was highly replayable . The game received several Game of the Year nominations among other accolades , and is considered by Greene to be the defining game of the battle royale genre . Several other video games , following in Battlegrounds 's success , added battle royale - style modes , while a number of clones , primarily out of China , also appeared . PUBG Corporation has run several small tournaments and introduced in - game tools to help with broadcasting the game to spectators , as they wish for it to become a popular eSport . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Development 2.1 Design 3 Release 3.1 Windows 3.2 Xbox One 3.3 Other platforms 4 Professional competition 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Awards and accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay Battlegrounds is a player versus player action game in which up to one hundred players fight in a battle royale , a type of large - scale last man standing deathmatch where players fight to remain the last alive . Players can choose to enter the match solo , or with a small team of up to four people . In either case , the last person or team left alive wins the match . Each match starts with players parachuting from a plane onto a map area approximately 8 × 8 kilometres ( 5.0 × 5.0 mi ) in size . The plane 's flight path across the map varies with each round , requiring players to quickly determine the best time to eject and parachute to the ground . Players start with no gear beyond customized clothing selections which do not affect gameplay . Once they land , players can search buildings and other sites to find weapons , vehicles , armor , and other equipment . These items are procedurally distributed throughout the map at the start of a match , with certain high - risk zones typically having better equipment . Killed players can be looted to acquire their gear as well . Players can opt to play either from the first - person or third - person perspective , each having their own advantages and disadvantages in combat and situational awareness ; though server - specific settings can be used to force all players into one perspective to eliminate some advantages . Every few minutes , the playable area of the map begins to shrink down towards a random location , with any player caught outside the safe area taking damage incrementally , and eventually being eliminated if the safe zone is not entered in time ; in game , the players see the boundary as a shimmering blue wall that contracts over time . This results in a more confined map , in turn increasing the chances of encounters . During the course of the match , random regions of the map are highlighted in red and bombed , posing a threat to players who remain in that area . In both cases , players are warned a few minutes before these events , giving them time to relocate to safety . At random , a plane will fly over various parts of the playable map and drop a loot package , containing items which are typically unobtainable during normal gameplay . These packages emit highly visible red smoke , drawing interested players near it and creating further confrontations . On average , a full round takes no more than 30 minutes . At the completion of each round , players gain in - game currency based on how long they survived , how many other players they had killed , and how much damage they dealt to other players . The currency is used to purchase crates which contain cosmetic items for character or weapon customization . A rotating `` event mode '' was added to the game around March 2018 . These events change up the normal game rules , such as establishing larger teams or squads , or altering the distribution of weapons and armor across the game map . Development Brendan `` PlayerUnknown '' Greene at the 2018 Game Developers Conference Lead designer Brendan Greene , better known by his online handle PlayerUnknown , had previously created the ARMA 2 mod DayZ : Battle Royale , an offshoot of popular mod DayZ , and inspired by the 2000 Japanese film Battle Royale . At the time he created DayZ : Battle Royale , around 2013 , Irish - born Greene had been living in Brazil for a few years as a photographer , graphic designer , and web designer , and played video games such as Delta Force : Black Hawk Down and America 's Army . The DayZ mod caught his interest , both as a realistic military simulation and its open - ended gameplay , and started playing around with a custom server , learning programming as he went along . Greene found most multiplayer first - person shooters too repetitive , considering maps small and easy to memorize . He wanted to create something with more random aspects so that players would not know what to expect , creating a high degree of replayability ; this was done by creating vastly larger maps that could not be easily memorized , and using random item placement across it . Greene was also inspired by an online competition for DayZ called Survivor GameZ , which featured a number of Twitch.tv and YouTube streamers fighting until only a few were left ; as he was not a streamer himself , Greene wanted to create a similar game mode that anyone could play . His initial efforts on this mod were more inspired by The Hunger Games novels , where players would try to vie for stockpiles of weapons at a central location , but moved away from this partially to give players a better chance at survival by spreading weapons around , and also to avoid copyright issues with the novels . In taking inspiration from the Battle Royale film , Greene had wanted to use square safe areas , but his inexperience in coding led him to use circular safe areas instead , which persisted to Battlegrounds . When DayZ became its own standalone title , interest in his ARMA 2 version of the Battle Royale mod trailed off , and Greene transitioned development of the mod to ARMA 3 . Sony Online Entertainment ( now the Daybreak Game Company ) had become interested in Greene 's work , and brought him on as a consultant to develop on H1Z1 , licensing the battle royale idea from him . In February 2016 , Sony Online split H1Z1 into two separate games , the survival mode H1Z1 : Just Survive , and the battle royale - like H1Z1 : King of the Kill , around the same time that Greene 's consultation period was over . Separately , the Seoul - based studio Ginno Games , led by Chang - han Kim and who developed massively multiplayer online games ( MMOs ) for personal computers , was acquired and renamed Bluehole Ginno Games by Bluehole in January 2015 , a major South Korean publisher of MMOs and mobile games . Kim recognized that producing a successful game in South Korea generally meant it would be published globally , and wanted to use his team to create a successful title for personal computers that followed the same model as other mobile games published by Bluehole . He had already been excited about making a type of battle royale game after he had played DayZ , in part that the format had not caught on in Korea . He also wanted to make this through an early access model and have a very limited development schedule to get the game out as quickly as possible , while treating the product as a `` games as a service '' model to be able to support it for many years . In researching what had been done , he came across Greene 's mods and reached out to him . In July 2017 , Bluehole partnered with social media platform Facebook to provide exclusive streaming content to Facebook 's gaming channels , as part of their pushing to provide more gaming content for its users . Around the same time that Greene left Sony Online , Kim contacted and offered him the opportunity to work on a new battle royale concept . Within a week , Greene flew out to Bluehole 's headquarters in Korea to discuss the options , and a few weeks later , became the creative director of Bluehole . He moved to South Korea to oversee development . According to Greene , this was the first time a Korean game studio had brought aboard a foreigner for a creative director role , and while a risk , he says that his relationship with Bluehole 's management is strong , allowing Greene 's team to work autonomously with minimal oversight . The game 's main theme was composed by Tom Salta , who was personally selected by Green as he and the team were looking for an `` orchestral electronic hybrid theme '' that would give players a `` huge build - up '' , keeping them `` resolutely determined '' until a match starts . Development began in early 2016 and was publicly announced that June , with plans to have the game ready within a year . Kim served as executive producer for the game . Bluehole started with a team of about 35 developers supporting Greene 's work , but had expanded to 70 by June 2017 . Greene stated that many of these developers were voluntarily putting in longer work hours into the game due to their dedication to the project , and not by any mandate from himself or Bluehole 's management . In addition to Bluehole , Greene also credits Bohemia Interactive , the developers of ARMA and DayZ , for support with motion capture animations via their Prague studio . With the rapid growth of interest in the game , Bluehole spun out the entire development for Battlegrounds into Bluehole Ginno Games in September 2017 , which was renamed PUBG Corporation with Kim as its chief executive officer . PUBG Corporation continued the development of the game and its marketing and growth , opening an office in the United States with plans for future ones in Europe and Japan . In August 2018 , PUBG Corporation launched the `` Fix PUBG '' campaign , acknowledging that that game by then still had several lingering bugs and other performance issues , with the website designed to showcase their roadmap until its completion in October 2018 . Design Battlegrounds represents the standalone version of what Greene believes is the `` final version '' of the battle royale concept , incorporating the elements he had designed in previous iterations . Faster development was possible with the game engine Unreal Engine 4 , compared with ARMA and H1Z1 , which were built with proprietary game engines . Greene acknowledged that implementing the size of the maps in Battlegrounds has been one of the challenges with working with Unreal , which was not designed with such maps in mind . The game was designed as a mix between the realistic simulation of ARMA 3 and the arcade - like action focus and player accessibility of H1Z1 . Based on Greene 's experience with the genre , an island with many terrain features was picked as the first map , known as `` Erangel '' . The map design scope was to offer players many possible options for strategic and unique gameplay . Some buildings and structures were designed to depict the style of the brutalist architecture of the Soviet Union during the 1950s . The developer team playtested architecture features and random item placement systems , looking at both how close - quarters encounters went , and for open terrain areas . The goal was to optimize the right distribution and placement of weapons and gear across the map , to encourage players to make strategic decisions about how to proceed in the game without overly penalizing players who may not find weapons within the first few minutes of a round . During early access , additional maps were planned , such as one set on a fictional island in the Adriatic Sea that included snow - covered Yugoslavian territories . Greene stated that he thought the Erangel map felt disjointed despite meeting their goals for gameplay , and sought to create more unified ideas with future maps . The freefall from an airplane at the start of each match was a new feature for the genre , to encourage strategy between staying with the pack of players or seeking out one 's own route for a better chance at finding good loot . With the added parachute drop , Greene considered that Battlegrounds had three distinct subgames : the airdrop during which one must quickly figure out the best time to jump and where to land in relationship to the other players , the loot game of knowing where and how to gather the best possible equipment , and the combat game with other players . Players who win a match are greeted with the phrase `` winner winner chicken dinner '' , an idiom that Greene had used in his prior battle royale games and kept in Battlegrounds , which itself had origins as early as the Great Depression . Features that Greene anticipates adding include custom games and modding support . He considered modding support an essential part of the full release as , just as he had his start with mods , he wants to enable others to create variations on his game so that he can `` find the next PlayerUnknown '' . Greene also wants to incorporate the game with streaming services like Twitch.tv that would enable replays or other features amenable to treating Battlegrounds as an eSport . Greene had anticipated that Battlegrounds would develop into an eSport , and this was an ultimate end goal for his development , but he wanted to let the nature of how it would play out as an eSport grow naturally with the player community . He also plans to introduce microtransactions to allow players to use real - world funds to purchase loot crates that provide randomly - selected cosmetic items , also known as `` skins '' , which they can trade with other players ; while Greene recognizes the issue with skin gambling , he believes that Valve has put safeguards in place to support a `` skin economy '' that will provide further revenue for them without concerns over gambling . However , by November 2017 , gray market skin gambling sites began to appear , using Battlegrounds cosmetics as virtual currency . Following controversy over the use of loot boxes to offer `` pay - to - win '' items in other games in November 2017 , the PUBG Corporation affirmed that while they will continue to add new cosmetic items rewarded by in - game crate purchases , they `` will never add anything that affects the gameplay '' . In May 2018 , PUBG Corporation disabled the ability to trade skins on the Steam Marketplace as they found that players were still abusing the system by selling them for monetary value through unofficial third - party platforms . While in early access , Bluehole offered an early preview of the system by offering time - limited crates that could be purchased during the first Battlegrounds Invitations tournament during Gamescom in August 2017 , with the sales from these contributing to the prize pool . Among loot from these crates are special outfits inspired by the Battle Royale movie . Greene anticipates adding a campaign mode with co-operative player support , though there would be `` no serious lore '' crafted for the narrative , comparing this to similar modes in Watch Dogs . The game , while in early access , has already received alternate gameplay modes created by players , determined by unenforceable rules that players agree to abide by , that have been popular with streamers . This was aided by a quiet release of custom server support to a number of influential streamers which subsequently made it into public release . In one case , `` Zombie Mode '' , all but four players pretend to be zombies , who may sometimes distinguish themselves by removing all clothing and are limited only to collecting melee weapons and consumable items , and must rush to attack the other four players , who are able to collect all gear and attempt to outrun and defeat the zombies . Inspired by this mode , Greene announced plans to introduce an official zombie - based gameplay mode based on this into Battlegrounds . Whereas most of the rest of the team continued to develop the core gameplay and maps , Greene is taking on the zombie mode as a near solo project , only using the assistance of the lead animator to help with the zombie animations . Greene sees Battlegrounds as a platform , and would like to see more custom game types and mods developed by players for it . Greene identified that some mods that he also previously worked on from ARMA 3 may become part of the Battlegrounds platform . To prevent in - game cheating , the game uses the `` BattlEye '' anti-cheating software , which was banning more than 6,000 players a day in October 2017 and over 2.5 million players in total by the beginning of 2018 , with over a million in January alone . In December 2017 , BattlEye indicated that 99 % of cheats were made in China . Release Windows Bluehole used closed alpha and beta periods with about 80,000 players , including popular Twitch streamers , to gauge initial reaction to the gameplay and adjust balance prior to a wider release . Just prior to the early access phase on Steam , Bluehole opened a few servers and invited some of the top streamers of the battle royale genre to try it out as to start gaining interest . Early access launched on March 23 , 2017 for the Windows version . This early access period was planned to last approximately six months , originally aiming for a September 2017 release . In July 2017 , Greene announced that they would need to extend the early access period by a few months , continuing to release updates on a regular basis , with plans to still release by the end of 2017 , as committing to this original period `` could hinder us from delivering a fully featured game and / or lead to disappointment within the community if the launch deadline is not met '' . Initially , Bluehole had expected that they would just gain enough players through early access to smooth out the gameplay , and only when the game was completed , they would have started more marketing for the title . The sudden interest in the game from early access exceeded their expectations , and put emphasis on the stability of the game and its underlying networking alongside gameplay improvements . Through August 2017 , these updates generally included a major weekly patch alongside major monthly updates that provided key performance improvements . However , from August onward Bluehole backed off the rate of such patches , as the high frequency has led to some quality control issues , and the developers rather make sure each patch content is well - vetted by the community before providing new updates ; this did not change their plans for a 2017 release , where it fully released out of early access on December 20 . In part of the game 's success in early access , Tencent Games , the largest publisher of video games in China , approached Bluehole that same month with an offer to publish Battlegrounds in China and purchase equity in the company . However , the China Audio - Video and Digital Publishing Association issued a statement in October 2017 that discouraged battle royale - style games , stating that they are too violent and deviate from Chinese values of socialism , deeming it harmful to young consumers . The following month however , PUBG had reached a formal agreement with the Chinese government to allow the release of the game in the country , with Tencent as the publishing partner . However , some changes were made to make sure it aligned with socialist values and traditional Chinese morals . In South Korea , the game is marketed and distributed by Kakao Games . Despite the lack of a Chinese publisher prior to the Tencent deal , players in China had found ways to acquire and play the game through Steam via proxies and other networking tricks . The large Chinese player base had led to some technical and community problems with the game . From a technical standpoint , while PUBG Corporation offers various servers in different geographic regions , they have not used region locking , thus allowing players from disparate regions playing in the same matches . The network latency has caused issued in - game that make some characters `` rubber band '' , appearing to be moving to one location before network synchronization that causes them to snap back to a different position . With the game out of early access , PUBG Corporation seeks to eliminate this effect to make this rubber banding less pronounced . To address the technical problems , PUBG Corporation plans to add maximum client ping limits for servers which can reduce the issues with latency problems and prevent some of the cheating that has occurred . This would not prevent cross-region matchmaking but may make it difficult for some players to play outside their region if they have a poor Internet infrastructure . Tencent has also helped by identifying and reporting around 30 software programs to Chinese police that can be used to cheat in Battlegrounds , leading to over a hundred arrests by the beginning of 2018 . Separately , this technical issue , in addition to the larger number of Chinese players , has created complaints in the player community . Some Western players fear that many Chinese players are able to cheat in the game by exploiting some of the network latency issues , something that PUBG Corporation continued to address as the game shifted out of early access . However , a small number of players called for server segregation by region , and had used racial insults at Chinese players they encounter in game . Greene was disappointed with this `` xenophobic attitude '' , calling it `` disgraceful '' , and asked the player community to respect the Chinese players more as their numbers were a key part of the game 's success . Greene also identified that players can easily get around such region locks using virtual private networks , making this approach ineffective . Xbox One Bluehole planned to port the game to consoles , which will be released sometime following the completion of the Windows release , with the company already having a team starting on the Xbox One port . Greene was part of Microsoft 's press conference during Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 to announce that Battlegrounds would be coming to Xbox One as a timed console exclusive sometime by the end of 2017 , using the Xbox Game Preview early access approach to test it . Initially , Greene said that Microsoft was not directly involved in the porting but only providing assistance to make sure the port is good , and that most of the porting responsibilities are being done by Anticto , a Spanish developer . However , at Gamescom that year , Bluehole affirmed that Microsoft Studios would be publishing the Xbox One version of the title , helping to make a planned 2017 release for this version . Greene said that Microsoft 's support has helped in several ways , not only for the Xbox One version but improving the performance and security of the Windows version . Further , by being part of the group of studios under the Microsoft banner , they have been able to talk and incorporate technology from other developers , such as improved water rendering techniques they obtained from Rare that they had developed for Sea of Thieves . Microsoft considered Battlegrounds to be an important project to demonstrate their company 's ability to be more than just a publisher , according to Microsoft 's Nico Bihary who lead the project . Bihary said they have given Battlegrounds a `` white glove '' treatment , and for the Xbox One port have provided services from their advanced technology group and time and support from The Coalition , another of Microsoft Studios ' subsidiaries . Kim also stated that the team was interested in cross-platform play between the Windows and console versions , but did not anticipate this as a release feature , as they need to determine how to mitigate the advantage keyboard and mouse - using players would have over those using controllers . Titled `` Game Preview Edition '' , the early access version for the Xbox One was released on December 12 , 2017 in both digital and physical formats . To promote it , Microsoft performed real - life supply crate drops in Australia in the week prior , with the crates containing Xbox hardware , Battlegrounds merchandise , and other goods , using passcodes published alongside the drop locations on social media . The Xbox version also includes Xbox - specific in - game cosmetic items , some which could be purchased directly rather than through in - game crates . Other platforms Following the Chinese publication deal for the Windows version , Tencent Games and PUBG Corporation additionally announced that they were planning on releasing two mobile versions based on the game in the country . The first , PUBG : Exhilarating Battlefield , is an abridged version of the original game , and was developed by Lightspeed & Quantum Studio , an internal division of Tencent Games . The second , PUBG : Army Attack , includes more arcade - style elements , including action taking place on warships , and was developed by Tencent 's Timi Studio . Both versions are free - to - play , and were released for Android and iOS devices on February 9 , 2018 . The games had a combined total of 75 million pre-registrations , and ranked first and second on the Chinese iOS download charts at launch . Following a soft launch in Canada , an English version of Exhilarating Battlefield known as PUBG Mobile , was released worldwide on March 19 , 2018 . Kim also stated that a PlayStation 4 version is planned ; Bluehole 's head of global business Woonghee Cho said that because of Microsoft 's assistance and suggestions for supporting Battlegrounds , the title would be a timed console exclusive for the Xbox One . Following news that Microsoft Studios was serving as a publisher for the Xbox One version as a `` console launch exclusive '' in August 2017 , reporters questioned Bluehole about their PlayStation 4 plans , but Bluehole did not confirm either way on current plans for this platform . In an interview shortly after Gamescom , Greene said that their deal with Microsoft did not exclude a PlayStation 4 port , but that their focus at the time was only on the Windows and Xbox One version , given the small size of their team . Bluehole later confirmed they were in discussions with Sony for the PlayStation 4 version . When asked about it in January 2018 , Kim stated that the team released the game first on the Steam and Xbox Game Preview early access programs as they both easily allowed in - development games to be released and updated over time , which contrasted with Sony 's lack of their own early access program , as well as their strict quality control for even completed games . Kim further stated that if given the opportunity , he wants the game released on every possible platform . Professional competition To celebrate the game surpassing two million copies sold , Bluehole announced a 2017 Charity Invitational event , inviting 128 players to compete over their official Twitch.tv channel to raise money for the Gamers Outreach Foundation , with Bluehole matching all donations up to US $ 100,000 . The competition ran in early May 2017 , and raised at least US $120,000 from viewers along with Bluehole 's US $100,000 match , and served as a prototype for future eSports events for the game . During the August 2017 Gamescom event , Bluehole and ESL organized the first Battlegrounds invitational tournament , with a $350,000 prize pool . Separate events were held for solo players , two - player teams , two - player teams fixed to first - person perspective , and four - player squads . Each event featured three matches , with the player or team scoring the highest across all three named winners . Greene said that while he had envisioned the battle royale format to be a spectator sport since his ARMA II mod , their approach to making Battlegrounds an eSport would be a matter of taking `` baby steps '' . Greene said that they would not actively pursue eSports until after the game was fully released and that all major bugs were eliminated . The Gamescom 2017 event demonstrated the issues surrounding the logistics of running a large Battlegrounds tournament with a large number of players involved , and they had worked alongside ESL to explore how to do this effectively in the future . Further , Green stated there was also the need to establish a format for presenting a Battlegrounds match to make it interesting to spectators , which he thought would take some time to develop given the nature of the emergent gameplay , comparing it to established first - person shooters and multiplayer online battle arena eSport games . A 20 - team , 80 - player tournament produced by Intel took place in Oakland in November 2017 , with a prize pool of US $ 200,000 . Reception Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic PC : 86 / 100 iOS : 82 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Game Informer 9.5 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 IGN 9.5 / 10 Polygon 10 / 10 PCGamesN 9 / 10 USGamer The game received `` generally favorable '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic . During both its early access phase and after , Battlegrounds also surpassed numerous player - count records . Bluehole released statistics for the first four months of release that showed that over ten million rounds of Battlegrounds had been played , effectively equal to more than 25,000 man - years of time . Data by SteamSpy showed that Battlegrounds had surpassed long - standing popular titles in concurrent player count on Steam , such as Fallout 4 and Grand Theft Auto V , eventually overtaking Dota 2 , the most played game on the platform for years , in August 2017 . The following month , the game had its peak concurrent player count reach over 1.3 million , surpassing Dota 2 's all - time record of 1.29 set in March 2016 . The game then reached a concurrent player count of two million in October 2017 , and three million by the end of the year . The game has also been shown popular in South Korean PC bangs ; analysis firm Gametrics reported that Battlegrounds had surpassed Overwatch and became the second-most played game in the country by August 2017 , only behind League of Legends , it subsequently surpassed League of Legends by October 2017 . Battlegrounds 's popularity from Chinese players led to large increases in users of Steam from that geographic region , and by November 2017 , more than half of Steam users were fluent in Chinese due to the game 's availability through the platform . Several journalists commented on the game 's rapid growth towards a large player base for a game that was still in early access . Greene had confidence that the game could reach over a million players within a month , but some of his development team were only anticipating around 200,000 to 300,000 within the first year , and were surprised by its performance in its first month . Greene himself believed that the strong growth was buoyed by non-traditional promotional channels like Twitch streamers and other content creators , which they have since worked to introduce new gameplay elements ahead of public release . IGN 's Rad believed that the popularity of the game was due to its fast - paced nature compared to similar type games available at the time , such as H1Z1 and DayZ . She thought that the design balanced the solitary periods when the player is scavenging or sneaking around with those of being in combat with others , and the approach is readily accessible to new players with very little waiting time to get into a new match . Andy Moore for Glixel considered that Battlegrounds 's popularity comes from how the game encouraged players to engage due to the situation they are placed in rather than from the player 's own disposition , comparing it to the Stanford prison experiment , and thus able to capture the interest of players who may normally eschew these types of games . Rock Paper Shotgun 's Michael Johnson described Battlegrounds as `` a tactical shooting sandbox , a story generator , and a horror game all in one '' , providing some of the `` highest highs '' in multiplayer gaming as reason for its popularity . Rob Zacny for Waypoint found that Battlegrounds offered the same type of entertainment experience for viewers that many other player - vs - player survival games have , but because of the lack of persistence , players were more likely to experiment with resources rather than hoard them , leading to humorous or unexpected situations that are often absent in survival games and making the title more enjoyable to watch and play , leading to its popularity . Jeff Grubb of Venture Beat considered Battlegrounds as a paradigm shift in the first - person shooter market similar to how Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare also changed the landscape of shooters when it was released in 2007 , and believed it did this by being an anti-Call of Duty in terms of pacing and strategy . Battlegrounds is considered the defining game of the battle royale game genre due to its popularity , even though other games , including Greene 's previous mods , were already on the market . After its large early access sales numbers , other games followed with battle royale mechanics , with either existing games that added a battle royale mode or fully new games . Notably , Epic Games updated their in - development title Fortnite , a sandbox - based survival game that included the ability to construct fortifications , to include a battle royale mode that retained the fortification aspects . Known as Fortnite Battle Royale , Epic later released it as a standalone free - to - play game in September 2017 . Shorty after its release , Bluehole expressed concerns about the game , acknowledging that while they can not claim ownership of the battle royale genre , they feared that since they had been working with Epic for technical support of the Unreal engine , that they may have had a heads - up on planned features they wanted to bring to Battlegrounds and could release it first . PUBG Corporation later filed a lawsuit against Epic Games Korea in January 2018 , alleging that Fortnite Battle Royale was infringing the copyright of Battlegrounds . However , the lawsuit was closed by PUBG in June 2018 for undisclosed reasons . Greene had expressed concern on the large number of games that have simply cloned the Battleground mechanics , particularly in China where clones of Battlegrounds are considered a new genre of `` chicken - eating game '' ( based on the `` winner winner chicken dinner '' line to a match winner in Battlegrounds ) . Greene said `` I want this genre of games to grow . For that to happen you need new and interesting spins on the game mode . If it 's just copycats down the line , then the genre does n't grow and people get bored . '' Greene claimed no ownership of the battle royale or last man standing genres , but believed that the clones were taking some specific mechanics he had developed in Battlegrounds and prior mods , such as the initial parachuting segment or the red - zone bombing runs , and would like to see legislation to give developers such as himself protection against these types of concepts as well as improve creativity as developers invent new approaches to mimic such innovations . Battlegrounds 's explosive growth and how it popularized the battle royale genre was considered to be one of the top stories in the video game industry during 2017 . Prior to release of their mobile versions , PUBG Corporation initiated legal action in the Northern Distinct Court of California against Chinese game publisher NetEase in January 2018 , claiming that their mobile games Rules of Survival and Knives Out infringe on Battlegrounds 's copyrights . PUBG 's lawsuit asserts that Rules of Survival is `` a copyrightable audio - visual work , individually and / or in combination with other elements of Battlegrounds '' , and identified several elements that appear similar in both games . While some of these elements are common features of a battle royale game , PUBG asserted that other elements reference specific facets of Battlegrounds , such as references to chicken for winning a game or using cookware as weapons or armor , makes Rules of Survival imply a connection to Battlegrounds . PUBG seeks both monetary damages and requiring NetEase from further distribution of the games . NetEase , in responding to PUBG 's request to Apple to remove the games , denied that their games violated Battlegrounds 's copyrights . Sales Battlegrounds made US $11 million in the first three days of its Windows early access release . By the second week of April 2017 , the game had sold over one million copies , with a peak player count of 89,000 , SuperData Research estimated that the game 's April sales exceeded US $34 million , putting it as one of the top 10 highest grossing revenue games for the month and exceeding revenue from Overwatch and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . By May 2017 , the game had sold over two million copies , with total gross revenues estimated at US $60 million . Within three months of its early access release , it had surpassed over five million copies sold , and Bluehole announced it had exceeded US $100 million in sale revenue . Battlegrounds reached this four million mark faster than Minecraft , which took over a year to reach similar sales figures while it was in its paid - beta development period . By September 2017 , Bluehole 's value , as tracked by a firm that tracks private Korean corporations , increased five-fold from June of that year to a value of US $4.6 billion , primarily due to Battlegrounds . By December 2017 , PUBG Corporation reported that there were more than 30 million players worldwide between the Windows and Xbox versions . The research film SuperData estimated that Battlegrounds drew in more than US $712 million in revenue within 2017 . By February 2018 , the game had sold over thirty million on Steam according to SteamSpy . The following month , Gabe Newell stated that the game was the third highest - grossing game of all time on the platform . Within three days of going live on the Xbox Live Preview Program in mid-December 2017 , Microsoft announced that Battlegrounds had sold more than a million copies on the platform . Alongside this , Microsoft announced that Battlegrounds would be offered as a free add - on for those buying the Xbox One X console through the end of 2017 . A month after release , the Xbox version had sold more than four million copies and was the fourth bestselling game in the United States , according to The NPD Group . By March 2018 , the game had sold forty million copies across all platforms , which had risen to over fifty million by June , averaging over 87 million players daily with over 400 million players in total . Awards and accolades While still in early access , Battlegrounds won the `` Best Multiplayer Game '' and was also nominated for the categories `` Game of the Year '' and `` Best Ongoing Game '' at The Game Awards 2017 . The game 's nomination for `` Game of the Year '' created some debate , being the first early access title to be named for one of the top industry awards . Also , about a month before it was released , the game won `` Best Multiplayer Game '' and `` PC Game of the Year '' at the 35th Golden Joystick Awards , whereas its other nominations were for `` Studio of the Year '' ( PUBG Corporation ) and `` Ultimate Game of the Year '' . It also won the `` Breakout Game of the Year '' award at PC Gamer 's end of the year awards , whereas its other nomination was for `` Game of the Year '' . Polygon ranked the game second on their list of the 50 best games of 2017 , and The Verge named it one of their 15 Best Games of 2017 , while Entertainment Weekly ranked it seventh on their `` Best Games of 2017 '' list . On the day it was released , the game won the award for `` Best PC Game '' , `` Best Multiplayer '' , and `` Best Spectator Game '' at the IGN Best of 2017 Awards , whereas its other nominations were for `` Game of the Year '' and `` Best Shooter '' . It also won the award for `` Best PC Game '' at Destructoid 's Game of the Year Awards 2017 . The game also won Giant Bomb 's `` Best Multiplayer '' , `` Best Surprise '' , `` Best Debut '' , and `` Game of the Year '' awards , and was classified as a runner - up for the `` Best Moment or Sequence '' award for the `` chicken - eating game '' . Eurogamer ranked PUBG fourth on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' , while GamesRadar+ ranked it 12th on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 . Game Informer gave it the award each for `` Best Competitive Multiplayer '' and `` Best Shooter '' in their Best of 2017 Awards , and also for `` Best Competitive Multiplayer '' , `` Best Multiplayer Map '' ( Erangel ) , `` Best Innovation '' , and `` Shooter of the Year '' in their 2017 Shooter of the Year Awards . In their Reader 's Choice Best of 2017 Awards , the game won the `` Best Competitive Multiplayer '' award , and was runner - up in the `` Best Microsoft Exclusive '' and `` Best Shooter '' categories . The game was also nominated for the Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year at the New York Game Awards 2018 , and for `` Best Design '' , `` Innovation Award '' , and `` Game of the Year '' at the Game Developers Choice Awards . In addition , it was nominated for `` Game of the Year '' and `` Outstanding Achievement in Game Design '' , and won `` Action Game of the Year '' and `` Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay '' at the D.I.C.E. Awards ; it was also nominated for `` Game , eSports '' at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards , and won the awards for `` Excellence in Multiplayer '' , `` Trending Game of the Year '' , and `` eSports Game of the Year '' at the SXSW Gaming Awards , whereas its other nominations were for `` Most Promising New Intellectual Property '' , `` Excellence in Design '' , and `` Video Game of the Year '' ; and it was nominated for `` Evolving Game '' , `` Multiplayer '' and `` Original Property '' at the 14th British Academy Games Awards . Year Award Result Ref 2017 35th Golden Joystick Awards Best Multiplayer Game Won PC Game of the Year Won Studio of the Year ( PUBG Corporation ) Nominated Ultimate Game of the Year Nominated The Game Awards 2017 Best Multiplayer Game Won Best Ongoing Game Nominated Game of the Year Nominated 2018 New York Game Awards 2018 Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year Nominated D.I.C.E. Awards 2017 Action Game of the Year Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay Won Game of the Year Nominated National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards 2017 Game , eSports Nominated 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards eSports Game of the Year Won Excellence in Design Nominated Excellence in Multiplayer Won Most Promising New Intellectual Property Nominated Trending Game of the Year Won Video Game of the Year Nominated 18th Game Developers Choice Awards Best Design Nominated Innovation Award Nominated Game of the Year Nominated 14th British Academy Games Awards Evolving Game Nominated Multiplayer Nominated Original Property Nominated Game Critics Awards 2018 Best Ongoing Game Nominated 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Videogame Pending Notes Jump up ^ LightSpeed & Quantum Studio , an internal division of Tencent Games , developed the Android and iOS versions of the game . 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Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds and GOTY : It 's about art vs. product '' . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weber , Rachel ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild scores big at the 35th Golden Joystick Awards presented with OMEN by HP '' . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gaito , Eri ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Nominees '' . Best in Slot . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Breakout Game 2017 : PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . 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IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Game of the Year '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Shooter '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Destructoid 's award for Best PC Game of 2017 goes to ... '' Destructoid . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 Day Two : Music , Surprise , Multiplayer , and Mess '' . Giant Bomb . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : IGN Studios ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` British Academy Games Awards Winners in 2018 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` E3 2018 : Game Critics Awards Nominations Revealed : Anthem , Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Top The List '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . 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Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PlayerUnknown%27s_Battlegrounds&oldid=854562882 '' Categories : 2017 video games Android ( operating system ) games Battle royale games Early access video games Multiplayer video games Open world video games Survival video games Tactical shooter video games Third - person shooters Unreal Engine games Video games containing loot boxes Video games developed in South Korea Video games set on fictional islands Windows games Xbox One X enhanced games Xbox One games IOS games Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use American English from June 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 07 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did pubg mobile come out in china | [
"Following the Chinese publication deal for the Windows version, Tencent Games and PUBG Corporation additionally announced that they were planning on releasing two mobile versions based on the game in the country.[70][71] The first, PUBG: Exhilarating Battlefield, is an abridged version of the original game, and was developed by Lightspeed & Quantum Studio, an internal division of Tencent Games.[72] The second, PUBG: Army Attack, includes more arcade-style elements, including action taking place on warships, and was developed by Tencent's Timi Studio.[73] Both versions are free-to-play, and were released for Android and iOS devices on February 9, 2018.[74][75] The games had a combined total of 75 million pre-registrations, and ranked first and second on the Chinese iOS download charts at launch.[75] Following a soft launch in Canada, an English version of Exhilarating Battlefield known as PUBG Mobile, was released worldwide on March 19, 2018.[76][77][78]\n"
] | [
"February 9, 2018"
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3882348573856494788 | Leeds | Leeds - Wikipedia Leeds Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the city in England . For the administrative district , see City of Leeds . For other uses , see Leeds ( disambiguation ) . For the metropolitan area , see Leeds City Region . Leeds Clockwise from top left : Leeds Town Hall , Trinity Leeds , Bridgewater Place , Leeds Dock , First Direct Arena . Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : Pro rege et lege ( Latin : `` For king and the law '' ) Leeds shown within West Yorkshire Leeds Location of Leeds in the United Kingdom Leeds Leeds ( the United Kingdom ) Leeds Leeds ( Europe ) Show map of Yorkshire and the Humber Show map of the United Kingdom Show map of Europe Show all Coordinates : 53 ° 47 ′ 59 '' N 1 ° 32 ′ 57 '' W / 53.79972 ° N 1.54917 ° W / 53.79972 ; - 1.54917 Coordinates : 53 ° 47 ′ 59 '' N 1 ° 32 ′ 57 '' W / 53.79972 ° N 1.54917 ° W / 53.79972 ; - 1.54917 Sovereign state United Kingdom Constituent country England Region Yorkshire and the Humber City region Leeds Ceremonial county West Yorkshire Historic county Yorkshire Borough charter 1207 Municipal charter 1626 City status 1893 Administrative HQ Leeds Civic Hall , Millennium Square Government Type Metropolitan borough Body Leeds City Council Leadership Leader and cabinet Executive Labour Leader Judith Blake Lord Mayor Jane Dowson Chief Executive Tom Riordan Area City 213.0 sq mi ( 551.7 km ) Urban 188.3 sq mi ( 487.8 km ) Area rank 84th Highest elevation 1,115 ft ( 340 m ) Lowest elevation 33 ft ( 10 m ) Population ( mid-2016 est . ) City 781,700 Rank 2nd Density 3,670 / sq mi ( 1,416 / km ) Urban 1,901,934 ( 4th ) Urban density 9,440 / sq mi ( 3,645 / km ) Metro 2,454,000 ( 4th ) Demonym ( s ) Loiner , Leodensian Time zone Greenwich Mean Time ( UTC + 0 ) Summer ( DST ) British Summer Time ( UTC + 1 ) Postcode areas LS WF , BD ( parts ) Dialling codes 0113 ( Leeds ) 01924 ( Wakefield ) 01937 ( Wetherby ) 01943 ( Guiseley ) 01977 ( Pontefract ) ISO 3166 code GB - LDS GSS code E08000035 NUTS 3 code UKE42 ONS code 00DA OS grid reference SE296338 Motorways M1 M62 M621 A1 ( M ) A58 ( M ) A64 ( M ) Major railway stations Leeds ( A ) International airports Leeds Bradford ( LBA ) GDP US $ 82.98 billion -- Per capita US $33,355 GVA ( 2015 ) £ 21.3 bn ( 4th ) 14.6 % -- Per capita £ 27,466 ( 4th ) 14.6 % Councillors 99 MPs List of MPs ( show ) Alec Shelbrooke ( C ) Hilary Benn ( L ) Richard Burgon ( L ) Fabian Hamilton ( L ) Greg Mulholland ( LD ) Rachel Reeves ( L ) Andrea Jenkyns ( C ) Stuart Andrew ( C ) European Parliament Yorkshire and the Humber Website www.leeds.gov.uk Leeds / liːdz / ( listen ) is a city in West Yorkshire , England . Historically in Yorkshire 's West Riding , Leeds can be traced to the 5th century name for a wooded area of the Kingdom of Elmet . The name has been applied to many administrative entities over the centuries . It changed from being the name of a small manorial borough in the 13th century , through several incarnations , to being the name attached to the present metropolitan borough . In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a major centre for the production and trading of wool . During the Industrial Revolution , Leeds developed into a major mill town ; wool was the dominant industry , but flax , engineering , iron foundries , printing , and other industries were important . From being a compact market town in the valley of the River Aire , in the 16th century , Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century . Leeds has a population of around 781,700 ( 2016 ) , making it the third-most populous British city after London and Birmingham . The city lies within the United Kingdom 's fourth-most populous urban area , with a population of 2.4 million . The economy of Leeds is the most diverse of all of the UK 's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private - sector jobs growth of any UK city . It also has the highest ratio of private to public sector jobs of all the UK 's Core Cities , with 77 % of its workforce working in the private sector . Leeds has the third - largest jobs total by local authority area , with 480,000 in employment and self - employment at the beginning of 2015 . Leeds is home to over 109,000 companies generating 5 % of England 's total economic output of £ 60.5 billion , and is also ranked as a gamma world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Leeds is considered the cultural , financial and commercial heart of the West Yorkshire Urban Area . Leeds is served by four universities , and has the fourth largest student population in the country and the country 's fourth largest urban economy . After London , Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK , with the financial and insurance services industry worth £ 13 billion to the Leeds economy . with more than 30 national and international banks located in the city including the only subsidiary office of the Bank of England in the UK . Leeds is also the UK 's third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees , Leeds manufacturing firms account for 8.8 % of total employment in the city and is worth over £ 7 billion to the local economy . The largest sub-sectors are engineering , printing and publishing , food and drink , chemicals and medical technology . The city is the home of several firsts , including the oldest surviving film in existence , Roundhay Garden Scene ( 1888 ) and the 1767 invention of soda water , the defining component of most soft drinks . Outside London , Leeds has the third busiest railway station and tenth - busiest airport in terms of passenger numbers in England . Public transport , rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds . Its assigned role in the Leeds City Region partnership recognises the city 's importance to regional economic development , and the second phase of High Speed 2 plans to connect Leeds to London via East Midlands Hub and Sheffield Meadowhall . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Toponymy 1.2 Economic development 1.3 Local government 1.4 Suburban growth 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Green belt 3 Demography 3.1 Urban subdivision 3.2 Metropolitan district 4 Government 5 Economy 5.1 Public sector 5.2 Shopping 6 Landmarks 7 Transport 8 Recreation 8.1 Walking 8.2 Parks and open spaces 9 Education 9.1 Schools 9.2 Further and higher education 10 Culture 10.1 Art 10.2 Carnivals and festivals 10.3 Cinema 10.4 Media 10.5 Museums 10.6 Music , theatre and dance 10.7 Nightlife 11 Sports 11.1 Leeds teams 12 Religion 13 Public services 14 See also 15 References and notes 16 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Leeds Toponymy ( edit ) The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning `` people of the fast - flowing river '' , in reference to the River Aire that flows through the city . This name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet , which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century . Bede states in the fourteenth chapter of his Ecclesiastical History , in a discussion of an altar surviving from a church erected by Edwin of Northumbria , that it is located in ... regione quae vocatur Loidis ( Latin , `` the region which is called Loidis '' ) . An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner , a word of uncertain origin . The term Leodensian is also used , from the city 's Latin name . The name Leeds has also been explained as a derivative of Welsh lloed , meaning simply ' a place ' . Economic development ( edit ) The Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Granary Wharf The Leeds Corn Exchange opened in 1864 Leeds developed as a market town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy . Before the Industrial Revolution , it became a co-ordination centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth , and white broadcloth was traded at its White Cloth Hall . Leeds handled one sixth of England 's export trade in 1770 . Growth , initially in textiles , was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816 . The railway network constructed around Leeds , starting with the Leeds and Selby Railway in 1834 , provided improved communications with national markets and , significantly for its development , an east - west connection with Manchester and the ports of Liverpool and Hull giving improved access to international markets . Alongside technological advances and industrial expansion , Leeds retained an interest in trading in agricultural commodities , with the Corn Exchange opening in 1864 . Leeds from the Meadows by Joseph Rhodes , 1825 . Marshall 's Mill was one of the first of many factories constructed in Leeds from around 1790 when the most significant were woollen finishing and flax mills . Manufacturing diversified by 1914 to printing , engineering , chemicals and clothing manufacture . Decline in manufacturing during the 1930s was temporarily reversed by a switch to producing military uniforms and munitions during World War II . However , by the 1970s , the clothing industry was in irreversible decline , facing cheap foreign competition . The contemporary economy has been shaped by Leeds City Council 's vision of building a ' 24 - hour European city ' and ' capital of the north ' . The city has developed from the decay of the post-industrial era to become a telephone banking centre , connected to the electronic infrastructure of the modern global economy . There has been growth in the corporate and legal sectors , and increased local affluence has led to an expanding retail sector , including the luxury goods market . Leeds City Region Enterprise Zone was launched in April 2012 to promote development in four sites along the A63 East Leeds Link Road . Local government ( edit ) Main article : History of local government in Yorkshire Leeds ( parish ) population 1881 160,109 1891 177,523 1901 177,920 1911 259,394 1921 269,665 1931 482,809 1941 war * 1951 505,219 1961 510,676 * no census was held due to war source : UK census Leeds was a manor and township in the large ancient parish of Leeds St Peter , in the Skyrack wapentake of the West Riding of Yorkshire . The Borough of Leeds was created in 1207 , when Maurice Paynel , lord of the manor , granted a charter to a small area of the manor , close to the river crossing , in what is now the city centre . Four centuries later , the inhabitants petitioned Charles I for a charter of incorporation , which was granted in 1626 . The new charter incorporated the entire parish , including all eleven townships , as the Borough of Leeds and withdrew the earlier charter . Improvement commissioners were set up in 1755 for paving , lighting , and cleansing of the main streets , including Briggate and further powers were added in 1790 to improve the water supply . A crowd gathers outside Leeds Town Hall during the 1880 general elections . The borough corporation was reformed under the provisions of Municipal Corporations Act 1835 . Leeds Borough Police force was formed in 1836 , and Leeds Town Hall was completed by the corporation in 1858 . In 1866 , Leeds and each of the other townships in the borough became civil parishs . The borough became a county borough in 1889 , giving it independence from the newly formed West Riding County Council and it gained city status in 1893 . In 1904 the Leeds parish absorbed Beeston , Chapel Allerton , Farnley , Headingley cum Burley and Potternewton from within the borough . In the twentieth century the county borough initiated a series of significant territorial expansions , growing from 21,593 acres ( 87.38 km ) in 1911 to 40,612 acres ( 164.35 km ) in 1961 . In 1912 the parish and county borough of Leeds absorbed Leeds Rural District , consisting of the parishes of Roundhay and Seacroft ; and Shadwell , which had been part of Wetherby Rural District . On 1 April 1925 , the parish of Leeds was expanded to cover the whole borough . The county borough was abolished on 1 April 1974 , and its former area was combined with that of the municipal boroughs of Morley and Pudsey ; the urban districts of Aireborough , Horsforth , Otley , Garforth and Rothwell ; and parts of the rural districts of Tadcaster , Wetherby , and Wharfedale . This area formed a metropolitan district in the county of West Yorkshire . It gained both borough and city status and is known as the City of Leeds . Initially , local government services were provided by Leeds City Council and West Yorkshire County Council . When the county council was abolished in 1986 , the city council absorbed its functions , and some powers passed to organisations such as the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Authority . From 1988 two run - down and derelict areas close to the city centre were designated for regeneration and became the responsibility of Leeds Development Corporation , outside the planning remit of the city council . Planning powers were restored to the local authority in 1995 when the development corporation was wound up . Suburban growth ( edit ) 1866 map of Leeds 19th century Briggate , Leeds In 1801 , 42 % of the population of Leeds lived outside the township , in the wider borough . Cholera outbreaks in 1832 and 1849 caused the authorities to address the problems of drainage , sanitation , and water supply . Water was pumped from the River Wharfe , but by 1860 it was too heavily polluted to be usable . Following the Leeds Waterworks Act of 1867 three reservoirs were built at Lindley Wood , Swinsty , and Fewston in the Washburn Valley north of Leeds . Residential growth occurred in Holbeck and Hunslet from 1801 to 1851 , but , as these townships became industrialised new areas were favoured for middle class housing . Land south of the river was developed primarily for industry and secondarily for back - to - back workers ' dwellings . The Leeds Improvement Act 1866 sought to improve the quality of working class housing by restricting the number of homes that could be built in a single terrace . Holbeck and Leeds formed a continuous built - up area by 1858 , with Hunslet nearly meeting them . In the latter half of the nineteenth century , population growth in Hunslet , Armley , and Wortley outstripped that of Leeds . When pollution became a problem , the wealthier residents left the industrial conurbation to live in Headingley , Potternewton and Chapel Allerton which led to a 50 % increase in the population of Headingley and Burley from 1851 to 1861 . The middle - class flight from the industrial areas led to development beyond the borough at Roundhay and Adel . The introduction of the electric tramway led to intensification of development in Headingley and Potternewton and expansion outside the borough into Roundhay . Two private gas supply companies were taken over by the corporation in 1870 , and the municipal supply provided street lighting and cheaper gas to homes . From the early 1880s , the Yorkshire House - to - House Electricity Company supplied electricity to Leeds until it was purchased by Leeds Corporation and became a municipal supply . Slum clearance and rebuilding began in Leeds during the Inter-war period when over 18,000 houses were built by the council on 24 estates in Cross Gates , Middleton , Gipton , Belle Isle and Halton Moor . The slums of Quarry Hill were replaced by the innovative Quarry Hill flats , which were demolished in 1975 . Another 36,000 houses were built by private sector builders , creating suburbs in Gledhow , Moortown , Alwoodley , Roundhay , Colton , Whitkirk , Oakwood , Weetwood , and Adel . After 1949 a further 30,000 sub-standard houses were demolished by the council and replaced by 151 medium - rise and high - rise blocks of council flats in estates at Seacroft , Armley Heights , Tinshill , and Brackenwood . Leeds has seen great expenditure on regenerating the city , attracting in investments and flagship projects , as found in Leeds city centre . Many developments boasting luxurious penthouse apartments have been built close to the city centre . Geography ( edit ) Map of Leeds in West Yorkshire River Aire in Leeds Leeds is located 190 miles ( 310 km ) north - northwest of London , on the valley of the River Aire in the eastern foothills of the Pennines . The city centre lies in a narrow section of the Aire Valley at about 206 feet ( 63 m ) above sea level ; while the district ranges from 1,115 feet ( 340 m ) in the far west on the slopes of Ilkley Moor to about 33 feet ( 10 m ) where the rivers Aire and Wharfe cross the eastern boundary . The centre of Leeds is part of a continuously built - up area extending to Pudsey , Bramley , Horsforth , Alwoodley , Seacroft , Middleton and Morley . Leeds has the second highest population of any local authority district in the UK ( after Birmingham ) , and the second greatest area of any English metropolitan district ( after Doncaster ) , extending 15 miles ( 24 km ) from east to west , and 13 miles ( 21 km ) from north to south . The northern boundary follows the River Wharfe for several miles , but it crosses the river to include the part of Otley which lies north of the river . The city centre is less than twenty miles ( 32 km ) from the Yorkshire Dales National Park , which has some of the most spectacular scenery and countryside in the UK . Inner and southern areas of Leeds lie on a layer of coal measure sandstones forming the Yorkshire Coalfield . To the north parts are built on older sandstone and gritstones and to the east it extends into the magnesian limestone belt . The land use in the central areas of Leeds is overwhelmingly urban . Attempts to define the exact geographic meaning of Leeds lead to a variety of concepts of its extent , varying by context include the area of the city centre , the urban sprawl , the administrative boundaries , and the functional region . Leeds is much more a generalised concept place name in inverted commas , it is the city , but it is also the commuter villages and the region as well . -- Brian Thompson , A History of Modern Leeds Leeds city centre is contained within the Leeds Inner Ring Road , formed from parts of the A58 road , A61 road , A64 road , A643 road and the M621 motorway . Briggate , the principal north - south shopping street , is pedestrianised and Queen Victoria Street , a part of the Victoria Quarter , is enclosed under a glass roof . Millennium Square is a significant urban focal point . The Leeds postcode area covers most of the City of Leeds and is almost entirely made up of the Leeds post town . Otley , Wetherby , Tadcaster , Pudsey and Ilkley are separate post towns within the postcode area . Aside from the built up area of Leeds itself , there are a number of suburbs and exurbs within the district . Climate ( edit ) Sunny early - June 2006 day at Park Square Leeds has a climate that is oceanic , and influenced by the Pennines . Summers are usually mild , with moderate rainfall , while winters are chilly , cloudy with occasional snow and frost . The nearest official weather recording station is at Bingley , some twenty kilometres away at a higher altitude . Situated on the eastern side of the Pennines , Leeds is among the drier cities in the United Kingdom , with an annual rainfall of 660 mm ( 25.98 in ) . The last reported tornado occurred on 14 September 2006 , causing uprooted trees and signal failures at Leeds City railway station . Green belt ( edit ) Further information : South and West Yorkshire Green Belt Leeds is within a green belt region that extends into the wider surrounding counties , and is in place to reduce urban sprawl , prevent the settlements in the West Yorkshire conurbation from further convergence , protect the identity of outlying communities , encourage brownfield reuse , and preserve nearby countryside . This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas , and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building . Over 60 % of the Leeds district is green belt land and it surrounds the settlement , preventing further sprawl towards nearby communities . Larger outlying towns and villages are exempt from the green belt area . However , smaller villages , hamlets and rural areas are ' washed over ' by the designation . The green belt was first adopted in 1960 , and the size in the borough in 2017 amounted to some 33,970 hectares ( 339.7 km ; 131.2 sq mi ) . A subsidiary aim of the green belt is to encourage recreation and leisure interests , with rural landscape features , greenfield areas and facilities including Temple Newsam Park and House with golf course , Rothwell Country Park , Middleton Park , Kirkstall Abbey ruins and surrounding park , Bedquilts recreation grounds , Waterloo lake , Roundhay castle and park , and Morwick , Cobble and Elmete Halls . Demography ( edit ) Main article : Demography of Leeds Urban subdivision ( edit ) Leeds compared Leeds urban subdivision within the West Yorkshire urban area 2001 UK Census Leeds USD Leeds district West Yorks UA England Population 443,247 715,402 1,499,465 49,138,831 White 88.4 % 91.9 % 85.5 % 90.9 % Asian 6.4 % 4.5 % 11.2 % 4.6 % Black 2.2 % 1.4 % 1.3 % 2.3 % Source : Office for National Statistics This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2016 ) At the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 , the Leeds urban subdivision occupied an area of 109 square kilometres ( 42 sq mi ) and had a population of 443,247 ; making it the fourth most populous urban subdivision within England and the fifth largest within the United Kingdom . The population density was 4,066 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 10,530 / sq mi ) , slightly higher than the rest of the West Yorkshire Urban Area . It accounts for 20 % of the area and 62 % of the population of the City of Leeds . The population of the urban subdivision had a 100 to 93.1 female -- male ratio . Of those over 16 years old , 39.4 % were single ( never married ) and 35.4 % married for the first time . The urban subdivision 's 188,890 households included 35 % one - person , 27.9 % married couples living together , 8.8 % were co-habiting couples , and 5.7 % single parents with their children . Leeds is the largest component of the West Yorkshire Urban Area and is counted by Eurostat as part of the Leeds - Bradford Larger Urban Zone . The Leeds Travel to Work Area in 2001 included all of the City of Leeds , a northern strip of the City of Bradford , the eastern part of Kirklees , and a section of southern North Yorkshire ; it occupies 751 square kilometres ( 290 sq mi ) . Metropolitan district ( edit ) At the 2011 UK census , the district had a total population of 751,500 , representing a 5 % growth since the last census of 2001 . Of the 301,614 households in Leeds in the 2001 census , 33.3 % were married couples living together , 31.6 % were one - person households , 9.0 % were co-habiting couples and 9.8 % were lone parents , following a similar trend to the rest of England . The population density was 1,967 / km ( 5,090 / sq mi ) and for every 100 females , there were 93.5 males . Leeds is a diverse city with over 75 ethnic groups , and with minority ethnic populations representing just under 11.6 % of the total population . According to figures from the 2011 census , 85.0 % of the population was White ( 81.1 % White British , 0.9 % White Irish , 0.1 % Gypsy or Irish Traveller , 2.9 % Other White ) , 2.7 % of mixed race ( 1.2 % White and Black Caribbean , 0.3 % White and Black African , 0.7 % White and Asian , 0.5 % Other Mixed ) , 7.7 % Asian ( 2.1 % Indian , 3.0 % Pakistani , 0.6 % Bangladeshi , 0.8 % Chinese , 1.2 % Other Asian ) , 3.5 % Black ( 2.0 % African , 0.9 % Caribbean , 0.6 % Other Black ) , 0.5 % Arab and 0.6 % of other ethnic heritage . The majority of people in Leeds identify themselves as Christian . The proportion of Muslims ( 3.0 % of the population ) is average for the country . Leeds has the third - largest community of Jews in the United Kingdom , after those of London and Manchester . The areas of Alwoodley and Moortown contain sizeable Jewish populations . 16.8 % of Leeds residents in the 2001 census declared themselves as having `` no religion '' , which is broadly in line with the figure for the whole of the UK ( also 8.1 % `` religion not stated '' ) . The crime rate in Leeds is well above the national average , like many other English major cities . In July 2006 , the think tank Reform calculated rates of crime for different offences and has related this to populations of major urban areas ( defined as towns over 100,000 population ) . Leeds was 11th in this rating ( excluding London boroughs , 23rd including London boroughs ) . Total recorded crime in Leeds fell by 45 % between 2002 / 03 and 2011 / 12 . The table below details the population of the current area of the district since 1801 , including the percentage change since the last available census data . Population growth in City of Leeds since 1801 year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Population 94,421 108,459 137,476 183,015 222,189 249,992 311,197 372,402 433,607 503,493 552,479 606,250 625,854 646,119 668,667 692,003 715,260 739,401 696,732 716,760 715,404 751,500 % change -- + 14.87 + 26.75 + 33.13 + 21.40 + 12.51 + 24.48 + 19.67 + 16.44 + 16.12 + 9.73 + 9.73 + 3.23 + 3.24 + 3.49 + 3.49 + 3.36 + 3.38 − 5.77 + 2.87 − 0.19 + 5.05 Source : Vision of Britain In 2011 , the Leeds USD had a population of 474,632 . Leeds compared Leeds USD Leeds City White British 73.9 % 81.1 % Asian 10.7 % 7.7 % Black 5.2 % 3.5 % In 2011 , 26.1 % of the population of the Leeds USD ( Urban Subdivision ) were non-white British , compared with 18.9 % for the surrounding borough . This makes the Leeds USD about as multicultural as Salford in Greater Manchester . Government ( edit ) See also : City of Leeds Leeds Civic Hall is the seat of local government . The City of Leeds is the local government district covering Leeds , and the local authority is Leeds City Council . The council is composed of 99 councillors , three for each of the district 's wards . Elections are held three years out of four , on the first Thursday of May . One third of the councillors are elected , for a four - year term , in each election . The council is currently controlled by Labour . West Yorkshire does not have a county council , so Leeds City Council is the primary provider of local government services for the city . The district is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England . Most of the district is an unparished area . In the unparished area , there is no lower tier of government . Outside the unparished area , there are 31 civil parishes , represented by parish councils . These are the lowest tier of local government and absorb some limited functions from Leeds City Council in their areas . The district is represented by eight MPs , for the constituencies of Elmet and Rothwell ( Alec Shelbrooke , Conservative ) ; Leeds Central ( Hilary Benn , Labour ) ; Leeds East ( Richard Burgon , Labour ) ; Leeds North East ( Fabian Hamilton , Labour ) ; Leeds North West ( Alex Sobel , Labour ) ; Leeds West ( Rachel Reeves , Labour ) ; Morley and Outwood ( constituency shared with City of Wakefield ) ( Andrea Jenkyns , Conservative ) ; and Pudsey ( Stuart Andrew , Conservative ) . Leeds is within the Yorkshire and the Humber European constituency , which as of May 2017 is represented by two UKIP , two Labour , and two Conservative MEPs . In addition to other national governmental offices , the city is home to a large Department for Work and Pensions office building located in Quarry Hill , notable for its imposing design . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Leeds Infirmary Street in the heart of Leeds ' Financial District Leeds has the most diverse economy of all the UK 's main employment centres and has seen the fastest rate of private sector jobs growth of any UK city and has the highest ratio of public to private sector jobs of all the UK 's Core Cities . The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self - employment at the beginning of 2015 . 24.7 % were in public administration , education and health , 23.9 % were in banking , finance and insurance and 21.4 % were in distribution , hotels and restaurants . It is in the banking , finance and insurance sectors that Leeds differs most from the financial structure of the region and the nation . In 2011 , the financial and services industry in Leeds was worth £ 2.1 billion , the 5th largest in the UK , behind London , Edinburgh , Manchester and Birmingham . Tertiary industries such as retail , call centres , offices and media have contributed to a high rate of economic growth . The city also hosts the only subsidiary office of the Bank of England in the UK . In 2012 GVA for the city was recorded at £ 18.8 billion , with the entire Leeds City Region generating a £ 56 billion economy . Bridgewater Place It is the largest centre outside London for financial and business services . Over the next ten years , the economy is forecast to grow by 25 % with financial and business services set to generate over half of GVA growth over that period with Finance and business services accounting for 38 % of total output . Other key sectors include retail , leisure and the visitor economy , construction , manufacturing and the creative and digital industries . Leeds has over 30 national and international banks , many of whose northern or regional offices are based in the city . It is the headquarters for First Direct and Yorkshire Bank , and has large Barclays , HSBC , Santander , Lloyds Banking Group and RBS Group operations . The city is also an important centre for equity , venture and risk finance . Founded in Leeds , the venture capital provider , YFM Equity Partners , is now the UK 's largest provider of risk capital to small and medium - sized enterprises . Other major companies based in the city include William Hill , International Personal Finance , ASDA , Leeds Building Society and Northern Foods . Capita Group , KPMG , Direct Line , Aviva , Yorkshire Building Society , BT Group , Telefónica Europe ( otherwise known as O2 ) and TD Waterhouse all also have a considerable presence in the city . There are around 150 law firms operating in Leeds , employing over 6,700 people . According to The UK Legal 500 , `` Leeds has a sophisticated and highly competitive legal market , second only to London . '' Specialist legal expertise to be found in Leeds includes corporate finance , corporate restructuring and insolvency , global project financing , trade and investment , commercial litigation , competition , construction , Private Finance Initiatives and Public Private Partnerships , tax , derivatives , IT , employment , pensions , intellectual property , sport and entertainment . The establishment of an Administrative Court in Leeds in April 2009 reinforced Leeds ' position as one of the UK 's key legal centres . The court previously sat only in London . Leeds is the UK 's third largest manufacturing centre and 50 % of the UK 's manufacturing base is within a two - hour drive of Leeds . With around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees , Leeds manufacturing firms account for 8.8 % of total employment in the city . The largest sub-sectors are engineering , printing and publishing , food and drink , chemicals and medical technology . There is also an established creative industry in the city , particularly in the digital gaming sector . A number of large developers have studios in and around the city , including Activision , developers of the mobile versions of the Call of Duty series , and Rockstar Leeds , developers of the Grand Theft Auto series . In 2009 Leeds was the first city outside London to host the Eurogamer Expo . Park Row in Leeds ' Central Business District Office developments , also traditionally located in the inner area , have expanded south of the River Aire and total 11,000,000 square feet ( 1,000,000 m ) of space . In the period from 1999 to 2008 £ 2.5 bn of property development was undertaken in central Leeds ; of which £ 711m has been offices , £ 265m retail , £ 389m leisure and £ 794m housing . Manufacturing and distribution uses accounts for £ 26m of new property development in the period . There are 130,100 jobs in the city centre , accounting for 31 % of all jobs in the wider district . In 2007 , 47,500 jobs were in finance and business , 42,300 in public services , and 19,500 in retail and distribution . 43 % of finance sector jobs in the district are contained in Leeds city centre and 44 % of those employed in the city centre live more than nine kilometres ( 5.6 miles ) away . Tourism is important to the Leeds economy , in 2009 Leeds was the 8th most visited city in England by UK visitors . and the 13th most visited city by overseas visitors . Research by VisitEngland reported that the day visitor market to Leeds attracts 24.9 million people each year , worth over £ 654 million to the local economy . In January 2011 , Leeds was named as one of five `` cities to watch '' in a report published by Centre for Cities . The report shows that the average resident in Leeds earns £ 471 per week , seventeenth nationally and 30.9 % of Leeds residents had NVQ4+ high level qualifications , fifteenth nationally . Employment in Leeds was 68.8 % in the period June 2012 to June 2013 , which was lower than the national average , whilst unemployment was higher than the national average at 9.6 % over the same time period . It also shows that Leeds will be the least affected major city by welfare cuts in 2014 / 2015 , with welfare cuts of - £ 125 per capita predicted , compared to - £ 192 in Liverpool and - £ 175 in Glasgow . Leeds is overall less deprived than other large UK cities and average income is above regional averages . Public sector ( edit ) NHS England HQ . In Leeds , 108,000 people work in the public sector -- 24 % of the workforce . The largest employers are Leeds City Council , with 33,000 staff , and the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , with 14,000 staff . Leeds has become a hub of public - sector health bodies . The Department of Health , NHS England , the Care Quality Commission , NHS Digital , and Public Health England all have large offices in Leeds . Europe 's largest teaching hospital is also based in Leeds , and is home to the Yorkshire Cancer Centre , the largest of its kind in Europe . Key government departments and organisations in Leeds include the Department for Work and Pensions , with over 3,000 staff , the Department of Health , with over 800 staff , HMRC with over 1,200 staff and the British Library with 1,100 staff . Shopping ( edit ) Victoria Quarter . Opened in 1900 Trinity Leeds is Leeds ' largest shopping centre Victoria Gate is Leeds ' newest shopping centre The extensive retail area of Leeds is identified as the principal regional shopping centre for the whole of the Yorkshire and the Humber region with a catchment of 5.5 million people offering a spend of £ 1.93 billion annually . There are a number of indoor shopping centres in the centre of the city , including the Merrion Centre , St John 's Centre , The Core , the Victoria Quarter , The Light , the Corn Exchange , Trinity Leeds , and Victoria Gate . In total there are well over 1,000 retail stores , with a combined floorspace of 3,660,000 square feet ( 340,000 m ) . in Leeds City Centre . The city centre has a large pedestrian zone . Briggate is the main shopping street where one can find many well - known British High street stores , including Marks & Spencer , House of Fraser , Debenhams , Topshop , Costa Coffee and Harvey Nichols . Many companies have several stores within Central Leeds and the wider city . The Victoria Quarter is notable for its high - end luxury retailers and impressive architecture . 70 stores such as Louis Vuitton , Vivienne Westwood , Paul Smith , Diesel and anchor Harvey Nichols are contained within two iron - wrought Victorian arcades , and a new arcade formed by arcading Queen Victoria Street with the largest expanse of stained glass in Britain . In the Churwell area of Leeds is the White Rose Shopping Centre . Opening in 1997 , the centre has over 100 high street stores anchored by Debenhams , Marks & Spencer , Primark and Sainsbury 's . Some stores have their only Leeds presence here and do not trade in Central Leeds , such as the Disney Store and Build - A-Bear workshop . Although the centre is below the average typical size for out of town shopping malls like the Trafford Centre or Meadowhall in nearby Yorkshire city Sheffield , it remains popular with national and international chains . Of the 40,000 people who work in retailing in Leeds 75 % work in places which are not located in the city centre . There are additional shopping centres located in the many villages that became part of the county borough and in the towns that were incorporated in the City of Leeds in 1974 . On 21 March 2013 , a large shopping and leisure complex called Trinity Leeds opened in the city centre . The modern and interactive retail space covers the old Burton Arcades and the former Leeds Shopping Plaza with its main entrance from Briggate . On 20 October 2016 , the newest shopping destination called Victoria Gate opened its doors to the public . The new shopping mall houses a flagship John Lewis store , the largest outside London . 75 per cent of the stores that opened in Victoria Gate were new to Leeds with many of those stores being the first outside of London . Landmarks ( edit ) The Old Post Office in Leeds City Square Kirkstall Abbey . Founded c. 1152 Leeds displays a variety of natural and built landmarks . Natural landmarks include such diverse sites as the gritstone outcrop of Otley Chevin and the Fairburn Ings RSPB reserve . The city 's parks at Roundhay and Temple Newsam have long been owned and maintained by the council for the benefit of ratepayers and among the open spaces in the centre of Leeds are Millennium Square , City Square , Park Square and Victoria Gardens . This last is the site of the central city war memorial : there are 42 other war memorials in the suburbs , towns and villages in the district . The built environment embraces edifices of civic pride like Morley Town Hall and the trio of buildings in Leeds , Leeds Town Hall , Corn Exchange and Leeds City Museum by the architect Cuthbert Brodrick . The two white buildings on the Leeds skyline are the Parkinson building of Leeds University and the Civic Hall , with golden owls adorning the tops of the latter 's twin spires . Armley Mills , Tower Works , with its campanile - inspired towers , and the Egyptian - style Temple Works hark back to the city 's industrial past , while the site and ruins of Kirkstall Abbey display the beauty and grandeur of Cistercian architecture . Notable churches are Leeds Minster ( formerly Leeds Parish Church ) , St George 's Church and Leeds Cathedral , in the city centre , and the Church of St John the Baptist , Adel and Bardsey Parish Church in quieter locations . Notable non-conformist chapels include the Salem Chapel , dating back to 1791 and notably the birthplace of Leeds United Football Club in 1919 . Leeds is one of only a few UK cities outside of London to have a significant number of high - rise buildings , the 112 - metre ( 367 ft ) tower of Bridgewater Place , also known as The Dalek , is part of a major office and residential development and the region 's tallest building ; it can be seen for miles around . Bridgewater Place has been the subject of debate as its erection in 2007 caused significant Wind Tunnel effects , channeling strong wind currents across Victoria Road . There have been numerous injuries attributed to the inadequate architecture of this building and Water Lane is frequently closed when high winds are expected . Leeds City Council are undertaking construction work in an attempt to deflect the wind from street level and the building owners of Bridgewater Place agreed to pay to cover the public money being spent . Among other Skyscrapers the 37 - storey Sky Plaza to the north of the city centre stands on higher ground so that its 106 metres ( 348 ft ) is higher than Bridgewater Place . Elland Road ( football ) and Headingley Stadium ( cricket and rugby ) are well known to sports enthusiasts and the White Rose Centre is a well - known retail outlet . Headingley Carnegie Stadium is also home to Leeds Rhinos rugby team . Leeds city centre , viewed from South Leeds at night Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Leeds M621 heading towards Central Leeds Leeds is the starting - point of the A62 , A63 , A64 , A65 and A660 roads , and is also situated on the A58 and A61 . The M1 and M62 intersect to its south and the A1 ( M ) passes to the east . Leeds is one of the principal hubs of the northern motorway network . Additionally , there is an urban motorway network ; the radial M621 takes traffic into central Leeds from the M62 and M1 . There is an Inner Ring Road with part motorway status and an Outer Ring Road . Part of the city centre is pedestrianised , and is encircled by the clockwise - only Loop Road . Leeds railway station Leeds Bradford International Airport Leeds has been identified as one of the most car - dependent cities in the UK . In one 2012 study of 31 European cities , Leeds - Bradford was rated as the seventh most grid - locked . Drivers spend an average of 80 hours in congestion . Measurements taken on some main roads in Leeds have revealed pollution levels over twice the legal limits . The main reason for these problems is the fact that unlike other cities in the UK similar in size to Leeds , such as Manchester and Sheffield , Leeds does not have a rapid transport system ( such as the Manchester Metrolink or Sheffield Supertram ) . Therefore commuters tend to either drive or use buses , which can be delayed when the roads are congested . There were plans for a Leeds Supertram in the 1990s , and £ 500 million in funding was to be provided , however due to spiraling costs the plans were cancelled by the Transport Minister Alistair Darling in 2005 , even though £ 40 million had already been spent on the project . Hopes were renewed with the proposal for a £ 250 million New Generation Transport Trolleybus service in 2007 , however after a long wait and millions of pounds spent on inquiries , the plans were cancelled in May 2016 citing little value for money . Public transport in the Leeds area is coordinated and developed by West Yorkshire Metro , with service information provided by Leeds City Council and West Yorkshire Metro . The primary means of public transport in Leeds are the bus services . The main provider is First Leeds and Arriva Yorkshire serves routes to the south of the city . Leeds City bus station is at Dyer Street and is used by bus services to towns and cities in Yorkshire , plus a small number of local services . Adjacent to it is the coach station for National Express coach services . Buses out of the city are mainly provided by First Leeds and Arriva Yorkshire . Harrogate Bus Company provides a service to Harrogate and Ripon . Keighley Bus Company provides a service to Shipley , Bingley and Keighley . The Yorkshire Coastliner service runs from Leeds to Bridlington , Filey , Scarborough and Whitby via York and Malton . Stagecoach provides a service to Hull via Goole . From Leeds railway station at New Station Street , West Yorkshire Metro trains operated by Northern run to Leeds ' suburbs and onwards to all parts of Leeds City Region . The station is one of the busiest in England outside London , with over 900 trains and 50,000 passengers passing through every day . It provides national and international connections as well as services to local and regional destinations . The station itself has 17 platforms , making it the largest in England outside London . Leeds Bradford International Airport is located in Yeadon , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the north - west of the city centre , and has both charter and scheduled flights to destinations within Europe plus Egypt , Tunisia , Pakistan , Turkey and the USA . There is a direct rail service from Leeds to Manchester Airport ; however , there is n't one to the nearby Leeds Bradford Airport . Humberside Airport is 70 miles ( 113 km ) east of Leeds . The city and metropolitan borough of Leeds is served by 16 railway stations and there are plans to open several more within the next 20 years . Recreation ( edit ) Waterloo Lake in Roundhay Park , one of the largest urban parks in Europe The Mansion at Temple Newsam Walking ( edit ) The Leeds Country Way is a waymarked circular walk of 62 miles ( 100 km ) through the rural outskirts of the city , never more than 7 miles ( 11 km ) from City Square . The Meanwood Valley Trail leads from Woodhouse Moor along Meanwood Beck to Golden Acre Park . The Leeds extension of the Dales Way follows the Meanwood Valley Trail before it branches off to head towards Ilkley and Windermere . Leeds is on the northern section of the Trans Pennine Trail for walkers and cyclists , and the towpath of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal is another popular walking and cycling route . The White Rose Way walking trail to Scarborough begins at City Square . In addition , there are many parks and public footpaths in both the urban and rural parts of Leeds , and the Ramblers ' Association , YHA and other walking organisations offer sociable walks . The Ramblers ' Association publish various booklets of walks in and around Leeds . Parks and open spaces ( edit ) Leeds has many large parks and open spaces . Roundhay Park is the largest park in the city , and is one of the largest city parks in Europe . The park has more than 700 acres ( 2.8 km2 ) of parkland , lakes , woodland and gardens which are all owned by Leeds City Council . Other parks in the city include : Middleton Park , Temple Newsam , Woodhouse Moor , Meanwood Park , Beckett Park , Bramley Fall Park , Horforth Hall Park , Potternewton Park , Golden Acre Park , East End Park , Cross Flatts Park , and Western Flatts Park . There are many more smaller parks and open spaces scattered around the city , which makes Leeds one of the Greenest cities in the United Kingdom . Education ( edit ) Schools ( edit ) Main article : List of schools in Leeds At the time of the 2001 census Leeds had a population of 183,000 young people aged 0 -- 19 of whom 110,000 were attending local authority schools . In 2008 Education Leeds , a non-profit company owned by Leeds City Council , provided for 220 primary schools , 39 secondary schools and 6 special inclusive learning centres . Under the government Building Schools for the Future initiative , Leeds secured £ 260m , to transform 13 secondary schools into high achieving , e-confident , inclusive schools . The first three of these schools at Allerton High School , Pudsey Grangefield School and Rodillian School , were opened in September 2008 . The demand for primary school places in Leeds has recently hit a 15 - year peak , with an estimated 10,500 new starters this year . The city 's oldest and largest private school is The Grammar School at Leeds , which was legally re-created in 2005 following the merger of Leeds Grammar School , established 1552 , and Leeds Girls ' High School , established 1857 . Other independent schools in Leeds include faith schools serving the Jewish and Muslim communities . Leeds was one of a number of local authorities to try the three - tier system with first , middle and secondary schools . It reverted to the two - tier system in 1992 . Further and higher education ( edit ) Parkinson Building at the University of Leeds Broadcasting Tower at the Leeds Beckett University Further education in Leeds is provided by Leeds City College ( formed by a merger in 2009 and having over 60,000 students ) , Leeds College of Building , Notre Dame Catholic Sixth Form College and Elliott Hudson College . The city has five universities : the University of Leeds -- which received its charter in 1904 having developed from the Yorkshire College which was founded in 1874 and the Leeds School of Medicine of 1831 ; Leeds Beckett University ( formerly Leeds Polytechnic ) which became a university in 1992 but can trace its roots to the Mechanics ' Institute of 1824 ; Leeds Trinity University which began in 1966 as two teacher training colleges which merged in 1980 to form Trinity and All Saints College and became a university in 2012 ; the University of Law ( formerly the College of Law ) which became a university in 2012 and moved to its current Leeds centre campus from York in 2014 ; and Leeds Arts University , which was founded in 1846 as the Leeds School of Art , and became a university in 2017 . The University of Leeds has about 31,000 students , of which 21,500 are full - time or sandwich undergraduate degree students , Leeds Beckett University has 25,805 students of which 12,000 are full - time or sandwich undergraduate degree students and 2,100 full - time or sandwich HND students . Leeds Trinity University has just under 3,000 students , Other higher education establishments are : Leeds College of Music and Northern School of Contemporary Dance . The city was voted the Best UK University Destination by a survey in The Independent newspaper . Culture ( edit ) See also : Culture of Leeds Art ( edit ) Henry Moore Statue outside Leeds Art Gallery Although the city 's municipal art gallery did not open until 1888 , the history of art practise and collecting has a long history in Leeds . J.M.W. Turner painted numerous scenes in and around the city , and the city was home to one of Britain 's largest collections of Pre-Raphaelite Art , owned by Thomas Plint , during the nineteenth century . There was also an early history of holding larg - scale public exhibitions in the city , most notably the series of ' Polytechnic Exhibitions ' held regularly from 1839 . Leeds produced many notable artists and sculptors , including Kenneth Armitage , John Atkinson Grimshaw , Jacob Kramer , Barbara Hepworth , Henry Moore and Edward Wadsworth , and was the centre for a particularly radical strain of British art . Before the First World War Leeds was the home of an unusual modernist arts organisation , called the Leeds Arts Club , founded by Alfred Orage , which lasted from 1903 to 1923 . Notable members included Jacob Kramer , Herbert Read , Frank Rutter and Michael Sadler . As well as advocating a radical political agenda , supporting the Suffragettes , the Independent Labour Party and the Fabian Society , and promoting the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche , the Leeds Arts Club was almost unique in Britain as being an exponent of German Expressionist ideas about art and culture . As a result , it staged very early British exhibitions of work by European expressionist artists , such as Wassily Kandinsky , showing their work in the city as early as 1913 , and produced its own English Expressionist artists , including Jacob Kramer and Bruce Turner . In the 1920s Leeds College of Art was the starting point for the careers of the sculptors Barbara Hepworth and Henry Moore , and in the 1950s , and 1960s it was one of the leading centres for radical art education in Britain under the guidance of artists such as Harry Thubron and Tom Hudson , and the art historian Norbert Lynton . Their attempts to redefine what art education should mean in the post-Second World War period led the artist Patrick Heron to claim in 1971 in The Guardian newspaper that ' Leeds is the most influential art school in Europe since the Bauhaus ' . This willingness to push at the boundaries of acceptable public behaviour from artists was also evident in 1966 when Leeds College of Art staged an exhibition of paintings by the Cypriot artist Stass Paraskos , who taught at the College , which was raided by the police after allegations of obscenity . This radicalism continued into the 1970s when the higher education component of Leeds College of Art was split from the college to form the nucleus of the new multidisciplinary Leeds Polytechnic , now called Leeds Beckett University . Performance art had been taught earlier at Leeds College of Art , notably by the Fluxus artist Robin Page during his time as a tutor there in the mid-1960s , but in 1977 a performance art work hit the national news headlines when the students Pete Parkin and Derek Wain used an air pistol to shoot a line up of live budgerigars in front of an audience at Leeds Polytechnic . The University of Leeds was the alma mater of Herbert Read , one of the leading international theorists of modern art from the mid-twentieth century , and also the teaching base for the Marxist art historian Arnold Hauser from 1951 to 1985 . Partly due to Herbert Read 's connection with the University , from 1950 to 1970 the University was the host of one of the first artist in residence schemes in Britain , using funding from the then owner of Lund Humphries books , Peter Gregory . The Gregory Fellowships , as the residencies were known , were given to painters and sculptors for up to two years to allow them to develop their own work and influence the University in any way they saw fit . Amongst those holding the fellowships were Kenneth Armitage , Reg Butler , Dennis Creffield and Terry Frost and others . Parallel Gregory Fellowships also existed in music and poetry at the University . Leeds was also a centre for radical feminist art , with one of the first galleries in Britain dedicated to showing the work of women photographers , the Pavilion Gallery , opening in the city in 1983 , and the University of Leeds School of Fine Art being a well - known centre for the development of feminist art history , under Griselda Pollock , during the 1980s and 1990s . Possibly as a result of the strength of feminist art in Leeds , in November 1984 an exhibition of ceramics by students and staff at Leeds Polytechnic was attacked by a group of feminist activists who destroyed eight sculptures on display which they deemed to be degrading to women . The University of Leeds 's School of Fine Art also specialised in Art and Language conceptual art practice , under Terry Atkinson , again in the 1980s and 1990s . A major sculpture research centre and gallery , the Henry Moore Institute , is located alongside Leeds Art Gallery in the city centre , and in 2013 a new contemporary art centre , called The Tetley , opened on the site of the former Tetley Brewery to the south of the city centre . In March 2017 , The Times voted Leeds as the number one cultural place to live in Britain . This was ahead of London , Birmingham , St Ives , Stratford - upon - Avon and Cheltenham . The citation notes that Leeds has Opera North , the Northern Ballet , the West Yorkshire Playhouse amongst may other attractions that ranked it at number one . Carnivals and festivals ( edit ) Leeds Carnival Leeds Carnival is Western Europe 's oldest West Indian Carnival , and the UK 's third largest after the Notting Hill and Nottingham Carnival . It attracts around 100,000 people over 2 days to the streets of Chapeltown and Harehills . There is a large procession that finishes at Potternewton Park , where there are stalls , entertainment and refreshments . The Leeds Festival , featuring some of the biggest names in rock and indie music , takes place every year in Bramham Park . The Leeds Asian Festival , formerly the Leeds Mela , is held in Roundhay Park . The Otley Folk Festival ( patron : Nic Jones ) , Walking Festival , Carnival and Victorian Christmas Fayre are annual events . Light Night Leeds takes place each October , and many venues in the city are open to the public for Heritage Open Days in September . The Leeds International Pianoforte Competition , established in 1963 by Fanny Waterman and Marion Stein , has been held in the city every three years since 1963 and has launched the careers of many major concert pianists . The Leeds International Concert Season , which includes orchestral and choral concerts in Leeds Town Hall and other events , is the largest local authority music programme in the UK . The Leeds International Film Festival is the largest film festival in England outside London and shows films from around the world . It incorporates the highly successful Leeds Young People 's Film Festival , which features exciting and innovative films made both for and by children and young people . Garforth is host to the fortnight long festival The Garforth Arts Festival which has been an annual event since 2005 . The Chapel Allerton Arts Festival is a week - long music and arts event starting in 1998 and held the week after August Bank Holiday each year . The Leeds Festival Fringe is a week long - music festival created in 2010 to showcase local talent in the week prior to Leeds Festival . Cinema ( edit ) Louis Le Prince In October 1888 Louis Le Prince filmed moving picture sequences Roundhay Garden Scene and a Leeds Bridge street scene using his single - lens camera and Eastman 's paper film . These were several years before the work of competing inventors such as Auguste and Louis Lumière and Thomas Edison . Today , Leeds International Film Festival 's International Short Film Competition is named after Louis Le Prince . The 2015 documentary film The First Film , which first aired at the Edinburgh International Film Festival , documents Le Prince 's pioneering status . Wordsworth Donisthorpe who was also from Leeds , filmed the second oldest surviving film . It is not known if he and Louis Le Prince ever met but they both had a strong connection to the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society . Donisthorpe 's patent for a camera to capture the moving image pre dated Le Prince 's by twelve years . Leeds has a rich film exhibition culture . In addition to the Leeds International Film Festival and Leeds Young Film Festival , the city hosts numerous independent cinemas and pop - up venues for film screenings . The Cottage Road Cinema and Hyde Park Picture House have continuously been showing films since 1912 and 1914 respectively , which ranks them among the oldest still running cinemas in the UK . Media ( edit ) See also : Category : Television shows set in Leeds and Category : Films set in Leeds BBC Yorkshire studios Yorkshire Post Newspapers Ltd , owned by Johnston Press plc , is based in the city , and produces a daily morning broadsheet , the Yorkshire Post , and an evening paper , the Yorkshire Evening Post ( YEP ) . The YEP has a website which includes a series of community pages which focus on specific areas of the city . The Wetherby News covers mainly areas within the north eastern sector of the district , and the Wharfedale & Airedale Observer , published in Ilkley , covers the north west , both appearing weekly . The two largest universities both have student newspapers , the weekly Leeds Student from the University of Leeds and the monthly The Met from Leeds Beckett University . The Leeds Guide was a fortnightly listings magazine , which was established in 1997 and ceased publication in 2012 . Free publications include the Leeds Weekly News , produced by Yorkshire Post Newspapers in four geographic versions and distributed to households in the main urban area of the city , and the regional version of Metro which is distributed on buses and at railway stations . Regional television and radio stations have bases in the city ; BBC Television and ITV both have regional studios and broadcasting centres in Leeds . ITV Yorkshire , formerly Yorkshire Television , broadcasts from the Leeds Studios on Kirkstall Road . There are a number of independent film production companies , including the not - for - profit cooperative Leeds Animation Workshop , founded in 1978 ; community video producers Vera Media and several small commercial production companies . BBC Radio Leeds , Radio Aire , Magic 828 , Capital Yorkshire , Real Radio and Yorkshire Radio broadcast from the city . LSRfm.com , is based in Leeds University Union , and regularly hosts outside broadcasts around the city . Many communities within Leeds now have their own local radio stations , such as East Leeds FM and Tempo FM for Wetherby and the surrounding areas . Made in Leeds is a local television station which launched across the city in 2014 . A privately owned television station : Leeds Television is run by volunteers and supported by professionals in the media industry . Museums ( edit ) Royal Armouries Museum Leeds City Museum Leeds Museum Discovery Centre A new Leeds City Museum opened in 2008 in Millennium Square . Abbey House Museum is housed in the former gatehouse of Kirkstall Abbey , and includes walk - through Victorian streets and galleries describing the history of the abbey , childhood , and Victorian Leeds . Armley Mills Industrial Museum is housed in what was once the world 's largest woollen mill , and includes industrial machinery and railway locomotives . This museum also shows the first known moving pictures in the world which were taken in the city , by Louis Le Prince , of a Roundhay Garden Scene and of Leeds Bridge in 1888 . These short film clips can be found on YouTube . Thwaite Mills Watermill Museum is a fully restored 1820s water - powered mill on the River Aire to the east of the city centre . The Thackray Museum is a museum of the history of medicine , featuring topics such as Victorian public health , pre-anaesthesia surgery , and safety in childbirth . It is housed in a former workhouse next to St James 's Hospital . The Royal Armouries Museum opened in 1996 in a dramatic modern building when this part of the national collection was transferred from the Tower of London . Nearby is the Leeds Museum Discovery Centre ( formerly housed at the Leeds Museum Resource Centre in Yeadon ) the major storage of items not currently on display in museums , and open to the public by appointment . Leeds Art Gallery houses important collections of traditional and contemporary British art . It is closed for refurbishment until 13 October 2017 . Smaller museums in Leeds include Otley Museum ; Horsforth Village Museum ; ULITA , an Archive of International Textiles ; and the museum at Fulneck Moravian Settlement . Music , Theatre and dance ( edit ) Main articles : Music in Leeds and List of bands originating in Leeds Leeds is home to the Grand Theatre where Opera North is based , this establishment seats 1,500 people and has recently undergone a £ 31.5 m refurbishment . The City Varieties Music Hall , which hosted performances by Charlie Chaplin and Harry Houdini and was also the venue of the BBC television programme The Good Old Days , and West Yorkshire Playhouse . Just south of Leeds Bridge once stood The Theatre which hosted Sarah Siddons and Ching Lau Lauro in 1786 and 1834 respectively . Leeds is also home to Phoenix Dance Theatre , who were formed in the Harehills area of the city in 1981 , and Northern Ballet Theatre . In autumn 2010 the two companies moved into a purpose - built dance centre which is the largest space for dance outside London . It is also the only space for dance to house a national classical and a national contemporary dance company alongside each another . The First Direct Arena opened in September 2013 . The 13,500 seater stadium is rapidly becoming the city 's number one venue for live music , indoor sports and many other events . Concerts are also held at the O2 Academy , Elland Road , which has hosted groups such as Queen and Kaiser Chiefs , among others and at the universities . Roundhay Park in north Leeds has seen some of the world 's biggest artists including Michael Jackson , Madonna , Bruce Springsteen and Robbie Williams . Popular musical acts originating from Leeds include Soft Cell , Kaiser Chiefs , The Pigeon Detectives , The Wedding Present , The Sunshine Underground , The Sisters of Mercy , Hadouken ! , Corinne Bailey Rae , Dinosaur Pile - Up , Pulled Apart By Horses , Gang of Four , Hood , The Rhythm Sisters , Utah Saints , Alt - J and Melanie B of the Spice Girls . Leeds First Direct Arena On Valentine 's Day , 1970 The Who performed and recorded their album Live at Leeds at the Leeds University refectory . Since its initial reception , Live at Leeds has been cited by several music critics as the best live rock recording of all time . Nightlife ( edit ) Leeds has the fourth largest student population in the country ( over 200,000 ) , and is therefore one of the UK 's hotspots for night - life . There are a large number of pubs , bars , nightclubs and restaurants , as well as a multitude of venues for live music . The full range of music tastes is catered for in Leeds . It includes the original home of the famous club nights Back 2 Basics , Speedqueen and Vague . Morley was the location of techno club The Orbit . Leeds has a number of large ' super-clubs ' and there is a selection of independent clubs such as Club Mission and Mint Club , which is consistently ranked as one of the world 's best clubs by DJ Magazine . Two other Leeds clubs , The Warehouse and The Garage featured in the Top 100 Clubs list from 2013 . Leeds has a well established gay nightlife scene . The Bridge Inn and The New Penny , both on Call Lane , have long been gay night spots . Towards Millennium Square and the Civic or Northern Quarter , is a growing entertainment district providing for both students and weekend visitors . The square has many bars and restaurants and a large outdoor screen . Millennium Square is a venue for large seasonal events such as a Christmas market , gigs and concerts , citywide parties and the Rhythms of the City Festival . It is adjacent to the Mandela Gardens , which were opened by Nelson Mandela in 2001 . A number of public art features , fountains , a canal and greenery can be found here . Yorkshire has a great history of real ale , but several bars near the railway station are fusing traditional beers with a modern bar . Popular bars such as this include The Hop , The Cross Keys and The Brewery Tap . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Leeds Carnegie Pavilion at Headingley Stadium Elland Road Stadium The city has teams representing all the major national sports . Leeds United F.C. is the city 's main football club . Leeds Rhinos ( Rugby League ) , Leeds Carnegie ( Rugby Union ) and Yorkshire County Cricket Club are also based in the city . Leeds United was formed in 1919 and plays at the 37,890 capacity Elland Road stadium in Beeston . The team plays in The Championship but has enjoyed success at the highest level in the past , notably during the 1960s , and 1970s when it won two Football League titles , an FA Cup , a Football League Cup and an Inter-Cities Fairs Cup under the management of Don Revie . The club 's only other major trophy to date came in 1992 when it won another top division title under the management of Howard Wilkinson -- the last top division title of the Football League before the creation of the FA Premier League , in which Leeds would play for 12 years before being relegated . Leeds Rhinos are the most successful rugby league team in Leeds . In 2009 they became first club to be Super League champions three seasons running , giving them their fourth Super League title . They play their home games at the Headingley Carnegie Stadium . Hunslet ( previously Hunslet ) , based at the John Charles Centre for Sport play in Co-Operative Championship One . East Leeds and Oulton Raiders play in the National Conference League . Bramley Buffaloes ( previously Bramley ) , and Leeds Akkies were members of the Rugby League Conference . Yorkshire Carnegie , formerly known as Leeds Tykes and Leeds Carnegie , are the foremost rugby union team in Leeds and they play at Headingley Carnegie Stadium . They play in the RFU Championship having been relegated from The Guinness Premiership at the end of the 2010 -- 11 season . Otley R.U.F.C. are a rugby union club based to the north of the city and compete in National League 2 North , whilst Morley R.F.C. , located in Morley currently play in National Division Three North . Headingley stadium is home to Yorkshire County Cricket Club which is the most successful cricket team in England , with over 31 County Championship wins . Their main rivals are Lancashire . Leeds United L.F.C. are the best - placed women 's football team in Leeds , competing at the highest level in England , the FA Women 's Premier League National Division . Leeds City Athletic Club competes in the British Athletics League and UK Women 's League as well as the Northern Athletics League . Leeds is home to a number of field hockey clubs that compete in the North Hockey League , Yorkshire Hockey Association League and BUCS leagues . These include Leeds Hockey Club , Leeds Adel Carnegie Hockey Club , the University of Leeds Hockey Club and Leeds Beckett University Hockey Club . Leeds Hockey Club Men 's 1s gained promotion at the end of the 2016 / 2017 season to become Leeds ' first hockey team competing in a National League . The City of Leeds Synchronised Swimming Club train at the John Charles Centre for Sport and are represented by swimmers throughout the whole of the North East . The club was founded in 2008 and only compete in National and International Competition . The city has a wealth of sports facilities including the Elland Road football stadium , a host stadium during the 1996 European Football Championship ; the Headingley Carnegie Stadiums , adjacent stadia world - famous for both cricket and rugby league and the John Charles Centre for Sport with an Olympic sized pool in its Aquatics Centre and includes a multi-use stadium . Other facilities include the Leeds Wall ( climbing ) and Yeadon Tarn sailing centre . In 1929 the first Ryder Cup of Golf to be held on British soil was competed for at the Moortown Golf club in Leeds and Wetherby has a National Hunt racecourse . In the period 1928 to 1939 speedway racing was staged in Leeds on a track at the greyhound stadium known as Fullerton Park , adjacent to Elland Road . The track entered a team in the 1931 Northern league . Headingley Stadium , home of the Leeds Rhinos . The 2014 Tour de France Grand Départ took place from the Headrow in Leeds city centre on 5 July 2014 . Leeds is well known for its divers and features some of the best diving facilities in the UK . City of Leeds Diving Club who train at the John Charles Centre for Sport has trained many athletes who have competed at international and Olympic level , with Jack Laugher and Chris Mears making history by becoming the first ever divers from Great Britain to win an Olympic gold medal , a feat they accomplished at the 2016 Rio Olympics . Leeds teams ( edit ) Club League Venue Location Established Top flight championships Leeds United F.C. The Football League Championship Football Elland Road Stadium Beeston , Leeds 1919 Leeds United LFC FA Women 's Premier League National Division Football Throstle Nest Stadium Pudsey , Leeds 0 Leeds Rhinos Super League Rugby League Headingley Stadium Headingley , Leeds 1870 11 Hunslet Championship One Rugby League John Charles Centre for Sport Hunslet , Leeds . 1883 Yorkshire Carnegie RFU Championship Rugby Union Headingley Stadium Headingley , Leeds 1991 0 Yorkshire County Cricket Club County Championship Cricket Headingley Stadium Headingley , Leeds 1863 33 Leeds Force British Basketball League Basketball Carnegie Sports Centre Beckett Park 2006 0 Leeds Hockey Club England Hockey Men 's Conference North Sports Park Weetwood Headingley , Leeds 1924 0 Religion ( edit ) See also : List of places of worship in the City of Leeds Leeds Minster The majority of people in Leeds identify themselves as Christian . Leeds does not have a Church of England Cathedral : it is in the Anglican Diocese of Leeds ( formerly in the Diocese of Ripon and Leeds ) , headed by the Bishop of Leeds , which has cathedrals in Bradford , Ripon and Wakefield although the Bishop 's residence has been in Leeds since 2008 . The most important Anglican church is Leeds Minster , although St. George 's has the largest congregation by far . Leeds has a Roman Catholic Cathedral , the Episcopal seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Leeds . Many other Christian denominations and new religious movements are established in Leeds , including Assemblies of God , Baptist , Christian Scientist , Latter - day Saints ( `` LDS '' or `` Mormon '' ) , Community of Christ , Greek Orthodox , Jehovah 's Witnesses , Jesus Army , Lutheran , Methodist , Moravian , Nazarene , Newfrontiers , Pentecostal , Salvation Army , Seventh - day Adventist , Society of Friends ( `` Quakers '' ) , Unitarian , United Reformed , Vineyard , Wesleyan , an ecumenical Chinese church , Winners ' Chapel and several independent churches . Sikh Temple , Chapeltown Road Harehills Mosque The proportion of Muslims in Leeds is slightly above average for the country ( 5.4 % as of 2011 ) . Mosques can be found throughout the city , serving Muslim communities in Chapeltown , Harehills , Hyde Park and parts of Beeston . The largest mosque is Leeds Grand Mosque in Hyde Park . The Sikh community is represented by gurudwaras ( temples ) spread across the city , the largest being in Chapeltown . There is also a colourful religious annual procession , called the Nagar Kirtan , into Millennium Square in the city centre on 13 -- 14 April to celebrate Vaisakhi -- the Sikh New Year and the birth of the religion . It is estimated that around 3,000 Sikhs in Leeds take part in this annual event . Leeds ' Jewish community is the third - largest in the United Kingdom , after London and Greater Manchester . The areas of Alwoodley and Moortown contain sizeable Jewish populations . There are eight active synagogues in Leeds . The Hindu community in Leeds has a temple ( mandir ) at Hyde Park . The temple has all the major Hindu deities and is dedicated to the Lord Mahavira of the Jains . Various Buddhist traditions are represented in Leeds , including : Soka Gakkai , Theravada , Tibetan , Triratna Buddhist Community and Zen . The Buddhist community ( sangha ) comes together to celebrate the major festival of Wesak in May . There is also a community of the Bahai Faith in Leeds . Public services ( edit ) Water supply and sewerage services in Leeds are provided by Yorkshire Water , part of the Kelda Group . Prior to 1973 it had been provided by the Leeds Corporation . Leeds City Council has a target of 11MW of renewable energy from onshore wind by 2010 and an aspirational target of 75MW by 2020 . There are currently no operational wind farms in Leeds , but a planning application by Banks Renewables Ltd for five turbines at Hook Moor near Micklefield was approved in 2011 . Leeds Central Library . The area is policed by the West Yorkshire Police . The force has five policing districts covering the West Yorkshire area , one of which covers Leeds . The Leeds District Headquarters is located at Elland Road in the South of the City . In the North West of the City the main stations are Weetwood and Woodhouse Lane ; in the North East the main stations are Stainbeck near Chapel Allerton and Killingbeck ; in the South the main stations are Leeds Central located on Park Street in the city centre and the District Headquarters itself . Fire and rescue services are provided by the West Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service . The fire stations in Leeds are : Cookridge , Gipton , Hunslet , Stanks , Moortown , Stanningley and the `` Leeds '' fire station ( near city centre , on Kirkstall Road ) . Health services are provided by the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , Leeds Primary Care Trust and Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust which provides mental health services . Leeds General Infirmary ( `` LGI '' ) is a listed building with more recent additions and is in the city centre . St James 's University Hospital , known locally as `` Jimmy 's '' is to the north east of the city centre and is the largest teaching hospital in Europe . Other NHS hospitals are Chapel Allerton Hospital , Seacroft Hospital , Wharfedale Hospital in Otley , and Leeds Dental Institute . The new NHS Leeds Website provides information on NHS services in Leeds . West Yorkshire Joint Services provides analytical , archaeological , archives , ecology , materials testing and trading standards services in Leeds and the other four districts of West Yorkshire . It was created following the abolition of the county council in 1986 and expanded in 1997 , and is funded by the five district councils , pro rata to their population . The Leeds site of the archives service is in the former public library at Sheepscar , Leeds . Leeds City Council is responsible for over 50 public libraries across the whole city , including 5 mobile libraries . The main Central Library is located on the Headrow in the city centre . See also ( edit ) Yorkshire portal List of people from Leeds References and notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Max ( City of Leeds ) at SE140445 Hawksworth Moor in extreme west of district . Jump up ^ Min ( City of Leeds ) at points where district boundary crosses Rivers Aire and Wharfe in extreme east . ^ Jump up to : `` Global city GDP 2014 '' . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leeds economy '' . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 2008 ) , Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) , Longman , p. 457 , ISBN 9781405881180 Jump up ^ Burt and Grady 1994 , p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Population Estimates for UK , England and Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland , Mid-2016 '' . Office for National Statistics . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . 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See also Caroline Arscott , ' Without Distinction of Party ' in Janet Wolff and John Seed ( eds . ) The Culture of Capital ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 1988 ) p. 135 Jump up ^ Tom Steele , Alfred Orage and the Leeds Arts Club ( London : Orage Press , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Michael Paraskos , The Yorkshire Art Exhibition ( Scarborough : Scarborough Museum and Art Gallery , 2000 ) ; see also Michael Paraskos , English Expressionism ( unpublished academic dissertation , University of Leeds , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Patrick Heron , ' Murder of the Art Schools ' , in The Guardian ( UK newspaper ) , 12 October 1971 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Norbert Lynton , Stass Paraskos ( Mitcham : Orage Press , 2003 ) p. 7f Jump up ^ Paul Rooney , Thin Air ( Leeds : Leeds Metropolitan University , 2009 ) p. 10f Jump up ^ Michael Paraskos , ' Herbert Read and Leeds ' , in Benedict Read and David Thistlewood , Herbert Read : A British Vision of World Art ( Leeds : Leeds City Art Gallery , 1993 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ Katharina Scherke , ' Arnold Hauser and the Social History of Art ' , in Peter Weibel , Beyond Art : A Third Culture : A Comparative Study in Cultures , Art and Science in 20th Century Austria and Hungary ( Berlin : Springer , 2005 ) p. 478 Jump up ^ Hilary Diaper , ' The Gregory Fellowships ' , in Benedict Read and David Thistlewood , Herbert Read : A British Vision of World Art ( Leeds : Leeds City Art Gallery , 1993 ) p. 133f Jump up ^ John A. 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Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . he developed a single - lens camera which he used to make moving picture sequences at the Whitley family home in Roundhay and of Leeds Bridge in October 1888 ... it has been claimed that a photograph of a drowned man in the Paris police archives is that of Le Prince . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Short Film '' . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Youngs , Ian ( 23 June 2015 ) . `` Louis Le Prince , who shot the world 's first film in Leeds '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Film City '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cottage Road Cinema '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Local pages '' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Archived from the original on 10 April 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds Weekly News '' . British Newspapers Online . Retrieved 29 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Licensing Local Television -- Statement '' . Ofcom . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . 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Jump up ^ -- England Hockey Premier Division and Conference Fixtures , Venues and Start Times http://www.englandhockey.co.uk/page_noside.asp?section=2343§ionTitle=Fixtures%2C+Results+%26+Standings -- England Hockey Premier Division and Conference Fixtures , Venues and Start Times Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The City of Leeds Synchronised Swimming Club '' . Synchroleeds.org . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Leeds City Council -- John Charles Centre for Sport -- Swim '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wetherby Racing -- Horseracing , Hospitality , Conference Venue , Yorkshire '' . www.wetherbyracing.co.uk . Retrieved 30 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Universities chaplaincy in Leeds. `` Student Guide to Churches in Leeds '' . Archived from the original on 12 December 2007 . Retrieved 6 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Yahoo . `` Churches in Leeds '' . 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Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 0781 - 1 . Unsworth and Stillwell ( 2004 ) . Twenty - First Century Leeds : Geographies of a Regional City . Leeds : Leeds University Press . ISBN 0 - 85316 - 242 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leeds . Leeds travel guide from Wikivoyage ' Leeds Initiative ' Leeds Initiative city partnership . Leeds City Council Leeds City Council . Leeds About Leeds Architecture Tallest buildings Grade I buildings City Centre Culture Media Music Sport Demography Economy History People Places of worship Schools Transport Cycling Parliamentary constituencies Elmet and Rothwell Leeds Central Leeds East Leeds North East Leeds North West Leeds West Morley and Outwood Pudsey Government City of Leeds Leeds City Council Areas ( List ) Adel Alwoodley Armley Beckett Park Beeston Bramhope Bramley Burley Chapel Allerton Chapeltown Cookridge Farnley Far Headingley Halton Harehills Hawksworth Headingley Holbeck Holt Park Hunslet Kirkstall Lawnswood Little London Meanwood Moor Grange Oakwood Roundhay Sheepscar Seacroft Tinshill West Park Woodhouse Wortley Ceremonial county of West Yorkshire Yorkshire Portal Metropolitan districts City of Bradford City of Leeds City of Wakefield Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale Metropolitan Borough of Kirklees Major settlements Baildon Batley Bingley Bradford Brighouse Castleford Cleckheaton Denholme Dewsbury Elland Farsley Featherstone Guiseley Halifax Hebden Bridge Heckmondwike Hemsworth Holmfirth Horsforth Huddersfield Ilkley Keighley Knottingley Leeds Liversedge Meltham Mirfield Morley Normanton Ossett Otley Pontefract Pudsey Rothwell Shipley Silsden South Elmsall Sowerby Bridge Todmorden Wakefield Warley Town Wetherby Yeadon See also : List of civil parishes in West Yorkshire Topics Parliamentary constituencies West Yorkshire Joint Services Places Population of major settlements SSSIs Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II * listed buildings Windmills History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Monastic houses Museums Rivers Core Cities Group England Birmingham Bristol Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne Nottingham Sheffield Scotland Glasgow Wales Cardiff Cities of the United Kingdom England Bath Birmingham Bradford Brighton and Hove Bristol Cambridge Canterbury Carlisle Chelmsford Chester Chichester Coventry Derby Durham Ely Exeter Gloucester Hereford Kingston upon Hull Lancaster Leeds Leicester Lichfield Lincoln Liverpool London Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne Norwich Nottingham Oxford Peterborough Plymouth Portsmouth Preston Ripon St Albans Salford Salisbury Sheffield Southampton Stoke - on - Trent Sunderland Truro Wakefield Wells Westminster Winchester Wolverhampton Worcester York Scotland Aberdeen Dundee Edinburgh Glasgow Inverness Perth Stirling Wales Bangor Cardiff Newport St Asaph St Davids Swansea Northern Ireland Armagh Belfast Derry Lisburn Newry VIAF : 137204313 LCCN : n80070828 GND : 4111234 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leeds&oldid=837703642 '' Categories : Leeds Leeds City Region University towns in the United Kingdom Market towns in West Yorkshire Towns in West Yorkshire Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with OS grid coordinates Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use British English from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | is leeds in the north west or north east | [
"Leeds is located 190 miles (310 km) north-northwest of London, on the valley of the River Aire in the eastern foothills of the Pennines. The city centre lies in a narrow section of the Aire Valley at about 206 feet (63 m) above sea level; while the district ranges from 1,115 feet (340 m) in the far west on the slopes of Ilkley Moor to about 33 feet (10 m) where the rivers Aire and Wharfe cross the eastern boundary. The centre of Leeds is part of a continuously built-up area extending to Pudsey, Bramley, Horsforth, Alwoodley, Seacroft, Middleton and Morley.[53]"
] | [
"north-northwest of London"
] |
-1786864158965857604 | Frank Underwood (House of Cards) | Frank Underwood ( House of Cards ) - wikipedia Frank Underwood ( House of Cards ) Jump to : navigation , search Frank Underwood House of Cards character Kevin Spacey as Frank Underwood First appearance `` Chapter 1 '' Created by Beau Willimon Portrayed by Kevin Spacey Information Full name Francis J. Underwood Occupation Member of the South Carolina Senate ( Pre-series ) Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina 's 5th congressional district ( Season 1 ) Majority Whip of the United States House of Representatives ( Season 1 ) Vice President of the United States ( Season 2 ) President of the United States ( Season 2 -- Season 5 ) Second Gentleman of the United States ( Season 5 ) Special Advisor to the President ( Season 5 ) First Gentleman of the United States ( season 5 - present ) Title President of the United States Spouse ( s ) Claire Underwood ( m . 1987 ) Party Democratic Hometown Gaffney , South Carolina Alma mater The Sentinel ( 1981 ) Harvard Law School ( 1984 ) Based on Francis Urquhart Francis J. `` Frank '' Underwood is a fictional character and the protagonist / anti-hero of the American adaptation of House of Cards . He is portrayed by Kevin Spacey . He is based on Francis Urquhart , the protagonist of the British novel and television series House of Cards , from which the American Netflix series is drawn . He is married to Claire Underwood ( Robin Wright ) , but also had a sexual relationship with Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) in season 1 . He made his first appearance in the series ' pilot episode , `` Chapter 1 '' . Underwood is from Gaffney , South Carolina . He graduated from The Sentinel ( a fictionalized version of The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina ) in 1981 and , subsequently , Harvard Law School in 1984 . Some of Underwood 's dialogue throughout the series is presented in a direct address to the audience , a narrative technique that breaks the fourth wall . The character speaks with a Southern accent . During season 1 , he is the Democratic Majority Whip in the United States House of Representatives . In season 2 , he is the newly appointed Vice President of the United States , before becoming President of the United States in the season finale . Underwood has been described as manipulative , conniving , Machiavellian , sociopathic , and a symbol of political corruption and evil . Throughout the series , he manipulates and destroys several people , including those he calls friends , for his own ends . Among other crimes , he personally commits murder twice , signs off on another murder committed by a subordinate , orders the deaths of two former employees , critically injures a member of his cabinet to prevent her testifying against him , and indirectly allows for murder of a civilian for political ends . Spacey has received positive reviews for his portrayal of Frank Underwood , but the character itself has been criticized for its repetitive nature and one - dimensionality . Spacey shared the distinction of being among the first three leading web - television roles to be nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . Spacey has also been nominated for two Golden Globe Awards , winning one , and five Screen Actors Guild Awards , including two cast nominations and including two wins , for his performance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and description 1.1 Early life 1.2 Family 1.3 Political career 1.3. 1 South Carolina Legislature 1.3. 2 Congressional Election 1.4 Underwood vs. Urquhart 1.5 Relationship with Claire Underwood 1.6 Relationship with Zoe Barnes 1.7 Relationship with Edward Meechum 1.8 Breaking the fourth wall 2 Biography 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 3 Critical response 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 3.4 Season 4 3.5 Awards and nominations 4 Notes 5 External links Background and description ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Francis J. Underwood was born on November 5 , 1959 , to Catherine and Calvin T. Underwood in Gaffney , South Carolina . He is an only child . He was raised in impoverished circumstances , with the threat of bank foreclosure on the farm they lived on . He entered The Sentinel , a military school in Charleston , South Carolina , loosely based on The Citadel , The Military College of South Carolina , in the fall of 1976 . He graduated in 1981 and , despite having made poor grades , gained admittance into Harvard Law School . He graduated from there in 1984 . While at the Sentinel , he had a homosexual relationship with his roommate , Tim Corbet , which lasted until his first year of law school . Underwood was raised Christian but holds God in complete contempt . Family ( edit ) Underwood 's great - great - great - grandfather , Corporal Augustus Elijah Underwood , was a Confederate soldier who served in the 12th South Carolina Infantry Regiment of McGowan 's Brigade at the Battle of Spotsylvania . He served at the Bloody Angle on May 12 , 1864 , during the Civil War and was killed by a bludgeon to the back of the head from his own regiment during the middle of the night . Underwood is fascinated by his ancestry . When Underwood falls into a coma following an assassination attempt , Augustus appears in several of his hallucinations . However , he dismisses the Confederacy as weak and calls their cause of preserving the institution of slavery `` asinine '' . His great - great grandfather was two when Augustus was killed . His father , Calvin T. Underwood , was a peach farmer in his home town of Gaffney who died at the age of 43 of a heart attack . The Underwoods lived in poverty , and nearly lost the farm when Frank was a child ; to get a bank loan and avoid foreclosure , his father attended a meeting of the Ku Klux Klan , of which the bank manager was a member . Underwood speaks fondly of his father in public , but this is a political ploy ; in his asides to the audience , Underwood describes his father as a weak man who accomplished nothing with his life . He even urinates on his father 's grave in season 3 . Despite disliking his father , however , Underwood was influenced by him . Calvin was an abusive alcoholic and caused his wife and son years of misery . Underwood has said that when he was 13 , he walked in on his father putting a shotgun in his mouth . Calvin asked him to pull the trigger , which he refused to do . He has stated that his biggest regret is not killing his father when he had the chance . Political career ( edit ) South Carolina legislature ( edit ) Underwood was elected at the age of 25 to the South Carolina State Senate as one of the youngest members in the state 's legislative history after graduating from Harvard in 1984 . He was re-elected to the state senate at 29 in 1988 for his second , and last , term as a State Senator . Congressional election ( edit ) Underwood was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1990 as a Democratic representative for the 5th Congressional District of South Carolina , being sworn in during January 1991 . He won another 11 consecutive elections , winning his final term in 2012 . He was elected Whip for the Democratic Party in 2005 , serving as House Majority Whip between 2005 and 2013 . Often , Underwood 's thoughts throughout the series are presented in a direct address to the audience , a narrative technique known as breaking the fourth wall . Immediately prior to starring in House of Cards , Spacey had starred in a production of William Shakespeare 's Richard III as Richard III of England , a character that serves as a partial basis for both Urquhart and Underwood . His last name is derived from Oscar Underwood , who served as the first Democratic House Minority Whip from about 1900 to 1901 . His few vices include smoking cigarettes and playing video games ; when the Secret Service cuts off his online gaming service after he becomes Vice President , he takes up creating model figurines . Spacey viewed portraying Underwood for a second season as a continuing learning process . `` There is so much I do n't know about Francis , so much that I 'm learning ... I 've always thought that the profession closest to that of an actor is being a detective ... We are given clues by writers ... Then you lay them all out and try to make them come alive as a character who 's complex and surprising , maybe even to yourself . '' Underwood 's sexuality is ambiguous throughout much of the first two seasons ; he has sexual liaisons with both men and women , but he is never explicitly identified by any sexual label . Before Season 2 , various sources speculated about his homosexuality . It is revealed in `` Chapter 8 '' he had an experience with homosexuality in college . Underwood and Claire are never depicted having sex in season 1 . Slate journalist Hanna Rosin noted : if Frank and Claire Underwood were a real - life Washington couple and they were found each to be having an affair , he would be accused of being `` secretly gay , turned on by women only when he can use them for a pure power play '' . Other sources make no definite stance on Underwood 's sexuality , but hypothesize that he is not sexually attracted to Claire . In season 2 , Underwood is involved in a threesome with Claire and Secret Service agent Edward Meechum ( Nathan Darrow ) , while in season 3 , there is a moment of sexual tension between Underwood and his biographer , Tom Yates ( Paul Sparks ) . The same season , however , also features the only scene in the series in which Underwood and Claire have sex exclusively with each other . In season five , he has sex with Eric Rawlings ( Malcolm Madera ) , his male personal trainer . According to Time television critic James Poniewozik , by the end of the first episode , it becomes clear that Underwood both literally and figuratively uses meat as his metaphor of choice . He may begin a day with a celebratory rack of ribs , because `` I 'm feelin ' hungry today ! '' , and he depicts his life with meat metaphors . For example , he describes the White House Chief of Staff with grudging admiration : `` She 's as tough as a two - dollar steak '' and plans to destroy an enemy the way `` you devour a whale . One bite at a time '' . He also endures a tedious weekly meeting with House leaders , as he tells the audience , by `` ( imagining ) their lightly salted faces frying in a skillet . '' Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter notes that , in Season 2 , with Underwood 's new position as Vice President , `` He 's got more power now and that means he instills more fear in his enemies '' . At one point during the season , he states `` The road to power is paved with hypocrisy and casualties . I need to prove what the vice president is capable of . '' Underwood and Claire `` continue their ruthless rise to power as threats mount on all fronts . '' Underwood vs. Urquhart ( edit ) Underwood is an Americanized version of the original BBC series lead character Francis Urquhart , a Machiavellian post-Margaret Thatcher Chief Whip of the Conservative Party . Urquhart employs deceit , cunning , murder , and blackmail to influence and pursue the office of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . According to series producer Beau Willimon , the change in last name stemmed from the `` Dickensian '' feeling and `` more legitimately American '' sounding resonance of the name ' Underwood ' . Whereas Urquhart is an aristocrat by birth , Underwood is a self - made man , having been born into a poor Southern family with an alcoholic father . Urquhart was one of television 's first antiheroes , whereas Underwood follows the more recent rash of antiheroes that includes Tony Soprano of The Sopranos , Walter White of Breaking Bad , and Dexter Morgan of Dexter . However , unlike most other antiheroes , Underwood is not forced into immorality either by circumstance ( White ) , birth ( Soprano ) or upbringing ( Morgan ) . In his review of Season 2 , Slant Magazine 's Alan Jones writes that Underwood is evil by choice . Although the character is based on the BBC show 's lead character , in interviews during the writing and filming of season 2 , creator and showrunner Willimon said that he used Lyndon B. Johnson as a source of themes and issues addressed in House of Cards . Unlike the right - wing Urquhart , who leads the Conservative Party , the center - left Underwood is a member of the Democratic Party , but cares little for ideology in favor of `` ruthless pragmatism '' in furthering his own political influence and power . Relationship with Claire Underwood ( edit ) Stelter described Frank and Claire Underwood as a `` scheming '' couple . Michael Dobbs , the author of the trilogy of novels upon which the British miniseries is based , compares the compelling nature of their relationship favorably to the characters in the original miniseries , and likens them to Macbeth and Lady Macbeth . Underwood has strong feelings for Claire , and frequently plots with her at night . He says , `` I love that woman . I love her more than sharks love blood . '' While Underwood is Machiavellian , Claire , like Lady Macbeth , encourages her husband to do whatever is necessary to seize power . Hank Stuever of The Washington Post describes her as an ice - queen wife . She encourages his vices while noting her disapproval of his weakness , saying , `` My husband does n't apologize ... even to me . '' Her overt encouragement gives a credibility to their symbiosis. Smith says `` The Underwoods have proven themselves ruthless , manipulative , and robotic in their pursuit and lust of power . '' Upon viewing a four - episode preview of season 2 , Goodman says the series `` ... sells husband and wife power - at - all - costs couple ... as a little too oily and reptilian for anyone 's good . '' Willimon notes that `` What 's extraordinary about Frank and Claire is there is deep love and mutual respect , but the way they achieve this is by operating on a completely different set of rules than the rest of us typically do . '' Los Angeles Times critic Mary McNamara makes the case that House of Cards is a love story on many levels , but most importantly between Underwood and Claire . It is a story about a man who will commit any crime imaginable while in pursuit of power and a political wife who gives him the encouragement to pursue that power . Underwood and Claire engage in a threesome with their Secret Service bodyguard Edward Meechum at one point in season 2 , but have otherwise largely given up intramarital and extramarital sex in favor of their pursuit of power . International Business Times critic Ellen Killoran notes that this may relate back to Underwood 's quotation of Oscar Wilde to Zoe Barnes in Season 1 : `` A great man once said , ' everything is about sex except sex . Sex is about power . ' '' Avoiding sex may retain the balance of power in their relationship . His relationship with Claire is the epicenter of season 2 . Relationship with Zoe Barnes ( edit ) Underwood develops an intimate relationship with Washington Herald and Slugline reporter Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) , with Claire 's knowledge . As the show begins , Barnes is desperate to rise from covering the Fairfax County Council beat to covering what 's going on `` behind the veil of power in the Capitol hallways . '' By the end of the first episode , Barnes is among the cadre of Underwood 's accomplices . They begin a relationship , with Barnes promising to earn his trust and not `` ask any questions '' in return for his supplying her with sensitive political information . Toward the end of Season 1 , she ends their personal relationship and begins investigating his connection to Congressman Peter Russo 's apparent suicide ( Underwood had in fact killed him by locking him in his car in a closed garage ) . Underwood ultimately kills Barnes in the season 2 premiere , by pushing her in front of an oncoming Washington Metro train after she begins to follow clues related to the murder . Relationship with Edward Meechum ( edit ) Underwood is fond of the head of his Secret Service detail , Edward Meechum ( Nathan Darrow ) , and it is hinted several times that they harbor unacknowledged sexual feelings for each other . When Meechum stumbles upon Underwood watching pornography , Underwood and Claire joke about there being sexual chemistry between the two men . Shortly after Underwood becomes vice president , he , Claire and Meechum have a threesome . Meechum remains Underwood 's bodyguard once he becomes the president , and there does not appear to be any continuing sexual relationship . Meechum remains fiercely loyal , however ; he warns Underwood 's biographer Tom Yates ( Paul Sparks ) not to write anything that would damage Underwood 's reputation . In season 4 , Underwood traces Meechum 's hand with a marker on one of the walls of the White House when he wants to replace a Confederate painting ; Meechum suggests he put up something he likes instead . When Lucas Goodwin shoots Underwood during a campaign event , Meechum trades fire with the assassin , and both are killed instantly . Meechum 's death is one of the tragedies Claire mentions in a press briefing for a gun control bill she is sponsoring , and Underwood has him buried in Arlington National Cemetery , a rare privilege for a Secret Service agent , though Meechum may have been eligible , in his own right , as a former member of the US Military who served in Afghanistan . When Underwood recovers and finds that Meechum 's hand tracing has been painted over , he expresses grief and regret at the loss to Claire , who says that Meechum was one of the few people who truly understood them . Breaking the fourth wall ( edit ) Spacey summed up Underwood 's relationship with the viewer - i.e. whenever he breaks the fourth wall - as being like that of a `` best friend '' and `` the person ( he trusts ) more than anyone . '' Because of this , his asides to the viewer serves as an indication of Underwood 's true feelings and intentions - typically when he is feigning politeness and courtesy to people whom he despises . In the season 2 premiere , after having gone the whole episode without doing so , Underwood addresses the viewer directly , saying , `` Did you think I had forgotten you ? Perhaps you hoped I had . '' In addition , in season 3 , after an argument with Claire that ends with her storming out on him , a seething Frank vents his anger by lashing out at the viewer ; looking directly into the camera , he snaps `` What 're you lookin ' at ? ! '' For the first four seasons , Underwood was the only character to break the fourth wall until the very end of the fourth season , during which his wife Claire - though silent - addresses the camera directly with Frank . Biography ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 1 ) `` Power is a lot like real estate . It 's all about location , location , location . The closer you are to the source , the higher your property value . '' -- Underwood At the start of the show , Underwood is a Democratic Majority Whip in the House of Representatives , where he has represented South Carolina 's 5th congressional district since 1990 . Underwood is passed over for an appointment as United States Secretary of State even though he had been promised the position after ensuring the election of Colorado Governor Garrett Walker ( Michel Gill ) as President . Walker 's Chief of Staff Linda Vasquez ( Sakina Jaffrey ) gives him this news prior to the January 2013 United States presidential inauguration . With the aid of Claire , and his fiercely loyal Chief of Staff Doug Stamper ( Michael Kelly ) , Underwood uses his position as House Whip to seek retribution . He quickly allies with Washington Herald reporter Zoe Barnes ( Kate Mara ) , whom he uses to undermine his rivals via the press . The viciousness of Underwood 's manipulations escalates over the course of the season . He befriends Pennsylvania Rep. Peter Russo ( Corey Stoll ) , encouraging him to quit drinking and run for Governor of Pennsylvania ; then his underlings create enough pressure in the race to push Russo into publicly falling off the wagon and ruining his career . Underwood finally murders him and makes it look like suicide . He persuades Vice President Jim Matthews ( Dan Ziskie ) to resign so he can run for the office he previously held , Governor of Pennsylvania , the race being wide open following Russo 's death . In the season finale , `` Chapter 13 '' , Underwood is appointed Vice President to replace Matthews . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 2 ) `` There are two types of vice presidents : doormats and Matadors . Which do you think I intend to be ? '' -- Underwood Underwood assumes the position of Vice President of the United States . Over the course of the season , he `` faces challenges from similarly ambitious businessmen , the Chinese government and Congress itself '' as he continues to pursue his political aspirations . His plotline revolves around battles with billionaire Raymond Tusk ( Gerald McRaney ) , involving Chinese money laundering . Over the course of the season his biggest challenges are the institutional power of the Office of the President and Tusk 's power as a billionaire industrialist . He finds new rivals in Tusk , who seeks to maintain his position as Walker 's right - hand adviser against Underwood 's intrusion , and his former communications director , Remy Danton ( Mahershala Ali ) , who is now a lobbyist working with Tusk . At the beginning of the season , Underwood is trying to erase all links to Russo 's death . Thus , he kills Barnes by shoving her in front of an oncoming Washington Metro train , and frames her colleague and lover Lucas Goodwin ( Sebastian Arcelus ) for cyberterrorism . Another early task for newly promoted Underwood is finding his own replacement as House Majority Whip . He supports Jacqueline Sharp ( Molly Parker ) , a military veteran and third - term Representative from California , although he refrains from offering public backing . Toward the end of the season , Underwood orchestrates Walker 's downfall . He secretly leaks the details of the money laundering , for which Walker is blamed . While publicly supporting Walker , Underwood works behind the scenes to have him impeached , with Sharp 's help . In the season finale , `` Chapter 26 '' , Walker resigns , and Underwood succeeds him as President of the United States . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 3 ) `` When they bury me , it wo n't be in my backyard , and when they come to pay their respects , they 'll have to wait in line . '' -- Underwood Season 3 begins with Underwood 's presidency off to a rocky start : six months into his term , he is unpopular with the public , and Congress is blocking his attempts to move legislation forward . He plans to secure his legacy with an ambitious jobs bill , America Works , but the Democratic Congressional leadership refuses to support it ; they also tell him that they will not support him if he seeks the presidential nomination in the next election . He nominates Claire for United States Ambassador to the United Nations , but her nomination is defeated after she makes a gaffe during a Senate nomination hearing . Underwood announces that he will not run for reelection , and advocates for America Works , which he intends to pay for by stripping entitlement programs . He fails to get the bill through Congress and uses that as a reason to renege on his promise to not run in 2016 . Solicitor General Heather Dunbar ( Elizabeth Marvel ) announces that she will seek the presidential nomination , and actually gives Underwood a battle . Underwood convinces Sharp to get married so she can announce her candidacy , for the sole reason of sapping women 's votes from Dunbar , at which point she will withdraw and accept the nomination for VP . After the presidential debate , in which Underwood publicly humiliates Sharp in order to go after Dunbar , Sharp retaliates by backing Dunbar 's campaign . Ultimately , however , Underwood wins the Iowa caucuses . Meanwhile , the Underwoods ' marriage is faltering . Underwood gives Claire the ambassador job in a recess appointment , but she is forced to resign in order to solve a diplomatic crisis . Claire begins to question whether she still loves her husband , and they get into an ugly fight in which he tells her that she is nothing without him . Season 3 ends with Claire leaving Underwood as he prepares for the New Hampshire primary . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 4 ) `` That 's right , we do n't submit to terror . We make the terror . '' -- Underwood Underwood trails Dunbar in the polls , eventually losing the New Hampshire primary . Realizing that he needs Claire to win , he persuades her to come back by promising to support her run for a congressional district in Texas . However , he sandbags her prospective candidacy by endorsing a political ally 's daughter , in order to keep Claire focused on his campaign . On the day of the South Carolina primary , Claire retaliates by arranging for two compromising photos to be leaked : one of Underwood 's father with a Klansman , and one of Underwood posing with a Confederate Civil War re-enactor . Underwood deduces that Claire was behind the leaks , and confronts her . Claire calmly admits what she did , and puts forth a proposition : that she run as his vice president . He angrily rejects the idea . Lucas Goodwin is released from prison and , seeking revenge for Barnes ' death , shoots Underwood at a campaign rally , hitting him in the liver . He also mortally wounds Meechum , who manages to kill him before succumbing to his injuries . Underwood is rushed to the hospital for immediate surgery , and falls into a coma . It is soon discovered that he needs a liver transplant . Stamper manages to bump him to the top of the transplant list , and he survives . Once he recovers , he agrees to let Claire run as his vice president . Dunbar drops out of the race due to the discovery of a meeting she 'd had with Goodwin a few days before the attempt on Underwood 's life . Underwood begins planning to maneuver Claire into the VP spot and to use the NSA to illegally obtain voter information and spy on the Republican nominee , Will Conway ( Joel Kinnaman ) . This happens while Underwood and Claire advocate for a controversial gun control bill for the sole purpose of creating an atmosphere divisive enough to weed out potential running mates . During the resulting open convention , Underwood intimidates the front - runner , Secretary of State Catherine Durant ( Jayne Atkinson ) , into surrendering her delegates , and uses the public sympathy from Claire 's mother 's death to ensure that he and Claire are nominated . When American extremists loyal to the terrorist group Islamic Caliphate Organization ( ICO ) kidnap a suburban family , Underwood allows Conway to negotiate with them , making his opponent look like a hero - and then releases NSA data that proves Conway illegally influenced Congress . Soon afterward , however , Underwood is hit with two crises at once : ICO 's leader orders his followers to kill one of the hostages , while journalist Tom Hammerschmidt ( Boris McGiver ) exposes Underwood 's crimes in the Washington Herald . Facing disgrace and possible impeachment , Underwood decides to declare war on ICO and allow the public to see the hostage die in order to distract from the scandal and create an atmosphere of widespread fear that he and Claire can exploit in the weeks before the election . Season 5 ( edit ) `` The American people do n't know what 's best for them . I do . I know exactly what they need . They 're like little children , Claire , children we never had . We have to hold their sticky fingers and wipe their filthy mouths . Teach them right from wrong . Tell them what to think and how to feel and what to want . They even help writing their wildest dreams , crafting their worst fears . Lucky for them , they have me , they have you . Underwood , Underwood , 2016 . 2020 . 2024 . 2028 . 2032 . 2036 . One nation , Underwood . '' -- Underwood In the days before the election , Underwood pushes Congress to formally declare war on ICO , and orders the CIA to kill one of the terrorists and make it look like he had died fleeing capture . Underwood still lags in the polls , however , and on election night it appears he is going to lose to Conway . With help from Stamper and campaign strategist LeAnn Harvey ( Neve Campbell ) , Underwood has NSA contractor Aidan Macallan ( Damian Young ) stage a cyberattack on several election stations . He also uses the fear of a possible terrorist attack to pressure the governors of Tennessee and Ohio to halt voting . The tactics work ; the two states refuse to declare a winner , and the election drags on unresolved for several weeks . The presidency is finally set to be decided by a contingent election in the House . Neither Underwood nor Conway receive enough votes , however , so Underwood appoints Claire Acting President until the House votes again . Underwood tries to convince Arizona Congressman Alex Romero ( James Martinez ) to vote in his favor , but when Underwood refuses to help him with his own agenda , Romero forms a committee to impeach him . The Underwoods blackmail Conway 's influential campaign manager Mark Usher ( Campbell Scott ) into joining their side by threatening to release recordings of Conway berating a pilot and his running mate Ted Brockhart ( Colm Feore ) threatening to kill Frank . Once Usher begins working for them , they release the tapes anyway , which costs Conway the election . Underwood is now President - elect , but his past comes back to haunt him once again when Hammerschmidt begins investigating Zoe Barnes ' death , convinced it was not an accident . Underwood and Claire nip any potential story in the bud by convincing Stamper to `` confess '' to murdering Barnes . When Romero 's committee intensifies its investigation , Underwood tries to divert their attention by ordering troops into Syria on the pretense of preventing a terrorist attack . This provokes Durant to testify against him ; before she can take the stand , however , Underwood pushes her down a flight of stairs , incapacitating her . When Walker testifies about Underwood 's role in the Chinese money laundering , Underwood takes the stand in his own defense and stuns the committee by resigning the presidency . When Claire demands an explanation , Underwood reveals that his resignation was part of a plan to ensure that they control the country for years to come : Claire from the White House , he from the private sector . To tie up loose ends , he has Macallan and Harvey killed . For Underwood 's plan to work , however , Claire has to pardon him and Stamper , which would damage her credibility with the public . Claire promises him that she will grant the pardons , but makes no mention of them during her first address to the nation as president . Angered , Underwood calls her several times , but each time he gets her voicemail , causing him to worry that she has abandoned him . He breaks the fourth wall and says , `` If she does n't pardon me , I 'll kill her . '' Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The New York Times ' David Itzkoff called Underwood a `` scheming politician '' who does `` some of the most evil and underhanded things imaginable '' . Brian Stelter of The New York Times said Underwood `` ... is on a quest for power that 's just as suspenseful as anything on television . '' New York Daily News critic Don Kaplan says `` ... conniving Congressman Frank Underwood , is easily one of the most complex antiheroes on TV -- except he 's not on TV '' . David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle describes the character as one who `` all but salivates over the chance to use his considerable power to gain more power , especially if it involves pulling the rug out from under some colleagues and the wool over the eyes of others . '' Andrew Davies , the producer of the original UK TV series , feels that Underwood lacks the `` charm '' of the original character , Francis Urquhart . The Independent praised Spacey 's portrayal as a more `` menacing '' character , `` hiding his rage behind Southern charm and old - fashioned courtesy , '' while The New Republic noted that `` When Urquhart addressed the audience , it was partly in the spirit of conspiratorial fun . His asides sparked with wit . He was n't just ruthlessly striving , he was amusing himself , mocking the ridiculousness of his milieu . There is no impishness about Spacey 's Frank Underwood , just numb , machine - like ambition . Even his affection for his wife is a calculation . '' Poniewozik praises Underwood 's accent , saying `` Spacey gives Underwood a silky Southern accent you could pour over crushed ice and sip with a sprig of mint on Derby Day . '' Nancy deWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal describes the accent as a `` mild but sometimes missing Carolina accent '' . Time listed Frank Underwood among the 11 most influential fictional characters in 2013 . Season 2 ( edit ) According to The Kansas City Star 's Smith , `` Frank has n't changed , and neither has his brand of Machiavellian political theater '' and `` Spacey has lost none of his smarmy magnetism as the cartoon - ish villain '' . According to Variety 's Brian Lowry , `` Kevin Spacey 's showy performance as an unscrupulous politician '' is foremost among the show 's strengths , but the show 's weakness is the `` failure to present its scheming protagonist with equally matched foes '' . Lowry feels that as conniving as Underwood is , it is unfathomable that `` nobody else in a town built on power seems particularly adept at recognizing this or combating him '' . Goodman says `` Spacey is nothing if not constantly magnetic '' . The delayed use of the fourth wall is perceived as clever . Alison Willmore of Indiewire says that `` Unlike Walter White or Tony Soprano , Frank feels at peace with his ruthless pragmatism and what he does in pursuit of power , and reminds us of the fact in his asides to the camera ... he may be a ruthless sociopath , but there 's something to admire there '' . However Willmore noted that Frank became lighter in season 2 noting that the season was `` ... delivered with more of a wink by Frank than before . '' Poniewozik notes that `` It also remains a delight to watch Spacey pump the humid breath of life into House of Cards ' arid Capitol chill . If only his character were n't so dominant of his surroundings as well . One reason the series ' movements can feel so mechanical is that , so far , no one seems nearly in Underwood 's league : not the adversaries he battles directly , nor the sad sacks that he gulls without their even knowing it . '' Chuck Barney of the San Jose Mercury News notes that the preview episodes show that `` Frank 's `` Survivor '' - like back - stabbing is beginning to feel a bit repetitive . '' and that his lack of an adversarial foil has become an issue : `` ... things always seem to fall neatly into place for him . Even his showdowns with the president ( Michel Gill ) come off as one - sided ... '' Verne Gay of Newsday notes that `` Frank Underwood has no remorse , no superannuated sense of Washington tradition or decorum , and certainly no second thoughts . He is TV 's perfect monster of the moment - a compleat malefactor , with a pleasing honey - toned drawl . '' Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times says `` By positing a Johnsonesque power broker and master schemer who wields cabalistic influence behind the scenes , House of Cards assigns order and purpose to what , in real life , is too often just an endless , baffling tick - tack - toe stalemate . '' NPR 's Eric Deggans says that Underwood `` blends velvety charm and mesmerizing menace like no other character on television '' . New York Observer critic Drew Grant notes that although the series aired during the golden age of dramatic antiheroes , Underwood 's villainy has become trite : `` House of Cards is a good reminder , however , that there is a reason Iago was n't the center of Othello . Unrelenting , unexplained cruelty can be as pedantic as constant kindness . '' Spacey 's portrayal was not without detractors : Hitfix reviewer Alan Sepinwall accused him of `` hamming it up '' and `` phoning it in on a not very good show to begin with '' . Season 3 ( edit ) Reviews for season 3 of House of Cards were mostly positive . However , a few critics found the Underwood character was becoming repetitive : the critical consensus on the review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes held that , `` Season three introduces intriguing new political and personal elements to Frank Underwood 's character , even if it feels like more of the same for some . '' Ed Power of The Daily Telegraph wrote , `` Everyone in House of Cards has an agenda - a secret twitching in the attic . The thrill , and the horror , may lie in the degree to which we catch reflections of real life in its dark , cool contours . '' Some critics opined that the Underwood character is less interesting once he achieves his goal of becoming president and actually has to govern . `` You could take the show seriously just as long as you did n't have to take it seriously , as long as it only took place in the dream world of imaginary fantasy politics , '' wrote Aaron Bady of The New Republic , who compared Underwood unfavorably with Josiah Bartlett of The West Wing . `` But when a cartoon becomes president , it starts to look too fake to be real , but too real to be a cartoon . Frank plays the role of President Bartlett , a cartoon president doing things that would actually , in reality , be kind of great . But Bartlett was too good to be true , and the old Frank was too evil to be true . President Underwood is just too dull to be a fantasy , and so the props take center stage . '' Critics continued to praise Spacey 's performance , however . Don Kaplan of The New York Daily News wrote , `` Underwood 's bottomless appetite for dark dealing keeps Spacey so deliciously detestable you ca n't help but keep rooting for the bad guy to win . '' Season 4 ( edit ) In season 4 , Jacob Solworthy wrote in his review of the first six episodes of season four : `` Until now , ' House of Cards ' has centred on the character 's outward expression of power -- not to mention his hunger for it -- but the writers have shrewdly stripped that back , instead focusing on the character 's internal fears in a way not dissimilar from Tony 's dream sequences in ' The Sopranos ' , '' he later added , `` You 'll never root for Frank more than you do by the end of these six episodes . '' On the other hand , Daniel Fienberg from The Hollywood Reporter was critical of Spacey 's performance , writing : `` Spacey 's performance , which at least had an appealingly theatrical extravagance when the series began , has grown less enjoyable . Having reached a pinnacle , there 's no way to root for Frank 's striving anymore , if you ever were , but House of Cards has yet to commit to urging us to root for Frank 's downfall . '' There was also considerable mention of the evolution of Underwood 's relationship with Claire . `` ( T ) heir partnership has morphed into an entirely professional exercise , with a shared lust for power having supplanted more conventional matrimonial bonds , '' wrote Brian Lowry of Variety . The Atlantic 's Spencer Kornhaber remarked , however , that the utter ruthlessness displayed by Underwoods in the season finale may have represented a `` jump the shark '' moment for the series : The Underwoods have murdered a politician and a journalist , and some innocents have also been collateral damage to their activities . Now , though , they 've set out to maintain their power at the cost of mass casualties . Netflix has n't said how many seasons are to come , but it 's hard to imagine the show being watchable for all that much longer now that this rubicon of despicability has been crossed . Some compared Underwood 's story line in season 4 to the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Brian Moyland of The Guardian wrote : House of Cards has never felt like the real presidency : Frank Underwood is evil incarnate , bumping off junior Congressmen and pushing journalists in front of trains . But now that , in real life , we 're in the throes of such a bizarre presidential race , his machinations are starting to look almost viable . There are several parallels between Underwood 's re-election campaign and the 2016 campaigns of Donald Trump , Ted Cruz , Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders . Awards and nominations ( edit ) At the 3rd Critics ' Choice Television Awards , Spacey was nominated for Best Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Underwood . On July 18 , 2013 , Netflix earned the first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for original online only web television for the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards . Three of its web series , Arrested Development , Hemlock Grove , and House of Cards , earned nominations . For the first time , three Primetime Emmy nominations for lead roles were from web television series : Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series to Spacey for his portrayal of Frank Underwood , Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series to Robin Wright for her portrayal of Claire Underwood , and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series to Jason Bateman for his portrayal of Michael Bluth in Arrested Development . Spacey submitted `` Chapter 1 '' for consideration to earn his nomination . Spacey also earned a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama and a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series nominations . In season 2 , Spacey won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards and Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards , as well as nominations for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards and a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Outstanding by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . In season 3 , Spacey was nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards , his third nomination for the role . He also was nominated for both Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards . For his performance in season 4 , Spacey earned a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series at the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards . For his performance in season 5 , Spacey received his fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy Award for Outstianding Lead Actor in a Drama Series nomination for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Handler , Rachel . `` ' House Of Cards ' Has Been Renewed For A Fifth Season , But Not Everybody Is Coming Back '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret . `` House of Cards Has a Frank - and - Claire Problem '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bady , Aaron . `` ' House of Cards ' Should Stop Trying to Be ' The West Wing ' '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` ' House of Cards ' season 2 in review : It gets weaker the more you watch '' . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sirota , David ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Why was Francis Underwood a Democrat ? '' . Salon . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` What linguists say about Kevin Spacey 's bizarre Southern accent on House of Cards '' . Vox . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` A Drama 's Streaming Premiere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Stuart ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards recap : episodes two , three and four = Frank speaks to God '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) ( House of Cards ( season 2 ) ) ( Streaming video ) . Chapter 18 , 29 : 10 remaining : Netflix. 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) ( House of Cards ( season 1 ) ) ( Streaming video ) . Chapter 3 , 20 : 05 remaining : Netflix. 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Frank Underwood 's 10 Most Ruthless Moments ( Poll ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Let 's talk all of season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Stuart ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards recap , series two , episode 13 -- ' Cut out his heart and put it in his hands ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cornet , Roth ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix 's Original Series House of Cards -- From David Fincher and Kevin Spacey -- May be the New Face of Television '' . IGN . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Laura ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Spacey 's Leading - Man Problem The star of the 13 - hour `` House of Cards '' is as impenetrable as ever `` . New Republic . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Sarah ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' Urquhart is deliciously diabolical ' : Kevin Spacey is back in a remake of House of Cards '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCormack , Kirsty ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kate Mara steals the show at ' House of Cards ' season premiere in sexy cut - out dress '' . Daily Express . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Review : House of Cards Returns for Season Two : Kevin Spacey 's D.C. power play still has cynical bite , but some old problems remain . '' . Time . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Spacey dealing Season 2 of ' House of Cards ' '' . Boston.com . Associated Press . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Carr , David and Ashley Parker ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Recap , Episode 8 : You Can Go Home Again , It Just Might Get Complicated '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosin , Hanna ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` '' More Than Sharks Love Blood `` : Do Frank and Claire Underwood have the ideal marriage ? '' . Slate . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGee , Ryan ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` House Of Cards : `` Chapter 8 '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The 9 Most Shocking Moments from House of Cards Season 2 '' . Time . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Review : House of Cards Sinks Its Sharp Teeth into Washington '' . Time . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Tim ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` House Of Cards : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Season 2 Trailer : The Threats and Power Grabs Mount ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blake , Meredith ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere date for ' House of Cards ' Season 2 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lacob , Jace ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` David Fincher , Beau Willimon & Kate Mara On Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards : Season Two '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Leopold , Todd ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' creator Beau Willimon plays a solid hand '' . CNN . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Does Well in 2013 Primetime Emmy Nominations '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : deWolf Smith , Nancy ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Fantasies About Evil , Redux '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ostrow : Kevin Spacey shines in `` House of Cards '' political drama on Netflix `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Alessandra ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Political Animals That Slither : ' House of Cards ' on Netflix Stars Kevin Spacey '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stuever , Hank ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' : Power corrupts ( plus other non-breaking news ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Sara ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Second season of ' House of Cards ' is a vote for vice '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' promises more ' plotting and scheming ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards ' plays new hand with brutal , clear resolve '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Killoran , Ellen ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Season 2 Review : Burning Questions Remain After Netflix Binge '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Woods , Baynard ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Review : House of Cards Season 2 : Francis Underwood gives liberals their own Dick Cheney : a vice president able to push through his agenda . '' . City Paper . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( February 15 , 2014 ) . `` Yes , that really just happened on `` House of Cards '' `` . Salon . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.bustle.com/articles/14708-house-of-cards-kevin-spacey-isnt-talking-to-you-when-he-speaks-into-camera Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Bosses Break Down Those Final Two Words of Season 5 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Obama wishes D.C. worked more like it does in ' House of Cards ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Terry ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Humble pie on the menu '' . The Herald . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGee , Ryan ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` House Of Cards : `` Chapter 5 '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jancelewicz , Chris ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` House Of Cards Season 1 , Episode 13 Recap : All 's Well That Ends Well ( Or Not ) '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welshman , Tom ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review -- House of Cards , Season 2 '' . Impact . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ VandenDolder , Tess ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Season 2 Review : Shocking and Messy , But Just as Addictive as Ever '' . In The Capital . Streetwise Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zurawik , David ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Season 2 of ' House of Cards ' packs theatrical power '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` House of Cards season 2 shock twist was planned from day one , says showrunner '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sara ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` New season brings a formidable female player to ' House of Cards ' '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Season On ' House Of Cards , ' It 's Tough To Be The Boss '' . www.npr.org . February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Where Does Frank Underwood Go From Here , and Other House of Cards Season 3 Questions '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 39 '' . House of Cards . Season 3 . Episode 13 . February 27 , 2015 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Stern , Warlow ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Explosive ' House of Cards ' Finale : Creator Beau Willimon on the State of the Underwoods '' . Daily Beast . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowle , Kyle ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards recap : Chapter 52 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards , ' The Complete Fourth Season for Binge Viewers ( SPOILERS ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 52 '' . House of Cards . Season 4 . Episode 13 . March 4 , 2016 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Fowle , Kyle ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` House of Cards recap : Chapter 65 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Itskoff , Dave ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Emmy Nominees : Kevin Spacey of ' House of Cards ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Spacey and Netflix 's ' House of Cards ' receive Emmy nominations , signaling a new order in TV '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' review : Sexy political revenge '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alter , Charlotte and Eliana Dockterman ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` The 11 Most Influential Fictional Characters of 2013 : These are the on - screen figures who got our attention : 6 . Frank Underwood '' . Time . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : ' House of Cards ' -- Season Two '' . Variety . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Willmore , Alison ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` In Its Second Season , ' House of Cards ' Brings Its D.C. Machinations to the Next Level '' . Indiewire . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' House of Cards ' returns for more political dirty deeds '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' Season 2 review : A joyride '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` How Absolute Power Can Delight Absolutely : ' House of Cards ' Returns , With More Dark Scheming '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deggans , Eric ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Antihero Or Villain ? In ' House Of Cards , ' It 's Hard To Tell '' . NPR . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grant , Drew ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` The Anhedonia of Antiheroes : Why House of Cards ' Second Season Is n't as Fun as It Should Be '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` Best movie star on TV , ' Constantine ' and best - cast TV show ever '' . Ask Alan . Archived from the original ( movie ) on May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/house-of-cards/s03/ Jump up ^ Power , Ed ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` House of Cards , season 3 , episode 1 , review : ' an underwhelming return ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' House of Cards ' TV review : Season 3 is worth your weekend '' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards season 4 : Spoiler - free thoughts on the first six episodes '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel . `` ' House of Cards ' Season 4 : TV Review '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards season 4 , Episode 13 : The Live - Binge Review '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Griggs , Brandon ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards Season 4 : What 's the Verdict ? '' . cnn.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moyland , Brian ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` House of Cards : A KKK connection is n't all Frank Underwood and Donald Trump share '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang , Horror Story , Parks & Rec , Good Wife , The Americans Lead Critics Choice Nominations '' . TVLine . May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Riley , Jenelle ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` Emmy Episode Submissions : Lead Actor in a Drama '' . Backstage . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SAG nominations 2014 : The complete list of nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Golden Globes Nominations 2014 : ' 12 Years a Slave , ' ' American Hustle ' Lead Field '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Emmy Nominations : ' Breaking Bad , ' ' True Detective ' Among the Honored '' . New York Times . July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` SAG Awards : Modern Family , Thrones , Homeland , Boardwalk , Cards Lead Noms ; Mad Men Shut Out ; HTGAWM , Maslany and Aduba Get Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Golden Globes : Fargo , True Detective Lead Nominations ; Jane the Virgin , Transparent Score Multiple Nods '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` List : Who won Golden Globe awards '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . January 11 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : The Complete 2015 Winners List '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 67th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Emmys . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` SAG Awards : Game of Thrones , Homeland , House of Cards Lead Noms ; Empire , Inside Amy Schumer Shut Out ; Mr. Robot 's Rami Malek Sneaks In '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2016 : The Full List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys 2017 : The Full List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' 5 Characters Frank Underwood Claire Underwood List of politicians See also Awards and nominations Related House of Cards ( UK TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Underwood_(House_of_Cards)&oldid=804048417 '' Categories : House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Atheism in television Drama television characters Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional atheists and agnostics Fictional bisexual males Fictional characters from South Carolina Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional Democrats ( United States ) Fictional Harvard University people Fictional members of the United States House of Representatives Fictional murderers Fictional Presidents of the United States Fictional Vice Presidents of the United States Metafictional characters Fictional smokers Fictional pansexuals Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Good articles Use mdy dates from September 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Polski Português Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 11 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does frank become president in house of cards | [
"Toward the end of the season, Underwood orchestrates Walker's downfall. He secretly leaks the details of the money laundering, for which Walker is blamed. While publicly supporting Walker, Underwood works behind the scenes to have him impeached, with Sharp's help. In the season finale, \"Chapter 26\", Walker resigns, and Underwood succeeds him as President of the United States.[13]"
] | [
"Chapter 26"
] |
-4546013627002712166 | Ram Nath Kovind | Ram Nath Kovind - Wikipedia Ram Nath Kovind Jump to : navigation , search Ram Nath Kovind 14th President of India Incumbent Assumed office 25 July 2017 Prime Minister Narendra Modi Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari Venkaiah Naidu Preceded by Pranab Mukherjee Governor of Bihar In office 16 August 2015 -- 20 June 2017 Chief Minister Nitish Kumar Preceded by Keshari Nath Tripathi Succeeded by Keshari Nath Tripathi Personal details ( 1945 - 10 - 01 ) 1 October 1945 ( age 72 ) Paraunkh , United Provinces , British India Political party Bharatiya Janata Party Other political affiliations National Democratic Alliance Spouse ( s ) Savita Kovind ( m . 1974 ) Residence Rashtrapati Bhavan Alma mater Kanpur University Ram Nath Kovind ( born 1 October 1945 ) is the 14th and current President of India , in office since 25 July 2017 . Previously he had served as the Governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and was a Member of Parliament , Rajya Sabha from 1994 to 2006 . Kovind was nominated as a presidential candidate by the ruling NDA coalition and won the 2017 presidential election , becoming the second Dalit to be elected to the post of President . Before entering politics , he was a lawyer for 16 years and practiced in the Delhi High Court and the Supreme Court until 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Advocate 2.2 BJP member 2.3 Rajya Sabha 2.4 Other appointments 2.5 Governor 2.6 2017 presidency campaign 2.7 14th President of India 3 List of international trips as president 4 Personal life 5 Controversy 6 References 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Kovind was born on 1st October , 1945 in Paraukh village in the Kanpur Dehat district , Uttar Pradesh . His father Maikulal was a landless Kori ( a Dalit weaving community ) who ran a small shop to support his family . He was the youngest of five brothers and two sisters . He was born in a mud hut , which eventually collapsed . He was only five when his mother died of burns when their thatched dwelling caught fire . Kovind later donated the land to the community . After his elementary school education , he had to walk each day to Kanpur village , 8 km away , to attend junior school , as nobody in the village had a bicycle . He holds a bachelor 's degree in commerce and a LLB from DAV College ( affiliated with Kanpur University ) . Career ( edit ) Kovind at a function with Prime Minister Narendra Modi opening a bridge in Bihar , 2016 . Advocate ( edit ) After graduating in law from a Kanpur college , Kovind went to Delhi to prepare for the civil services examination . He passed this exam on his third attempt , but he did not join because he was selected for an allied service instead of IAS and thus started practicing law . Kovind enrolled as an advocate in 1971 with the bar council of Delhi . He was Central Government Advocate in the Delhi High Court from year 1977 to year 1979 . Between 1977 & 1978 , he also served as the personal assistant of Prime Minister of India Morarji Desai . In 1978 , he became an advocate - on - record of the Supreme Court of India and served as a standing counsel for the Central Government in the Supreme Court of India from 1980 to 1993 . He practiced in the Delhi High Court and Supreme Court until 1993 . As an advocate , he provided free legal aid to weaker sections of society , women and the poor under the Free Legal Aid Society of New Delhi . BJP member ( edit ) He joined the BJP in 1991 . He was President of the BJP Dalit Morcha between 1998 and 2002 and President of the All - India Koli Samaj . He also served as national spokesperson of the party . He donated his ancestral home in Derapur to the RSS . Soon after joining the BJP , he contested for Ghatampur assembly constituency , but lost and later contested for Bhognipur ( in 2007 ) ( both in Uttar Pradesh ) assembly constituency on the BJP ticket but lost again . In 1997 , Kovind joined the protest against certain orders from the Central government that had adverse effects on the SC / ST workers . Later , three amendments were made to the Constitution that revoked the orders , by the NDA government headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Rajya Sabha ( edit ) He was elected and became a Rajya Sabha MP from the state of Uttar Pradesh in April 1994 . He served a total of twelve years , two consecutive terms , until March 2006 . As a member of parliament , he served on the Parliamentary Committee for Welfare of Scheduled Castes / Tribes , Home Affairs , Petroleum and Natural Gas , Social Justice and Empowerment , Law and Justice . He also served as the chairman of the Rajya Sabha House Committee . During his career as a parliamentarian , under the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme , he focused on education in rural areas by helping in construction of school buildings in Uttar Pradesh and Uttrakhand . As a member of parliament , he visited Thailand , Nepal , Pakistan , Singapore , Germany , Switzerland , France , the United Kingdom and the United States on study tours . Other appointments ( edit ) He has served on the Board of management of Dr. B.R Ambedkar University , Lucknow , and as on the Board of Governors of IIM Calcutta . He has also represented India at the UN and addressed the United Nations General Assembly in October 2002 . Governor ( edit ) On 8 August 2015 , the then President of India appointed Kovind as Governor of Bihar . On 16 August 2015 , the acting Chief Justice of Patna High Court , Iqbal Ahmad Ansari , administered the oath to Kovind as the 35th Governor of Bihar . The function took place at Raj Bhawan , Patna . Governor of Bihar Ram Nath Kovind welcoming President Pranab Mukherjee at Patna on April 17 , 2017 Kovind 's appointment was criticised by then Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar as it came months before State Assembly elections and the appointment made without consulting State Government as recommended by Sarkaria Commission . However , Kovind 's term as Governor , was praised for constituting a judicial commission to investigate irregularities in promotion of undeserving teachers , mis - management of funds and appointment of undeserving candidates in universities . In June 2017 , when Kovind was announced as candidate for Presidential election , Nitish Kumar backed Kovind 's choice and praised Kovind as being unbaised and working closely with the State Government during his Governorship . 2017 presidency campaign ( edit ) Main article : Indian presidential election , 2017 After nomination for the post of 14th President of India , he resigned from his post as Governor of Bihar , and President of India Pranab Mukherjee accepted his resignation on 20 June 2017 . He won election on 20 July 2017 . Ram Nath Kovind received 65.65 % of the valid votes , against former Speaker of the Lok Sabha - Meira Kumar , the presidential candidate of the Opposition who received 34.35 % of the total votes . Kovind received 2,930 votes ( From MPs and MLAs ) amounting to Electoral College votes of 702,044 ( 65.65 % ) as compared to 1,844 votes with a value of 367,314 ( 34.35 % ) votes for Meira Kumar lagging far behind with 367,314 votes , and 77 votes were invalid . He became only the second Dalit representative to become President after K.R. Narayanan , and also is the first BJP candidate to be elected to the post . The tally of votes ( 367,314 ) polled by Meira Kumar is only the second highest for a losing candidate , that of Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy or Neelam Sanjiva Reddy in the 1969 Presidential elections being the highest ever ; he received 405,427 votes as against 420,077 by VV Giri , the winner . President Ram Nath Kovind with Dipak Misra after administering his oath as the Chief justice of India on 28 August 2017 14th President of India ( edit ) Ram Nath Kovind took the oath as the 14th President of India on 25 July 2017 . List of international trips as president ( edit ) Country Areas Visited Date ( s ) Purpose References Djibouti Djibouti City 3 - 4 October State Visit Ethiopia Addis Ababa 5 - 6 October State Visit Personal life ( edit ) Kovind married Savita Kovind on 30 May 1974 . They have a son , Prashant Kumar , and a daughter , Swati . Controversy ( edit ) In 2010 , he was reported to have said that `` Islam and Christianity are alien to the nation '' as spokesperson of the BJP . As reported by IANS and published by Hindustan Times , he made this comment in response to the Ranganath Misra Commission which recommended 15 percent reservation for religious and linguistic minorities in government jobs . Although more recently , the issue was raised in the media if whether or not he was misquoted and that he in fact said `` Islam and Christianity are alien to the notion ( of caste ) '' as opposed to what was reported as `` nation '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind takes oath : In inaugural speech , president outlines vision for India as world leader '' . Firstpost. 25 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases Detail -- The President of India '' . presidentofindia.nic.in . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind resigns as Bihar Governor '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Huizhong Wu ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Man from India 's lowest caste elected president '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind is NDA nominee for President '' . The Hindu . The Hindu . 19 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Governor of Bihar '' . governor.bih.nic.in . Archived from the original on 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind , Paraukh and the road to Raisina Hill '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` कानपुर से ग्राउंड रिपोर्ट : रामनाथ कोविंद के गांव में जश्न , लोग गा रहे हैं - मेरे बाबा की भई सरकार '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tiwari , Vaibhav ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` NDA Presidential nominee Ram Nath Kovind would walk 8 km daily for school '' . India.com . Archived from the original on 30 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : PTI ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind : A crusader for the rights of weaker sections '' . The Economic Times . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bihar governor Ram Nath Kovind : 10 facts about NDA 's Presidential nominee -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` What you should know about BJP 's presidential candidate Ram Nath Kovind '' . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 -- via The Economic Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Ram Nath Kovind , a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Enact tougher laws to prevent crimes against dalits '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind , a lawyer who cracked civils but lost 2 elections '' . Times of India . 20 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind is BJP 's choice for president : All you need to know about the Dalit leader from UP '' . Firstpost. 20 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ramnath Kovind Profile '' . Outlook . 19 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 8 August 2015 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind , Acharya Dev Vrat appointed as Bihar and Himachal Pradesh governors '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 -- via The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` 36th Governor of Bihar '' . indiatoday. 16 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ PTI ( 19 August 2015 ) . `` PM Modi praises new Bihar Governor Ram Nath Kovind '' . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 -- via India TV News . Jump up ^ IANS ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Presidential Election 2017 : Nitish Kumar praises Ram Nath Kovind , remains mum on party support '' . Archived from the original on 29 July 2017 -- via First Post . Jump up ^ `` Resignation as Governor of Bihar '' . firstpost. 20 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th President of India '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` With 65 percent votes , Kovind sweeps elections '' . Times of India . 21 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kovind first President from Sangh , cross-voting boosts margin '' . Times of India . 21 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind takes oath as India 's 14th President '' . indtoday.com. 25 July 2017 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau '' . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why is India 's next president so unknown ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` When NDA Presidential pick Kovind said Islam , Christianity are alien to India '' . The New Indian Express . Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Islam , Christianity alien , so can not get quota : BJP '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Nath Kovind 's ' Islam , Christianity ' statement triggers nation vs notion row '' . Hindustan Times . 27 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ईसाइयों और मुसलमानों पर कोविन्द के चौंकाने वाले विचार '' . 20 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Ram Nath Kovind at Wikimedia Commons Political offices Preceded by Keshari Nath Tripathi Governor of Bihar 2015 -- 2017 Succeeded by Keshari Nath Tripathi Preceded by Pranab Mukherjee President of India 2017 -- present Incumbent Presidents of India ( List ) Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri ( acting ) Mohammad Hidayatullah ( acting ) V.V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B.D. Jatti ( acting ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K.R. Narayanan A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil Pranab Mukherjee Ram Nath Kovind Heads of state of the Group of 20 Macri Elizabeth II ( Governor - General : Cosgrove ) Temer Elizabeth II ( Governor General : Payette ) Xi Tusk Macron Steinmeier Kovind Jokowi Mattarella Akihito Peña Nieto Putin Salman Zuma Moon Erdoğan Elizabeth II Trump Governors of Bihar James Sifton Maurice Garnier Hallett Thomas Alexander Stewart Thomas George Rutherford Francis Mudie Thomas George Rutherford Hugh Dow Jairamdas Daulatram Madhav Shrihari Aney R.R. Diwakar Zakir Hussain M.A.S. Ayyangar Nityanand Kanungo Dev Kant Baruah Ramchandra Dhondiba Bhandare Jagannath Kaushal Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai P. Venkatasubbaiah Govind Narayan Singh R.D. Pradhan Jagannath Pahadia Mohammad Saleem Mohammad Shafi Qureshi Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Sunder Singh Bhandari V.C. Pande MR Jois Buta Singh Gopalkrishna Gandhi R.S. Gavai R.L. Bhatia Devanand Konwar D.Y. Patil Keshari Nath Tripathi Ram Nath Kovind Keshari Nath Tripathi * Satya Pal Malik * Acting Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Nath_Kovind&oldid=807352346 '' Categories : 1945 births 20th - century Indian lawyers 21st - century Indian politicians Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh Candidates for President of India Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University alumni Dalit politicians Governors of Bihar Living people People from Kanpur Dehat district Presidents of India Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh Supreme Court of India lawyers Hidden categories : Use Indian English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from June 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Bikol Central Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Latina Lëtzebuergesch मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 12 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of current indian president | [
"Ram Nath Kovind (born 1 October 1945) is the 14th and current President of India, in office since 25 July 2017[1]. Previously he had served as the Governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017[2][3] and was a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from 1994 to 2006. Kovind was nominated as a presidential candidate by the ruling NDA coalition and won the 2017 presidential election, becoming the second Dalit to be elected to the post of President.[4]"
] | [
"Ram Nath Kovind"
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3932900922973332212 | The Late Show with Stephen Colbert | The Late Show with Stephen Colbert - wikipedia The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Jump to : navigation , search The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Also known as Late Show ( franchise brand ) Genre Late - night talk show News / political satire Created by Stephen Colbert Developed by Stephen Colbert Jay Katsir Opus Moreschi Written by Jay Katsir Opus Moreschi ( co-head writers ) Directed by Jim Hoskinson Presented by Stephen Colbert Starring Jon Batiste and Stay Human ( house band ) Theme music composer Jon Batiste Phil Kuehn Joe Saylor Eddie Barbash Ibanda Ruhumbika Opening theme `` Everyone ( Intro ) '' `` Humanism '' Ending theme `` I 'm from Kenner '' `` The Art of the Bumper '' Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 530 ( as of April 18 , 2018 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Stephen Colbert Jon Stewart Chris Licht Tom Purcell Barry Julien Location ( s ) Ed Sullivan Theater Manhattan , New York Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 46 minutes Production company ( s ) Spartina Productions CBS Television Studios Release Original network CBS Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release September 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 08 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Late Show with David Letterman Related shows The Colbert Report The Daily Show External links Website The Late Show with Stephen Colbert is an American late - night talk show hosted by Stephen Colbert , which premiered on September 8 , 2015 . Produced by Spartina Productions and CBS Television Studios , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert is the second iteration of CBS 's Late Show franchise . Stay Human , led by bandleader Jon Batiste , serves as the program 's house band , and the announcer is program writer Jen Spyra . The program is taped at the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City and airs live to tape in most U.S. markets at 11 : 35 p.m. Eastern and Pacific , and 10 : 35 in the Central . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Promotion 2 Production 3 Format 4 Episodes 4.1 Notable episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings and viewership 5.2 Reviews 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Prior to Colbert 's assumption of hosting duties , David Letterman had been host of Late Show for 22 years , dating to his arrival at CBS in 1993 . CBS had not had a regular late - night talk show for most of its existence prior to that point , with only one attempt ( the short - lived Pat Sajak Show in 1990 ) between 1972 and Letterman 's arrival . Letterman , who joined CBS from NBC after ending his eleven - year run as host of Late Night and losing out on being Johnny Carson 's successor on The Tonight Show to Jay Leno , was initially competitive with his show 's bitter rival , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ; Letterman 's Late Show , however , slowly experienced a decline in ratings over the course of the 1990s and 2000s , dating back to an affiliation agreement between New World Communications and Fox that resulted in all nine CBS - affiliated stations it owned or recently acquired switching to Fox between September and December 1994 , relegating the network to lower - rated former Fox affiliates and independent stations in many major cities . Stephen Colbert hosted his satirical news show , The Colbert Report , which won seven Primetime Emmy Awards on Comedy Central , from October 2005 to December 2014 According to TV by the Numbers , in February 2013 , the live - plus - seven - day ratings for Letterman 's Late Show averaged about 3.1 million per show for the 2012 -- 13 season to date . A year later , average viewership was down to 2.8 million . Late Show also had the oldest audience among the various late - night talk shows , which may have led to CBS ' decision to pick a younger replacement for Letterman to compete with The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and ABC 's Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . In addition , Colbert 's previous program did well among college students and young men 18 -- 34 , which are prime target audiences for late - night comedy programming . On April 3 , 2014 , Letterman announced his retirement , with his final episode as host of Late Show scheduled for May 20 , 2015 . On April 10 , 2014 , CBS announced Stephen Colbert as Letterman 's successor , signing him to a five - year agreement . In contrast with Colbert 's previous program The Colbert Report , in which he played a fictionalized version of himself , Colbert hosts the show ( which retains the Late Show branding , albeit with the article `` The '' formally inserted into the title ) as himself . On April 23 , 2014 , the character version of Stephen Colbert appeared on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart to announce that he had clearly `` won television '' and would be closing down The Colbert Report because he had met his goal . This came after the announcement the character would not be used after the end of The Colbert Report . The final episode of Report aired on December 18 , 2014 . Several states and municipalities attempted to coax CBS into moving production of the program from its long - time home in New York City with tax credits and other incentives , including Los Angeles , New Orleans and Connecticut . On July 23 , 2014 , CBS announced that Late Show would continue to be produced at the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York when Colbert takes over . Jonathan Batiste was announced as the bandleader on June 4 , 2015 , with his Stay Human band succeeding the CBS Orchestra ( which returned to its previous identity as the World 's Most Dangerous Band shortly thereafter ) as the house band . Promotion ( edit ) In anticipation of the program 's premiere , a new online presence was launched for The Late Show in June 2015 , including new social media accounts , a podcast , mobile app , and a monologue - styled video focusing on the beard Colbert had grown since leaving The Colbert Report . Throughout the remainder of the summer , videos would continue to be released through the show 's official YouTube channel and mobile app . On July 1 , 2015 , Colbert hosted a special edition of a public access program in Monroe , Michigan , interviewing Eminem . Production ( edit ) The Ed Sullivan Theater 's marquee Colbert has been given near - full control of the show , with little interference from CBS management in regard to format . Colbert brought most of his staff from The Colbert Report with him to The Late Show , as well as outsiders such as Brian Stack , who is best known for his work on Conan O'Brien 's programs , and Jon Stewart , former host of Colbert 's previous sister program The Daily Show , who is credited as executive producer . Colbert no longer uses the character he had portrayed on The Colbert Report , jokingly remarking to Jeb Bush that `` I used to play a narcissistic conservative pundit -- now I 'm just a narcissist . '' The Ed Sullivan Theater underwent a full restoration to its original 1927 splendor in a process that began following Letterman 's final episode , including the uncovering of the theater 's ceiling , stained - glass windows and a restoration of a chandelier , due to advances in technology that allow less sound and video equipment to cover up the auditorium 's architectural details . The 1993 restoration project for Letterman was only done on a few months ' notice after the theater was repurchased in February 1993 by CBS . In April 2016 , former CBS This Morning executive producer Chris Licht was named showrunner for The Late Show ; CBS had shown concerns that , despite improved ratings in comparison to Letterman 's tenure , Colbert had a weak online presence in comparison to The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , and Colbert 's lead - out The Late Late Show with James Corden ( whose `` Carpool Karaoke '' segments have been popular as viral videos ) . The Hollywood Reporter believed that Licht 's experience in news programming would be leveraged to complement Colbert 's strengths in topical and news - oriented material . Format ( edit ) See also : List of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert sketches Colbert originally started the show with a cold open and brief monologue before the opening sequence , which uses tilt -- shift photography of day and night New York City scenes that make the city appear like a miniature model . During the opening sequence , a voice - over announces the night 's guests . Starting with the April 18 , 2016 broadcast , the first under new showrunner Chris Licht , the format was modified to replace the cold open monologue with short sketches starring Colbert , his staff , and often featuring that night 's guests , followed by the opening sequence and Colbert entering the stage . Starting with the coverage of the Republican National Convention in July 2016 , a new opening has debuted which starts off with writer Jen Spyra taking on the role of announcer -- becoming the first female announcer in broadcast , late - night television -- and announcing `` It 's The Late Show With Stephen Colbert ! '' to scenes of New York City at night including Yankee Stadium , Times Square and the New York City Subway , with names of the night 's guests imposed on various places . This structure is similar to the openings of other late - night shows such as The Tonight Show or Late Night . Similar to The Colbert Report , graphics that resemble the American Flag have also been added . The open is followed by an extended fake news style desk sequence with a run - through of recent headlines , in a manner reminiscent of television newscasts and that of The Colbert Report . Also , the show follows the same basic format as other late - night talk shows including the use of sketch comedy , guest interviews and musical performances . Colbert 's guest list includes more political and government figures than his contemporaries ; his first two weeks ' guests included visits from Jeb Bush , Joe Biden , Ban Ki - moon , Stephen Breyer , Bernie Sanders , Elizabeth Warren , Donald Trump , and Ted Cruz . Thus far , Colbert has not had any of his staff act as a sidekick or straight man on the show . While Colbert dances and physically interacts with Jon Batiste while the band plays , they only occasionally engage in on - air banter , unlike David Letterman 's relationship with Paul Shaffer or the relationship of other late night hosts with their announcers or bandleaders . After the first few episodes in which Colbert introduced himself , he now uses an off - screen announcer . Occasionally , Colbert has brought out producers of his show , or enlisted the help of audience members , who assume a sidekick - like role for single segments , engaging in light dialogue about a topic . Episodes ( edit ) Colbert interviewing Secretary of State John Kerry Main article : List of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert episodes Notable episodes ( edit ) In the show 's series premiere , Colbert welcomed actor George Clooney and politician Jeb Bush , thanked former host David Letterman , and joined singer Mavis Staples and numerous other musicians for a rendition of Sly and the Family Stone 's `` Everyday People . '' The episode nearly missed its broadcast due to technical difficulties . An early interview with Vice President Joe Biden received particular acclaim . Following the terrorist attacks in Paris that November , Colbert devoted his program to that city . A special football - themed episode aired as the lead - out program for Super Bowl 50 in 2016 , featuring guests President Barack Obama ( in a taped segment ) , Tina Fey , Margot Robbie , Will Ferrell , and Megyn Kelly . On June 22 , 2016 , CBS announced that The Late Show would broadcast two weeks of live episodes during the 2016 Republican and Democratic conventions . The first of these episodes , on July 18 , 2016 , opened with a musical number by Colbert that compared the Republican convention to being `` Christmas in July '' , and featured sketches where Jon Stewart ( revealed to have been living off - grid in a cabin ) is told that Donald Trump had clinched the Republican nomination for the presidential election , Colbert 's persona from The Colbert Report is revived and delivers an edition of The Word on `` Trumpiness '' , and a filmed sketch touring the convention 's venue as his The Hunger Games - inspired character Julius Flickerman . Stewart appeared once more the following Thursday , delivering a segment criticizing the Fox News Channel in the wake of the firing of its CEO Roger Ailes . Colbert 's performances during these episodes were critically praised for their return to an emphasis on news - oriented comedy similar to The Colbert Report and The Daily Show . On May 1 , 2017 , in recognition of the completion of the first 100 days of President Donald Trump 's administration , Stephen Colbert 's monologue was devoted to the president . After showing the interview from the previous day in which President Trump participated in an interview with CBS 's John Dickerson on Face the Nation and referred to the show as `` Deface the Nation '' and abruptly ending the interview without answering one of Dickerson 's questions , Colbert began his monologue , where `` The only thing your mouth is good for is being Vladimir Putin 's cock holster , '' was one of a barrage of pointed missives toward Trump in the 12 - minute - long monologue . Colbert later addressed the controversy on - air , expressing surprise that he was not fired for the remark , admitting he had used language that was too strong , but also stating that he was generally unrepentant over the rant and that `` I have jokes ; he has the launch codes . So , it 's a fair fight . '' On May 5 , the FCC announced that it would go through a comprehensive investigation of Colbert 's remarks , the result of which was no action taken against Colbert or The Late Show , reasoning in a public statement released on May 23 that there was `` nothing actionable under the FCC 's rules '' as the offending statement had been properly censored . Reception ( edit ) Ratings and viewership ( edit ) The Late Show debuted to 6.55 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research , beating out all late - night competition and averaging a 4.9 rating among metered market households . With Live + 7 , the series debut garnered 8.26 million viewers . The show 's ratings quickly dropped to second place behind The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon but remained ahead of Jimmy Kimmel Live . While Colbert still managed more young viewers than Letterman in his first few months , analyst Bill Carter wrote that his `` opening splash seemed to dry faster than expected . '' He suggested this was due to little social media presence ( where his competitor , Fallon , surged ) . A study from The Hollywood Reporter revealed Colbert 's version of The Late Show draws the most heavily Democratic audience of the three hour - long late - night shows in its time slot ; Carter noted that `` some speculate Republican viewers have tuned Colbert out . '' An estimated 17 % of Colbert 's audience identifies as Republican , according to a survey in late 2015 . His audience also has the highest percentage of Democratic viewers compared to Fallon and Kimmel . The show 's post-Super Bowl 50 episode in 2016 achieved the highest - ever ratings for the Late Show franchise , attracting an average of 21.1 million viewers . By early 2016 , Colbert had trailed Jimmy Fallon in ratings , with an average 2.90 million viewers and a . 65 rating among adults 18 - 49 . Colbert 's first week of live episodes in July 2016 during the Republican National Convention saw its highest average weekly viewership since May 6 , 2016 , and a 600 % increase in online traffic to clips of the program on CBS websites . Following the inauguration of Donald Trump as president in January 2017 , The Late Show began to see major ratings gains , aided by the program 's satire of the Trump administration . In the first full week after the inauguration , Colbert narrowly beat Fallon for the first time in average viewership since its premiere . By the end of April , The Late Show had been the top U.S. late - night program in terms of total viewership for sixteen consecutive weeks and was rated the number one late night show by viewership for the first quarter of 2017 . The Late Show became the highest rated late night talk show for the September 2016 to May 2017 season , averaging more than 3.2 million nightly viewers . Reviews ( edit ) The Late Show with Stephen Colbert has garnered mostly positive reviews . The Guardian 's Brian Moylan praised the show 's humor : `` This opener was by no means a perfect show , but there were enough really inventive jokes to make Colbert already seem like an innovator . '' Robert Lloyd of Los Angeles Times deemed it a `` strong start , '' while Variety 's Brian Lowry felt it a `` mostly terrific '' debut , commenting , `` Colbert looks like he has the skill set to settle in and make this job his own , night in and night out . '' Many critics considered the show 's more political segments as reminiscent of The Colbert Report . An early interview with Vice President Joe Biden also received praise : Robert Rorke of the New York Post commented that the review gave Biden `` that essential sense of humanity that makes people believe in a candidate . '' The show 's post-Super Bowl episode in 2016 proved polarizing . `` Sunday 's live episode felt mostly like a wasted opportunity -- one that probably wo n't win many converts among those football fans sober enough to stick around , '' said Brian Lowry at Variety . Daniel D'Addario of Time dubbed his performance `` stiff and uncomfortable , '' writing , `` Colbert might have been better advised not to bother trying with football at all and just put forward a program of pure entertainment . '' The Late Show has received positive reviews following the inauguration of Donald Trump as president . `` Colbert may not be the sarcastic , irony - laden character he once played for Comedy Central , but as Trump has dominated the news every day since taking office , The Late Show has become the home for reasoned , but incisive , discussion , on the perceived overreaches of the White House , '' said David Sims of The Atlantic . James Poniewozik of The New York Times commented , `` Mr. Colbert 's comedy has n't become radically different , but it has been more frank and caustic ... The network - TV Mr. Colbert is more cheery than his cable character . But it 's as if the Trump administration had solved the problem of reconciling his new comedy with his old by making truthiness America 's official language . '' Broadcast ( edit ) In Canada , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert airs on Global , airing in simulcast with CBS in most regions . In Australia , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert airs on Ten , followed by The Late Late Show with James Corden . In Asia , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert airs on RTL CBS Entertainment weeknights at 10 : 50PM ( UTC + 08 : 00 ) starting September 10 , 2015 , preceding The Late Late Show with James Corden . In India and Sri Lanka , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert airs on STAR World Premiere HD . In Portugal , The Late Show with Stephen Colbert airs on SIC Radical . In New Zealand , it airs on free to air Prime at late night times . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Late Night TV Ratings For February 4 -- 8 , 2013 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Season - to - date figures are averages of `` live plus seven day '' data except for the two most recent weeks , which are `` live plus same day . '' ) ... SEASON TO DATE / TOTAL VIEWERS ... 11 : 35 p.m. - 12 : 35 a.m. ET : NBC `` Tonight , '' 3.6 million viewers , CBS `` Late Show , '' 3.1 million viewers , ABC `` Kimmel , '' 2.8 million viewers * * ^ Jump up to : Poggi , Jeanine ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Why Jimmy Fallon 's ' Tonight Show ' Can Thrive With Fewer Viewers When Conan 's Could n't '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Next Host of ' The Late Show ' '' . CBS . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Choice of Colbert to succeed Letterman makes perfect sense '' . The Buffalo News . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Stephen Colbert Will Take Over for David Letterman '' . The Wire . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Ryan ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` The battle for Colbert 's ' Late Show ' '' . Capital New York . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert 's ' Late Show ' to Stay at Ed Sullivan Theatre '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert picks Jon Batiste as Late Show bandleader '' . Consequence of Sound . June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana musician makes late night TV cast '' . Indiana Gazette . June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Stephen Colbert 's New Late Show Bandleader , Jon Batiste '' . Vanity Fair . June 6 , 2015 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Shaves His Beard in First ' Late Show ' Promo '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Interviews Eminem on Michigan Public Access '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert 's first Late Show promo is a goodbye to the ' Colbeard ' '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weprin , Alex ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Colbert 's ' Late Show ' will debut Sept. 8 '' . Capital New York . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` Stephen Colbert , CBS planning new ' Late Show ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Longtime ' Conan ' Writer Brian Stack Is Headed to ' Late Show with Stephen Colbert ' '' . Splitsider. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Tony . `` New Stephen Colbert awfully lot like the old one on The Late Show debut '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joel Lovell ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Late , Great Stephen Colbert '' . GQ . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ; Guthrie , Marisa ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Late Show With Stephen Colbert ' Taps ' CBS This Morning ' Vet as Showrunner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Opening of The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Is Amazzzziiinnngggg , '' The Outtake , Medium , accessed September 15 , 2015 ; `` Stephen Colbert 's Late Show debut : the good , the bad , and the weird , '' Vox , accessed 14 September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Colbert Makes ' Late Show ' Change in First Night Under New Showrunner '' . variety.com . Variety . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Remains Stephen Colbert in ' Late Show ' Taping '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynette Rice ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Late Show with Stephen Colbert ushers in a new era of late night '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dave Itzkoff ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Colbert 's First ' Late Show ' Almost Did n't Make It on Air '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Biden 's Raw , Emotional Interview With Stephen Colbert Is Riveting Television '' . Mother Jones . Jump up ^ Brett LoGiurato ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Joe Biden 's Stephen Colbert interview is why he should run - Business Insider '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ Russell Berman . `` Joe Biden Commiserates Over Son , Ponders 2016 With Colbert - The Atlantic '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Honors Paris By Tormenting Bill Maher & Cavorting With Acro - Cats '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : John Coblin ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Post-Super Bowl ' Late Show ' Draws 21.1 Million Viewers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Brings Back ' Colbert Report ' Persona for Convention ' Late Show ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert 's ' Late Show ' Will Broadcast Live During Political Conventions '' . Variety . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert Revives ' Colbert Report ' Host , Joins Jon Stewart On RNC Night 1 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert really needed a great week . Jon Stewart and the RNC made it happen '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes : Jon Stewart 's takeover of ' The Late Show With Stephen Colbert ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( 2017 - 05 - 02 ) , This Monologue Goes Out To You , Mr. President , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 Jump up ^ Lima , Cristiano ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Colbert walks back ' crude ' Trump - Putin joke '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` FCC to Investigate Stephen Colbert Over Controversial Donald Trump Joke '' . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Guardian staff ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` FCC will let him be : no action against Stephen Colbert after Trump joke '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` FCC wo n't punish Stephen Colbert for controversial Trump insult '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Connell ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings : Stephen Colbert Tops Late Night With Strong ' Late Show ' Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Connell ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Jimmy Fallon Fends Off Stephen Colbert in First Round of Late - Night Ratings Battle '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Carter ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Bill Carter : How Jimmy Fallon Crushed Stephen Colbert ( and Everyone Else in Late Night ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( November 21 , 2015 ) . Colbert 's ' Late Show ' has become propaganda for Democrats . The New York Post . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Late - Night Hosts Get Political in Bid to Win Votes From Viewers '' . Variety . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Colbert 's Live RNC Shows Bring Buzz And Ratings Gains , But Jimmy Fallon 's ' Tonight ' Still Rules Roost '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Can Colbert Trump Fallon in Late - Night Ratings Race ? '' . 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-4092815352246071276 | Solo: A Star Wars Story | Solo : a Star Wars Story - wikipedia Solo : a Star Wars Story Jump to : navigation , search Solo : A Star Wars Story Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel Written by Jonathan Kasdan Lawrence Kasdan Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Alden Ehrenreich Woody Harrelson Emilia Clarke Donald Glover Thandie Newton Phoebe Waller - Bridge Joonas Suotamo Paul Bettany Music by John Powell Cinematography Bradford Young Edited by Pietro Scalia Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) ( Cannes ) May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Solo : A Star Wars Story , or simply Solo , is an upcoming American space western film centered on Han Solo , a character from the Star Wars franchise . The film is directed by Ron Howard and is produced by Lucasfilm from a screenplay by Jonathan and Lawrence Kasdan , and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film will be the second Star Wars anthology film , following the 2016 film Rogue One . A stand - alone installment set prior to the events of Rogue One and the original 1977 film , it explores the adventures of a young Han Solo and Chewbacca , including meeting Lando Calrissian . The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Solo , alongside Woody Harrelson , Emilia Clarke , Donald Glover , Thandie Newton , Phoebe Waller - Bridge , Joonas Suotamo , and Paul Bettany . Principal photography began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios , under the direction of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller . The pair left the project in June 2017 after reportedly being fired over `` creative differences '' with Lucasfilm , and Howard took over directing duties . The film is scheduled to premiere on May 15 , 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival , and be released in the United States on May 25 , 2018 , in RealD 3D and IMAX 3D . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) Described as a space western , the film is centered on a young Han Solo and his adventures with his Wookiee partner Chewbacca , including their encounter with Lando Calrissian . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo , a cynical smuggler . When asked how Solo differs from the Solo of latter Star Wars films , Ehrenreich stated `` I think the main thing that 's different is that the Han we meet in this film is more of an idealist . He has certain dreams that he follows , and we watch how it affects him as those dreams meet new realities -- realities that are harder and more challenging than he 'd expected . '' The original Han Solo actor , Harrison Ford , met with him giving him some insight , and words of advice . Woody Harrelson as Tobias Beckett , a criminal and Han 's mentor . Emilia Clarke as Qi'ra . Describing her character , Clarke said `` She has a couple of guises , but essentially she is just fighting to stay alive . If you 've got a really glamorous lady in a really sordid environment , you kind of know the glamor is hiding a few rough roads . '' With regard to her character 's relationship with Solo , Clarke offered that `` They grew up as comrades , essentially . They grew up as pals , as partners in crime . There is obviously the romantic side of things . But they grew up together . So they were kids together . '' Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , a smuggler on the rise in the galaxy 's underworld . Thandie Newton as Val Phoebe Waller - Bridge as L3 - 37 , Lando 's droid companion . Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca , Han 's Wookiee sidekick and first mate . Paul Bettany as Dryden Vos , a crime lord . Michael K. Williams had originally been cast , but he was removed from the final film after being unable to return to set during the film 's reshoots . Bettany was cast in his place , with the character being reworked from a motion - capture alien ( described by Williams as half - mountain lion , half - human ) to a human . Screenwriter Jonathan Kasdan and first assistant director Toby Hefferman portray Tag Greenley and Bink Otauna , respectively , two characters that first appeared in the Star Wars comics published by Dark Horse Comics . Jon Favreau will provide the voice for Rio Durant , `` a very cool and important alien character . '' Ian Kenny , Warwick Davis and Clint Howard are also cast in undisclosed roles . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney , George Lucas started development on a film about a young Han Solo . Lucas hired Star Wars original trilogy veteran script writer Lawrence Kasdan to write the script . However when Kasdan left to help finish the script for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , he left his son Jonathan Kasdan who had been unofficially helping him , in charge of finishing the script for Solo until his return . In February 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two Star Wars standalone films , each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg . Shortly after , it was reported that Disney was working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films would not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating , `` George ( Lucas ) was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . '' In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series . In July 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that an Anthology film , focusing `` on how ( a ) young Han Solo became the smuggler , thief , and scoundrel whom Luke Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi first encountered in the cantina at Mos Eisley '' , would be released on May 25 , 2018 . The project would be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence Kasdan and Jonathan Kasdan . Kennedy would serve as a producer on the film , with Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin executive producers ; Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel also produce . The Han Solo project was separate from a film that was originally being developed by Josh Trank , which was pushed back to an unconfirmed date . Solo 's friend , the Wookiee , Chewbacca , would also appear in the film . In May 2016 , Lawrence Kasdan stated that filming would start in January 2017 . Casting ( edit ) Donald Glover portrays Lando Calrissian in the film . In January 2016 , a shortlist of actors was revealed for the role of young Han Solo , including Miles Teller , Ansel Elgort , Dave Franco , Jack Reynor , Scott Eastwood , Logan Lerman , Emory Cohen and Blake Jenner . In March 2016 , it was reported that Alden Ehrenreich , Reynor and Taron Egerton were on a shortlist of actors considered for the young Han Solo role . In May 2016 , Ehrenreich was reported to have been cast as the young Han Solo , and was revealed in the role at Star Wars Celebration : Celebration Europe III two months later . Miller called casting the role one of `` the hardest casting challenges of all time '' adding they `` saw over 3,000 people for the part '' . By the following October , Tessa Thompson , Naomi Scott , Zoë Kravitz , Emilia Clarke , Kiersey Clemons , Jessica Henwick and Adria Arjona were being considered for the female lead , while Donald Glover was being considered to play a young Lando Calrissian . Glover was confirmed for Calrissian shortly after , with Clarke cast as the female lead the following month . In early January 2017 , Woody Harrelson was revealed to be in negotiations to portray Han Solo 's mentor , and was confirmed to be appearing in the film shortly after . Christian Bale had previously been in discussions for the role . A subsequent interview with Harrelson bolstered speculation that he may be specifically playing Star Wars Legends character Garris Shrike , but Harrelson revealed the character 's name as Beckett in March 2017 . In February 2017 , Phoebe Waller - Bridge joined the cast in an undisclosed role , said to be `` a CGI - driven performance '' similar to Alan Tudyk in Rogue One as the droid K - 2SO . Additionally , it was reported that Thandie Newton was in negotiations to star in the film . Waller - Bridge and Newton were confirmed as being cast by the end of February , alongside the announcement that Joonas Suotamo would appear as Chewbacca , reprising the role from Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Star Wars : The Last Jedi that he shared with original Chewbacca actor Peter Mayhew . Michael K. Williams entered talks to join the film in early March 2017 , and was confirmed shortly after , portraying a half - human , half - animal creature . By the end of the month , Ian Kenny had joined the cast . Warwick Davis was confirmed as part of the cast by the end of July 2017 . Filming ( edit ) Filming began on January 30 , 2017 , at Pinewood Studios , under the working title Star Wars : Red Cup . Lucasfilm announced that principal photography started on February 20 , 2017 . Bradford Young serves as the cinematographer for the film . In May 2017 , filming moved to the Canary Islands , and Lucasfilm replaced editor Chris Dickens with Pietro Scalia . Lucasfilm also hired an acting coach for Ehrenreich , as they were unhappy with his performance up to that point . On June 20 , 2017 , citing `` creative differences '' , Lucasfilm and Lord and Miller jointly announced their intent to part ways , with a new director `` to be announced soon '' . It was reported that the directors were fired after Kennedy and Kasdan disagreed with their shooting style ; Lord and Miller believed they were hired to make a comedy film , while Lucasfilm was looking for the duo to add `` a comedic touch '' to the space fantasy . Lucasfilm also felt that the directors were encouraging too much improvisation from the actors , which was believed to be `` shifting the story off - course '' from the Kasdans ' script . To appease Kasdan , who was unhappy with scenes not being filmed `` word for word ... Lord and Miller would do several takes exactly as written and then shoot additional takes . '' Lord and Miller refused to compromise on the way to approach certain scenes , such as filming a scene from fewer angles than what Lucasfilm was expecting reducing the options available in editing , leading to a strained relationship with Lucasfilm . The duo were also unhappy when Kasdan was brought to the London set , feeling he became a `` shadow director '' . The decision to remove Lord and Miller from the project was made after a short hiatus in filming taken to review the footage . Additional weeks of filming had been planned . It was reported that Star Wars creator George Lucas 's close friend Ron Howard , who previously had turned down an offer from Lucas himself to direct Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , was a frontrunner to step in as director . Joe Johnston and Kasdan were also being considered , though Directors Guild of America rules state that a replacement for a director may not be someone already involved in the production . Two days later , it was announced that Howard would take over directing duties for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography as well as the scheduled five weeks of reshoots . On being hired , Howard wrote , `` I 'm beyond grateful to add my voice to the Star Wars Universe ... I hope to honor the great work already done & help deliver on the promise of a Han Solo film . '' Howard was expected to arrive in London on June 26 to complete filming . During the film 's reshoots , actor Michael K. Williams was unable to return to the production , due to a schedule conflict with filming The Red Sea Diving Resort , resulting in his part being cut . Williams stated the reshoots for his character were `` to match the new direction which the producers wanted Ron to carry the film in '' , and that he would not have been available again until November 2017 , and the production did not want to wait for his availability in order to still be able to release in May 2018 . Lucas , a friend and mentor of Howard due to previous collaborations , made a surprise visit to the set to encourage his friend on his first day shooting . While originally meant as a short meeting , Lucas ended up spending the whole day with the crew . While Lucas did not mean to interfere , at some point he forgot and asked `` Why does n't Han just do this ? '' . Upon hearing Lucas ' suggestion , Howard decided to film it and include it in the film . On October 17 , 2017 , Howard announced that principal photography had been completed ; he also revealed the official title of the film as Solo : A Star Wars Story . In March 2018 , it was announced that the original directors Lord and Miller will receive executive producer credits on the film . Music ( edit ) In July 2017 , John Powell was announced as the main composer of the film 's score . Longtime Star Wars composer John Williams will contribute the Han Solo theme for the film . Release ( edit ) Solo : A Star Wars Story will have its world premiere on May 15 , 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival . The film is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 25 , 2018 , the 41st anniversary of Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope in which Harrison Ford first appeared as Han Solo . Despite the firing of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , Lucasfilm has maintained that the film is on schedule for its intended release date . Marketing ( edit ) A `` sneak peek '' TV spot was released during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . It became the most popular Super Bowl trailer on YouTube with 8 million views . It also had 5.9 million views on Facebook . The first official teaser trailer was released on February 5 , 2018 . Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the trailer as `` dull '' , and compared it negatively to the look of Rogue One , opining that the visuals `` should be the hive of scum and villainy of the Cantina of the very first movie , filled with colorful aliens and things happening all over the place . That busyness , the sense of danger and hustle , feels appropriate for Solo in a way that what 's on show in this first trailer simply does n't . '' He also noted that several plot elements presented in the trailer were reminiscent of The Han Solo Trilogy , a series of novels published in 1997 and 1998 . In early March 2018 , French artist Hachim Bahous asserted that Disney had plagiarized a series of album covers he designed for Sony Music 's label Legacy Recordings in France with character posters for the film . Disney stated they were investigating the alleged plagiarism and that the Solo posters had been produced by an outside vendor . In the weeks leading up to the film , EA Capital Games announced that new characters based on the film will eventually be collectible and playable in the mobile game Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , including a younger Han Solo and Chewbacca as they appeared in the film . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , the film 's original directors , were fired from the film in June 2017 after over four - and - a-half months of shooting , about three - quarters through principal photography . Howard took over directing duties for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography and five weeks of reshoots . The duo opted to receive credit as executive producers on the film . Jump up ^ Chris Dickens , the film 's original editor , was replaced by Scalia in May 2017 during principal photography . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Miller and Phil Lord to helm Han Solo Anthology Film '' . StarWars.com . July 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Message from Lucasfilm Regarding the Untitled Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . June 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff : Lord & Miller Fired After Clashing With Kathleen Kennedy ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Steps in to Direct Han Solo Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roettgers , Janko ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : Phil Lord and Chris Miller Reveal Their Credit '' . Variety . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Han Solo -- Smuggler . Scoundrel . Hero . A New Star Wars Story Begins '' . Star Wars.com . February 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Firing Reveals a Disturbance in the Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La Sélection officielle 2018 '' . Festival de Cannes . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` The Han Solo movie will be more of a space Western , Kathleen Kennedy says '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alden Ehrenreich Lands The Lead In Star Wars Han Solo Film '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Utichi , Joe ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Alden Ehrenreich Introduced As Han Solo Stand - Alone Pic & Episode VIII Teased At Star Wars Celebration '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : New Images Reveal Droids , Cleavage , and the Millennium Falcon '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2018/02/07/harrison-ford-solo-star-wars-story/ ^ Jump up to : `` Woody Harrelson Signs on For Young Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . January 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Khosla , Proma ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson reveals his Star Wars character name '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Venture into Solo : A Star Wars Story : This week 's cover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Michael K. Williams Has a Story You Need to Read to Believe '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WE LOVE THESE NEW SOLO : A STAR WARS STORY TEASER POSTERS '' . StarWars.com . February 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' : Emilia Clarke Shares First Details on Qi'ra and Her History with Han '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donald Glover Cast As Young Lando Calrissian in Upcoming Han Solo Star Wars Stand - Alone Film '' . StarWars.com . October 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Fleabag Star Eyed for Key Role in ' Han Solo ' Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Kennth Williams joins young Han Solo film '' . StarWars.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blyth , Antonia ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Kenneth Williams ' Role Cut From ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Movie Amid Reshoots '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael K. Williams ' `` Half - Mountain Lion '' SOLO Character You Wo n't Get to See `` . nerdist.com . March 8 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Han Solo Spin - Off Adds Paul Bettany to Replace Michael K. Williams '' . / Film . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Ron Howard Teases Fan Favorite Characters For Han Solo Spinoff '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jon Favreau Twitter status 983034660509777920 '' . Twitter.com . February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : Jon Favreau to Voice an `` Important Alien Character '' `` . Collider.com . February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing Street ' Star Ian Kenny Joins Han Solo Movie ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Ryan ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Warwick Davis Joins Han Solo Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Movie : Clint Howard to Appear in ' Star Wars ' Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Lucas had been developing a Han Solo movie for ages '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Earnings Beat ; ' Star Wars ' Spinoffs Planned '' . cnbc.com . CNBC . February 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' spin - offs : A young Han Solo movie , and a Boba Fett film -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : The ' Sky 's the Limit ' for Disney 's Spinoff Opportunities '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian . `` ' Star Wars ' Spin - Offs Will Not Crossover with the New Trilogy '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Details Revealed at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim '' . Star Wars.com. April 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Antonghy ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery stand - alone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : 32 - Minute Talk With J.J. Abrams And Lawrence Kasdan About ' Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' And More '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff in the Works With ' Lego Movie ' Directors ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ; Snider , Jeff ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Chewbacca to Appear in New Han Solo Movie , Confirms Disney 's Bob Iger '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yee , Lawrence ; Blacklow , Jeremy ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Alden Ehrenreich Teases Han Solo Spinoff , Younger Chewbacca '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Lawrence Kasdan Talks Han Solo Start Date , Star Wars Saga Involvement '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Han Solo Spinoff : Actor Shortlist Revealed ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Young Han Solo Search Narrows to Final Shortlist of Actors After Screen - Tests '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Celebration : Han Solo Standalone Directors Phil Lord And Chris Miller Offer An Update ( And A Brand New Star ) '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Han Solo Film : Tessa Thompson and Zoe Kravitz Among Those Testing for Female Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emilia Clarke Joins ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Joins The Han Solo Stand - Alone Film '' . StarWars.com . November 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Eyed to Play Han Solo 's Mentor in Star Wars Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Christian Bale Confirms He Was in Talks for a Role in ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Woody Harrelson 's Star Wars Role '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson is likely playing Garris Shrike in the Han Solo movie '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thandie Newton in Talks for Han Solo Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Spinoff Movie Casts Michael K. Williams '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McMillian , Graeme ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Spinoff Director Starts Movie With Greedo Shoutout '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Emmanuel Lubezki Reteams With Alfonso Cuarón ; Bradford Young to Shoot Han Solo Film '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Han Solo Film Loses Directors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Why the Han Solo Film Directors Were Fired '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` How the Han Solo film broke apart -- with Ron Howard picking up the pieces '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Ron Howard turned down directing ' The Phantom Menace ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Flemming Jr , Mike ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Top Choice To Take Over Han Solo Film ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard to Assume Directorial Duties on the Untitled Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Comments on Taking Over The Han Solo Movie '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Ron Howard : A Star Wars Story -- Why the Oscar - winner joined Solo in its time of upheaval '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Movie Title Announced '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Powell to Score Untitled Han Solo Movie '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . July 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Solo ' Locks in Key ' Star Wars ' Veteran ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Set For Surprise Cannes Premiere '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Teaser Surprises Super Bowl Audiences '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Trailers : ' Avengers ' Rules Social Media , ' Solo ' Dominates on YouTube '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` What Does the Han Solo Movie Want to Be ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Disney `` Looking Into '' Allegations of Design Theft Over ' Solo ' Posters `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CG_Carrie . `` The Road Ahead : April 5 , 2018 '' . Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes Forum . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Solo : A Star Wars Story on IMDb Solo : A Star Wars Story on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Portal Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) Films directed by Ron Howard Grand Theft Auto ( 1977 ) Cotton Candy ( 1978 ) Skyward ( 1980 ) Night Shift ( 1982 ) Splash ( 1984 ) Cocoon ( 1985 ) Gung Ho ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Backdraft ( 1991 ) Far and Away ( 1992 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) EDtv ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Missing ( 2003 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) Angels & Demons ( 2009 ) The Dilemma ( 2011 ) Rush ( 2013 ) Made in America ( 2013 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) The Beatles : Eight Days a Week ( 2016 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Films produced by Allison Shearmur Cinderella ( 2015 ) Pride and Prejudice and Zombies ( 2016 ) Nerve ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Chaos Walking ( 2019 ) Star Wars portal Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solo:_A_Star_Wars_Story&oldid=837208005 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films American films Films directed by Ron Howard Films produced by Kathleen Kennedy Films scored by John Powell Films shot at Pinewood Studios Lucasfilm films Prequel films Star Wars spin - off films Upcoming English - language films Upcoming IMAX films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 11 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays han solo in the new star wars movie | [
"Solo: A Star Wars Story, or simply Solo, is an upcoming American space western film centered on Han Solo, a character from the Star Wars franchise. The film is directed by Ron Howard and is produced by Lucasfilm from a screenplay by Jonathan and Lawrence Kasdan, and will be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The film will be the second Star Wars anthology film, following the 2016 film Rogue One. A stand-alone installment set prior to the events of Rogue One and the original 1977 film, it explores the adventures of a young Han Solo and Chewbacca, including meeting Lando Calrissian. The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Solo, alongside Woody Harrelson, Emilia Clarke, Donald Glover, Thandie Newton, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Joonas Suotamo, and Paul Bettany."
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"Alden Ehrenreich"
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3682824378321878542 | Dissociation (chemistry) | Dissociation ( chemistry ) - wikipedia Dissociation ( chemistry ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Dissociate '' and `` Dissociating '' redirect here . For other uses , see Dissociation . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which molecules ( or ionic compounds such as salts , or complexes ) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms , ions or radicals , usually in a reversible manner . For instance , when an acid dissolves in water , a covalent bond between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom is broken by heterolytic fission , which gives a proton ( H ) and a negative ion . Dissociation is the same as recombination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dissociation constant 2 Dissociation degree 3 Salts 4 Gases 5 Acids in aqueous solution 6 Fragmentation 7 Receptors 8 See also 9 References Dissociation constant ( edit ) Main article : Dissociation constant For reversible dissociations in a chemical equilibrium AB ⇌ A + B the dissociation constant K is the ratio of dissociated to undissociated compound K a = ( A ) ( B ) ( A B ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( a ) = \ mathrm ( \ frac ( ( A ) ( B ) ) ( ( AB ) ) ) ) where the brackets denote the equilibrium concentrations of the species . Dissociation degree ( edit ) The dissociation degree is the fraction of original solute molecules that have dissociated . It is usually indicated by the Greek symbol α . More accurately , degree of dissociation refers to the amount of solute dissociated into ions or radicals per mole . In case of very strong acids and bases , degree of dissociation will be close to 1 . Less powerful acids and bases will have lesser degree of dissociation . There is a simple relationship between this parameter and the van ' t Hoff factor i ( \ displaystyle i ) . If the solute substance dissociates into n ( \ displaystyle n ) ions , then i = 1 + α ( n − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle i = 1 + \ alpha ( n - 1 ) ) For instance , for the following dissociation KCl ⇌ K + Cl As n = 2 ( \ displaystyle n = 2 ) , we would have that i = 1 + α ( \ displaystyle i = 1 + \ alpha ) Salts ( edit ) The dissociation of salts by solvation in a solution like water means the separation of the anions and cations . The salt can be recovered by evaporation of the solvent . See also : Solubility equilibrium An electrolyte refers to a substance that contains free ions and can be used as an electrically conductive medium . Most of the solute does not dissociate in a weak electrolyte whereas in a strong electrolyte a higher ratio of solute dissociates to form free ions . A weak electrolyte is a substance whose solute exists in solution mostly in the form of molecules ( which are said to be `` undissociated '' ) , with only a small fraction in the form of ions . Simply because a substance does not readily dissolve does not make it a weak electrolyte . Acetic acid ( CH COOH ) and ammonium ( NH ) are good examples . Acetic acid is extremely soluble in water , but most of the compound dissolves into molecules , rendering it a weak electrolyte . Weak bases and weak acids are generally weak electrolytes . In an aqueous solution there will be some CH COOH and some CH COO and H . A strong electrolyte is a solute that exists in solution completely or nearly completely as ions . Again , the strength of an electrolyte is defined as the percentage of solute that is ions , rather than molecules . The higher the percentage , the stronger the electrolyte . Thus , even if a substance is not very soluble , but does dissociate completely into ions , the substance is defined as a strong electrolyte . Similar logic applies to a weak electrolyte . Strong acids and bases are good examples such as HCl , and H SO . These will all exist as ions in an aqueous medium . Gases ( edit ) The degree of dissociation in gases is denoted by the symbol α where α refers to the percentage of gas molecules which dissociate . Various relationships between K and α exist depending on the stoichiometry of the equation . The example of dinitrogen tetroxide ( N O ) dissociating to nitrogen dioxide ( NO ) will be taken . N O ⇌ 2NO If the initial concentration of dinitrogen tetroxide is 1 mole per litre , this will decrease by α at equilibrium giving , by stoichiometry , 2α moles of NO . The equilibrium constant ( in terms of pressure ) is given by the equation ; K p = p ( NO 2 ) 2 p ( N 2 O 4 ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( p ) = ( \ frac ( \ ce ( p ( NO2 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ ce ( p ( N2O4 ) ) ) ) ) Where p represents the partial pressure . Hence , through the definition of partial pressure and using p to represent the total pressure and x to represent the mole fraction ; K p = p T 2 ( x ( NO 2 ) ) 2 p T ⋅ x ( N 2 O 4 ) = p T ( x ( NO 2 ) ) 2 x ( N 2 O 4 ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( p ) = ( \ frac ( \ ce ( ( p_ ( T ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ( x ( NO2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ ce ( p_ ( T ) \ cdot x ( N2O4 ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ ce ( p_ ( T ) ( x ( NO2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ ce ( x ( N2O4 ) ) ) ) ) The total number of moles at equilibrium is ( 1 - α ) + ( 2α ) which is equivalent to 1 + α . Thus , substituting the mole fractions with actual values in term of alpha and simplifying ; K p = p T ( 4 α 2 ) ( 1 + α ) ( 1 − α ) = p T ( 4 α 2 ) 1 − α 2 ( \ displaystyle K_ ( p ) = ( \ frac ( \ ce ( p_ ( T ) ( 4 \ alpha ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( ( 1 + \ alpha ) ( 1 - \ alpha ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ ce ( p_ ( T ) ( 4 \ alpha ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 1 - \ alpha ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) This equation is in accordance with Le Chatelier 's Principle . K will remain constant with temperature . The addition of pressure to the system will increase the value of p so α must decrease to keep K constant . In fact , increasing the pressure of the equilibrium favours a shift to the left favouring the formation of dinitrogen tetroxide ( as on this side of the equilibrium there is less pressure since pressure is proportional to number of moles ) hence decreasing the extent of dissociation α . Acids in aqueous solution ( edit ) Main article : acid dissociation constant The reaction of an acid in water solvent is often described as a dissociation HA ↽ − − ⇀ H + + A − ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( HA < = > ( H+ ) + ( A ^ ( - ) ) ) ) ) where HA is a proton acid such as acetic acid , CH COOH . The double arrow means that this is an equilibrium process , with dissociation and recombination occurring at the same time . This implies that the acid dissociation constant K a = ( H + ) ( A − ) ( HA ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ ce ( a ) ) = ( \ ce ( \ frac ( ( H ^ ( + ) ) ( A ^ ( - ) ) ) ( ( HA ) ) ) ) ) However a more accurate description is provided by the Brønsted -- Lowry acid -- base theory , which specifies that the proton H+ does not exist as such in solution but is instead accepted by ( bonded to ) a water molecule to form the hydronium ion H O . The reaction is therefore more correctly written as HA + H 2 O ↽ − − ⇀ H 3 O + + A − ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( HA ) + H2O < = > ( H3O+ ) + A ^ ( - ) ) ) ) and better described as an ionization or formation of ions ( for the case when HA has no net charge ) . The equilibrium constant is then K a = ( H 3 O + ) ( A − ) ( HA ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( \ ce ( a ) ) = ( \ ce ( \ frac ( ( H_ ( 3 ) O ^ ( + ) ) ( A ^ ( - ) ) ) ( ( HA ) ) ) ) ) where ( H 2 O ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( H_ ( 2 ) O ) ) ) ) is not included because in dilute solution the solvent is essentially a pure liquid with a thermodynamic activity of one . K is variously named a dissociation constant , an acid ionization constant , an acidity constant or an ionization constant . It serves as an indicator of the acid strength : stronger acids have a higher K value ( and a lower pK value ) . Fragmentation ( edit ) Fragmentation of a molecule can take place by a process of heterolysis or homolysis . Receptors ( edit ) Receptors are proteins that bind small ligands . The dissociation constant K is used as indicator of the affinity of the ligand to the receptor . The higher the affinity of the ligand for the receptor the lower the K value ( and the higher the pK value ) . See also ( edit ) Bond dissociation energy Thermal decomposition References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Petrucci R.H. , Harwood W.S. and Herring F.G. General Chemistry ( 8th ed . Prentice - Hall 2002 ) p. 668 ISBN 0 - 13 - 014329 - 4 Jump up ^ Laidler K.J. Physical Chemistry with Biological Applications ( Benjamin / Cummings ) 1978 , p. 307 ISBN 0 - 8053 - 5680 - 0 Jump up ^ Atkins P. and de Paula J. Physical Chemistry ( 8th ed . W.H. Freeman 2006 ) p. 763 ISBN 0 - 7167 - 8759 - 8 Jump up ^ Whitten K.W. , Gailey K.D. and Davis R.E. General Chemistry ( 4th ed . Saunders College Publishing 1992 ) p. 708 ISBN 0 - 03 - 072373 - 6 LCCN : sh85038500 GND : 4131115 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dissociation_(chemistry)&oldid=803165875 '' Categories : Equilibrium chemistry Chemical processes Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 21 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | acids are ionic compounds that relate to which element | [
"However a more accurate description is provided by the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, which specifies that the proton H+ does not exist as such in solution but is instead accepted by (bonded to) a water molecule to form the hydronium ion H3O+."
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2240434729354673674 | Gun politics in the United States | Gun Politics in the United States - wikipedia Gun Politics in the United States For the context of these debates , see Gun violence in the United States . `` Gun Reform '' redirects here . For current gun laws in the US , see Gun law in the United States . Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal Gun politics is an area of American politics defined by two opposing groups advocating for tighter gun control on the one hand and gun rights on the other . These groups often disagree on the interpretation of laws and court cases related to firearms as well as about the effects of firearms regulation on crime and public safety . It has been estimated that U.S. civilians own 270 million to 310 million firearms , and that 35 % to 42 % of the households in the country have at least one gun . Since the mid-1990s , debates regarding firearm availability and gun violence in the United States have been characterized by concerns about the right to bear arms , such as found in the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution , and the responsibility of the United States government to serve the needs of its citizens and to prevent crime and deaths . Firearms regulation supporters say that indiscriminate or unrestricted gun rights inhibit the government from fulfilling that responsibility , and causes a safety concern , as assault weapons are legal . Gun rights supporters promote firearms for self - defense , hunting , sporting activities , and security against tyranny . Firearms regulation advocates state that restricting and tracking gun access would result in safer communities , while gun rights advocates state that increased firearm ownership by law - abiding citizens reduces crime and assert that criminals have always had easy access to firearms . Gun legislation , or non-legislation , in the United States is augmented by judicial interpretations of the Constitution . In 1791 , the United States adopted the Second Amendment , and in 1868 adopted the Fourteenth Amendment . The effect of those two amendments on gun politics was the subject of landmark U.S. Supreme Court decisions in 2008 and 2010 , that upheld the right of individuals to possess guns for self - defense . Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial era through the Civil War 1.2 Post Civil War 1.3 20th century 1.3. 1 First half of 20th century 1.3. 1.1 National Firearms Act 1.3. 1.2 United States v. Miller 1.3. 2 Second half of 20th century 1.3. 2.1 Advocacy groups 1.3. 2.2 Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) restriction 1.4 21st century 1.4. 1 Smart guns 1.4. 2 District of Columbia v. Heller 1.4. 3 McDonald v. City of Chicago 1.4. 4 Advocacy groups , PACs , and lobbying 1.4. 5 3D printed firearms 1.4. 6 Proposals made by Obama Administration 1.4. 7 Executive actions taken by the Obama Administration 1.4. 8 2013 United Nations Arms Treaty 2 Public opinion 2.1 Polls 2.1. 1 Gallup poll 2.1. 2 National Rifle Association 3 Political arguments 3.1 Rights - based arguments 3.1. 1 Fundamental right 3.1. 2 Second Amendment rights 3.1. 3 Defense of self and state 3.1. 4 Security against tyranny 3.2 Public policy arguments 3.2. 1 Gun violence debate 3.2. 2 Criminal violence 3.2. 2.1 Homicide 3.2. 3 Suicide 4 Federal and state laws 4.1 Federal laws 4.2 State laws and constitutions 5 See also 5.1 Articles 5.2 Organizations 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Books 8.2 Journals 8.3 News 9 External links History ( edit ) Calamity Jane , notable pioneer frontierswoman and scout , at age 43 . Photo by H.R. Locke . The American hunting tradition comes from a time when the United States was an agrarian , subsistence nation where hunting was a profession for some , an auxiliary source of food for some settlers , and also a deterrence to animal predators . A connection between shooting skills and survival among rural American men was in many cases a necessity and a ' rite of passage ' for those entering manhood . Today , hunting survives as a central sentimental component of a gun culture as a way to control animal populations across the country , regardless of modern trends away from subsistence hunting and rural living . Prior to the American Revolution there was neither budget nor manpower nor government desire to maintain a full - time army . Therefore , the armed citizen - soldier carried the responsibility . Service in militia , including providing one 's own ammunition and weapons , was mandatory for all men . Yet , as early as the 1790s , the mandatory universal militia duty evolved gradually to voluntary militia units and a reliance on a regular army . Throughout the 19th century the institution of the organized civilian militia began to decline . The unorganized civilian militia , however , still remains even in current U.S. law , consisting of essentially everyone from age 17 to 45 , while also including former military officers up to age 64 , as codified in 10 U.S.C. § 246 . Closely related to the militia tradition is the frontier tradition , with the need for self - protection pursuant to westward expansion and the extension of the American frontier . Though it has not been a necessary part of daily survival for over a century , `` generations of Americans continued to embrace and glorify it as a living inheritance -- as a permanent ingredient of this nation 's style and culture '' . Colonial era through the Civil War ( edit ) Gun politics date to Colonial America . ( Lexington Minuteman , representing John Parker , by Henry Hudson Kitson stands at the town green of Lexington , Massachusetts . ) Most American school children learn about the tyranny of King George III : taxation without representation . In the years prior to the American Revolution , the British , in response to the colonists ' unhappiness over increasingly direct control and taxation of the colonies , imposed a gunpowder embargo on the colonies in an attempt to lessen the ability of the colonists to resist British encroachments into what the colonies regarded as local matters . Two direct attempts to disarm the colonial militias fanned what had been a smoldering resentment of British interference into the fires of war . These two incidents were the attempt to confiscate the cannon of the Concord and Lexington militias , leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord of April 19 , 1775 , and the attempt , on April 20 , to confiscate militia powder stores in the armory of Williamsburg , Virginia , which led to the Gunpowder Incident and a face off between Patrick Henry and hundreds of militia members on one side and the Royal Governor of Virginia , Lord Dunmore , and British seamen on the other . The Gunpowder Incident was eventually settled by paying the colonists for the powder . According to historian Saul Cornell , states passed some of the first gun control laws , beginning with Kentucky 's law to `` curb the practice of carrying concealed weapons in 1813 . '' There was opposition and , as a result , the individual right interpretation of the Second Amendment began and grew in direct response to these early gun control laws , in keeping with this new `` pervasive spirit of individualism . '' As noted by Cornell , `` Ironically , the first gun control movement helped give birth to the first self - conscious gun rights ideology built around a constitutional right of individual self - defense . '' The individual right interpretation of the Second Amendment first arose in Bliss v. Commonwealth ( 1822 ) , which evaluated the right to bear arms in defense of themselves and the state pursuant to Section 28 of the Second Constitution of Kentucky ( 1799 ) . The right to bear arms in defense of themselves and the state was interpreted as an individual right , for the case of a concealed sword cane . This case has been described as about `` a statute prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons ( that ) was violative of the Second Amendment '' . The first state court decision relevant to the `` right to bear arms '' issue was Bliss v. Commonwealth . The Kentucky court held that `` the right of citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the State must be preserved entire , ... '' Also during the Jacksonian Era , the first collective right ( or group right ) interpretation of the Second Amendment arose . In State v. Buzzard ( 1842 ) , the Arkansas high court adopted a militia - based , political right , reading of the right to bear arms under state law , and upheld the 21st section of the second article of the Arkansas Constitution that declared , `` that the free white men of this State shall have a right to keep and bear arms for their common defense '' , while rejecting a challenge to a statute prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons . The Arkansas high court declared `` That the words ' a well regulated militia being necessary for the security of a free State ' , and the words ' common defense ' clearly show the true intent and meaning of these Constitutions ( i.e. , Arkansas and U.S. ) and prove that it is a political and not an individual right , and , of course , that the State , in her legislative capacity , has the right to regulate and control it : This being the case , then the people , neither individually nor collectively , have the right to keep and bear arms . '' Joel Prentiss Bishop 's influential Commentaries on the Law of Statutory Crimes ( 1873 ) took Buzzard 's militia - based interpretation , a view that Bishop characterized as the `` Arkansas doctrine , '' as the orthodox view of the right to bear arms in American law . The two early state court cases , Bliss and Buzzard , set the fundamental dichotomy in interpreting the Second Amendment , i.e. , whether it secured an individual right versus a collective right . See also : Reconstruction era This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : it is disjointed , one source is poor quality , the other is poorly used Please help improve this section if you can . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Post Civil War ( edit ) Representative John A. Bingham of Ohio , principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment Political cartoon by Frederick Burr Opper published in Puck magazine shortly after the assassination of James A. Garfield With the Civil War ending , the question of the rights of freed slaves to carry arms and to belong to militia came to the attention of the federal courts . In response to the problems freed slaves faced in the Southern states , the Fourteenth Amendment was drafted . When the Fourteenth Amendment was drafted , Representative John A. Bingham of Ohio used the Court 's own phrase `` privileges and immunities of citizens '' to include the first Eight Amendments of the Bill of Rights under its protection and guard these rights against state legislation . The debate in the Congress on the Fourteenth Amendment after the Civil War also concentrated on what the Southern States were doing to harm the newly freed slaves . One particular concern was the disarming of former slaves . The Second Amendment attracted serious judicial attention with the Reconstruction era case of United States v. Cruikshank which ruled that the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment did not cause the Bill of Rights , including the Second Amendment , to limit the powers of the State governments , stating that the Second Amendment `` has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government . '' Akhil Reed Amar notes in the Yale Law Journal , the basis of Common Law for the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution , which would include the Second Amendment , `` following John Randolph Tucker 's famous oral argument in the 1887 Chicago anarchist Haymarket Riot case , Spies v. Illinois '' : Though originally the first ten Amendments were adopted as limitations on Federal power , yet in so far as they secure and recognize fundamental rights -- common law rights -- of the man , they make them privileges and immunities of the man as citizen of the United States ... 20th century ( edit ) First half of 20th century ( edit ) Since the late 19th century , with three key cases from the pre-incorporation era , the U.S. Supreme Court consistently ruled that the Second Amendment ( and the Bill of Rights ) restricted only Congress , and not the States , in the regulation of guns . Scholars predicted that the Court 's incorporation of other rights suggested that they may incorporate the Second , should a suitable case come before them . National firearms Act ( edit ) Main article : National Firearms Act The first major federal firearms law passed in the 20th century was the National Firearms Act ( NFA ) of 1934 . It was passed after Prohibition - era gangsterism peaked with the Saint Valentine 's Day massacre of 1929 . The era was famous for criminal use of firearms such as the Thompson submachine gun ( Tommy gun ) and sawed - off shotgun . Under the NFA , machine guns , short - barreled rifles and shotguns , and other weapons fall under the regulation and jurisdiction of the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms ( ATF ) as described by Title II . United States v. Miller ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Miller In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) the Court did not address incorporation , but whether a sawed - off shotgun `` has some reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia . '' In overturning the indictment against Miller , the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Arkansas stated that the National Firearms Act of 1934 , `` offend ( ed ) the inhibition of the Second Amendment to the Constitution . '' The federal government then appealed directly to the Supreme Court . On appeal the federal government did not object to Miller 's release since he had died by then , seeking only to have the trial judge 's ruling on the unconstitutionality of the federal law overturned . Under these circumstances , neither Miller nor his attorney appeared before the Court to argue the case . The Court only heard argument from the federal prosecutor . In its ruling , the Court overturned the trial court and upheld the NFA . Second half of 20th century ( edit ) President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Gun Control Act of 1968 into law . The Gun Control Act of 1968 ( GCA ) was passed after the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy , Senator Robert Kennedy , and African - American activists Malcolm X and Martin Luther King , Jr. in the 1960s . The GCA focuses on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers , dealers , and importers . It also prohibits selling firearms to certain categories of individuals defined as `` prohibited persons . '' The murder of musician John Lennon in 1980 and an assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan in 1981 led to enactment of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act ( Brady Law ) in 1993 which established the national background check system to prevent certain restricted individuals from owning , purchasing , or transporting firearms . In an article supporting passage of such a law , retired chief justice Warren E. Burger wrote : Americans also have a right to defend their homes , and we need not challenge that . Nor does anyone seriously question that the Constitution protects the right of hunters to own and keep sporting guns for hunting game any more than anyone would challenge the right to own and keep fishing rods and other equipment for fishing -- or to own automobiles . To ' keep and bear arms ' for hunting today is essentially a recreational activity and not an imperative of survival , as it was 200 years ago . ' Saturday night specials ' and machine guns are not recreational weapons and surely are as much in need of regulation as motor vehicles . In 1986 , Congress passed the Firearm Owners Protection Act . It was supported by the National Rifle Association and individual gun rights advocates because it reversed many of the provisions of the GCA and protected gun owners ' rights . It also banned ownership of unregistered fully automatic rifles and civilian purchase or sale of any such firearm made from that date forward . A Stockton , California , schoolyard shooting in 1989 led to passage of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 ( AWB or AWB 1994 ) , which defined and banned the manufacture and transfer of `` semiautomatic assault weapons '' and `` large capacity ammunition feeding devices . '' According to journalist Chip Berlet , concerns about gun control laws along with outrage over two high - profile incidents involving the ATF ( Ruby Ridge in 1992 and the Waco siege in 1993 ) mobilized the militia movement of citizens who feared that the federal government would begin to confiscate firearms . Though gun control is not strictly a partisan issue , there is generally more support for gun control legislation in the Democratic Party than in the Republican Party . The Libertarian Party , whose campaign platforms favor limited government , is outspokenly against gun control . Advocacy groups ( edit ) The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) was founded to promote firearm competency in 1871 . The NRA supported the NFA and , ultimately , the GCA . After the GCA , more strident groups , such as the Gun Owners of America ( GOA ) , began to advocate for gun rights . According to the GOA , it was founded in 1975 when `` the radical left introduced legislation to ban all handguns in California . '' The GOA and other national groups like the Second Amendment Foundation ( SAF ) , Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership ( JPFO ) , and the Second Amendment Sisters ( SAS ) , often take stronger stances than the NRA and criticize its history of support for some firearms legislation , such as GCA . These groups believe any compromise leads to greater restrictions . According to the authors of The Changing Politics of Gun Control ( 1998 ) , in the late 1970s , the NRA changed its activities to incorporate political advocacy . Despite the impact on the volatility of membership , the politicization of the NRA has been consistent and the NRA - Political Victory Fund ranked as `` one of the biggest spenders in congressional elections '' as of 1998 . According to the authors of The Gun Debate ( 2014 ) , the NRA taking the lead on politics serves the gun industry 's profitability . In particular when gun owners respond to fears of gun confiscation with increased purchases and by helping to isolate the industry from the misuse of its products used in shooting incidents . The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence began in 1974 as Handgun Control Inc . ( HCI ) . Soon after , it formed a partnership with another fledgling group called the National Coalition to Ban Handguns ( NCBH ) - later known as the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence ( CSGV ) . The partnership did not last , as NCBH generally took a tougher stand on gun regulation than HCI . In the wake of the 1980 murder of John Lennon , HCI saw an increase of interest and fund raising and contributed $75,000 to congressional campaigns . Following the Reagan assassination attempt and the resultant injury of James Brady , Sarah Brady joined the board of HCI in 1985 . HCI was renamed in 2001 to Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence . Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) restriction ( edit ) In 1996 , Congress added language to the relevant appropriations bill which required `` none of the funds made available for injury prevention and control at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may be used to advocate or promote gun control . '' This language was added to prevent the funding of research by the CDC that gun rights supporters considered politically motivated and intended to bring about further gun control legislation . In particular , the NRA and other gun rights proponents objected to work supported by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control , then run by Mark L. Rosenberg , including research authored by Arthur Kellermann . 21st century ( edit ) In October 2003 , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published a report on the effectiveness of gun violence prevention strategies that concluded `` Evidence was insufficient to determine the effectiveness of any of these laws . '' A similar survey of firearms research by the National Academy of Sciences arrived at nearly identical conclusions in 2004 . In September of that year , the Assault Weapons Ban expired due to a sunset provision . Efforts by gun control advocates to renew the ban failed , as did attempts to replace it after it became defunct . The NRA opposed bans on handguns in Chicago , Washington D.C. , and San Francisco , while supporting the NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007 ( also known as the School Safety And Law Enforcement Improvement Act ) , which strengthened requirements for background checks for firearm purchases . The GOA took issue with a portion of the bill , which they termed the `` Veterans ' Disarmament Act . '' Besides the GOA , other national gun rights groups continue to take a stronger stance than the NRA . These groups include the Second Amendment Sisters , Second Amendment Foundation , Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership , and the Pink Pistols . New groups have also arisen , such as the Students for Concealed Carry , which grew largely out of safety - issues resulting from the creation of gun - free zones that were legislatively mandated amidst a response to widely publicized school shootings . In 2001 , in United States v. Emerson , the Fifth Circuit became the first federal appeals court to recognize an individual 's right to own guns . In 2007 , in Parker v. District of Columbia , the D.C. Circuit became the first federal appeals court to strike down a gun control law on Second Amendment grounds . Smart guns ( edit ) Smart guns only fire when in the hands of the owner , a feature gun safety advocates say eliminates accidental firings by children , and the risk of hostile persons ( such as prisoners , criminal suspects , an opponent in a fight , or an enemy soldier ) grabbing the gun and using it against the owner . Gun rights advocates fear mandatory smart gun technology will make it more difficult to fire a gun when needed . Smith & Wesson reached a settlement in 2000 with the administration of President Bill Clinton , which included a provision for the company to develop a smart gun . A consumer boycott organized by the NRA and NSSF nearly drove the company out of business and forced it to drop its smart gun plans . The New Jersey Childproof Handgun Law of 2002 requires that 30 months after `` personalized handguns are available '' anywhere in the United States , only smart guns may be sold in the state . Some gun safety advocates worry that by raising the stakes of introducing the technology , this law contributes to opposition that has prevented smart guns from being sold anywhere in the United States despite availability in other countries . In 2014 , a Maryland gun dealer dropped plans to sell the first smart gun in the United States after receiving complaints and even death threats . District of Columbia v. Heller ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia v. Heller In June 2008 , in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Supreme Court upheld by a 5 - 4 vote the Parker decision striking down the D.C. gun law . Heller ruled that Americans have an individual right to possess firearms , irrespective of membership in a militia , `` for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home . '' However , in delivering the majority opinion , Justice Antonin Scalia made it clear that , like other rights , the right to bear arms is limited . He wrote : Like most rights , the Second Amendment right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose : For example , concealed weapons prohibitions have been upheld under the Amendment or state analogues . The Court 's opinion should not be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . We also recognize another important limitation on the right to keep and carry arms . Miller said , as we have explained , that the sorts of weapons protected were those `` in common use at the time . '' ... We think that limitation is fairly supported by the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of `` dangerous and unusual weapons . '' The four dissenting justices said that the majority had broken established precedent on the Second Amendment , and took the position that the Amendment refers to an individual right , but in the context of militia service . McDonald v. City of Chicago ( edit ) Main article : McDonald v. City of Chicago In June 2010 , a Chicago law that banned handguns was struck down . The ruling stated that `` The Fourteenth Amendment makes the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms fully applicable to the States . '' Advocacy groups , PACs , and lobbying ( edit ) One way advocacy groups influence politics is through `` outside spending , '' using political action committees ( PACs ) and 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organizations . PACs and 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) s raise and spend money to affect elections . PACs pool campaign contributions from members and donate those funds to candidates for political office . Super PACs , created in 2010 , are prohibited from making direct contributions to candidates or parties , but influence races by running ads for or against specific candidates . Both gun control and gun rights advocates use these types of organizations . The NRA 's Political Victory Fund super PAC spent $11.2 million in the 2012 election cycle , and as of April 2014 , it had raised $13.7 million for 2014 elections . Michael Bloomberg 's gun - control super PAC , Independence USA , spent $8.3 million in 2012 and $6.3 million in 2013 . Americans for Responsible Solutions , another gun - control super PAC started by retired Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords , raised $12 million in 2013 , and plans to raise $16 to $20 million by the 2014 elections . The group 's treasurer said that the funds would be enough to compete with the NRA `` on an even - keel basis . '' Another way advocacy groups influence politics is through lobbying ; some groups use lobbying firms , while others employ in - house lobbyists . According to the Center for Responsive Politics , gun politics groups with the most lobbyists in 2013 were : the NRA 's Institute for Legislative Action ( NRA - ILA ) ; Mayors Against Illegal Guns ( MAIG ) ; the National Shooting Sports Foundation ( NSSF ) ; and the Brady Campaign . Gun rights groups spent over $15.1 million lobbying in Washington D.C. in 2013 , with the National Association for Gun Rights ( NAGR ) spending $6.7 million , and the NRA spending $3.4 million . Gun control groups spent $2.2 million , with MAIG spending $1.7 million , and the Brady Campaign spending $250,000 in the same period . 3D printed firearms ( edit ) Main article : 3D printed firearms In August 2012 , an open source group called Defense Distributed launched a project to design and release a blueprint for a handgun that could be downloaded from the Internet and manufactured using a 3 - D printer . In May 2013 , the group made public the STL files for the world 's first fully 3D printable gun , the Liberator . 380 single shot pistol . Proposals made by Obama administration ( edit ) On January 16 , 2013 , in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting and other mass shootings , President Barack Obama announced a plan for reducing gun violence in four parts : closing background check loopholes ; banning assault weapons and large capacity magazines ; making schools safer ; and increasing access to mental health services . The plan included proposals for new laws to be passed by Congress , and a series of executive actions not requiring Congressional approval . No new federal gun control legislation was passed as a result of these proposals . President Obama later stated in a 2015 interview with the BBC that gun control : has been the one area where I feel that I 've been most frustrated and most stymied , it is the fact that the United States of America is the one advanced nation on earth in which we do not have sufficient common - sense , gun - safety laws . Even in the face of repeated mass killings . And you know , if you look at the number of Americans killed since 9 / 11 by terrorism , it 's less than 100 . If you look at the number that have been killed by gun violence , it 's in the tens of thousands . And for us not to be able to resolve that issue has been something that is distressing . But it is not something that I intend to stop working on in the remaining 18 months . Executive actions taken by the Obama administration ( edit ) The executive actions included : Improve the data used for the background check system for gun sales ; Direct the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to research gun violence ; Provide incentives for schools to hire school resource officers ; Give law enforcement additional tools to prevent and prosecute gun crime . In 2016 , Obama called for a `` sense of urgency '' against gun violence and made several changes to gun control enforcement , including : requiring a license and background check conduction for all gun distributors ( cf . gun show loophole ) ; extend background checks for guns purchased via a trust or corporation ; extend data available for background checks and improve response time ( to close the Charleston loophole ) . 2013 United Nations arms treaty ( edit ) See also : Arms Trade Treaty § Content The Arms Trade Treaty ( ATT ) is a multilateral treaty that regulates the international trade in conventional weapons , which entered into force on December 24 , 2014 . Work on the treaty commenced in 2006 with negotiations for its content conducted at a global conference under the auspices of the United Nations from July 2 -- 27 , 2012 , in New York . As it was not possible to reach an agreement on a final text at that time , a new meeting for the conference was scheduled for March 18 -- 28 , 2013 . On April 2 , 2013 , the UN General Assembly adopted the ATT . The treaty was opened for signing on June 3 , 2013 and by August 15 , 2015 it had been signed by 130 states and ratified or acceded to by 72 . It entered into force on December 24 , 2014 after it was ratified and acceded to by 50 states . On September 25 , 2013 , Secretary of State John Kerry signed the ATT on behalf of the Obama administration . This was a reversal of the position of the Bush administration which had chosen not to participate in the treaty negotiations . Then in October a bipartisan group of 50 Senators and 181 Representatives released concurrent letters to President Barack Obama pledging their opposition to ratification of the ATT . The group is led by Senator Jerry Moran ( R - Kansas ) and Representatives Mike Kelly ( R - Pennsylvania ) and Collin Peterson ( D - Minnesota ) . Following these two letters , four Democrat Senators sent a separate letter to the President stating that `` because of unaddressed concerns that this Treaty 's obligations could undermine our nation 's sovereignty and the Second Amendment rights of law - abiding Americans ( they ) would oppose the Treaty if it were to come before the U.S. Senate . '' The four Senators are Jon Tester ( D - Montana ) , Max Baucus ( D - Montana ) , Heidi Heitkamp ( D - North Dakota ) , and Joe Donnelly ( D - Indiana ) . Supporters of the treaty claim that the treaty is needed to help protect millions around the globe in danger of human rights abuses . Frank Jannuzi of Amnesty International USA states , `` This treaty says that nations must not export arms and ammunition where there is an ' overriding risk ' that they will be used to commit serious human rights violations . It will help keep arms out of the hands of the wrong people : those responsible for upwards of 1,500 deaths worldwide every day . '' Secretary Kerry was quoted as saying that his signature would `` help deter the transfer of conventional weapons used to carry out the world 's worst crimes . '' As of December 2013 , the U.S. has not ratified or acceded to the treaty . Public opinion ( edit ) Main article : Public opinion on gun control in the United States Polls ( edit ) March on Washington for Gun Control in January 2013 Huffington Post reported in September 2013 that 48 % of Americans said gun laws should be made more strict , while 16 % said they should be made less strict and 29 % said there should be no change . Similarly , a Gallup poll found that support for stricter gun laws has fallen from 58 % after the Newtown shooting , to 49 % in September 2013 . Both the Huffington Post poll and the Gallup poll were conducted after the Washington Navy Yard shooting . Meanwhile , the Huffington Post poll found that 40 % of Americans believe stricter gun laws would prevent future mass shootings , while 52 % said changing things would not make a difference . The same poll also found that 57 % of Americans think better mental health care is more likely to prevent future mass shootings than stricter gun laws , while 29 % said the opposite. supported stricter gun laws , but 89 % of those who thought that such checks were not universally required supported stricter laws . In a 2015 study conducted by the Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence , state gun laws were examined based on various policy approaches , and were scored on grade - based and ranked scales . States were rated positively for having passed stricter measures and stronger gun laws . Positive points were also given for states that required background checks on all firearm sales and limit bulk firearms purchases , prohibiting sales of assault weapons and large capacity magazines , stricter evaluation on applications when issuing a handgun concealed carry license especially prohibited domestic violence offenders . Points were deducted from states with laws that expanded access to guns , allowed concealed carry in public areas particularly schools and bars without a permit or passed `` Stand Your Ground Laws '' -- which remove the duty to retreat and allow people to shoot potential assailants . Eventually , states were graded indicating the overall strengths or weakness of gun laws . Ten States with the strongest gun laws ranked from strongest starting with California , then New Jersey , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Hawaii , New York , Maryland , Illinois , Rhode Island and finally Michigan . The states with weakest gun laws were ranked as follow : South Dakota , Arizona , Mississippi , Vermont , Louisiana , Montana , Wyoming , Kentucky , Kansas , and Oklahoma . A comparable study of state laws was also conducted in 2016 . Based on these findings , The Law Center concluded that comprehensive gun laws reduce gun violence deaths , whereas weaker guns laws increase gun - related deaths . Furthermore , among different kinds of legislation , universal background checks were the most effective at reducing gun - related deaths . Gallup poll ( edit ) The Gallup organization regularly polls Americans on their views on guns . On December 22 , 2012 : 44 % supported a ban on `` semi-automatic guns known as assault weapons . '' 92 % supported background checks on all gun - show gun sales . 62 % supported a ban on `` high - capacity ammunition magazines that can contain more than 10 rounds . '' Vigil held in Minneapolis for victims of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting On April 25 , 2013 : 56 % supported reinstating and strengthening the assault weapons ban of 1994 . 83 % supported requiring background checks for all gun purchases . 51 % supported limiting the sale of ammunition magazines to those with 10 rounds or less . On October 6 , 2013 : 49 % felt that gun laws should be more strict . 74 % opposed civilian handgun bans . 37 % said they had a gun in their home . 27 % said they personally owned a gun . 60 % of gun owners have guns for personal safety / protection , 36 % for hunting , 13 % for recreation / sport , 8 % for target shooting , 5 % as a Second Amendment right . In January 2014 : 40 % are satisfied with the current state of gun laws , 55 % are dissatisfied 31 % want stricter control , 16 % want less strict laws On October 19 , 2015 : 55 % said the law on sales of firearms should be more strict , 33 % kept as they are , 11 % less strict this was sharply polarised by party , with 77 % of Democrat supporters wanting stricter laws , against 27 % of Republicans 72 % continued to oppose civilian handgun bans . National Rifle Association ( edit ) A member poll conducted for the NRA between January 13 and 14 , 2013 found : 90.7 % of members favor `` Reforming our mental health laws to help keep firearms out of the hands of people with mental illness . '' ( A majority of 86.4 % believe that strengthening laws this way would be more effective at preventing mass murders than banning semi-automatic rifles . ) 92.2 % of NRA members oppose gun confiscation via mandatory buy - back laws . 88.5 % oppose banning semi-automatic firearms , firearms that load a new cartridge automatically when discharged . 92.6 % oppose a law requiring gun owners to register with the federal government . 92.0 % oppose a federal law banning the sale of firearms between private citizens . 82.3 % of members are in favor of a program that would place armed security professionals in every school . 72.5 % agreed that President Obama 's ultimate goal is the confiscation of many firearms that are currently legal . Place of living of respondents : 35.4 % A rural area 26.4 % A small town 22.9 % A suburban area 14.7 % An urban area or city Regional Break : 36.1 % South 24.1 % Mid-West 21.5 % West 18.3 % North - East / Mid-Atlantic Political arguments ( edit ) Rights - based arguments ( edit ) Rights - based arguments involve the most fundamental question about gun control : to what degree the government has the authority to regulate guns . Fundamental right ( edit ) The primary author of the United States Bill of Rights , James Madison , considered them -- including a right to keep and bear arms -- to be `` fundamental . '' In 1788 , he wrote : `` The political truths declared in that solemn manner acquire by degrees the character of fundamental maxims of free Government , and as they become incorporated with the national sentiment , counteract the impulses of interest and passion . '' The view that gun ownership is a fundamental right was affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) . The Court stated : `` By the time of the founding , the right to have arms had become fundamental for English subjects . '' The Court observed that the English Bill of Rights of 1689 had listed a right to arms as one of the fundamental rights of Englishmen . However , it should be noted that human rights law neither recognizes a right to firearms nor a human right to self - defense , but requires states instead to reasonably regulate and restrict the possession and use of firearms to protect the right to life . When the Court interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment in McDonald v. City of Chicago ( 2010 ) , it looked to the year 1868 , when the amendment was ratified , and said that most states had provisions in their constitutions explicitly protecting this right . The Court concluded : `` It is clear that the Framers and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment counted the right to keep and bear arms among those fundamental rights necessary to our system of ordered liberty . '' Second Amendment rights ( edit ) The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , adopted on December 15 , 1791 , states : A well regulated militia , being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . Prior to District of Columbia v. Heller , in the absence of a clear court ruling , there was debate about whether or not the Second Amendment included an individual right . In Heller , the Court concluded that there is indeed such a right , but not an unlimited one . Although the decision was not unanimous , all justices endorsed an individual right viewpoint , but differed on the scope of that right . Before Heller gun rights advocates argued that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to own guns . They stated that the phrase `` the people '' in that amendment applies to individuals rather than an organized collective , and that the phrase `` the people '' means the same thing in the 1st , 2nd , 4th , 9th , and 10th Amendments . They also said the Second 's placement in the Bill of Rights defines it as an individual right . As part of the Heller decision , the majority endorsed the view that the Second Amendment protects an individual , not unlimited , right to own guns . Political scientist Robert Spitzer and Supreme Court law clerk Gregory P. Magarian argued that this final decision by the Supreme Court was a misinterpretation of the U.S. Constitution . After the Heller decision there was an increased amount of attention on whether or not the Second Amendment applies to the states . In 2010 in the case of McDonald v. City Chicago , the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment 's provisions do apply to the states as a result of the Fourteenth Amendment . Defense of self and State ( edit ) The eighteenth - century English jurist William Blackstone ( b . 1723 ) , whose writings influenced the drafters of the U.S. Constitution , called self - defense `` the primary law of nature '' which ( he said ) man - made law can not take away . Following Blackstone , the American jurist St. George Tucker ( b . 1752 ) wrote that `` the right of self - defense is the first law of nature ; in most governments it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest limits possible . '' In both Heller ( 2008 ) and McDonald ( 2010 ) the Supreme Court deemed that the right of self - defense is at least partly protected by the United States Constitution . The court left details of that protection to be worked out in future court cases . The two primary interest groups regarding this issue are the Brady Campaign and the National Rifle Association . They have clashed , for example , regarding stand - your - ground laws which give individuals a legal right to use guns for defending themselves without any duty to retreat from a dangerous situation . After the Supreme Court 's 2008 decision in Heller , the Brady Campaign indicated that it would seek reasonable gun laws `` without infringing on the right of law - abiding persons to possess guns for self - defense . '' Security against tyranny ( edit ) Another fundamental political argument associated with the right to keep and bear arms is that banning or even regulating gun ownership makes government tyranny more likely . A January 2013 Rasmussen Reports poll indicated that 65 percent of Americans believe the purpose of the Second Amendment is to `` ensure that people are able to protect themselves from tyranny . '' A Gallup poll in October 2013 showed that 60 percent of American gun owners mention `` personal safety / protection '' as a reason for owning them , and 5 percent mention a `` Second Amendment right , '' among other reasons . The anti-tyranny argument extends back to the days of colonial America and earlier in Great Britain . Various gun rights advocates and organizations , such as former governor Mike Huckabee , former Congressman Ron Paul , and Gun Owners of America , say that an armed citizenry is the population 's last line of defense against tyranny by their own government . This belief was also familiar at the time the Constitution was written . A right of revolution was omitted from the Constitution , and instead the Constitution was designed to ensure a government deriving its power from the consent of the governed . Gun rights advocates such as Stephen Halbrook and Wayne LaPierre support the `` Nazi gun control '' theory . The theory states that gun regulations enforced by the Third Reich rendered victims of the Holocaust weak , and that more effective resistance to oppression would have been possible if they had been better armed . Other authoritarian regimes gun laws have also been brought up . This counterfactual history theory is not supported by mainstream scholarship , though it is an element of a `` security against tyranny '' argument in U.S. politics . The Declaration of Independence mentions `` the Right of the People to alter or to abolish '' the government , and Abraham Lincoln 's first inaugural address reiterated the `` revolutionary right '' of the people . In 1957 , the legal scholar Roscoe Pound expressed a different view : He stated , `` A legal right of the citizen to wage war on the government is something that can not be admitted ... In the urban industrial society of today a general right to bear efficient arms so as to be enabled to resist oppression by the government would mean that gangs could exercise an extra-legal rule which would defeat the whole Bill of Rights . '' Historian Don Higginbotham wrote that the well - regulated militia protected by the Second Amendment was more likely to put down rebellions than participate in them . American gun rights activist Larry Pratt says that the anti-tyranny argument for gun rights is supported by successful efforts in Guatemala and the Philippines to arm ordinary citizens against communist insurgency in the 1980s . Gun - rights advocacy groups argue that the only way to enforce democracy is through having the means of resistance . Militia - movement groups cite the Battle of Athens ( Tennessee , 1946 ) as an example of citizens who `` ( used ) armed force to support the Rule of Law '' in what they said was a rigged county election . Then - senator John F. Kennedy wrote in 1960 that , `` it is extremely unlikely that the fears of governmental tyranny which gave rise to the Second Amendment will ever be a major danger to our nation ... '' However , there is scant empirical evidence that firearms proliferation and the maintenance of democratic institutions are positively related ; instead , institutions to protect human rights , fundamental freedoms and the rule of law and also socioeconomic rights have been proven to be far more important factors in preventing military coups or other threats to democracy . Public policy arguments ( edit ) Public policy arguments are based on the idea that the central purpose of government is to establish and maintain order . This is done through public policy , which Blackstone defined as `` the due regulation and domestic order of the kingdom , whereby the inhabitants of the State , like members of a well - governed family , are bound to conform their general behavior to the rules of propriety , good neighborhood , and good manners , and to be decent , industrious , and inoffensive in their respective stations . '' Gun Violence debate ( edit ) Play media Public statement of president Obama after a school shooting in October 2015 Main article : Gun violence in the United States The public policy debates about gun violence include discussions about firearms deaths -- including homicide , suicide , and unintentional deaths -- as well as the impact of gun ownership , criminal and legal , on gun violence outcomes . After the tragedy of Sandy Hook , the majority of people , including gun owners and non-gun owners , wanted the government to spend more money in order to improve mental health screening and treatment , to deter gun violence in America.In the United States in 2009 there were 3.0 recorded intentional homicides committed with a firearm per 100,000 inhabitants . The U.S. ranks 28 in the world for gun homicides per capita . A U.S. male aged 15 -- 24 is 70 times more likely to be killed with a gun than their counterpart in the eight ( G - 8 ) largest industrialized nations in the world ( United Kingdom , France , Germany , Japan , Canada , Italy , Russia ) . In 2015 , there were 33,636 deaths due to firearms , and some claim as many as 372 mass shootings , in the U.S , while guns were used to kill about 50 people in the U.K. However , using the FBI definition of a `` mass shooting '' there were only 4 in the U.S. in 2015 . More people are typically killed with guns in the U.S. in a day ( about 85 ) than in the U.K. in a year . Within the gun politics debate , gun control and gun rights advocates disagree over the role that guns play in crime . Gun control advocates concerned about high levels of gun violence in the United States look to restrictions on gun ownership as a way to stem the violence and say that increased gun ownership leads to higher levels of crime , suicide and other negative outcomes . Gun rights groups say that a well - armed civilian populace prevents crime and that making civilian ownership of firearms illegal would increase the crime rate by making civilians vulnerable to criminal activity . They say that more civilians defend themselves with a gun every year than the law enforcement arrest for violent crimes and burglary and that civilians legally shoot almost as many criminals as law enforcement officers do . Studies using FBI data and Police Reports of the incidents , have found that there are approximately 1,500 verified instances of firearms used in self - defense annually in the United States . Survey - based research derived from data gathered by the National Crime Victimization Survey has generated estimates that , out of roughly 5.5 million violent crime victims in the U.S. annually approximately 1.1 percent , or 55,000 used a firearm in self - defense ( 175,000 for the 3 - year period . ) When including property crimes , of the 15.5 million victims of property crimes annually found in the survey ( 46.5 million for 2013 - 2015 ) , the NCV survey data yielded estimates that around 0.2 percent of property crime victims , or 36,000 annually ( 109,000 for the 3 - year period ) used a firearm in self - defense from the loss of property . Researchers working from the most recent NCVS data sets have found approximately 95,000 uses of a firearm in self - defense in the U.S. each year ( 284,000 for the years 2013 - 2015 ) . In addition , the United States has a higher rate of firearm ownership than any other nation . Despite this the United States has seen its gun homicide rate decline since the 1990s . https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/03/weve-had-a-massive-decline-in-gun-violence-in-the-united-states-heres-why/ Criminal Violence ( edit ) See also : Crime in the United States and List of countries by intentional homicide rate There is an open debate regarding a causal connection ( or the lack of one ) between gun control and its effect on gun violence and other crimes . The numbers of lives saved or lost by gun ownership is debated by criminologists . Research difficulties include the difficulty of accounting accurately for confrontations in which no shots are fired and jurisdictional differences in the definition of `` crime . '' Furthermore , Such research is also subject to a more fundamental difficulty affecting all research in this field : the effectiveness of the Criminal Law in preventing crime in general or in specific cases is inherently and notoriously difficult to prove and measure , and thus issues in establishing a causal link between gun control or particular gun control policies and violent crime must be understood to be an aspect of a more general empirical difficulty , which pervades the fields of Criminology and Law at large . It is not simple , for example , to prove a causal connection between the laws against murder and the prevailing murder rates , either . Consequently , this general background must be appreciated when discussing the causal and empirical issues here . Photo from a security camera from the Washington Navy Yard shooting . A study published in The American Journal of Economics and Sociology in 1997 concluded that the amount of gun related crime and deaths is affected more by the state of the area in terms of unemployment , alcohol problems and drug problems instead of the laws and regulations . This study analysed statistics gathered on the amount of gun crime in states with strict and lenient gun policies and determined that the amount of gun crime is related to how run down economically an area is . A 2003 CDC study determined `` The Task Force found insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of any of the firearms laws or combinations of laws reviewed on violent outcomes . '' They go on to state `` a finding of insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness should not be interpreted as evidence of ineffectiveness but rather as an indicator that additional research is needed before an intervention can be evaluated for its effectiveness . '' In 2009 , the Public Health Law Research program , an independent organization , published several evidence briefs summarizing the research assessing the effect of a specific law or policy on public health , that concern the effectiveness of various laws related to gun safety . Among their findings : There is not enough evidence to establish the effectiveness of `` shall issue '' laws , as distinct from `` may issue '' laws , as a public health intervention to reduce violent crime . There is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of waiting period laws as public health interventions aimed at preventing gun - related violence and suicide . Although child access prevention laws may represent a promising intervention for reducing gun - related morbidity and mortality among children , there is currently insufficient evidence to validate their effectiveness as a public health intervention aimed at reducing gun - related harms . There is insufficient evidence to establish the effectiveness of such bans as public health interventions aimed at reducing gun - related harms . There is insufficient evidence to validate the effectiveness of firearm licensing and registration requirements as legal interventions aimed a reducing fire - arm related harms . Homicide ( edit ) Total US deaths by year in spree shootings 1982 - 2018 ( ongoing ) . With 5 % of the world 's population , U.S. residents own roughly 50 % of the world 's civilian - owned firearms . In addition , up to 48 % of households within America have guns . According to the UNODC , 60 % of U.S. homicides in 2009 were perpetrated using a firearm . U.S. homicide rates vary widely from state to state . In 2014 , the lowest homicide rates were in New Hampshire , North Dakota , and Vermont ( each 0.0 per 100,000 people ) , and the highest were in Louisiana ( 11.7 ) and Mississippi ( 11.4 ) . Gary Kleck , a criminologist at Florida State University , and his colleague Marc Gertz , published a study in 1995 estimating that approximately 2.5 million American adults used their gun in self - defense annually . The incidents that Kleck extrapolated based on his questionnaire results generally did not involve the firing of the gun , and he estimates that as many as 1.9 million of those instances involved a handgun . These studies have been subject to criticism on a number of methodological and logical grounds . Another study from the same period , the National Crime Victimization Survey ( NCVS ) , estimated 65,000 DGUs ( Defensive gun use ) annually . The NCVS survey differed from Kleck 's study in that it only interviewed those who reported a threatened , attempted , or completed victimization for one of six crimes : rape , robbery , assault , burglary , non-business larceny , and motor vehicle theft . A National Research Council report said that Kleck 's estimates appeared to be exaggerated and that it was almost certain that `` some of what respondents designate ( d ) as their own self - defense would be construed as aggression by others '' . Research based on the NCVS data set largely confirms Hemenway 's earlier results , showing approximately 55,000 uses of a firearm in self - defense from a violent crime in the United States for the 3 - year period of 2013 - 2015 . In a review of his own research , Kleck determined that , of 41 studies half of them found a connection between gun ownership and homicide but these were usually least rigorous studies . Only six studies controlled at least six statistically significant confound variables , and none of them showed a significant positive effect . Eleven macro-level studies showed that crime rates increase gun levels ( not vice versa ) . The reason that there is no opposite effect may be that most owners are noncriminals and that they may use guns to prevent violence . Commenting on the external validity of Kleck 's report , David Hemenway , director of the Harvard Injury Control Research Center , said : `` Given the number of victims allegedly being saved with guns , it would seem natural to conclude that owning a gun substantially reduces your chances of being murdered . Yet a careful case - control study of homicide in the home found that a gun in the home was associated with an increased rather than a reduced risk of homicide . Virtually all of this risk involved homicide by a family member or intimate acquaintance . '' Kleck however pointed out that most of the firearms used in the Kellermann study were not the same ones kept in the household by the victim . Similarly in 2007 when the Permit - To - Purchase law was repealed in Missouri , 2008 saw a 34 % increase in the rate of firearm homicides in that year alone , and the figure continues to be higher than the figure pre-2007 . One study found that homicide rates as a whole , especially those as a result of firearms use , are not always significantly lower in many other developed countries . Kleck wrote , `` ... cross-national comparisons do not provide a sound basis for assessing the impact of gun ownership levels on crime rates . '' One study published in the International Journal of Epidemiology , which found that for the year of 1998 : `` During the one - year study period ( 1998 ) , 88,649 firearm deaths were reported . Overall firearm mortality rates are five to six times higher in high - income ( HI ) and upper middle - income ( UMI ) countries in the Americas ( 12.72 ) than in Europe ( 2.17 ) or Oceania ( 2.57 ) and 95 times higher than in Asia ( 0.13 ) . The rate of firearm deaths in the United States ( 14.24 per 100,000 ) exceeds that of its economic counterparts ( 1.76 ) eightfold and that of UMI countries ( 9.69 ) by a factor of 1.5 . Suicide and homicide contribute equally to total firearm deaths in the U.S. , but most firearm deaths are suicides ( 71 % ) in HI countries and homicides ( 72 % ) in UMI countries . '' Suicide ( edit ) Firearms accounted for 51.5 % of U.S. suicides in 2013 , and suicides account for 63 % of all firearm - related deaths . According to Kleck , most research has found no relationship between gun availability and suicide rates . In contrast , a 2012 review by researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health found that in the United States , the percent of suicide attempts that prove fatal is `` strongly related to the availability of household firearms . '' Federal and State laws ( edit ) The number of federal and state gun laws is unknown . A 2005 American Journal of Preventive Medicine study says 300 , and the NRA says 20,000 , though the Washington Post fact checker says of that decades - old figure : `` This 20,000 figure appears to be an ancient guesstimate that has hardened over the decades into a constantly repeated , never - questioned talking point . It could be lower , or higher , depending on who 's counting what . '' Federal laws ( edit ) Main article : Gun law in the United States Federal gun laws are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) . Most federal gun laws were enacted through : National Firearms Act ( 1934 ) Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 ( 1968 ) Gun Control Act of 1968 ( 1968 ) Firearm Owners Protection Act ( 1986 ) Undetectable Firearms Act ( 1988 ) Gun - Free School Zones Act of 1990 ( 1990 ) ( ruled unconstitutional as originally written ; upheld after minor edits were made by Congress ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act ( 1993 ) Federal Assault Weapons Ban ( 1994 ) ( expired 2004 ) State laws and constitutions ( edit ) Main article : Gun laws in the United States by state In addition to federal gun laws , all U.S. states and some local jurisdictions have imposed their own firearms restrictions . Each of the fifty states has its own laws regarding guns . Forty four of the fifty US states have the right to keep and bear arms written into their state constitutions . The text of these constitutional provisions vary . For example , Hawaii 's constitution simply copies the text of the Second Amendment verbatim , while North Carolina and South Carolina begin with the same but continue with an injunction against maintaining standing armies . Alaska also begins with the full text of the Second Amendment , but adds that the right `` shall not be denied or infringed by the State or a political subdivision of the State '' . Rhode Island subtracts the first half of the Second Amendment , leaving only , `` ( t ) he right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed '' . The majority of the remaining states ' constitutions differ from the text of the U.S. Constitution primarily in their clarification of exactly to whom the right belongs or by the inclusion of additional , specific protections or restrictions . Seventeen states refer to the right to keep and bear arms as being an individual right , with Utah and Alaska referring to it explicitly as `` ( t ) he individual right to keep and bear arms '' , while the other fifteen refer to the right as belonging to `` every citizen '' , `` all individuals '' , `` all persons '' , or another , very similar phrase . In contrast are four states which make no mention whatever of an individual right or of defense of one 's self as a valid basis for the right to arms . Arkansas , Massachusetts , and Tennessee all state that the right is `` for the common defense '' , while Virginia 's constitution explicitly indicates that the right is derived from the need for a militia to defend the state . Most state constitutions enumerate one or more reasons for the keeping of arms . Twenty - four states include self - defense as a valid , protected use of arms ; twenty - eight cite defense of the state as a proper purpose . Ten states extend the right to defense of home and / or property , five include the defense of family , and six add hunting and recreation . Idaho is uniquely specific in its provision that `` ( n ) o law shall impose licensure , registration , or special taxation on the ownership or possession of firearms or ammunition . Nor shall any law permit the confiscation of firearms , except those actually used in the commission of a felony '' . Fifteen state constitutions include specific restrictions on the right to keep and bear arms . Florida 's constitution calls for a three - day waiting period for all modern cartridge handgun purchases , with exceptions for handgun purchases by those holding a CCW license , or for anyone who purchases a black - powder handgun . Illinois prefaces the right by indicating that it is `` ( s ) ubject ... to the police power '' . Florida and the remaining thirteen states with specific restrictions all carry a provision to the effect that the state legislature may enact laws regulating the carrying , concealing , and / or wearing of arms . Forty states preempt some or all local gun laws , due in part to campaigning by the NRA for such legislation . See also ( edit ) Articles ( edit ) 2018 United States gun violence protests Assault weapons legislation in the United States Campus carry in the United States Concealed carry in the United States Gun culture in the United States Gun show loophole High - capacity magazine ban Open carry in the United States One handgun a month law School shooting Universal background check Organizations ( edit ) See also : Category : Firearms - related organizations . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The right to keep and bear arms is said to belong to `` every citizen '' by the constitutions of Alabama , Connecticut , Maine , Mississippi , Missouri , Nevada , and Texas ; to the `` individual citizen '' by Arizona , Illinois , and Washington ; and to a unique but very similar variant therof by Louisiana ( `` every citizen , '' ) Michigan ( `` every person , '' ) Montana ( `` any person , '' ) New Hampshire ( `` all persons , '' ) and North Dakota ( `` all individuals . '' ) Jump up ^ Defense of one 's self is listed as a valid purpose for the keeping and bearing of arms by the constitutions of the states of Alabama , Arizona , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Indiana , Kentucky , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , South Dakota , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia , and Wyoming . Jump up ^ The defense of the state or simply the common defense is indicated to be a proper purpose for keeping and bearing arms by the constitutions of the states of Alabama , Arkansas , Arizona , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Indiana , Kentucky , Massachusetts , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , and Wyoming . Jump up ^ Defense of one 's home and / or property is included as a protected purpose for the keeping and bearing of arms by the constitutions of the states of Colorado , Delaware , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Oklahoma , Utah , and West Virginia . Jump up ^ The defense of one 's family is listed as a valid reason for keeping and bearing arms by the constitutions of the states of Delaware , New Hampshire , North Dakota , Utah ( which includes both family and `` others , '' ) and West Virginia . Jump up ^ Hunting and recreation are included in the state constitutional provision for the right of keeping and bearing arms by the states of Delaware , Nevada , New Mexico , North Dakota , West Virginia , and Wisconsin . Jump up ^ The scope of the state constitutional right to keep and bear arms is limited by the states of Colorado , Idaho , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , New Mexico , and North Carolina as to allow the regulation or prohibition of the carrying of concealed weapons ; the constitutions of Florida , Georgia , Oklahoma , Tennessee , and Texas allow for regulations on the carrying or wearing of arms in general . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2012 ) . `` Policy Definition and Gun Control '' . The Politics of Gun Control . Boulder , Colorado : Paradigm . ISBN 9781594519871 . OCLC 714715262 . Jump up ^ Desilver , Drew ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` A Minority of Americans Own Guns , But Just How Many Is Unclear '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guns : Gallup Historical Trends '' , Gallup . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/02/15/its-time-to-bring-back-the-assault-weapons-ban-gun-violence-experts-say/ It 's time to bring back the assault weapons ban , gun violence experts say The Washington Post Jump up ^ https://slate.com/culture/2018/02/jimmy-kimmel-pleads-for-commonsense-gun-reform-through-tears.html Jimmy Kimmel Cried Again While Addressing the Parkland Shooting , Desperately Pleading for `` Common Sense '' Jump up ^ Bruce , John M. ; Wilcox , Clyde ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Bruce , John M. ; Wilcox , Clyde . The Changing Politics of Gun Control . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8615 - 9 . OCLC 833118449 . ^ Jump up to : Spitzer , Robert J. ( 1995 ) . The Politics of Gun Control . Chatham House . ISBN 9781566430227 . Jump up ^ Levan , Kristine ( 2013 ) . `` 4 Guns and Crime : Crime Facilitation Versus Crime Prevention '' . In Mackey , David A. ; Levan , Kristine . Crime Prevention . Jones & Bartlett . p. 438 . ISBN 9781449615932 . They ( the NRA ) promote the use of firearms for self - defense , hunting , and sporting activities , and also promote firearm safety . ^ Jump up to : Larry Pratt . `` Firearms : the People 's Liberty Teeth '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Terry , Don ( 1992 - 03 - 11 ) . `` How Criminals Get Guns : In Short , All Too Easily '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lott , John . More Guns , Less Crime : Understanding Crime and Gun Control Laws ( University of Chicago Press , Third edition , 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 49366 - 4 Jump up ^ Anderson , Jervis ( 1984 ) . Guns in American Life . Random House . ISBN 9780394535982 . Jump up ^ Smith , Daniel A. ( 1998 ) . Tax Crusaders and the Politics of Direct Democracy . Routledge . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91991 - 6 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Daniel A. ( 1998 ) . Tax Crusaders and the Politics of Direct Democracy . Routledge . p. 174 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 91991 - 6 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Bart ( September 6 , 2006 ) . `` Primary Documents Relating to the Seizure of Powder at Williamsburg , VA , April 21 , 1775 '' . revwar75.com ( transcription , amateur ? ) . Horseshoe Bay , Texas : John Robertson . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Saul ( 2006 ) . A Well - Regulated Militia : The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America . New York City : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514786 - 5 . OCLC 62741396 . Jump up ^ Bliss v. Commonwealth , 2 Littell 90 ( KY 1822 ) . Jump up ^ United States . Anti-Crime Program . Hearings Before Ninetieth Congress , First Session . Washington : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1967 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Darell R. ( 1982 ) . `` Second Amendment Survey '' ( PDF ) . Northern Kentucky Law Review Second Amendment Symposium : Rights in Conflict in the 1980 's . 10 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Two states , Alaska and Vermont , do not require a permit or license for carrying a concealed weapon to this day , following Kentucky 's original position . ^ Jump up to : State v. Buzzard , 4 Ark . ( 2 Pike ) 18 ( 1842 ) . Jump up ^ Cornell , Saul ( 2006 ) . A Well - Regulated Militia -- The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America . New York City : Oxford University Press . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514786 - 5 . Dillon endorsed Bishop 's view that Buzzard 's `` Arkansas doctrine , '' not the libertarian views exhibited in Bliss , captured the dominant strain of American legal thinking on this question . Jump up ^ Kerrigan , Robert ( June 2006 ) . `` The Second Amendment and related Fourteenth Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1992 ) . `` The Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment '' . Yale Law Journal . Faculty Scholarship . Yale Law School . 101 : 1193 -- 1284 . doi : 10.2307 / 796923 . Jump up ^ See U.S. v. Cruikshank 92 U.S. 542 ( 1876 ) , Presser v. Illinois 116 U.S. 252 ( 1886 ) , Miller v. Texas 153 U.S. 535 ( 1894 ) ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Sanford : The Embarrassing Second Amendment , 99 Yale L.J. 637 - 659 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Boston T. Party ( Kenneth W. Royce ) ( 1998 ) . Boston on Guns & Courage . Javelin Press . pp. 3 : 15 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved November 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Telling Miller 's Tale '' , Reynolds , Glenn Harlan and Denning , Brannon P . Jump up ^ Brian Knight ( September 2011 ) . `` State Gun Policy and Cross-State Externalities : Evidence from Crime Gun Tracing '' . Providence RI . Jump up ^ Burger , Warren E. ( January 14 , 1990 ) . `` The Right To Bear Arms : A distinguished citizen takes a stand on one of the most controversial issues in the nation '' . Parade Magazine : 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ S. 49 ( 99th ) : Firearms Owners ' Protection Act . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ Joshpe , Brett ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Ronald Reagan Understood Gun Control '' . Hartford Courant ( op - ed ) . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Welna , David ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` The Decades - Old Gun Ban That 's Still On The Books '' . NPR . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kevin ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Stockton school massacre : A tragically familiar pattern '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berlet , Chip ( September 1 , 2004 ) . `` Militias in the Frame '' . Contemporary Sociologists . American Sociological Association . 33 ( 5 ) : 514 -- 521 . doi : 10.1177 / 009430610403300506 . All four books being reviewed discuss how mobilization of the militia movement involved fears of gun control legislation coupled with anger over the deadly government mishandling of confrontations with the Weaver family at Ruby Ridge , Idaho and the Branch Davidians in Waco , Texas . Jump up ^ More militia movement sources : Chermak , Steven M. ( 2002 ) . Searching for a Demon : The Media Construction of the Militia Movement . UPNE . ISBN 9781555535414 . OCLC 260103406 . ( Chapter 2 ) describes the primary concerns of militia members and how those concerns contributed to the emergence of the militia movement prior to the Oklahoma City bombing . Two high - profile cases , the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents , are discussed because they have elicited the anger and concern of the people involved in the movement . Crothers , Lane ( 2003 ) . Rage on the Right : The American Militia Movement from Ruby Ridge to Homeland Security . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 97 . ISBN 9780742525474 . OCLC 50630498 . Chapter 4 examines the actions surrounding , and the political impact of , the standoff at Ruby Ridge ... Arguably , the siege ... lit the match that ignited the militia movement . Freilich , Joshua D. ( 2003 ) . American Militias : State - Level Variations in Militia Activities . LFB Scholarly . p. 18 . ISBN 9781931202534 . OCLC 501318483 . ( Ruby Ridge and Waco ) appear to have taken on a mythological significance within the cosmology of the movement ... Gallaher , Carolyn ( 2003 ) . On the Fault Line : Race , Class , and the American Patriot Movement . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 17 . ISBN 9780742519749 . OCLC 845530800 . Patriots , however , saw ( the Ruby Ridge and Waco ) events as the first step in the government 's attempt to disarm the populace and pave the way for imminent takeover by the new world order . Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert J. : The Politics of Gun Control , Page 16 . Chatham House Publishers , Inc. , 1995 . Jump up ^ Harry L. Wilson : `` Libertarianism and Support for Gun Control '' in Guns in American Society : An Encyclopedia of History , Politics , Culture , and the Law , Volume 1 , p. 512 ( Gregg Lee Carter , Ed. , ABC - CLIO , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Bennett , Cory ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The Evolution of the NRA 's Defense of Guns : A Brief History of the NRA 's Involvement in Legislative Discussions '' . National Journal . National Journal Group . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Alan ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` The NRA Is n't The Only Opponent Of Gun Control '' . NPR . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.L. `` Bill '' Richardson - GOA `` . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Singh , Robert P. ( 2003 ) . Governing America : The Politics of a Divided Democracy . Oxford University . ISBN 0 - 19 - 925049 - 9 . OCLC 248877185 . Jump up ^ Tatalovich , Raymond ; Daynes , Byron W. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Moral Controversies in American Politics . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1420 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce , John M. ; Wilcox , Clyde ( 1998 ) . The Changing Politics of Gun Control . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 159 . ISBN 9780847686155 . Jump up ^ Cook , Philip J. ; Goss , Kristin A. ( 2014 ) . The Gun Debate : What Everyone Needs to Know . Oxford University Press . p. 201 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Diana ( 1998 ) . `` Trying to Stop the Craziness of This Business : Gun Control Groups '' . In Bruce , John M. ; Wilcox , Clyde . The Changing Politics of Gun Control . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8615 - 9 . OCLC 833118449 . Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert J. : The Politics of Gun Control . Chatham House Publishers , Inc. , 1995 Jump up ^ Making omnibus consolidated appropriations for the fiscal year ending September 30 , 1997 , and for other purposes PUBLIC LAW 104 -- 208 -- SEPT. 30 , 1996 110 STAT. 3009 -- 244 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Michael Luo ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` N.R.A. Stymies Firearms Research , Scientists Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 22 Times Less Safe ? Anti-Gun Lobby 's Favorite Spin Re-Attacks Guns In The Home '' . NRA - ILA . December 11 , 2001 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eliot Marshall ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Obama Lifts Ban on Funding Gun Violence Research '' . ScienceInsider . American Association for the Advancement of Science . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hahn , R.A. ; Bilukha , O.O. ; Crosby , A ; Fullilove , M.T. ; Liberman , A ; Moscicki , E.K. ; Snyder , S ; Tuma , F ; Briss , P ; Task Force on Community Preventive Services ( October 3 , 2003 ) . `` First Reports Evaluating the Effectiveness of Strategies for Preventing Violence : Firearms Laws . Findings from the Task Force on Community Preventive Services '' ( PDF ) . MMWR . Atlanta , Georgia : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 52 ( RR - 14 ) : 11 -- 20 . ISSN 1057 - 5987 . PMID 14566221 . Jump up ^ Wellford , Charles F ; Pepper , John V ; Petrie , Carol V , eds. ( 2013 ) ( Print ed. 2005 ) . Firearms and Violence : A Critical Review ( Electronic ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : National Academies Press . p. 97 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 54640 - 0 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Elizabeth ; Schulte , Brigid ( December 20 , 2007 ) . `` Congress Passes Bill to Stop Mentally Ill From Getting Guns '' . The Washington Post . Washington , D.C. Congress yesterday approved legislation that would help states more quickly and accurately identify potential firearms buyers with mental health problems that disqualify them from gun ownership under federal law ... ( The bill ) drew overwhelming bipartisan support , and the backing of both the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence and the National Rifle Association . Jump up ^ `` Vets worry bill blocks gun purchases '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Las Vegas , Nevada . November 5 , 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rose , Veronica ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` OLR Research Report : Parker v. District of Columbia '' . cga.ct.gov . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Major Gun Company Became An Industry Pariah After It Made Its Guns Safer '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will Obama 's Action Create A Market For ' Smart ' Guns ? '' . Npr.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A New Jersey Law That 's Kept Smart Guns Off Shelves Nationwide '' . Npr.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Under Fire , Maryland Dealer Drops Plans To Sell Smart Gun '' . Npr.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Veronica ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` OLR Research Report : Summary of DC v. Heller '' . cga.ct.gov . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scalia , Antonin ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` District of Columbia et al. v. Heller , Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , No. 07 -- 290 . Argued March 18 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) : 2 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Matthew ( January 19 , 2013 ) . `` Why Liberals Should Thank Justice Scalia for Gun Control : His ruling in a key Supreme Court case leans on original intent and will let Obama push his proposals '' . National Journal . National Journal Group . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices Rule for Individual Gun Rights '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : See `` District of Columbia v. Heller : The Individual Right to Bear Arms '' ( PDF ) Archived January 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( comment ) , Harvard Law Review , Vol. 122 , pp. 141 - 142 ( 2008 ) : `` Justice Stevens filed a dissenting opinion , agreeing with the majority that the Second Amendment confers an individual right , but disagreeing as to the scope of that right .... Justices Souter , Ginsburg , and Breyer joined Justice Stevens 's opinion . '' ^ Jump up to : Bhagwat , A. ( 2010 ) . The Myth of Rights : The Purposes and Limits of Constitutional Rights . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 9780195377781 . Justice Stevens begins his opinion by conceding Justice Scalia 's point that the Second Amendment right is an ' individual ' one , in the sense that ' ( s ) urely it protects a right that can be enforced by individuals . ' He concludes , however , that all of the historical context , and all of the evidence surrounding the drafting of the Second Amendment , supports the view that the Second Amendment protects only a right to keep and bear arms in the context of militia service . Jump up ^ Bennett , R. ; Solum , L. ( 2011 ) . Constitutional originalism : A Debate . Ithaca , N.Y : Cornell University Press . p. 29 . ISBN 9780801447938 . In both dissents , the clear implication is that if the purpose of the Second Amendment is militia -- related , it follows that the amendment does not create a legal rule that protects an individual right to possess and carry fire arms outside the context of service in a state militia . Jump up ^ Schultz , D.A. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution . New York : Infobase Publishing . p. 201 . ISBN 9781438126777 . Justice John Paul Stevens argued that the debate over the Second Amendment was not whether it protected an individual or collective right but , instead , over the scope of the right to bear arms . Jump up ^ `` Outside Spending '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is a PAC ? '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org. 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Outside Spending : Frequently Asked Questions About 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) Groups '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org. 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Janda , Kenneth ; Berry , Jeffrey M. ; Goldman , Jerry ( December 19 , 2008 ) . The Challenge of Democracy : American Government in a Global World ( 10 ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Cengage Learning . p. 309 . ISBN 054720454X . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super PACs '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org . July 23 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Rifle Association of America Political Victory Fund , 2012 Cycle '' . Washington , D.C. : SunlightFoundation.com. 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Rifle Association of America Political Victory Fund '' . Washington , D.C. : SunlightFoundation.com. April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Camia , Catalina ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bloomberg defends ads targeting pro-gun Democrat '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Independence USA PAC Outside Spending '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org. 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Independence USA '' . FactCheck.org . February 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schouten , Fredreka ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Giffords ' super PAC raises $12.5 million '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Robillard , Kevin ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Gabrielle Giffords PAC goal : $20 million by 2014 elections '' . POLITICO . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lobbying Spending DB Firearms , Guns & Ammo 2013 '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org. 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Rights '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org . January 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Control '' . Washington , D.C. : OpenSecrets.org . January 27 , 2014 . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Andy ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wiki Weapon Project ' Aims To Create A Gun Anyone Can 3D - Print At Home '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poeter , Damon ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Could a ' Printable Gun ' Change the World ? '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Andy ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` Meet The ' Liberator ' : Test - Firing The World 's First Fully 3D - Printed Gun '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morelle , Rebecca ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Working gun made with 3D printer '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Lee . `` The first entirely 3D - printed handgun is here '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Now Is the Time '' . White House . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Now Is the Time : Gun Violence Reduction Executive Actions '' ( PDF ) . White House . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Now Is the Time : Gun Violence Reduction Executive Actions '' ( PDF ) . White House . January 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What 's in Obama 's Gun Control Proposal '' . The New York Times . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obama Takes Senate to Task for Failed Gun Control Measure '' . ABC News . April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full transcript of BBC interview with President Barack Obama '' . BBC . July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Memorandum -- Engaging in Public Health Research on the Causes and Prevention of Gun Violence '' ( Press release ) . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephen Collinson . `` Obama on gun control : His emotional evolution '' . Cnn.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sorting Out Obama 's Gun Proposal - FactCheck.org '' . Factcheck.org . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's gun push helps Clinton '' . Jump up ^ `` FACT SHEET : New Executive Actions to Reduce Gun Violence and Make Our Communities Safer '' . 2016 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Reference : C.N. 630.2014. TREATIES - XXVI. 8 ( Depositary Notification ) '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Arms Trade Treaty -- UNODA '' . Un.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN : Global Arms Trade Treaty a step closer after resounding vote '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Section , United Nations News Service ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` UN News - UN General Assembly approves global arms trade treaty '' . UN News Service Section . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Overwhelming majority of states in general assembly say ' yes ' to arms trade treaty to stave off irresponsible transfers that perpetuate conflict , human suffering '' . United Nations . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arms Trade Treaty : Treaty Status '' . United Nations . August 15 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 2014 ) . `` U.S. Senate and House send letter rejecting UN Arms Trade Treaty '' . American Rifleman. 162 ( 1 ) : 101 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Democratic Senators Oppose U.N. Arms Trade Treaty '' . NRA-ILA.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkie , Christina ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Arms Trade Treaty , Signed By John Kerry , Opens New Front In Senate Battle Over Gun Control '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ UPI staff . `` Support grows for U.N. arms treaty '' . United Press International . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Swanson , Emily ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` Gun Control Polls Find Support Sliding For Harsher Laws '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Aronow , Peter M ; Miller , Benjamin T ( January 2016 ) . `` Policy misperceptions and support for gun control legislation '' . The Lancet . 387 ( 10015 ) : 223 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 00042 - 8 . PMID 26842292 . Jump up ^ `` Law Center To Prevent Gun Violence Because Smart Gun Laws Save Lives '' . Smartgunlaws.org . N.p. , 2017 . Web . 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence - Annual Gun Law State Scorecard 2016 '' . gunlawscorecard.org . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Getting Harder To Argue That Strong Gun Laws Do n't Have An Effect On Gun Violence '' . The Huffington Post . N.p. , 2017 . Web . 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns : Gallup Historical Trends '' . gallup.com . December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guns : Gallup Historical Trends '' . gallup.com. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guns : Gallup Historical Trends '' . gallup.com . October 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Americans ' Dissatisfaction With Gun Laws Highest Since 2001 '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Americans ' Desire for Stricter Gun Laws Up Sharply '' . gallup.com . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ OnMessage Inc . `` NRA National Member Survey '' ( PDF ) . National Rifle Association . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Tony . America 's Beginnings : The Dramatic Events that Shaped a Nation 's Character , p. 174 ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Roth , Timothy . Morality , Political Economy and American Constitutionalism , p. 16 ( Edward Elgar Publishing , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Utter , Glenn . Culture Wars in America : A Documentary and Reference Guide , p. 145 ( ABC - CLIO , November 12 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Jan Arno Hessbruegge , Human Rights and Personal Self - Defense in International Law , Oxford University Press ( 2017 ) , chapter 3 and chapter 6 Human Rights and Self - Defense Jump up ^ Eggen , Robert Barnes and Dan ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court affirms fundamental right to bear arms '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carper , Dnald and McKinsey , John . Understanding the Law , p. 85 ( Cengage Learning 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Staff , LII ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Second Amendment '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legal Information Institute ( LII ) : Second Amendment '' . law.cornell.edu . Cornell University Law School . January 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1987 ) . That Every Man Be Armed : The Evolution of a Constitutional Right . University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 945999 - 28 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Story , Joseph , A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States ( 1986 ) Regnery Gateway , Chicago , Illinois , p. 319 - 320 , ISBN 0 - 89526 - 796 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Hardy , David T . The origins and Development of the Second Amendment ( 1986 ) , Blacksmith Corp. , Chino Valley , Arizona , pp. 64 - 93 , ISBN 0 - 941540 - 13 - 8 Jump up ^ `` The Second Amendment -- Reaching a Consensus as an Individual Right '' by Miguel A. Faria Jump up ^ `` Guns and Violence '' by Miguel A. Faria Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert J. ( October 2008 ) . `` Review of The Founders ' Second Amendment by Stephen P. Holbrook '' . Gvpt.umd.edu/ . Law & Politics Book Review . University of Maryland . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . As the Supreme Court made clear this past summer , judges can change the law , although there is less than consensus , even among conservatives , that Justice Antonin Scalia succeeded in making the case for the majority in Heller . Federal Judge Richard Posner ( 2008 ) opined recently that Scalia 's opinion , though lengthy , ' is not evidence of disinterested historical inquiry . It is evidence of the ability of well - staffed courts to produce snow jobs . ' Jump up ^ Clemente , Matt ( 2009 ) . `` The Framers ' Aims : Heller , History , and the Second Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Discoveries . John S. Knight Institute for Writing in the Disciplines . Cornell University . Spring 2011 ( 10 ) : 63 -- 76 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . For although Americans believe in an individual right to bear arms , public opinion polls have consistently shown that they favor commonsense gun restrictions as well . Thus , if the lower courts begin to get too bold and begin striking down popular gun control laws , Heller , like Lochner ( v. New York ) , will be seen as a mistake . Jump up ^ Magarian , Gregory P. ( 2012 ) . `` Speaking Truth to Firepower : How the First Amendment Destabilizes the Second '' ( PDF ) . Texas Law Review . University of Texas . 91 ( 49 ) : 49 -- 99 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . The Constitution can confer rights on individuals , as the First Amendment undeniably does , but -- as First Amendment theorists frequently contend -- for collectivist rather than individualist reasons ... While this Article does not contest the core holdings of Heller and McDonald that the Second Amendment confers an individual right against the federal and state governments , ( I challenge ) those decisions ' primary justification for the Second Amendment : protection of individual self - defense . Jump up ^ Bartholomees , J. The U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues : National security policy and strategy , p. 267 ( Strategic Studies Institute , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Dizard , Jan et al. Guns in America : A Reader , p. 177 ( NYU Press , 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Vile , John . Great American Judges : An Encyclopedia , Volume 1 , p. 766 ( ABC - CLIO , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee and Walk , Thomas . Constitutional Law : Rights , Liberties and Justice , 8th Edition , p. 396 ( SAGE 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Wilson , Harry . Guns , Gun Control , and Elections : The Politics and Policy of Firearms , pp. 20 - 21 ( Rowman & Littlefield , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Willing , Richard ( March 21 , 2006 ) . `` States allow deadly self - defense '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Unintended Consequences : What the Supreme Court 's Second Amendment Decision in D.C. v. Heller Means for the Future of Gun Laws ( PDF ) '' , A White Paper by the Legal Action Project of the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence ( October 20 , 2008 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 ) : After Heller , the issue is : What reasonable gun laws should be passed that will make our families and communities more safe , without infringing on the right of law - abiding persons to possess guns for self - defense ? This framing of the issue will move the debate from the extremes to the middle and , as such , is highly favorable to progress toward a new , sensible , national gun policy . Jump up ^ Cook , Philip and Goss , Kristin . Guns in America : What Everyone Needs to Know , p. 31 ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ 65 % See Gun Rights As Protection Against Tyranny , Rasmussen Reports ( January 18 , 2013 ) : `` The Second Amendment to the Constitution provides Americans with the right to own a gun . Is the purpose of the Second Amendment to ensure that people are able to protect themselves from tyranny ? '' Jump up ^ Swift , Art ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Personal Safety Top Reason Americans Own Guns Today : Second Amendment rights , job with police or military are lower on list '' . gallup.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guns in American Society , pp. 169 , 305 , 306 , 312 , 358 , 361 - 362 , 454 , 455 , 458 , 467 , 575 , 576 , 738 , 812 , 846 ( `` check against tyranny '' ) , 891 ( edited by Gregg Lee Carter , ABC - CLIO 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` Mike Huckabee for President : Issues : 2nd Amendment Rights '' . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Assault Weapons and Assaults on the Constitution '' . April 22 , 2003 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Levy , Leonard . Origins of the Bill of Rights , p. 144 ( Yale University Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Noah Webster , `` An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution '' ( 1787 ) , reprinted in Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During Its Discussion by the People , 1787 -- 1788 , at 56 ( Paul L. Ford , ed. 1971 ) ( 1888 ) : Before a standing army can rule , the people must be disarmed ; as they are in almost every kingdom in Europe . The supreme power in America can not enforce unjust laws by the sword ; because the whole body of the people are armed , and constitute a force superior to any band of regular troops that can be , on any pretense , raised in the United States . Jump up ^ Bond , Jon and Smith , Kevin . Analyzing American Democracy : Politics and Political Science , p. 86 ( Routledge , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 2000 ) . `` Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews '' ( PDF ) . Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law . 17 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 535 . Jump up ^ LaPierre , Wayne ( 1994 ) . Guns , Crime , and Freedom . Washington , D.C. : Regnery . OCLC 246629786 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Michael S. ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Holocaust Imagery and Gun Control '' . In Carter , Gregg Lee . Guns in American Society : An Encyclopedia of History , Politics , Culture and the Law . 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . pp. 411 -- 415 . ISBN 9780313386701 . OCLC 833189121 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Bernard E. ( 2004 ) . `` On Gun Registration , the NRA , Adolf Hitler , and Nazi Gun Laws : Exploding the Gun Culture Wars ( A Call to Historians ) '' . Fordham Law Review . 73 ( 2 ) : 653 -- 680 . Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2004 ) . `` Do n't Know Much About History , Politics , or Theory : A Comment '' . Fordham Law Review . 73 ( 2 ) : 721 -- 730 . Jump up ^ Nuckols , Mark ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Why the ' Citizen Militia ' Theory Is the Worst Pro-Gun Argument Ever '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil and Hirsch , Alan . For the People : What the Constitution Really Says About Your Rights , pp. 7 , 171 -- 176 ( Simon and Schuster 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Pound , Roscoe. : The Development of Constitutional Guarantees of Liberty , page 91 . Yale University Press , New Haven , CT. 1957 Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert . Right to Bear Arms : Rights and Liberties Under the Law , p. 61 ( ABC - CLIO , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Federalized Militia Debate '' in Saul Cornell 's `` Whose Right to Bear Arms Did the Second Amendment Protect '' , April 7 , 2000 Jump up ^ Pratt , Larry , Armed People Victorious ( 1990 ) Gun Owners Foundation , Springfield , Va. , pp. 17 - 68 Jump up ^ Pratt , Larry ( ed . ) Safeguarding Liberty -- The Constitution and Citizens Militias Legacy Communications , Franklin Tennessee , pp. 197 - 352. ISBN 1 - 880692 - 18 - X Jump up ^ Mulloy , Darren . American Extremism : History , Politics and the Militia Movement , p. 159 - 160 ( Routledge , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John . `` Know Your Lawmakers '' , Guns , April 1960 , p. 4 ( 1960 ) in `` Sources on the Second Amendment and Rights to Keep and Bear Arms in State Constitutions '' , Prof. Eugene Volokh , UCLA Law School Jump up ^ Jan Arno Hessbruegge , Human Rights and Personal Self - Defense in International Law , Oxford University Press ( 2017 ) , ch. 5 Human Rights and Self - Defense Jump up ^ Simon Rogers ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stopping Gun Violence : Time for Innovative Solutions '' . Forbes . January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Follman , Mark ( 2015 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Opinion How Many Mass Shootings Are There , Really ? '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Firearm - related deaths in the United States and 35 other high - and upper - middle income countries '' , International Journal of Epidemiology ( 1998 ) Vol 27 , pages 214 - 221 Jump up ^ `` The Seventh United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems ( 1998 - 2000 ) '' Archived November 4 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) Jump up ^ `` Public Health and Gun Control -- - A Review ( Part I : The Benefits of Firearms ) - Hacienda Publishing '' . haciendapublishing.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Health and Gun Control -- - A Review ( Part II : Gun Violence and Constitutional Issues ) - Hacienda Publishing '' . haciendapublishing.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evers , Williamson M. ( 1994 ) . `` Victim 's Rights , Restitution , and Retribution '' . Independent Institute : 7 . Jump up ^ California Department of Justice , Bureau of Criminal Statistics and Special Services ( 1981 ) . `` Homicide in California '' . Jump up ^ http://www.gunviolencearchive.org/past-tolls ^ Jump up to : http://www.vpc.org/studies/justifiable17.pdf Jump up ^ G. Kwon , Ik - Whan , Scott , Bradley , Safranski , Scott R. and Bae , Muen , ' The Effectiveness of Gun Control Laws : Multivariate Statistical Analysis ' in The American Journal of Economics and Sociology , Vol. 56 , No. 1 ( 1997 ) , pp. 41 - 50 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Public Health Law Research '' . Publichealthlawresearch.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Shall Issue '' Concealed Weapons Laws , Public Health Law Research 2009 `` . Publichealthlawresearch.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Waiting Period Laws for Gun Permits - Public Health Law Research '' . publichealthlawresearch.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Child Access Prevention ( CAP ) Laws for Guns - Public Health Law Research '' . publichealthlawresearch.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bans on Specific Guns and Ammunition - Public Health Law Research '' . publichealthlawresearch.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Registration and Licensing Requirements - Public Health Law Research '' . publichealthlawresearch.org . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US mass shootings , 1982 - 2017 : Data from Mother Jones ' investigation '' . Motherjones.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Allison . `` Analysis : Fewer U.S. gun owners own more guns '' . CNN . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide by Firearm '' , United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Stats of the States - Homicide Mortality '' . CDC . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Gary , Kleck ; Marc , Gertz ( 1995 ) . `` Armed Resistance to Crime : The Prevalence and Nature of Self - Defense with a Gun '' . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 86 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Risks and Benefits of Keeping a Gun in the Home ... ( Fulltext , Aug 5 JAMA. 1998 ; 280 : 473 - 475 ) ( c ) AMA 1998 '' . Guncite.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Council , National Research ; Education , Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and ; Education , Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and ; Behavior , Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent ( 1993 - 02 - 01 ) . Understanding and Preventing Violence . National Academies Press . p. 266 . ISBN 9780309054768 . Jump up ^ The Impact of Gun Ownership Rates on Crime Rates : A Methodological Review of the Evidence , Gary Kleck , Journal of Criminal Justice 43 ( 2015 ) 40 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Hemenway , David ( 1997 ) . `` Survey Research and Self - Defense Gun Use : An Explanation of Extreme Overestimates '' . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology . Northwestern University School of Law . 87 ( 4 ) : 1430 -- 1445 . doi : 10.2307 / 1144020 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ KLECK , GARY ( February 1 , 2001 ) . `` Can Owning a Gun Really Triple the Owner 's Chances of being Murdered ? : The Anatomy of an Implausible Causal Mechanism '' . Homicide Studies . 5 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 77 . doi : 10.1177 / 1088767901005001005 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 -- via SAGE Journals . Jump up ^ http://fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Effects+of+the+repeal+of+Missouri%27s+handgun+purchaser+licensing+law+on+homicides&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+urban+health+%3A+bulletin+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Medicine&rft.au=Webster%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Crifasi%2C+Cassandra+Kercher&rft.au=Vernick%2C+Jon+S&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.eissn=1468-2869&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=293&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24604521&rft.externalDocID=24604521¶mdict=en-US Jump up ^ Kleck , Gary : Point Blank . Transaction Publishers , 1991 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) EG Krug , KE Powell , and LL Dahlberg ( 1998 ) `` Firearm - related deaths in the United States and 35 other high - and upper - middle - income countries '' Int. J. Epidemiol. , volume 27 ; pages 214 - 221 Jump up ^ `` FastStats '' . Cdc.gov . July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kleck G. Targeting Guns -- Firearms and Their Control . New York , NY , Aldine De Gruyter , 1997 , pp. 265 - 292 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ; Azrael , Deborah ; Barber , Catherine ( 21 April 2012 ) . `` Suicide Mortality in the United States : The Importance of Attending to Method in Understanding Population - Level Disparities in the Burden of Suicide '' . Annual Review of Public Health . 33 ( 1 ) : 393 -- 408 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - publhealth - 031811 - 124636 . PMID 22224886 . Jump up ^ Hahn , Robert A. ; Bilukha , Oleg ; Crosby , Alex ; Fullilove , Mindy T. ; Liberman , Akiva ; Moscicki , Eve ; Snyder , Susan ; Tuma , Farris ; et al. ( February 2005 ) . `` Firearms laws and the reduction of violence : A systematic review '' . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . Elsevier . 28 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amepre. 2004.10. 005 . PMID 15698747 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` The NRA 's fuzzy , decades - old claim of ' 20,000 ' gun laws '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Gun Control Legislation - Timeline '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crime Control : The Federal Response '' . Policy Almanac . September 12 , 2002 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Six States With No Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms - The Truth About Guns '' . Thetruthaboutguns.com . November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii State Constitution Article 1 , § 17 '' . Hawaii.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina State Constitution Article 1 , § 30 '' . Statelibrary.dcr.state.nc.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alaska State Constitution Article 1 , § 19 '' . Ltgov.state.ak.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rhode Island State Constitution Article 1 , § 22 '' . Rilin.state.ri.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah State Constitution Article 1 , § 6 '' . Le.utah.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama State Constitution Article 1 , § 26 '' . Legislature.state.al.us . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2006 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Dakota State Constitution Article 1 , § 1 ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Legis.nd.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NH.gov - The Official Web Site of New Hampshire State Government - State Constitution , Bill of Rights '' . Nh.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut State Constitution Article 1 , § 15 '' . Sots.ct.gov . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Legislature Law Information '' . janus.state.me.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi State Constitution Article 3 , § 12 '' . Sos.state.ms.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri State Constitution Article 1 , § 23 '' . Moga.state.mo.us = . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEVADA '' . Leg.state.nv.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Texas State Constitution , Article 1 , § 23 '' . Tlo2.tlc.state.tx.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Format Document '' . Azleg.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : lrb , wayne h , . `` Illinois Constitution - Article I '' . Ilga.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington State Constitution Article 1 , § 24 '' . Leg.wa.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State Constitution of 1974 > Article I : Declaration of Rights '' . senate.legis.state.la.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State Constitution Article 1 , § 6 ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Montana State Constitution Article 2 , § 12 '' . Leg.mt.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas State Constitution Article 2 , § 5 '' . Sos.arkansas.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Constitution '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Tennessee Secretary of State 's Website - Tennessee Secretary of State '' ( PDF ) . State.tn.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia State Constitution Article 1 , § 13 '' . Legis.state.va.us . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho State Constitution Article 1 , § 11 '' . 3.state.id.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statutes & Constitution : Constitution : Online Sunshine '' . Leg.state.fl.us . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernick , Jon S. , Lisa M. Hepburn . `` Twenty Thousand Gun - Control Laws ? '' Center on Urban & Metropolitan Policy , Brookings Institution . December 2002 Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Adams , Les ( 1996 ) . The Second Amendment Primer . A Citizen 's Guidebook To The History , Sources , And Authorities For The Constitutional Guarantee Of The Right To Keep And Bear Arms . Odysseus Editions . Birmingham , Alabama Carter , Gregg Lee ( 2006 ) . Gun Control in the United States : A Reference Handbook . ABC - CLIO . p. 408 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 760 - 0 . Davidson , Osha Gray ( 1998 ) . Under Fire : The NRA and the Battle for Gun Control . University of Iowa Press . p. 338 . ISBN 0 - 87745 - 646 - 1 . Edel , Wilbur ( 1995 ) . Gun Control : Threat to Liberty or Defense against Anarchy ? . Westport , Conn. : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95145 - 6 . OCLC 246777010 . Goss , Kristin A. ( 2008 ) . Disarmed : The Missing Movement for Gun Control in America . Princeton University Press . p. 304 . ISBN 9780691138329 . Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 2013 ) . Gun Control in the Third Reich : Disarming the Jews and `` Enemies of the State '' . Independent Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59813 - 161 - 1 . Hessbruegge , Jan Arno Human Rights and Personal Self - Defense in International Law , Oxford University Press ( 2017 ) Melzer , Scott ( 2009 ) . Gun Crusaders : The NRA 's Culture War . New York University Press . p. 336 . ISBN 9780814795972 . Snow , Robert L. ( 2002 ) . Terrorists Among Us : The Militia Threat . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Perseus . ISBN 9780738207667 . OCLC 50615207 . Utter , Glenn H. ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of Gun Control and Gun Rights . Phoenix , Ariz. : Oryx . p. 378 . ISBN 1 - 57356 - 172 - X . OCLC 42072246 . Winkler , Adam ( 2011 ) . Gunfight : The Battle over the Right to Bear Arms in America . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 361 . ISBN 9780393082296 . Journals ( edit ) Brennan , Pauline G. ; Lizotte , Alan J. ; McDowall , David ( 1993 ) . `` Guns , Southerness , and Gun Control '' . Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 9 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 307 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01064463 . Cramer , Clayton ( Winter 1995 ) . `` The Racist Roots of Gun Control '' . Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy . 42 ( 2 ) : 17 -- 25 . ISSN 1055 - 8942 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2014 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Kates , Don B. ; Mauser , Gary ( Spring 2007 ) . `` Would Banning Firearms reduce Murder and Suicide ? A Review of International and Some Domestic Evidence '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy . 30 ( 2 ) : 649 -- 694 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Langbein , Laura I. ; Lotwis , Mark A. ( August 1990 ) . `` Political Efficacy of Lobbying and Money : Gun Control in the U.S. House , 1986 '' . Legislative Studies Quarterly . Comparative Legislative Research Center . 15 ( 3 ) : 413 -- 440 . doi : 10.2307 / 439771 . JSTOR 439771 . Tahmassebi , Stefan B. ( 1991 ) . `` Gun Control and Racism '' . George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 100 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . McGarrity , Joseph P. ; Sutter , Daniel ( 2000 ) . `` A Test of the Structure of PAC Contracts : An Analysis of House Gun Control Votes in the 1980s '' . Southern Economic Journal . 67 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 63 . doi : 10.2307 / 1061612 . JSTOR 1061612 . Wogan , J.B. ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Lessons in Gun Control from Australia and Brazil '' . Emergency Management . e. Republic . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . News ( edit ) Bingham , Amy ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Shootings That Shaped Gun Control Laws '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . External links ( edit ) Gun politics in the United States at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Gun control advocacy groups : Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence Violence Policy Center Gun rights advocacy groups : National Rifle Association Second Amendment Foundation Gun Owners of America United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Ableism affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Gun politics in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_politics_in_the_United_States&oldid=856969537 '' Categories : Firearms Gun politics in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles needing cleanup from April 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2014 Articles with Curlie links Articles containing video clips Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 18 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first gun law passed in the us | [
"According to historian Saul Cornell, states passed some of the first gun control laws, beginning with Kentucky's law to \"curb the practice of carrying concealed weapons in 1813.\" There was opposition and, as a result, the individual right interpretation of the Second Amendment began and grew in direct response to these early gun control laws, in keeping with this new \"pervasive spirit of individualism.\" As noted by Cornell, \"Ironically, the first gun control movement helped give birth to the first self-conscious gun rights ideology built around a constitutional right of individual self-defense.\"[16]:140–141\n"
] | [
"in 1813"
] |
-426739321254608669 | Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 | Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 - wikipedia Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Developer ( s ) Treyarch Publisher ( s ) Activision Director ( s ) Jason Blundell Dan Bunting Artist ( s ) Bruce Hall Writer ( s ) Dave Anthony Craig Houston Composer ( s ) Jack Wall Series Call of Duty Engine IW engine Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release October 12 , 2018 Genre ( s ) First - person shooter , battle royale Mode ( s ) Multiplayer Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 ( stylized as Call of Duty : Black Ops IIII ) is a multiplayer first - person shooter video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision . It was released worldwide on October 12 , 2018 , for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . It is a sequel to the 2015 game Call of Duty : Black Ops III and is the fifth entry in the Black Ops subseries as well as the 15th main installment in the Call of Duty series overall . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Multiplayer 1.2 Zombies 1.3 Blackout 2 Plot 2.1 Multiplayer 2.2 Blackout 2.3 Zombies 2.3. 1 Chaos Story 2.3. 2 Aether Story 3 Development 4 Release 4.1 Special editions and downloadable contents 4.2 Comics tie - in 5 Reception 5.1 Pre-release 5.1. 1 Removal of single - player 5.1. 2 Season pass 5.2 Critical response 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 is a multiplayer first - person shooter video game . Unlike previous titles in the Call of Duty series , Black Ops 4 is the first entry to not feature a traditional single - player campaign , and contains only Multiplayer , Zombies and a new battle royale mode called Blackout . Multiplayer ( edit ) Black Ops 4 's multiplayer features the return of Specialists , unique soldier characters with special abilities and traits . The game features a total of ten Specialists , six of which ( Ruin , Prophet , Battery , Seraph , Nomad , Firebreak ) are returning characters from Black Ops III , while the other four ( Recon , Ajax , Torque , Crash ) are new additions . It will also feature remakes of five fan - favorite maps , Jungle , Slums , Summit , Firing Range and Nuketown . Treyarch stated that the maps will be available to all players at launch except Nuketown which will arrive in November . Multiplayer has also been reworked with various changes for more tactical and teamwork gameplay . Automatic health regeneration is removed in favor of a manual healing system ( with each player having a health bar ) , weapons are now given predictive recoil patterns , and a mixed ballistics system , using both hitscan and projectile damage , is employed as opposed to just hitscan . Weapon customization is also emphasized , allowing for deeper personalization of players ' arsenals ; attachments are also given tiers , with tier - 2 upgrades providing even bigger improvements to the weapons . Certain weapons also offer Operator Mods , which significantly change how a weapon works , while costing a significant portion of the 10 customization slots per class . In addition , the game includes Specialist Headquarters , a solo mode featuring skill - based tutorials that contain backstories on various Specialists in the game . The missions are set within the same narrative world of the Black Ops campaigns , between the events of Black Ops II and Black Ops III . Zombies ( edit ) Zombies returns as the cooperative multiplayer mode for Black Ops 4 . The game mode features a wider range of customization , allowing for more personalized play styles . Mechanics of the game can be customized via `` Custom Mutations '' , which include over 100 variables , such as overall difficulty , zombie speed , health , damage , and more . Time - limited events known as `` Callings '' are also promised to be included in the game for long - term engagement . Similar to the Nazi Zombies mode in Call of Duty : WWII , custom loadouts are included to allow players to select different starting weapons , equipment and special upgradable weapons , as well as perk selection to be available in each match . A new game type , Rush , is introduced into Zombies , where the players build up points and multipliers and compete against one another for the highest point possible until death . Black Ops 4 is also the first game to feature two distinctive , separate storylines for Zombies . At launch , the game features three on - disc maps : `` Voyage of Despair '' , which takes place on the RMS Titanic ; `` IX '' , which takes place in an Ancient Rome arena ; and `` Blood of the Dead '' , a soft - remake of the Black Ops II map `` Mob of the Dead '' , taking place once more in Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary . The former two maps form the new `` Chaos '' storyline , and star a new cast of characters : Scarlett , Stanton , Diego and Bruno ; while `` Blood of the Dead '' returns to the original `` Aether '' storyline established in the previous Black Ops games , and stars the four original characters ( Dempsey , Nikolai , Takeo , Richtofen ; also known collectively as Primis ) . A fourth map , titled `` Classified '' , is included in the special editions of the game and the `` Black Ops Pass '' at launch , and is a remake of the Black Ops map `` Five '' , featuring the original incarnation of Primis ( known as Ultimis ) as the playable characters . Blackout ( edit ) Black Ops 4 features a battle royale game mode called Blackout which will serve as a stand - in for the campaign mode . While utilizing the traditional Black Ops combat style , the mode includes the largest map featured in a Call of Duty title . Players compete against each other through locations appeared in previous Black Ops games . This mode will also feature land , sea , and air vehicles for players to use . The game mode features various playable characters from the entire Black Ops series , such as Alex Mason from the original game , Raul Menendez from Black Ops II , and the Primis crew from Zombies . In Blackout , up to 100 players , who can choose to play as Solo , Duos , or Quads ( squads of 4 ) , drop into the map via helicopters , and must scavenge for loot to survive as the last person ( s ) standing , while a circle collapses and narrows the map 's playable area . In addition to regular weapons , players can equip health kits , armors , ammo types , attachments , as well as perk consumables . AI - controlled zombie enemies also spawn at Zombies - themed locations , such as Asylum or Lighthouse , and upon being killed drop Zombies loot items , such as the Ray Gun or Cymbal Monkey . Several vehicles , such as the ATV and helicopter , are also available for traversal around the map . Similar to Fortnite Battle Royale and the main multiplayer , Blackout features special modes that change the presence or mechanics of physical items in the Blackout world . Modes such as ' Close Quarters ' emphasise a faster and more aggressive playstyle through the exclusion of long - range weapons , while others like ' Fast Collapse ' feature a faster narrowing of the circle . Plot ( edit ) Multiplayer ( edit ) In the year 2043 , during a covert mission involving a mercenary group , Jessica Mason - Green ( Alexa Kahn ) , a US Army Specialist is presumably killed while her two squad mates , Donnie `` Ruin '' Walsh ( Christian Rummel ) and Erin `` Battery '' Baker ( Morla Gorrondona ) escape with critical injuries . Two years later , Savannah Mason ( Evangeline Lilly ) , a trillionaire and Jessica 's sister , recruits ten of the world 's most elite soldiers , including Ruin and Battery , for a top - secret project against an unknown threat . Savannah uses a Combat Immersion program , with an AI taking the form of Sergeant Frank Woods ( James C. Burns ) to train the Specialists in a prototype simulation . While taking a break from training , Ruin discusses with Battery about their survival two years prior , and that he received a warning message from a mysterious individual . At some point , the individual contacts Ruin at his home , tipping him off to an ambush by mercenaries . Ruin survives the ordeal , and arrives at a warehouse where he confronts the individual , revealed to be Jessica who remained alive and went undercover . It is implied that Savannah intends to eliminate all the Specialists she hired , and that she was somehow responsible for the botched mission in 2043 . Blackout ( edit ) The story of Blackout can be pieced together using intel files unlocked from completing Specialist tutorial missions . Savannah Mason is revealed to be running Project Blackout , an experiment that is implied to be about resurrection of the dead through unknown means . The project was successful in reviving four subjects , referred to as `` archetypes '' : Viktor Reznov , Alex Mason ( Sam Worthington ) , Frank Woods and Raul Menendez ( Kamar de los Reyes ) . Savannah 's sister , Jessica , is disgusted by her role within the project ; during a heated argument , the two struggle , causing Savannah to shoot Jessica in retaliation . Woods is tasked by Savannah with brainwashing Mason , using the same numbers technique in the Cold War , for an unknown purpose . Zombies ( edit ) Chaos story ( edit ) Adventurer Scarlett Rhodes ( Courtenay Taylor ) goes on a hunt for her estranged father , Alistair , after hearing his involvement with the Chaos Order , an ancient cult hell - bent on the destruction of the world . To do so , she enlists the help of three of Alistair 's associates : former French Foreign Legion soldier Bruno Delacroix ( Andrew Morgado ) , Mexican spy Diego Necalli ( Christian Lanz ) , and British chemist Stanton Shaw ( Nick Boraine ) . The four board the RMS Titanic in search of the Sentinel Artifact , which is kept locked up . They successfully acquire it , but then encounter a member of the Chaos Order who activates the artifact , releasing a substance known as the Prima Materia . The substance transforms every ship crew member and passenger into zombies . Just as the ship crashes with an iceberg , the four adventurers band together in order to recover the Sentinel Artifact and restore it . After completing several challenges , the four are pit against the Eye of Odin , and defeat it . The Prima Materia 's effect is reversed , and all passengers on the Titanic are reverted to their human state . The crew discovers an apparition of a gateway , but before they could interact with it , they are forced to escape as the ship sinks . Shaw points the crew toward their next destination , Delphi , Greece in order to find answers . Scarlett and the gang are given directions by the Oracle of Delphi ( Cissy Jones ) to an ancient cave , where after inhaling a mysterious vapor , they are seemingly taken back in time to an ancient arena , where the High Priest of the Chaos Order uses the Prima Materia to turn slaves into zombies and pit them against gladiators for entertainment . The crew is forced to fight for survival , as they complete the challenges of the four Gods : Danu , Ra , Zeus and Odin . Upon completion of the trials , they face off against two zombified elephants , Fury and Wrath , and emerge victorious . However , their demand for clemency is ignored by the High Priest , and all four are executed by decapitation . Aether story ( edit ) During their mission to secure their own souls , the Primis crew : Edward Richtofen ( Nolan North ) , `` Tank '' Dempsey ( Steven Blum ) , Takeo Masaki ( Tom Kane ) and Nikolai Belinski ( Fred Tatasciore ) takes a detour to Alcatraz Island , where Richtofen plans to acquire blood vials , items he deems necessary for his `` insurance policy '' , to protect his companions . Upon encountering a past version of himself , Richtofen is given the Kronorium book , and learns that the contents of the book have changed , and that his own blood is now demanded by the prison 's Warden . Through their attempt to survive the Warden 's wrath , Primis learns that he intends to use Richtofen 's blood to power a special machine called the Dark Mechanism , due to it containing a massive amount of Aether energy , a result of his constant interdimensional travels . In doing so , Richtofen would take the Warden 's place and free him from eternal damnation in this pocket dimension . After gaining the trust of a seagull spirit representing Albert Arlington , an Alcatraz prisoner who died many years prior , Primis engages in a final battle against the Warden and his zombie hordes , aided by Arlington and other spirits of Alcatraz . Richtofen eventually enters the Dark Mechanism and willingly lets it extract his blood , hoping for a chance at defeating the Warden . This in turn releases another Richtofen , who has lived through a previous cycle of the events , and kept himself cryogenically frozen under Alcatraz for years . With the help of the old cycle 's Richtofen , the Warden is ultimately defeated , and all souls in Alcatraz are released from their torment . Having broken the new cycle , the old cycle 's Richtofen convinces the other Primis to pursue the omnipotent Doctor Monty , while leaving the new cycle 's Richtofen to die as his blood is drained . Back in the original timeline , following their adventures at Shangri - La , the Ultimis crew ( original incarnation of Primis ) attempts to travel to the Moon immediately , but a mishap causes them to be taken across time to 1963 , and end up in The Pentagon . Meanwhile , at the Ascension Facility in Russia , the scientist Yuri Zavoyski tricks his partner Gersh into activating a black hole device , sucking him in it , per the orders of a corrupted Samantha Maxis ( Julie Nathanson ) . Yuri uses the device to travel to the Pentagon and unleash the zombie horde experimented on by the US Government against Ultimis . Development ( edit ) When discussing why the game wo n't have a campaign mode , Treyarch studio co-head Dan Bunting revealed that a campaign mode was never planned for Black Ops 4 and that they wanted to try something different and make a game that would be more playable with friends across the board , contradicting reports that the campaign mode was scrapped in the middle of development because there was not enough time to complete it . Treyarch also observed that the majority of Black Ops III players played the game 's multiplayer without completing the single - player campaign . An Activision representative later said after the reveal that the decision to drop campaign mode will not be a permanent shift for the series , and that the campaign mode may return in the next Call of Duty game in 2019 . Release ( edit ) The insignia for Black Ops 4 , which unconventionally features Roman numerals in a basic decimal pattern . On February 6 , 2018 Eurogamer indicated that Treyarch 's 2018 Call of Duty title would be a new entry in the Black Ops sub-series , following 2015 's Call of Duty : Black Ops III . On March 5 , Call of Duty news site Charlie Intel received images of gaming retailer GameStop 's internal database that showed listings for items that were meant to market Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 . On March 7 , 2018 , NBA player James Harden was seen prior to playing a basketball game wearing a hat bearing an orange logo . People pointed out the similarities between this logo and previous ones for Black Ops titles , which both featured Roman numerals colored orange . Harden later confirmed that this was indeed advertising for Black Ops 4 . On March 8 , the game was formally announced by Activision and a teaser trailer released for it ; a reveal event was on May 17 , 2018 . Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 was released on October 12 , 2018 , on Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . It is first Call of Duty title to be released in October since Call of Duty 2 ; titles since then have all been released in November . The release of Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 a month earlier was thought to be due to Rockstar Games 's much anticipated release of Red Dead Redemption 2 on October 26 . Like previous titles , a private beta for the multiplayer mode was offered to players who pre-ordered the game . On July 11 , 2018 , Activision and Treyarch announced the dates for the multiplayer beta : PlayStation 4 players had an exclusive first beta weekend from August 3 to 6 , while a second weekend from August 10 to 13 was offered to all platforms . The Windows platform received an open beta for all players from August 11 to 13 , while players who pre-ordered the game could play from August 10 . Activision also announced a beta for the Blackout mode , which took place from September 10 for PlayStation 4 , September 14 for Xbox One and Windows , and ending September 17 for all platforms . Like the Multiplayer beta , the Windows platforms also had an open beta for Blackout which began September 15 . The Windows version of the game is developed by Treyarch in collaboration with Beenox . It exclusively uses Blizzard Entertainment 's Battle.net platform , and will not use or be available on Steam . A promotion for the game lasting from September 17 to December 31 , 2018 includes 4 Pringles Mega Stack products awarding buyers `` Double XP '' . Special editions and downloadable contents ( edit ) On June 11 , 2018 , Activision and Treyarch announced three special editions available for Black Ops 4 : the Digital Deluxe , the Digital Deluxe Enhanced , and the Pro Edition . All three editions contain the Black Ops Pass , a special season pass that grants access to `` Classified '' , a bonus Zombies map available at launch , in addition to four more maps to be released in 2019 , as well as twelve multiplayer maps , and four exclusive characters for use in Blackout mode . Rather than distributing new maps via map packs like previous Call of Duty titles , the Black Ops Pass will deliver new content on a more frequent basis throughout the year . Players who pre-order any digital editions of the game on PlayStation 4 also receive the `` Back in Black '' map pack for Call of Duty : Black Ops III . The pack contains four remastered multiplayer maps : Jungle , Summit , Slums , and Firing Range ( all of which are included in Black Ops 4 at launch ) . A collector 's edition titled `` Mystery Box Edition '' was also announced , which contains various Zombies - themed physical items , such as a collectible Mystery Box based on the mechanic of the same name in - game , lithographs based on the three on - disc Zombies maps , and figure pins based on the four main characters of the Zombies Chaos story . On September 20 , 2018 , Activision and Sony revealed their partnership for Black Ops 4 , which allows the PlayStation 4 version of the game to receive all content updates , including free and paid content , seven days before other platforms , as opposed to the 30 - day gap that was present in previous Call of Duty titles . Comics tie - in ( edit ) On June 20 , 2018 , Dark Horse Comics revealed that they would be publishing the second season of the Call of Duty : Zombies comic book series , which was first launched in October 2016 . The second season , which is a prequel focusing on the four new characters introduced in `` IX '' and `` Voyage of Despair '' , will release its first issue on September 5 , 2018 . Treyarch 's Co-Studio Head Jason Blundell and Lead Writer Craig Houston are once again behind the story of the series , and Justin Jordan and Dan Jackson return as writer and colorist , respectively , while Andres Ponce and Mauro Vargas join the series as penciller and inker , respectively . The cover art for each issue is drawn by E.M. Gist . On September 26 , 2018 , Activision announced a new 10 - issue comic series featuring the Multiplayer Specialist characters , released for free on the official Call of Duty website . The series serves as a prequel to the game , with each issue introducing a Specialist and their background prior to the events of the game . Reception ( edit ) Pre-release ( edit ) Removal of single - player ( edit ) Upon rumors emerging that Black Ops 4 would not have a single - player campaign mode , reactions from the Call of Duty community were mixed . The official confirmation by Treyarch of the absence of a campaign led to many fans expressing their disappointment . In response to the criticism , Dan Bunting , studio co-head at Treyarch , stated in an interview with Eurogamer that `` We are delivering so much more of what players spend most of their time doing in our games in the series '' , implying that fewer fans took their time to play the single - player than the multiplayer . In an interview with Polygon in May 2018 , Bunting later revealed that a traditional campaign for the game had never been intended , and appeared to refute earlier reports that Treyarch had scrapped work on it due to time constraints . Season pass ( edit ) On June 14 , 2018 , following the reveal of the game 's season pass , Activision received heavy backlash from the community for the downloadable content program as it was confirmed that map packs can not be bought separately from the pass . Players and critics compared the release model unfavorably to other companies ' approach toward free content , such as Electronic Arts with Battlefield V , criticizing Activision for focusing on the monetization of downloadable content and microtransactions , and splitting the game 's community . Critical response ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 83 / 100 ( PS4 ) 85 / 100 ( XONE ) 88 / 100 Review scores Publication Score EGM 8.5 / 10 Game Informer 9.5 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 received `` generally favorable '' reviews across all platforms according to review aggregator Metacritic . In its 9.5 / 10 review , Game Informer wrote : `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 makes a sacrifice that 's sure to be off - putting to some with the lack of a campaign , but the surrender of tradition comes with sweeping and significant benefits . Blackout is the best battle - royale experience available today , zombies offers crazy customizable co-op , and multiplayer keeps things grounded for those looking for the classic core . '' Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game 8.5 / 10 , writing : `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 has made some bold changes to the series , and ultimately , they 're for the better . The inclusion of a battle royale mode is a first , and even the more familiar multiplayer and Zombies survival mode are not what they once were . Changes are always risky , but in Black Ops 4 's case , it worked out for the better . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Raven Software and Beenox assisted in the game 's development References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Treyarch ( October 12 , 2018 ) . Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 . PlayStation 4 , Windows , Xbox One . Activision . Scene : Credits . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 wo n't have traditional single - player campaign '' . Polygon . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen . `` Sources : Next Call Of Duty Wo n't Have A Solo Campaign , May Have Battle Royale '' . Kotaku . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petite , Steven . `` ' Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 ' reportedly drops its single - player campaign '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goslin , Austen ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Black Ops 4 will bring back five fan favorite Call of Duty maps '' . Polygon . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Treyarch confirms Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 wo n't have a single - player campaign '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Christopher ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 -- Zombies will take you to the Titanic and ancient Rome '' . PCGamer . Future US , Inc . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 brings zombies to the Titanic and ancient Rome '' . SyFy . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 's Zombies mode takes you on a trip through time '' . Polygon . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fogel , Stefanie ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` New Details on ' Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 's ' Zombies Mode '' . Variety . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Brittany ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty Introduces Blackout , New Battle Royale Survival Mode '' . Shacknews . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Torres , Josh `` Foxhound - Pro '' ( September 7 , 2018 ) . `` The Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Blackout Beta Field Manual '' . Treyarch . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Treyarch explains why Black Ops 4 wo n't have a single - player campaign '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arif , Shabana ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 's lack of traditional single - player is partly due to Black Ops 3 players '' . VG 247 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 will feature a Fortnite - style battle royale mode '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Sources : This year 's COD is Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moyse , Chris ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Rumour : GameStop insider leaks Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Sam ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Logo Possibly Revealed by NBA Star James Harden '' . IGN . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ James Harden ( @ JHarden13 ) ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Let the countdown begin ... # ad # BlackOps4 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Moyse , Chris ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Activision officially announce Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 is coming this October '' . The Verge . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nash , Anthony ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Developer Teases Game in Strange Way '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline Media , LLC . Evolve Media , LLC . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gary ( March 18 , 2018 ) . Whittow , Hugh , ed . `` Call of Duty Black Ops 4 update as MW2 Remastered release news is REVEALED '' . Daily Express . Northern and Shell Media . OCLC 173337077 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Call of Duty ' Unveils Latest Title in Franchise : ' Black Ops 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 ' Is Scared Of ' Red Dead Redemption 2 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhat , Keshav ( August 31 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Blackout Beta Schedule for PS4 , Xbox One , and PC '' . CharlieINTEL . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 will be on Battle.net , not Steam '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pringles are giving away double XP for Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 '' . Dexerto . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keshav ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Special Editions announced '' . CharlieINTEL . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keshav ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 3 is free with PS Plus on PS4 till July 11 , fan favorite maps coming to BO3 with BO4 pre-order '' . CharlieINTEL . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Announcing the Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Mystery Box Edition ! '' . Activision . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` First Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Post-Launch Details Revealed , Play New Content First on PS4 '' . Activision . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhat , Keshav ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` New Call of Duty Zombies Comic announced , providing intro to Black Ops 4 's new cast '' . CharlieINTEL . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhat , Keshav ( September 26 , 2018 ) . `` New Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Specialist Comics announced '' . CharlieINTEL . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Milham , Jordan . `` BLACK OPS 4 NO STORY CAMPAIGN REACTION FROM GAME '' . Product - Reviews . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Henry , Jasmine . `` Black Ops 4 Dev Responds to Story Campaign Complaints '' . GameRant . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael . `` Treyarch explains why Black Ops 4 wo n't have a single - player campaign '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Activision under fire for `` community - splitting '' Call of Duty Black Ops 4 season pass `` . Eurogamer . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Black Ops 4 's DLC maps are locked in a season pass , and players are n't happy '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Plasses , Nick ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 Review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tack , Daniel ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Call of Duty : Black Ops 4 - Treyarch 's Gambit Yields Big Rewards '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kallie , Plagge ( October 17 , 2018 ) . `` Call Of Duty : Black Ops 4 Review - Train And Fight '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Call of Duty Games World War II Call of Duty United Offensive WWII Modern Warfare 4 : Modern Warfare Nintendo DS version Remastered Modern Warfare 2 Mobilized Controversies `` No Russian '' Modern Warfare 3 Downloadable content Defiance Black Ops World at War Nintendo DS version Final Fronts Zombies Black Ops Zombies Black Ops II Declassified Strike Team Black Ops III Black Ops 4 Other games Finest Hour Big Red One Roads to Victory Ghosts Advanced Warfare Heroes Infinite Warfare Media Modern Warfare 2 : Ghost Find Makarov : Operation Kingfish `` Not Ready to Die '' `` Nightmare '' `` Carry On '' `` Shepherd of Fire '' `` Survival '' Main developers Infinity Ward Sledgehammer Games Treyarch Raven Software Related articles Championship Elite Experience 2011 Experience 2016 Captain Price id Tech 3 IW engine Soap MacTavish World League Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops_4&oldid=866439262 '' Categories : Activision games Battle royale games Call of Duty First - person shooters Interquel video games Multiplayer and single - player video games PlayStation 4 games Treyarch games Video games developed in the United States Video games set in Alaska Video games set in China Video games set in Colombia Video games set in Iceland Video games set in Japan Video games set in Morocco Video games set in Nevada Video games set in Panama Video games set in San Francisco Video games set in Spain Video games set in Vietnam Video games set in Virginia Video games set in the 2040s Windows games Xbox One games Zombie video games 2018 video games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 10 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does call of duty blackops 4 come out | [
"Call of Duty: Black Ops 4 (stylized as Call of Duty: Black Ops IIII) is a multiplayer first-person shooter video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. It was released worldwide on October 12, 2018, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is a sequel to the 2015 game Call of Duty: Black Ops III and is the fifth entry in the Black Ops subseries as well as the 15th main installment in the Call of Duty series overall.\n"
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6970970656316642179 | Al Capone Does My Shirts | Al Capone Does My Shirts - wikipedia Al Capone Does My Shirts Al Capone Does My Shirts Author Gennifer Choldenko Country America Language English Series ' s literature Set in Alcatraz Island , near San Francisco in 1935 Published Puffin ; Reprint edition ( April 20 , 2006 ) Pages 220 Awards Newbery Honor selection , California Young Reader Medal in 2007 Followed by Al Capone Shines My Shoes Al Capone Does My Shirts is a historical fiction novel for young adults by author Gennifer Choldenko . In this story , Moose Flanagan and his family move from Santa Monica to Alcatraz Island . The move was caused by the father 's new job positions as an electrician and as a guard in the well known Alcatraz prison . The book was named as a Newbery Honor selection and in 2007 it received the California Young Reader Medal . It has two sequels , Al Capone Shines My Shoes and Al Capone Does My Homework . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Other stories 3 Awards 4 Critical reception 5 Stage Performance 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Moose Flanagan and his family composed of father Cam , mother Helen , and sister Natalie move from Santa Monica to Alcatraz Island in the 1930s . The move was caused by Cam 's new job as an electrician and guard at Alcatraz prison . The Flanagans pretend that Natalie , who is fifteen and has autism , is only ten in hopes gain her admission to the Esther P. Marinoff School , an off - island school for children with mental illness directed by a Mr. Purdy . This lie is encouraged by Moose 's mother , who believes that the Marinoff School is Natalie 's only hope for a cure and wants to avoid sending Natalie to a mental institution . Due to his parents ' hectic work schedules Moose is left with almost full responsibility of Natalie while he is also trying to fit in at his new on - island school . Natalie is accepted into the Esther P. Marinoff School , but is sent back home almost immediately because she 's having trouble adjusting to the school . Moose 's mother and Natalie 's new psychologist , Mrs. Kelly , push Moose to take full care of Natalie and to take her everywhere he goes to help improve her social skills . Moose becomes friends with the warden 's daughter , Piper , who regularly gets into trouble in her attempts to earn money to get off of Alcatraz . Piper talks him into being part of her money making schemes , having inmates on the island do laundry for the kids at school . When the scheme flops and the Warden hears of it , the children are punished and have to find a new way to spend their time . In an attempt to gain acceptance , Moose hangs around the prisoners ' rec center in hopes of finding stray baseball for use in games with the other kids . Moose eventually notices his older sister Natalie developing a relationship with convict 105 , also known as Onion , who is trusted and able to roam freely because his sentence is almost up . Onion knows Moose has been looking for a baseball , gives Moose a ball . Scared of his sister hanging out with a convict , Moose is only reassured because of his confidence that she will be re-accepted to the Marinoff School . Moose and his family 's hopes are crushed when the school rejects Natalie . Desperate to help Natalie , Moose decides to take a risk with the help of Piper and writes a letter to the infamous criminal Al Capone , who works in Alcatraz 's laundry . The letter asks Capone to pull any strings he has to help Moose 's family get his sister back into school . Within days , Natalie is accepted into a new branch of Esther P. Marinoff School for older children . The next day Moose is getting ready for the day when he finds a note in the sleeve of his shirt with the word `` done '' underlined . Other stories ( edit ) It has three sequels , Al Capone Shines My Shoes ( 2011 ) and Al Capone Does My Homework ( 2014 ) and Al Capone Throws Me a Curve ( 2018 ) . Awards ( edit ) Newbery Honor California Young Reader Medal Critical reception ( edit ) Kirkus Review gave the book a positive review , stating `` Choldenko 's pacing is exquisite , balancing the tense family dynamics alongside the often - humorous and riveting school story of peer pressure and friendship . '' Miranda Doyle of The School Library Journal says `` The story , told with humor and skill , will fascinate readers with an interest in what it was like for the children of prison guards and other workers to actually grow up on Alcatraz Island . '' Ed Sullivan of Booklist states in his review , `` With its unique setting and well - developed characters , this warm , engaging coming - of - age story has plenty of appeal , and Choldenko offers some fascinating historical background on Alcatraz Island in an afterword . '' Stage performance ( edit ) In 2011 , the book was adapted as a stage performance at The Children 's Theatre of Western Springs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/lesson-plan/al-capone-does-my-shirts-discussion-guide Jump up ^ http://www.alcaponedoesmyshirts.com/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.kidsreads.com/reviews/al-capone-does-my-shirts Jump up ^ https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/gennifer-choldenko/al-capone-does-my-shirts/ Jump up ^ Doyle , Miranda , et al. `` Al Capone Does My Shirts ( Book ) . '' School Library Journal 50.3 ( 2004 ) : 203 - 204 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 8 Dec. 2015 . Jump up ^ Choldenko , Gennifer . `` Al Capone Does My Shirts ( Book ) . '' Booklist 100.11 ( 2004 ) : 976 . Academic Search Complete . Web . 8 Dec. 2015 . Jump up ^ https://patch.com/illinois/westernsprings/ev--ctws-presents-al-capone-does-my-shirts External links ( edit ) Author webpage Publishers Weekly review Publisher webpage Children and Young Adult Literature portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Capone_Does_My_Shirts&oldid=845853190 '' Categories : 2004 American novels Newbery Honor - winning works American young adult novels 1935 in fiction Novels set in San Francisco Alcatraz Island in fiction Historical novels Novels set on islands Gangs in fiction Cultural depictions of Al Capone 2004 children 's books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 15 : 52 . About Wikipedia | who is the author of al capone does my shirts | [
"Al Capone Does My Shirts is a historical fiction novel for young adults by author Gennifer Choldenko. In this story, Moose Flanagan and his family move from Santa Monica to Alcatraz Island. The move was caused by the father's new job positions as an electrician and as a guard in the well known Alcatraz prison. The book was named as a Newbery Honor selection and in 2007 it received the California Young Reader Medal. It has two sequels, Al Capone Shines My Shoes and Al Capone Does My Homework.[1][2][3]"
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"Gennifer Choldenko"
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-3482175975645943829 | The Chronicles of Narnia (film series) | The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) - wikipedia The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Chronicles of Narnia Directed by Andrew Adamson ( 1 -- 2 ) Michael Apted ( 3 ) Joe Johnston ( 4 ) Produced by Mark Johnson ( 1 -- 3 ) Philip Steuer ( 1 -- 3 ) Andrew Adamson ( 2 -- 3 ) Mark Gordon ( 4 ) Douglas Gresham ( 4 ) Vincent Sieber ( 4 ) Melvin Adams ( 4 ) Screenplay by Ann Peacock ( 1 ) Andrew Adamson ( 1 -- 2 ) Christopher Markus ( 1 -- 3 ) Stephen McFeely ( 1 -- 3 ) Michael Petroni ( 3 ) David Magee ( 4 ) Based on The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis Starring Georgie Henley Skandar Keynes William Moseley Anna Popplewell Ben Barnes Will Poulter Tilda Swinton Liam Neeson Music by Harry Gregson - Williams ( 1 -- 2 ) David Arnold ( 3 ) Cinematography Donald McAlpine ( 1 ) Karl Walter Lindenlaub ( 2 ) Dante Spinotti ( 3 ) Edited by Sim Evan - Jones ( 1 -- 2 ) Rick Shaine ( 3 ) Production company Walt Disney Pictures ( 1 -- 2 ) Walden Media ( 1 -- 3 ) TriStar Pictures ( 4 ) Entertainment One ( 4 ) The Mark Gordon Company ( 4 ) Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( 1 -- 2 ) 20th Century Fox ( 3 ) Sony Pictures Releasing ( 4 ) Entertainment One ( 4 ) Release date 1 : 9 December 2005 2 : 16 May 2008 3 : 10 December 2010 4 TBA Running time 410 minutes ( 1 -- 3 ) Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget Total ( 3 films ) : $560 million Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $1,580,364,900 The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia , a series of novels by C.S. Lewis . From the seven novels , there have been three film adaptations so far -- The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) , Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) -- which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them . The series revolves around the adventures of children in the world of Narnia , guided by Aslan , a wise and powerful lion that can speak and is the true king of Narnia . The children heavily featured in the films are the Pevensie siblings , and a prominent antagonist is the White Witch ( also known as Jadis ) . The first two films were directed by Andrew Adamson and the third film was directed by Michael Apted . The fourth film will be directed by Joe Johnston . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Films 2.1 The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) 2.2 Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) 2.3 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) 2.4 The Silver Chair 3 Main cast 3.1 Children 3.2 Other Main Characters 4 Crew 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical and public response 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) C.S. Lewis never sold the film rights to the Narnia series during his lifetime , as he was skeptical that any cinematic adaptation could render the more fantastical elements and characters of the story realistically . Only after seeing a demo reel of CGI animals did Douglas Gresham ( Lewis 's stepson and literary executor , and film co-producer ) give approval for a film adaptation . Although the plan was originally to produce the films in the same order as the book series ' original publication , it was reported that The Magician 's Nephew , which recounts the creation of Narnia , would be the fourth feature film in the series , instead of The Silver Chair . It was rumoured that The Magician 's Nephew was chosen as an attempt to reboot the series , after the release of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader grossed less when compared to the two previous films . In March 2011 , Walden Media confirmed that they intended The Magician 's Nephew to be next in the series , but stressed that it was not yet in development . In October 2011 , Douglas Gresham stated that Walden Media 's contract with the C.S. Lewis estate had expired , hinting that Walden Media 's lapse in renegotiating their contract with the C.S. Lewis estate was due to internal conflicts between both companies about the direction of future films . On 1 October 2013 , The C.S. Lewis Company announced a partnership with The Mark Gordon Company , and that The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair was officially in pre-production . Films ( edit ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , based on the novel of the same title , is the first film in the series . Directed by Andrew Adamson , it was shot mainly in New Zealand , though locations were used in Poland , the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom . The story follows the four British Pevensie siblings , who are evacuated during the Blitz to the countryside , where they find a wardrobe that leads to the fantasy world of Narnia . There , they must ally with the lion Aslan against the forces of the White Witch , who has placed Narnia in an eternal winter . The film was released theatrically on 9 December 2005 and on DVD on 4 April 2006 and grossed over $745 million worldwide . Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Prince Caspian , based on the novel of the same title , is the second film in the series and the last distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . The story follows the same Pevensie children who were transported to Narnia in the previous film as they return to Narnia , where 1,300 years have passed and the land has been invaded by the Telmarines . The four Pevensie children aid Prince Caspian in his struggle for the throne against his corrupt uncle , King Miraz . The film was released on 16 May 2008 . It grossed $419 million worldwide . The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , based on the novel of the same title , is the first film in the series not to be co-produced by Disney , who dropped out over a budget dispute with Walden Media . In February 2009 it was announced that 20th Century Fox would replace Disney for future installments . Directed by Michael Apted , the movie was filmed almost entirely in Australia . The story follows the two younger Pevensie children as they return to Narnia with their cousin , Eustace Scrubb . They join the old king of Narnia , Caspian , in his quest to rescue seven lost lords and save Narnia from a corrupting evil that resides on a lit island . The film was released on 10 December 2010 ( in RealD 3D in select theatres ) and grossed over $415 million worldwide . The Silver Chair ( edit ) After Walden Media 's contract of the series ' film rights expired in 2011 it was originally assumed that 2014 would be the earliest that production on another Narnia film could begin according to the moratorium placed on the C.S. Lewis estate 's right to sell the books ' film option . On 1 October 2013 , The C.S. Lewis Company announced that it had entered into an agreement with the Mark Gordon Company to produce The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair , based on The Silver Chair . Mark Gordon and Douglas Gresham along with Vincent Sieber , the Los Angeles based director of The C.S. Lewis Company , would serve as producers and work with The Mark Gordon Company on developing the script . On 5 December 2013 , it was announced that David Magee would write the screenplay . In July 2014 , the official Narnia website allowed the opportunity for fans to suggest names for the Lady of the Green Kirtle , the main antagonist . The winning name is to be selected by Mark Gordon and David Magee for use in the final script of The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair . While the film 's producers have been calling the film a `` reboot '' to the series , in actuality this is referring to the fact that the film has a new creative team not associated with those who worked on the previous three films . The film itself is still considered to be a sequel to the film adaptation of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . On 9 August 2016 , it was announced that Sony 's TriStar Productions and Entertainment One Films will finance and distribute the fourth film with Mark Gordon Company ( which eOne owns ) and C.S. Lewis Company . In April 2017 , it was announced that Joe Johnston had been hired to direct The Silver Chair . In October , Johnston said filming is expected to begin in late 2018 . During an interview with Red Carpet News TV , producer Mark Gordon revealed scarce details about the new technologies and setting that would be used for the upcoming film , but did not give a release date . Main cast ( edit ) Children ( edit ) William Moseley as Peter Pevensie , title : High King Peter the Magnificent , the eldest Pevensie child and the High King of Narnia during the Golden Age . Anna Popplewell as Susan Pevensie , title : Queen Susan the Gentle , the elder Pevensie child and a Queen of Narnia during the Golden Age . Skandar Keynes as Edmund Pevensie , title : King Edmund the Just ; the younger Pevensie child and a King of Narnia during the Golden Age . Georgie Henley as Lucy Pevensie , title : Queen Lucy the Valiant , the youngest Pevensie child and a Queen of Narnia during the Golden Age . Will Poulter as Eustace Scrubb , the Pevensie children 's arrogant cousin . He will return to Narnia with his friend Jill Pole in The Silver Chair . Other main characters ( edit ) Liam Neeson as the voice of Aslan , the magnificent and majestically powerful lion who helps govern and maintain order in Narnia ; a mystical world of his own creation . He is the only main character to appear in all seven books . Tilda Swinton as Jadis , the White Witch ; the former queen of Charn and a witch who ruled Narnia after being released in The Magician 's Nephew and during the events of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Ben Barnes as Caspian X ( Also known as `` Prince Caspian '' ) , the Telmarine prince who becomes King of Narnia after overthrowing his evil uncle Miraz . Eddie Izzard and Simon Pegg as the voice of Reepicheep in Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , respectively . The noble and courageous mouse who fights for Aslan and the freedom of Narnia . Crew ( edit ) Role Film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair 2005 2008 TBA Director ( s ) Andrew Adamson Michael Apted Joe Johnston Producer ( s ) Mark Johnson and Phillip Steuer Mark Johnson , Andrew Adamson and Phillip Steuer Mark Gordon , Douglas Gresham , Vincent Sieber and Melvin Adams Writer ( s ) Ann Peacock and Andrew Adamson and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Andrew Adamson & Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely and Michael Petroni David Magee Composer ( s ) Harry Gregson - Williams David Arnold TBA Cinematographer ( s ) Donald McAlpine Karl Walter Lindenlaub Dante Spinotti TBA Editor ( s ) Sim Evan - Jones Rick Shaine TBA U.S. release date 9 December 2005 16 May 2008 10 December 2010 TBA Distributor ( s ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 20th Century Fox Sony Pictures Releasing and Entertainment One Reception ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross All - time ranking Budget Ref . North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe December 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 09 ) $291,710,957 $453,302,158 $745,013,115 78 86 $180 million The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian May 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 16 ) $141,621,490 $278,044,078 $419,665,568 363 236 $225 million The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) $104,386,950 $311,299,267 $415,686,217 621 238 $155 million Total $ 7008537719397000000 ♠ 537,719,397 $ 7009104264550300000 ♠ 1,042,645,503 $ 7009158036490000000 ♠ 1,580,364,900 $560 million Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 75 % ( 212 reviews ) 75 ( 39 reviews ) A+ The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian 67 % ( 189 reviews ) 62 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader 50 % ( 161 reviews ) 53 ( 33 reviews ) A − See also ( edit ) Outline of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia ( TV serial ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A general dislike of cinema is seen in Collected Letters , Vol. 2 , a letter to his brother Warren on March 3 , 1940 , p. 361 ; see also All My Road Before Me , June 1 , 1926 , p. 405 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moring , Mark ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Lion , the Witch , and the Box Office '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' : Walden , Fox in discussions on ' The Magician 's Nephew ' '' . Inside movies . EW. 23 Oct 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gresham Shares Plans for Next Narnia Film '' . Narnia Web . May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fourth `` Chronicles of Narnia '' Movie in Works from Mark Gordon Co `` . Deadline. Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexonx ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader - Spectacular trailer '' . filmissimo.it . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' Sequel Taps David Magee to Write Script '' . The Wrap . 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enter The Silver Chair Movie Contest ! '' . Narnia.com . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair to Reboot the Franchise '' . Collider. 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Katharine Trendacosta . `` With This Chronicles of Narnia News , the Word ' Reboot ' Is Officially Gibberish '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` TriStar , Mark Gordon & eOne Revive ' The Chronicles Of Narnia ' With ' The Silver Chair ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` ' Captain America ' Director Joe Johnston Boards ' Narnia ' Revival ' The Silver Chair ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Silver Chair to Begin Filming 2018 , Johnston Says '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair ' update : Mark Gordon drops teasers about setting and visual effects '' . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' Vs. ' Narnia ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema score '' . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader on IMDb ( hide ) The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Film Soundtrack Game Prince Caspian Film Soundtrack Game The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Film Soundtrack Game The Silver Chair Film The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Outline Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)&oldid=843243164 '' Categories : English - language films Film series introduced in 2005 British films British epic films Film series The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) Films about siblings Fantasy films by series Action films by series Adventure films by series C.S. Lewis Children 's film series High fantasy films Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული 日本 語 Norsk Português Simple English Svenska ไทย 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 21 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the correct order of the chronicles of narnia movies | [
"The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of novels by C. S. Lewis. From the seven novels, there have been three film adaptations so far—The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005), Prince Caspian (2008) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010)—which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them.",
"The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of novels by C. S. Lewis. From the seven novels, there have been three film adaptations so far—The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005), Prince Caspian (2008) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010)—which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them.",
"The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia, a series of novels by C. S. Lewis. From the seven novels, there have been three film adaptations so far—The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005), Prince Caspian (2008) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010)—which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them."
] | [
"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe",
"Prince Caspian",
"The Voyage of the Dawn Treader"
] |
2504865654386285253 | Pyramid (geometry) | Pyramid ( geometry ) - wikipedia Pyramid ( geometry ) Jump to : navigation , search Regular - based right pyramids Conway polyhedron notation Yn Schläfli symbol ( ) ∨ ( n ) Faces n triangles , 1 n - gon Edges 2n Vertices n + 1 Symmetry group C , ( 1 , n ) , ( * nn ) , order 2n Rotation group C , ( 1 , n ) , ( nn ) , order n Dual polyhedron Self - dual Properties convex The 1 - skeleton of pyramid is a wheel graph In geometry , a pyramid is a polyhedron formed by connecting a polygonal base and a point , called the apex . Each base edge and apex form a triangle , called a lateral face . It is a conic solid with polygonal base . A pyramid with an n - sided base has n + 1 vertices , n + 1 faces , and 2n edges . All pyramids are self - dual . A right pyramid has its apex directly above the centroid of its base . Nonright pyramids are called oblique pyramids . A regular pyramid has a regular polygon base and is usually implied to be a right pyramid . When unspecified , a pyramid is usually assumed to be a regular square pyramid , like the physical pyramid structures . A triangle - based pyramid is more often called a tetrahedron . Among oblique pyramids , like acute and obtuse triangles , a pyramid can be called acute if its apex is above the interior of the base and obtuse if its apex is above the exterior of the base . A right - angled pyramid has its apex above an edge or vertex of the base . In a tetrahedron these qualifiers change based on which face is considered the base . Pyramids are a subclass of the prismatoids . Pyramids can be doubled into bipyramids by adding a second offset point on the other side of the base plane . Contents ( hide ) 1 Right pyramids with a regular base 1.1 Right Star pyramids 2 Right pyramids with an irregular base 3 Volume 4 Surface area 5 n - dimensional pyramids 5.1 Polyhedral pyramid 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Right pyramids with a regular base ( edit ) A right pyramid with a regular base has isosceles triangle sides , with symmetry is C or ( 1 , n ) , with order 2n . It can be given an extended Schläfli symbol ( ) ∨ ( n ) , representing a point , ( ) , joined ( orthogonally offset ) to a regular polygon , ( n ) . A join operation creates a new edge between all pairs of vertices of the two joined figures . The trigonal or triangular pyramid with all equilateral triangles faces becomes the regular tetrahedron , one of the Platonic solids . A lower symmetry case of the triangular pyramid is C , which has an equilateral triangle base , and 3 identical isosceles triangle sides . The square and pentagonal pyramids can also be composed of regular convex polygons , in which case they are Johnson solids . If all edges of a square pyramid ( or any convex polyhedron ) are tangent to a sphere so that the average position of the tangential points are at the center of the sphere , then the pyramid is said to be canonical , and it forms half of a regular octahedron . Pyramids with a hexagonal or higher base must be composed of isosceles triangles ; a hexagonal pyramid with equilateral triangles would be a completely flat figure , and a heptagonal or higher would have the triangles not meet at all . ( show ) Regular pyramids Triangular Square Pentagonal Hexagonal Heptagonal Octagonal ... Regular Equilateral Isosceles Right star pyramids ( edit ) Right pyramids with regular star polygon bases are called star pyramids . For example , the pentagrammic pyramid has a pentagram base and 5 intersecting triangle sides . Right pyramids with an irregular base ( edit ) Example general right pyramid with apex above the centroid of a base polygon A right pyramid can be named as ( ) ∨ P , where ( ) is the apex point , ∨ is a join operator , and P is a base polygon . An isosceles triangle right tetrahedron can be written as ( ) ∨ ( ( ) ∨ ( ) ) as the join of a point to an isosceles triangle base , as ( ( ) ∨ ( ) ) ∨ ( ) or ( ) ∨ ( ) as the join ( orthogonal offsets ) of two orthogonal segments , a digonal disphenoid , containing 4 isosceles triangle faces . It has C symmetry from two different base - apex orientations , and C in its full symmetry . A rectangular right pyramid , written as ( ) ∨ ( ( ) × ( ) ) , and a rhombic pyramid , as ( ) ∨ ( ( ) + ( ) ) , both have symmetry C . Right pyramids Rectangular pyramid Rhombic pyramid Volume ( edit ) See also : Cone ( geometry ) -- Volume The volume of a pyramid ( also any cone ) is V = 1 3 b h ( \ displaystyle V = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) bh ) , where b is the area of the base and h the height from the base to the apex . This works for any polygon , regular or non-regular , and any location of the apex , provided that h is measured as the perpendicular distance from the plane containing the base . In 499 AD Aryabhata , a mathematician - astronomer from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy , used this method in the Aryabhatiya ( section 2.6 ) . The formula can be formally proved using calculus . By similarity , the linear dimensions of a cross-section parallel to the base increase linearly from the apex to the base . The scaling factor ( proportionality factor ) is 1 − y h ( \ displaystyle 1 - ( \ tfrac ( y ) ( h ) ) ) , or h − y h ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( h-y ) ( h ) ) ) , where h is the height and y is the perpendicular distance from the plane of the base to the cross-section . Since the area of any cross-section is proportional to the square of the shape 's scaling factor , the area of a cross-section at height y is b ( h − y ) 2 h 2 ( \ displaystyle b ( \ tfrac ( ( h-y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , or since both b and h are constants , b h 2 ( h − y ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( b ) ( h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( h-y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) . The volume is given by the integral b h 2 ∫ 0 h ( h − y ) 2 d y = − b 3 h 2 ( h − y ) 3 0 h = 1 3 b h . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( b ) ( h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( h ) ( h-y ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , dy = ( \ frac ( - b ) ( 3h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( h-y ) ^ ( 3 ) ( \ bigg ) _ ( 0 ) ^ ( h ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) bh . ) The same equation , V = 1 3 b h ( \ displaystyle V = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) bh ) , also holds for cones with any base . This can be proven by an argument similar to the one above ; see volume of a cone . For example , the volume of a pyramid whose base is an n - sided regular polygon with side length s and whose height is h is V = n 12 h s 2 cot π n . ( \ displaystyle V = ( \ frac ( n ) ( 12 ) ) hs ^ ( 2 ) \ cot ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( n ) ) . ) The formula can also be derived exactly without calculus for pyramids with rectangular bases . Consider a unit cube . Draw lines from the center of the cube to each of the 8 vertices . This partitions the cube into 6 equal square pyramids of base area 1 and height 1 / 2 . Each pyramid clearly has volume of 1 / 6 . From this we deduce that pyramid volume = height × base area / 3 . Next , expand the cube uniformly in three directions by unequal amounts so that the resulting rectangular solid edges are a , b and c , with solid volume abc . Each of the 6 pyramids within are likewise expanded . And each pyramid has the same volume abc / 6 . Since pairs of pyramids have heights a / 2 , b / 2 and c / 2 , we see that pyramid volume = height × base area / 3 again . When the side triangles are equilateral , the formula for the volume is V = 1 12 n s 3 cot ( π n ) 1 − 1 4 sin 2 π n . ( \ displaystyle V = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) ns ^ ( 3 ) \ cot \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( n ) ) \ right ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ sin ^ ( 2 ) ( \ tfrac ( \ pi ) ( n ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) This formula only applies for n = 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 ; and it also covers the case n = 6 , for which the volume equals zero ( i.e. , the pyramid height is zero ) . Surface area ( edit ) The surface area of a pyramid is A = B + P L 2 ( \ displaystyle A = B+ ( \ tfrac ( PL ) ( 2 ) ) ) , where B is the base area , P is the base perimeter , and the slant height L = h 2 + r 2 ( \ displaystyle L = ( \ sqrt ( h ^ ( 2 ) + r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) , where h is the pyramid altitude and r is the inradius of the base . N - dimensional pyramids ( edit ) A 2 - dimensional pyramid is a triangle , formed by a base edge connected to a noncolinear point called an apex . A 4 - dimensional pyramid is called a polyhedral pyramid , constructed by a polyhedron in a 3 - space hyperplane of 4 - space with another point off that hyperplane . Higher - dimensional pyramids are constructed similarly . The family of simplices represent pyramids in any dimension , increasing from triangle , tetrahedron , 5 - cell , 5 - simplex , etc . A n - dimensional simplex has the minimum n + 1 vertices , with all pairs of vertices connected by edges , all triples of vertices defining faces , all quadruples of points defining tetrahedral cells , etc . Polyhedral pyramid ( edit ) In 4 - dimensional geometry , a polyhedral pyramid is a 4 - polytope constructed by a base polyhedron cell and an apex point . The lateral facets are pyramid cells , each constructed by one face of the base polyhedron and the apex . The vertices and edges of polyhedral pyramids form examples of apex graphs , graphs formed by adding one vertex ( the apex ) to a planar graph ( the graph of the base ) . The regular 5 - cell ( or 4 - simplex ) is an example of a tetrahedral pyramid . Uniform polyhedra with circumradii less than 1 can be make polyhedral pyramids with regular tetrahedral sides . A polyhedron with v vertices , e edges , and f faces can be the base on a polyhedral pyramid with v + 1 vertices , e + v edges , f + e faces , and 1 + f cells . A 4D polyhedral pyramid with axial symmetry can be visualized in 3D with a Schlegel diagram -- a 3D projection that places the apex at the center of the base polyhedron . Equilateral uniform polyhedron - based pyramids ( Schlegel diagram ) Symmetry ( 1 , 1 , 4 ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Unknown ( 1 , 3 , 3 ) ( 1 , 4 , 3 ) ( 1 , 5 , 3 ) Name Square - pyramidal pyramid Triangular prism pyramid Snub cube pyramid Tetrahedral pyramid Cubic pyramid Octahedral pyramid Icosahedral pyramid Segmentochora index K4. 4 K4. 7 Unknown K4. 1 K4. 26.1 K4. 3 K4. 84 Height 0.707107 0.790569 Unknown 0.790569 0.500000 0.707107 0.309017 Image ( Base ) Base Square pyramid Triangular prism Snub cube Tetrahedron Cube Octahedron Icosahedron Any convex 4 - polytope can be divided into polyhedral pyramids by adding an interior point and creating one pyramid from each facet to the center point . This can be useful for computing volumes . The 4 - dimensional volume of a polyhedral pyramid is 1 / 4 of the volume of the base polyhedron times its perpendicular height , compared to the area of a triangle being 1 / 2 the length of the base times the height and the volume of a pyramid being 1 / 3 the area of the base times the height . See also ( edit ) Bipyramid Cone ( geometry ) Trigonal pyramid ( chemistry ) Frustum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ William F. Kern , James R Bland , Solid Mensuration with proofs , 1938 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Civil Engineers ' Pocket Book : A Reference - book for Engineers Jump up ^ Wenninger , Magnus J. ( 1974 ) , Polyhedron Models , Cambridge University Press , p. 50 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09859 - 5 . Jump up ^ Convex Segmentochora Dr. Richard Klitzing , Symmetry : Culture and Science , Vol. 11 , Nos. 1 - 4 , 139 - 181 , 2000 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyramids ( geometry ) . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Pyramid '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Right pyramid '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Regular pyramid '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Triangular pyramid '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Square pyramid '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Pentagonal pyramid '' . MathWorld . Weisstein , Eric W. `` Hexagonal pyramid '' . MathWorld . Olshevsky , George . `` Pyramid '' . Glossary for Hyperspace . Archived from the original on 4 February 2007 . The Uniform Polyhedra Convex polyhedra Platonic solids ( regular ) tetrahedron cube octahedron dodecahedron icosahedron Archimedean solids ( semiregular or uniform ) truncated tetrahedron cuboctahedron truncated cube truncated octahedron rhombicuboctahedron truncated cuboctahedron snub cube icosidodecahedron truncated dodecahedron truncated icosahedron rhombicosidodecahedron truncated icosidodecahedron snub dodecahedron Catalan solids ( duals of Archimedean ) triakis tetrahedron rhombic dodecahedron triakis octahedron tetrakis hexahedron deltoidal icositetrahedron disdyakis dodecahedron pentagonal icositetrahedron rhombic triacontahedron triakis icosahedron pentakis dodecahedron deltoidal hexecontahedron disdyakis triacontahedron pentagonal hexecontahedron Dihedral regular dihedron hosohedron Dihedral uniform prisms antiprisms duals : bipyramids trapezohedra Dihedral others pyramids truncated trapezohedra gyroelongated bipyramid cupola bicupola pyramidal frusta rotunda birotunda Degenerate polyhedra are in italics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyramid_(geometry)&oldid=798111982 '' Categories : Polyhedra Self - dual polyhedra Prismatoid polyhedra Pyramids Pyramids and bipyramids Geometric shapes Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 01 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what do you call a pyramid with a triangular base | [
"When unspecified, a pyramid is usually assumed to be a regular square pyramid, like the physical pyramid structures. A triangle-based pyramid is more often called a tetrahedron."
] | [
"a tetrahedron"
] |
-4950873858088195324 | The Taming of the Shrew | The Taming of the Shrew - wikipedia The Taming of the Shrew Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Taming of the Shrew on screen and The Taming of the Shrew in performance . Petruchio ( Kevin Black ) and Katherina ( Emily Jordan ) from the 2003 Carmel Shakespeare Festival production at the Forest Theater . The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written between 1590 and 1592 . The play begins with a framing device , often referred to as the induction , in which a mischievous nobleman tricks a drunken tinker named Christopher Sly into believing he is actually a nobleman himself . The nobleman then has the play performed for Sly 's diversion . The main plot depicts the courtship of Petruchio and Katherina , the headstrong , obdurate shrew . Initially , Katherina is an unwilling participant in the relationship ; however , Petruchio `` tames '' her with various psychological torments , such as keeping her from eating and drinking , until she becomes a desirable , compliant , and obedient bride . The subplot features a competition between the suitors of Katherina 's younger sister , Bianca , who is seen as the `` ideal '' woman . The question of whether the play is misogynistic or not has become the subject of considerable controversy , particularly among modern scholars , audiences , and readers . The Taming of the Shrew has been adapted numerous times for stage , screen , opera , ballet , and musical theatre ; perhaps the most famous adaptations being Cole Porter 's Kiss Me , Kate and the 1967 film of the play , starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton . The 1999 high school comedy film 10 Things I Hate About You is also loosely based on the play . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 4 Date and text 4.1 Date 4.2 Text 5 Analysis and criticism 5.1 Critical history 5.1. 1 The relationship with A Shrew 5.1. 2 Hortensio problem 5.1. 3 Controversy 5.1. 4 Induction 5.2 Language 5.3 Themes 5.3. 1 Female submissiveness 5.3. 2 Gender politics 5.3. 3 Cruelty 5.3. 4 Money 6 Performance 7 Adaptations 7.1 Plays 7.2 Opera 7.3 Musical / Ballet 7.4 Film 7.5 Television 7.6 Radio 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Editions of The Taming of the Shrew 8.4 Secondary sources 9 External links Characters ( edit ) Katherina ( Kate ) Minola -- the `` shrew '' of the title Bianca Minola -- sister of Katherina ; the ingénue Baptista Minola -- father of Katherina and Bianca Petruchio -- suitor of Katherina Gremio -- elderly suitor of Bianca Lucentio -- suitor of Bianca Hortensio -- suitor of Bianca and friend to Petruchio Grumio -- Petruchio 's manservant Tranio -- Lucentio 's manservant Biondello -- servant of Lucentio Vincentio -- father of Lucentio Widow -- wooed by Hortensio Pedant -- pretends to be Vincentio Haberdasher Tailor Curtis -- servant of Petruchio Nathaniel -- servant of Petruchio Joseph -- servant of Petruchio Peter -- servant of Petruchio Nicholas -- servant of Petruchio Philip -- servant of Petruchio Officer Characters appearing in the Induction : Christopher Sly -- a drunken tinker Hostess of an alehouse Lord -- plays a prank on Sly Bartholomew -- Lord 's page boy Lord 's Huntsman Players Servingmen Messenger Synopsis ( edit ) The Shrew Katherina by Edward Robert Hughes ( 1898 ) . Prior to the first act , an induction frames the play as a `` kind of history '' played in front of a befuddled drunkard named Christopher Sly who is tricked into believing that he is a lord . The play is performed in order to distract Sly from his `` wife , '' who is actually Bartholomew , a servant , dressed as a woman . In the play performed for Sly , the `` shrew '' is Katherina , the eldest daughter of Baptista Minola , a lord in Padua . Numerous men , including Gremio and Tranio , deem Katherina an unworthy option for marriage because of her notorious assertiveness and willfulness . On the other hand , men such as Hortensio and Gremio are eager to marry her younger sister Bianca . However , Baptista has sworn Bianca is not allowed to marry until Katherina is wed ; this motivates Bianca 's suitors to work together to find Katherina a husband so that they may compete for Bianca . The plot thickens when Lucentio , who has recently come to Padua to attend university , falls in love with Bianca . Overhearing Baptista say that he is on the lookout for tutors for his daughters , Lucentio devises a plan in which he disguises himself as a Latin tutor named Cambio in order to woo Bianca behind Baptista 's back and meanwhile has his servant Tranio pretend to be him . In the meantime , Petruchio , accompanied by his servant Grumio , arrives in Padua from Verona . He explains to Hortensio , an old friend of his , that since his father 's death he has set out to enjoy life and wed . Hearing this , Hortensio recruits Petruchio as a suitor for Katherina . He also has Petruchio present Baptista a music tutor named Litio ( Hortensio in disguise ) . Thus , Lucentio and Hortensio , attempt to woo Bianca while pretending to be the tutors Cambio and Litio . To counter Katherina 's shrewish nature , Petruchio pretends that any harsh things she says or does are actually kind and gentle . Katherina agrees to marry Petruchio after seeing that he is the only man willing to counter her quick remarks ; however , at the ceremony Petruchio makes an embarrassing scene when he strikes the priest and drinks the communion wine . After the wedding , Petruchio takes Katherina to his home against her will . Once they are gone , Gremio and Tranio ( disguised as Lucentio ) formally bid for Bianca , with Tranio easily outbidding Gremio . However , in his zeal to win , he promises much more than Lucentio actually possesses . When Baptista determines that once Lucentio 's father confirms the dowry , Bianca and Tranio ( i.e. Lucentio ) can marry , Tranio decides that they will need someone to pretend to be Vincentio , Lucentio 's father . Meanwhile , Tranio persuades Hortensio that Bianca is not worthy of his attentions , thus removing Lucentio 's remaining rival . C.R. Leslie illustration of Act 4 , Scene 3 ( Petruchio upbraiding the tailor for making an ill - fitting dress ) . From the Illustrated London News , 3 November 1886 ; engraved by William Luson Thomas . In Verona , Petruchio begins the `` taming '' of his new wife . She is refused food and clothing because nothing -- according to Petruchio -- is good enough for her ; he claims that perfectly cooked meat is overcooked , a beautiful dress does n't fit right , and a stylish hat is not fashionable . He also disagrees with everything that she says , forcing her to agree with everything that he says , no matter how absurd ; on their way back to Padua to attend Bianca 's wedding , she agrees with Petruchio that the sun is the moon , and proclaims `` if you please to call it a rush - candle , / Henceforth I vow it shall be so for me '' ( 4.5. 14 -- 15 ) . Along the way , they meet Vincentio , who is also on his way to Padua , and Katherina agrees with Petruchio when he declares that Vincentio is a woman and then apologises to Vincentio when Petruchio tells her that he is a man . Back in Padua , Lucentio and Tranio convince a passing pedant to pretend to be Vincentio and confirm the dowry for Bianca . The man does so , and Baptista is happy for Bianca to wed Lucentio ( still Tranio in disguise ) . Bianca , aware of the deception , then secretly elopes with the real Lucentio to get married . However , when Vincentio reaches Padua , he encounters the pedant , who claims to be Lucentio 's father . Tranio ( still disguised as Lucentio ) appears , and the pedant acknowledges him to be his son Lucentio . In all the confusion , the real Vincentio is set to be arrested , when the real Lucentio appears with his newly betrothed Bianca , revealing all to a bewildered Baptista and Vincentio . Lucentio explains everything , and all is forgiven by the two fathers . Meanwhile , Hortensio has married a rich widow . In the final scene of the play there are three newly married couples ; Bianca and Lucentio , the widow and Hortensio , and Katherina and Petruchio . Because of the general opinion that Petruchio is married to a shrew , a good - natured quarrel breaks out amongst the three men about whose wife is the most obedient . Petruchio proposes a wager whereby each will send a servant to call for their wives , and whichever comes most obediently will have won the wager for her husband . Katherina is the only one of the three who comes , winning the wager for Petruchio . She then hauls the other two wives into the room , giving a speech on why wives should always obey their husbands . The play ends with Baptista , Hortensio and Lucentio marvelling at how successfully Petruchio has tamed the shrew . Sources ( edit ) Although there is no direct literary source for the induction , the tale of a tinker being duped into believing he is a lord is one found in many literary traditions . Such a story is recorded in Arabian Nights where Harun al - Rashid plays the same trick on a man he finds sleeping in an alley . Another is found in De Rebus Burgundicis by the Dutch historian Pontus de Huyter , where Philip , Duke of Burgundy , after attending his sister 's wedding in Portugal , finds a drunken `` artisan '' whom he entertains with a `` pleasant Comedie . '' Arabian Nights was not translated into English until the mid 18th century , although Shakespeare may have known it by word of mouth . He could also have known the Duke of Burgundy story as , although De Rebus was n't translated into French until 1600 , and into English until 1607 , there is evidence the story existed in English in a jest book ( now lost ) by Richard Edwardes , written in 1570 . Taming of the Shrew . Katherine and Petruchio by James Dromgole Linton ( c. 1890 ) . Regarding the Petruchio / Katherina story , there are a variety of possible influences , but no one specific source . The basic elements of the narrative are present in tale 44 of the fourteenth - century Spanish book Libro de los ejemplos del conde Lucanor y de Patronio by Don Juan Manuel , which tells of a young man who marries a `` very strong and fiery woman . '' The text had been translated into English by the sixteenth century , but there is no evidence that Shakespeare drew on it . The story of a headstrong woman tamed by a man was well known , and found in numerous traditions . For example , according to The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer , Noah 's wife was such a woman ( ' `` Hastow nought herd , '' quod Nicholas , `` also / The sorwe of Noë with his felaschippe / That he had or he gat his wyf to schipe '' ' ; The Miller 's Tale , l . 352 -- 354 ) , and it was common for her to be depicted in this manner in mystery plays . Historically , another such woman was Xanthippe , Socrates ' wife , who is mentioned by Petruchio himself ( 1.2. 70 ) . Such characters also occur throughout medieval literature , in popular farces both before and during Shakespeare 's lifetime , and in folklore . In 1890 , Alfred Tolman conjectured a possible literary source for the wager scene may have been William Caxton 's 1484 translation of Geoffroy IV de la Tour Landry 's Livre pour l'enseignement de ses filles du Chevalier de La Tour Landry ( 1372 ) . Written for his daughters as a guide on how to behave appropriately , de la Tour Landry includes `` a treatise on the domestic education of women '' which features an anecdote in which three merchants make a wager as to which of their wives will prove the most obedient when called upon to jump into a basin of water . The episode sees the first two wives refuse to obey ( as in the play ) , it ends at a banquet ( as does the play ) and it features a speech regarding the ' correct ' way for a husband to discipline his wife . In 1959 , John W. Shroeder conjectured that Chevalier de La Tour Landry 's depiction of the Queen Vastis story may also have been an influence on Shakespeare . In 1964 , Richard Hosley suggested the main source for the play may have been the anonymous ballad `` A merry jeste of a shrewde and curst Wyfe , lapped in Morrelles Skin , for her good behauyour '' . The ballad tells the story of a marriage in which the husband must tame his headstrong wife . Like Shrew , the story features a family with two sisters , the younger of whom is seen as mild and desirable . However , in `` Merry Jest '' , the older sister is obdurate not because it is simply her nature , but because she has been raised by her shrewish mother to seek mastery over men . Ultimately , the couple return to the family house , where the now tamed woman lectures her sister on the merits of being an obedient wife . The taming in this version is much more physical than in Shakespeare ; the shrew is beaten with birch rods until she bleeds , and is also wrapped in the flesh of a plough horse ( the Morrelle of the title ) . `` Merry Jest '' was not unknown to earlier editors of the play , and had been dismissed as a source by A.R. Frey , W.C. Hazlitt , R. Warwick Bond and Frederick S. Boas . Modern editors also express doubt as to Hosley 's argument . Fr . Schwoerer illustration of Act 4 , Scene 1 ( Petruchio rejects the bridal dinner ) . Engraved by Georg Goldberg ( c. 1850 ) . In 1966 , Jan Harold Brunvand argued that the main source for the play was not literary , but the oral folktale tradition . He argued the Petruchio / Katherina story represents an example of Type 901 ( ' Shrew - taming Complex ' ) in the Aarne -- Thompson classification system . Brunvand discovered 383 oral examples of Type 901 spread over thirty European countries , but he could find only 35 literary examples , leading him to conclude `` Shakespeare 's taming plot , which has not been traced successfully in its entirety to any known printed version , must have come ultimately from oral tradition . '' Most contemporary critics accept Brunvand 's findings . A source for Shakespeare 's sub-plot was first identified by Alfred Tolman in 1890 as Ludovico Ariosto 's I Suppositi , which was published in 1551 . George Gascoigne 's English prose translation Supposes was performed in 1566 and printed in 1573 . In I Suppositi , Erostrato ( the equivalent of Lucentio ) falls in love with Polynesta ( Bianca ) , daughter of Damon ( Baptista ) . Erostrato disguises himself as Dulipo ( Tranio ) , a servant , whilst the real Dulipo pretends to be Erostrato . Having done this , Erostrato is hired as a tutor for Polynesta . Meanwhile , Dulipo pretends to formally woo Polynesta so as to frustrate the wooing of the aged Cleander ( Gremio ) . Dulipo outbids Cleander , but he promises far more than he can deliver , so he and Erostrato dupe a travelling gentleman from Siena into pretending to be Erostrato 's father , Philogano ( Vincentio ) . However , when Polynesta is found to be pregnant , Damon has Dulipo imprisoned ( the real father is Erostrato ) . Soon thereafter , the real Philogano arrives , and all comes to a head . Erostrato reveals himself , and begs clemency for Dulipo . Damon realises that Polynesta is truly in love with Erostrato , and so forgives the subterfuge . Having been released from jail , Dulipo then discovers he is Cleander 's son . An additional minor source is Mostellaria by Plautus , from which Shakespeare probably took the names of Tranio and Grumio . Date and text ( edit ) Title page from the first quarto , printed in 1631 as A Wittie and Pleasant Comedie Called The Taming of the Shrew . Date ( edit ) Efforts to establish the play 's date of composition are complicated by its uncertain relationship with another Elizabethan play with an almost identical plot but different wording and character names , A Pleasant Conceited Historie , called the taming of a Shrew . The Shrew 's exact relationship with A Shrew is unknown . Different theories suggest A Shrew could be a reported text of a performance of The Shrew , a source for The Shrew , an early draft ( possibly reported ) of The Shrew , or an adaptation of The Shrew . A Shrew was entered in the Stationers ' Register on 2 May 1594 , suggesting that whatever the relationship between the two plays , The Shrew was most likely written somewhere between 1590 ( roughly when Shakespeare arrived in London ) and 1594 ( registration of A Shrew ) . However , it is possible to narrow the date further . A terminus ante quem for A Shrew seems to be August 1592 , as a stage direction at 3.21 mentions `` Simon , '' which probably refers to the actor Simon Jewell , who was buried on 21 August 1592 . Furthermore , The Shrew must have been written earlier than 1593 , as Anthony Chute 's Beauty Dishonoured , written under the title of Shore 's wife ( published in June 1593 ) contains the line `` He calls his Kate , and she must come and kiss him . '' This must refer to The Shrew , as there is no corresponding `` kissing scene '' in A Shrew . There are also verbal similarities between both Shrew plays and the anonymous play A Knack to Know a Knave ( first performed at The Rose on 10 June 1592 ) . Knack features several passages common to both A Shrew and The Shrew , but it also borrows several passages unique to The Shrew . This suggests The Shrew was on stage prior to June 1592 . In his 1982 edition of the play for The Oxford Shakespeare , H.J. Oliver suggests the play was composed no later than 1592 . He bases this on the title page of A Shrew , which mentions the play had been performed `` sundry times '' by Pembroke 's Men . When the London theatres were closed on 23 June 1592 due to an outbreak of plague , Pembroke 's Men went on a regional tour to Bath and Ludlow . The tour was a financial failure , and the company returned to London on 28 September , financially ruined . Over the course of the next three years , four plays with their name on the title page were published ; Christopher Marlowe 's Edward II ( published in quarto in July 1593 ) , and Shakespeare 's Titus Andronicus ( published in quarto in 1594 ) , The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York ( published in octavo in 1595 ) and The Taming of a Shrew ( published in quarto in May 1594 ) . Oliver says it is a `` natural assumption '' that these publications were sold by members of Pembroke 's Men who were broke after the failed tour . Oliver assumes that A Shrew is a reported version of The Shrew , which means The Shrew must have been in their possession when they began their tour in June , as they did n't perform it upon returning to London in September , nor would they have taken possession of any new material at that time . Ann Thompson considers A Shrew to be a reported text in her 1984 and 2003 editions of the play for the New Cambridge Shakespeare . She focuses on the closure of the theatres on 23 June 1592 , arguing that the play must have been written prior to June 1592 for it to have given rise to A Shrew . She cites the reference to `` Simon '' in A Shrew , Anthony Chute 's allusion to The Shrew in Beauty Dishonoured and the verbal similarities between The Shrew and A Knack to Know a Knave as supporting a date of composition prior to June 1592 . Stephen Roy Miller , in his 1998 edition of A Shrew for the New Cambridge Shakespeare , agrees with the date of late 1591 / early 1592 , as he believes The Shrew preceded A Shrew ( although he rejects the reported text theory in favour of an adaptation / rewrite theory ) . Keir Elam , however , has argued for a terminus post quem of 1591 for The Shrew , based on Shakespeare 's probable use of two sources published that year ; Abraham Ortelius ' map of Italy in the fourth edition of Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , and John Florio 's Second Fruits . Firstly , Shakespeare errs in putting Padua in Lombardy instead of Veneto , probably because he used Ortelius ' map of Italy as a source , which has `` Lombardy '' written across the entirety of northern Italy . Secondly , Elam suggests that Shakespeare derived his Italian idioms and some of the dialogue from Florio 's Second Fruits , a bilingual introduction to Italian language and culture . Elam argues that Lucentio 's opening dialogue , Tranio , since for the great desire I had To see fair Padua , nursery of arts , I am arrived for fruitful Lombardy , The pleasant garden of great Italy . ( 1.1. 1 -- 4 ) is an example of Shakespeare 's borrowing from Florio 's dialogue between Peter and Stephan , who have just arrived in the north : PETER I purpose to stay a while , to view the fair Cities of Lombardy . STEPHAN Lombardy is the garden of the world . Elam 's arguments suggest The Shrew must have been written by 1591 , which places the date of composition around 1590 -- 1591 . Text ( edit ) First page of The Taming of the Shrew from the First Folio ( 1623 ) The 1594 quarto of A Shrew was printed by Peter Short for Cuthbert Burbie . It was republished in 1596 ( again by Short for Burbie ) , and 1607 by Valentine Simmes for Nicholas Ling . The Shrew was not published until the First Folio in 1623 . The only quarto version of The Shrew was printed by William Stansby for John Smethwick in 1631 as A Wittie and Pleasant comedie called The Taming of the Shrew , based on the 1623 folio text . W.W. Greg has demonstrated that A Shrew and The Shrew were treated as the same text for the purposes of copyright , i.e. ownership of one constituted ownership of the other , and when Smethwick purchased the rights from Ling in 1609 to print the play in the First Folio , Ling actually transferred the rights for A Shrew , not The Shrew . Analysis and Criticism ( edit ) Critical History ( edit ) The relationship with a Shrew ( edit ) One of the most fundamental critical debates surrounding The Shrew is its relationship with A Shrew . There are five main theories as to the nature of this relationship : The two plays are unrelated other than the fact that they are both based on another play which is now lost . This is the Ur - Shrew theory ( in reference to Ur - Hamlet ) . A Shrew is a reconstructed version of The Shrew ; i.e. a bad quarto , an attempt by actors to reconstruct the original play from memory . Shakespeare used the previously existing A Shrew , which he did not write , as a source for The Shrew . Both versions were legitimately written by Shakespeare himself ; i.e. A Shrew is an early draft of The Shrew . A Shrew is an adaptation of The Shrew by someone other than Shakespeare . The exact relationship between The Shrew and A Shrew is uncertain , but many scholars consider The Shrew the original , with A Shrew derived from it ; as H.J. Oliver suggests , there are `` passages in ( A Shrew ) ( ... ) that make sense only if one knows the ( Follio ) version from which they must have been derived . '' The debate regarding the relationship between the two plays began in 1725 , when Alexander Pope incorporated extracts from A Shrew into The Shrew in his edition of Shakespeare 's works . In The Shrew , the Christopher Sly framework is only featured twice ; at the opening of the play , and at the end of Act 1 , Scene 1 . However , in A Shrew , the Sly framework reappears a further five times , including a scene which comes after the final scene of the Petruchio / Katherina story . Pope added most of the Sly framework to The Shrew , even though he acknowledged in his preface that he did not believe Shakespeare had written A Shrew . Subsequent editors followed suit , adding some or all of the Sly framework to their versions of The Shrew ; Lewis Theobald ( 1733 ) , Thomas Hanmer ( 1744 ) , William Warburton ( 1747 ) , Samuel Johnson and George Steevens ( 1765 ) and Edward Capell ( 1768 ) . In his 1790 edition of The Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare , however , Edmond Malone removed all A Shrew extracts and returned the text to the 1623 First Folio version . By the end of the eighteenth century , the predominant theory had come to be that A Shrew was a non-Shakespearean source for The Shrew , and hence to include extracts from it was to graft non-authorial material onto the play . This theory prevailed until 1850 , when Samuel Hickson compared the texts of The Shrew and A Shrew , concluding The Shrew was the original , and A Shrew was derived from it . By comparing seven passages which are similar in both plays , he concluded `` the original conception is invariably to be found '' in The Shrew . His explanation was that A Shrew was written by Christopher Marlowe , with The Shrew as his template . He reached this conclusion primarily because A Shrew features numerous lines almost identical to lines in Marlowe 's Tamburlaine and Dr. Faustus . In 1926 , building on Hickson 's research , Peter Alexander first suggested the bad quarto theory . Alexander agreed with Hickson that A Shrew was derived from The Shrew , but he did not agree that Marlowe wrote A Shrew . Instead he labelled A Shrew a bad quarto . His main argument was that , primarily in the subplot of A Shrew , characters act without motivation , whereas such motivation is present in The Shrew . Alexander believed this represents an example of a `` reporter '' forgetting details and becoming confused , which also explains why lines from other plays are used from time to time ; to cover gaps which the reporter knows have been left . He also argued the subplot in The Shrew was closer to the plot of I Suppositi / Supposes than the subplot in A Shrew , which he felt indicated the subplot in The Shrew must have been based directly on the source , whereas the subplot in A Shrew was a step removed . In their 1928 edition of the play for the New Shakespeare , Arthur Quiller - Couch and John Dover Wilson supported Alexander 's argument . However , there has always been critical resistance to the theory . An early scholar to find fault with Alexander 's reasoning was E.K. Chambers , who reasserted the source theory . Chambers , who supported Alexander 's bad quarto theory regarding The First part of the Contention betwixt the two famous Houses of Yorke and Lancaster and The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of Yorke , argued A Shrew did not fit the pattern of a bad quarto ; `` I am quite unable to believe that A Shrew had any such origin . Its textual relation to The Shrew does not bear any analogy to that of other ' bad Quartos ' to the legitimate texts from which they were memorised . The nomenclature , which at least a memoriser can recall , is entirely different . The verbal parallels are limited to stray phrases , most frequent in the main plot , for which I believe Shakespeare picked them up from A Shrew . '' He explained the relationship between I Suppositi / Supposes and the subplots by arguing the subplot in The Shrew was based upon both the subplot in A Shrew and the original version of the story in Ariosto / Gascoigne . Petruccio 's hochzeit by Carl Gehrts ( 1885 ) . In 1938 , Leo Kirschbaum made a similar argument . In an article listing over twenty examples of bad quartos , Kirschbaum did not include A Shrew , which he felt was too different from The Shrew to come under the bad quarto banner ; `` despite protestations to the contrary , The Taming of a Shrew does not stand in relation to The Shrew as The True Tragedie , for example , stands in relation to 3 Henry VI . '' Writing in 1998 , Stephen Roy Miller offers much the same opinion ; `` the relation of the early quarto to the Folio text is unlike other early quartos because the texts vary much more in plotting and dialogue ( ... ) the differences between the texts are substantial and coherent enough to establish that there was deliberate revision in producing one text out of the other ; hence A Shrew is not merely a poor report ( or ' bad quarto ' ) of The Shrew . '' Character names are changed , basic plot points are altered ( Kate has two sisters for example , not one ) , the play is set in Athens instead of Padua , the Sly framework forms a complete narrative , and entire speeches are completely different , all of which suggests to Miller that the author of A Shrew thought they were working on something different from Shakespeare 's play , not attempting to transcribe it for resale ; `` underpinning the notion of a ' Shakespearean bad quarto ' is the assumption that the motive of whoever compiled that text was to produce , differentially , a verbal replica of what appeared on stage . '' Miller believes that Chambers and Kirschbaum successfully illustrate A Shrew does not fulfil this rubric . Alexander 's theory continued to be challenged as the years went on . In 1942 , R.A. Houk developed what came to be dubbed the Ur - Shrew theory ; both A Shrew and The Shrew were based upon a third play , now lost . In 1943 , G.I. Duthie refined Houk 's suggestion by arguing A Shrew was a memorial reconstruction of Ur - Shrew , a now lost early draft of The Shrew ; `` A Shrew is substantially a memorially constructed text and is dependent upon an early Shrew play , now lost . The Shrew is a reworking of this lost play . '' Hickson , who believed Marlowe to have written A Shrew , had hinted at this theory in 1850 ; `` though I do not believe Shakspeare 's play to contain a line of any other writer , I think it extremely probable that we have it only in a revised form , and that , consequently , the play which Marlowe imitated might not necessarily have been that fund of life and humour that we find it now . '' Hickson is here arguing that Marlowe 's A Shrew is not based upon the version of The Shrew found in the First Folio , but on another version of the play . Duthie argues this other version was a Shakespearean early draft of The Shrew ; A Shrew constitutes a reported text of a now lost early draft . Alexander returned to the debate in 1969 , re-presenting his bad quarto theory . In particular , he concentrated on the various complications and inconsistencies in the subplot of A Shrew , which had been used by Houk and Duthie as evidence for an Ur - Shrew , to argue that the reporter of A Shrew attempted to recreate the complex subplot from The Shrew but got confused ; `` the compiler of A Shrew while trying to follow the subplot of The Shrew gave it up as too complicated to reproduce , and fell back on love scenes in which he substituted for the maneuvers of the disguised Lucentio and Hortensio extracts from Tamburlaine and Faustus , with which the lovers woo their ladies . '' After little further discussion of the issue in the 1970s , the 1980s saw the publication of three scholarly editions of The Shrew , all of which re-addressed the question of the relationship between the two plays ; Brian Morris ' 1981 edition for the second series of the Arden Shakespeare , H.J. Oliver 's 1982 edition for the Oxford Shakespeare and Ann Thompson 's 1984 edition for the New Cambridge Shakespeare . Morris summarised the scholarly position in 1981 as one in which no clear - cut answers could be found ; `` unless new , external evidence comes to light , the relationship between The Shrew and A Shrew can never be decided beyond a peradventure . It will always be a balance of probabilities , shifting as new arguments and opinions are added to the scales . Nevertheless , in the present century , the movement has unquestionably been towards an acceptance of the Bad Quarto theory , and this can now be accepted as at least the current orthodoxy . '' Morris himself , and Thompson , supported the bad quarto theory , with Oliver tentatively arguing for Duthie 's bad quarto / early draft / Ur - Shrew theory . Scene from Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew by Washington Allston ( 1809 ) . Perhaps the most extensive examination of the question came in 1998 in Stephen Roy Miller 's edition of A Shrew for the New Cambridge Shakespeare : The Early Quartos series . Miller agrees with most modern scholars that A Shrew is derived from The Shrew , but he does not believes it to be a bad quarto . Instead , he argues it is an adaptation by someone other than Shakespeare . Miller believes Alexander 's suggestion in 1969 that the reporter became confused is unlikely , and instead suggests an adapter at work ; `` the most economic explanation of indebtedness is that whoever compiled A Shrew borrowed the lines from Shakespeare 's The Shrew , or a version of it , and adapted them . '' Part of Miller 's evidence relates to Gremio , who has no counterpart in A Shrew . In The Shrew , after the wedding , Gremio expresses doubts as to whether or not Petruchio will be able to tame Katherina . In A Shrew , these lines are extended and split between Polidor ( the equivalent of Hortensio ) and Phylema ( Bianca ) . As Gremio does have a counterpart in I Suppositi , Miller concludes that `` to argue the priority of A Shrew in this case would mean arguing that Shakespeare took the negative hints from the speeches of Polidor and Phylema and gave them to a character he resurrected from Supposes . This is a less economical argument than to suggest that the compiler of A Shrew , dismissing Gremio , simply shared his doubts among the characters available . '' He argues there is even evidence in the play that the compiler knew he was working within a specific literary tradition ; `` as with his partial change of character names , the compiler seems to wish to produce dialogue much like his models , but not the same . For him , adaptation includes exact quotation , imitation and incorporation of his own additions . This seems to define his personal style , and his aim seems to be to produce his own version , presumably intended that it should be tuned more towards the popular era than The Shrew . '' As had Alexander , Houk and Duthie , Miller believes the key to the debate is to be found in the subplot , as it is here where the two plays differ most . He points out that the subplot in The Shrew is based on `` the classical style of Latin comedy with an intricate plot involving deception , often kept in motion by a comic servant . '' The subplot in A Shrew , however , which features an extra sister and addresses the issue of marrying above and below one 's class , `` has many elements more associated with the romantic style of comedy popular in London in the 1590s . '' Miller cites plays such as Robert Greene 's Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay and Fair Em as evidence of the popularity of such plays . He points to the fact that in The Shrew , there is only eleven lines of romance between Lucentio and Bianca , but in A Shrew , there is an entire scene between Kate 's two sisters and their lovers . This , he argues , is evidence of an adaptation rather than a faulty report ; while it is difficult to know the motivation of the adapter , we can reckon that from his point of view an early staging of The Shrew might have revealed an overly wrought play from a writer trying to establish himself but challenging too far the current ideas of popular comedy . The Shrew is long and complicated . It has three plots , the subplots being in the swift Latin or Italianate style with several disguises . Its language is at first stuffed with difficult Italian quotations , but its dialogue must often sound plain when compared to Marlowe 's thunder or Greene 's romance , the mouth - filling lines and images that on other afternoons were drawing crowds . An adapter might well have seen his role as that of a ' play doctor ' improving The Shrew -- while cutting it -- by stuffing it with the sort of material currently in demand in popular romantic comedies . Miller believes the compiler `` appears to have wished to make the play shorter , more of a romantic comedy full of wooing and glamorous rhetoric , and to add more obvious , broad comedy . '' Hortensio problem ( edit ) H.C. Selous ' illustration of Sly and the Hostess ; from The Plays of William Shakespeare : The Comedies , edited by Charles Cowden Clarke and Mary Cowden Clarke ( 1830 ) . H.J. Oliver argues the version of the play in the 1623 First Folio was likely copied not from a prompt book or transcript , but from the author 's own foul papers , which he believes showed signs of revision by Shakespeare . These revisions , Oliver says , relate primarily to the character of Hortensio , and suggest that in an original version of the play , now lost , Hortensio was not a suitor to Bianca , but simply an old friend of Petruchio . When Shakespeare rewrote the play so that Hortensio became a suitor in disguise ( Litio ) , many of his lines were either omitted or given to Tranio ( disguised as Lucentio ) . Oliver cites several scenes in the play where Hortensio ( or his absence ) causes problems . For example , in Act 2 , Scene 1 , Tranio ( as Lucentio ) and Gremio bid for Bianca , but Hortensio , who everyone is aware is also a suitor , is never mentioned . In Act 3 , Scene 1 , Lucentio ( as Cambio ) tells Bianca `` we might beguile the old Pantalowne '' ( l. 36 ) , yet says nothing of Hortensio 's attempts to woo her , instead implying his only rival is Gremio . In Act 3 , Scene 2 , Tranio suddenly becomes an old friend of Petruchio , knowing his mannerisms and explaining his tardiness prior to the wedding . However , up to this point , Petruchio 's only acquaintance in Padua has been Hortensio . In Act 4 , Scene 3 , Hortensio tells Vincentio that Lucentio has married Bianca . However , as far as Hortensio should be concerned , Lucentio has denounced Bianca , because in Act 4 , Scene 2 , Tranio ( disguised as Lucentio ) agreed with Hortensio that neither of them would pursue Bianca , and as such , his knowledge of the marriage of who he supposes to be Lucentio and Bianca makes no sense . From this , Oliver concludes that an original version of the play existed in which Hortensio was simply a friend of Petruchio 's , and had no involvement in the Bianca subplot , but wishing to complicate things , Shakespeare rewrote the play , introducing the Litio disguise , and giving some of Hortensio 's discarded lines to Tranio , but not fully correcting everything to fit the presence of a new suitor . This is important in Duthie 's theory of an Ur - Shrew insofar as he argues it is the original version of The Shrew upon which A Shrew is based , not the version which appears in the 1623 First Folio . As Oliver argues , `` A Shrew is a report of an earlier , Shakespearian , form of The Shrew in which Hortensio was not disguised as Litio . '' Oliver suggests that when Pembroke 's Men left London in June 1592 , they had in their possession a now lost early draft of the play . Upon returning to London , they published A Shrew in 1594 , some time after which Shakespeare rewrote his original play into the form seen in the First Folio . Duthie 's arguments were never fully accepted at the time , as critics tended to look on the relationship between the two plays as an either - or situation ; A Shrew is either a reported text or an early draft . In more recent scholarship , however , the possibility that a text could be both has been shown to be critically viable . For example , in his 2003 Oxford Shakespeare edition of 2 Henry VI , Roger Warren makes the same argument for The First Part of the Contention . Randall Martin reaches the same conclusion regarding The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of Yorke in his 2001 Oxford Shakespeare edition of 3 Henry VI . This lends support to the theory that A Shrew could be both a reported text and an early draft . Controversy ( edit ) Kevin Black in his `` wedding outfit '' in the 2003 Carmel Shakespeare Festival production . The Taming of the Shrew has been the subject of critical controversy . Dana Aspinall writes `` Since its first appearance , some time between 1588 and 1594 , Shrew has elicited a panoply of heartily supportive , ethically uneasy , or altogether disgusted responses to its rough - and - tumble treatment of the ' taming ' of the ' curst shrew ' Katherina , and obviously , of all potentially unruly wives . '' Phyllis Rackin argues that `` seen in the context of current anxieties , desires and beliefs , Shakespeare 's play seems to prefigure the most oppressive modern assumptions about women and to validate those assumptions as timeless truths . '' Stevie Davies says that responses to Shrew have been `` dominated by feelings of unease and embarrassment , accompanied by the desire to prove that Shakespeare can not have meant what he seems to be saying ; and that therefore he can not really be saying it . '' Philippa Kelly asks : Do we simply add our voices to those of critical disapproval , seeing Shrew as at best an ' early Shakespeare ' , the socially provocative effort of a dramatist who was learning to flex his muscles ? Or as an item of social archaeology that we have long ago abandoned ? Or do we ' rescue ' it from offensive male smugness ? Or make an appeal to the slippery category of ' irony ' ? Some scholars argue that even in Shakespeare 's day the play must have been controversial , due to the changing nature of gender politics . Marjorie Garber , for example , suggests Shakespeare created the Induction so the audience would n't react badly to the misogyny in the Petruchio / Katherina story ; he was , in effect , defending himself against charges of sexism . G.R. Hibbard argues that during the period in which the play was written , arranged marriages were beginning to give way to newer , more romantically informed unions , and thus people 's views on women 's position in society , and their relationships with men , were in a state of flux . As such , audiences may not have been as predisposed to tolerate the harsh treatment of Katherina as is often thought . Mid-19th century print of Act 4 , Scene 3 ( Petruchio rejects the tailor 's gowns for Katherina ) Evidence of at least some initial societal discomfort with The Shrew is , perhaps , to be found in the fact that John Fletcher , Shakespeare 's successor as house playwright for the King 's Men , wrote The Woman 's Prize , or The Tamer Tamed as a sequel to Shakespeare 's play . Written c. 1611 , the play tells the story of Petruchio 's remarriage after Katherina 's death . In a mirror of the original , his new wife attempts ( successfully ) to tame him -- thus the tamer becomes the tamed . Although Fletcher 's sequel is often downplayed as merely a farce , some critics acknowledge the more serious implications of such a reaction . Lynda Boose , for example , writes , `` Fletcher 's response may in itself reflect the kind of discomfort that Shrew has characteristically provoked in men and why its many revisions since 1594 have repeatedly contrived ways of softening the edges . '' With the rise of the feminist movement in the twentieth century , reactions to the play have tended to become more divergent . For some critics , `` Kate 's taming was no longer as funny as it had been ( ... ) her domination became , in George Bernard Shaw 's words ' altogether disgusting to modern sensibility ' . '' Addressing the relationship between A Shrew and The Shrew from a political perspective , for example , Leah S. Marcus very much believes the play to be what it seems . She argues A Shrew is an earlier version of The Shrew , but acknowledges that most scholars reject the idea that A Shrew was written by Shakespeare . She believes one of the reasons for this is because A Shrew `` hedges the play 's patriarchal message with numerous qualifiers that do not exist in '' The Shrew . She calls A Shrew a more `` progressive '' text than The Shrew , and argues that scholars tend to dismiss the idea that A Shrew is Shakespearean because `` the women are not as satisfactorily tamed as they are in The Shrew . '' She also points out that if A Shrew is an early draft , it suggests Shakespeare `` may have increased rather than decreased the patriarchal violence of his materials '' , something which , she believes , scholars find difficult to accept . However , others see the play as an example of a pre-feminist condemnation of patriarchal domination and an argument for modern - day `` women 's lib '' . For example , director Conall Morrison , wrote in 2008 : I find it gobsmacking that some people see the play as misogynistic . I believe that it is a moral tale . I believe that it is saying -- `` do not be like this '' and `` do not do this . '' `` These people are objectionable . '' By the time you get to the last scene all of the men -- including her father are saying -- it 's amazing how you crushed that person . It 's amazing how you lobotomised her . And they 're betting on the women as though they are dogs in a race or horses . It 's reduced to that . And it 's all about money and the level of power . Have you managed to crush Katharina or for Hortensio and Lucentio , will you be able to control Bianca and the widow ? Will you similarly be able to control your proto - shrews ? It is so self - evidently repellent that I do n't believe for a second that Shakespeare is espousing this . And I do n't believe for a second that the man who would be interested in Benedict and Cleopatra and Romeo and Juliet and all these strong lovers would have some misogynist aberration . It 's very obviously a satire on this male behaviour and a cautionary tale ( ... ) That 's not how he views women and relationships , as demonstrated by the rest of the plays . This is him investigating misogyny , exploring it and animating it and obviously damning it because none of the men come out smelling of roses . When the chips are down they all default to power positions and self - protection and status and the one woman who was a challenge to them , with all with her wit and intellect , they are all gleeful and relieved to see crushed . Philippa Kelly makes this point : Petruchio 's ' taming ' of Kate , harsh though it may be , is a far cry from the fiercely repressive measures going on outside the theatre , and presumably endorsed by much of its audience . Some critics argue that in mitigating the violence both of folktales and of actual practices , Shakespeare sets up Petruchio as a ruffian and a bully , but only as a disguise -- and a disguise that implicitly criticises the brutal arrogance of conventional male attitudes . Elizabeth Kantor argues the following : Whatever the `` gender studies '' folks may think , Shakespeare is n't trying to `` domesticate women '' ; he 's not making any kind of case for how they ought to be treated or what sort of rights they ought to have . He 's just noticing what men and women are really like , and creating fascinating and delightful drama out of it . Shakespeare 's celebration of the limits that define us -- of our natures as men and women -- upsets only those folks who find human nature itself upsetting . Jonathan Miller , director of the 1980 BBC Television Shakespeare adaptation , and several theatrical productions , argues that although the play is not misogynistic , neither is it a feminist treatise : I think it 's an irresponsible and silly thing to make that play into a feminist tract : to use it as a way of proving that women have been dishonoured and hammered flat by male chauvinism . There 's another , more complex way of reading it than that : which sees it as being their particular view of how society ought to be organised in order to restore order in a fallen world . Now , we do n't happen to think that we are inheritors of the sin of Adam and that orderliness can only be preserved by deputing power to magistrates and sovereigns , fathers and husbands . But the fact that they did think like that is absolutely undeniable , so productions which really do try to deny that , and try to hijack the work to make it address current problems about women 's place in society , become boring , thin and tractarian . Induction ( edit ) An element in the debate regarding the play 's misogyny , or lack thereof , is the Induction , and how it relates to the Katherina / Petruchio story . According to H.J. Oliver , `` it has become orthodoxy to claim to find in the Induction the same ' theme ' as is to be found in both the Bianca and the Katherine - Petruchio plots of the main play , and to take it for granted that identity of theme is a merit and ' justifies ' the introduction of Sly . '' For example , Geoffrey Bullough argues the three plots `` are all linked in idea because all contain discussion of the relations of the sexes in marriage . '' Richard Hosley suggests the three plots form a unified whole insofar as they all deal with `` assumptions about identity and assumptions about personality . '' Oliver , however , argues that `` the Sly Induction does not so much announce the theme of the enclosed stories as establish their tone . '' William Quiller Orchardson 's illustration of Sly and the Lord , engraved by Charles William Sharpe ; from the Imperial Edition of The Works of Shakespere , edited by Charles Knight ( 1876 ) . This is important in terms of determining the seriousness of Katherina 's final speech . Marjorie Garber writes of the Induction , `` the frame performs the important task of distancing the later action , and of insuring a lightness of tone -- significant in light of the real abuse to which Kate is subjected by Petruchio . '' Oliver argues the Induction is used to remove the audience from the world of the enclosed plot -- to place the Sly story on the same level of reality as the audience , and the Katherina / Petruchio story on a different level of reality . This , he argues , is done to ensure the audience does not take the play literally , that it sees the Katherina / Petruchio story as a farce : the phenomenon of theatrical illusion is itself being laughed at ; and the play within the play makes Sly drowsy and probably soon sends him to sleep . Are we to let that play preach morality to us or look in it for social or intellectual substance ? The drunken tinker may be believed in as one believes in any realistically presented character ; but we can not ' believe ' in something that is not even mildly interesting to him . The play within the play has been presented only after all the preliminaries have encouraged us to take it as a farce . Oliver argues that `` the main purpose of the Induction was to set the tone for the play within the play -- in particular , to present the story of Kate and her sister as none - too - serious comedy put on to divert a drunken tinker '' . He suggests that if the Induction is removed from a production of the play ( as it very often is ) , a fundamental part of the structure has been lost . Speaking of Jonathan Miller 's BBC Television Shakespeare adaptation of 1980 , which omitted the Induction , Stanley Wells wrote `` to omit the Christopher Sly episodes is to suppress one of Shakespeare 's most volatile lesser characters , to jettison most of the play 's best poetry , and to strip it of an entire dramatic dimension . '' Regarding the importance of the Induction , Jonathan Bate and Eric Rasmussen argue `` the Sly framework establishes a self - referential theatricality in which the status of the shrew - play as a play is enforced . '' Graham Holderness argues `` the play in its received entirety does not propose any simple or unitary view of sexual politics : it contains a crudely reactionary dogma of masculine supremacy , but it also works on that ideology to force its expression into self - contradiction . The means by which this self - interrogation is accomplished is that complex theatrical device of the Sly - framework ( ... ) without the metadramatic potentialities of the Sly - framework , any production of Shrew is thrown much more passively at the mercy of the director 's artistic and political ideology . '' Coppélia Kahn suggests `` the transformation of Christopher Sly from drunken lout to noble lord , a transformation only temporary and skin - deep , suggests that Kate 's switch from independence may also be deceptive and prepares us for the irony of the dénouement . '' The Induction serves to undercut charges of misogyny -- the play within the play is a farce , it is not supposed to be taken seriously by the audience , as it is not taken seriously by Sly . As such , questions of the seriousness of what happens within it are rendered irrelevant . Language ( edit ) Language itself is a major theme in the play , especially in the taming process , where mastery of language becomes paramount . Katherina is initially described as a shrew because of her harsh language to those around her ; `` from the outset of the play , Katherine 's threat to male authority is posed through language : it is perceived by others as such and is linked to a claim larger than shrewishness -- witchcraft -- through the constant allusions to Katherine 's kinship with the devil . '' For example , after Katherina rebukes Hortensio and Gremio in Act 1 , Scene 1 , Hortensio replies with `` From all such devils , good Lord deliver us ! '' ( l. 66 ) . Even Katherina 's own father refers to her as `` thou hilding of a devilish spirit '' ( 2.1. 26 ) . Petruchio , however , attempts to tame her -- and thus her language -- with rhetoric that specifically undermines her tempestuous nature ; Say that she rail , why then I 'll tell her plain She sings as sweetly as a nightingale . Say that she frown , I 'll say that she looks as clear As morning roses newly washed with dew . Say she be mute and will not speak a word , Then I 'll commend her volubility And say she uttereth piercing eloquence . If she do bid me pack , I 'll give her thanks , As though she bid me stay by her a week . If she deny to wed , I 'll crave the day When I shall ask the banns , and when be marrièd . ( 2.1. 169 -- 179 ) Here Petruchio is specifically attacking the very function of Katherina 's language , vowing that no matter what she says , he will purposely misinterpret it , thus undermining the basis of the linguistic sign , and disrupting the relationship between signifier and signified . In this sense , Margaret Jane Kidnie argues this scene demonstrates the `` slipperiness of language . '' Apart from undermining her language , Petruchio also uses language to objectify her . For example , in Act 3 , Scene 2 , Petruchio explains to all present that Katherina is now literally his property : She is my goods , my chattels , she is my house , My household stuff , my field , my barn , My horse , my ox , my ass , my any thing . ( ll. 232 -- 234 ) In discussing Petruchio 's objectification of Katherina , Tita French Baumlin focuses on his puns on her name . By referring to her as a `` cake '' and a `` cat '' ( 2.1. 185 -- 195 ) , he objectifies her in a more subtle manner than saying she belongs to him . A further aspect of Petruchio 's taming rhetoric is the repeated comparison of Katherina to animals . In particular , he is prone to comparing her to a hawk ( 2.1. 8 and 4.1. 177 -- 183 ) , often employing an overarching hunting metaphor ; `` My falcon now is sharp and passing empty , / And till she stoop she must not be full - gorged '' ( 4.1. 177 -- 178 ) . Katherina , however , appropriates this method herself , leading to a trading of insults rife with animal imagery in Act 2 , Scene 1 ( ll. 207 -- 232 ) , where she compares Petruchio to a turtle and a crab . Language itself has thus become a battleground . However , it is Petruchio who seemingly emerges as the victor . In his house , after Petruchio has dismissed the haberdasher , Katherina exclaims Why sir , I trust I may have leave to speak , And speak I will . I am no child , no babe ; Your betters have endured me say my mind , And if you can not , best you stop your ears . My tongue will tell the anger of my heart , Or else my heart concealing it will break , And rather than it shall , I will be free Even to the uttermost , as I please , in words . ( 4.3. 74 -- 80 ) Katherina is here declaring her independence of language ; no matter what Petruchio may do , she will always be free to speak her mind . However , only one - hundred lines later , the following exchange occurs ; PETRUCHIO Let 's see , I think ' tis now some seven o'clock . And well we may come there by dinner - time . KATHERINA I dare assure you , sir , ' tis almost two , And ' twill be supper - time ere you come there . PETRUCHIO It shall be seven ere I go to horse . Look what I speak , or do , or think to do , You are still crossing it . Sirs , let 't alone , I will not go today ; and ere I do , It shall be what o'clock I say it is . ( 4.3. 184 -- 192 ) Kidnie says of this scene , `` the language game has suddenly changed and the stakes have been raised . Whereas before he seemed to mishear or misunderstand her words , Petruchio now overtly tests his wife 's subjection by demanding that she concede to his views even when they are demonstrably unreasonable . The lesson is that Petruchio has the absolute authority to rename their world . '' Katherina is free to say whatever she wishes , as long she agrees with Petruchio . His apparent victory in the ' language game ' is seen in Act 4 , Scene 5 , when Katherina is made to switch the words `` moon '' and `` sun '' , and she concedes that she will agree with whatever Petruchio says , no matter how absurd : Julius Caesar Ibbetson illustration of Act 4 , Scene 5 ( the `` sun and moon '' conversation ) from The Boydell Shakespeare Prints ; engraved by Isaac Taylor ( 1803 ) . And be it the moon , or sun , or what you please ; And if you please to call it a rush - candle , Henceforth I vow it shall be so for me ... But sun it is not , when you say it is not , And the moon changes even as your mind : What you will have it named , even that it is , And so it shall be so for Katherine . ( ll. 12 -- 15 ; ll. 19 -- 22 ) Of this scene , Kidnie argues `` what he ' says ' must take priority over what Katherina ' knows ' . '' From this point , Katherina 's language changes from her earlier vernacular ; instead of defying Petruchio and his words , she has apparently succumbed to his rhetoric and accepted that she will use his language instead of her own -- both Katherina and her language have , seemingly , been tamed . The important role of language , however , is not confined to the taming plot . For example , in a psychoanalytic reading of the play , Joel Fineman suggests there is a distinction made between male and female language , further subcategorising the latter into good and bad , epitomised by Bianca and Katherina respectively . Language is also important in relation to the Induction . Here , Sly speaks in prose until he begins to accept his new role as lord , at which point he switches to blank verse and adopts the royal we . Language is also important in relation to Tranio and Lucentio , who appear on stage speaking a highly artificial style of blank verse full of classical and mythological allusions and elaborate metaphors and similes , thus immediately setting them aside from the more straightforward language of the Induction , and alerting the audience to the fact that they are now in an entirely different milieu . Themes ( edit ) Female submissiveness ( edit ) Arthur Rackham illustration of Act 5 , Scene 2 ( Katherina is the only wife to respond to her husband ) ; from Tales from Shakespeare , edited by Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb ( 1890 ) . In productions of the play , it is often the interpretation of Katherina 's final speech ( the longest speech in the play ) that defines the tone of the entire production , such is the importance of this speech and what it says , or seems to say , about female submission : Fie , fie ! unknit that threatening unkind brow , And dart not scornful glances from those eyes To wound thy lord , thy king , thy governor . It blots thy beauty , as frosts do bite the meads , Confounds thy fame , as whirlwinds shake fair buds , And in no sense is meet or amiable . A woman moved is like a fountain troubled , Muddy , ill - seeming , thick , bereft of beauty , And while it is so , none so dry or thirsty Will deign to sip or touch one drop of it . Thy husband is thy lord , thy life , thy keeper , Thy head , thy sovereign : one that cares for thee , And for thy maintenance ; commits his body To painful labour both by sea and land , To watch the night in storms , the day in cold , Whilst thou liest warm at home , secure and safe , And craves no other tribute at thy hands But love , fair looks , and true obedience -- Too little payment for so great a debt . Such duty as the subject owes the prince , Even such a woman oweth to her husband ; And when she is froward , peevish , sullen , sour , And not obedient to his honest will , What is she but a foul contending rebel And graceless traitor to her loving lord ? I am ashamed that women are so simple To offer war where they should kneel for peace ; Or seek for rule , supremacy , and sway , When they are bound to serve , love , and obey . Why are our bodies soft , and weak , and smooth , Unapt to toil and trouble in the world , But that our soft conditions , and our hearts , Should well agree with our external parts ? Come , come , you froward and unable worms ! My mind hath been as big as one of yours , My heart as great , my reason haply more , To bandy word for word and frown for frown ; But now I see our lances are but straws , Our strength as weak , our weakness past compare , That seeming to be most which we indeed least are . Then vail your stomachs , for it is no boot , And place your hands below your husband 's foot ; In token of which duty , if he please , My hand is ready , may it do him ease . ( 5.2. 136 -- 179 ) Traditionally , many critics have taken the speech literally . Writing in 1943 , for example , G.I. Duthie argued `` what Shakespeare emphasises here is the foolishness of trying to destroy order . '' However , in a modern western society , holding relatively egalitarian views on gender , such an interpretation presents a dilemma , as according to said interpretation the play seemingly celebrates female subjugation . Critically , four main theories have emerged in response to Katherina 's speech ; It is sincere ; Petruchio has successfully tamed her . It is sincere , but not because Petruchio has tamed her . Instead , she has fallen in love with him and accepted her role as his wife . It is ironic ; she is being sarcastic , pretending to have been tamed when in reality she has completely duped Petruchio into thinking he has tamed her . It should not be read seriously or ironically ; it is part of the farcical nature of the play - within - the - play . George Bernard Shaw wrote in 1897 that `` no man with any decency of feeling can sit it out in the company of a woman without being extremely ashamed of the lord - of - creation moral implied in the wager and the speech put into the woman 's own mouth . '' Katherina is seen as having been successfully tamed , and having come to accept her newly submissive role to such an extent that she advocates that role for others , the final speech rationalises , according to Duthie , in both a political and sociological sense , the submission of wives to husbands . Actress Meryl Streep , who played Katherina in 1978 at the Shakespeare in the Park festival , says of the play , `` really what matters is that they have an incredible passion and love ; it 's not something that Katherina admits to right away , but it does provide the source of her change . '' Similarly , John C. Bean sees the speech as the final stage in the process of Katherina 's change of heart towards Petruchio ; `` if we can appreciate the liberal element in Kate 's last speech -- the speech that strikes modern sensibilities as advocating male tyranny -- we can perhaps see that Kate is tamed not in the automatic manner of behavioural psychology but in the spontaneous manner of the later romantic comedies where characters lose themselves and emerge , as if from a dream , liberated into the bonds of love . '' Taming of the Shrew by Augustus Egg ( 1860 ) . Perhaps the most common interpretation in the modern era is that the speech is ironic ; Katherina has not been tamed at all , she has merely duped Petruchio into thinking she has . Two especially well known examples of this interpretation are seen in the two major feature film adaptations of the play ; Sam Taylor 's 1929 version and Franco Zeffirelli 's 1967 version . In Taylor 's film , Katherina , played by Mary Pickford , winks at Bianca during the speech , indicating she does not mean a word of what she is saying . In Zeffirelli 's film , Katherina , played by Elizabeth Taylor , delivers the speech as though it were her own idea , and the submission aspect is reversed by her ending the speech and leaving the room , causing Petruchio to have to run after her . Phyllis Rackin is an example of a scholar who reads the speech ironically , especially in how it deals with gender . She points out that several lines in the speech focus on the woman 's body , but in the Elizabethan theatre , the role would have been played by a young boy , thus rendering any evocation of the female form as ironic . Reading the play as a satire of gender roles , she sees the speech as the culmination of this process . Along similar lines , Philippa Kelly says `` the body of the boy actor in Shakespeare 's time would have created a sexual indeterminacy that would have undermined the patriarchal narrative , so that the taming is only apparently so . And in declaring women 's passivity so extensively and performing it centre - stage , Kate might be seen to take on a kind of agency that rebukes the feminine codes of silence and obedience which she so expressly advocates . '' Similarly , Coppélia Kahn argues the speech is really about how little Katherina has been tamed ; `` she steals the scene from her husband , who has held the stage throughout the play , and reveals that he has failed to tame her in the sense he set out to . He has gained her outward compliance in the form of a public display , while her spirit remains mischievously free . '' In relation to this interpretation , William Empson suggests that Katherina was originally performed by an adult male actor rather than a young boy . He argues that the play indicates on several occasions that Katherina is physically strong , and even capable of over-powering Petruchio . For example , this is demonstrated off - stage when the horse falls on her as she is riding to Petruchio 's home , and she is able to lift it off herself , and later when she throws Petruchio off a servant he is beating . Empson argues that the point is not that Katherina is , as a woman , weak , but that she is not well cast in the role in life which she finds herself having to play . The end of the play then offers blatant irony when a strong male actor , dressed as a woman , lectures women on how to play their parts . The fourth school of thought is that the play is a farce , and hence the speech should not be read seriously or ironically . For example , Robert B. Heilman argues that `` the whole wager scene falls essentially within the realm of farce : the responses are largely mechanical , as is their symmetry . Kate 's final long speech on the obligations and fitting style of wives we can think of as a more or less automatic statement -- that is , the kind appropriate to farce -- of a generally held doctrine . '' He further makes his case by positing : there are two arguments against ( an ironic interpretation ) . One is that a careful reading of the lines will show that most of them have to be taken literally ; only the last seven or eight lines can be read with ironic overtones ( ... ) The second is that some forty lines of straight irony would be too much to be borne ; it would be inconsistent with the straightforwardness of most of the play , and it would really turn Kate back into a hidden shrew whose new technique was sarcastic indirection , sidemouthing at the audience , while her not very intelligent husband , bamboozled , cheered her on . Another way in which to read the speech ( and the play ) as farcical is to focus on the Induction . H.J. Oliver , for example , emphasising the importance of the Induction , writes `` the play within the play has been presented only after all the preliminaries have encouraged us to take it as a farce . We have been warned . '' Of Katherina 's speech , he argues : this lecture by Kate on the wife 's duty to submit is the only fitting climax to the farce -- and for that very reason it can not logically be taken seriously , orthodox though the views expressed may be ( ... ) attempting to take the last scene as a continuation of the realistic portrayal of character leads some modern producers to have it played as a kind of private joke between Petruchio and Kate -- or even have Petruchio imply that by now he is thoroughly ashamed of himself . It does not , can not , work . The play has changed key : it has modulated back from something like realistic social comedy to the other , ' broader ' kind of entertainment that was foretold by the Induction . Gender politics ( edit ) The issue of gender politics is an important theme in The Taming of the Shrew . In a letter to the Pall Mall Gazette , George Bernard Shaw famously called the play `` one vile insult to womanhood and manhood from the first word to the last . '' A contemporary critic , Emily Detmer , points out that in the late 16th and early 17th century , laws curtailing husbands ' use of violence in disciplining their wives were becoming more commonplace ; `` the same culture that still `` felt good '' about dunking scolds , whipping whores , or burning witches was becoming increasingly sensitive about husbands beating their wives . '' Detmer argues : the vigor of public discourse on wife - beating exemplifies a culture at work reformulating permissible and impermissible means for husbands to maintain control over the politics of the family , without , however , questioning that goal . This new boundary was built on notions of class and civil behaviour . Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew acts as a comedic roadmap for reconfiguring these emergent modes of `` skillful '' and civilised dominance for gentlemen , that is , for subordinating a wife without resorting to the `` common '' man 's brute strength . Petruchio 's answer is to psychologically tame Katherina , a method not frowned upon by society ; `` the play signals a shift towards a `` modern '' way of managing the subordination of wives by legitimatising domination as long as it is not physical . '' Detmer argues `` Shakespeare 's `` shrew '' is tamed in a manner that would have made the wife - beating reformers proud ; Petruchio 's taming `` policy '' dramatises how abstention from physical violence works better . The play encourages its audience not only to pay close attention to Petruchio 's method but also to judge and enjoy the method 's permissibility because of the absence of blows and the harmonious outcome . '' ' Williams ' cartoon from Caricature magazine ; `` Tameing a Shrew ; or , Petruchio 's Patent Family Bedstead , Gags & Thumscrews '' ( 1815 ) . However , Detmer is critical of scholars who defend Shakespeare for depicting male dominance in a less brutal fashion than many of his contemporaries . For example , although not specifically mentioned by Detmer , Michael West writes `` the play 's attitude was characteristically Elizabethan and was expressed more humanly by Shakespeare than by some of his sources . '' Detmer goes on to read the play in light of modern psychological theories regarding women 's responses to domestic violence , and argues that Katherina develops Stockholm syndrome : a model of domestic violence that includes tactics other than physical violence gives readers a way in which to understand Kate 's romanticised surrender at the end of the play as something other than consensual , as , in fact , a typical response to abuse ( ... ) Like a victim of the Stockholm syndrome , she denies her own feelings in order to bond with her abuser . Her surrender and obedience signify her emotional bondage as a survival strategy ; she aims to please because her life depends upon it . Knowing how the Stockholm syndrome works can help us to see that whatever `` subjectivity '' might be achieved is created out of domination and a coercive bonding . In a Marxist reading of the play , Natasha Korda argues that , although Petruchio is not characterised as a violent man , he still embodies sixteenth century notions regarding the subjugation and objectification of women . Shrew taming stories existed prior to Shakespeare 's play , and in such stories , `` the object of the tale was simply to put the shrew to work , to restore her ( frequently through some gruesome form of punishment ) to her proper productive place within the household economy . '' Petruchio does not do this , but Korda argues he still works to curtail the activities of the woman ; `` Kate ( is ) not a reluctant producer , but rather an avid and sophisticated consumer of market goods ( ... ) Petruchio 's taming strategy is accordingly aimed not at his wife 's productive capacity -- not once does he ask Kate to brew , bake , wash , card , or spin -- but at her consumption . He seeks to educate her in her role as a consumer . '' She believes that even though Petruchio does not use force to tame Katherina , his actions are still an endorsement of patriarchy ; he makes her his property and tames her into accepting a patriarchal economic worldview . Vital in this reading is Katherina 's final speech , which Korda argues `` inaugurates a new gendered division of labour , according to which husbands `` labour both by sea and land '' while their wives luxuriate at home ( ... ) In erasing the status of housework as work , separate - sphere ideology renders the housewife perpetually indebted to her husband ( ... ) The Taming of the Shrew marks the emergence of the ideological separation of feminine and masculine spheres of labour . '' In a different reading of how gender politics are handled in the play , David Beauregard reads the relationship between Katherina and Petruchio in traditional Aristotelian terms . Petruchio , as the architect of virtue ( Politics , 1.13 ) , brings Kate into harmony with her nature by developing her `` new - built virtue and obedience '' , ( 5.2. 118 ) , and she , in turn , brings to Petruchio in her person all the Aristotelian components of happiness -- wealth and good fortune , virtue , friendship and love , the promise of domestic peace and quiet ( Nicomachean Ethics , 1.7 -- 8 ) . The virtue of obedience at the center of Kate 's final speech is not what Aristotle describes as the despotic rule of master over slave , but rather the statesman 's rule over a free and equal person ( Politics , 1.3 , 12 -- 13 ) . Recognising the evil of despotic domination , the play holds up in inverse form Kate 's shrewishness , the feminine form of the will to dominance , as an evil that obstructs natural fulfillment and destroys marital happiness . Cruelty ( edit ) Another theme in the play is cruelty . Alexander Leggatt states : the taming of Katherina is not just a lesson , but a game -- a test of skill and a source of pleasure . The roughness is , at bottom , part of the fun : such is the peculiar psychology of sport that one is willing to endure aching muscles and risk the occasional broken limb for the sake of the challenge . The sports most often recalled throughout the play are blood sports , hunting and hawking , thus invoking in the audience the state of mind in which cruelty and violence are acceptable , even exciting , because their scope is limited by tacit agreement and they are made the occasion for a display of skill . Ann Thompson argues that `` the fact that in the folktale versions the shrew - taming story always comes to its climax when the husbands wager on their wives ' obedience must have been partly responsible for the large number of references to sporting , gaming and gambling throughout the play . These metaphors can help to make Petruchio 's cruelty acceptable by making it seem limited and conventionalised . '' Marvin Bennet Krims argues that `` the play leans heavily on representations of cruelty for its comedic effect . '' He believes cruelty permeates the entire play , including the Induction , arguing the Sly frame , with the Lord 's spiteful practical joke , prepares the audience for a play willing to treat cruelty as a comedic matter . He suggests that cruelty is a more important theme than gender , arguing that `` the aggression represented in Taming can be read as having less to do with gender and more to do with hate , with the text thereby becoming a comic representation of the general problem of human cruelty and victimisation . '' Director Michael Bogdanov , who directed the play in 1978 , considers that `` Shakespeare was a feminist '' : Shakespeare shows women totally abused -- like animals -- bartered to the highest bidder . He shows women used as commodities , not allowed to choose for themselves . In The Taming of the Shrew you get that extraordinary scene between Baptista , Grumio , and Tranio , where they are vying with each other to see who can offer most for Bianca , who is described as ' the prize ' . It is a toss of the coin to see which way she will go : to the old man with a certain amount of money , or to the young man , who is boasting that he 's got so many ships . She could end up with the old impotent fool , or the young ' eligible ' man : what sort of life is that to look forward to ? There is no question of it , ( Shakespeare 's ) sympathy is with the women , and his purpose , to expose the cruelty of a society that allows these things to happen . Money ( edit ) John Drew as Petruchio in Augustin Daly 's 1887 production at Daly 's Theatre , New York . The motivation of money is another theme . When speaking of whether or not someone may ever want to marry Katherina , Hortensio says `` Though it pass your patience and mine to endure her loud alarums , why man , there be good fellows in the world , and a man could light on them , would take her with all faults and money enough '' ( 1.1. 125 -- 128 ) . In the scene that follows Petruchio says : If thou know One rich enough to be Petruchio 's wife - As wealth is burden of my wooing dance - Be she as foul as was Florentius ' love , As old as Sibyl , and as curst and shrewd As Socrates ' Xanthippe , or a worse , She moves me not . ( 1.2. 65 -- 71 ) A few lines later Grumio says , `` Why give him gold enough and marry him to a puppet or an aglet - baby , or an old trot with ne 're a tooth in her head , though she have as many diseases as two and fifty horses . Why , nothing comes amiss , so money comes withal '' ( 1.2. 77 -- 80 ) . Furthermore , Petruchio is encouraged to woo Katherina by Gremio , Tranio ( as Lucentio ) , and Hortensio , who vow to pay him if he wins her , on top of Baptista 's dowry ( `` After my death , the one half of my lands , and in possession , twenty thousand crowns '' ) . Later , Petruchio does not agree with Baptista on the subject of love in this exchange : BAPTISTA When the special thing is well obtained , That is , her love ; for that is all in all . PETRUCHIO Why that is nothing . ( 2.1. 27 -- 29 ) Gremio and Tranio literally bid for Bianca . As Baptista says , `` ' Tis deeds must win the prize , and he of both / That can assure my daughter greatest dower / Shall have my Bianca 's love '' ( 2.1. 344 -- 346 ) . Performance ( edit ) Main article : The Taming of the Shrew in performance Adaptations ( edit ) Plays ( edit ) Main article : The Taming of the Shrew in performance § Theatrical adaptations Opera ( edit ) The first opera based on the play was Ferdinando Bertoni 's opera buffa Il duca di Atene ( 1780 ) , with libretto by Carlo Francesco Badini . Frederic Reynolds ' Catherine and Petruchio ( 1828 ) is an adaptation of Garrick , with an overture taken from Gioachino Rossini , songs derived from numerous Shakespeare plays and sonnets , and music by John Braham and Thomas Simpson Cooke . Starring Fanny Ayton and James William Wallack , the opera premiered at Drury Lane , but it was not successful , and closed after only a few performances . Hermann Goetz ' Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung ( 1874 ) , with libretto by Joseph Viktor Widmann , is a comic opera , which focuses on the Bianca subplot , and cuts back the taming story . It was first performed at the original National Theatre Mannheim . John Kendrick Bangs ' Katherine : A Travesty ( 1888 ) is a Gilbert and Sullivan - style parody operetta which premiered in the Metropolitan Opera . Spyridon Samaras ' La furia domata : commedia musicale in tre atti ( 1895 ) is a now lost lyric comedy with libretto by Enrico Annibale Butti and Giulio Macchi , which premiered at the Teatro Lirico . Ruperto Chapí 's Las bravías ( 1896 ) , with a libretto by José López Silva and Carlos Fernández Shaw , is a one - act género chico zarzuela clearly based on the story , but with names changed and the location altered to Madrid : it was a major success in Spain , with over 200 performances in 1896 alone , and continues to be performed regularly . Johan Wagenaar 's De getemde feeks ( 1909 ) is the second of three overtures Wagenaar wrote based on Shakespeare , the others being Koning Jan ( 1891 ) and Driekoningenavond ( 1928 ) . Another overture inspired by the play is Alfred Reynolds ' The Taming of the Shrew Overture ( 1927 ) . Ermanno Wolf - Ferrari 's verismo opera Sly , ovvero la leggenda del dormiente risvegliato ( 1927 ) focuses on the Induction , with libretto by Giovacchino Forzano . A tragedy , the opera depicts Sly as a hard - drinking and debt - ridden poet who sings in a London pub . When he is tricked into believing that he is a lord , his life improves , but upon learning it is a ruse , he mistakenly concludes the woman he loves ( Dolly ) only told him she loved him as part of the ruse . In despair , he kills himself by cutting his wrists , with Dolly arriving too late to save him . Starring Aureliano Pertile and Mercedes Llopart , it was first performed at La Scala in Milan . Rudolf Karel 's The Taming of the Shrew is an unfinished opera upon which he worked between 1942 and 1944 . Philip Greeley Clapp 's The Taming of the Shrew ( 1948 ) was first performed at the Metropolitan Opera . Vittorio Giannini 's The Taming of the Shrew ( 1953 ) is an opera buffa , with libretto by Giannini and Dorothy Fee . It was first performed at the Cincinnati Music Hall , starring Dorothy Short and Robert Kircher . Vissarion Shebalin 's Ukroshchenye stroptivoy ( 1957 ) , with libretto by Abram Akimovich Gozenpud , was Shebalin 's last opera and was immediately hailed as a masterpiece throughout Russia . Dominick Argento 's Christopher Sly ( 1962 ) , with libretto by John Manlove , is a comic opera in two scenes and an interlude , first performed in the University of Minnesota . Sly is duped by a Lord into believing that he himself is a lord . However , he soon becomes aware of the ruse , and when left alone , he flees with the Lord 's valuables and his two mistresses . Musical / ballet ( edit ) Louis Rhead ink drawing of Katherine breaking a lute over Hortensio 's head , designed for a 1918 edition of Tales from Shakespeare . The earliest known musical adaptation of the play was a ballad opera based on Charles Johnson 's Cobler of Preston . Called The Cobler of Preston 's Opera , the piece was anonymously written , although William Dunkin is thought by some scholars as a likely candidate . Rehearsals for the premier began in Smock Alley in October 1731 , but sometime in November or December , the show was cancelled . It was instead performed by a group of children ( including an eleven - year - old Peg Woffington ) in January 1732 at Signora Violante 's New Booth in Dame Street . It was subsequently published in March . James Worsdale 's A Cure for a Scold is also a ballad opera . First performed at Drury Lane in 1735 , starring Kitty Clive and Charles Macklin , A Cure for a Scold was an adaptation of Lacy 's Sauny the Scot rather than Shakespeare 's original Taming of the Shrew . Petruchio was renamed Manly , and Katherina was renamed Margaret ( nicknamed Peg ) . At the end , there is no wager . Instead , Peg pretends she is dying , and as Petruchio runs for a doctor , she reveals she is fine , and declares `` you have taught me what ' tis to be a Wife , and I shall make it my Study to be obliging and obedient , '' to which Manly replies `` My best Peg , we will exchange Kindness , and be each others Servants . '' After the play has finished , the actress playing Peg steps forward and speaks directly to the audience as herself ; `` Well , I must own , it wounds me to the Heart / To play , unwomanly , so mean a Part. / What -- to submit , so tamely -- so contented , / Thank Heav'n ! I 'm not the Thing I represented . '' Cole Porter 's musical Kiss Me , Kate is an adaptation of Taming of the Shrew . The music and lyrics are by Porter and the book is by Samuel and Bella Spewack . It is at least partially based on the 1935 / 1936 Theatre Guild production of Taming of the Shrew , which starred husband and wife Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne , whose backstage fights became legendary . The musical tells the story of a husband and wife acting duo ( Fred and Lilli ) attempting to stage The Taming of the Shrew , but whose backstage fights keep getting in the way . The musical opened on Broadway at the New Century Theatre in 1948 , running for a total of 1,077 performances . Directed by John C. Wilson with choreography by Hanya Holm , it starred Patricia Morison and Alfred Drake . The production moved to the West End in 1951 , directed by Samuel Spewack with choreography again by Holm , and starring Patricia Morrison and Bill Johnson . It ran for 501 performances . As well as being a box office hit , the musical was also a critical success , winning five Tony Awards ; Best Authors ( Musical ) , Best Original Score , Best Costume Design , Best Musical and Best Producers ( Musical ) . The play has since been revived numerous times in various countries . Its 1999 revival at the Martin Beck Theatre , directed by Michael Blakemore and starring Marin Mazzie and Brian Stokes Mitchell , was especially successful , winning another five Tonys ; Best Actor ( Musical ) , Best Costume Design , Best Director ( Musical ) , Best Orchestrations , and Best Revival ( Musical ) . The first ballet version of the play was Maurice Béjart 's La mégère apprivoisée . Using the music of Alessandro Scarlatti , it was originally performed by the Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris in 1954 . The best known ballet adaptation is John Cranko 's The Taming of the Shrew , first performed by the Stuttgart Ballet at the Staatsoper Stuttgart in 1969 . Another ballet adaptation is Louis Falco 's Kate 's Rag , first performed by the Louis Falco Dance Company at the Akademie der Künste in 1980 . In 1988 , Aleksandre Machavariani composed a ballet suite , but it was not performed until 2009 , when his son , conductor Vakhtang Machavariani , gave a concert at the Georgian National Music Center featuring music by Modest Mussorgsky , Sergei Prokofiev and some of his father 's pieces . Film ( edit ) Main article : The Taming of the Shrew on screen § Film Television ( edit ) Main article : The Taming of the Shrew on screen § Television Radio ( edit ) In 1924 , extracts from the play were broadcast on BBC Radio , performed by the Cardiff Station Repertory Company as the eight episode of a series of programs showcasing Shakespeare 's plays , entitled Shakespeare Night . Extracts were also broadcast in 1925 as part of Shakespeare : Scene and Story , with Edna Godfrey - Turner and William Charles Macready , and in 1926 as part of Shakespeare 's Heroines , with Madge Titheradge and Edmund Willard . In 1927 , a forty - three - minute truncation of the play was broadcast on BBC National Programme , with Barbara Couper and Ian Fleming . In 1932 , National Programme aired another truncated version , this one running eighty - five minutes , and again starring Couper , with Francis James as Petruchio . In 1935 , Peter Creswell directed a broadcast of the relatively complete text ( only the Bianca subplot was trimmed ) on National Programme , starring Mary Hinton and Godfrey Tearle . This was the first non-theatrical version of the play to feature Sly , who was played by Stuart Robertson . In 1941 , Creswell directed another adaptation for BBC Home Service , again starring Tearle , with Fay Compton as Katherina . In 1947 , BBC Light Programme aired extracts for their Theatre Programme from John Burrell 's Edinburgh Festival production , with Patricia Burke and Trevor Howard . In 1954 , the full - length play aired on BBC Home Service , directed by Peter Watts , starring Mary Wimbush and Joseph O'Conor , with Norman Shelley as Sly . BBC Radio 4 aired another full - length broadcast ( without the Induction ) in 1973 as part of their Monday Night Theatre series , directed by Ian Cotterell , starring Fenella Fielding and Paul Daneman . In 1989 , BBC Radio 3 aired the full play , directed by Jeremy Mortimer , starring Cheryl Campbell and Bob Peck , with William Simons as Sly . In 2000 , BBC Radio 3 aired another full - length production ( without the Induction ) as part of their Shakespeare for the New Millennium series , directed by Melanie Harris , and starring Ruth Mitchell and Gerard McSorley . In the United States , the first major radio production was in July 1937 on NBC Blue Network , when John Barrymore adapted the play into a forty - five - minute piece , starring Elaine Barrie and Barrymore himself . In August of the same year , CBS Radio aired a sixty - minute adaptation directed by Brewster Mason , starring Frieda Inescort and Edward G. Robinson . The adaptation was written by Gilbert Seldes , who employed a narrator ( Godfrey Tearle ) to fill in gaps in the story , tell the audience about the clothes worn by the characters and offer opinions as to the direction of the plot . For example , Act 4 , Scene 5 ends with the narrator musing `` We know that Katherina obeys her husband , but has her spirit been really tamed I wonder ? '' In 1940 , a thirty - minute musical version of the play written by Joseph Gottlieb and Irvin Graham aired on CBS as part of their Columbia Workshop series , starring Nan Sunderland and Carleton Young . In 1941 , NBC Blue Network aired a sixty - minute adaptation as part of their Great Plays series , written by Ranald MacDougall , directed by Charles Warburton , and starring Grace Coppin and Herbert Rudley . In 1949 , ABC Radio aired an adaptation directed by Homer Fickett , starring Joyce Redman and Burgess Meredith . In 1953 , NBC broadcast William Dawkins ' production live from the Oregon Shakespeare Festival . The cast list for this production has been lost , but it is known to have featured George Peppard . In 1960 , NBC aired a sixty - minute version adapted by Carl Ritchie from Robert Loper 's stage production for the Oregon Shakespeare Festival , starring Ann Hackney and Gerard Larson . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term was first used by Alexander Pope in 1725 , and has been commonly employed ever since . The First Folio text begins the play with the standard `` Actus primus , Scœna prima '' heading , and there is no differentiation between the Induction and what is commonly referred to today as Act 1 , Scene 1 ( Lucentio arriving in Padua ) . Jump up ^ The complete English text of the episode is : `` Three merchants , riding home from a fair , fell to talking about the charm of obedience in a wife . At last they laid a wager of a dinner , agreeing that the one whose wife should prove the least obedient should pay for the dinner . Each man was to warn his wife to do whatever he might bid ; afterward he was to set a basin before her and bid her leap into it . The first wife insisted on knowing the reason for the command ; she received several blows from her husband 's fist . The second wife flatly refused to obey ; she was thoroughly beaten with a staff . The wife of the third merchant received the same warning as the rest , but the intended trial was postponed until after dinner . During the meal this wife was asked to put salt upon the table . Because of a similarity between the two expressions in French , she understood her husband to command her to leap upon the table . She at once did so , throwing down the meat and drink and breaking the glasses . When she stated the reason for her conduct , the other merchants acknowledged without further trial that they had lost the wager . '' Jump up ^ Complete Text of A Merry Jest . Jump up ^ From this point forward , The Taming of a Shrew will be referred to as A Shrew ; The Taming of the Shrew as The Shrew . Citations ( edit ) All references to The Taming of the Shrew , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Oxford Shakespeare ( Oliver , 1982 ) , which is based on the 1623 First Folio . Under this referencing system , 1.2. 51 means Act 1 , Scene 2 , line 51 . Jump up ^ Bullough ( 1957 ) , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1998 ) , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 38 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Tolman ( 1890 ) , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Shroeder ( 1959 ) , p. 253 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Hosley ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Brunvand ( 1966 ) , p. 346 . Jump up ^ See also Brunvand ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 43 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Tolman ( 1890 ) , pp. 203 -- 227 . Jump up ^ For more information on the relationship between Supposes and The Shrew , see Seronsy ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1998 ) , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Wentersdorf ( 1978 ) , p. 202 . Jump up ^ For more information on A Shrew see Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 12 -- 50 , Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 13 -- 34 and Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 1 -- 57 Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 1997 ) , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 31 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , pp. 4 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 31 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Elam ( 2007 ) , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 1997 ) , pp. 109 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Greg , W.W. ( 1955 ) . The Shakespeare First Folio : Its Bibliographical and Textual History . Oxford : Clarendon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 811546 - 5 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1981 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ See esp . Houk ( 1942 ) and Duthie ( 1943 ) . See also Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 16 -- 24 and Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ See esp . Alexander ( 1926 ) and Alexander ( 1969 ) . See also Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 14 -- 16 and Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 16 -- 18 ; 31 -- 34 . Jump up ^ See esp . Shroeder ( 1958 ) . See also Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 24 -- 26 and Evans ( 1997 ) , pp. 104 -- 107 . Jump up ^ See Duthie ( 1943 ) , Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 13 -- 34 , Marcus ( 1991 ) and Marcus ( 1996 ) , pp. 101 -- 131 . ^ Jump up to : Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 1 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Morris ( 1981 ) , pp. 12 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 13 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 1 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson ( 2003 ) , pp. 163 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ See Hickson ( 1850a ) and Hickson ( 1850b ) Jump up ^ Alexander ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch & Wilson ( 1953 ) , pp. 129 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 16 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Hodgdon ( 2010 ) , pp. 21 - 22 . Jump up ^ Irace ( 1994 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ McDonald ( 2001 ) , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Richmond ( 2002 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Jolly ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Chambers ( 1930 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Chambers ( 1930 ) , pp. 324 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Kirschbaum ( 1938 ) , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. ix . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Houk ( 1942 ) . Jump up ^ Duthie ( 1943 ) , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Hickson ( 1850b ) , p. 347 . ^ Jump up to : Duthie ( 1943 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander ( 1969 ) , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Morris ( 1981 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 4 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 10 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 23 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1998 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Warren , Roger , ed. ( 2003 ) . Henry VI , Part Two . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 87 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953742 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martin , Randall , ed. ( 2001 ) . Henry VI , Part Three . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 96 -- 123 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953711 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall ( 2001 ) , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Rackin ( 2005 ) , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Davies ( 1995 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly ( 2013 ) , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Garber ( 1974 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Hibbard ( 1964 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Boose ( 1991 ) , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Aspinall ( 2001 ) , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Marcus ( 1991 ) , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Marcus ( 1996 ) , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Marcus ( 1996 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ `` Conall Morrison on directing The Taming of the Shrew '' ( PDF ) . Royal Shakespeare Company . 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Kelly ( 2013 ) , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Kantor , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . The Politically Incorrect Guide to English and American Literature . Washington , DC : Regenery . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 011 - 2 . Jump up ^ Holderness ( 1988 ) , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bullough ( 1957 ) , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Hosley ( 1978 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 34 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Wells , Stanley ( 31 October 1980 ) . `` A prosaic transformation '' . The Times Literary Supplement . p. 1229 . Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen ( 2010 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Holderness ( 1989 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Kahn ( 1981 ) , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Newman , Karen ( 1991 ) . Fashioning Femininity and English Renaissance Drama . Women in Culture and Society . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 57709 - 8 . Jump up ^ Kidnie ( 2006 ) , p. xxxiv . Jump up ^ Baumlin ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Kidnie ( 2006 ) , p. xxxix . Jump up ^ Kidnie ( 2006 ) , p. xl . Jump up ^ Fineman ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Duthie ( 2005 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bean ( 1984 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Henderson ( 2003 ) , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : Rackin ( 2005 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly ( 2013 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Heilman ( 1966 ) , pp. 156 -- 157 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver ( 1982 ) , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ Quoted in Henderson ( 2003 ) , p. 132 Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Schafer ( 2002 ) , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Kahn ( 1975 ) , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Empson ( 1996 ) , p. 31 . 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In Holderness , Graham . The Shakespeare Myth . Manchester : Manchester University Press . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 2635 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Christopher R. `` Shakespeare , William '' . In Sadie , Stanley . The New Grove Dictionary of Opera . Four . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 522186 - 2 . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch & Wilson ( 1953 ) , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Haring - Smith ( 1985 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Oliver ( 1982 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Dobson , Michael ; Wells , Stanley ( 2008 ) ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare ( Revised ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280614 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Schafer ( 2002 ) , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Webber , Christopher ( 2002 ) . The Zarzuela Companion . Maryland : Screcrow Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4447 - 8 . Jump up ^ van der Klis , Jolande ( 2000 ) . The Essential Guide to Dutch Music : 100 Composers and Their Work . 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Cranbury , NJ : Associated University Presses . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 24870 - 7 . Jump up ^ Quiller - Couch & Wilson ( 1953 ) , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Schafer ( 2002 ) , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Thompson ( 2003 ) , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Green ( 1984 ) , p. 236 . Jump up ^ `` Search Past Winners '' . Tony Awards . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Lefkowitz , David ( 5 June 2000 ) . `` Contact and Copenhagen win top 1999 -- 2000 Tony Awards '' . Playbill . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Craine , Debra ; Mackrell , Judith ( 2010 ) ( 2000 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Dance ( Second ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 441 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956344 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Falco Repertory '' . The Louis Falco Repertory . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rumworld ( 3 October 2009 ) . `` Hats off Gentlemen '' . Vakhtang Matchavariani Official Web Site . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . 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British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1954 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1973 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1989 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 2000 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1937 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1940 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1941 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1949 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Lanier , Douglas ( 2006 ) . `` Shakespeare on Radio '' . In Burt , Richard . Shakespeares After Shakespeare : An Encyclopedia of the Bard in Mass Media and Popular Culture . Volume Two . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . p. 521 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33116 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Taming of the Shrew ( 1960 ) '' . British Universities Film & Video Council . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Editions of the Taming of the Shrew ( edit ) Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric , eds. ( 2010 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The RSC Shakespeare . Basingstoke : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 27207 - 1 . Bond , R. Warwick , ed. ( 1904 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Arden Shakespeare , First Series . London : Methuen . Evans , G. Blakemore , ed. ( 1997 ) ( 1974 ) . The Riverside Shakespeare ( Second ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 75490 - 0 . Greenblatt , Stephen ; Cohen , Walter ; Howard , Jean E. ; Maus , Katharine Eisaman , eds. ( 2008 ) ( 1997 ) . The Norton Shakespeare : Based on the Oxford Shakespeare ( Second ed . ) . London : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 11135 - 4 . Heilman , Robert B. , ed. ( 1998 ) ( 1966 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . Signet Classic Shakespeare ( Second Revised ed . ) . New York : New American Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 52679 - 3 . Hibbard , G.R. , ed. ( 1968 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The New Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 070710 - 6 . Hodgdon , Barbara , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Arden Shakespeare , Third Series . London : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 93 - 6 . Hosley , Richard , ed. ( 1978 ) ( 1964 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Pelican Shakespeare ( Revised ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 071425 - 8 . Kidnie , Margaret Jane , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 101551 - 4 . Miller , Stephen Roy , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Taming of a Shrew : The 1594 Quarto . The New Cambridge Shakespeare : The Early Quartos . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08796 - 4 . Morris , Brian , ed. ( 1981 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Arden Shakespeare , Second Series . London : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 10 - 3 . Oliver , H.J. , ed. ( 1982 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953652 - 8 . Orgel , Stephen , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Taming of a Shrew . The New Pelican Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 071451 - 7 . Quiller - Couch , Arthur ; Wilson , John Dover , eds. ( 1953 ) ( 1928 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The New Shakespeare ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 00604 - 0 . Schafer , Elizabeth , ed. ( 2002 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . Shakespeare in Production . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66741 - 8 . Thompson , Ann , ed. ( 2003 ) ( 1984 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . The New Cambridge Shakespeare ( Revised ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9789812836540 . Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary ; Jowett , John ; Montgomery , William , eds. ( 2005 ) ( 1986 ) . The Oxford Shakespeare : The Complete Works ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926718 - 7 . Werstine , Paul ; Mowat , Barbara A. , eds. ( 2004 ) . The Taming of the Shrew . Folger Shakespeare Library . Washington : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7434 - 7757 - 4 . Secondary Sources ( edit ) Addison - Roberts , Jeanne ( Summer 1983 ) . `` Horses and Hermaphrodites : Metamorphoses in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 34 ( 2 ) : 159 -- 171 . doi : 10.2307 / 2869831 . JSTOR 2869831 . ( subscription required ) Andresen - Thom , Martha ( Summer 1982 ) . `` Shrew - taming and Other Rituals of Aggression : Baiting and Bonding on the Stage and in the Wild '' . Women 's Studies : an Inter-Disciplinary Journal . 9 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 143 . doi : 10.1080 / 00497878.1982. 9978561 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Alexander , Peter ( 16 September 1926 ) . `` The Taming of the Shrew '' . The Times Literary Supplement . Alexander , Peter ( Spring 1969 ) . `` The Original Ending of The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 20 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 116 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868994 . JSTOR 2868994 . ( subscription required ) Aspinall , Dana E. ( 2001 ) . `` The Play and the Critics '' . In Aspinall , Dana E. The Taming of the Shrew : Critical Essays . New York , NY : Garland . pp. 3 -- 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 87434 - 2 . Ball , Robert Hamilton ( 2013 ) ( 1st Pub. 1968 ) . Shakespeare on Silent Film : A Strange Eventful History . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 83210 - 6 . Baumlin , Tita French ( Spring 1989 ) . `` Petruchio the Sophist and Language as Creation in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 . 29 ( 2 ) : 237 -- 257 . doi : 10.2307 / 450473 . JSTOR 2868994 . ( subscription required ) Bawcutt , N.W. , ed. ( 1996 ) . The Control and Censorship of Caroline Drama : The Records of Sir Henry Herbert , Master of the Revels , 1623 -- 73 . Oxford : Clarendon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 812246 - 3 . Bean , John C. ( 1984 ) ( 1980 ) . `` Comic Structure and the Humanizing of Kate in The Taming of the Shrew '' . In Lenz , Carolyn Ruth Swift ; Greene , Gayle ; Neely , Carol Thomas . The Woman 's Part : Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare ( Revised ed . ) . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press . pp. 65 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 01016 - 3 . Beauregard , David N. ( 1995 ) . Virtue 's Own Feature : Shakespeare and the Virtue Ethics Tradition . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 578 - 7 . Boose , Lynda E. ( Summer 1991 ) . `` Scolding Brides and Bridling Scolds : Taming the Woman 's Unruly Member '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 42 ( 1 ) : 179 -- 213 . doi : 10.2307 / 2870547 . JSTOR 2870547 . ( subscription required ) Brunvand , Jan Harold ( Autumn 1966 ) . `` The Folktale Origin of The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 17 ( 4 ) : 345 -- 359 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867908 . JSTOR 2867908 . ( subscription required ) Brunvand , Jan Harold ( 1991 ) . The Taming of the Shrew : A Comparative Study of Oral and Literary Versions . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 84274 - 8 . Bullough , Geoffrey ( 1957 ) . Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare . Volume One : Early Comedies , Poems , Romeo and Juliet . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 08891 - 6 . Chambers , E.K. ( 1930 ) . William Shakespeare : A Study of Facts and Problems , Vol . I. Oxford : Clarendon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 811773 - 5 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Daniel , P.A. ( 1879 ) . A Time Analysis of the Plots of Shakespeare 's Plays . London : New Shakspere Society . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Davies , Stevie ( 1995 ) . Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew . Penguin Critical Studies . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 077271 - 5 . Dessen , Alan C. ( 1997 ) . `` The Tamings of the Shrews '' . In Collins , Michael J. Shakespeare 's Sweet Thunder : Essays on the Early Comedies . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . pp. 35 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 582 - 4 . Detmer , Emily ( Autumn 1997 ) . `` Civilizing Subordination : Domestic Violence and the Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 48 ( 3 ) : 273 -- 294 . doi : 10.2307 / 2871017 . JSTOR 2871017 . ( subscription required ) Dobson , Michael ( 1992 ) . The Making of the National Poet : Shakespeare , Adaptation and Authorship , 1660 -- 1769 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 818323 - 5 . Dusinberre , Juliet ( 2003 ) ( 1975 ) . Shakespeare and the Nature of Women ( Third ed . ) . Basingstoke : Palgrave . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 1729 - 4 . Duthie , G.I. ( October 1943 ) . `` The Taming of a Shrew and The Taming of the Shrew '' . The Review of English Studies . 19 ( 76 ) : 337 -- 356 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XIX. 76.337 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Duthie , G.I. ( 2005 ) ( 1st pub. 1951 ) . Shakespeare . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35281 - 9 . Elam , Keir ( 2007 ) . `` ' At the cubiculo ' : Shakespeare 's Problems with Italian Language and Culture '' . In Marrapodi , Michele . Italian Culture in the Drama of Shakespeare & his Contemporaries : Rewriting , Remaking , Refashioning . Anglo - Italian Renaissance Studies . Aldershot : Ashgate . pp. 99 -- 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5504 - 6 . Empson , William ( 1996 ) . `` The Strengths of the Shrew '' . In Haffenden , John . The Strengths of Shakespeare 's Shrew : Essays , Memoirs and Reviews . New York , NY : Continuum . pp. 27 -- 33 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85075 - 608 - 8 . Fineman , Joel ( 1985 ) . `` The Turn of the Shrew '' . In Hartman , Geoffrey H. ; Parker , Patricia . Shakespeare and the Question of Theory . London : Methuen . pp. 139 -- 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05113 - 2 . Foakes , R.A. , ed. ( 2002 ) ( 1961 ) . Henslowe 's Diary ( Second ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52402 - 5 . Garber , Marjorie ( 1974 ) . Dream in Shakespeare : From Metaphor to Metamorphosis . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 19543 - 9 . Green , Stanley ( 1984 ) ( 1960 ) . The World of Musical Comedy : The story of the American musical stage as told through the careers of its foremost composers and lyricists ( Revised Fourth ed . ) . San Diego , CA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80207 - 2 . Halliday , F.E. ( 1964 ) ( 1950 ) . A Shakespeare Companion , 1564 -- 1964 ( Second ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84232 - 127 - 0 . Haring - Smith , Tori ( 1985 ) . From Farce to Metadrama : A Stage History of The Taming of the Shrew , 1594 -- 1983 . Santa Barbara , CA : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 24326 - 4 . Heaney , Peter F. ( May 1998 ) . `` Petruchio 's Horse : Equine and Household Mismanagement in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Early Modern Literary Studies . 4 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Heilman , Robert B. ( Summer 1966 ) . `` The Taming Untamed : or , the Return of The Shrew '' . Modern Language Quarterly . 27 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 161 . doi : 10.1215 / 00267929 - 27 - 2 - 147 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Helms , Lorraine ( May 1989 ) . `` Playing the Woman 's Part : Feminist Criticism and Shakespearean Performance '' . Theatre Journal . 41 ( 2 ) : 190 -- 200 . doi : 10.2307 / 3207858 . JSTOR 3207858 . ( subscription required ) Henderson , Diana E. ( 2003 ) . `` A Shrew for the Times , Revisited '' . In Burt , Richard ; Boose , Lynda E. Boose . Shakespeare , the Movie II : Popularizing the Plays on Film , TV , Video , and DVD . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28299 - 4 . Hibbard , G.R. ( 1964 ) . `` The Taming of the Shrew : A Social Comedy '' . In Thaler , Alwin ; Sanders , Norman . Shakespearean Essays . Knoxville , TN : University of Tennessee Press . pp. 15 -- 28 . Hickson , Samuel ( 9 February 1850 ) . `` Marlowe and the old Taming of the Shrew '' . Notes & Queries. 15 : 226 -- 227 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Hickson , Samuel ( 30 March 1850 ) . `` The Taming of the Shrew '' . Notes & Queries. 22 : 345 -- 347 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Hodgdon , Barbara ( May 1992 ) . `` Katherina Bound ; Or , Play ( K ) ating the Strictures of Everyday Life '' . PMLA. 107 ( 3 ) : 538 -- 553 . doi : 10.2307 / 462760 . JSTOR 462760 . 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Kahn , Coppélia ( Spring 1975 ) . `` The Taming of the Shrew : Shakespeare 's Mirror of Marriage '' . Modern Language Studies . 5 ( 1 ) : 88 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194204 . JSTOR 3194204 . ( subscription required ) Kahn , Coppélia ( 1981 ) . Man 's Estate : Masculine Identity in Shakespeare . Oakland , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03899 - 8 . Kelly , Philippa ( 2013 ) . `` What Women Want : The Shrew 's Story '' . In Shaw , Jan ; Kelly , Philippa ; Semler , L.E. Storytelling : Critical and Creative Approaches . Basingstoke : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 34994 - 1 . Kirschbaum , Leo ( January 1938 ) . `` A Census of Bad Quartos '' . The Review of English Studies . 14 ( 53 ) : 20 -- 43 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - 14.53. 20 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Kolin , Phillip C. ( 1993 ) . Shakespeare and Feminist Criticism : An Annotated Bibliography and Commentary . New York , NY : Garland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 7386 - 2 . Korda , Natasha ( 2002 ) . Shakespeare 's Domestic Economies : Gender and Property in Early Modern England . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 3663 - 7 . Krims , Marvin Bennett ( 2006 ) . The Mind According to Shakespeare : Psychoanalysis in the Bard 's Writing . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99081 - 7 . Leggatt , Alexander ( 2005 ) ( 1st pub. 1973 ) . Shakespeare 's Comedy of Love . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 48914 - 0 . Loftus Ranald , Margaret ( Autumn 1994 ) . `` The Performance of Feminism in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Theatre Research International . 19 ( 3 ) : 214 -- 225 . doi : 10.1017 / S0307883300006623 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . ( subscription required ) Makaryk , Irene R. ( 1982 ) . `` Soviet Views of Shakespeare 's Comedies '' . Shakespeare Studies . 15 : 281 -- 313 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Marcus , Leah S. ( Summer 1991 ) . `` Levelling Shakespeare : Local Customs and Local Texts '' ( PDF ) . Shakespeare Quarterly . 42 ( 2 ) : 168 -- 178 . doi : 10.2307 / 2870546 . JSTOR 2870546 . ( subscription required ) Marcus , Leah S. ( 1996 ) . Unediting the Renaissance : Shakespeare , Marlow , Milton . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10053 - 3 . Marowitz , Charles ( 1978 ) . The Marowitz Shakespeare . London : Marion Boyers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7145 - 2650 - 8 . McDonald , Russ ( 2001 ) . The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare : An Introduction with Documents . Basingstoke : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 24880 - 2 . Mincoff , Marco ( August 1973 ) . `` The Dating of The Taming of the Shrew '' . English Studies . 54 ( 6 ) : 554 -- 565 . doi : 10.1080 / 00138387308597588 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Moore , William H. ( Winter 1964 ) . `` An Allusion in 1593 to The Taming of the Shrew ? '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 15 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 60 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867956 . JSTOR 2867956 . ( subscription required ) Morozov , Mikhail M. ( 1947 ) . Shakespeare on the Soviet Stage . Translated by David Magarshack . London : Open Library . Muir , Kenneth ( 2005 ) ( 1st pub. 1977 ) . The Sources of Shakespeare 's Plays . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 48913 - 3 . Onions , C.T. ( 1986 ) ( 1953 ) . A Shakespeare Glossary . Enlarged and Revised by Robert D. Eagleson . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 812521 - 1 . Orlin , Lena Cowen ( 1993 ) . `` The Performance of Things in The Taming of the Shrew '' . The Yearbook of English Studies . 23 : 167 -- 188 . doi : 10.2307 / 3507979 . JSTOR 3507979 . ( subscription required ) Rackin , Phyllis ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare and Women . Oxford Shakespeare Topics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 818694 - 6 . Rebhorn , Wayne A. ( February 1995 ) . `` Petruchio 's `` Rope Tricks '' : The Taming of the Shrew and the Renaissance Discourse of Rhetoric `` . Modern Philology. 92 ( 3 ) : 294 -- 327 . doi : 10.1086 / 392250 . JSTOR 438782 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Richmond , Hugh Macrae ( 2002 ) . Shakespeare 's Theatre : A Dictionary of His Stage Context . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 7776 - 7 . Rutter , Carol ( 1988 ) . Clamorous Voices , Shakespeare 's Women Today with Sinead Cusack , Paola Dionisotti , Fiona Shaw , Juliet Stevenson and Harriet Walter . London : The Women 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7043 - 4145 - 6 . Rutter , Carol ( 1997 ) . `` Kate , Bianca , Ruth and Sarah : Playing the Woman 's Part in The Taming of the Shrew '' . In Collins , Michael J. Shakespeare 's Sweet Thunder : Essays on the Early Comedies . Newark , DE : University of Delaware Press . pp. 176 -- 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87413 - 582 - 4 . Saccio , Peter ( 1984 ) . `` Shrewd and Kindly Farce '' . Shakespeare Survey . 37 : 33 -- 40 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL0521267013. 004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 05314 - 3 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . ( subscription required ) Schneider , Gary ( Spring 2002 ) . `` The Public , the Private , and the Shaming of the Shrew '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 . 42 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 258 . doi : 10.1353 / sel. 2002.0019 . JSTOR 1556113 . ( subscription required ) Seronsy , Cecil C. ( Winter 1963 ) . `` Supposes as the Unifying Theme in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 14 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 30 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868133 . JSTOR 2868133 . ( subscription required ) Shapiro , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` Framing the Taming : Metatheatrical Awareness of Female Impersonation in The Taming of the Shrew '' . The Yearbook of English Studies . 23 : 143 -- 166 . doi : 10.2307 / 3507978 . JSTOR 3507978 . ( subscription required ) Sloan , LaRue Love ( September 2004 ) . `` '' Caparisoned like the horse `` : Tongue and Tail in Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew '' . Early Modern Literary Studies . 10 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 24 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Shroeder , John W. ( October 1958 ) . `` The Taming of a Shrew and The Taming of the Shrew : A Case Reopened '' . Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 57 ( 3 ) : 424 -- 443 . JSTOR 27707121 . ( subscription required ) Shroeder , John W. ( Spring 1959 ) . `` A New analogue and possible sources for The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 10 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 255 . doi : 10.2307 / 2866947 . JSTOR 2866947 . ( subscription required ) Speaight , Robert ( 1973 ) . Shakespeare on the Stage : An Illustrated History of Shakespearian Performance . London : Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 80500 - 1 . Taylor , Gary ( 1997 ) ( 1987 ) . `` The Canon and Chronology of Shakespeare 's Plays '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary . William Shakespeare : A Textual Companion ( Revised ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31667 - 4 . Tillyard , E.M.W. ( 1992 ) ( 1st pub. 1965 ) . Shakespeare 's Early Comedies . London : The Athlone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 485 - 30015 - 4 . Tolman , Alfred ( November 1890 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Part in The Taming of the Shrew '' . PMLA. 5 ( 4 ) : 201 -- 278 . JSTOR 456255 . Wentersdorf , Karl P. ( January 1954 ) . `` The Authenticity of The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 5 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 2866523 . JSTOR 2866523 . ( subscription required ) Wentersdorf , Karl P. ( Spring 1978 ) . `` The Original Ending of The Taming of the Shrew : A Reconsideration '' . Studies in English Literature , 1500 -- 1900 . 18 ( 2 ) : 201 -- 215 . doi : 10.2307 / 450357 . JSTOR 450357 . ( subscription required ) Wells , Stanley ; Taylor , Gary , eds. ( 1997 ) ( 1987 ) . William Shakespeare : A Textual Companion ( Revised ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31667 - 4 . West , Michael ( 1974 ) . `` The Folk Background of Petruchio 's Wooing Dance : Male Supremacy in The Taming of the Shrew '' . Shakespeare Studies . 7 : 65 -- 73 . Williams , Gordon ( 2006 ) ( 1997 ) . Shakespeare 's Sexual Language : A Glossary ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9134 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Taming of the Shrew Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Taming of the Shrew Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Taming of the Shrew . The Taming of the Shrew -- at Project Gutenberg . The Taming of the Shrew -- searchable HTML version with notes , line numbers and scene summaries . The Taming of the Shrew -- scene - indexed HTML version of the play . The Taming of the Shrew -- scene - indexed and searchable HTML version of the play . The Taming of the Shrew -- PDF version , with original First Folio spelling . The Taming of the Shrew Home Page at Internet Shakespeare Editions . The Taming of the Shrew public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Taming of the Shrew at Shakespeare Illustrated . The Taming of the Shrew on IMDb ( Sam Taylor 's 1929 version ) The Taming of the Shrew on IMDb ( Franco Zeffirelli 's 1967 version ) . The Taming of the Shrew on IMDb ( BBC Television Shakespeare 's 1980 version ) . William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew Characters Katherina Minola Petruchio Bianca Minola Baptista Minola Christopher Sly Stage adaptations The Woman 's Prize ( c1611 ) Catharine and Petruchio ( 1754 ) Las bravías ( 1896 ) Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung ( 1872 ) Sly , ovvero La leggenda del dormiente risvegliato ( 1927 ) Kiss Me , Kate ( 1948 ) The Taming of the Shrew ( 1953 ) Ukroshchenye Stroptivoy ( 1957 ) Christopher Sly ( 1963 ) Direct adaptations 1908 1929 1962 ( TV ) 1967 1980 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) Other adaptations Daring Youth ( 1924 ) You Made Me Love You ( 1933 ) Second Best Bed ( 1938 ) Kiss Me Kate ( 1953 ) Abba Aa Hudugi ( 1959 ) Gundamma Katha ( 1962 ) Manithan Maravillai ( 1962 ) McLintock ! ( 1963 ) Arivaali ( 1963 ) Pattikada Pattanama ( 1972 ) Il Bisbetico Domato ( 1980 ) Nanjundi Kalyana ( 1989 ) 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) O Cravo ea Rosa ( 2000 ; TV ) Deliver Us from Eva ( 2003 ) The Taming of the Shrew ( 2005 ; TV ) Frivolous Wife ( 2008 ) 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 ; TV ) Isi Life Mein ( 2010 ) Related The Taming of the Shrew in performance The Taming of the Shrew on screen Shrew ( stock character ) Induction Love - in - idleness Cole Porter and Bella and Samuel Spewack 's Kiss Me , Kate Adaptations Kiss Me Kate ( film ) Songs `` Another Op'nin ' , Another Show '' `` Why Ca n't You Behave ? '' `` So in Love '' `` Tom , Dick or Harry '' `` Too Darn Hot '' `` Always True to You in My Fashion '' `` From This Moment On '' Albums Kiss Me , Kate Related The Taming of the Shrew BNF : cb12242095m ( data ) GND : 4316949 - 1 LCCN : n85269935 SUDOC : 03114909X VIAF : 182695202 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Taming_of_the_Shrew&oldid=837432424 '' Categories : 1590s plays English Renaissance plays Plays set in Italy Love stories British plays adapted into films The Taming of the Shrew Verona in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2012 Use British English from February 2015 Use dmy dates from February 2015 Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 19 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the shrew in taming ofthe shrew | [
"The main plot depicts the courtship of Petruchio and Katherina, the headstrong, obdurate shrew. Initially, Katherina is an unwilling participant in the relationship; however, Petruchio \"tames\" her with various psychological torments, such as keeping her from eating and drinking, until she becomes a desirable, compliant, and obedient bride. The subplot features a competition between the suitors of Katherina's younger sister, Bianca, who is seen as the \"ideal\" woman. The question of whether the play is misogynistic or not has become the subject of considerable controversy, particularly among modern scholars, audiences, and readers."
] | [
"Katherina"
] |
-2208365541836491080 | 2017–18 NBA season | 2017 -- 18 NBA season - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 NBA season Jump to : navigation , search 2017 -- 18 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 17 , 2017 -- April 11 , 2018 April 14 -- May 28 , 2018 ( Playoffs ) May 31 -- June 17 , 2018 ( Finals ) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Markelle Fultz Picked by Philadelphia 76ers Regular season Playoffs Finals NBA seasons ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → The 2017 -- 18 NBA season is the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 , earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of `` back - to - back '' games teams are scheduled to play , with the 2017 runners - up Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland , Ohio . Christmas games will be played on December 25 . The 2018 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 18 , 2018 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . The regular season will end on April 11 , 2018 and the playoffs will begin on April 14 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 Free agency 1.3 Coaching changes 1.3. 1 Off - season 1.3. 2 In - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 By conference 3.2 International games 4 Statistics 4.1 Individual statistic leaders 4.2 Individual game highs 4.3 Team statistic leaders 5 Awards 5.1 Players of the Week 5.2 Players of the Month 5.3 Rookies of the Month 5.4 Coaches of the Month 6 Arenas 7 Media 8 Uniforms 8.1 Uniform sponsorships 9 Notable occurrences 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Transactions ( edit ) Main article : List of 2017 -- 18 NBA season transactions Retirement ( edit ) On July 17 , 2017 , Paul Pierce signed a ceremonial contract with the Boston Celtics and officially retired as a Celtic after playing 19 seasons and winning one championship with the Celtics . On July 19 , 2017 , James Jones was announced to be the vice president of basketball operations for the Phoenix Suns , which signified his retirement after playing 14 seasons and winning two championships with the Miami Heat and one championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers . On August 4 , 2017 , Jason Maxiell signed a ceremonial contract with the Detroit Pistons and officially retired after playing 14 seasons . On August 15 , 2017 , Tayshaun Prince was announced to be assistant general manager for the Memphis Grizzlies , which signified his retirement after playing 15 seasons and winning one championship with the Detroit Pistons . On September 2 , 2017 , Primož Brezec announced his retirement after 21 professional seasons . Brezec had played in Russia , Cyprus , Kuwait and his native country Slovenia since last playing in the NBA during the 2009 -- 10 NBA season . On October 23 , 2017 , Ron Artest was hired as player development coach for the South Bay Lakers , the Los Angeles Lakers ' NBA G League affiliate , thus ending his 18 - year playing career with the NBA . During his career , he won one championship with the L.A. Lakers . On November 19 , 2017 , David Lee announced his retirement from the NBA via Instagram. Lee won an NBA Finals championship with the Golden State Warriors back in 2015 . On December 11 , 2017 , Matt Barnes also announced his retirement form the NBA via Instagram . Barnes won an NBA Finals championship with the Golden State Warriors earlier in 2017 . Free agency ( edit ) Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 , after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes ( edit ) Coaching changes In - season Team Outgoing coach Incoming coach Phoenix Suns Earl Watson Jay Triano ( interim ) Memphis Grizzlies David Fizdale J.B. Bickerstaff ( interim ) Off - season ( edit ) For the first time since the inauguration of the BAA , there would be no coaching changes entering the regular season . In fact , the 536 days from Dave Joerger being fired as coach of the Memphis Grizzlies to the day the Phoenix Suns fired Earl Watson as head coach would be the longest period in NBA history without any coaching changes occur . In - season ( edit ) On October 22 , 2017 , the Phoenix Suns fired head coach Earl Watson and replaced him with the team 's associate coach Jay Triano as interim head coach for the rest of the season . On November 27 , 2017 , the Memphis Grizzlies fired head coach David Fizdale and replaced him with the team 's associate head coach J.B. Bickerstaff . Preseason ( edit ) The preseason began on September 30 and ended on October 13 . International games ( edit ) The Golden State Warriors and Minnesota Timberwolves played two preseason games in China , at Shenzhen on October 5 and Shanghai on October 8 . Minnesota won the first game 111 -- 97 , while Golden State emerged victorious in the second one , 142 -- 110 . Regular season ( edit ) The regular season began on October 17 , 2017 . Christmas Day games will be played on December 25 , 2017 . The regular season will end on April 11 , 2018 . Eastern Conference Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Boston Celtics 26 7 . 788 0.0 13 -- 3 13 -- 4 5 -- 0 33 Toronto Raptors 20 8 . 714 3.5 11 -- 1 9 -- 7 3 -- 2 28 New York Knicks 16 14 . 533 8.5 14 -- 5 2 -- 9 3 -- 2 30 Philadelphia 76ers 14 15 . 483 10.0 7 -- 7 7 -- 8 0 -- 3 29 Brooklyn Nets 11 18 . 379 13.0 6 -- 9 5 -- 9 0 -- 4 29 Central Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Cleveland Cavaliers 23 8 . 742 0.0 13 -- 4 10 -- 4 5 -- 2 31 Detroit Pistons 17 13 . 567 5.5 9 -- 5 8 -- 8 3 -- 4 30 Indiana Pacers 17 14 . 548 6.0 10 -- 7 7 -- 7 5 -- 2 31 Milwaukee Bucks 15 13 . 536 6.5 9 -- 5 6 -- 8 2 -- 3 28 Chicago Bulls 9 20 . 310 13.0 6 -- 8 3 -- 12 0 -- 4 29 Southeast Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Washington Wizards 16 14 . 533 0.0 8 -- 6 8 -- 8 2 -- 2 30 Miami Heat 15 15 . 500 1.0 6 -- 7 9 -- 8 4 -- 3 30 Charlotte Hornets 11 19 . 367 5.0 9 -- 8 2 -- 11 4 -- 2 30 Orlando Magic 11 20 . 355 5.5 6 -- 8 5 -- 12 2 -- 3 31 Atlanta Hawks 7 23 . 233 9.0 4 -- 10 3 -- 13 2 -- 4 30 Western Conference Northwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Minnesota Timberwolves 18 13 . 581 0.0 11 -- 6 7 -- 7 5 -- 1 31 Portland Trail Blazers 16 14 . 533 1.5 7 -- 8 9 -- 6 2 -- 2 30 Denver Nuggets 16 14 . 533 1.5 11 -- 2 5 -- 12 1 -- 4 30 Oklahoma City Thunder 15 15 . 500 2.5 10 -- 4 5 -- 11 3 -- 5 30 Utah Jazz 14 17 . 452 4.0 11 -- 5 3 -- 12 4 -- 3 31 Pacific Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Golden State Warriors 23 6 . 793 0.0 10 -- 3 13 -- 3 2 -- 1 29 Los Angeles Clippers 11 18 . 379 12.0 6 -- 7 5 -- 11 4 -- 1 29 Los Angeles Lakers 10 17 . 370 12.0 6 -- 7 4 -- 10 2 -- 5 27 Phoenix Suns 11 21 . 344 13.5 4 -- 12 7 -- 9 2 -- 4 32 Sacramento Kings 9 20 . 310 14.0 5 -- 7 4 -- 13 3 -- 2 29 Southwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Houston Rockets 25 . 862 0.0 13 -- 3 12 -- 1 5 -- 2 29 San Antonio Spurs 21 10 . 677 5.0 15 -- 2 6 -- 8 5 -- 3 31 New Orleans Pelicans 15 15 . 500 10.5 8 -- 7 7 -- 8 2 -- 2 30 Memphis Grizzlies 9 21 . 300 16.5 6 -- 12 3 -- 9 4 -- 6 30 Dallas Mavericks 8 23 . 258 18.0 6 -- 11 2 -- 12 3 -- 6 31 By conference ( edit ) Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP Boston Celtics * 26 7 . 788 -- 33 Cleveland Cavaliers * 23 8 . 742 2.0 31 Toronto Raptors 20 8 . 714 3.5 28 Detroit Pistons 17 13 . 567 7.5 30 5 Indiana Pacers 17 14 . 548 8.0 31 6 Milwaukee Bucks 15 13 . 536 8.5 28 7 Washington Wizards * 16 14 . 533 8.5 30 8 New York Knicks 16 14 . 533 8.5 30 9 Miami Heat 15 15 . 500 9.5 30 10 Philadelphia 76ers 14 15 . 483 10.0 29 11 Brooklyn Nets 11 18 . 379 13.0 29 12 Charlotte Hornets 11 19 . 367 13.5 30 13 Orlando Magic 11 20 . 355 14.0 31 14 Chicago Bulls 9 20 . 310 15.0 29 15 Atlanta Hawks 7 23 . 233 17.5 30 Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP Houston Rockets * 25 . 862 -- 29 Golden State Warriors * 23 6 . 793 2.0 29 San Antonio Spurs 21 10 . 677 5.0 31 Minnesota Timberwolves * 18 13 . 581 8.0 31 5 Portland Trail Blazers 16 14 . 533 9.5 30 6 Denver Nuggets 16 14 . 533 9.5 30 7 New Orleans Pelicans 15 15 . 500 10.5 30 8 Oklahoma City Thunder 15 15 . 500 10.5 30 9 Utah Jazz 14 17 . 452 12.0 31 10 Los Angeles Clippers 11 18 . 379 14.0 29 11 Los Angeles Lakers 10 17 . 370 14.0 27 12 Phoenix Suns 11 21 . 344 15.5 32 13 Sacramento Kings 9 20 . 310 16.0 29 14 Memphis Grizzlies 9 21 . 300 16.5 30 15 Dallas Mavericks 8 23 . 258 18.0 31 Notes * -- division leader International games ( edit ) On August 9 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Brooklyn Nets would play two regular season games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City , Mexico . On December 7 , 2017 , the Nets would play against the Oklahoma City Thunder and on December 9 , 2017 , they would match up against the Miami Heat . On August 10 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the Philadelphia 76ers would play the Boston Celtics at The O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 11 , 2018 . Statistics ( edit ) Individual statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points per game James Harden Houston Rockets 31.5 Rebounds per game Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons 14.9 Assists per game Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 9.9 Steals per game Paul George Oklahoma City Thunder 2.44 Blocks per game Myles Turner Indiana Pacers 2.39 Turnovers per game DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 5.2 Fouls per game DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 3.7 Minutes per game Giannis Antetokounmpo Milwaukee Bucks 37.9 FG % Clint Capela Houston Rockets 68.7 % FT % Marco Belinelli Atlanta Hawks 95.2 % 3FG % Jayson Tatum Boston Celtics 51.0 % Efficiency per game LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 31.22 Double - doubles Karl - Anthony Towns Minnesota Timberwolves 24 Triple - doubles Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 10 Individual game highs ( edit ) Category Player Team Statistic Points LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 57 Rebounds DeAndre Jordan Los Angeles Clippers 24 Assists Rajon Rondo New Orleans Pelicans 18 Steals Victor Oladipo Indiana Pacers 7 Tyus Jones Minnesota Timberwolves Thaddeus Young Indiana Pacers Chris Paul Houston Rockets Blocks DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans 7 Kevin Durant Golden State Warriors Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers Three pointers Damian Lillard Portland Trail Blazers 9 Team statistic leaders ( edit ) Category Team Statistic Points per game Golden State Warriors 116.8 Rebounds per game Philadelphia 76ers 48.8 Assists per game Golden State Warriors 30.8 Steals per game Oklahoma City Thunder 9.9 Blocks per game Golden State Warriors 8.5 Turnovers per game Philadelphia 76ers 17.3 FG % Golden State Warriors 51.6 % FT % Portland Trail Blazers 81.1 % 3FG % Golden State Warriors 40.2 % + / − Golden State Warriors + 11.1 Awards ( edit ) Players of the Week ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week . Week Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October 17 -- 22 Antetokounmpo , Giannis Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 3 ) 02 October 23 -- 29 Oladipo , Victor Victor Oladipo ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 1 / 2 ) Cousins , DeMarcus DeMarcus Cousins ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 1 ) 03 October 30 -- November 5 Porziņģis , Kristaps Kristaps Porziņģis ( New York Knicks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 2 / 3 ) 04 November 6 -- 12 Harris , Tobias Tobias Harris ( Detroit Pistons ) ( 1 / 1 ) Jokić , Nikola Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 05 November 13 -- 19 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan ( Toronto Raptors ) ( 1 / 1 ) Towns , Karl - Anthony Karl - Anthony Towns ( Minnesota Timberwolves ) ( 1 / 1 ) 06 November 20 -- 26 Dragić , Goran Goran Dragić ( Miami Heat ) ( 1 / 1 ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) ( 1 / 1 ) 07 November 27 -- December 3 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 1 / 2 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 3 / 3 ) 08 December 4 -- 10 Oladipo , Victor Victor Oladipo ( Indiana Pacers ) ( 2 / 2 ) Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) 09 December 11 -- 17 James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 2 / 2 ) Paul , Chris Chris Paul ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 10 December 18 -- 24 Players of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November James , LeBron LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Harden , James James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 02 December Rookies of the Month ( edit ) The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November Simmons , Ben Ben Simmons ( Philadelphia 76ers ) ( 1 / 1 ) Kuzma , Kyle Kyle Kuzma ( Los Angeles Lakers ) ( 1 / 1 ) 02 December Coaches of the Month ( edit ) The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref . 01 October / November Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens ( Boston Celtics ) ( 1 / 1 ) D'Antoni , Mike Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) ( 1 / 1 ) 02 December Arenas ( edit ) This is the Detroit Pistons ' first season at Little Caesars Arena after playing at The Palace of Auburn Hills from 1988 to 2017 . The team played their first game there against the Charlotte Hornets on October 18 , 2017 . This also marks the first time the Pistons have regularly played in the city of Detroit since 1978 . This is the Milwaukee Bucks ' final season at the BMO Harris Bradley Center , their home since 1988 . The team will play its final game there on April 9 against the Orlando Magic . The team is scheduled to move into the new Wisconsin Entertainment and Sports Center prior to the start of the 2018 -- 19 NBA season . The team played a `` Return to the MECCA '' game at the UW -- Milwaukee Panther Arena ( the former Milwaukee or `` MECCA '' Arena , their home from 1969 until 1989 ) on October 26 against the Boston Celtics as part of the team 's 50th season celebration . The Washington Wizards home arena , the Verizon Center , was renamed Capital One Arena . The Toronto Raptors owners Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment announce that their Air Canada Centre arena will be renamed Scotiabank Arena at the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . Media ( edit ) This is the second season of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . Uniforms ( edit ) Nike will be the official on - court apparel provider beginning with the 2017 -- 18 season . During this time , each team will be provided with four different jersey apparel that will be displayed throughout the seasons : the `` Association Edition '' , `` Icon Edition '' , `` Statement Edition '' ( tentatively called the `` Athlete 's Mindset Edition '' ) , and `` City Edition '' ( tentatively called the `` Community Edition '' ) jerseys will replace the more typical home and road jersey ideas with alternatives also being included every now and then as well . In addition to those jerseys , eight teams will also be provided a `` Classic Edition '' jersey to commemorate some of their past designs throughout the season . The Charlotte Hornets will use an Air Jordan - branded apparel , which is endorsed by their owner Michael Jordan and is owned by Nike . The Cleveland Cavaliers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 31 , 2017 . The Detroit Pistons debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 17 , 2017 . The Indiana Pacers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling new alternate logos and home floor along with their uniforms on July 28 , 2017 . The Minnesota Timberwolves debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on April 11 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on August 10 , 2017 . The Portland Trail Blazers debuted their new uniforms for the 2017 -- 18 season after unveiling the new logo on May 8 , 2017 , and unveiling their new uniforms on July 29 , 2017 . Uniform sponsorships ( edit ) Advertisements begin to appear on league uniforms starting this season . As of November 13 , 2017 , nineteen teams have confirmed to sign uniform sponsorship deals : Atlanta Hawks -- Sharecare Boston Celtics -- General Electric Brooklyn Nets -- Infor Charlotte Hornets -- LendingTree Cleveland Cavaliers -- Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Denver Nuggets -- Western Union Detroit Pistons -- Flagstar Bank Golden State Warriors -- Rakuten Los Angeles Lakers -- Wish Miami Heat -- Ultimate Software Milwaukee Bucks -- Harley - Davidson Minnesota Timberwolves -- Fitbit New Orleans Pelicans -- Zatarain 's New York Knicks -- Squarespace Orlando Magic -- The Walt Disney Company Philadelphia 76ers -- StubHub Sacramento Kings -- Blue Diamond Growers Toronto Raptors -- Sun Life Financial Utah Jazz -- Qualtrics Notable occurrences ( edit ) On July 6 , 2017 , the NBA unveiled an update to its logo , featuring new typography and a modified color scheme . The regular season started eight days earlier than the previous season . This move by the NBA aims for fewer `` back - to - back '' games , even fewer than the previous season which had already reached an all - time low to help address teams that are `` resting '' their superstars . The NBA decreased the maximum number of timeouts in a regulation game from 18 to 14 . The three team timeouts during the last two minutes of the game were also decreased to two per team in the last three minutes to improve the flow and pace of the game . The trade deadline was moved from four days after the NBA All - Star Game to ten days before it , so teams can settle their rosters before the All - Star break . Free - throw shooters will be assessed a delay - of - game violation if they venture outside of the three - point line in between attempts . The NBA also added two - way contracted players , signifying an increasing partnership between the NBA and the newly branded NBA G League . Referees can now assess dangerous closeouts of defenders to jump shooters with little space to land for a technical or a flagrant foul . Informally dubbed as the `` Zaza rule '' . Also , officials can now assess if a player is in a shooting motion when determining if a perimeter foul is a shooting or a common foul . The type of foul will be determined on the sequencing of the player 's movement if the foul happened before or after the player starts a shooting motion . Additionally , they can also assess an offensive foul if an offensive player intentionally lunged into the defender or locked arms to create contact , a rule informally dubbed as the `` Harden rule '' . On September 28 , 2017 , the NBA board of governors approved the changes to draft lottery system to discourage teams from losing on purpose . Starting with the 2018 -- 19 NBA season , the teams with three worst records will have equal odds at the # 1 pick . In addition , the revised draft lottery will consist of selecting the top four teams instead of the usual three that occurred for over two decades . The approval for the change was nearly unanimous , with only the Oklahoma City Thunder voting against the change and the Dallas Mavericks abstaining from voting . On October 3 , 2017 , the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All - Star Game format . The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves , regardless of the conference they play in , to form their own teams . The newly formed teams will also play for a charity of choice to help the games remain competitive . This marks the first time , the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All - Star game . Selection process will remain the same . On October 17 , 2017 , during the season opener with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Boston Celtics , Gordon Hayward landed awkwardly on his ankle with his behind after attempting an alley - oop off a pass from Kyrie Irving . He suffered a dislocated ankle and a fractured tibia five minutes into the game in his debut as a Celtic . On October 18 , 2017 , Brooklyn Nets point guard Jeremy Lin fell to the ground hard after making a layup when playing the Indiana Pacers , causing him to miss the entire season . He suffered a ruptured patellar tendon of his right knee . That same day , in the season opening game for the Portland Trail Blazers and Phoenix Suns , the Trail Blazers would defeat the Suns 124 -- 76 in what would be the greatest deficit for a season - opening game in league history . On October 25 , 2017 , the Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , normally a frontcourt player , recorded his 56th career triple - double and 1st career triple - double as starting point guard . On October 28 , 2017 , Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook became the first player in NBA history to record a triple double against all 29 opposing teams . On November 3 , 2017 , LeBron James scored 57 points for the night and his 29,000 th career point , becoming the youngest player , and just the seventh overall , to reach that mark ( 32 years , 309 days ) . LeBron James also passed both Kevin Garnett for 12th on the NBA 's all - time field goals list ( with 10,506 career field goals to his name ) and passed John Havlicek for 11th on the NBA 's all - time field goals list with 10,514 career field goals . On November 7 , 2017 , Ben Simmons became the only player in NBA history with at least 170 points , 100 rebounds and 80 assists in his team 's first 10 games . On November 7 , 2017 , the Sacramento Kings set a record for most points scored before a starter scored . The King 's bench scored the team 's first 29 points before Willie Cauley - Stein scored a free throw at 4 : 08 of the second quarter . The previous record was held by the Milwaukee Bucks at 23 points set on April 5 , 2011 against the Orlando Magic . On November 11 , 2017 , Lonzo Ball became the youngest player in NBA history to record a triple - double at 20 years and 15 days old . He recorded 19 points , 13 assists and 12 rebounds . The previous record holder was LeBron James ' at 20 years and 20 days old . On November 14 , 2017 , the Boston Celtics became the first team in NBA history to win at least 13 straight games after starting the season 0 -- 2 . The winning streak ended at 16 when they lost to the Miami Heat on November 22 , 2017 . On November 15 , 2017 , the Atlanta Hawks set a franchise record for their largest margin of victory in a win against the Sacramento Kings at 46 points , 126 - 80 . The previous record was set on February 12 , 1965 at a 44 - point margin when the St. Louis Hawks beat the Baltimore Bullets , 144 - 100 . On November 28 , 2017 , LeBron James was ejected for the first time in his career after contesting a non-call following a drive to the basket against the Miami Heat . He had gone 1,081 games without disqualification . On December 1 , 2017 , Donovan Mitchell of the Utah Jazz set a rookie franchise record after scoring 41 points against the New Orleans Pelicans . So far , it is the highest scoring game for a rookie this season . On December 1 , 2017 , Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors passed Jason Kidd for eighth place on the NBA 's all - time list for three - pointers made . On December 4 , 2017 , Stephen Curry hit his 2,000 th career three - pointer . He became the fastest to reach the milestone at 597 games , 225 games fewer than Ray Allen , the previous record - holder . On December 11 , 2017 , Carmelo Anthony of the Oklahoma City Thunder passed Vince Carter for 22nd on the NBA all - time scoring list . On December 16 , 2017 , Miami Heat head coach Erik Spoelstra surpassed Pat Riley for most wins in franchise history with 455th career win . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wells , Adam . `` Adam Silver Says 2017 - 18 NBA Season Will Start on Oct. 17 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Unveils Schedule For 2017 - 18 KIA Tip - Off And Christmas Day Games '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hightower , Kyle . `` Paul Pierce signs with Boston Celtics , then retires '' . NBA.com . The Associated Press . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Baum , Bob ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Suns Extend Ryan McDonough as General Manager , Name James Jones Vice President of Basketball Operations '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Maxiell officially retires from NBA as a Detroit Piston '' . freep.com . The Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tillery , Ronald ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Grizzlies hiring Tayshaun Prince for front office job '' . The Commercial Appeal . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brezec retired and become a scout for the Cavs '' . Eurohoops . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An NBA first : Every coach who started last season is back '' . nbcsports.com. 22 September 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Relieve Earl Watson of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com . October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies relieve David Fizdale of head coaching duties '' . NBA.com . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors , Minnesota Timberwolves get preseason games in China '' . NBA.com . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA To Play Two Regular - Season Games In Mexico City '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers and Boston Celtics To Play Regular - Season NBA Game in London '' . NBA.com . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giannis Antetokounmpo , James Harden Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Victor Oladipo , DeMarcus Cousins Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kristaps Porzingis , James Harden Named Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 6 November 2017 . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tobias Harris , Nikola Jokic Named Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DeMar DeRozan , Karl - Anthony Towns Named NBA 's Players Of The Week '' . basketball.realgm.com . RealGM. 20 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goran Dragic Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Named NBA 's Eastern Conference Player of the Week for Week 7 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harden Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oladipo Named Player of the Week for Second Time This Season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Named NBA 's Eastern Conference Player of the Week for Week 9 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers ' LeBron James , Houston Rockets ' James Harden named Kia Players of the Month '' . NBA.com. 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Los Angeles Lakers ' Kyle Kuzma named Kia Rookies of Month '' . NBA.com. 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Brad Stevens , Houston Rockets ' Mike D'Antoni named Coaches of Month '' . NBA.com. 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons to Move to Downtown Detroit '' . NBA.com . November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Engine for future growth : '' Milwaukee Bucks , Design Team Release Vision for New Multi-Purpose Arena `` . WITI . Milwaukee . April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Velasquez , Matt ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Milwaukee Bucks ' Return to the MECCA ' game set for Oct. 26 vs. Celtics '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon Center to become Capital One Arena , starting now '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Chris ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Air Canada Centre changing name to Scotiabank Arena next summer '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nike to become uniform , apparel provider for NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Sports & Entertainment Announces Plans to Switch Locations of Spectrum Center Box Office and Hornets Fan Shop '' . NBA.com. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . The re-opening of the Hornets Fan Shop will coincide with the launch of the team 's new Jordan Brand uniforms as Nike becomes the NBA 's uniform provider beginning this season . The Hornets will be the only team in the NBA wearing Jordan Brand uniforms , and with the agreement taking effect , the Hornets Fan Shop will have even more of the popular Jordan Brand Hornets merchandise than it has had previously . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Logo Suite Evolves to Modernize Look '' . NBA.com . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PISTONS NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVELIED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After a day of teasing , the Pacers delivered a full redesign and fans are underwhelmed '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Previews of the Indiana Pacers ' New Uniforms , Court , and Logos '' . Indiana Sports Coverage . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIMBERWOLVES NEW LOGO FOR 2017 -- 18 SEASON UNVEILED '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul . `` Nike 's new NBA looks keep on coming '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Holdahl , Casey ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Trail Blazers Update Pinwheel , Prepare For Jersey Changes '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers Uniforms '' . NBA.com . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sharecare and Hawks Launch Jersey Patch Partnership And Innovative Health Movement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics and GE announce multi-year partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Nets Form Wide - Ranging Partnership With Global Software Leader Infor '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets , LendingTree Announce New Multi-Year Founding Level Partnership Highlighted By Jersey Patch '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goodyear , Cavaliers Relationship Built on Shared Principles of Drive , Determination and Commitment to the Community '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets and Western Union Announce Multi-Year Sponsorship in the Mile High City '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons and Flagstar Bank Announce Historic Jersey Partnership Detroit Pistons '' . Detroit Pistons . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Rohrbach , Ben . `` Warriors , tech company reach NBA 's richest jersey advertising deal -- by far '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers sign jersey - patch deal with Wish '' . theScore.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winderman , Ira . `` Weston - based Ultimate Software to sponsor Heat uniform patches '' . Sun-Sentinel.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MILWAUKEE BUCKS AND HARLEY - DAVIDSON ROLL FULL THROTTLE INTO NBA SEASON WITH JERSEY PATCH SPONSORSHIP '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MINNESOTA TIMBERWOLVES AND FITBIT ANNOUNCE MULTI-YEAR PARTNERSHIP NAMING COMPANY `` OFFICIAL WEARABLE , '' `` OFFICIAL SLEEP TRACKER '' AND JERSEY PATCH SPONSOR `` . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans name Zatarain 's as jersey patch sponsor '' . nba.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Squarespace X Knicks Announce Signature Partnership '' . nba.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magic , Disney Expanded Partnership Exciting for Both Brands '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sixers become first NBA team to get sponsor on jersey '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Kings , Blue Diamond Partner to Showcase California Growers and Inspire Health and Wellness '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors and Sun Life Financial Announce Ground - Breaking , Expanded Partnership '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz and Qualtrics Partner To Revolutionize Fan Experience and Analytics and Accelerate Efforts to Eradicate Cancer '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A first look at the NBA 's refreshed logo '' . NBA.com. 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` NBA moves up trade deadline , reduces timeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin . `` NBA moves trade deadline to before All - Star Game , reduces amount of timeouts '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` NBA Makes Sweeping Pace - Of - Play Changes ; MLB Likely Next '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dauster , Rob ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` D - League salaries , two - way contracts increase NBA Draft early entries '' . CollegeBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian . `` NBA referees can rule closeouts as flagrants or technical fouls '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry . `` The NBA is cracking down on dangerous Zaza-esque closeouts '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , Kyle ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` The NBA is finally cracking down on James Harden 's foul - drawing antics '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA implementing ' Zaza Pachulia , ' ' James Harden ' rules '' . NBCSports.com . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Board Of Governors Approves Changes To Draft Lottery System '' . NBA.com . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` NBA owners pass lottery reform , new rules on resting players '' . ProBasketballTalk . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All - Star Game format '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Gordon Hayward suffers fractured ankle in season opener '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Simmons did something even LeBron ( or anyone else in NBA history ) has n't matched '' . Newsweek.com. 8 November 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kings set record for most points scored before a starter scores vs. Thunder '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lonzo Ball is the youngest player in NBA history to record a triple double '' . SBNation.com . November 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaskey - Blomain , Michael ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Celtics become first NBA team to win 13 straight after 0 - 2 start '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heat top Celtics 104 - 98 , snap Boston 's 16 - game win streak ( Nov 22 , 2017 ) '' . FOXSports.com. 22 November 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks get their most lopsided win ever , 126 - 80 over Kings '' . sports.yahoo.com . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron ejected for first time in 15 - year career '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Matt . `` Utah Jazz rookie Donovan Mitchell makes statement with 41 - point performance '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors news : Stephen Curry passes Jason Kidd for eighth spot in all - time 3 - pointers ladder '' . clutchpoints.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry becomes fastest to reach 2,000 3 - pointers made '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Howard 's 23 points lead Hornets past Thunder '' . FOXSports.com. 12 December 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richardson has 28 points to lead Heat past Clippers '' . Sportsnet.ca . December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . 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"The 2017–18 NBA season is the 72nd season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The regular season began on October 17, 2017, earlier than previous seasons to reduce the number of \"back-to-back\" games teams are scheduled to play,[1] with the 2017 runners-up Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the Boston Celtics at Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland, Ohio.[2] Christmas games will be played on December 25. The 2018 NBA All-Star Game will be played on February 18, 2018, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. The regular season will end on April 11, 2018 and the playoffs will begin on April 14, 2018."
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"October 17, 2017"
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-5052846427453051381 | List of NCAA Division I men's basketball champions | List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Champions - wikipedia List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Champions Jump to : navigation , search The University of California , Los Angeles ( trophy room pictured ) has won the Men 's Division I Basketball Championship a record 11 times . This is a list of NCAA Division I men 's basketball champions . The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , or NCAA Tournament , is a single - elimination tournament for men 's college basketball teams in the United States . It determines the champion of Division I , the top level of play in the NCAA , and the media often describes the winner as the national champion of college basketball . The NCAA Tournament has been held annually since 1939 , and its field grew from eight teams in the beginning to sixty - five teams by 2001 ; as of 2011 , sixty - eight teams take part in the tournament . Teams can gain invitations by winning a conference championship or receiving an at - large bid from a 10 - person committee . The semifinals of the tournament are known as the Final Four and are held in a different city each year , along with the championship game ; Indianapolis , the city where the NCAA is based , will host the Final Four every five years until 2040 . Each winning university receives a rectangular , gold - plated trophy made of wood . The first NCAA Tournament was organized by the National Association of Basketball Coaches . Oregon won the inaugural tournament , defeating Ohio State 46 -- 33 in the first championship game . Before the 1941 tournament , control of the event was given to the NCAA . In the early years of the tournament , it was considered less important than the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) , a New York City - based event . Teams were able to compete in both events in the same year , and three of those that did so -- Utah in 1944 , Kentucky in 1949 , and City College of New York ( CCNY ) in 1950 -- won the NCAA Tournament . The 1949 -- 50 CCNY team won both tournaments ( defeating Bradley in both finals ) , and is the only college basketball team to accomplish this feat . By the mid-1950s , the NCAA Tournament became the more prestigious of the two events , and in 1971 the NCAA barred universities from playing in other tournaments , such as the NIT , if they were invited to the NCAA Tournament . The University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) has been the most successful college in the NCAA Tournament , winning 11 national titles . Ten of those championships came during a 12 - year stretch from 1964 to 1975 . UCLA also holds the record for the most consecutive championships , winning seven in a row from 1967 to 1973 . Kentucky has the second-most titles , with eight . North Carolina is third with six championships , while Duke and Indiana follow with five each . Villanova is the most recent champion , having defeated Michigan in the final of the 2018 tournament . Among head coaches , John Wooden is the all - time leader with 10 championships ; he coached UCLA during their period of success in the 1960s and 1970s . Duke 's Mike Krzyzewski is second all - time with five titles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Championship games 2 Multiple champions 3 Champions by conference status 3.1 Champions by conference at the time of tournaments 3.2 Championships by current conference membership 4 Championships by state 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Championship games ( edit ) Legend for `` Championship games '' table below Indicator Meaning * Game was decided in an overtime period Game was decided in a third overtime period Score Each score is linked to an article about that particular championship game , when available Year Each year is linked to an article about that particular NCAA Tournament Championship games , by year , showing winners and losers , final scores and venues Year Winning team Winning head coach Score Losing team Losing head coach Venue City Ref . 1939 Oregon Hobson , Howard Howard Hobson 046.3 ! 46 -- 33 Ohio State Olsen , Harold Harold Olsen Patten Gymnasium Evanston , Illinois 1940 Indiana McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 060.3 ! 60 -- 42 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1941 Wisconsin Foster , Bud Bud Foster 039 ! 39 -- 34 Washington State Friel , Jack Jack Friel Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1942 Stanford Dean , Everett Everett Dean 053.2 ! 53 -- 38 Dartmouth Cowles , O.B. O.B. Cowles Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1943 Wyoming Shelton , Everett Everett Shelton 046.2 ! 46 -- 34 Georgetown Ripley , Elmer Elmer Ripley Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1944 Utah Peterson , Vadal Vadal Peterson 042 ! 42 -- 40 * Dartmouth Brown , Earl Earl Brown Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1945 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba 049 ! 49 -- 45 NYU Cann , Howard Howard Cann Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1946 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba 043 ! 43 -- 40 North Carolina Carnevale , Ben Ben Carnevale Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1947 Holy Cross Julian , Doggie Doggie Julian 058.1 ! 58 -- 47 Oklahoma Drake , Bruce Bruce Drake Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1948 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 058.2 ! 58 -- 42 Baylor Henderson , Bill Bill Henderson Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1949 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 046.1 ! 46 -- 36 Oklahoma A&M Iba , Henry Henry Iba Hec Edmundson Pavilion Seattle , Washington 1950 CCNY Holman , Nat Nat Holman 071.2 ! 71 -- 68 Bradley Anderson , Forddy Forddy Anderson Madison Square Garden New York City , New York 1951 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 068.3 ! 68 -- 58 Kansas State Gardner , Jack Jack Gardner Williams Arena Minneapolis , Minnesota 1952 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen 080.3 ! 80 -- 63 St. John 's McGuire , Frank Frank McGuire Hec Edmundson Pavilion Seattle , Washington 1953 Indiana McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 069 ! 69 -- 68 Kansas Allen , Phog Phog Allen Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1954 La Salle Loeffler , Ken Ken Loeffler 092.2 ! 92 -- 76 Bradley Anderson , Forddy Forddy Anderson Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1955 San Francisco Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 077.3 ! 77 -- 63 La Salle Loeffler , Ken Ken Loeffler Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1956 San Francisco Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 083.2 ! 83 -- 71 Iowa O'Connor , Bucky Bucky O'Connor McGaw Hall Evanston , Illinois 1957 North Carolina McGuire , Frank Frank McGuire 054.1 ! 54 -- 53 Kansas Harp , Dick Dick Harp Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1958 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 084.3 ! 84 -- 72 Seattle Castellani , John John Castellani Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1959 California Newell , Pete Pete Newell 071.1 ! 71 -- 70 West Virginia Schaus , Fred Fred Schaus Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1960 Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor 075.4 ! 75 -- 55 California Newell , Pete Pete Newell Cow Palace Daly City , California 1961 Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 070 ! 70 -- 65 * Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1962 Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 071.4 ! 71 -- 59 Ohio State Taylor , Fred Fred Taylor Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1963 Loyola Chicago Ireland , George George Ireland 060.1 ! 60 -- 58 * Cincinnati Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1964 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 098 ! 98 -- 83 Duke Bubas , Vic Vic Bubas Municipal Auditorium Kansas City , Missouri 1965 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 091 ! 91 -- 80 Michigan Strack , Dave Dave Strack Memorial Coliseum Portland , Oregon 1966 Texas Western Haskins , Don Don Haskins 072.2 ! 72 -- 65 Kentucky Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp Cole Field House College Park , Maryland 1967 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 079 ! 79 -- 64 Dayton Donoher , Don Don Donoher Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1968 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 078.2 ! 78 -- 55 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Sports Arena Los Angeles , California 1969 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 092.3 ! 92 -- 72 Purdue King , George George King Freedom Hall Louisville , Kentucky 1970 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 080.2 ! 80 -- 69 Jacksonville Williams , Joe Joe Williams Cole Field House College Park , Maryland 1971 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 068.2 ! 68 -- 62 Villanova Kraft , Jack Jack Kraft Astrodome Houston , Texas 1972 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 081.2 ! 81 -- 76 Florida State Durham , Hugh Hugh Durham Memorial Sports Arena Los Angeles , California 1973 UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 087 ! 87 -- 66 Memphis State Bartow , Gene Gene Bartow St. Louis Arena St. Louis , Missouri North Carolina State Sloan , Norm Norm Sloan 076.3 ! 76 -- 64 Marquette McGuire , Al Al McGuire Greensboro Coliseum Greensboro , North Carolina UCLA Wooden , John John Wooden 092.1 ! 92 -- 85 Kentucky Hall , Joe B. Joe B. Hall San Diego Sports Arena San Diego , California 1976 Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 086 ! 86 -- 68 Michigan Orr , Johnny Johnny Orr Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1977 Marquette McGuire , Al Al McGuire 067 ! 67 -- 59 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Omni Coliseum Atlanta , Georgia 1978 Kentucky Hall , Joe B. Joe B. Hall 094 ! 94 -- 88 Duke Foster , Bill Bill Foster The Checkerdome St. Louis , Missouri 1979 Michigan State Heathcote , Jud Jud Heathcote 075.3 ! 75 -- 64 Indiana State Hodges , Bill Bill Hodges Special Events Center Salt Lake City , Utah 1980 Louisville Crum , Denny Denny Crum 059 ! 59 -- 54 UCLA Brown , Larry Larry Brown Market Square Arena Indianapolis , Indiana 1981 Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 063.2 ! 63 -- 50 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 1982 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith 063.1 ! 63 -- 62 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana North Carolina State Valvano , Jim Jim Valvano 054.2 ! 54 -- 52 Houston Lewis , Guy Guy Lewis University Arena Albuquerque , New Mexico 1984 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson 084.2 ! 84 -- 75 Houston Lewis , Guy Guy Lewis Kingdome Seattle , Washington 1985 Villanova Massimino , Rollie Rollie Massimino 066 ! 66 -- 64 Georgetown Thompson , John John Thompson Rupp Arena Lexington , Kentucky 1986 Louisville Crum , Denny Denny Crum 072.1 ! 72 -- 69 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Reunion Arena Dallas , Texas Indiana Knight , Bob Bob Knight 074 ! 74 -- 73 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 1988 Kansas Brown , Larry Larry Brown 083.1 ! 83 -- 79 Oklahoma Tubbs , Billy Billy Tubbs Kemper Arena Kansas City , Missouri 1989 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher 080.1 ! 80 -- 79 * Seton Hall Carlesimo , P.J. P.J. Carlesimo Kingdome Seattle , Washington 1990 UNLV Tarkanian , Jerry Jerry Tarkanian 103 ! 103 -- 73 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski McNichols Sports Arena Denver , Colorado 1991 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 072.2 ! 72 -- 65 Kansas Williams , Roy Roy Williams Hoosier Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 1992 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 071.5 ! 71 -- 51 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 1993 North Carolina Smith , Dean Dean Smith 077.2 ! 77 -- 71 Michigan Fisher , Steve Steve Fisher Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 1994 Arkansas Richardson , Nolan Nolan Richardson 076.1 ! 76 -- 72 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte , North Carolina 1995 UCLA Harrick , Jim Jim Harrick 089.1 ! 89 -- 78 Arkansas Richardson , Nolan Nolan Richardson Kingdome Seattle , Washington Kentucky Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 076.2 ! 76 -- 67 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim Continental Airlines Arena East Rutherford , New Jersey 1997 Arizona Olson , Lute Lute Olson 084.1 ! 84 -- 79 * Kentucky Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 1998 Kentucky Smith , Tubby Tubby Smith 078.1 ! 78 -- 69 Utah Majerus , Rick Rick Majerus Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 1999 Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 077.1 ! 77 -- 74 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski Tropicana Field St. Petersburg , Florida 2000 Michigan State Izzo , Tom Tom Izzo 089.2 ! 89 -- 76 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 2001 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 082.3 ! 82 -- 72 Arizona Olson , Lute Lute Olson Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 2002 Maryland Williams , Gary Gary Williams 064 ! 64 -- 52 Indiana Davis , Mike Mike Davis Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2003 Syracuse Boeheim , Jim Jim Boeheim 081.1 ! 81 -- 78 Kansas Williams , Roy Roy Williams Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 082.2 ! 82 -- 73 Georgia Tech Hewitt , Paul Paul Hewitt Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 2005 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams 075.1 ! 75 -- 70 Illinois Weber , Bruce Bruce Weber Edward Jones Dome St. Louis , Missouri 2006 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 073 ! 73 -- 57 UCLA Howland , Ben Ben Howland RCA Dome Indianapolis , Indiana 2007 Florida Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 084.2 ! 84 -- 75 Ohio State Matta , Thad Thad Matta Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2008 Kansas Self , Bill Bill Self 075.2 ! 75 -- 68 * Memphis Calipari , John John Calipari Alamodome San Antonio , Texas 2009 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams 089.3 ! 89 -- 72 Michigan State Izzo , Tom Tom Izzo Ford Field Detroit , Michigan Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 061 ! 61 -- 59 Butler Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 2011 Connecticut Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 053.1 ! 53 -- 41 Butler Stevens , Brad Brad Stevens Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 2012 Kentucky Calipari , John John Calipari 067.1 ! 67 -- 59 Kansas Self , Bill Bill Self Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 2013 Louisville Pitino , Rick Rick Pitino 067.1 ! 82 -- 76 Michigan Beilein , John John Beilein Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 2014 Connecticut Ollie , Kevin Kevin Ollie 060.2 ! 60 -- 54 Kentucky Calipari , John John Calipari AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas 2015 Duke Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 068.1 ! 68 -- 63 Wisconsin Ryan , Bo Bo Ryan Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 2016 Villanova Jay Wright 077.1 ! 77 -- 74 North Carolina Williams , Roy Roy Williams NRG Stadium Houston , Texas 2017 North Carolina Roy Williams 071.3 ! 71 -- 65 Gonzaga Mark Few University of Phoenix Stadium Glendale , Arizona 2018 Villanova Jay Wright 077.1 ! 79 -- 62 Michigan Beilein , John John Beilein Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Multiple champions ( edit ) UCLA Kentucky North Carolina Duke Indiana Connecticut Kansas Louisville San Francisco Villanova Florida NC State Oklahoma State Cincinnati Michigan State Arkansas Holy Cross La Salle Loyola Marquette UTEP Arizona UNLV Stanford California Georgetown Maryland Ohio State Utah CCNY Wyoming Michigan Syracuse Wisconsin Oregon Schools that have won the NCAA championship -- 11 championships , -- 8 championships , -- 6 championships , -- 5 championships -- 4 championships , -- 3 championships , -- 2 championships , -- 1 championship Teams with multiple championships Team Wins Years won UCLA 11 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 Kentucky 8 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 North Carolina 6 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Duke 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Villanova 1985 , 2016 , 2018 Louisville 1980 , 1986 , 2013 Michigan State 1979 , 2000 Cincinnati 1961 , 1962 Florida 2006 , 2007 North Carolina State 1974 , 1983 Oklahoma State 1945 , 1946 San Francisco 1955 , 1956 Coaches with multiple championships Team Wins Years won Wooden , John John Wooden 10 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 Krzyzewski , Mike Mike Krzyzewski 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Rupp , Adolph Adolph Rupp 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 Calhoun , Jim Jim Calhoun 1999 , 2004 , 2011 Knight , Bob Bob Knight 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Williams , Roy Roy Williams 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Crum , Denny Denny Crum 1980 , 1986 Donovan , Billy Billy Donovan 2006 , 2007 Iba , Henry Henry Iba 1945 , 1946 Jucker , Ed Ed Jucker 1961 , 1962 McCracken , Branch Branch McCracken 1940 , 1953 Smith , Dean Dean Smith 1982 , 1993 Woolpert , Phil Phil Woolpert 1955 , 1956 Wright , Jay Jay Wright 2016 , 2018 Champions by conference status ( edit ) Champions by conference at the time of tournaments ( edit ) Championships by conference membership at the time of tournaments Conference Wins Years won Ref ( s ) Pac - 12 Conference ! Pac - 12 Conference ( 1915 -- current ) 15 1939 , 1942 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 , 1997 Atlantic Coast Conference ! Atlantic Coast Conference ( 1953 -- current ) 14 1957 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 Southeastern Conference ! Southeastern Conference ( 1932 -- current ) 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 Big Ten Conference ! Big Ten Conference ( 1896 -- current ) 10 1940 , 1941 , 1953 , 1960 , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 , 1987 , 1989 , 2000 Big East Conference ! Big East Conference ( 1979 -- current ) 8 1984 , 1985 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 , 2018 Independents 6 1944 , 1947 , 1954 , 1963 , 1966 , 1977 Missouri Valley Conference ! Missouri Valley Conference ( 1907 -- current ) 1945 , 1946 , 1961 , 1962 Big Eight Conference ! Big 8 Conference ( 1907 -- 1996 ) 1952 , 1988 Metro Conference ! Metro Conference ( 1975 -- 1995 ) 1980 , 1986 West Coast Conference ! West Coast Conference ( 1952 -- current ) 1955 , 1956 American Athletic Conference ! American Athletic Conference ( 2014 -- current ) 2014 Big Twelve Conference ! Big 12 Conference ( 1994 -- current ) 2008 Big West Conference ! Big West Conference ( 1969 -- current ) 1990 Metropolitan New York Conference ! Metropolitan New York Conference ( 1933 -- 1963 ) 1950 Mountain States Conference ! Mountain States Conference ( 1938 -- 1962 ) 1943 Championships by current conference membership ( edit ) Championships by current conference membership Conference Wins Years won Ref ( s ) Atlantic Coast Conference ! Atlantic Coast Conference 16 1957 , 1974 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1986 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2003 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 , 2017 Pac - 12 Conference ! Pac - 12 Conference 16 1939 , 1942 , 1944 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 , 1997 Southeastern Conference ! Southeastern Conference 11 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 Big Ten Conference ! Big Ten Conference 11 1940 , 1941 , 1953 , 1960 , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 , 1987 , 1989 , 2000 , 2002 American Athletic Conference 6 1961 , 1962 , 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Big Twelve Conference ! Big 12 Conference 5 1945 , 1946 , 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Big East Conference 5 1977 , 1984 , 1985 , 2016 , 2018 Mountain West Conference ! Mountain West Conference 1943 , 1990 West Coast Conference ! West Coast Conference 1955 , 1956 Atlantic 10 Conference ! Atlantic 10 Conference 1954 City University of New York Athletic Conference ! City University of New York Athletic Conference 1950 Conference USA ! Conference USA 1966 Missouri Valley Conference ! Missouri Valley Conference 1963 Patriot League ! Patriot League 1947 Championships by state ( edit ) Championships by state State Wins Years won California 15 1942 , 1955 , 1956 , 1959 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 North Carolina 13 1957 , 1974 , 1982 , 1983 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 2001 , 2005 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2017 Kentucky 10 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1980 , 1986 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 , 2013 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Pennsylvania 1954 , 1985 , 2016 , 2018 Ohio 1960 , 1961 , 1962 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Michigan 1979 , 1989 , 2000 Oklahoma 1945 , 1946 Wisconsin 1941 , 1977 New York 1950 , 2003 Florida 2006 , 2007 Oregon 1939 Wyoming 1943 Utah 1944 Massachusetts 1947 Illinois 1963 Texas 1966 Washington , D.C. 1984 Nevada 1990 Arkansas 1994 Arizona 1997 Maryland 2002 Indicates vacated by NCAA See also ( edit ) NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship records Helms Athletic Foundation national champions Notes ( edit ) The result was later stricken from the NCAA record books after it was discovered that the team had committed a rules violation . 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Jump up ^ Smith , Erick ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Live : Kentucky beats Kansas 67 -- 59 to win national championship '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Louisville beats Michigan 82 -- 76 for NCAA title '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Associated Press . April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shabazz Napier , UConn too much for Kentucky , seize national title '' . ESPN . April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Skretta , Dave ; Russo , Ralph D. ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Latest : Okafor , Jones help Duke beat Wisconsin 68 -- 63 to win national championship '' . StarTribune . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , Nicole ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Villanova clips North Carolina on buzzer - beater for national championship '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , Nicole ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` North Carolina defeats Gonzaga for redemption in national championship '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Jill ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Villanova dominates Michigan to win 2nd national title in 3 years '' . CNN . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1941 -- 42 Stanford Cardinal Roster and Stats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game . Random House . 2009 . p. 467 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51392 - 2 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pascoe , Bruce ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` UA basketball : Simon says 1997 champs were NCAA trendsetters '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Topics : ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament '' ( Click on History ) . ESPN . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Steve ( February 19 , 2008 ) . `` Crowning Moments in the Queen City : National Champions Not Always ACC Champions ( 1991 -- 1993 ) '' . Atlantic Coast Conference . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Low , Chris ( March 20 , 2010 ) . `` Wildcats hitting their stride when it counts '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Viv ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Usually Elite , A.C.C. Receives a Harsh Lesson in Mediocrity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 is the year of ACC redemption , starring UNC and Clemson '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 -- 48 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 -- 51 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1957 -- 58 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 98 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Southeastern Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Doyel , Gregg ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Kentucky 's run to title , much like the season , was all about Kentucky '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Men 's Basketball History '' . Big Ten Conference . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A history of the Big East '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . November 5 , 2003 . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big East Conference '' . Big East Conference . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` 44 fun , fascinating facts about the 2016 Final Four '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Dennis ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` In winning the national championship , Villanova finds redemption for the Big East '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1943 -- 44 Independent Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1946 -- 47 Independent Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 Independent Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 -- 64 Independent Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Milbert , Neil ( January 11 , 2000 ) . `` Marquette 's Man On The Spot '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1944 -- 45 Missouri Valley Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1945 -- 46 Missouri Valley Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 -- 61 Missouri Valley Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 -- 62 Missouri Valley Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tradition : Past Champions '' . University of Louisville . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Luhm , Steve ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` West Coast Conference about to become well - known in Utah '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 National Championships '' . Big 12 Conference . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 -- 90 Nevada - Las Vegas Rebels Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 50 City College of New York Beavers Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1942 -- 43 Mountain States Conference Season Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Coast Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse Orange '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific - 12 Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Utes '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Southeastern Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Bearcats '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville Cardinals '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut Huskies '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Jayhawks '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big East Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marquette Golden Eagles '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada - Las Vegas Rebels '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Coast Conference NCAA Tournament '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La Salle Explorers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Ron ( February 25 , 2003 ) . `` College Basketball Men 's Notebook ; Another Warner At C.C.N.Y. '' The New York Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas - El Paso Miners '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Loyola ( IL ) Ramblers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Holy Cross Crusaders '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lopresti , Mike ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Memphis could rewrite NCAA history books by vanishing '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA rejects Memphis ' final appeal of vacated wins '' . Deseret News . Associated Press . March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bogage , Jacob ; Stubbs , Roman ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Its NCAA appeal denied , Louisville is stripped of 2013 national championship '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville must vacate basketball title after NCAA denies appeal '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gameday Traditions '' . Oklahoma State University -- Stillwater . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . NCAA Division I men 's basketball champions 1939 Oregon 1940 Indiana 1941 Wisconsin 1942 Stanford 1943 Wyoming 1944 Utah 1945 Oklahoma A&M 1946 Oklahoma A&M 1947 Holy Cross 1948 Kentucky 1949 Kentucky 1950 CCNY 1951 Kentucky 1952 Kansas 1953 Indiana 1954 La Salle 1955 San Francisco 1956 San Francisco 1957 North Carolina 1958 Kentucky 1959 California 1960 Ohio State 1961 Cincinnati 1962 Cincinnati 1963 Loyola ( IL ) 1964 UCLA 1965 UCLA 1966 Texas Western 1967 UCLA 1968 UCLA 1969 UCLA 1970 UCLA 1971 UCLA 1972 UCLA 1973 UCLA NC State UCLA 1976 Indiana 1977 Marquette 1978 Kentucky 1979 Michigan State 1980 Louisville 1981 Indiana 1982 North Carolina NC State 1984 Georgetown 1985 Villanova 1986 Louisville Indiana 1988 Kansas 1989 Michigan 1990 UNLV 1991 Duke 1992 Duke 1993 North Carolina 1994 Arkansas 1995 UCLA Kentucky 1997 Arizona 1998 Kentucky 1999 Connecticut 2000 Michigan State 2001 Duke 2002 Maryland 2003 Syracuse Connecticut 2005 North Carolina 2006 Florida 2007 Florida 2008 Kansas 2009 North Carolina Duke 2011 Connecticut 2012 Kentucky 2013 Vacated 2014 Connecticut 2015 Duke 2016 Villanova 2017 North Carolina 2018 Villanova NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_champions&oldid=843369842 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 18 : 15 . 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"\nChampionship games, by year, showing winners and losers, final scores and venues\n\nYear\nWinning team\nWinning head coach\nScore\nLosing team\nLosing head coach\nVenue\nCity\nRef.\n\n\n1939\nOregon\nHobson, HowardHoward Hobson\n046.3 !46–33\nOhio State\nOlsen, HaroldHarold Olsen\nPatten Gymnasium\nEvanston, Illinois\n[17]\n\n\n1940\nIndiana\nMcCracken, BranchBranch McCracken\n060.3 !60–42\nKansas\nAllen, PhogPhog Allen\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[18]\n\n\n1941\nWisconsin\nFoster, BudBud Foster\n039 !39–34\nWashington State\nFriel, JackJack Friel\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[19]\n\n\n1942\nStanford\nDean, EverettEverett Dean\n053.2 !53–38\nDartmouth\nCowles, O. B.O. B. Cowles\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[20]\n\n\n1943\nWyoming\nShelton, EverettEverett Shelton\n046.2 !46–34\nGeorgetown\nRipley, ElmerElmer Ripley\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[21]\n\n\n1944\nUtah\nPeterson, VadalVadal Peterson\n042 !42–40*\nDartmouth\nBrown, EarlEarl Brown\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[22][23]\n\n\n1945\nOklahoma A&M\nIba, HenryHenry Iba\n049 !49–45\nNYU\nCann, HowardHoward Cann\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[24]\n\n\n1946\nOklahoma A&M\nIba, HenryHenry Iba\n043 !43–40\nNorth Carolina\nCarnevale, BenBen Carnevale\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[25]\n\n\n1947\nHoly Cross\nJulian, DoggieDoggie Julian\n058.1 !58–47\nOklahoma\nDrake, BruceBruce Drake\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[26]\n\n\n1948\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\n058.2 !58–42\nBaylor\nHenderson, BillBill Henderson\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[27]\n\n\n1949\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\n046.1 !46–36\nOklahoma A&M\nIba, HenryHenry Iba\nHec Edmundson Pavilion\nSeattle, Washington\n[28]\n\n\n1950\nCCNY\nHolman, NatNat Holman\n071.2 !71–68\nBradley\nAnderson, ForddyForddy Anderson\nMadison Square Garden\nNew York City, New York\n[29]\n\n\n1951\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\n068.3 !68–58\nKansas State\nGardner, JackJack Gardner\nWilliams Arena\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\n[30]\n\n\n1952\nKansas\nAllen, PhogPhog Allen\n080.3 !80–63\nSt. John's\nMcGuire, FrankFrank McGuire\nHec Edmundson Pavilion\nSeattle, Washington\n[31]\n\n\n1953\nIndiana\nMcCracken, BranchBranch McCracken\n069 !69–68\nKansas\nAllen, PhogPhog Allen\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[32]\n\n\n1954\nLa Salle\nLoeffler, KenKen Loeffler\n092.2 !92–76\nBradley\nAnderson, ForddyForddy Anderson\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[33]\n\n\n1955\nSan Francisco\nWoolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert\n077.3 !77–63\nLa Salle\nLoeffler, KenKen Loeffler\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[34]\n\n\n1956\nSan Francisco\nWoolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert\n083.2 !83–71\nIowa\nO'Connor, BuckyBucky O'Connor\nMcGaw Hall\nEvanston, Illinois\n[35]\n\n\n1957\nNorth Carolina\nMcGuire, FrankFrank McGuire\n054.1 !54–53\nKansas\nHarp, DickDick Harp\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[36]\n\n\n1958\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\n084.3 !84–72\nSeattle\nCastellani, JohnJohn Castellani\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[37]\n\n\n1959\nCalifornia\nNewell, PetePete Newell\n071.1 !71–70\nWest Virginia\nSchaus, FredFred Schaus\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[38]\n\n\n1960\nOhio State\nTaylor, FredFred Taylor\n075.4 !75–55\nCalifornia\nNewell, PetePete Newell\nCow Palace\nDaly City, California\n[39][40]\n\n\n1961\nCincinnati\nJucker, EdEd Jucker\n070 !70–65*\nOhio State\nTaylor, FredFred Taylor\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[41]\n\n\n1962\nCincinnati\nJucker, EdEd Jucker\n071.4 !71–59\nOhio State\nTaylor, FredFred Taylor\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[42]\n\n\n1963\nLoyola Chicago\nIreland, GeorgeGeorge Ireland\n060.1 !60–58*\nCincinnati\nJucker, EdEd Jucker\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[43]\n\n\n1964\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n098 !98–83\nDuke\nBubas, VicVic Bubas\nMunicipal Auditorium\nKansas City, Missouri\n[44]\n\n\n1965\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n091 !91–80\nMichigan\nStrack, DaveDave Strack\nMemorial Coliseum\nPortland, Oregon\n[45]\n\n\n1966\nTexas Western\nHaskins, DonDon Haskins\n072.2 !72–65\nKentucky\nRupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp\nCole Field House\nCollege Park, Maryland\n[46]\n\n\n1967\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n079 !79–64\nDayton\nDonoher, DonDon Donoher\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[47]\n\n\n1968\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n078.2 !78–55\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\nSports Arena\nLos Angeles, California\n[48]\n\n\n1969\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n092.3 !92–72\nPurdue\nKing, GeorgeGeorge King\nFreedom Hall\nLouisville, Kentucky\n[49]\n\n\n1970\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n080.2 !80–69\nJacksonville\nWilliams, JoeJoe Williams\nCole Field House\nCollege Park, Maryland\n[50]\n\n\n1971\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n068.2 !68–62\nVillanova[a]\nKraft, JackJack Kraft\nAstrodome\nHouston, Texas\n[51]\n\n\n1972\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n081.2 !81–76\nFlorida State\nDurham, HughHugh Durham\nMemorial Sports Arena\nLos Angeles, California\n[52]\n\n\n1973\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n087 !87–66\nMemphis State\nBartow, GeneGene Bartow\nSt. Louis Arena\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n[53]\n\n\n1974\nNorth Carolina State\nSloan, NormNorm Sloan\n076.3 !76–64\nMarquette\nMcGuire, AlAl McGuire\nGreensboro Coliseum\nGreensboro, North Carolina\n[54]\n\n\n1975\nUCLA\nWooden, JohnJohn Wooden\n092.1 !92–85\nKentucky\nHall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall\nSan Diego Sports Arena\nSan Diego, California\n[55]\n\n\n1976\nIndiana\nKnight, BobBob Knight\n086 !86–68\nMichigan\nOrr, JohnnyJohnny Orr\nSpectrum\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n[56]\n\n\n1977\nMarquette\nMcGuire, AlAl McGuire\n067 !67–59\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\nOmni Coliseum\nAtlanta, Georgia\n[57]\n\n\n1978\nKentucky\nHall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall\n094 !94–88\nDuke\nFoster, BillBill Foster\nThe Checkerdome\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n[58]\n\n\n1979\nMichigan State\nHeathcote, JudJud Heathcote\n075.3 !75–64\nIndiana State\nHodges, BillBill Hodges\nSpecial Events Center\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n[59]\n\n\n1980\nLouisville\nCrum, DennyDenny Crum\n059 !59–54\nUCLA[a]\nBrown, LarryLarry Brown\nMarket Square Arena\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[60]\n\n\n1981\nIndiana\nKnight, BobBob Knight\n063.2 !63–50\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\nSpectrum\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n[61]\n\n\n1982\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\n063.1 !63–62\nGeorgetown\nThompson, JohnJohn Thompson\nLouisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[62]\n\n\n1983\nNorth Carolina State\nValvano, JimJim Valvano\n054.2 !54–52\nHouston\nLewis, GuyGuy Lewis\nUniversity Arena\nAlbuquerque, New Mexico\n[63]\n\n\n1984\nGeorgetown\nThompson, JohnJohn Thompson\n084.2 !84–75\nHouston\nLewis, GuyGuy Lewis\nKingdome\nSeattle, Washington\n[64]\n\n\n1985\nVillanova\nMassimino, RollieRollie Massimino\n066 !66–64\nGeorgetown\nThompson, JohnJohn Thompson\nRupp Arena\nLexington, Kentucky\n[65]\n\n\n1986\nLouisville\nCrum, DennyDenny Crum\n072.1 !72–69\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\nReunion Arena\nDallas, Texas\n[66]\n\n\n1987\nIndiana\nKnight, BobBob Knight\n074 !74–73\nSyracuse\nBoeheim, JimJim Boeheim\nLouisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[67]\n\n\n1988\nKansas\nBrown, LarryLarry Brown\n083.1 !83–79\nOklahoma\nTubbs, BillyBilly Tubbs\nKemper Arena\nKansas City, Missouri\n[68]\n\n\n1989\nMichigan\nFisher, SteveSteve Fisher\n080.1 !80–79*\nSeton Hall\nCarlesimo, P. J.P. J. Carlesimo\nKingdome\nSeattle, Washington\n[69]\n\n\n1990\nUNLV\nTarkanian, JerryJerry Tarkanian\n103 !103–73\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\nMcNichols Sports Arena\nDenver, Colorado\n[70]\n\n\n1991\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n072.2 !72–65\nKansas\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\nHoosier Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[71]\n\n\n1992\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n071.5 !71–51\nMichigan[a]\nFisher, SteveSteve Fisher\nMetrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\n[72]\n\n\n1993\nNorth Carolina\nSmith, DeanDean Smith\n077.2 !77–71\nMichigan[a]\nFisher, SteveSteve Fisher\nLouisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[73]\n\n\n1994\nArkansas\nRichardson, NolanNolan Richardson\n076.1 !76–72\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\nCharlotte Coliseum\nCharlotte, North Carolina\n[74]\n\n\n1995\nUCLA\nHarrick, JimJim Harrick\n089.1 !89–78\nArkansas\nRichardson, NolanNolan Richardson\nKingdome\nSeattle, Washington\n[75]\n\n\n1996\nKentucky\nPitino, RickRick Pitino\n076.2 !76–67\nSyracuse\nBoeheim, JimJim Boeheim\nContinental Airlines Arena\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey\n[76]\n\n\n1997\nArizona\nOlson, LuteLute Olson\n084.1 !84–79*\nKentucky\nPitino, RickRick Pitino\nRCA Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[77]\n\n\n1998\nKentucky\nSmith, TubbyTubby Smith\n078.1 !78–69\nUtah\nMajerus, RickRick Majerus\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\n[78]\n\n\n1999\nConnecticut\nCalhoun, JimJim Calhoun\n077.1 !77–74\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\nTropicana Field\nSt. Petersburg, Florida\n[79]\n\n\n2000\nMichigan State\nIzzo, TomTom Izzo\n089.2 !89–76\nFlorida\nDonovan, BillyBilly Donovan\nRCA Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[80]\n\n\n2001\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n082.3 !82–72\nArizona\nOlson, LuteLute Olson\nMetrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota\n[81]\n\n\n2002\nMaryland\nWilliams, GaryGary Williams\n064 !64–52\nIndiana\nDavis, MikeMike Davis\nGeorgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia\n[82]\n\n\n2003\nSyracuse\nBoeheim, JimJim Boeheim\n081.1 !81–78\nKansas\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\nLouisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[83]\n\n\n2004\nConnecticut\nCalhoun, JimJim Calhoun\n082.2 !82–73\nGeorgia Tech\nHewitt, PaulPaul Hewitt\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\n[84]\n\n\n2005\nNorth Carolina\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\n075.1 !75–70\nIllinois\nWeber, BruceBruce Weber\nEdward Jones Dome\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n[85]\n\n\n2006\nFlorida\nDonovan, BillyBilly Donovan\n073 !73–57\nUCLA\nHowland, BenBen Howland\nRCA Dome\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[86]\n\n\n2007\nFlorida\nDonovan, BillyBilly Donovan\n084.2 !84–75\nOhio State\nMatta, ThadThad Matta\nGeorgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia\n[87]\n\n\n2008\nKansas\nSelf, BillBill Self\n075.2 !75–68*\nMemphis[a]\nCalipari, JohnJohn Calipari\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\n[88]\n\n\n2009\nNorth Carolina\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\n089.3 !89–72\nMichigan State\nIzzo, TomTom Izzo\nFord Field\nDetroit, Michigan\n[89]\n\n\n2010\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n061 !61–59\nButler\nStevens, BradBrad Stevens\nLucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[90]\n\n\n2011\nConnecticut\nCalhoun, JimJim Calhoun\n053.1 !53–41\nButler\nStevens, BradBrad Stevens\nReliant Stadium\nHouston, Texas\n[91]\n\n\n2012\nKentucky\nCalipari, JohnJohn Calipari\n067.1 !67–59\nKansas\nSelf, BillBill Self\nMercedes-Benz Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n[92]\n\n\n2013\nLouisville[a]\nPitino, RickRick Pitino\n067.1 !82–76\nMichigan\nBeilein, JohnJohn Beilein\nGeorgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia\n[93]\n\n\n2014\nConnecticut\nOllie, KevinKevin Ollie\n060.2 !60–54\nKentucky\nCalipari, JohnJohn Calipari\nAT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\n[94]\n\n\n2015\nDuke\nKrzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski\n068.1 !68–63\nWisconsin\nRyan, BoBo Ryan\nLucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n[95]\n\n\n2016\nVillanova\nJay Wright\n077.1 !77–74\nNorth Carolina\nWilliams, RoyRoy Williams\nNRG Stadium\nHouston, Texas\n[96]\n\n\n2017\nNorth Carolina\nRoy Williams\n071.3 !71–65\nGonzaga\nMark Few\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium\nGlendale, Arizona\n[97]\n\n\n2018\nVillanova\nJay Wright\n077.1 !79–62\nMichigan\nBeilein, JohnJohn Beilein\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio, Texas\n[98]\n\n"
] | [
"North Carolina"
] |
-2076336102858163858 | The Office (U.S. TV series) | The Office ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia The Office ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with The Office ( UK TV series ) or The Office ( 1995 TV series ) . The Office Genre Mockumentary Sitcom Based on The Office by Ricky Gervais Stephen Merchant Developed by Greg Daniels Starring Steve Carell Rainn Wilson John Krasinski Jenna Fischer B.J. Novak Ed Helms James Spader Melora Hardin David Denman Leslie David Baker Brian Baumgartner Kate Flannery Angela Kinsey Oscar Nunez Phyllis Smith Mindy Kaling Paul Lieberstein Creed Bratton Craig Robinson Ellie Kemper Zach Woods Amy Ryan Catherine Tate Clark Duke Jake Lacy Theme music composer Jay Ferguson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 201 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Greg Daniels Ricky Gervais Stephen Merchant Howard Klein Ben Silverman Paul Lieberstein Jennifer Celotta B.J. Novak Mindy Kaling Brent Forrester Dan Sterling Cinematography Randall Einhorn Matt Sohn Sarah Levy Peter Smokler ( `` Pilot '' ) Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 -- 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Deedle - Dee Productions Reveille Productions ( 2005 -- 12 ) Shine America ( 2012 -- 13 ) NBC Universal Television Studio ( 2005 -- 07 ) Universal Media Studios ( 2007 -- 11 ) Universal Television ( 2011 -- 13 ) Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release March 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 24 ) -- May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) Chronology Related shows The Office ( UK ) External links Website www.nbc.com/the-office/ The Office is an American television comedy series that aired on NBC from March 24 , 2005 , to May 16 , 2013 . It is an adaptation of the BBC series of the same name . The Office was adapted for American audiences by Greg Daniels , a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live , King of the Hill , and The Simpsons . It is co-produced by Daniels ' Deedle - Dee Productions , and Reveille Productions ( later Shine America ) , in association with Universal Television . The original executive producers were Greg Daniels , Howard Klein , Ben Silverman , Ricky Gervais , and Stephen Merchant , with numerous others being promoted in later seasons . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . To simulate the look of an actual documentary , it is filmed in a single - camera setup , without a studio audience or a laugh track . The show debuted on NBC as a mid-season replacement and ran for nine seasons and 201 episodes . The Office initially featured Steve Carell , Rainn Wilson , John Krasinski , Jenna Fischer and B.J. Novak as the main cast ; the show experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run . The first season of The Office was met with mixed reviews , but the following four seasons received widespread acclaim from television critics . These seasons were included on several critics ' year - end top TV series lists , winning several awards including four Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Comedy Series in 2006 . While later seasons were criticized for a decline in quality , earlier writers oversaw the final season and ended the show 's run with a positive reception . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Crew 1.2 Development and writing 1.3 Casting 1.4 Filming 1.5 Music 2 Characters 3 Season synopsis 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 3.3 Season 3 3.4 Season 4 3.5 Season 5 3.6 Season 6 3.7 Season 7 3.8 Season 8 3.9 Season 9 4 Product placement 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reviews and commentary 5.2 Awards 5.3 Ratings 5.3. 1 Nielsen ratings 5.4 Cultural impact 5.5 International broadcasts 6 Other media 6.1 Online releases 6.2 Promotional 6.3 Cast blogs 6.4 Home video releases 7 Proposed spin - offs 8 References 9 External links Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) List of showrunners throughout the series ' run : Season 1 -- 4 : Greg Daniels Season 5 -- 6 : Paul Lieberstein & Jennifer Celotta Season 7 -- 8 : Paul Lieberstein Season 9 : Greg Daniels Greg Daniels served as the senior series showrunner for the first four seasons of the series and developed the British series for American television . He then left the position when he co-created the comedy series Parks and Recreation with fellow Office writer Michael Schur and divided his time between the two series . Paul Lieberstein and Jennifer Celotta were named the series showrunners for the fifth season . Celotta left the series after the sixth season and Lieberstein stayed on as showrunner for the following two seasons . He left the showrunner spot after the eighth season for the potential Dwight Schrute spin - off , The Farm , which was eventually passed up by NBC . Daniels returned to the showrunner position for the ninth and final season . Other executive producers include cast members B.J. Novak and Mindy Kaling . Kaling , Novak , Daniels , Lieberstein and Schur made up the original team of writers . Kaling , Novak and Lieberstein also serve multiple roles on the series , as they play regular characters on the show , as well as write , direct and produce episodes . Credited with twenty - four episodes , Kaling is the most prolific writer on the staff . Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant , who created the original British series , are credited as executive producers , and wrote the pilot and the third - season episode , `` The Convict '' . Merchant later directed the episode `` Customer Survey '' while Gervais appeared in the episodes `` The Seminar '' and `` Search Committee '' . Randall Einhorn is the most frequent director of the series , with 15 credited episodes . The series has also had several guest directors , including Lost co-creator J.J. Abrams , Buffy the Vampire Slayer creator Joss Whedon , both of whom are fans of the series , and filmmakers Jon Favreau , Harold Ramis , Jason Reitman , and Marc Webb . Episodes have been directed by several of the actors on the show including Steve Carell , John Krasinski , Rainn Wilson , Ed Helms , and Brian Baumgartner . Development and writing ( edit ) Before the series aired its second episode , the writers spent time researching in offices . This process was used for Daniels ' other series King of the Hill and Parks and Recreation . The pilot is a direct adaptation of the first episode of the British version . Daniels had decided to go this route because `` completely starting from scratch would be a very risky thing to do '' due to the show being an adaptation . He had briefly considered using the idea for `` The Dundies '' as the pilot episode . After the writers knew who the cast was , they were allowed to write for the actors , which allowed the show to be more original for the following episode , `` Diversity Day '' . Following the mixed reaction towards the first season , the writers attempted to make the series more `` optimistic '' and to make Michael Scott more likable . They also established the supporting characters of the series more , giving them actual personalities . They also made the lights in the office brighter , which allowed the series to differentiate itself from the British version . A common problem with the scripts , according to Novak , is that they tend to run too long for the regular 22 - minute time slot , leading to several cuts . For example , the script for the episode `` Search Committee '' was initially 75 pages -- 10 pages too long . A complete script is written for each episode ; however , actors are given opportunities to improvise during the shooting process . Fischer said , `` Our shows are 100 percent scripted . They put everything down on paper . But we get to play around a little bit , too . Steve and Rainn are brilliant improvisers . '' This leads to a large number of deleted scenes with almost every episode of The Office , all of which are considered part of the show 's canon and storyline by Daniels . Deleted scenes have sometimes been restored in repeats to make episodes longer or draw back people who have seen the episode before to see the bonus footage . In an experiment , a deleted scene from `` The Return '' was made available over NBC.com and iTunes , explaining the absence of a character over the next several episodes . Daniels hoped that word of mouth among fans would spread the information , but eventually considered the experiment a failure . Casting ( edit ) According to Jenna Fischer , the series used an unusual casting process which did not involve a script . The producers would ask the actors several questions and they would respond as the characters they were auditioning for . NBC programmer Kevin Reilly originally suggested Paul Giamatti to producer Ben Silverman for the role of Michael Scott , but the actor declined . Martin Short , Hank Azaria , and Bob Odenkirk were reported to be interested in the part . In January 2004 , Variety reported that Steve Carell , of the popular Comedy Central program The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , was in talks to play the role . At the time , he was already committed to another NBC mid-season replacement comedy , Come to Papa , but the series was quickly canceled , allowing his full commitment to The Office . Carell later stated that he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned . He did not continue watching for fear that he would start copying Gervais ' characterizations . Other people who were considered or auditioned for the role included Ben Falcone , Alan Tudyk , Jim Zulevic , and Paul F. Tompkins . Rainn Wilson was cast as power - hungry sycophant Dwight Schrute , and he watched every episode of the series before he auditioned . Wilson had originally auditioned for Michael , a performance that he described as a `` terrible Ricky Gervais impersonation '' ; however , the casting directors liked his audition as Dwight much more and hired him . Seth Rogen , Matt Besser , Patton Oswalt , and Judah Friedlander also auditioned for the role . John Krasinski ( left ) and Jenna Fischer ( right ) were virtually unknown before the series aired . John Krasinski and Jenna Fischer were virtually unknown before being cast in their respective roles as Jim and Pam , the central love interests . Krasinski had attended school with B.J. Novak , and the two were friends . Fischer prepared for her audition by looking as boring as possible , creating the original Pam hairstyle . In an interview on NPR 's Fresh Air , Fischer recalled the last stages of the audition process for Pam and Jim , with the producers partnering the different potential Pams and Jims ( four of each ) together to gauge their chemistry . When Fischer finished her scene with Krasinski , he told her that she was his favorite Pam , to which she reciprocated that he was her favorite Jim . Adam Scott and John Cho both auditioned for the role of Jim , and Kathryn Hahn also auditioned for the role of Pam . The supporting cast includes actors known for their improv work : Angela Kinsey , Kate Flannery , Oscar Nunez , Leslie David Baker , Brian Baumgartner , Melora Hardin , and David Denman . Kinsey had originally auditioned for Pam . The producers thought she was `` too feisty '' for the character , but they called her back for the part of Angela Martin , which she won . Flannery first auditioned for the part of Jan Levinson - Gould , before landing the role of Meredith Palmer . Baumgartner originally auditioned for Stanley , but was eventually cast as Kevin . Ken Kwapis , the director of the pilot episode , liked the way Phyllis Smith , a casting associate , read with other actors auditioning so much that he cast her as Phyllis . At the beginning of the third season , Ed Helms and Rashida Jones joined the cast as members of Dunder Mifflin Stamford . While Jones would later leave the cast for a role on Parks and Recreation , in February 2007 , NBC announced that Helms was being promoted to a series regular . Four of the show 's writers have also performed in front of the camera . B.J. Novak was cast as reluctant temp Ryan Howard after Daniels saw his stand - up act . Paul Lieberstein was cast as human resources director Toby Flenderson on Novak 's suggestion after his cold readings of scripts . Greg Daniels was originally unsure where to use Mindy Kaling on - screen in the series until the opportunity came in the script for the second episode , `` Diversity Day '' , where Michael needed to be slapped by a minority . `` Since ( that slap ) , I 've been on the show '' ( as Kelly Kapoor ) , says Kaling . Michael Schur has also made occasional appearances as Dwight 's cousin Mose , and consulting producer Larry Wilmore has played diversity trainer Mr. Brown . Plans were made for Mackenzie Crook , Martin Freeman , and Lucy Davis , from the British version of The Office , to appear in the third season , but those plans were scrapped due to scheduling conflicts . Filming ( edit ) Dunder Mifflin company logo The Office was filmed with a single - camera setup in a cinéma vérité allowing the look of an actual documentary , with no studio audience or laugh track , allowing its `` deadpan '' and `` absurd '' humor to fully come across . The primary vehicle for the show is that a camera crew has decided to film Dunder Mifflin and its employees , seemingly around the clock . The presence of the camera is acknowledged by the characters , especially Michael Scott , who enthusiastically participates in the filming . The characters , especially Jim and Pam , also look towards the camera when Michael creates an awkward situation . The main action of the show is supplemented with talking - head interviews or `` confessionals '' in which characters speak one on one with the camera crew about the day 's events . In order to get the feel of an actual documentary , the producers hired cinematographer Randall Einhorn , who is known for directing episodes of Survivor , which allowed the show to have the feel of `` rough and jumpy '' like an actual documentary . According to producer Michael Schur , the producers to the series would follow the documentary format strictly . The producers would have long discussions over whether a scene could work under the documentary format . For example , in the fourth - season episode `` Did I Stutter ? , '' a scene featured Michael going through a long process to go to the bathroom and not pass by Stanley . The producers debated whether that was possible and Einhorn walked through the whole scene in order to see if a camera man could get to all the places in time to shoot the whole scene . Despite the strict nature in the early years of the series , later seasons seem to have loosened the rules on the format , with the camera crew often going into places that actual documentary crews would not , which also changed the writing and comedy - style of the series . This inconsistency has received criticism from critics and fans . Music ( edit ) The Office theme The song was written by Jay Ferguson and performed by The Scrantones . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The theme song for The Office was written by Jay Ferguson and performed by The Scrantones . It is played over the title sequence , which features scenes of Scranton , various tasks around the office and the main cast members . Some episodes of the series use a shortened version of the theme song . Starting with the fourth season , the theme song is played over the closing credits , which previously rolled in silence . The exteriors of buildings in the title sequence are actual buildings in Scranton , Pennsylvania , and were shot by cast member John Krasinski . The mockumentary format of the show contains no laugh track , and most of the music is diegetic , with songs either sung or played by the characters or heard on radios , computers , or other devices . However , songs have been played during montages or the closing credits , such as `` Tiny Dancer '' by Elton John ( `` The Dundies '' ) and `` Islands in the Stream '' by Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton ( `` E-mail Surveillance '' ) . Featured music tends to be well known , and often songs reflect the character , such as Michael 's attempt to seem hip by using `` Mambo No. 5 '' and later `` My Humps '' as his cell phone ringtone . Daniels has said that it does not count as film score as long as it already appeared in the episode . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters See also : List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) cast members Further information : The Office § Counterparts The Office cast in the third season , from left to right : saleswoman Phyllis Lapin ( Phyllis Smith ) , human resources Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) , salesman Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski , seated ) , accountant Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) , receptionist Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , accountant Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) , customer services representative Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) , temp worker Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) , quality assurance representative Creed Bratton ( Creed Bratton , in back ) , regional manager Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) , supply relations representative Meredith Palmer ( Kate Flannery ) , salesman Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson , seated ) , accountant Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) , Vice President for Regional Sales Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) , salesman Stanley Hudson ( Leslie David Baker ) , and warehouse worker Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) . The Office employs an ensemble cast . Many characters portrayed by The Office cast are based on the British version of the show . While these characters normally have the same attitude and perceptions as their British counterparts , the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show . The show is known for its generally large cast size , with many of its actors and actresses known particularly for their improvisational work . Steve Carell stars as Michael Scott , Regional Manager of the Dunder Mifflin Scranton Branch . Loosely based on David Brent , Gervais ' character in the British version , Scott is a well - intentioned man whose attempts at humor , while seemingly innocent to himself , often offend and annoy his peers and employees , and in some situations lead to reprimanding from his superiors . Rainn Wilson portrays Dwight Schrute , who , based upon Gareth Keenan , is a salesman and the Assistant to the Regional Manager , a fictional title created by Michael . John Krasinski portrays Jim Halpert , a salesman and , in later seasons , co-manager who is often known for his wittiness and his hijinks on Schrute ( often accompanied by Pam Beesly ) . Halpert is based upon Tim Canterbury , and is known to have feelings for Pam , the receptionist . Pam , played by Jenna Fischer , is based on Dawn Tinsley . She is shy , but in many cases a cohort with Jim in his pranks on Dwight . B.J. Novak portrays Ryan Howard , who for the first two seasons is a temporary worker , but is promoted to sales representative in the third season . He later ascends to the position of Vice President , North East Region and Director of New Media until his treachery was exposed for corporate fraud and he was fired . After this , he gets a job in a bowling alley and then briefly works for the Michael Scott Paper Company . After all this , and a stint in rehab , he eventually ends up again as the temporary worker at the Scranton branch . The accounting department features Angela Martin , an admitted uptight and hypocritical woman who wishes to keep things orderly and make sure situations remain as serious as possible ; Kevin Malone , a lovable , but dim - witted man who revels in juvenile humor and frequently indulges himself with gambling and M&Ms ; and Oscar Martinez is intelligent but often patronizing and whose homosexuality and Hispanic heritage made him a favorite target for Michael 's unintentional off - color comments . Rounding out the office are the stern salesman Stanley Hudson , who barely stood for Michael 's constant references to his Black - American heritage ( he also does n't like to take part in time wasting meetings and sometimes sleeps in them or works on crossword puzzles ) ; eccentric quality assurance representative Creed Bratton ; the kind and caring saleswoman Phyllis Lapin - Vance , who marries Bob Vance from Vance Refrigeration across the hall from the office ; Andy Bernard is a salesman introduced in season three after the closing of the Stamford , Connecticut branch of Dunder Mifflin and the merging of the two ; the bubbly and talkative customer service representative Kelly Kapoor ; the promiscuous alcoholic supply relations representative Meredith Palmer ; human resources representative Toby Flenderson , who is admittedly hated by , and often the target of abuse by Michael Scott ; warehouse foreman Darryl Philbin ; Warehouse dock worker and Pam 's ex-fiancé Roy Anderson , who was fired in the third season ; and Michael 's former love interest and former Vice President for Regional Sales for Dunder Mifflin Jan Levinson ( Jan Levinson - Gould until her divorce in season 2 ) . Toward the end of season five , the bubbly and naive Erin Hannon is introduced as Pam 's replacement at reception following Pam 's short stint at the Michael Scott Paper Company and her subsequent move to sales . A story arc at the end of season four has Holly Flax transferred to the office as Toby 's replacement . She acts as a love interest for Michael , as they share very similar personalities . Jo Bennett is the CEO of Sabre and Gabe Lewis , introduced in the middle of season six , is a Sabre employee who is assigned to the Dunder Mifflin Scranton branch as the Regional Director of Sales . In season nine Clark Green and Pete Miller joined as two new customer service representatives to attempt to catch up on the ignored customer services complaints that Kelly had dismissed while she worked at Dunder Mifflin . Initially the actors who portray the other office workers were credited as guest stars before they were named series regulars during the second season . The show 's large ensemble has been mainly praised by critics and led to the series winning two Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series . Carell was reportedly paid $175,000 per episode starting with the third season . Krasinski and Fischer were paid around $20,000 for the beginning of the series . Starting with the fourth season , the two started getting paid around $100,000 per episode . Season synopsis ( edit ) Main article : List of The Office episodes A typical episode for a half - hour time slot runs 20 - and - a-half minutes . The final episode of season two introduces the first of what would be several super-sized episodes that are approximately 28 - minute running time for a 40 - minute time slot . Season three introduces the first of occasional hour - long episodes ( approximately 42 - minute running time ; suitable for being shown as two separate normal episodes ) . Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 1 ) The first season consists of six episodes . The series begins by mostly introducing the office 's workers via a tour given by branch manager Michael Scott for both the camera crew and a first - day temp ( Ryan Howard ) . The audience learns salesman Jim Halpert has a crush on receptionist Pam Beesly ( who helps him play pranks on co-worker Dwight Schrute ) , even though she is engaged to Roy ( who works in the building 's lower - level warehouse ) . News spreads throughout the office that Dunder Mifflin 's corporate headquarters is planning to downsize an entire branch , leading to general anxiety , but Michael chooses to deny or downplay the realities of the situation in order to maintain employee morale . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) The second season is the series ' first twenty - two - episode season , and has its first 40 - minute `` super-sized '' episode . Many workers seen in the background of the first season are developed into secondary characters , and romantic relationships begin to develop between some of the characters . Michael spends the night with his boss Jan , in the wake of the latter 's divorce , but does not sleep with her . Dwight and Angela become romantically involved , but keep the relationship a secret from everyone else . Kelly develops a crush on Ryan , and they start dating . When Roy sets a date for his wedding to Pam , Jim grows depressed and considers transferring to the Stamford , Connecticut branch , but tells Pam in the season finale that he loves her , even though Pam still insists she will marry Roy . The two kiss , but Jim transfers to the Stamford branch soon after . The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 3 ) The third season consists of 25 half - hours of material , divided into 17 half - hour episodes , four 40 - minute `` super-sized '' episodes , and two one - hour episodes . Jim briefly transfers to Stamford branch after Pam confirms her commitment to Roy . Corporate is later forced to merge the Stamford branch and staff into the Scranton branch . Included in the transfer to Scranton are Karen Filippelli , with whom Jim has developed a relationship , and the anger - prone Andy Bernard . Pam is newly single after calling off her marriage and relationship to Roy prior to the merger , and Jim 's unresolved feelings for her and new relationship with Karen lead to shifting tensions amongst the three . Meanwhile , Michael and Jan 's relationship escalates which causes them both to behave erratically on the job while Dwight and Angela continue their secret relationship . In the season 's finale , Jim , Karen , and Michael interview for a corporate position that turns out to be Jan 's , who is fired that day for poor performance . Jim wins and rejects the offer off - screen , opting instead to return to Scranton without Karen and asks Pam out on a date , which she joyfully accepts . In the final scene , we learn Ryan has been awarded Jan 's job due to his business school credentials . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 4 ) NBC ordered a full fourth season of 30 half - hour episodes , but ended with only 19 due to a halt in production caused by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . The season consists of 9 half - hour episodes , and 5 hour - long episodes to comprise the 19 total episodes of material created . Karen has left the Scranton branch after her breakup with Jim , and becomes regional manager at the Utica branch . Pam and Jim date happily . An unemployed Jan moves in with Michael , until the dissolution of their relationship midway through the season . After Dwight 's crude ( though well - intentioned ) method of euthanasia of Angela 's ailing cat without her permission , she leaves him for Andy , leading Dwight into depression . Ryan , in his new corporate life in New York City , attempts to modernize Dunder Mifflin with a new website for online sales ; he also learns that his boss , David Wallace , favors Jim , and thus Ryan attempts to sabotage Jim 's career . Ryan is soon arrested and fired for committing fraud related to the website 's sales numbers . Toby , embarrassed after accidentally revealing affection for Pam , announces he is moving to Costa Rica , and is replaced by Holly Flax , who quickly shows fondness towards Michael . Pam decides to follow her artistic interests and attend a three - month graphic design course at the Pratt Institute in New York City . In the season finale Andy proposes to Angela , who reluctantly agrees . Phyllis then catches Dwight and Angela having sex in the office . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 5 ) The fifth season consists of 28 half - hours of material , divided into 24 half - hour episodes and two hour - long episodes , one of which aired after Super Bowl XLIII . Jim and Pam become engaged , and she ultimately returns from New York to Scranton , where Jim has bought his parents ' house for the two of them . Having avoided jail and only been sentenced to community service , Ryan dyes his hair and starts working for a bowling alley . Michael initiates a romance with Holly until she is transferred to the Nashua , New Hampshire branch and the relationship ends . When Andy is made aware of Dwight and Angela 's continued affair , both men leave her . Newly hired Vice President Charles Miner implements a rigid managerial style over the branch that causes Michael to resign in protest . Michael opens the Michael Scott Paper Company , enticing Pam and Ryan to join as salespeople , and though his business model is ultimately unsustainable , Dunder Mifflin 's profits are immediately threatened . In a buyout of the Michael Scott Paper Company , the three are rehired with Pam promoted to sales and Ryan returning as a temp . During the chaos , new receptionist Erin is hired to fill the vacancy originally left by Pam . The season 's finale ends with a cliffhanger ending hinting that Pam might be pregnant . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 6 ) The sixth season consists of 26 half - hours of material , divided into 22 half - hour episodes and two hour - long episodes . Jim and Pam marry and have a baby named Cecelia Marie Halpert . Meanwhile , Andy and Erin develop mutual interest in one another , but find their inherent awkwardness inhibits his attempts to ask her out on a date . Rumors of bankruptcy begin to surround Dunder Mifflin , and by Christmas , Wallace announces to the branch that Dunder Mifflin has accepted a buyout from Sabre Corporation , a printer company . While Wallace and other executives are let go , the Scranton office survives due to its relative success within the company . In the season finale , Dwight buys the office park . Michael agrees to make an announcement to the press regarding a case of faulty printers . When Jo Bennet , Sabre CEO , asks how she can repay him , Michael responds that she could bring Holly back to the Scranton branch . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 7 ) The seventh season consists of 26 half - hours of material , divided into 21 half - hour episodes , one `` super-sized '' episode , and two hour - long episodes . This is the final season for Steve Carell , who plays the lead character Michael Scott , as Carell wanted to move on after his contract expired during this season . Beginning with this season , Zach Woods , who portrays Gabe Lewis , was promoted to a series regular . Erin and Gabe have begun a relationship , much to Andy 's chagrin , and he attempts to win her affection back . Michael 's former girlfriend , Holly returns to Scranton to fill in for Toby who is doing jury duty for the `` Scranton Strangler '' trial . Michael and Holly eventually restart their relationship . After the two get engaged , he then reveals he will be leaving Scranton to go to Colorado with Holly in order to support her elderly parents . Pam and Jim are still adjusting to parenthood as Angela starts dating the Senator . After Michael 's replacement ( Will Ferrell ) is seriously injured , Jo creates a search committee to interview candidates and choose a new manager for the office . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 8 ) The eighth season consists of 24 episodes . James Spader reprises his role as Robert California , the new CEO of Dunder Mifflin / Sabre . Andy is then promoted to Regional Manager and works hard to make a good impression on Robert , and asks Dwight to be his number two . Pam and Jim are expecting their second child , Phillip , at the start of the season , to coincide with Fischer 's real life pregnancy . Angela is pregnant with her first son , also named Philip , with State Senator Robert Lipton ( although it is implied that Dwight Schrute is actually the child 's biological father ) . Darryl starts falling for new warehouse foreman Val . Dwight is tasked with traveling to Tallahassee , Florida in order to assist Sabre Special Projects Manager Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) in launching a chain of retail stores , along with Jim , Ryan , Stanley , Erin , and new office temp Cathy Simms . Cathy is also revealed to have ulterior motives for the trip , as she intends to seduce Jim , but fails . Robert later kills the retail store project , and Erin decides to stay in Florida as an elderly woman 's live - in helper . Andy goes to Florida and wins back Erin , but this allows Nellie to claim the manager position as her own . Robert tells Andy that he has been demoted back to a salesman , but he refuses to accept the news , which causes him to be fired . Andy becomes motivated to begin a Dunder Mifflin comeback and joins with former CFO , David Wallace , to buy Dunder Mifflin back from Sabre , putting Sabre completely out of business and giving Andy the manager position once again . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) The final season consists of 25 episodes . Andy , recently returning from Outward Bound manager 's training , reverts to his arrogant earlier season personality , abandoning both Erin and the office to travel around the Caribbean with his brother . In his absence , Erin strikes up a romance with new customer service rep Pete , who along with Clark , another new character , replaces Kelly , who left for Ohio with her new husband ( Ryan also moves to Ohio for `` unrelated reasons '' ) . Meanwhile , Jim receives an exciting opportunity from an old college friend , who offers him a job at Athlead , a sports marketing company based in Philadelphia . Darryl also jumps on board , but the distance and dedication to Athlead hurts Jim 's relationship with Pam . Angela also must deal with her husband 's infidelity with Oscar . She also deals with her lingering attraction to Dwight , who inherits his family 's beet farm . Dwight receives more good news when David Wallace handpicks him to be the new manager after Andy quits to pursue an acting career , which quickly ends when he embarrasses himself at an a cappella singing competition that turns into a viral web sensation . Dwight later makes Jim his Assistant to the Regional Manager and the two officially end their grudge . After Jim reconciles with Pam , choosing to stay in Scranton over Philadelphia , Dwight professes his love for Angela , and finally marries her . In the series finale , taking place one year after the release of the documentary , the employees reunite for Dwight and Angela 's wedding , for which Michael returns ( with help from Jim who was the person Dwight first asked to be his best man ) to serve as the best man . Kelly and Ryan run away together , Nellie now lives in Poland and `` adopts '' Ryan 's abandoned baby , Erin meets her birth parents , Andy gets a job at Cornell , Stanley retires to Florida , Kevin and Toby are both fired with the former buying a bar and the latter moving to New York City to become an author , Oscar runs for State Senate , Jim and Pam , at her persuasion , move to Austin to open a new branch of Athleap ( previously Athlead ) with Darryl ( Dwight `` fires '' them to give them both severance packages ) , and Creed is arrested for his many crimes . Product placement ( edit ) The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company tower , shown during the opening credits The Office has had product placement deals with Staples and the Olympic balers , as well as mentioning in dialogue or displaying clear logos for products such as Sandals Resorts , HP , Apple , and Gateway computers , and Activision 's Call of Duty video game series . In `` The Merger '' , Kevin Malone uses a Staples - branded shredding machine to shred a Staples - branded CD - R and many other non-paper items , including a salad . As with HP , Cisco Systems , a supplier of networking and telephone equipment , pays for product placement , which can be seen on close - up shots of the Cisco IP Telephones . Some products have additional branding labels attached ; this can be clearly seen with the HP photo printer on Toby 's desk in season 6 , and is less noticeable with the Cisco phones . In `` The Secret '' Michael takes Jim to Hooters to discuss Jim 's feelings for Pam . Many products featured are not part of product placement agreements , but rather inserted by writers as products the characters would use to create realism under the guise of a documentary . Chili 's restaurants were used for filming in `` The Dundies '' and `` The Client '' , as the writers believed they were realistic choices for a company party and business lunch . Though not an explicit product placement , the producers of the show had to allow Chili 's to have final approval of the script before filming , causing a scene of `` The Dundies '' to be hastily rewritten when the chain objected to the original version . Apple Inc. received over four minutes of publicity for the iPod when it was used as a much - desired gift in `` Christmas Party '' , though the company did not pay for the placement . The travel website TripAdvisor.com was featured during Season 4 when after a visit to Dwight 's `` agritourism '' bed and breakfast , Schrute Farms , Jim and Pam post an online review about their stay . The show reportedly approached the travel review website about using their name on the show and TripAdvisor set up a review page for the fictional B&B which itself received hundreds of reviews . The appearance of Second Life in the episode `` Local Ad '' was rated eighth in the top ten most effective product placements of 2007 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reviews and commentary ( edit ) Before the show aired , Ricky Gervais acknowledged that there were feelings of hesitation from certain viewers . The first season of The Office was met with a mixed response from critics with some of them comparing it to the short - lived NBC series Coupling which was also based on a British version . The New York Daily News called it `` so diluted there 's little left but muddy water , '' and USA Today called it a `` passable imitation of a miles - better BBC original . '' A Guardian Unlimited review panned its lack of originality , stating , `` ( Steve Carell ) just seems to be trying too hard ... Maybe in later episodes when it deviates from Gervais and Merchant 's script , he 'll come into his own . But right now he 's a pale imitation . '' Tom Shales of the Washington Post said it was `` not the mishmash that ( Americanized version of Coupling ) turned out to be , but again the quality of the original show causes the remake to look dim , like when the copying machine is just about to give out . '' `` The Office has one of the best casts on television ... It also has created several compelling characters and touching relationships , all of which is fairly remarkable for a half hour comedy . '' -- Travis Fickett of IGN in June 2007 The second season was better received . James Poniewozik of Time remarked , `` Producer Greg Daniels created not a copy but an interpretation that sends up distinctly American work conventions ... with a tone that 's more satiric and less mordant ... The new boss is different from the old boss , and that 's fine by me . '' He named it the second best TV show of 2006 after Battlestar Galactica . Entertainment Weekly writer Mark Harris echoed these sentiments a week later , stating , `` Thanks to the fearless Steve Carell , an ever - stronger supporting cast , and scripts that spew American corporate absurdist vernacular with perfect pitch , this undervalued remake does the near impossible -- it honors Ricky Gervais ' original and works on its own terms . '' The A.V. Club reviewer Nathan Rabin expressed its views on the show 's progression : `` After a rocky start , The Office improved immeasurably , instantly becoming one of TV 's funniest , sharpest shows . The casting of Steve Carell in the Gervais role proved to be a masterstroke . The American Office is that rarest of anomalies : a remake of a classic show that both does right by its source and carves out its own strong identity . '' The series has been included on several top TV series lists . The show placed # 61 on Entertainment Weekly 's `` New TV Classics '' list . Time 's James Poniewozik named it the second best TV series of 2006 , and the sixth best returning series of 2007 , out of ten TV series . He also included it on his `` The 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' list . The show was also named the best show of 2006 by BuddyTV . while Paste named it the sixth best sitcom of 2010 . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America placed it at # 66 on their list of 101 Best Written TV Series . The show has some superficial similarities to the comic strip Dilbert , which also features employees coping with an inept superior . John Spector , CEO of The Conference Board , says that both show the impact a leader can have , for good or bad . Dilbert creator Scott Adams also touts the similarities : `` The lesson from The Office and from Dilbert is that people are often dysfunctional , and no amount of training can fix it . '' A labor - affiliated group praised the episode `` Boys and Girls '' for what it considered an unusually frank depiction of union busting on American television . Metacritic , a review aggregation website , only graded the first , third , sixth , and final seasons . However , it denoted that all four of them received `` generally favorable reviews '' from critics , awarding a 61 , 85 , 78 , and 64 score -- out of 100 -- to each of them , respectively . It later named it the thirteenth most mentioned series on `` Best of Decade '' top - ten lists . `` The Office now is a pale , listless shadow of what it used to be . '' -- Alan Sepinwall of HitFix in September 2011 The last few seasons were criticized for a dip in quality . The sixth season received criticisms for a lack of stakes for the characters . Other critics and fans have also criticized the dragging out of the Jim and Pam romance . The Office co-creator Ricky Gervais wrote in his blog , referring to `` Search Committee , '' particularly Warren Buffett 's guest appearance , `` If you 're going to jump a shark , jump a big one '' , and compared the episode to the Chris Martin episode of Gervais 's other series , Extras ( although he later said on his website , `` I fucking did n't ( diss The Office ) , that 's for sure '' ) . Some critics said the series should have ended after the departure of Steve Carell . Rainn Wilson felt that the eighth season possessed some mistakes `` creatively '' , such as the chemistry between Spader and Helms , which he called `` a bit dark '' and argued that the show should have gone for a `` brighter and more energized '' relationship . Despite this , there are later - series episodes that have received critical acclaim , including `` Stress Relief '' , `` Niagara '' , `` Garage Sale '' , `` Goodbye , Michael '' , `` Dwight Christmas '' , `` A.A.R.M. '' , and `` Finale '' . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Office ( U.S. TV series ) The series received 42 Primetime Emmy Awards nominations , with five wins . It won for Outstanding Comedy Series in season two , Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series ( Greg Daniels for `` Gay Witch Hunt '' ) , Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series ( Jeffrey Blitz for `` Stress Relief '' ) and Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series ( David Rogers and Claire Scanlon for `` Finale '' ) . Many cast and crew members have expressed anger that Carell did not receive an Emmy award for his performance in the series . Despite this , Carell won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Comedy or Musical in 2006 . The series was also named the best TV series by the American Film Institute in 2006 and 2008 , won two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2006 and 2007 and won a Peabody Award in 2006 . Ratings ( edit ) Premiering on Thursday , March 24 , 2005 , after an episode of The Apprentice on NBC , The Office brought in 11.2 million viewers in the U.S. , winning its time slot . When NBC moved the series to its intended Tuesday night slot , it lost nearly half its audience with only 5.9 million viewers . The program averaged 5.4 million viewers , ranking it # 102 for the 2004 -- 05 U.S. television season . `` Hot Girl '' , the first season 's finale , rated a 2.2 with a 10 audience measurement share . Episodes were also rerun on CNBC . As the second season started , the success of Carell 's hit summer movie The 40 - Year - Old Virgin and online sales of episodes at iTunes helped the show . The increase in viewership led NBC to move the series to the `` Must See TV '' Thursday night in January 2006 , where ratings continued to grow . By the 2005 -- 06 season , it placed # 67 ( tied with 20 / 20 ) . It averaged 8 million viewers with a 4.0 / 10 rating / share among viewers ages 18 -- 49 , and was up 80 % in viewers from the year before and up 60 % in viewers ages 18 -- 49 . The series ranked as NBC 's highest rated scripted series during its run . The highest rated episode of the series was `` Stress Relief '' , which was watched by 22.9 million viewers . This episode was aired right after Super Bowl XLIII . While later seasons dropped in the ratings , the show was still one of NBC 's highest rated shows , and in October 2011 it was reported that it cost $178,840 per - 30 second commercial , the most for any NBC scripted series . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Premiered Ended Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere Viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale Viewers ( in millions ) 1 ( 2004 -- 05 ) Thursday 9 : 30 pm ( `` Pilot '' ) Tuesday 9 : 30 pm March 24 , 2005 11.20 April 26 , 2005 4.80 102nd 5.4 2 ( 2005 -- 06 ) Tuesday 9 : 30 pm ( September 20 -- December 6 , 2005 ) Thursday 9 : 30 pm ( January 5 -- May 11 , 2006 ) September 20 , 2005 9.00 May 11 , 2006 7.70 67th 8.0 3 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Thursday 8 : 30 pm September 21 , 2006 9.10 May 17 , 2007 7.90 68th 8.3 4 ( 2007 -- 08 ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm September 27 , 2007 9.70 May 15 , 2008 8.07 77th 8.0 5 ( 2008 -- 09 ) September 25 , 2008 9.20 May 14 , 2009 6.72 52nd 9.0 6 ( 2009 -- 10 ) September 17 , 2009 8.20 May 20 , 2010 6.60 52nd 7.8 7 ( 2010 -- 11 ) September 23 , 2010 8.40 May 19 , 2011 7.29 53rd 7.7 8 ( 2011 -- 12 ) September 22 , 2011 7.64 May 10 , 2012 4.49 87th 6.5 9 ( 2012 -- 13 ) September 20 , 2012 4.28 May 16 , 2013 5.69 94th 5.1 Cultural impact ( edit ) Dunder Mifflin banner in front of Scranton City Hall The city of Scranton , long known mainly for its industrial past as a coal mining and rail center , has eagerly embraced , and ultimately has been redefined by the show . `` We 're really hip now , '' says the mayor 's assistant . The Dunder Mifflin logo is on a lamppost banner in front of Scranton City Hall , as well as the pedestrian bridge to The Mall at Steamtown . The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company , whose tower is shown in the opening credits , plans to add it to the tower as well . Newspapers in other Northeastern cities have published travel guides to Scranton locations for tourists interested in visiting places mentioned in the show . Scranton has become identified with the show outside the United States as well . In a 2008 St. Patrick 's Day speech in its suburb of Dickson City , former Taoiseach ( Irish prime minister ) Bertie Ahern identified the city as the home of Dunder Mifflin . Atrium of the Mall at Steamtown during the inaugural The Office convention The inaugural The Office convention was held downtown in October 2007 . Notable landmarks , some of which have been settings for the show , that served as venues include the University of Scranton , the Radisson Lackawanna Station Hotel and the Mall at Steamtown . Cast appearances were made by B.J. Novak , Ed Helms , Oscar Nunez , Angela Kinsey , Brian Baumgartner , Leslie David Baker , Mindy Kaling , Craig Robinson , Melora Hardin , Phyllis Smith , Creed Bratton , Kate Flannery , Bobby Ray Shafer , and Andy Buckley . Writer appearances , besides Novak and Kaling , were made by Greg Daniels , Michael Schur , Jennifer Celotta , Lee Eisenberg , Gene Stupnitsky , Justin Spitzer , Anthony Ferrell , Ryan Koh , Lester Lewis , and Jason Kessler . Not present were writer - actor Paul Lieberstein ( who was originally going to make an appearance ) , Steve Carell , John Krasinski , Rainn Wilson , and Jenna Fischer . On an episode of The Daily Show , Republican presidential candidate John McCain , reportedly a devoted fan of the show , jokingly told Jon Stewart he might take Dwight Schrute as his running mate . Rainn Wilson later accepted on Dwight Schrute 's behalf while on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . After the airing of `` Garage Sale '' , Colorado governor John Hickenlooper issued a press release appointing Michael Scott to the position of Director of Paper Distribution in the Department of Natural Resources . The show is often paid tribute by the band Relient K. Band member Matt Thiessen is a fan of The Office , and , during concerts , will often perform a self - described `` love song '' about the series , titled `` The Ballad of Dunder Mifflin '' , followed by him and the band playing the show 's opening theme . International broadcasts ( edit ) Aside from NBC , The Office has gone into off - network syndication in the United States . It has reruns on local stations and TBS . In the United Kingdom , the show was named in listings magazines ( but not onscreen ) as The Office : An American Workplace when it was originally aired on ITV2 . Other Media ( edit ) Online releases ( edit ) Episodes from The Office were among the first shows available for download from the iTunes Store beginning in December 2005 . In 2006 , ten internet - exclusive webisodes featuring some of the characters on The Office aired on NBC.com . `` Producer 's Cuts '' ( containing approximately ten additional minutes of material ) of the episodes `` Branch Closing '' and `` The Return '' were also made available on NBC.com . The Office also became available for download from Amazon. com 's Unbox video downloads in 2006 . Sales of new The Office episodes on iTunes ceased in 2007 due to a dispute between NBC and Apple ostensibly over pricing . As of September 9 , 2008 The Office was put back on the iTunes Store , and can be bought in HD and Regular format . Netflix also offers the show for online viewing by subscribers , in addition to traditional DVD rental . The Office is also available on Microsofts Zune Marketplace . Of the 12.4 million total viewings of `` Fun Run '' , the fourth season 's premiere , 2.7 million , or 22 % , were on a computer via online streaming . `` The Office , '' said The New York Times , `` is on the leading edge of a sharp shift in entertainment viewing that was thought to be years away : watching television episodes on a computer screen is now a common activity for millions of consumers . '' It was particularly popular with online viewers , an NBC researcher said , because as an episode - driven sitcom without special effects it was easy to watch on smaller monitors such as those found on laptops and iPods . Between the online viewings and those who use digital video recorders , 25 -- 50 % of the show 's viewers watch it after its scheduled airtime . The show 's Internet success became an issue in the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . Daniels and many of the cast members who double as writers posted a video to YouTube shortly after the strike began , pointing out how little , if any , they received in residuals from online and DVD viewing . `` You 're watching this on the Internet , a thing that pays us zero dollars , '' Schur said . `` We 're supposed to get 11 cents for every two trillion downloads . '' The writers were particularly upset that they were n't compensated for the Daytime Emmy Award - winning summer webisodes `` The Accountants '' , which NBC considered promotional material despite the embedded commercials . Promotional ( edit ) The show 's success has resulted in expansion outside of television . Characters have appeared in promotional materials for NBC , and a licensed video game -- The Office -- was released in 2007 . In 2008 two games were introduced via Pressman Toy Corp : The Office Trivia Board Game and The Office DVD Board Game . In 2009 , The Office Clue was released , and The Office Monopoly was released in 2010 . Other merchandise , from T - shirts and a bobblehead doll of Dwight Schrute to more office - specific items such as Dunder Mifflin copy paper and parodies of the Successories motivational poster series featuring the cast are available . Dunder Mifflin has two websites , and the cast members maintain blogs both as themselves and in character . Cast blogs ( edit ) Several members of the cast maintained blogs . These include Jenna Fischer , Angela Kinsey , and Brian Baumgartner , who posted regularly during the season . Rainn Wilson wrote in character on `` Schrute Space '' on NBC.com , which is updated periodically . However , he stopped writing the blog himself . It is unknown whether Creed Bratton authors `` Creed Thoughts '' , the blog attributed to his character . Home video releases ( edit ) Season Region 1 release date Region 2 release date Region 4 release date Episodes Discs Bonus features August 16 , 2005 April 10 , 2006 August 16 , 2006 6 Deleted scenes from all episodes , five commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes . September 12 , 2006 January 28 , 2008 April 4 , 2007 22 Deleted scenes from every episode , ten commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes , The Accountants webisodes , Faces of Scranton video , blooper reel , 17 fake public service announcements , Olympics promos and `` Steve on Steve '' promos . September 4 , 2007 July 21 , 2008 August 20 , 2008 ( Part 1 ) April 22 , 2009 ( Part 2 ) 25 Deleted scenes , eight commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes , `` Kevin Cooks Stuff in The Office '' , 2006 NBC Primetime Preview , Toby wraparound promos , Dwight Schrute music video , Joss Whedon interview , blooper reel , Lazy Scranton video , and a 58th Annual Emmy Awards excerpt . A special edition for Target called the `` Nifty Gifty '' set also contains footage from the Museum of TV festival and script facsimile . September 2 , 2008 June 14 , 2010 September 2 , 2009 ( Part 1 ) December 2 , 2009 ( Part 2 ) 19 Deleted scenes , outtakes , Second Life footage , The Office Convention invitation , The Office Convention : Writer 's Block Panel , `` Goodbye , Toby '' music video , four commentary tracks by cast and crew on select episodes . 5 September 8 , 2009 February 7 , 2011 September 29 , 2010 ( Part 1 ) March 2 , 2011 ( Part 2 ) 28 5 Deleted scenes , outtakes , ten commentaries by the cast and crew , `` The Academy of Art and Sciences presents , ' The Office , ' Summer Olympic promos , Super Bowl promos , Kevin 's Loan webisodes , and The Outburst webisodes . 6 September 7 , 2010 January 30 , 2012 August 4 , 2011 ( Part 1 ) November 9 , 2011 ( Part 2 ) 26 5 Deleted scenes , outtakes , gag reel , cast and crew commentaries , two extended episodes , minisode The Podcast , `` Welcome to Sabre '' corporate welcome video , promos . Overtime November 16 , 2010 N / A N / A N / A The Accountants , Kevin 's Loan , The Outburst , Blackmail , Subtle Sexuality and The Mentor webisodes , The Podcast minisode , The Office Convention : Cast Q&A , Paley : Inside The Writer 's Room , Subtle Sexuality commentary with Mindy Kaling , B.J. Novak , and Ellie Kemper , Blackmail video commentary with Creed Bratton , Subtle Sexuality music video , Dwight Schrute music video , Lazy Scranton video , Michael Scott 's Dunder Mifflin ad and fake PSAs . 7 September 6 , 2011 September 3 , 2012 August 22 , 2012 ( Part 1 ) November 7 , 2012 ( Part 2 ) 26 5 Deleted scenes , blooper reel , `` The Third Floor '' webisodes , cast and crew commentaries on five episodes , producer 's extended cuts of `` Training Day '' and `` Search Committee , '' Threat Level Midnight : The Movie ( A Michael Scott Joint ) 8 September 4 , 2012 April 7 , 2014 February 13 , 2013 ( Part 1 ) August 8 , 2013 ( Part 2 ) 24 5 Deleted scenes , blooper reel , `` The Girl Next Door '' webisodes , producer 's extended cuts of `` Angry Andy '' and `` Fundraiser '' 9 September 3 , 2013 September 15 , 2014 February 13 , 2014 ( Part 1 ) June 19 , 2014 ( Part 2 ) 25 5 Deleted scenes , gag reel , rare audition footage Proposed spin - offs ( edit ) A spin - off to the series was proposed in 2008 , with a pilot episode expected to debut as the Super Bowl lead - out program in 2009 . However , The Office 's creative team instead decided to develop Parks and Recreation as a separate series . Another spin - off starring Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute running a bed - and - breakfast and beet farm , titled The Farm , was proposed in early 2012 . In October 2012 , however , NBC decided not to go forward with the series . The backdoor pilot episode instead aired as part of the ninth and final season of The Office on March 14 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Office , Jury Report for NBC Duty in March . '' . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 29 , 2011 ) . `` How a Parks and Recreation pitch becomes a joke , part 1 : Inside the writers room '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` The Office , `` Duel '' & 30 Rock , `` Flu Shot '' : Silent but deadly `` . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Office ' Shakeup Continues as Search for New Showrunner Begins '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` Aziz Ansari hired for ' Office ' spinoff -- Entertainment News , Los Angeles , Media '' . Variety . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ; Elliot , Stuart ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comedies Lead the Way for the Next TV Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Novak keeps his ' Office ' job '' . Variety . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` Scoop : Mindy Kaling Gets Major Office Promotion -- But There 's a Twist ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paumgarten , Nick ( October 3 , 2005 ) . `` Fender Bender '' . The New Yorker . 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The Office : Your Questions Answered ! TVGuide.com , February 16 , 2006 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greg Daniels talks about The Office deleted scenes '' . OfficeTally . February 25 , 2007 . For the writers , in our minds , those scenes have happened . We wrote them , we shot them , and at the last minute , I cut them in the editing room , but we 're relying on them anyway for the mythology of the show . ^ Jump up to : `` Jenna Fischer , Keeping It Real at ' The Office ' '' . npr.org . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Whole World Is Watching , and Ben Silverman Is Watching Back '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Susman , Gary . `` Daily Show 's Carell may star in Office remake . '' Entertainment Weekly , January 29 , 2004 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . 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Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Office ' audition tapes : Watch Adam Scott , Kathryn Hahn , and more try out for Dunder Mifflin '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chun , Wing . `` The B.J. Novak Interview '' . Televisionwithoutpity.com . pp. 4 -- 5 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . ( Daniels ) hired people who he knew were improv people who could bring their own ideas to the role Jump up ^ Murphy , Joel . One on one with ... Angela Kinsey . Hobotrashcan.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Josh E. `` Five Questions with The Office 's Kate Flannery '' . Conversational Ball . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Fun in the Summer . '' . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Wolk , Josh . `` The Drudge Report : A Visit With 7 More Office Mates . '' Entertainment Weekly , February 24 , 2006 : 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly . Helms gets promotion at Office . The Hollywood Reporter ' . ' Retrieved February 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Johns , Anna . July 11 , 2006 . British cast to appear on American version of The Office , TVSquad.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Greg . The Office : Live Blog , November 2006 . Blog.NBC.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt . July 10 , 2006 . The Office 's U.K. Mates to Cross Over Archived February 24 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , TVGuide.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : An American - Style ' Office ' With a Boss From Heck The New York Times , retrieved February 22 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Booth , William ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` With ' Office , ' NBC Goes Off the Beaten Laugh Track '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Todd VanDerWerff ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Schur walks us through Parks And Recreation 's third season ( Part 1 of 4 ) TV The Walkthrough '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : White , Cindy ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` What We Want from The Office in Season 8 '' . IGN . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNutt , Myles ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Goodbye , Michael '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Office ( 2005 ) -- Soundtracks '' . IMDb . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Marchese , John ( October 21 , 2007 ) . `` Scranton Embraces The Office Infamy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Blankenship , Mark ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` Office Songs in the Unhip Keys of Life and Karaoke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Man Behind The Office 's Favorite Suck - Up , Dwight Schrute ABC News , retrieved January 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ The Office Transfers to a New Cubicle The New York Times , March 20 , 2005 , retrieved January 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ An American - Style Office With a Boss From Heck The New York Times , March 24 , 2005 , retrieved January 28 , 2008 Jump up ^ Hawaii , The Office & Lost in Space Castings Archived January 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Variety , retrieved February 1 , 2008 Jump up ^ Hardin , Melora ( 2005 ) . The Office season 2 DVD commentary for the episode `` Performance Review '' ( DVD ) . Universal Studios Home Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Office ' Bags Ensemble Cast Prize at SAG '' . BuddyTV . January 31 , 2008 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` ' The Office ' finally paying off ... quite literally '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Novak , B.J. ( Actor / Writer ) . 2005 . `` The Alliance '' ( Commentary track ) , The Office Season One ( U.S. / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Universal . Jump up ^ `` NBC Celebrates May with Series Finales of Coveted Classics -- ' The West Wing ' and ' Will & Grace ' -- And Offers Fans a Super-Sized Thursday Night of Comedies , the Miniseries ' 10.5 : Apocalypse ' And Ca n't - Miss Season Finales '' ( Press release ) . NBC . April 20 , 2006 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Decks the Halls for the Holidays with Season - Flavored Movies , Specials and Series '' ( Press release ) . NBC . November 29 , 2006 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ story by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant , teleplay by Greg Daniels , directed by Ken Kwapis ( March 24 , 2005 ) . `` Pilot '' . The Office . Season 1 . Episode 1 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Paul Lieberstein , directed by Greg Daniels ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` The Client '' . The Office . Season 2 . Episode 13 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Jennifer Celotta , directed by Paul Feig ( November 12 , 2005 ) . `` E-mail Surveillance '' . The Office . Season 2 . Episode 15 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Greg Daniels , directed by Ken Kwapis ( January 5 , 2006 ) . `` Booze Cruise '' . The Office . Season 2 . Episode 17 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Steve Carell , directed by Ken Kwapis ( May 11 , 2006 ) . `` Casino Night '' . The Office . Season 2 . Episode 28 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Michael Schur , directed by Tucker Gates ( November 9 , 2006 ) . `` Branch Closing '' . The Office . Season 3 . Episode 35 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Jennifer Celotta , directed by Ken Whittingham ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` Launch Party '' . The Office . Season 4 . Episode 58 / 59 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Paul Lieberstein & Michael Schur , directed by Ken Kwapis ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` The Job '' . The Office . Season 3 . Episode 51 . NBC . Jump up ^ Serpe , Gina . Strike Support : Office , Stars Call In Sick . E ! News , November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill . `` No Pause Button : TV Studios and Writers Play Catch - Up After Strike . '' The New York Times , February 13 , 2008 Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ written by Mindy Kaling , directed by Joss Whedon ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Branch Wars '' . The Office . Season 4 . Episode 58 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Michael Schur and directed by Craig Zisk ( October 4 , 2007 ) . `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' . The Office . Season 4 . Episode 53 . NBC . Jump up ^ written and directed by Greg Daniels ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Fun Run '' . The Office . Season 4 . Episode 53 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye Toby Episode Recap '' . NBC.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Office Scores Post-Super Bowl Slot . Archived October 24 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . '' New York Post . December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved on December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ written by Jennifer Celotta and directed by Dean Holland ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` The Duel '' . The Office . Season 5 . Episode 84 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Lee Eisenberg and Gene Stupnitsky and directed by Paul Feig ( March 19 , 2009 ) . `` New Boss '' . The Office . Season 5 . Episode 92 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Charlie Grandy and directed by Steve Carell ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Broke '' . The Office . Season 5 . Episode 97 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Paul Lieberstein and Jennifer Celotta and directed by Ken Kwapis ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Company Picnic '' . The Office . Season 5 . Episode 100 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Greg Daniels and Mindy Kaling and directed by Paul Feig ( October 9 , 2009 ) . `` Niagara '' . The Office . Season 6 . Episode 104 / 105 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Warren Lieberstein and Halsted Sullivan and directed by Paul Lieberstein ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Whistleblower '' . The Office . Season 6 . Episode 126 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The Office Season 7 programming notes '' . OfficeTally . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Steve Carell on ' Office ' exit : ' It 's a good time to move on ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Exlusive : ' The Office ' promotes ' Gabe ' to series regular '' . EW.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibbard , James ( July 6 , 2011 ) . `` Done deal ! James Spader joins ' The Office ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Season premiere review : The Office -- The List : Winners and losers '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hochberg , Mina ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` The Office 's Jenna Fischer Confirms That Baby No. 2 Is On the Way for Pam and Jim '' . Vulture . New York Media LLC . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ written by Dan Greaney and directed by Charlie Grandy ( December 1 , 2011 ) . `` Mrs. California '' . The Office . Season 8 . Episode 161 . NBC . Jump up ^ written by Amelie Gillette and directed by David Rogers ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Special Project '' . The Office . Season 8 . Episode 166 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : Rosanthal , Phil ( December 6 , 2006 ) . `` Office makes pitch to viewers : Watch and buy '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2007 . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's The Office Warehouse Features Vertical Baler From Olympic Wire and Equipment in `` Safety Training '' Episode on April 12 `` . Marketwire. April 2007 . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mersereau , Marilyn ( October 18 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , 24 , The Office and Cisco 's Human Network '' . The Official Cisco Blog . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hooters product placement '' . Brandspotters.com . February 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chili 's Grill & Bar Product Placement '' . Brandspotters.com . February 2009 . Retrieved February 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Dundies '' ( Commentary track ) , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal . Jump up ^ `` The Client '' ( commentary track ) , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Jump up ^ Kehaulani Goo , Sara ( April 15 , 2006 ) . `` Apple Gets a Big Slice Of Product - Placement Pie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Miller , Stuart ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` For a B&B That Does n't Exist , the Online Reviews Keep Coming '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( December 26 , 2007 ) . `` TV 's best product placements ( and the ones that got away ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wolk , Josh . `` The Office bosses on bringing the Brit hit to NBC , '' Entertainment Weekly , March 14 , 2005 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ficket , Travis ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Office Flashback : `` Pilot '' Review -- TV Review at IGN `` . IGN . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shales , Tom ( March 24 , 2005 ) . `` The Office : NBC 's Passable Duplicate Of the Brit Hit '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Timms , Dominic . U.S. version of The Office scores ratings victory . Guardian Unlimited , March 29 , 2005 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam . You just ca n't get the staff . Guardian Unlimited , June 15 , 2005 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fickett , Travis ( June 1 , 2007 ) . `` The Office : Season 3 Review -- TV Review at IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James . `` Best of 2005 : Television . '' Time , December 6 , 2005 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harris , Mark . `` 2005 's 10 Best Shows . '' Entertainment Weekly , December 22 , 2005 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan . `` Inventory : Eight Sure - Fire Fiascoes That Unexpectedly Succeeded . '' The A.V. Club , March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The New Classics : TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James . Top 10 Returning TV Series . Time . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( May 5 , 2008 ) . `` The Office ( American ) '' . Time . Time Warner . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Comedies on TV : # 1 The Office '' . BuddyTV . December 3 , 2006 . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Josh ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` The 10 Best Sitcoms on TV Right Now '' . Paste . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series List - 51 - 75 '' . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Del ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` Taking Office lessons from the world 's greatest ( inept ) boss '' . USA Today . Gannett . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . Jon Spector , CEO of The Conference Board , an organization that tries to improve business effectiveness , likens The Office to the 18 - year - old comic strip Dilbert that appears in 2,000 newspapers in 65 countries . Both The Office and Dilbert show how leaders have enormous impact for good -- and how they can ' screw things up , ' Spector says ... ' Michael puts himself in a position of responsibility , where most people feel uncomfortably vulnerable , ' says Noah Rowles , CEO of Los Angeles software company Iolo Technologies . ' He takes ownership of his flock . The lesson learned is that people would much rather follow someone who is passionate and dedicated than someone who may be perfect on paper but otherwise uncommitted to achieving success as a group . ' Jump up ^ `` Unionbusting at The Office ? '' . American Rights At Work . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : Season 9 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best TV Shows of 2009 ... and the Decade '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( September 10 , 2011 ) . `` Review : The Office struggles to find its center post-Steve Carell '' . HitFix . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Office Watch : Wait ' Til Next Fiscal Year '' . Time . Jump up ^ Leitch , Will ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` The Office Recap : The Holly Hint '' . New York . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cindy White ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` The Office : Season 6 Review '' . IGN.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Jaime ( December 4 , 2009 ) . `` Jim Halpert sucks and we 're just now realizing it -- TV Guidance '' . Macleans.ca . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gervais , Ricky . `` Week one hundred and sixty - nine -- May 2011 '' . Rickygervais.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Office ' should punch out with Carell '' . The Michigan Daily . September 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five Popular Shows That Should End This Season '' . AOLTV . February 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Rainn ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` IAM Rainn WILSON -- Dwight From the Office and the Founder of SoulPancake -- AMA ! '' . Reddit AMA . Reddit . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` 1 . The Office , `` Stress Relief '' `` . Time . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BuddyTV . `` BuddyTV Slideshow TV 's 50 Best Episodes of 2009 '' . Buddytv.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ For various reviews , see : Sepinwall , Alan ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Review : ' The Office ' - ' Garage Sale ' : More than decent proposal '' . HitFix . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . John Kubicek . `` BuddyTV Slideshow The 50 Best TV Episodes of 2011 '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ For various reviews , see : McNutt , Myles ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Goodbye , Michael '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . White , Cindy ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Office : `` Goodbye , Michael '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ For various reviews , see : Reiher , Andrea ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` The Best TV Episodes of 2012 : ' The Good Wife , ' ' The Office ' and ' Big Brother ' '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . White , Cindy ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` The Office : ' Dwight Christmas ' Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ For various reviews , see : Sepinwall , Alan ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' The Office ' -- ' A.A.R.M. ' : The Teapot Dome Affair '' . HitFix . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Giant , M. ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` A.A.R.M. '' . Television Without Pity . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Mullins , Jenna ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Office Recap : An Engagement , a Dunder Mifflin Farewell and the Jim - Pam Tribute That Left Us in Tears '' . E ! Online . E !. Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For various reviews , see : Sepinwall , Alan ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Series finale review : ' The Office ' -- ' Finale ' : That 's What We All Said '' . HitFix . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Cornet , Roth ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Finale ' Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Poniewozik , James ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Office Watch : That 's What She Said '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Lowry , Brian ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Office ' Finale '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Office '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Rainn Wilson Tweets Steve Carell Emmy Snub Anger '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Office Emmys post , 2011 '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2006 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2008 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Office '' . The Peabody Awards . May 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason . U.S. remake of The Office loses half its audience . Guardian Unlimited , March 31 , 2005 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Reporter : Final audience and ratings figures for 2004 -- 05 '' . Hollywood Reporter. April 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2006 . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lower the lights for NBC 's The Office . Archived May 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Media Life Magazine , April 27 , 2005 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( February 23 , 2006 ) . `` Office promotions pay off in a big way '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . ' Because of the relationship we have with ( the feature - film division of NBC Universal ) , within the company we knew that Steve had been identified as a big star and we 'd be crazy to let him go , ' said Angela Bromstad , president of NBC Universal Television Studio , the production company behind The Office . Hence the second - season pickup of the show . ' Jump up ^ 2005 -- 06 primetime wrap. , hollywoodreporter.com , May 26 , 2006 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Office ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Updated : The Office Draws 22.905 Million Viewers Following the Super Bowl '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Chart : ' American Idol , ' NFL Duke it out for Priciest TV Spot '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Office Nielsen Ratings '' . OfficeTally . October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final audience and ratings figures for 2004 -- 05 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 -- 06 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 -- 07 primetime wrap '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Rankings ( Through 5 / 18 ) '' . ABC Medianet . May 20 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 26 , 2008 ) . `` Thursday , September 25 : A Paler Shade of Grey 's Boosts ABC '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Ratings : ABC , Grey 's Anatomy Win `` Finale Thursday '' ; But Decline Continues `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Rankings ( Through 5 / 24 ) '' . ABC Medianet . May 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` Updated NBC Primetime Ratings Results for September 17 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Grey 's Anatomy Rules Finale Thursday ; Bones , FlashForward , CSI , Parks , 30 Rock , Ref Rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings Thursday : The Big Bang Theory Scores at 8pm ; Grey 's Anatomy Tops Night With Young Adults ; My Generation Premiere Stalls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Full 2010 -- 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Finals : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The X Factor , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' and ' Whitney ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Wipeout ' , ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wildermuth , Renate ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` Office Visit '' . Times Union . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sagers , Aaron ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Pennsylvania city relishes attention from hit TV series '' . The Morning Call . Pop Matters . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . The tower looks exactly the same as it does on TV , although company President Douglas Fink says there are plans to add a Dunder Mifflin logo to one of the tower 's black circular insets ... Fink adds that the attention from the show has led to a greater awareness of his business . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( September 21 , 2007 ) . `` The Office fanatic 's guide to Scranton '' . Times Herald - Record . Retrieved April 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Falchek , David ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` Prime minister of Ireland attends Lackawanna event '' . Republican & Herald . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . He identified Scranton as the birthplace of senators Robert Casey Jr. and Joseph Biden and the branch office of Dunder Mifflin , a reference to the NBC sitcom based in the city . Jump up ^ `` The Office Convention , Scranton PA '' . Times - Shamrock Communications . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` McCain 's TV Preferences Emerge : Office Farce , Not Soap '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Mr. McCain seemed to set himself up again last Wednesday when , in an appearance on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , he jokingly proposed Dwight Schrute , a sycophantic character on the NBC sitcom The Office , as his running mate ... But Mr. McCain 's fondness for The Office seems sincere . The next day he seemed slightly star - struck upon meeting B.J. Novak , a writer and actor on the show , at a gala sponsored by Time magazine . Mr. McCain started rattling off the details of ' Dinner Party , ' a recent episode that he apparently enjoyed and remembered . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Hickenlooper appoints new Director of Paper Distribution in the Department of Natural Resources '' . Colorado.gov. April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Relient K 's ode to ' The Office ' '' . OfficeTally . November 4 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE OFFICE : AN AMERICAN WORKPLACE '' . ITV.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh . NBC Universal Ditches iTunes . Eonline.com , August 31 , 2007 . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( March 10 , 2008 ) . `` Serving Up Television Without the TV Set '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` In the Age of TiVo and Web Video , What Is Prime Time ? '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Many of the top - rated broadcast shows now have 20 percent to 25 percent ratings gains when DVR viewing is calculated . In urban areas , the gains are even greater . In Los Angeles , fully half the 18 - to 49 - year - old viewership for some shows , including The Office and another NBC sitcom , 30 Rock , happens on a time - shifted basis . Jump up ^ Greg Daniels , Michael Schur , Mindy Kaling , B.J. Novak , and Paul Lieberstein ( November 6 , 2007 ) . The Office is Closed ( online video ) . YouTube . Event occurs at 00 : 36 . Retrieved April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( June 19 , 2007 ) . `` Office sets videogame deal '' . Variety . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Office '' . MSN Games . Retrieved April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Games & Puzzles '' . Pressman Toy Corporation . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's The Office : T - Shirts , Books , Mugs and Caps '' . NBC . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Office 's ' Dunder Mifflin Paper Company to Become Real '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Motivational Posters '' . NBC . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dunder Mifflin Paper , the main website , and Dunder Mifflin Infinity , the intranet . Retrieved on April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Baumgartner 's TV Guide blog ! '' . OfficeTally . July 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Interview : Rainn Wilson ( March 14 , 2006 ) . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , NBC . Jump up ^ Creed Thoughts . Archived March 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . NBC.com . Retrieved on April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Traveling Salesmen '' and `` The Return '' , originally aired as separate half - hour episodes , share one commentary track . Jump up ^ `` The Office -- A look at the ' Rental - Ready ' Disc Case Art for The Office -- Season 4 DVD '' . tvshowsondvd.com . August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Office Season 5 DVD Buying Guide '' . OfficeTally.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Office -- Universal 's Formal Season 6 Press Release Reveals DVD and Blu - ray Bonus Material '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Office DVD news : Announcement for The Office -- Overtime : Digital Shorts Collection '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Office - Finalized Street Date for ' Season 9 : The Farewell Season ' on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juarez , Vanessa ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` NBC 's new lineup : ' The Office ' gets a spinoff ; ' Friday Night Lights ' and ' ER ' return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spinoff of The Office coming next season on NBC '' . CBC News . April 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` ' Parks ' is like a bad day at ' The Office , ' even with likable Poehler '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : HitFix Staff ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Dwight Schrute ' Office ' spin - off starring Rainn Wilson in the works at NBC '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Nixes Dwight - Centered Office Spin - Off '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBC to Air `` Office '' Spin - Off `` The Farm '' on Thursday , March 14 `` . The Futon Critic . March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Officeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website The Office on IMDb The Office at TV.com Preceded by House 2008 The Office Super Bowl lead - out program 2009 Succeeded by Undercover Boss ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Robert California Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Cast list Worldwide editions Video game The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Links to related articles Ricky Gervais Television ( creator and star ) Meet Ricky Gervais The Office ( UK ) Extras The Ricky Gervais Show ( animated series ) An Idiot Abroad Life 's Too Short Derek Other television work `` Golden Years '' The Office ( US ) `` Pilot '' `` The Convict '' `` Homer Simpson , This Is Your Wife '' Film ( writer / director ) The Invention of Lying Cemetery Junction Special Correspondents David Brent : Life on the Road Stand - up ( writer / performer ) Animals Politics Fame Science Other works The Ricky Gervais Show ( audio ) Flanimals More Flanimals Flanimals of the Deep Flanimals : The Day of the Bletchling Music Seona Dancing `` More to Lose '' `` Bitter Heart '' Stephen Merchant Television ( creator and star ) Meet Ricky Gervais The Office ( UK TV series ) Extras The Ricky Gervais Show ( animated series ) An Idiot Abroad Life 's Too Short Hello Ladies Other television work The Office ( U.S. TV series ) `` Pilot '' `` The Convict '' `` Customer Survey '' Film ( writer and director ) Cemetery Junction Fighting with My Family Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 1950s The Red Skelton Show ( season 1 , 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( season 2 , 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( season 3 , 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( season 2 , 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 1 , 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 2 , 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 3 , 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 9 ( 1959 ) 1960s The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 11 ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( season 1 , 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 2 ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 3 ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 4 ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 5 ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( season 1 , 1967 ) Get Smart , season 3 ( 1968 ) Get Smart , season 4 ( 1969 ) 1970s My World and Welcome to It ( season 1 , 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H , season 2 ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 5 ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 6 ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 7 ( 1977 ) All in the Family , season 8 ( 1978 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1979 ) 1980s Taxi , season 2 ( 1980 ) Taxi , season 3 ( 1981 ) Barney Miller , season 8 ( 1982 ) Cheers , season 1 ( 1983 ) Cheers , season 2 ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Cheers , season 7 ( 1989 ) 1990s Murphy Brown ( season 2 , 1990 ) Cheers , season 9 ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( season 4 , 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) Frasier , season 4 ( 1997 ) Frasier , season 5 ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal , season 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Will & Grace , season 2 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2001 ) Friends , season 8 ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 7 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 9 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) 30 Rock , season 1 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) 30 Rock , season 3 ( 2009 ) 2010s Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Modern Family , season 3 ( 2012 ) Modern Family , season 4 ( 2013 ) Modern Family , season 5 ( 2014 ) Veep , season 4 ( 2015 ) Veep , season 5 ( 2016 ) Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - ish , season 2 ( 2016 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2017 ) Comedy portal Television in the United States portal Pennsylvania portal VIAF : 182932301 LCCN : no2006017037 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Office_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=801613624 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. TV series ) 2000s American comedy television series 2005 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series 2013 American television series endings American television sitcoms English - language television programs Mockumentary television series NBC network shows Single - camera television sitcoms Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Scranton , Pennsylvania Television series by Reveille Productions Television series by Universal Television Television shows set in Pennsylvania Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the show the office take place | [
"The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. To simulate the look of an actual documentary, it is filmed in a single-camera setup, without a studio audience or a laugh track. The show debuted on NBC as a mid-season replacement and ran for nine seasons and 201 episodes. The Office initially featured Steve Carell, Rainn Wilson, John Krasinski, Jenna Fischer and B. J. Novak as the main cast; the show experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run."
] | [
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5130619263120870034 | Economic Community of West African States | Economic Community of West African states - Wikipedia Economic Community of West African states Jump to : navigation , search This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) Economic Community of West African States Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest ( French ) Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental ( Portuguese ) Emblem Headquarters Abuja , Nigeria 9 ° 2 ′ 35 '' N 7 ° 31 ′ 32 '' E / 9.04306 ° N 7.52556 ° E / 9.04306 ; 7.52556 Official languages French English Portuguese Membership 15 members ( show ) Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Leaders Chairman Faure Gnassingbe President of the Commission Marcel Alain de Souza Speaker of the Parliament Moustapha Cissé Lô Establishment Treaty of Lagos 28 May 1975 Area Total 5,114,162 km ( 1,974,589 sq mi ) ( 7th ) Population 2015 estimate 349,154,000 ( 3rd ) Density 68.3 / km ( 176.9 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2015 estimate Total US $1.483 trillion ( 18th ) Per capita US $4,247 GDP ( nominal ) estimate Total $675 billion 2015 ( 21st ) Per capita $1,985 Currency Escudo ( CVE ) Cedi ( GHS ) Dalasi ( GMD ) Franc ( GNF ) Dollar ( LRD ) Naira ( NGN ) Leone ( SLL ) W. African CFA franc ( XOF ) Time zone ( UTC + 0 to + 1 ) Website http://www.ecowas.int/ If considered as a single entity . To be replaced by the eco . Liberia and Sierra Leone have expressed an interest in joining the eco . The Economic Community of West African States , also known as ECOWAS ( French : Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest , CEDEAO ; Portuguese : Comunidade Económica dos Estados da África Ocidental , CEDEAO ) , is a regional economic union of fifteen countries located in West Africa . Collectively , these countries comprise an area of 5,114,162 km ( 1,974,589 sq mi ) , and in 2015 had an estimated population of over 349 million . The union was established on 28 May 1975 , with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos , with its stated mission to promote economic integration across the region . A revised version of the treaty was agreed and signed on 24 July 1993 in Cotonou . Considered one of the pillar regional blocs of the continent - wide African Economic Community ( AEC ) , the states goal of ECOWAS is to achieve `` collective self - sufficiency '' for its member states by creating a single large trading bloc by building a full economic and trading union . ECOWAS also serves as a peacekeeping force in the region , with member states occasionally sending joint military forces to intervene in the bloc 's member countries at times of political instability and unrest . In recent years these included interventions in Ivory Coast in 2003 , Liberia in 2003 , Guinea - Bissau in 2012 , Mali in 2013 , and Gambia in 2017 . ECOWAS includes two sub-regional blocs : The West African Economic and Monetary Union ( also known by its French - language acronym UEMOA ) is an organization of eight , mainly French - speaking , states within the ECOWAS which share a customs union and currency union . Established in 1994 and intended to counterbalance the dominance of English - speaking economies in the bloc ( such as Nigeria and Ghana ) , members of UEMOA are mostly former territories of French West Africa . The currency they all use is the CFA franc , which is pegged to the euro . The West African Monetary Zone ( WAMZ ) , established in 2000 , comprises six mainly English - speaking countries within ECOWAS which plan to work towards adopting their own common currency , the eco . ECOWAS operates in three co-official languages -- French , English , and Portuguese , and consists of two institutions to implement policies : the ECOWAS Commission and the ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development ( EBID ) , formerly known as the Fund for Cooperation until it was renamed in 2001 . A few members of the organization have come and gone over the years . In 1976 Cape Verde joined ECOWAS , and in December 2000 Mauritania withdrew , having announced its intention to do so in December 1999 . In 2011 , ECOWAS adopted its development blueprint for the next decade , Vision 2020 , and , to accompany it , a Policy on Science and Technology ( ECOPOST ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Member states 2 Structure 2.1 President of the Commissions 2.2 Chairpersons 2.3 Regional security co-operation 2.4 Community Parliament 2.5 Expanded ECOWAS Commission 2.6 Community Court of Justice 2.7 Sporting and cultural exchange 3 Economic integration 3.1 West African Economic and Monetary Union ( UEMOA ) 3.1. 1 Membership 3.2 West African Monetary Zone 3.2. 1 Membership 4 Transport 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Member states ( edit ) As of February 2017 , ECOWAS has 15 member states , eight of these are French - speaking , five are English - speaking and two Portuguese - speaking . All current members joined the community as founding members in May 1975 , except Cape Verde which joined in 1977 . The only former member of ECOWAS is Arabic - speaking Mauritania , which was also one of the founding members in 1975 and decided to withdraw in December 2000 . Morocco officially requested to join ECOWAS in February 2017 . The application was endorsed at the summit of heads of state in June 2017 . Statistics for population , nominal GDP and purchase price parity GDP listed below are taken from World Bank estimates for 2015 , published in December 2016 . Area data is taken from a 2012 report compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division . Country Area ( km ) Population ( thousands ) GDP ( nominal ) ( millions USD ) GDP ( PPP ) ( millions intl. $ ) Currency Official language Benin 7005114763000000000 ♠ 114,763 7004108800000000000 ♠ 10,880 7003829100000000000 ♠ 8,291 7004223770000000000 ♠ 22,377 CFA franc French Burkina Faso 7005272967000000000 ♠ 272,967 7004181060000000000 ♠ 18,106 7004106780000000000 ♠ 10,678 7004307080000000000 ♠ 30,708 CFA franc French Cape Verde 7003403300000000000 ♠ 4,033 7002521000000000000 ♠ 521 7003160300000000000 ♠ 1,603 7003341300000000000 ♠ 3,413 escudo Portuguese Gambia 7004112950000000000 ♠ 11,295 7003199100000000000 ♠ 1,991 7002939000000000000 ♠ 939 7003334400000000000 ♠ 3,344 dalasi English Ghana 7005238533000000000 ♠ 238,533 7004274100000000000 ♠ 27,410 7004375430000000000 ♠ 37,543 7005115409000000000 ♠ 115,409 cedi English Guinea 7005245857000000000 ♠ 245,857 7004126090000000000 ♠ 12,609 7003669900000000000 ♠ 6,699 7004152440000000000 ♠ 15,244 franc French Guinea - Bissau 7004361250000000000 ♠ 36,125 7003184400000000000 ♠ 1,844 7003105700000000000 ♠ 1,057 7003268500000000000 ♠ 2,685 CFA franc Portuguese Ivory Coast 7005322463000000000 ♠ 322,463 7004227020000000000 ♠ 22,702 7004317590000000000 ♠ 31,759 7004797660000000000 ♠ 79,766 CFA franc French Liberia 7005111369000000000 ♠ 111,369 7003450300000000000 ♠ 4,503 7003205300000000000 ♠ 2,053 7003376200000000000 ♠ 3,762 dollar English Mali 7006124019200000000 ♠ 1,240,192 7004176000000000000 ♠ 17,600 7004127470000000000 ♠ 12,747 7004356950000000000 ♠ 35,695 CFA franc French Niger 7006126700000000000 ♠ 1,267,000 7004198990000000000 ♠ 19,899 7003714300000000000 ♠ 7,143 7004190130000000000 ♠ 19,013 CFA franc French Nigeria 7005923768000000000 ♠ 923,768 7005182202000000000 ♠ 182,202 7005481066000000000 ♠ 481,066 7006109392100000000 ♠ 1,093,921 Naira English Senegal 7005196712000000000 ♠ 196,712 7004151290000000000 ♠ 15,129 7004136100000000000 ♠ 13,610 7004366250000000000 ♠ 36,625 CFA franc French Sierra Leone 7004723000000000000 ♠ 72,300 7003645300000000000 ♠ 6,453 7003421500000000000 ♠ 4,215 7004101270000000000 ♠ 10,127 leone English Togo 7004567850000000000 ♠ 56,785 7003730500000000000 ♠ 7,305 7003408800000000000 ♠ 4,088 7004106670000000000 ♠ 10,667 CFA franc French ECOWAS Total 7006511416200000000 ♠ 5,114,162 7005349154000000000 ♠ 349,154 7005623491000000000 ♠ 623,491 7006148275600000000 ♠ 1,482,756 & -- & -- Structure ( edit ) President of the Commissions ( edit ) African Union This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the African Union Institutions ( show ) Casablanca Group Union of African States Organisation of African Unity African Economic Community African Unification Front Executive ( show ) Assembly Chairperson Commission Chairperson Conference and Events Peace & Sec . Pol . Affairs Infra . & Energy Soc . Affairs HR , Sci. , & Tech . Trade and Industry Rural Econ . & Agri . Economic Legal Counsel Executive Council Rep. Committee Legislature ( show ) Pan-African Parliament President Bureau Secretariat List of members Permanent Committees Rural Econ. , Agri. , Resources , Environ . Monetary & Financial Trade , Customs , & Immigration Cooperation , IR , & Conflict Transport , Industry , Communications , Energy , Science , & Tech . Health , Labour , & Social Educ. , Culture , Tourism , & HR Gender , Family , Youth , Disabilities Justice & Rights Rules , Privileges , & Discipline Judiciary ( show ) Sirte Declaration Constitutive Act of the AU Law Charter on Rights Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Court of Justice Court on Human and Peoples ' Rights List of judges Advisory bodies ( show ) Peace and Security Council Economic , Social , and Cultural Council Specialised Technical Committees Rural Econ. , Agri . Monetary & Financial Trade , Customs , and Immigration Industry , Sci. & Tech. , Energy , Natural Resources , & Environment Transport , Comm. , Tourism Health , Labor , Social Edu. , Culture , & Human Resources Financial bodies ( show ) AEC Pillars ( Abuja Treaty ) CEN - SAD COMESA EAC ECCAS / CEEAC CEMAC ECOWAS UEMOA WAMZ IGAD SADC SACU AMU / UMA African Central Bank African Monetary Fund African Investment Bank New Partnership for Africa 's Development African Peer Review Mechanism Decentralised bodies ( show ) Agencies of the AU Related topics ( show ) Elections Enlargement Foreign relations Other countries Atlas President Country In office Inaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara Ivory Coast January 1977 -- 1985 Momodu Munu Sierra Leone 1985 -- 1989 Abass Bundu Sierra Leone 1989 -- 1993 Édouard Benjamin Guinea 1993 -- 1997 Lansana Kouyaté Guinea September 1997 -- 31 January 2002 Mohamed Ibn Chambas Ghana 1 February 2002 -- 31 December 2007 Mohamed Ibn Chambas Ghana 1 January 2007 -- 18 February 2010 Victor Gbeho Ghana 18 February 2010 -- 1 March 2012 Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo Burkina Faso 1 March 2012 -- 4 June 2016 Marcel Alain de Souza Benin 4 June 2016 -- present Chairpersons ( edit ) Chairperson Country In office Yakubu Gowon Nigeria 28 May 1975 -- 29 July 1975 Gnassingbé Eyadéma Togo 29 July 1975 -- 13 September 1977 Olusegun Obasanjo Nigeria 13 September 1977 -- 30 September 1979 Léopold Sédar Senghor Senegal 30 September 1979 -- 31 December 1980 Gnassingbé Eyadéma Togo 1980 -- 1981 Siaka Stevens Sierra Leone 1981 -- 1982 Mathieu Kérékou Benin 1982 -- 1983 Ahmed Sékou Touré Guinea 1983 -- 1984 Lansana Conté Guinea 1984 -- 1985 Muhammadu Buhari Nigeria 1985 -- 27 August 1985 Ibrahim Babangida Nigeria 27 August 1985 -- 1989 Dawda Jawara Gambia 1989 -- 1990 Blaise Compaoré Burkina Faso 1990 -- 1991 Dawda Jawara Gambia 1991 -- 1992 Abdou Diouf Senegal 1992 -- 1993 Nicéphore Soglo Benin 1993 -- 1994 Jerry Rawlings Ghana 1994 -- 27 July 1996 Sani Abacha Nigeria 27 July 1996 -- 8 June 1998 Abdulsalami Abubakar Nigeria 9 June 1998 -- 1999 Gnassingbé Eyadéma Togo 1999 -- 1999 Alpha Oumar Konaré Mali 1999 -- 21 December 2001 Abdoulaye Wade Senegal 21 December 2001 -- 31 January 2003 John Kufuor Ghana 31 January 2003 -- 19 January 2005 Mamadou Tandja Niger 19 January 2005 -- 19 January 2007 Blaise Compaoré Burkina Faso 19 January 2007 -- 19 December 2008 Umaru Musa Yar'Adua Nigeria 19 December 2008 -- 18 February 2010 Goodluck Jonathan Nigeria 18 February 2010 -- 17 February 2012 Alassane Ouattara Ivory Coast 17 February 2012 -- 17 February 2013 Nana Addo Dankwa Akoffo Addo Ghana 17 February 2013 -- 19 May 2015 Macky Sall Senegal 19 May 2015 -- 4 June 2016 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Liberia 4 June 2016 -- 4 June 2017 Faure Gnassingbé Togo 4 June 2017 -- present Regional security Cooperation ( edit ) See also : Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group The ECOWAS nations assigned a non-aggression protocol in 1990 along with two earlier agreements in 1978 and 1981 . They also signed a Protocol on Mutual Defence Assistance in Freetown , Sierra Leone , on 29 May 1981 , that provided for the establishment of an Allied Armed Force of the Community . Community Parliament ( edit ) The Community Parliament consists of 115 members , distributed based on the population of each member state . This body is headed by the Speaker of the Parliament , who is above the Secretary General . Country Parliament Seats Benin 5 Burkina Faso 6 Cape Verde 5 Ivory Coast 7 Gambia 5 Ghana 8 Guinea 6 Guinea - Bissau 5 Liberia 5 Mali 6 Niger 6 Nigeria 35 Senegal 6 Sierra Leone 5 Togo 5 Expanded ECOWAS Commission ( edit ) For the third time since its inception in 1975 , ECOWAS is undergoing institutional reforms . The first was when it revised its treaty on 24 July 1993 ; the second was in 2007 when the Secretariat was transformed into a Commission . As of July 2013 , ECOWAS now has six new departments ( Human Resources Management ; Education , Science and Culture ; Energy and Mines ; Telecommunications and IT ; Industry and Private Sector Promotion . Finance and Administration to Sierra Leone has been decoupled , to give the incoming Ghana Commissioner the new portfolio of Administration and Conferences ) Community Court of Justice ( edit ) Main article : ECOWAS Court The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice was created by a protocol signed in 1991 and was later included in Article 6 of the Revised Treaty of the Community in 1993 . However , the Court did not officially begin operations until the 1991 protocol came into effect on 5 November 1996 . The jurisdiction of the court is outlined in Article 9 and Articles 76 of the Revised Treaty and allows rulings on disputes between states over interpretations of the Revised Treaty . It also provides the ECOWAS Council with advisory opinions on legal issues ( Article 10 ) . Like its companion courts the European Court of Human Rights and East African Court of Justice , it has jurisdiction to rule on fundamental human rights breaches . Sporting and cultural exchange ( edit ) ECOWAS nations organize a broad array of cultural and sports event under the auspices of the body , including the CEDEAO Cup in football , the 2012 ECOWAS Games and the Miss CEDEAO beauty pageant . Economic integration ( edit ) West African Economic and Monetary union ( UEMOA ) ( edit ) See also : CFA franc and Economic and monetary union UEMOA WAMZ ECOWAS only ( Cape Verde ) The West African Economic and Monetary Union ( also known as UEMOA from its name in French , Union économique et monétaire ouest - africaine ) is an organization of eight , mainly francophone West African states within the ECOWAS , that was dominated otherwise by anglophone heavyweights like Nigeria and Ghana . It was established to promote economic integration among countries that share the CFA franc as a common currency . UEMOA was created by a Treaty signed at Dakar , Senegal , on 10 January 1994 , by the heads of state and governments of Benin , Burkina Faso , Côte d'Ivoire , Mali , Niger , Senegal , and Togo . On 2 May 1997 , Guinea - Bissau , a former Portuguese colony , became the organization 's eighth ( and only non-Francophone ) member state . UEMOA is a customs union and currency union between the members of ECOWAS . Its objectives include the following : Greater economic competitiveness , through open markets , in addition to the rationalisation and harmonisation of the legal environment The convergence of macro-economic policies and indicators The creation of a common market The co-ordination of sectoral policies The harmonisation of fiscal policies Among its achievements , the UEMOA has successfully implemented macro-economic convergence criteria and an effective surveillance mechanism . It has adopted a customs union and common external tariff and has combined indirect taxation regulations , in addition to initiating regional structural and sectoral policies . A September 2002 IMF survey cited the UEMOA as `` the furthest along the path toward integration '' of all the regional groupings in Africa . ECOWAS and UEMOA have developed a common plan of action on trade liberalisation and macroeconomic policy convergence . The organizations have also agreed on common rules of origin to enhance trade , and ECOWAS has agreed to adopt UEMOA 's customs declaration forms and compensation mechanisms . Membership ( edit ) ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development headquarters in Lome . Benin ( Founding Member ) Burkina Faso ( Founding Member ) Ivory Coast ( Founding Member ) Guinea - Bissau ( Joined on 2 May 1997 ) Mali ( Founding Member ) Niger ( Founding Member ) Senegal ( Founding Member ) Togo ( Founding Member ) West African Monetary Zone ( edit ) See also : Eco ( currency ) Formed in 2000 , the West African Monetary Zone ( WAMZ ) is a group of six countries within ECOWAS that plan to introduce a common currency called the Eco . The six member states of WAMZ are Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Nigeria and Sierra Leone who founded the organization together in 2000 and Liberia who joined on 16 February 2010 . Apart from Guinea , which is Francophone , they are all English speaking countries . Along with Mauritania , Guinea opted out of the CFA franc currency shared by all other former French colonies in West and Central Africa . The WAMZ attempts to establish a strong stable currency to rival the CFA franc , whose exchange rate is tied to that of the Euro and is guaranteed by the French Treasury . The eventual goal is for the CFA franc and Eco to merge , giving all of West and Central Africa a single , stable currency . The launch of the new currency is being developed by the West African Monetary Institute based in Accra , Ghana . Membership ( edit ) Gambia ( Founding Member ) Ghana ( Founding Member ) Guinea ( Founding Member ) Liberia ( Joined on 16 February 2010 ) Nigeria ( Founding Member ) Sierra Leone ( Founding Member ) Transport ( edit ) Main article : ECOWAS rail A Trans - ECOWAS project , established in 2007 , plans to upgrade railways in this zone . See also ( edit ) Brown card system -- motor insurance scheme of ECOWAS East African Community Economy of Africa Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ African Union Jump up ^ Data . `` GDP , PPP ( current international $ ) Table '' . World Bank . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Data . `` GNI per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) Table '' . World Bank . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Data . `` GDP ( current US $ ) Table '' . World Bank . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Adeyemi , Segun ( 6 August 2003 ) . `` West African Leaders Agree on Deployment to Liberia '' . Jane 's Defence Weekly . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The 5 previous West African military interventions '' . Yahoo News . AFP . 20 January 2017 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pazzanita , Anthony ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Mauritania . Scarecrow Press . pp. 177 -- 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6265 - 4 . Jump up ^ https://www.diplomatie.ma/Politique%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re/Afrique/tabid/136/vw/1/ItemID/14476/language/en-US/Default.aspx?platform=hootsuite Jump up ^ `` Togolese president Faure Gnassingbe takes the reins of the ECOWAS Authority of Heads of State and Government '' . 2017 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population 2015 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gross domestic product 2015 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gross domestic product 2015 , PPP '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . 16 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demographic Yearbook -- Population by sex , annual rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2012 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Economic Community of West African States '' ( PDF ) . Africa Union . 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ About Us - ECOWAS Parliament , accessed 6 March 2017 Jump up ^ Bensah , Emmanuel K. ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Communicating the ECOWAS Message ( 4 ) : A New Roadmap for the Ouedraogo Commission ( 1 ) '' . Modernghana.com . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : ECOWAS ( 2007 ) Information Manual : The Institutions of the Community ECOWAS Jump up ^ `` Miss ECOWAS 2010 '' . The Economist. 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Fau - Nougaret ( ed . ) , Matthieu ( 2012 ) . `` La concurrence des organisations régionales en Afrique '' . Paris : L'Harmattan . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) REGIONAL INTEGRATION AND COOPERATION IN WEST AFRICA A Multidimensional Perspective , Chapter 1 . Introduction : Reflections on an Agenda for Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa Jump up ^ `` Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) '' fact sheet from the US Department of State 's Bureau of African Affairs Jump up ^ `` Annual Report on Integration in Africa 2002 '' All Africa , 1 March 2002 Jump up ^ `` Common West Africa currency : ECO in 2015 '' . MC Modern Ghana . Jump up ^ `` The Supplementary Wamz Payment System Development Project the Gambia , Guinea , Sierra Leone , and Liberia '' . Africa Development Bank Group . 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WAMZ gets US $7.8 million grant '' . Accra Daily Mail . 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Proposed Ecowas railway . railwaysafrica.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economic Community of West African States . West - African Monetary Institute UEMOA Official Web Site ( In French ) WAEMU Treaty ECOWAS Official Web Site ECOWAS Commission Official Web Site : includes calendar of meetings . ECOWAS Parliament ECOWAS Revised Treaty ECOBANK -- African banking group , present in thirty ( 30 ) countries on the African continent plus France in Europe . ECOBANK 's Initial Public Offer of eight million plus shares in Accra , Ghana in May 2006 was oversubscribed . The listing of this IPO , landed ECOBANK on the Ghana Stock Exchange . As of December 2009 , ECOBANK stock is also listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange and on the Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières ( BRVM ) , the stock exchange of Francophone West African countries in Abidjan , Ivory Coast . More About Ecobank PowerPoint presentation of ECOWAS , 2004 Mbendi profile Security by proxy ? The EU and ( sub - ) regional organisations : the case of ECOWAS , by Bastien Nivet , Occasional Paper No. 63 , March 2006 , European Union Institute for Security Studies More About the newly - expanded ECOWAS Commission More About an ECOWAS Commissioner ECOWAS document in World Bank 's World Integrated Trade Solution * GPTAD database library Economic Community of West African States Leadership Chairmen Eyadéma Obasanjo Senghor Eyadéma Stevens Kérékou Touré Conté Buhari Babangida Jawara Compaoré Jawara Diouf Soglo Rawlings Abacha Abubakar Eyadéma Konaré Wade Kufuor Tandja Compaoré Yar'Adua Jonathan Ouattara Mahama Sall Johnson Sirleaf President of the Commission Executive Secretaries ( 1975 -- 2006 ) Ouattara Munu Bundu Benjamin Kouyaté Chambas Presidents ( 2007 -- present ) Chambas Gbeho Ouédraogo de Souza Member states UEMOA Benin Burkina Faso Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Mali Niger Senegal Togo WAMZ Gambia Ghana Guinea Liberia Nigeria Sierra Leone ECOWAS only Cape Verde See also CFA franc Eco ECOWAS rail ECOMOG ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development ECOWAS Parliament ECOWAS Community Court of Justice ECOPOST UEMOA Tournament Regional economic communities in Africa Continental African Union Organization of African Unity ( OAU ) African Economic Community ( AEC ) Inter-regional Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) Community of Sahel - Saharan States ( CEN / SAD ) Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS / EEAC ) Southern Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) Southern African Customs Union ( SACU ) Northern Arab Maghreb Union ( AMU ) Greater Arab Free Trade Area ( GAFTA ) Eastern East African Community ( EAC ) Intergovernmental Authority on Development ( IGAD ) Western Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) West African Monetary Zone ( WAMZ ) West African Economic and Monetary Union ( UEMOA ) Central Economic Community of Central African States ( ECCAS ) Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ( CEMAC ) Regional organizations Bodies African Union Arab League Asia Cooperation Dialogue Association of Caribbean States ASEAN BBIN BIMSTEC Caribbean Community Central American Integration System Commonwealth of Independent States Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Council of Europe East African Community Economic Community of West African States Economic Cooperation Organization Eurasian Economic Union European Union GUAM Gulf Cooperation Council Latin American Parliament Melanesian Spearhead Group Mercosur NATO Nordic Council Organization of American States Pacific Islands Forum Polynesian Leaders Group Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership SCO SAARC TAKM Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat Turkic Council Union of South American Nations NORDEFCO West Nordic Council Topics Regional integration Regional organizations by population Regionalism ( international relations ) VIAF : 149919603 LCCN : n80060817 ISNI : 0000 0001 2183 3325 GND : 2046749 - 7 SELIBR : 113457 SUDOC : 032028474 BNF : cb123136476 ( data ) NLA : 49786563 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_Community_of_West_African_States&oldid=803880346 '' Categories : Organizations established in 1975 African Union International economic organizations International organizations of Africa Regional Economic Communities of the African Union Trade blocs Economic Community of West African States Organisations based in Abuja United Nations General Assembly observers Supranational unions Customs unions Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from January 2017 EngvarB from January 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 07 : 17 . 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"\n\nPresident\nCountry\nIn office\n\n\nInaugural holder Aboubakar Diaby Ouattara\n Ivory Coast\nJanuary 1977 – 1985\n\n\nMomodu Munu\n Sierra Leone\n1985–1989\n\n\nAbass Bundu\n Sierra Leone\n1989–1993\n\n\nÉdouard Benjamin\n Guinea\n1993–1997\n\n\nLansana Kouyaté\n Guinea\nSeptember 1997 – 31 January 2002\n\n\nMohamed Ibn Chambas\n Ghana\n1 February 2002 – 31 December 2007\n\n\nMohamed Ibn Chambas\n Ghana\n1 January 2007 – 18 February 2010\n\n\nVictor Gbeho\n Ghana\n18 February 2010 – 1 March 2012\n\n\nKadré Désiré Ouedraogo\n Burkina Faso\n1 March 2012 – 4 June 2016\n\n\nMarcel Alain de Souza\n Benin\n4 June 2016 – present\n\n"
] | [
"Marcel Alain de Souza"
] |
-5492865607001242055 | History of the Philippines (1898–1946) | History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) - wikipedia History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of the Philippines Prehistory ( pre -- 900 ) ( show ) Paleolithic age Awidon Mesa Formation Callao Limestone Formation Neolithic age Callao and Tabon peoples Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal - lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Iron age Sa Huyun Culture Society of the Igorot Ancient barangays Events / Artifacts Balangay grave goods Manunggul Jar Prehistoric gems Sa Huyun - Kalanay Complex Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery Archaic epoch ( 900 -- 1565 ) ( show ) Historically documented city - states / polities ( by geography from North to South ) Samtoy chieftaincy Caboloan Tondo Namayan Rajahnate of Maynila Ma - i Madja - as Chiefdom of Taytay Rajahnate of Cebu Kedatuan of Dapitan Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Maguindanao Lanao confederacy Sultanate of Sulu Legendary Suwarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Wāḳwāḳ Sanfotsi Zabag kingdom Ten Bornean Datus Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs Batanes citadels Golden Tara Gold Kinnara Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleograph Buddhist art Majapahit conflict Brunei War Colonial period ( 1521 -- 1946 ) ( show ) Spanish era First Mass in the Philippines Catholic Church in the Philippines Santo Niño de Cebú Battle of Mactan Sandugo Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaincy General Spanish East Indies Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Chinese invasion Castilian War Sulu Sea pirates Doctrina Christiana Dutch invasions Brunei Civil War Bohol secession British Invasion Silang Revolt Confradia de San Jose Florante at Laura Dutch invasions Brunei Civil War Bohol secession British Invasion Florante at Laura Propaganda Movement Gomburza Noli me tangere La Solidaridad El filibusterismo La Liga Filipina Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin Philippine Revolution Execution of Rizal Tejeros Convention Execution of Bonifacio Republic of Biak - na - Bato Spanish -- American War Battle of Manila Bay American capture of Manila Declaration of Independence Siege of Baler Malolos Congress First Republic Philippine -- American War Assassination of Gen. Antonio Luna Death of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar Capture of Pres . Aguinaldo American colonial period Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Moro Rebellion Iglesia Filipina Independiente Execution of Sakay Philippine Constabulary Insular Government Philippine Assembly Flag Act of 1907 Rizal Monument Iglesia ni Cristo Bayan Ko Jones Law Tydings -- McDuffie Act Commonwealth Japanese occupation Establishment of Hukbalahap Fall of Bataan and Corregidor Bataan Death March Second Republic Return of Gen. Douglas MacArthur Battle of Leyte Gulf Destruction of Manila Post-colonial period ( 1946 -- 1986 ) ( show ) Treaty of Manila Third Republic Cold War Hukbalahap Rebellion SEATO Bandung Conference Magsaysay plane crash Filipino First policy Agricultural Land Reform Code North Borneo dispute Jabidah massacre Marcos dictatorship ASEAN Declaration CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Moro Conflict Spratly islands dispute Vietnamese boat people Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr . Escalante massacre 1986 Snap Presidential Elections Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) ( show ) People Power Revolution 1986 -- 90 coup attempts MV Doña Paz Tragedy Pinatubo eruption Sarmenta - Gomez Rape - slay case Execution of Flor Contemplacion Ozone Disco Tragedy Sarah Balabagan case 1997 Asian financial crisis 2000 All - out war against MILF Second EDSA Revolution EDSA III War on Terror Oakwood mutiny Hello Garci scandal 2006 state of national emergency Manila Peninsula siege NBN -- ZTE deal MV Princess of the Stars Tragedy South China Sea disputes Death of Corazon Aquino Tropical Storm Ondoy Maguindanao massacre Manila hostage crisis Corona Impeachment case K + 12 Program Pork barrel scam Super Typhoon Yolanda Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement Mamasapano massacre Mary Jane Veloso case Valenzuela factory fire Philippine Drug War Battle of Marawi Shooting of Kian delos Santos Davao City mall fire Death of Joanna Demafelis By topic ( show ) Arts Languages Cuisine Demographic Ancient religions Rulers List of Queen consorts Military History Honorifics Military Science and technology Political Communications Transportation Timeline Archaeology Philippines portal Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 covers the period of American rule in the Philippines and began with the outbreak of the Spanish -- American War in April 1898 , when the Philippines was still part of the Spanish East Indies , and concluded when the United States formally recognised the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 . With the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10 , 1898 , Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States . The interim U.S. military government of the Philippine Islands experienced a period of great political turbulence , characterised by the Philippine -- American War . Beginning in 1901 , the military government was replaced by a civilian government -- the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands -- with William Howard Taft serving as its first Governor - General . From 1901 to 1906 there also existed a series of revolutionary governments that lacked significant international diplomatic recognition . Following the passage of the Philippine Independence Act in 1934 , a Philippine presidential election was held in 1935 . Manuel L. Quezon was elected and inaugurated second President of the Philippines on November 15 , 1935 . The Insular Government was dissolved and the Commonwealth of the Philippines was brought into existence . The Commonwealth of the Philippines was intended to be a transitional government in preparation for the country 's full achievement of independence in 1946 . After the Japanese invasion and subsequent occupation of the Philippines during World War II , the United States and Philippine Commonwealth military recaptured the Philippines in 1945 . According to the terms of the Philippine Independence Act , the United States formally recognised the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical perspective 2 Spanish -- American War period ( 1898 ) 2.1 Battle of Manila Bay 2.2 U.S. preparation for land - based operations 2.3 Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governments 2.4 Tensions between U.S. and revolutionary forces 2.5 Peace protocol between the U.S. and Spain 2.6 Capture of Manila 2.7 U.S. military government 2.8 U.S. and insurgents clash 2.9 Philippine elections , Malolos Congress , Constitutional government 2.10 Spanish -- American War ends 2.11 Benevolent assimilation 3 Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 3.1 Tensions escalate 3.2 Outbreak of general hostilities 3.3 War 3.4 First Philippine Commission 3.5 Second Philippine Commission 3.6 Establishment of civil government 3.7 Official end to the war 3.8 Post-1902 hostilities 4 Insular Government ( 1901 -- 35 ) 5 Commonwealth era ( 1935 -- 1946 ) 6 Japanese occupation and World War II ( 1941 -- 45 ) 7 Independence ( 1946 ) 7.1 World War II veteran benefits 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 9.3 Primary sources 10 Further reading Historical perspective ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Revolution The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896 and ended with the Pact of Biak - na - Bato , a ceasefire between the Spanish colonial Governor - General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo which was signed on December 15 , 1897 . The terms of the pact called for Aguinaldo and his militia to surrender . Other revolutionary leaders were given amnesty and a monetary indemnity by the Spanish government in return for which the rebel government agreed to go into exile in Hong Kong . Spanish -- American war period ( 1898 ) ( edit ) President Emilio Aguinaldo Main articles : Spanish -- American War and Philippine Revolution The failure of Spain to engage in active social reforms in Cuba as demanded by the United States government was the basic cause for the Spanish -- American War . American attention was focused on the issue after the mysterious explosion that sank the American battleship Maine on February 15 , 1898 in Havana Harbor . As public political pressure from the Democratic Party and certain industrialists built up for war , the U.S. Congress forced the reluctant Republican President William McKinley to issue an ultimatum to Spain on April 19 , 1898 . Spain found it had no diplomatic support in Europe , but nevertheless declared war ; the U.S. followed on April 25 with its own declaration of war . Theodore Roosevelt , who was at that time Assistant Secretary of the Navy , ordered Commodore George Dewey , commanding the Asiatic Squadron of the United States Navy : `` Order the squadron ... to Hong Kong . Keep full of coal . In the event of declaration of war Spain , your duty will be to see that the Spanish squadron does not leave the Asiatic coast , and then offensive operations in Philippine Islands . '' Dewey 's squadron departed on April 27 for the Philippines , reaching Manila Bay on the evening of April 30 . Battle of Manila Bay ( edit ) Battle of Manila Bay Main article : Battle of Manila Bay The first battle of the Spanish -- American War took place in the Philippines on May 1 , 1898 . In a matter of hours , Commodore Dewey 's Asiatic Squadron defeated the Spanish squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo . The U.S. squadron took control of the arsenal and navy yard at Cavite . Dewey cabled Washington , stating that although he controlled Manila Bay , he needed 5,000 additional men to seize Manila itself . U.S. preparation for land - based operations ( edit ) The unexpected rapidity and completeness of Dewey 's victory in the first engagement of the war prompted the McKinley administration to make the decision to capture Manila from the Spanish . The United States Army began to assemble the Eighth Army Corps -- a military unit which would consist of 10,844 soldiers under the command of Major General Wesley Merritt -- in preparation for deployment to the Philippines . Thomas M. Anderson While awaiting the arrival of troops from the Eighth Corps , Dewey dispatched the cutter USRC McCulloch to Hong Kong to transport Aguinaldo back to the Philippines . Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 and , after a brief meeting with Dewey , resumed revolutionary activities against the Spanish . On May 24 , Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Philippine forces and announced his intention to establish a dictatorial government with himself as dictator , saying that he would resign in favor of a duly elected president . Public jubilation marked Aguinaldo 's return . Many Filipino enlisted men deserted local Spanish army units to join Aguinaldo 's command and the Philippine Revolution against Spain resumed . Soon , many cities such as Imus , Bacoor , Parañaque , Las Piñas , Morong , Macabebe and San Fernando , as well as some entire provinces such as Laguna , Batangas , Bulacan , Nueva Ecija , Bataan , Tayabas ( now Quezon ) , and the Camarines provinces , were liberated by the Filipinos and the port of Dalahican in Cavite was secured . The first contingent of American troops arrived on 30 June under the command of Brigadier General Thomas McArthur Anderson , commander of Eighth Corps ' 2d Division ( U.S. brigade and division numbers of the era were not unique throughout the army ) . General Anderson wrote to Aguinaldo , requesting his cooperation in military operations against the Spanish forces . Aguinaldo responded , thanking General Anderson for his amicable sentiments , but saying nothing about military cooperation . General Anderson did not renew the request . The 2d Brigade , 2d Division , Eighth Corps arrived on July 17 , under the command of Brigadier General Francis V. Greene . Major General Merritt ( the Commander in Chief of the Philippine Expedition ) and his staff arrived at Cavite on July 25 . The 1st Brigade of the corps ' 2d Division arrived on July 30 , under the command of Brigadier General Arthur MacArthur . Philippine declaration of independence and establishment of Philippine governments ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Declaration of Independence Independence Day held in Aguinaldo Shrine at the back of the old 5 peso bill On 12 June 1898 , Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at his house in Cavite El Viejo . Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista wrote the Philippine Declaration of Independence , and read this document in Spanish that day at Aguinaldo 's house . On 18 June , Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government . On June 23 , Aguinaldo issued another decree , this time replacing the dictatorial government with a revolutionary government ( and naming himself as President ) . Marcela Agoncillo Writing retrospectively in 1899 , Aguinaldo claimed that an American naval officer had urged him to return to the Philippines to fight the Spanish and said `` The United States is a great and rich nation and needs no colonies . '' Aguinaldo also wrote that after checking with Dewey by telegraph , U.S. Consul E. Spencer Pratt had assured him in Singapore : `` That the United States would at least recognize the independence of the Philippines under the protection of the United States Navy . The consul added that there was no necessity for entering into a formal written agreement because the word of the Admiral and of the United States Consul were in fact equivalent to the most solemn pledge that their verbal promises and assurance would be fulfilled to the letter and were not to be classed with Spanish promises or Spanish ideas of a man 's word of honour . '' Aguinaldo received nothing in writing . House of Marcela Agoncillo the mother of the Philippine flag On April 28 Pratt wrote to United States Secretary of State William R. Day , explaining the details of his meeting with Aguinaldo : `` `` At this interview , after learning from General Aguinaldo the state of an object sought to be obtained by the present insurrectionary movement , which , though absent from the Philippines , he was still directing , I took it upon myself , whilst explaining that I had no authority to speak for the Government , to point out the danger of continuing independent action at this stage ; and , having convinced him of the expediency of cooperating with our fleet , then at Hongkong , and obtained the assurance of his willingness to proceed thither and confer with Commodore Dewey to that end , should the latter so desire , I telegraphed the Commodore the same day as follows , through our consul - general at Hongkong : -- '' There was no mention in the cablegrams between Pratt and Dewey of independence or indeed of any conditions on which Aguinaldo was to cooperate , these details being left for future arrangement with Dewey . Pratt had intended to facilitate the occupation and administration of the Philippines , and also to prevent a possible conflict of action . In a communication written on July 28 , Pratt made the following statement : `` `` I declined even to discuss with General Aguinaldo the question of the future policy of the United States with regard to the Philippines , that I held out no hopes to him of any kind , committed the government in no way whatever , and , in the course of our confidences , never acted upon the assumption that the Government would cooperate with him -- General Aguinaldo -- for the furtherance of any plans of his own , nor that , in accepting his said cooperation , it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he might put forward . '' '' Aguinaldo Shrine where the Flag of the Philippines was waved declaring the Philippine independence from Spain On June 16 , Secretary Day cabled Consul Pratt : `` Avoid unauthorized negotiations with the Philippine insurgents , '' and later on the same day : `` The Department observes that you informed General Aguinaldo that you had no authority to speak for the United States ; and , in the absence of the fuller report which you promise , it is assumed that you did not attempt to commit this Government to any alliance with the Philippine insurgents . To obtain the unconditional personal assistance of General Aguinaldo in the expedition to Manila was proper , if in so doing he was not induced to form hopes which it might not be practicable to gratify . This Government has known the Philippine insurgents only as discontented and rebellious subjects of Spain , and is not acquainted with their purposes . While their contest with that power has been a matter of public notoriety , they have neither asked nor received from this Government any recognition . The United States , in entering upon the occupation of the islands , as the result of its military operations in that quarter , will do so in the exercise of the rights which the state of war confers , and will expect from the inhabitants , without regard to their former attitude toward the Spanish Government , that obedience which will be lawfully due from them . If , in the course of your conferences with General Aguinaldo , you acted upon the assumption that this Government would co-operate with him for the furtherance of any plan of his own , or that , in accepting his co-operation , it would consider itself pledged to recognize any political claims which he may put forward , your action was unauthorized and can not be approved . '' Filipino scholar Maximo Kalaw wrote in 1927 : `` A few of the principal facts , however , seem quite clear . Aguinaldo was not made to understand that , in consideration of Filipino cooperation , the United States would extend its sovereignty over the Islands , and thus in place of the old Spanish master a new one would step in . The truth was that nobody at the time ever thought that the end of the war would result in the retention of the Philippines by the United States . '' Tensions between U.S. and revolutionary forces ( edit ) Felipe Agoncillo was the Filipino lawyer representative to the negotiations in Paris that led to the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) , ending the Spanish -- American War and achieving him the title of `` outstanding first Filipino diplomat . '' On July 9 General Anderson informed Major General Henry Clark Corbin , the Adjutant General of the U.S. Army , that Aguinaldo `` has declared himself Dictator and President , and is trying to take Manila without our assistance '' , opining that that would not be probable but , if done , would allow him to antagonize any U.S. attempt to establish a provisional government . On July 15 , Aguinaldo issued three organic decrees assuming civil authority of the Philippines . Felipe Agoncillo house On July 18 , General Anderson wrote that he suspected Aguinaldo to be secretly negotiating with the Spanish authorities . In a 21 July letter to the Adjutant General , General Anderson wrote that Aguinaldo had `` put in operation an elaborate system of military government , under his assumed authority as Dictator , and has prohibited any supplies being given us , except by his order , '' and that Anderson had written to Aguinaldo that the requisitions on the country for necessary items must be filled , and that he must aid in having them filled . On July 24 , Aguinaldo wrote a letter to General Anderson in effect warning him not to disembark American troops in places conquered by the Filipinos from the Spaniards without first communicating in writing the places to be occupied and the object of the occupation . Murat Halstead , official historian of the Philippine Expedition , writes that General Merritt remarked shortly after his arrival on 25 June , `` As General Aguinaldo did not visit me on my arrival , nor offer his services as a subordinate military leader , and as my instructions from the President fully contemplated the occupation of the islands by the American land forces , and stated that ' the powers of the military occupant are absolute and supreme and immediately operate upon the political condition of the inhabitants , ' I did not consider it wise to hold any direct communication with the insurgent leader until I should be in possession of the city of Manila , especially as I would not until then be in a position to issue a proclamation and enforce my authority , in the event that his pretensions should clash with my designs . '' U.S. commanders suspected that Aguinaldo and his forces were informing the Spanish of American movements . U.S. Army Major John R.M. Taylor later wrote , after translating and analyzing insurgent documents , `` The officers of the United States Army who believed that the insurgents were informing the Spaniards of the American movements were right . Sastrón has printed a letter from Pío del Pilar , dated July 30 , to the Spanish officer commanding at Santa Ana , in which Pilar said that Aguinaldo had told him that the Americans would attack the Spanish lines on August 2 and advised that the Spaniards should not give way , but hold their positions . Pilar added , however , that if the Spaniards should fall back on the walled city and surrender Santa Ana to himself , he would hold it with his own men . Aguinaldo 's information was correct , and on August 2 eight American soldiers were killed or wounded by the Spanish fire . '' On the evening of August 12 , on orders of General Merritt , General Anderson notified Aguinaldo to forbid the insurgents under his command from entering Manila . On 13 August , unaware of the peace protocol signing , U.S. forces assaulted and captured the Spanish positions in Manila . Insurgents made an independent attack of their own , as planned , which promptly led to trouble with the Americans . At 0800 that morning , Aguinaldo received a telegram from General Anderson , sternly warning him not to let his troops enter Manila without the consent of the American commander , who was situated on the south side of the Pasig River . General Anderson 's request was ignored , and Aguinaldo 's forces crowded forward alongside the American forces until they directly confronted the Spanish troops . Although the Spanish were waving a flag of truce , the insurgents fired on the Spanish forces , provoking return fire . 19 American soldiers were killed , and 103 more were wounded in this action . General Anderson sent Aguinaldo a telegram , later that day , which read : `` Dated Ermita Headquarters 2nd Division 13 to Gen. Aguinaldo . Commanding Filipino Forces. -- Manila , taken . Serious trouble threatened between our forces . Try and prevent it . Your troops should not force themselves in the city until we have received the full surrender then we will negotiate with you . - Anderson , commanding . '' Aguinaldo however demanded joint occupation of Manila . On August 13 Admiral Dewey and General Merritt informed their superiors of this and asked how far they might proceed in enforcing obedience in the matter . General Merritt received news of the August 12 peace protocol on August 16 , three days after the surrender of Manila . Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were informed by a telegram dated August 17 that the President of the United States had directed : `` That there must be no joint occupation with the Insurgents . The United States in the possession of Manila city , Manila bay and harbor must preserve the peace and protect persons and property within the territory occupied by their military and naval forces . The insurgents and all others must recognize the military occupation and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed by the President . Use whatever means in your judgment are necessary to this end . '' General Gregorio del Pilar Insurgent forces were looting the portions of the city which they occupied , and were not confining their attacks to Spaniards , but were assaulting their own people and raiding the property of foreigners as well . U.S. commanders pressed Aguinaldo to withdraw his forces from Manila . Negotiations proceeded slowly and , on August 31 , General Elwell Otis ( General Merritt being unavailable ) wrote , in a long letter to Aguinaldo : `` ... I am compelled by my instructions to direct that your armed forces evacuate the entire city of Manila , including its suburbs and defences , and that I shall be obliged to take action with that end in view within a very short space of time should you decline to comply with my Government 's demands ; and I hereby serve notice on you that unless your troops are withdrawn beyond the line of the city 's defences before Thursday , the 15th instant , I shall be obliged to resort to forcible action , and that my Government will hold you responsible for any unfortunate consequences which may ensue . '' After further negotiation and exchanges of letters , Aguinaldo wrote on September 16 : `` On the evening of the 15th the armed insurgent organizations withdrew from the city and all of its suburbs , ... '' Peace protocol between the U.S. and Spain ( edit ) On August 12 , 1898 , The New York Times reported that a peace protocol had been signed in Washington that afternoon between the U.S. and Spain , suspending hostilities between the two nations . The full text of the protocol was not made public until November 5 , but Article III read : `` The United States will occupy and hold the City , Bay , and Harbor of Manila , pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace , which shall determine the control , disposition , and government of the Philippines . '' After conclusion of this agreement , U.S. President McKinley proclaimed a suspension of hostilities with Spain . Capture of Manila ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Manila ( 1898 ) By June , U.S. and Filipino forces had taken control of most of the islands , except for the walled city of Intramuros . Admiral Dewey and General Merritt were able to work out a bloodless solution with acting Governor - General Fermín Jáudenes . The negotiating parties made a secret agreement to stage a mock battle in which the Spanish forces would be defeated by the American forces , but the Filipino forces would not be allowed to enter the city . This plan minimized the risk of unnecessary casualties on all sides , while the Spanish would also avoid the shame of possibly having to surrender Intramuros to the Filipino forces . On the eve of the mock battle , General Anderson telegraphed Aguinaldo , `` Do not let your troops enter Manila without the permission of the American commander . On this side of the Pasig River you will be under fire '' . On August 13 , with American commanders unaware that a ceasefire had already been signed between Spain and the U.S. on the previous day , American forces captured the city of Manila from the Spanish in the Battle of Manila . The battle started when Dewey 's ships bombarded Fort San Antonio Abad , a decrepit structure on the southern outskirts of Manila , and the virtually impregnable walls of Intramuros . In accordance with the plan , the Spanish forces withdrew while U.S. forces advanced . Once a sufficient show of battle had been made , Dewey hoisted the signal `` D.W.H.B. '' ( meaning `` Do you surrender ? ) , whereupon the Spanish hoisted a white flag and Manila was formally surrendered to U.S. forces . General Antonio Luna This battle marked the end of Filipino - American collaboration , as the American action of preventing Filipino forces from entering the captured city of Manila was deeply resented by the Filipinos . This later led to the Philippine -- American War , which would prove to be more deadly and costly than the Spanish -- American War . U.S. military government ( edit ) On August 14 , 1898 , two days after the capture of Manila , the U.S. established a military government in the Philippines , with General Merritt acting as military governor . During military rule ( 1898 -- 1902 ) , the U.S. military commander governed the Philippines under the authority of the U.S. president as Commander - in - Chief of the United States Armed Forces . After the appointment of a civil Governor - General , the procedure developed that as parts of the country were pacified and placed firmly under American control , responsibility for the area would be passed to the civilian . General Merritt was succeeded by General Otis as military governor , who in turn was succeeded by General MacArthur . Major General Adna Chaffee was the final military governor . The position of military governor was abolished in July 1902 , after which the civil Governor - General became the sole executive authority in the Philippines . Under the military government , an American - style school system was introduced , initially with soldiers as teachers ; civil and criminal courts were reestablished , including a supreme court ; and local governments were established in towns and provinces . The first local election was conducted by General Harold W. Lawton on May 7 , 1899 , in Baliuag , Bulacan . U.S. and insurgents clash ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War In a clash at Cavite between United States soldiers and insurgents on August 25 , 1898 , George Hudson of the Utah regiment was killed , Corporal William Anderson was mortally wounded , and four troopers of the Fourth Cavalry were slightly wounded . This provoked General Anderson to send Aguinaldo a letter saying , `` In order to avoid the very serious misfortune of an encounter between our troops , I demand your immediate withdrawal with your guard from Cavite . One of my men has been killed and three wounded by your people . This is positive and does not admit of explanation or delay . '' Internal insurgent communications reported that the Americans were drunk at the time . Halstead writes that Aguinaldo expressed his regret and promised to punish the offenders . In internal insurgent communications , Apolinario Mabini initially proposed to investigate and punish any offenders identified . Aguinaldo modified this , ordering , `` ... say that he was not killed by your soldiers , but by them themselves ( the Americans ) since they were drunk according to your telegram '' . An insurgent officer in Cavite at the time reported on his record of services that he : `` took part in the movement against the Americans on the afternoon of the 24th of August , under the orders of the commander of the troops and the adjutant of the post . '' Philippine elections , Malolos Congress , constitutional government ( edit ) Elections were held by the Revolutionary Government between June and September 10 , resulting in Emilio Aguinaldo being seated as President in the seating of a legislature known as the Malolos Congress . In a session between September 15 and November 13 , 1898 , the Malolos Constitution was adopted . It was promulgated on January 21 , 1899 , creating the First Philippine Republic . Spanish -- American war ends ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Article V of the peace protocol signed on August 12 had mandated negotiations to conclude a treaty of peace to begin in Paris not later than October 1 , 1898 . President McKinley sent a five - man commission , initially instructed to demand no more than Luzon , Guam , and Puerto Rico ; which would have provided a limited U.S. empire of pinpoint colonies to support a global fleet and provide communication links . In Paris , the commission was besieged with advice , particularly from American generals and European diplomats , to demand the entire Philippine archipelago . The unanimous recommendation was that `` it would certainly be cheaper and more humane to take the entire Philippines than to keep only part of it . '' On October 28 , 1898 , McKinley wired the commission that `` cessation of Luzon alone , leaving the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule , or to be the subject of future contention , can not be justified on political , commercial , or humanitarian grounds . The cessation must be the whole archipeligo or none . The latter is wholly inadmissible , and the former must therefore be required . '' The Spanish negotiators were furious over the `` immodist demands of a conqueror '' , but their wounded pride was assuaged by an offer of twenty million dollars for `` Spanish improvements '' to the islands . The Spaniards capitulated , and on December 10 , 1898 , the U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris , formally ending the Spanish -- American War . In Article III , Spain ceded the Philippine archipelago to the United States , as follows : `` Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands , and comprehending the islands lying within the following line : ( ... geographic description elided ... ) . The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ( $20,000,000 ) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty . '' 1898 US political cartoon . U.S. President William McKinley is shown holding the Philippines , depicted as a native child , as the world looks on . The implied options for McKinley are to keep the Philippines , or give it back to Spain , which the cartoon compares to throwing a child off a cliff . In the U.S. , there was a movement for Philippine independence ; some said that the U.S. had no right to a land where many of the people wanted self - government . In 1898 Andrew Carnegie , an industrialist and steel magnate , offered to offered to pay the U.S. government $20 million to give the Philippines its independence . On November 7 , 1900 , Spain and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Washington , clarifying that the territories relinquished by Spain to the United States included any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago , but lying outside the lines described in the Treaty of Paris . That treaty explicitly named the islands of Cagayan Sulu and Sibutu and their dependencies as among the relinquished territories . Benevolent Assimilation ( edit ) Main article : Benevolent assimilation U.S. President McKinley 's December 21 , 1898 proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation was announced in the Philippines on January 4 , 1899 . Referring to the Treaty of Paris , it said that as a result of the victories of American arms , the future control , disposition , and government of the Philippine Islands are ceded to the United States . It enjoined the military commander ( General Otis ) to make known to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands that in succeeding to the sovereignty of Spain , the authority of the United States is to be exerted for the securing of the persons and property of the people of the islands and for the confirmation of all their private rights and relations . It specified that it will be the duty of the commander of the forces of occupation to announce and proclaim in the most public manner that we come , not as invaders or conquerors , but as friends , to protect the natives in their homes , in their employments , and in their personal and religious rights . On January 6 , 1899 , General Otis was quoted in The New York Times as expressing himself as convinced that the U.S. government intends to seek the establishment of a liberal government , in which the people will be as fully represented as the maintenance of law and order will permit , susceptible of development , on lines of increased representation , and the bestowal of increased powers , into a government as free and independent as is enjoyed by the most favored provinces in the world . Philippine -- American war ( 1899 -- 1902 ) ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War Tensions escalate ( edit ) Gregorio del Pilar and his troops , around 1898. jpg The Spanish had yielded Iloilo to the insurgents in 1898 for the purpose of troubling the Americans . On January 1 , 1899 , news had come to Washington from Manila that American forces which had been sent to Iloilo under the command of General Marcus Miller had been confronted by 6,000 armed Filipinos , who refused them permission to land . A Filipino official styling himself Presidente Lopez of the Federal Government of the Visayas informed Miller that `` foreign troops '' would not be landed `` without express orders from the central government of Luzon '' On December 21 , 1898 , President McKinley issued a Proclamation of Benevolent Assimilation . General Otis delayed its publication until January 4 , 1899 , then publishing an amended version edited so as not to convey the meanings of the terms `` sovereignty '' , `` protection '' , and `` right of cessation '' which were present in the unabridged version . Unknown to Otis , the War Department had also sent an enciphered copy of the Benevolent Assimilation proclamation to General Marcus Miller in Iloilo for informational purposes . Miller assumed that it was for distribution and , unaware that a politically bowdlerized version had been sent to Aguinaldo , published it in both Spanish and Tagalog translations which eventually made their way to Aguinaldo . Even before Aguinaldo received the unaltered version and observed the changes in the copy he had received from Otis , he was upset that Otis had altered his own title to `` Military Governor of the Philippines '' from `` ... in the Philippines . '' Aguinaldo did not miss the significance of the alteration , which Otis had made without authorization from Washington . Battle of Quingua , April 23 , 1899 Philippine -- American War On January 5 , Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation summarizing what he saw as American violations of the ethics of friendship , particularly as regards the events in Iloilo . The proclamation concluded as follows : `` Such procedures , so foreign to the dictates of culture and the usages observed by civilized nations , gave me the right to act without observing the usual rules of intercourse . Nevertheless , in order to be correct to the end , I sent to General Otis commissioners charged to solicit him to desist from his rash enterprise , but they were not listened to . My government can not remain indifferent in view of such a violent and aggressive seizure of a portion of its territory by a nation which arrogated to itself the title champion of oppressed nations . Thus it is that my government is disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan Islands . I denounce these acts before the world , in order that the conscience of mankind may pronounce its infallable verdict as to who are the true oppressors of nations and the tormentors of human kind . '' Battle before Caloocan After some copies of that proclamation had been distributed , Aguinaldo ordered the recall of undistributed copies and issued another proclamation , which was published the same day in El Heraldo de la Revolucion , the official newspaper of the Philippine Republic . There , he said partly , `` As in General Otis 's proclamation he alluded to some instructions edited by His Excellency the President of the United States , referring to the administration of the matters in the Philippine Islands , I in the name of God , the root and fountain of all justice , and that of all the right which has been visibly granted to me to direct my dear brothers in the difficult work of our regeneration , protest most solemnly against this intrusion of the United States Government on the sovereignty of these islands . I equally protest in the name of the Filipino people against the said intrusion , because as they have granted their vote of confidence appointing me president of the nation , although I do n't consider that I deserve such , therefore I consider it my duty to defend to death its liberty and independence . '' Battle of Santa Cruz Otis , taking these two proclamations as a call to arms , strengthened American observation posts and alerted his troops . In the tense atmosphere , some 40,000 Filipinos fled Manila within a period of 15 days . Meanwhile , Felipe Agoncillo , who had been commissioned by the Philippine Revolutionary Government as Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties with foreign governments , and who had unsuccessfully sought to be seated at the negotiations between the U.S. and Spain in Paris , was now in Washington . On January 6 , he filed a request for an interview with the President to discuss affairs in the Philippines . The next day the government officials were surprised to learn that messages to General Otis to deal mildly with the rebels and not to force a conflict had become known to Agoncillo , and cabled by him to Aguinaldo . At the same time came Aguinaldo 's protest against General Otis signing himself `` Military Governor of the Philippines . '' On January 8 , Agoncillo gave out this statement : `` In my opinion the Filipino people , whom I represent , will never consent to become a colony dependency of the United States . The soldiers of the Filipino army have pledged their lives that they will not lay down their arms until General Aguinaldo tells them to do so , and they will keep that pledge , I feel confident . '' The Filipino committees in London , Paris and Madrid about this time telegraphed to President McKinley as follows : American troops guarding the bridge over the River Pasig `` We protest against the disembarkation of American troops at Iloilo . The treaty of peace still unratified , the American claim to sovereignty is premature . Pray reconsider the resolution regarding Iloilo . Filipinos wish for the friendship of America and abhor militarism and deceit . '' Young 's Scouts , including Marcus W. Robertson ( 2nd from right , front row squating ) , Richard Moses Longfellow ( 4th from right , front row squating ) , Medal of Honor recipients . Picture taken in Philippines . On January 8 , Aguinaldo received the following message from Teodoro Sandiko : `` To the President of the Revolutionary Government , Malolos , from Sandico , Manila . 8 Jan. , 1899 , 9.40 p.m.. : In consequence of the order of General Rios to his officers , as soon as the Filipino attack begins the Americans should be driven into the Intramuros district and the walled city should be set on fire . Pipi . '' The New York Times reported on January 8 , that two Americans who had been guarding a waterboat in Iloilo had been attacked , one fatally , and that insurgents were threatening to destroy the business section of the city by fire ; and on January 10 that a peaceful solution to the Iloilo issues may result but that Aguinaldo had issued a proclamation threatening to drive the Americans from the islands . Attack on the barracks of Company C of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers by Filipino forces during the Tondo Fire in Manila , 1899 By January 10 , insurgents were ready to assume the offensive , but desired , if possible , to provoke the Americans into firing the first shot . They made no secret of their desire for conflict , but increased their hostile demonstrations and pushed their lines forward into forbidden territory . Their attitude is well illustrated by the following extract from a telegram sent by Colonel Cailles to Aguinaldo on January 10 , 1899 : `` Most urgent . An American interpreter has come to tell me to withdraw our forces in Maytubig fifty paces . I shall not draw back a step , and in place of withdrawing , I shall advance a little farther . He brings a letter from his general , in which he speaks to me as a friend . I said that from the day I knew that Maquinley ( McKinley ) opposed our independence I did not want any dealings with any American . War , war , is what we want . The Americans after this speech went off pale . '' Aguinaldo approved the hostile attitude of Cailles , for there is a reply in his handwriting which reads : `` I approve and applaud what you have done with the Americans , and zeal and valour always , also my beloved officers and soldiers there . I believe that they are playing us until the arrival of their reinforcements , but I shall send an ultimatum and remain always on the alert. -- E.A. Jan. 10 , 1899 . '' On 31 January 1899 , The Minister of Interior of the revolutionary First Philippine Republic , Teodoro Sandiko , signed a decree saying that President Aguinaldo had directed that all idle lands be planted to provide food for the people , in view of impending war with the Americans . Outbreak of General hostilities ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Manila ( 1899 ) Worcester writes that General Otis ' account of the opening of active hostilities was as follows : Emilio Aguinaldo 's quarters in Manila following his capture by the Americans . `` `` On the night of February 2 they sent in a strong detachment to draw the fire of our outposts , which took up a position immediately in front and within a few yards of the same . The outpost was strengthened by a few of our men , who silently bore their taunts and abuse the entire night . This was reported to me by General MacArthur , whom I directed to communicate with the officer in command of the insurgent troops concerned . His prepared letter was shown me and approved , and the reply received was all that could be desired . However , the agreement was ignored by the insurgents and on the evening of February 4 another demonstration was made on one of our small outposts , which occupied a retired position at least 150 yards within the line which had been mutually agreed upon , an insurgent approaching the picket and refusing to halt or answer when challenged . The result was that our picket discharged his piece , when the insurgent troops near Santa Mesa opened a spirited fire on our troops there stationed . `` The insurgents had thus succeeded in drawing the fire of a small outpost , which they had evidently labored with all their ingenuity to accomplish , in order to justify in some way their premeditated attack . It is not believed that the chief insurgent leaders wished to open hostilities at this time , as they were not completely prepared to assume the initiative . They desired two or three days more to perfect their arrangements , but the zeal of their army brought on the crisis which anticipated their premeditated action . They could not have delayed long , however , for it was their object to force an issue before American troops , then en route , could arrive in Manila . '' Thus began the Insurgent attack , so long and so carefully planned for . We learn from the Insurgent records that the shot of the American sentry missed its mark . There was no reason why it should have provoked a hot return fire , but it did . The result of the ensuing combat was not at all what the Insurgents had anticipated . The Americans did not drive very well . It was but a short time before they themselves were routed and driven from their positions . Aguinaldo of course promptly advanced the claim that his troops had been wantonly attacked . The plain fact is that the Insurgent patrol in question deliberately drew the fire of the American sentry , and this was just as much an act of war as was the firing of the shot . Whether the patrol was acting under proper orders from higher authority is not definitely known . '' Surrendered President Aguinaldo boards the U.S.S Vicksburg , 1900 . Other sources name the two specific U.S. soldiers involved in the first exchange of fire as Privates William Grayson and Orville Miller of the Nebraska Volunteers . Subsequent to the conclusion of the war , after analyzing captured insurgent papers , Major Major J.R.M. Taylor wrote , in part , `` An attack on the United States forces was planned which should annihilate the little army in Manila , and delegations were appointed to secure the interference of foreign powers . The protecting cloak of pretense of friendliness to the United States was to be kept up until the last . While commissioners were appointed to negotiate with General Otis , secret societies were organized in Manila pledged to obey orders of the most barbarous character to kill and burn . The attack from without and the attack from within was to be on a set day and hour . The strained situation could not last . The spark was applied , either inadvertently or by design , on the 4th of February by an insurgent , willfully transgressing upon what , by their own admission , was within the agreed limits of the holding of the American troops . Hostilities resulted and the war was an accomplished fact . '' Filipino casualties War ( edit ) On February 4 , Aguinaldo declared `` That peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies , within the limits prescribed by the laws of war . '' On June 2 , 1899 , the Malolos Congress enacted and ratified a declaration of war on the United States , which was publicly proclaimed on that same day by Pedro Paterno , President of the Assembly . As before when fighting the Spanish , the Filipino rebels did not do well in the field . Aguinaldo and his provisional government escaped after the capture of Malolos on March 31 , 1899 and were driven into northern Luzon . Peace feelers from members of Aguinaldo 's cabinet failed in May when the American commander , General Ewell Otis , demanded an unconditional surrender . In 1901 , Aguinaldo was captured and swore allegiance to the United States , marking one end to the war . First Philippine Commission ( edit ) Main article : Schurman Commission President McKinley had appointed a five - person group headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman , president of Cornell University , on January 20 , 1899 , to investigate conditions in the islands and 1899 political cartoon by Winsor McCay . Uncle Sam ( representing the United States ) , gets entangled with rope around a tree labelled `` Imperialism '' while trying to subdue a bucking colt or mule labeled `` Philippines '' while a figure representing Spain walks off over the horizon carrying a bag labeled `` $20,000,000 '' . make recommendations . The three civilian members of the Philippine Commission arrived in Manila on March 4 , 1899 , a month after the Battle of Manila which had begun armed conflict between U.S. and revolutionary Filipino forces . The commission published a proclamation containing assurances that the U.S. `` ... is anxious to establish in the Philippine Islands an enlightened system of government under which the Philippine people may enjoy the largest measure of home rule and the amplest liberty . '' After meetings in April with revolutionary representatives , the commission requested authorization from McKinley to offer a specific plan . McKinley authorized an offer of a government consisting of `` a Governor - General appointed by the President ; cabinet appointed by the Governor - General ; ( and ) a general advisory council elected by the people . '' The Revolutionary Congress voted unanimously to cease fighting and accept peace and , on May 8 , the revolutionary cabinet headed by Apolinario Mabini was replaced by a new `` peace '' cabinet headed by Pedro Paterno . At this point , General Antonio Luna arrested Paterno and most of his cabinet , returning Mabini and his cabinet to power . After this , the commission concluded that `` ... The Filipinos are wholly unprepared for independence ... there being no Philippine nation , but only a collection of different peoples . '' In the report that they issued to the president the following year , the commissioners acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence ; they declared , however , that the Philippines was not ready for it . `` On November 2 , 1899 , The commmision issued a preliminary report containing the following statement : Should our power by any fatality be withdrawn , the commission believe that the government of the Philippines would speedily lapse into anarchy , which would excuse , if it did not necessitate , the intervention of other powers and the eventual division of the islands among them . Only through American occupation , therefore , is the idea of a free , self - governing , and united Philippine commonwealth at all conceivable . And the indispensable need from the Filipino point of view of maintaining American sovereignty over the archipelago is recognized by all intelligent Filipinos and even by those insurgents who desire an American protectorate . The latter , it is true , would take the revenues and leave us the responsibilities . Nevertheless , they recognize the indubitable fact that the Filipinos can not stand alone . Thus the welfare of the Filipinos coincides with the dictates of national honour in forbidding our abandonment of the archipelago . We can not from any point of view escape the responsibilities of government which our sovereignty entails ; and the commission is strongly persuaded that the performance of our national duty will prove the greatest blessing to the peoples of the Philippine Islands . '' William Howard Taft Governor general of the Philippines riding a carabao Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible ( the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor ) , including establishment of a bicameral legislature , autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels , and a system of free public elementary schools . Second Philippine Commission ( edit ) Main article : Taft Commission The Second Philippine Commission ( the Taft Commission ) , appointed by McKinley on March 16 , 1900 , and headed by William Howard Taft , was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers . On September 1 , the Taft Commission began to exercise legislative functions . Between September 1900 and August 1902 , it issued 499 laws , established a judicial system , including a supreme court , drew up a legal code , and organized a civil service . The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents , vice presidents , and councilors to serve on municipal boards . The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes , maintaining municipal properties , and undertaking necessary construction projects ; they also elected provincial governors . Establishment of civil government ( edit ) Governor General William Howard Taft addressing the audience at the Philippine Assembly in the Manila Grand Opera House On March 3 , 1901 the U.S. Congress passed the Army Appropriation Act containing ( along with the Platt Amendment on Cuba ) the Spooner Amendment which provided the President with legislative authority to establish of a civil government in the Philippines . Up until this time , the President been administering the Philippines by virtue of his war powers . On July 1 , 1901 , civil government was inaugurated with William H. Taft as the Civil Governor . Later , on February 3 , 1903 , the U.S. Congress would change the title of Civil Governor to Governor - General . A highly centralized public school system was installed in 1901 , using English as the medium of instruction . This created a heavy shortage of teachers , and the Philippine Commission authorized the Secretary of Public Instruction to bring to the Philippines 600 teachers from the U.S.A. -- the so - called Thomasites . Free primary instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation was enforced by the Taft Commission per instructions of President McKinley . Also , the Catholic Church was disestablished , and a considerable amount of church land was purchased and redistributed . Official end to the war ( edit ) The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 approved , ratified , and confirmed McKinley 's Executive Order establishing the Philippine Commission , and also stipulated that the bicameral Philippine Legislature would be established composed of an elected lower house , the Philippine Assembly and the appointed Philippine Commission as the upper house . The act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights to the Philippines . On July 2 , 1902 the Secretary of War telegraphed that the insurrection against the sovereign authority of the U.S. having come to an end , and provincial civil governments having been established , the office of Military Governor was terminated . On July 4 , Theodore Roosevelt , who had succeeded to the U.S. Presidency after the assassination of President McKinley on September 5 , 1901 proclaimed a full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine archipelago who had participated in the conflict . On April 9 , 2002 , Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo proclaimed that the Philippine -- American War had ended on April 16 , 1902 with the surrender of General Miguel Malvar , and declared the centennial anniversary of that date as a national working holiday and as a special non-working holiday in the Province of Batangas and in the Cities of Batangas , Lipa and Tanaun . Post-1902 hostilities ( edit ) Some sources have suggested that the war unofficially continued for nearly a decade , since bands of guerrillas , quasi-religious armed groups and other resistance groups continued to roam the countryside , still clashing with American Army or Philippine Constabulary patrols . American troops and the Philippine Constabulary continued hostilities against such resistance groups until 1913 . Some historians consider these unofficial extensions to be part of the war . Insular government ( 1901 -- 35 ) ( edit ) Main article : Insular Government Tranvia in Manila Philippines during American Era with Bahay na Bato house The 1902 Philippine Organic Act was a constitution for the Insular Government , as the U.S. civil administration was known . This was a form of territorial government that reported to the Bureau of Insular Affairs . The act provided for a Governor - General appointed by the U.S. president and an elected lower house , the Philippine Assembly . It also disestablished the Catholic Church as the state religion . The United States government , in an effort to resolve the status of the friars , negotiated with the Vatican . The church agreed to sell the friars ' estates and promised gradual substitution of Filipino and other non-Spanish priests for the friars . It refused , however , to withdraw the religious orders from the islands immediately , partly to avoid offending Spain . In 1904 the administration bought for $7.2 million the major part of the friars ' holdings , amounting to some 166,000 hectares ( 410,000 acres ) , of which one - half was in the vicinity of Manila . The land was eventually resold to Filipinos , some of them tenants but the majority of them estate owners . Manila , known as the Paris of the Asia was pushed forward even more by Daniel Burnham the Manila Urban planner In socio - economic terms , the Philippines made solid progress in this period . Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895 , 13 % of which was with the United States . By 1920 , it had increased to 601 million pesos , 66 % of which was with the United States . A health care system was established which , by 1930 , reduced the mortality rate from all causes , including various tropical diseases , to a level similar to that of the United States itself . The practices of slavery , piracy and headhunting were suppressed but not entirely extinguished . Economy rose as reflected to the great edifices of the cities Two years after completion and publication of a census , a general election was conducted for the choice of delegates to a popular assembly . An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a bicameral legislature , with the Philippine Commission as the upper house . Every year from 1907 the Philippine Assembly and later the Philippine Legislature passed resolutions expressing the Filipino desire for independence . Philippine nationalists led by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña enthusiastically endorsed the draft Jones Bill of 1912 , which provided for Philippine independence after eight years , but later changed their views , opting for a bill which focused less on time than on the conditions of independence . The nationalists demanded complete and absolute independence to be guaranteed by the United States , since they feared that too - rapid independence from American rule without such guarantees might cause the Philippines to fall into Japanese hands . The Jones Bill was rewritten and passed Congress in 1916 with a later date of independence . Busy street of early American - era Manila View of Binondo from Jones Bridge The law , officially the Philippine Autonomy Act but popularly known as the Jones Law , served as the new organic act ( or constitution ) for the Philippines . Its preamble stated that the eventual independence of the Philippines would be American policy , subject to the establishment of a stable government . The law maintained the Governor - General of the Philippines , appointed by the President of the United States , but established a bicameral Philippine Legislature to replace the elected Philippine Assembly ( lower house ) ; it replaced the appointive Philippine Commission ( upper house ) with an elected senate . Americans and Filipinos choose to preserve Spanish - era buildings for historical , tourism and urban purposes . The Filipinos suspended their independence campaign during the First World War and supported the United States against Germany . After the war they resumed their independence drive with great vigor . On March 17 , 1919 , the Philippine Legislature passed a `` Declaration of Purposes '' , which stated the inflexible desire of the Filipino people to be free and sovereign . A Commission of Independence was created to study ways and means of attaining liberation ideal . This commission recommended the sending of an independence mission to the United States . The `` Declaration of Purposes '' referred to the Jones Law as a veritable pact , or covenant , between the American and Filipino peoples whereby the United States promised to recognize the independence of the Philippines as soon as a stable government should be established . U.S. Governor - General of the Philippines Francis Burton Harrison had concurred in the report of the Philippine legislature as to a stable government . With Manila 's Filipino Hispanic roots , Daniel Burnham developed the Urban planning of Manila through the City Beautiful Movement ; Neo-Classical architecture of Paris through Manila 's Government buildings , Canals of Venice through the Esteros of Manila , Sunset view of Naples through Manila Bay and Winding River of Paris through Pasig River . a fine example of the Burnham plan is the Manila Central Post Office and Jones Bridge Manila circa 1930s . The central façade of the Legislative Building The Philippine legislature funded an independence mission to the U.S. in 1919 . The mission departed Manila on February 28 and met in the U.S. with and presented their case to Secretary of War Newton D. Baker . U.S. President Woodrow Wilson , in his 1921 farewell message to Congress , certified that the Filipino people had performed the condition imposed on them as a prerequisite to independence , declaring that , this having been done , the duty of the U.S. is to grant Philippine independence . The Republican Party then controlled Congress and the recommendation of the outgoing Democratic president was not heeded . After the first independence mission , public funding of such missions was ruled illegal . Subsequent independence missions in 1922 , 1923 , 1930 , 1931 1932 , and two missions in 1933 were funded by voluntary contributions . Numerous independence bills were submitted to the U.S. Congress , which passed the Hare - Hawes - Cutting Bill on December 30 , 1932 . U.S. President Herbert Hoover vetoed the bill on January 13 , 1933 . Congress overrode the veto on January 17 , and the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act became U.S. law . The law promised Philippine independence after 10 years , but reserved several military and naval bases for the United States , as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports . The law also required the Philippine Senate to ratify the law . Manuel L. Quezon urged the Philippine Senate to reject the bill , which it did . Quezon himself led the twelfth independence mission to Washington to secure a better independence act . The result was the Tydings -- McDuffie Act of 1934 which was very similar to the Hare - Hawes - Cutting Act except in minor details . The Tydings - McDuffie Act was ratified by the Philippine Senate . The law provided for the granting of Philippine independence by 1946 . The Tydings -- McDuffie Act provided for the drafting and guidelines of a Constitution , for a 10 - year `` transitional period '' as the Commonwealth of the Philippines before the granting of Philippine independence . On May 5 , 1934 , the Philippines legislature passed an act setting the election of convention delegates . Governor - General Frank Murphy designated July 10 as the election date , and the convention held its inaugural session on July 30 . The completed draft constitution was approved by the convention on February 8 , 1935 , approved by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt on March 23 , and ratified by popular vote on May 14 . The first election under the constitution was held on September 17 , and on November 15 , 1935 , the Commonwealth was put into place . Commonwealth era ( 1935 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) Manuel Quezon y Molina once the 1st President of the Senate of the Philippines was elected to become the President of the Philippines during the commonwealth era of American colonization and occupation Main article : Commonwealth of the Philippines Manila before the war It was planned that the period 1935 -- 1946 would be devoted to the final adjustments required for a peaceful transition to full independence , a great latitude in autonomy being granted in the meantime . Instead there was war with Japan . On May 14 , 1935 , an election to fill the newly created office of President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was won by Manuel L. Quezon ( Nacionalista Party ) and a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles superficially similar to the U.S. Constitution . The Commonwealth as established in 1935 featured a very strong executive , a unicameral national assembly , and a supreme court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901 . The new government embarked on an ambitious agenda of establishing the basis for national defense , greater control over the economy , reforms in education , improvement of transport , the colonization of the island of Mindanao , and the promotion of local capital and industrialization . The Commonwealth however , was also faced with agrarian unrest , an uncertain diplomatic and military situation in South East Asia , and uncertainty about the level of United States commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines . In 1939 -- 40 , the Philippine Constitution was amended to restore a bicameral Congress , and permit the reelection of President Quezon , previously restricted to a single , six - year term . During the Commonwealth years , Philippines sent one elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives , as Puerto Rico currently does today . Japanese troops on Bataan , Philippine Islands , circa 1942 . Captured Japanese photograph . - NARA - 531353 Japanese occupation and World war II ( 1941 -- 45 ) ( edit ) Main article : Second Philippine Republic Surrender of Filipino and American troops at Corregidor , Philippine Islands , May 1942 . See also : Military history of the Philippines during World War II A few hours after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , the Japanese launched air raids in several cities and US military installations in the Philippines on December 8 , and on December 10 , the first Japanese troops landed in Northern Luzon . Filipino pilot Captain Jesús A. Villamor , leading a flight of three P - 26 `` Peashooter '' fighters of the 6th Pursuit Squadron , distinguished himself by attacking two enemy formations of 27 planes each and downing a much - superior Japanese Zero , for which he was awarded the U.S. Distinguished Service Cross . The two other planes in that flight , flown by Lieutenants César Basa and Geronimo Aclan were shot down . General Douglas MacArthur , commander of the United States Armed Forces in the Far East ( USAFFE ) , was forced to retreat to Bataan . Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2 , 1942 . The fall of Bataan was on April 9 , 1942 with Corregidor Island , at the mouth of Manila Bay , surrendering on May 6 . Meeting of Jorge B. Vargas , a secretary of President Manuel Quezon and Homma Masaharu , a general Lieutenant of Imperial Japanese Army on February , 20th 1943 José P. Laurel Became the President of the Philippines during the Japanese occupation General Tomoyuki Yamashita surrenders to the Filipino soldiers and guerrillas in the presence of Generals Jonathan Wainwright and Arthur Percival . The Commonwealth government by then had exiled itself to Washington , DC , upon the invitation of President Roosevelt ; however many politicians stayed behind and collaborated with the occupying Japanese . The main general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was stationed and moved in the province was our enemy against the Japanese Occupation . The Philippine Commonwealth Army continued to fight the Japanese in a guerrilla war and were considered auxiliary units of the United States Army . Several Philippine Commonwealth military awards , such as the Philippine Defense Medal , Independence Medal , and Liberation Medal , were awarded to both the United States and Philippine Armed Forces . Gen. Douglas MacArthur wades ashore during initial landings at Leyte , Philippine Islands . As the Japanese forces advanced , Manila was declared an open city to prevent it from destruction , meanwhile , the government was moved to Corregidor . In March 1942 , General MacArthur and President Quezon fled the country . Guerrilla units harassed the Japanese when they could , and on Luzon native resistance was strong enough that the Japanese never did get control of a large part of the island . An anti-Japanese Army consisting of peasants known as the Huks did most of the fighting . The Huks forces resisted invaders and punished the people who collaborated with the Japanese , but they did n't have a well - disciplined organization , and were later seen as a threat to the Manila government . Before MacArthur came back , the effectiveness of the guerilla movement had decimated the control of Japan - limited to only 12 out of the 48 provinces . In October 1944 , MacArthur had gathered enough additional troops and supplies to begin the retaking of the Philippines , landing with Sergio Osmeña who had assumed the Presidency after Quezon 's death . The Philippine Constabulary went on active service under the Philippine Commonwealth Army on October 28 , 1944 during liberation under the Commonwealth regime . The battles entailed long fierce fighting ; some of the Japanese continued to fight until the official surrender of the Empire of Japan on September 2 , 1945 . After their landing , Filipino and American forces also undertook measures to suppress the Huk movement , which was founded to fight the Japanese Occupation . The Filipino and American forces removed local Huk governments and imprisoned many high - ranking members of the Philippine Communist Party . While these incidents happened , there was still fighting against the Japanese forces and , despite the American and Philippine measures against the Huk , they still supported American and Filipino soldiers in the fight against the Japanese . Over a million Filipinos ( including regular and constable soldiers , recognized guerrillas and non-combatant civilians ) had been killed in the war . The 1947 final report of the High Commissioner to the Philippines documents massive damage to most coconut mills and sugar mills ; inter-island shipping had all been destroyed or removed ; concrete highways had been broken up for use on military airports ; railways were inoperative ; Manila was 80 percent destroyed , Cebu 90 percent , and Zamboanga 95 percent . Independence ( 1946 ) ( edit ) Philippine Independence , July 4 , 1946 from all the Colonizers . The Flag of the United States of America is lowered while the Flag of the Philippines is raised . Philippine independence came on July 4 , 1946 , with the signing of the Treaty of Manila between the governments of the United States and the Philippines . The treaty provided for the recognition of the independence of the Republic of the Philippines and the relinquishment of American sovereignty over the Philippine Islands . From 1946 to 1961 , Independence Day was observed on July 4 . On 12 May 1962 , President Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28 , proclaiming Tuesday , June 12 , 1962 as a special public holiday throughout the Philippines . In 1964 , Republic Act No. 4166 changed the date of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12 and renamed the July 4 holiday as Philippine Republic Day . World war II veteran benefits ( edit ) During World War II , over 200,000 Filipinos fought in defense of the United States against the Japanese in the Pacific theater of military operations , where more than half died . As a commonwealth of the United States before and during the war , Filipinos were legally American nationals . With American nationality , Filipinos were promised all the benefits afforded to those serving in the armed forces of the United States . In 1946 , Congress passed the Rescission Act ( 38 U.S.C. § 107 ) which stripped Filipinos of the benefits they were promised . Since the passage of the Rescission Act , many Filipino veterans have traveled to the United States to lobby Congress for the benefits promised to them for their service and sacrifice . Over 30,000 of such veterans live in the United States today , with most being United States citizens . Sociologists introduced the phrase `` Second Class Veterans '' to describe the plight of these Filipino Americans . Beginning in 1993 , numerous bills titled Filipino Veterans Fairness Act were introduced in Congress to return the benefits taken away from these veterans , only to die in committee . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , signed into law on February 17 , 2009 , included provisions to pay benefits to the 15,000 remaining veterans . On January 6 , 2011 Jackie Speier ( D - CA ) , U.S. Representative for California 's 12th congressional district , serving since 2008 , introduced a bill seeking to make Filipino WW - II veterans eligible for the same benefits available to U.S. veterans . In a news conference to outline the bill , Speier estimated that approximately 50,000 Filipino veterans survive . See also ( edit ) Moro Rebellion Negros Revolution Republic of Negros Republic of Zamboanga References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain ; December 10 , 1898 '' . The Avalon Project . New Haven , Connecticut : Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . 2008 . 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The Revolution Second Phase '' , History of the Filipino People ( Eighth ed . ) , University of the Philippines , pp. 187 -- 198 , ISBN 971 - 8711 - 06 - 6 Agoncillo , Teodoro Andal ( 1997 ) , Malolos : The Crisis of the Republic , University of the Philippines Press , ISBN 978 - 971 - 542 - 096 - 9 Beede , Benjamin R. ( 1994 ) , The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 7 Blanchard , William H. ( 1996 ) , `` 9 . Losing Stature in the Philippines '' , Neocolonialism American Style , 1960 -- 2000 , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 313 - 30013 - 5 Blitz , Amy ( 2000 ) , `` Conquest and Coercion : Early U.S. Colonalism , 1899 -- 1916 '' , The Contested State : American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9935 - 8 Brands , Henry William ( 1992 ) , Bound to empire : the United States and the Philippines , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507104 - 7 questia.com Burns , Adam D. `` Adapting to Empire : William H. Taft , Theodore Roosevelt , and the Philippines , 1900 - 08 , '' Comparative American Studies 11 ( Dec. 2013 ) , 418 - 33 . Constantino , Renato ( 1975 ) , The Philippines : A Past Revisited , ISBN 971 - 8958 - 00 - 2 Elliott , Charles Burke ( 1917 ) , The Philippines : To the End of the Commission Government , a Study in Tropical Democracy Golay , Frank H. ( 1997 ) , Face of empire : United States - Philippine relations , 1898 -- 1946 , Ateneo de Manila University Press , ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 254 - 2 . Halstead , Murat ( 1898 ) , `` XXVIII . Battles with the Filipinos before Manila '' , The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions , Including the Ladrones , Hawaii , Cuba and Porto Rico Jernegan , Prescott F ( 2009 ) , The Philippine Citizen , BiblioBazaar , LLC , ISBN 978 - 1 - 115 - 97139 - 3 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1921 ) , The Present Government of the Philippines , Oriental commercial , ISBN 1 - 4067 - 4636 - 3 , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 ( Note : 1 . The book cover incorrectly lists author as `` Maximo M Lalaw '' , 2 . Originally published in 1921 by The McCullough Printing Co. , Manila ) Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` V . The Katipunan revolt under Bonifacio and Aguinaldo '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 69 -- 98 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` VI . The Revolutionary Government '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 99 -- 163 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` VII . The Opposition to American Sovereignty ( 1898 -- 1901 ) '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 99 -- 163 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix A. Act of the Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 413 -- 417 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 ( English translation by the author . Original in Spanish ) Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix C. Aguinaldo 's Proclamation of June 23 , 1898 , Establishing the Revolutionary Government '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 423 -- 429 , retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 Kalaw , Maximo Manguiat ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix D . The Political Constitution of the Philippine Republic '' , The Development of Philippine Politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 430 -- 445 , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 ( English translation by the author . Original in Spanish ) Kalaw , Maximo M. ( 1927 ) , `` Appendix F : President McKinley 's Instructions to the Taft Commission '' , The development of Philippine politics , Oriental commercial , pp. 452 -- 459 , retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 Karnow , Stanley ( 1990 ) , In Our Image , Century , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 3732 - 9 Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 2006 ) , Philippine history and government , Phoenix Publishing House , ISBN 978 - 971 - 06 - 1894 - 1 Miller , Stuart Creighton ( 1984 ) , Benevolent Assimilation : The American Conquest of the Philippines , 1899 -- 1903 ( 4th edition , reprint ed . ) , Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 03081 - 5 Seekins , Donald M. ( 1993 ) , `` The First Phase of United States Rule , 1898 -- 1935 '' , in Dolan , Ronald E. , Philippines : A Country Study ( 4th ed . ) , Washington , D.C. : Federal Research Division , Library of Congress , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 25 Trask , David F. ( 1996 ) , The war with Spain in 1898 , University of Nebraska Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9429 - 5 Taylor , John R.M. , ed. ( 1907 ) , `` Chapter I. Telegraphic Correspondence of Emilio Aguinaldo , July 15 , 1898 to February 28 , 1899 , Annotated '' ( PDF ) , Compilation of Philippine Insurgent Records , Arms Research Library , originally from War Department , Bureau of Insular Affairs , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 External link in publisher = ( help ) Thayer , William Roscoe ( 1919 ) , `` VII . The Rough Rider '' , Theodore Roosevelt ; an intimate biography , Boston : Houghton Mifflin Titherington , Richard Handfield ( 1900 ) , A history of the Spanish -- American War of 1898 , D. Appleton and Company ( republished by ( 1 ) ) Wolff , Leon ( 2006 ) , Little brown brother : how the United States purchased and pacified the Philippine Islands at the century 's turn , History Book Club ( published 2005 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58288 - 209 - 3 ( Introduction , Decolonizing the History of the Philippine -- American War , by Paul A. Kramer dated December 8 , 2005 ) Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` II . Was independence promised ? '' , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 39 -- 43 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` III . Insurgent `` Coöperation '' `` , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 43 -- 74 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` IV . The Premeditated Insurgent Attack '' , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 75 -- 89 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1914 ) , `` IX , The conduct of the war '' , The Philippines : Past and Present ( vol. 1 of 2 ) , Macmillan , pp. 168 -- 184 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 7715 - X , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Zaide , Sonia M. ( 1994 ) , The Philippines : A Unique Nation , All - Nations Publishing Co. , ISBN 971 - 642 - 071 - 4 Primary sources ( edit ) Aguinaldo , Don Emilio y Famy , `` Chapter I . The Revolution of 1896 '' , True Version of the Philippine Revolution , Authorama : Public Domain Books , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Aguinaldo , Don Emilio y Famy , `` Chapter II . The Treaty of Biak - na - bató '' , True Version of the Philippine Revolution , Authorama : Public Domain Books , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Aguinaldo , Don Emilio y Famy , `` Chapter III . Negotiations '' , True Version of the Philippine Revolution , Authorama : Public Domain Books , retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 Guevara , Sulpico , ed. ( 2005 ) , The laws of the first Philippine Republic ( the laws of Malolos ) 1898 -- 1899. , Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library ( published 1972 ) , retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . ( English translation by Sulpicio Guevara ) Further reading ( edit ) Abinales , Patricio N. ; Amoroso , Donna J. ( 2005 ) , State and Society in the Philippines , Philippines : Anvil Publishing , U.S. : Rowman and Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1024 - 7 Agoncillo , Teodoro Andal ( 1974 ) , Introduction to Filipino History , Garotech publishing , ISBN 971 - 8711 - 05 - 8 Alcantra , Teresita A. ( 2002 ) , Arcella , Lydia , ed. , Views on Philippine Revolution , I , Quezon City : University of the Philippines , ISBN 971 - 92410 - 1 - 2 Alcantra , Teresita A. ( 2002 ) , Arcella , Lydia , ed. , Views on Philippine Revolution , II , Quezon City : University of the Philippines , ISBN 971 - 92410 - 1 - 2 Arcilla , José S. ( 1994 ) , An introduction to Philippine history ( Fourth , enlarged ed . ) , Atoneo De Mamila University Press , ISBN 971 - 550 - 261 - X Gates , John M. ( Summer 1985 ) , `` The Official Historian and the Well - Placed Critic : James A. LeRoy 's Assessment of John R.M. Taylor 's `` The Philippine Insurrection against the United States '' `` , The Public Historian , 7 ( 3 ) : 57 -- 67 , doi : 10.2307 / 3377127 , JSTOR 3377127 Richard W. Stewart , ed. ( 2005 ) , `` 16 . Change , and the Road to war , 1902 -- 1917 '' , American Military History , Volume I : The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation , 1775 -- 1917 , Center of Military History , United States Army , ISBN 0 - 16 - 072362 - 0 Zuleta , Francisco M. ; Nebres , Abriel M. ( 2007 ) , Philippine History and Government Through the Years , National Bookstore , ISBN 971 - 08 - 6344 - 4 Philippines . Civil Service Board ( 1906 ) . Annual Report of the Philippine Civil Service Board to the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands , Issue 5 . Contributors United States . Philippine Commission ( 1900 -- 1916 ) , United States . Bureau of Insular Affairs . Bureau of Public Printing . ISBN 9715501680 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . ( hide ) Philippines articles History Timeline Prehistory ( Pre-900 ) Archaic Era ( 900 -- 1521 ) Colonial era ( 1521 -- 1946 ) Spanish period ( 1521 -- 1898 ) American period ( 1898 -- 1946 ) Postcolonial era ( 1946 -- 1986 ) Third Republic ( 1946 -- 65 ) Marcos dictatorship ( 1965 -- 86 ) Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) By topic Archaeology Demographic Discoveries Economic history Inventions Military Geography Bays Biosphere reserves Climate Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Extreme points Island groups islands Lakes Landmarks Mountains National parks Protected areas Ramsar sites Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife World Heritage Sites Politics Government Executive President Executive Office Cabinet Civil service National Police Legislature Congress Senate Senate President President pro tem House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Supreme Court Judiciary Court of Appeals Law Constitution Philippine legal codes Human rights Intelligence National Bureau of Investigation National Counter-Terrorism Action Group National Intelligence Coordinating Agency Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency Uniformed Armed Forces of the Philippines Philippine Air Force Philippine Army Philippine Navy Philippine Marine Corps Philippine Coast Guard Administrative divisions Elections Foreign relations Political parties Economy Agriculture Business process outsourcing Central Bank Energy Fiscal policy National debt Labor Peso Stock Exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Science and technology Water and Sanitation Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Income inequality Languages Poverty Provinces by HDI Refugees Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural Properties Dance Fashion and clothing Festivals Historical Markers Literature Media Music Mythology Public holidays Psychology Sexuality Sports Traditional games Value system Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Arnis Flag Name Narra Philippine eagle Sampaguita Book Philippines portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1898 -- 1946 ) &oldid = 831741758 '' Categories : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) History of the Philippines by period Former colonies in Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Español Bahasa Indonesia Português Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 00 : 39 . 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"The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 covers the period of American rule in the Philippines and began with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898, when the Philippines was still part of the Spanish East Indies, and concluded when the United States formally recognised the independence of the Republic of the Philippines on July 4, 1946."
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7782829819874192347 | Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again | Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again - Wikipedia Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Theatrical release poster Directed by Ol Parker Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Ol Parker Story by Catherine Johnson Richard Curtis Ol Parker Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Amanda Seyfried Lily James Christine Baranski Julie Walters Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsgård Dominic Cooper Andy García Cher Meryl Streep Music by Anne Dudley Cinematography Robert Yeoman Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Playtone Littlestar Productions Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) ( Hammersmith Apollo ) July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $392.8 million Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker , from a story by Parker , Catherine Johnson , and Richard Curtis . It is a follow - up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia ! , which in turn is based on the musical of the same name using the music of ABBA . The film features an ensemble cast , including Lily James , Amanda Seyfried , Christine Baranski , Julie Walters , Pierce Brosnan , Andy García , Dominic Cooper , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Jessica Keenan Wynn , Alexa Davies , Jeremy Irvine , Josh Dylan , Hugh Skinner , Cher , and Meryl Streep . Both a prequel and a sequel , the plot is set after the events of the first film , and also features flashbacks to 1979 , telling the story of Donna Sheridan 's arrival on the island of Kalokairi and her first meetings with her daughter Sophie 's three possible fathers . Due to the financial success of the first film , Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel . The film was officially announced in May 2017 , with Parker hired to write and direct . In June 2017 , many of the original cast confirmed their involvement , with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July . Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia , and at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England . A British and American joint venture , the film was co-produced by Playtone , Littlestar Productions and Legendary Entertainment . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16 , 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20 , 2018 , ten years to the week of its predecessor 's release , in both standard and IMAX formats . The film has been a box office success , grossing over $392 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews , with critics praising the performances and musical numbers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Sophie Sheridan is preparing for the grand reopening of her mother Donna 's hotel , following Donna 's death a year earlier . She is upset because two of her fathers , Harry and Bill , are unable to make it to the reopening and she is having trouble in her relationship with Sky , who is in New York , over her memorializing her mother 's life . In 1979 , a young Donna graduated from Oxford 's New College with Rosie and Tanya , and prepares to travel the world . In Paris , she meets and parties with Harry . They spend the night together , but Donna leaves soon after . She later misses her boat to Kalokairi but is offered a ride by Bill , and along the way , they are able to help a stranded fisherman , Alexio , make it in time to stop the love of his life from marrying another . Unbeknownst to Donna , Harry has followed her to Greece ; but he arrived too late , and sadly watches the boat sailing off in the distance . In the present , Tanya and Rosie arrive to support Sophie with the reopening and it 's revealed that Rosie and Bill have split up . Sophie then visits Sam , who is still grieving over the death of Donna . Back in the past , Donna arrives on the island and while exploring the farmhouse , a sudden storm causes her to discover a spooked horse in the basement . She goes in search of help only to find a young Sam riding his motorcycle and he helps her to save the horse . Back in the present , a storm has caused serious disruption to Sophie 's plans for the grand reopening and prevented media coverage of the event . Back in the past , Donna and Sam are enjoying a whirlwind romance , that ends when Donna discovers a picture of Sam 's fiancée in his drawer . A devastated Donna demands that Sam leave the island . In the present , Sam tells Sophie about her value to her mother . Meanwhile , Harry leaves his business deal in Tokyo to support Sophie , and separately Bill gets the same idea . Bill and Harry meet at the docks but are told there are no boats . However , Alexio gives Bill , Harry and the newly arrived Sky boat passage . In the past , a depressed Donna is heartbroken over Sam but is able to channel her anger into singing with Tanya and Rosie . She meets Bill again and they go out on his boat ; while they are gone , Sam returns , having recently ended his engagement for Donna , but is saddened to hear that she is with another man and leaves the island again . Donna discovers she is pregnant but has no idea which one of her three recent lovers is the father . Sofia , the mother of the owner of the bar where Donna and the Dynamos performed , overhears Donna 's wish to stay on the island and offers to let Donna live at her farmhouse and Donna happily accepts . It is there that she eventually gives birth to Sophie . Back in the present , the guests have arrived at the party and Sophie is reunited with her other two fathers and Sky . Sophie reveals to Sky she is pregnant and has never felt closer to her mother , having now understood what her mother went through . Bill and Rosie reunite over their grief for Donna . Sophie 's estranged grandmother and Donna 's mother , Ruby , arrives despite Sophie having decided not to invite her . She reveals that Sky tracked her down in New York and she wants to build a real relationship with Sophie . Sophie then performs a song with Tanya and Rosie in honor of her mother , with her grandmother tearfully telling her afterward how proud she is of her . It is then revealed that the manager of the hotel , Fernando , is Ruby 's ex-lover from 1959 in Mexico , and the two are joyously reunited . Nine months later , Sophie has given birth to a baby boy named Donny . Everyone has gathered for his christening where Tanya flirts with Fernando 's brother . The ceremony takes place with Donna 's spirit watching over her daughter with pride . At the end , all the characters , including Donna and the younger cast , sing `` Super Trouper '' at a huge party at Hotel Bella Donna . Cast ( edit ) Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 25 - year - old daughter , and Ruby 's granddaughter . Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan - Carmichael , Sophie 's late mother , Ruby 's daughter , and Sam 's wife . Lily James as Young Donna , founder of Donna and the Dynamos . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a rich three - time divorcee . Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a fun - loving author in a relationship with Bill . Alexa Davies as Young Rosie . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , an architect , Sophie 's possible father , and Donna 's widower . Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father , a British businessman . Hugh Skinner as Young Harry . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer , Sofia 's great - nephew , Lazaros 's cousin , and also as Kurt Anderson , Bill 's obese brother . Josh Dylan as Young Bill . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's husband . Cher as Ruby Sheridan , Donna 's mother , Sophie 's grandmother , and Sam 's mother - in - law . Andy García as Fernando Cienfuegos , the Mexican manager of the Hotel Bella Donna and an old lover of Ruby 's from 1959 . Omid Djalili as a Greek customs officer . Celia Imrie as the Vice-Chancellor of the university at which Donna , Tanya and Rosie studied . Maria Vacratsis as Sofia , a local who owns the shack that Donna stays in , which eventually becomes Donna 's home , and Bill 's great aunt . Panos Mouzourakis as Lazaros , Sofia 's son and Bill 's cousin who owns the bar at which both his band and Donna and the Dynamos perform . Gerard Monaco as Alexio , a local Greek fisherman . Anna Antoniades as Apollonia , Alexio 's lover and later wife . Cameo appearances Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor . Benny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during `` Waterloo '' . Jonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos , Fernando Cienfuegos 's widower brother . Musical numbers ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again : The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 13 , 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally , respectively . The album was produced by Benny Andersson , who also served as the album 's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer . Each song is featured within the film , with the exception of `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' and `` The Day Before You Came '' . `` Thank You for the Music '' -- Sophie `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos , Vice-Chancellor `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` One of Us '' -- Sophie and Sky `` Waterloo '' -- Young Harry and Young Donna `` SOS '' -- Sam `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' -- Young Bill , Young Donna and Young Harry `` I Have a Dream '' -- Young Donna `` Kisses of Fire '' -- Lazaros `` Andante , Andante '' -- Young Donna `` The Name of the Game '' -- Young Donna `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' -- Young Donna and Young Sam `` Mamma Mia '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` Angel Eyes '' -- Rosie , Tanya , and Sophie `` Dancing Queen '' -- Sophie , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , and Harry `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' -- Sophie , Rosie , and Tanya `` Fernando '' -- Ruby , Fernando `` My Love , My Life '' -- Young Donna , Donna , Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Ruby , Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sophie , Sky , Sam , Bill , Harry , Fernando , Young Donna , Young Rosie , Young Tanya , Young Bill , Young Sam , and Young Harry `` The Day Before You Came '' -- Donna Songs featured on the soundtrack album but omitted from the film . Songs featured in the film but omitted from the soundtrack album . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Due to Mamma Mia ! 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , co-chairman of Universal Pictures , told the Daily Mail that it would take a while , but there could be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there are still many ABBA songs to make use of . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . On September 27 , 2017 , Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film : `` When I Kissed the Teacher , '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) , '' and `` Angeleyes . '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' was cut from the film , but is included on the soundtrack album . Casting ( edit ) On June 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Seyfried would return as Sophie . Later that month , Dominic Cooper confirmed that he would return for the sequel , along with Streep , Firth and Brosnan as Sky , Donna , Harry , and Sam , respectively . In July 2017 , Baranski was also confirmed to return as Tanya . On July 12 , 2017 , Lily James was cast to play the role of young Donna . On August 3 , 2017 , Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were also cast in the film , with Irvine playing Brosnan 's character Sam in a past era , and Hugh Skinner to play Young Harry , Davies as a young Rosie , played by Julie Walters . On August 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn had been cast as a young Tanya , who is played by Baranski . Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård also reprised their roles as Rosie and Bill , respectively . On October 16 , 2017 , it was announced that singer and actress Cher had joined the cast , in her first on - screen film role since 2010 , and her first film with Streep since Silkwood . The part was written specifically for Cher , and she got to choose Andy Garcia as her romantic partner . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on August 12 , 2017 in Croatia , including the island of Vis . In October 2017 , the cast gathered at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , to film song and dance numbers with Cher . Filming wrapped on December 2 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released on July 20 , 2018 by Universal Pictures , in the UK , US and other selected countries in both standard and IMAX formats . The film premiered on July 16 , 2018 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London . Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer for the film was released on December 21 , 2017 , in front of Pitch Perfect 3 , another Universal Pictures film . Cher performed `` Fernando '' at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25 , 2018 , after footage of the film was shown . Universal sponsored YouTube stars the Merrell Twins to perform a cover version of the song `` Mamma Mia '' to promote the film . Home Media ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released via digital copy on October 9 , 2018 and released on DVD , Blu - ray , and 4K UHD Combo Pack on October 23 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of October 11 , 2018 , Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again has grossed $120.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $272.2 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $392.8 million , against a production budget of $75 million . In June 2018 , three weeks prior to its release , official industry tracking had the film debuting to $27 -- 33 million , which increased to as much as $36 million by the week of its release . It made $14.3 million on its first day , including $3.4 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $35 million , finishing second , behind fellow newcomer The Equalizer 2 ( $36 million ) , and besting the opening of the first film ( $27.8 million ) by over 24 % . It fell 57 % to $15.1 million in its second weekend , finishing second behind newcomer Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . In its third weekend the film grossed $9 million , dropping to fourth place , and $5.8 million in its fourth weekend , finishing seventh . In the United Kingdom , the film grossed $12.7 million in its opening weekend , topping the box office and achieving the fourth biggest opening for a film in 2018 . In its second weekend of international release , the film made $26.6 million ( for a running total of $98.6 million ) . Its largest new markets were France ( $1.7 million ) , Poland ( $1.3 million ) , Switzerland ( $223,000 ) and Croatia ( $151,000 ) , while its best holdovers were Australia ( $9.5 million ) , the UK ( $8.6 million ) and Germany ( $8.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Lily James ' performance as Young Donna was praised by critics as a `` breakout '' role . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 80 % based on 216 reviews , and a weighted average of 6.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again doubles down on just about everything fans loved about the original -- and my my , how can fans resist it ? '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 46 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score as its predecessor , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 83 % overall positive score . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian termed the sequel as `` weirdly irresistible '' and gave it three out of five stars . He described his reaction to the first film as `` a combination of hives and bubonic plague , '' but concedes that this time , the relentlessness and greater self - aware comedy made him smile . He concludes : `` More enjoyable than I thought . But please . Enough now . '' Mark Kermode of The Observer gave the film five stars and commented , `` This slick sequel delivers sharp one - liners , joyously contrived plot twists and an emotional punch that left our critic reeling . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film two and a half stars out of five , noting the absence of Streep for the majority of the film hindered his enjoyment , and saying , `` her absence is deeply felt since the three - time Oscar winner sang and danced her heart out as Donna Sheridan '' . Lindsay Bahr of Associated Press awarded the film three out of four stars , calling it `` wholly ridiculous '' , but complimenting its self - awareness . She also praised James ' performance and singing talent . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the sequel a mixed review , awarding it two stars out of four , criticizing the reprises of `` Dancing Queen '' and `` Super Trouper '' as uninspired , and feeling that some of the musical numbers dragged the pacing . He considered the younger counterparts to the main characters `` energetic '' and `` likeable . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time gave the film a mixed review , writing `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is atrocious . And wonderful . It 's all the reasons you should never go to the movies . And all the reasons you should race to get a ticket . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . People 's Choice Awards November 11 , 2018 The Comedy Movie of 2018 Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Pending Female Movie Star Lily James Pending Comedy Movie Star Amanda Seyfried Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Legendary Entertainment . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Imax Kicks Off Biggest Global Campaign Ever In 77 Countries : `` Films To The Fullest '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clopton , Ellis ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LATF Staff ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` New Music Friday : Tinashe , DJ Snake , Mamma Mia Soundtrack ... '' LATF USA . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Official Soundtrack Is Out Today '' . Umusic . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 Here We Go Again ! songs officially revealed by Benny from ABBA '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . CBS Studios . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Christine Baranski Returning For Universal 's ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' Sequel Adds Lily James ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ; N'Duka , Amanda ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel Adds Jeremy Irvine & ' Harlots ' Actress Alexa Davies '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' Casts Broadway Star Jessica Keenan Wynn '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here We Go Again : Mamma Mia ! Sequel Begins Production '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Here she goes again : Cher prepares to return to the big screen with appearance in Mamma Mia 2 '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Why Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Cast Cher As Meryl Streep 's Mother '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Demark , Nikolina ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Will the Filming of ' Mamma Mia ' Affect the Island of Vis ? '' . Total Croatia News . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares snap of young Dynamos in Mamma Mia 2 '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares photo from the set of Mamma Mia ! sequel '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Kat ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : The Dynamos Reunite as ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Starts Filming '' . BBC America . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 : Here We Go Again ! has officially finished filming '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Film Sequel Gets July 2018 Release Date '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Laura ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Meryl Streep and Cher to be dancing queens of Mamma Mia 2 premiere '' . Irish Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Shocker : ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Meets B.O. Waterloo As ' Equalizer 2 ' Is The No. 1 Winner That Takes It All With $35 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` October 23 Blu - ray , Digital and DVD Releases '' . Comingsoon.net . October 23 , 2018 . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Equalizer , ' ' Mamma Mia ' Sequels Head Toward $30 Million Domestic Openings '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' To Hit The High Note At Weekend Box Office With $30 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Top 20 : ' Equalizer 2 ' beats ' Mamma Mia ' by a hair '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Accomplished : ' Fallout ' $61 M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : New ' Mission : Impossible ' hits No. 1 '' . ABC News . Associated Press . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Notches Best 2nd Weekend For Franchise With $35 M ; ' Christopher Robin ' No Eeyore With $25 M -- Sunday Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again stays on song as box office recovery continues '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Ignites Record $92 M Overseas / $153.5 M Global Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : Lily James Is a Breakout , but This Energetic Sequel Misses Meryl Streep '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- feta fever dream sequel is weirdly irresistible '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- full of hits and emotion '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : ABBA - Fab Sequel Suffers From Streepless Throats '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Bask in the effervescent insanity of ' Mamma Mia 2 ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' a campy sequel sure to please fans , my my '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again Is Both Atrocious and Amazing '' . Time . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ USA TODAY Life staff ( 2018 - 09 - 24 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2018 : The nominees '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again on IMDb Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again at AllMovie ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Portal Films directed by Ol Parker Imagine Me & You ( 2005 ) Now Is Good ( 2012 ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_Here_We_Go_Again&oldid=866516930 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s prequel films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic musical films 2010s sequel films American comedy films American musical comedy films American romantic musical films American romantic comedy films American sequel films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films British sequel films Prequel films ABBA Films set in Greece Films set in Manhattan Films set in Oxford Films set in Paris Films set in Stockholm Films set in Tokyo Films set on islands Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in Croatia Films shot in London Films shot in Oxfordshire Films shot in Surrey IMAX films Jukebox musical films Mamma Mia ! Films set in 1979 Playtone films Universal Pictures films Legendary Pictures films Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films directed by Ol Parker Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who had cameo roles in mamma mia here we go again | [
"Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor.\nBenny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during \"Waterloo\".\nJonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos, Fernando Cienfuegos's widower brother.",
"Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor.\nBenny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during \"Waterloo\".\nJonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos, Fernando Cienfuegos's widower brother.",
"Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor.\nBenny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during \"Waterloo\".\nJonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos, Fernando Cienfuegos's widower brother."
] | [
"Björn Ulvaeus",
"Benny Andersson",
"Jonathan Goldsmith"
] |
-3583629348259073849 | Biltmore Estate | Biltmore estate - wikipedia Biltmore estate Biltmore Estate U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark District Biltmore House Show map of North Carolina Show map of the US Show all Location Buncombe County , North Carolina , North Carolina , United States Coordinates 35 ° 32 ′ 22.74 '' N 82 ° 33 ′ 3.42 '' W / 35.5396500 ° N 82.5509500 ° W / 35.5396500 ; - 82.5509500 Coordinates : 35 ° 32 ′ 22.74 '' N 82 ° 33 ′ 3.42 '' W / 35.5396500 ° N 82.5509500 ° W / 35.5396500 ; - 82.5509500 Built 1889 -- 95 Architect Richard Morris Hunt ; Frederick Law Olmsted Architectural style Châteauesque Website http://www.biltmore.com/ NRHP reference # 66000586 Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 ; 51 years ago ( 1966 - 10 - 15 ) Biltmore Estate is a large ( 6950.4 acre or 10.86 square miles ) private estate and tourist attraction in Asheville , North Carolina . Biltmore House , the main residence , is a Châteauesque - style mansion built by George Washington Vanderbilt II between 1889 and 1895 and is the largest privately owned house in the United States , at 178,926 square feet ( 16,622.8 m ) of floor space ( 135,280 square feet ( 12,568 m ) of living area ) . Still owned by George Vanderbilt 's descendants , it remains one of the most prominent examples of the Gilded Age . Contents 1 History 2 Architecture 3 Interiors 3.1 First floor 3.2 Second floor 3.3 Third and fourth floors 3.4 Bachelors ' wing 3.5 Basement 4 Park and landscape 5 Estate 6 In other media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In the 1880s , at the height of the Gilded Age , George Washington Vanderbilt II , youngest son of William Henry Vanderbilt , began to make regular visits with his mother , Maria Louisa Kissam Vanderbilt ( 1821 -- 1896 ) , to the Asheville , North Carolina , area . He loved the scenery and climate so much that he decided to create his own summer estate in the area , which he called his `` little mountain escape '' , just as his older brothers and sisters had built opulent summer houses in places such as Newport , Rhode Island , and Hyde Park , New York . Vanderbilt named his estate Biltmore derived from `` Bildt , '' Vanderbilt 's ancestors ' place of origin in Holland , and `` More '' , Anglo - Saxon for open , rolling land . A portion of the estate was once the community of Shiloh . Vanderbilt bought almost 700 parcels of land , including over 50 farms and at least five cemeteries . A spokesperson for the estate said in 2017 that archives show much of the land `` was in very poor condition , and many of the farmers and other landowners were glad to sell . '' The Biltmore Estate ( c. 1900 ) Construction of the house began in 1889 and continued well into 1896 . In order to facilitate such a large project , a woodworking factory and brick kiln , which produced 32,000 bricks a day , were built onsite , and a three - mile railroad spur was constructed to bring materials to the building site . Construction on the main house required the labor of well over 1,000 workers and 60 stonemasons . Vanderbilt went on extensive buying trips overseas as construction on the house was in progress . He returned to North Carolina with thousands of furnishings for his newly built home including tapestries , hundreds of carpets , prints , linens , and decorative objects , all dating between the 15th century and the late 19th century . Among the few American - made items were the more practical oak drop - front desk , rocking chairs , a walnut grand piano , bronze candlesticks and a wicker wastebasket . George Vanderbilt opened his opulent estate on Christmas Eve 1895 to invited family and friends from across the country , who were encouraged to enjoy leisure and country pursuits . Notable guests to the estate over the years included author Edith Wharton , novelist Henry James , ambassadors Joseph Hodges Choate and Larz Anderson , and Presidents William McKinley , Theodore Roosevelt , Woodrow Wilson , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , and Barack Obama . George married Edith Stuyvesant Dresser in 1898 in Paris , France ; their only child , Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt , was born at Biltmore in the Louis XV room in 1900 , and grew up at the estate . Driven by the impact of the newly imposed income taxes , and the fact that the estate was getting harder to manage economically , Vanderbilt initiated the sale of 87,000 acres ( 352 km2 ) to the federal government . After Vanderbilt 's unexpected death in 1914 of complications from an emergency appendectomy , his widow completed the sale to carry out her husband 's wish that the land remain unaltered , and that property became the nucleus of the Pisgah National Forest . Overwhelmed with running such a large estate , Edith began consolidating her interests and sold Biltmore Estate Industries in 1917 and Biltmore Village in 1921 . Edith intermittently occupied the house , living in an apartment carved out of the former Bachelors ' Wing , until the marriage of her daughter to John Francis Amherst Cecil in April 1924 . The Cecils went on to have two sons who were born in the same room as their mother . In an attempt to bolster the estate 's financial situation during the Great Depression , Cornelia and her husband opened Biltmore to the public in March 1930 at the request of the City of Asheville , which hoped the attraction would revitalize the area with tourism . Biltmore closed during World War II and in 1942 , 62 paintings and 17 sculptures were moved to the estate by train from the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. to protect them in the event of an attack on the United States . The Music Room on the first floor was never finished , so it was used for storage until 1944 , when the possibility of an attack became more remote . Among the works stored were the Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington and works by Rembrandt , Raphael , and Anthony van Dyck . David Finley , the gallery director , was a friend of Edith Vanderbilt and had stayed at the estate . After the divorce of the Cecils in 1934 , Cornelia left the estate never to return ; however , John Cecil maintained his residence in the Bachelors ' Wing until his death in 1954 . Their eldest son George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil , occupied rooms in the wing until 1956 . At this point Biltmore House ceased to be a family residence and has continued to be operated as a historic house museum . Younger son William A.V. Cecil , Sr. returned to the estate in the late 1950s and joined his brother to manage the estate when it was in financial trouble and make it a profitable and self - sustaining enterprise like his grandfather envisioned . He eventually inherited the estate upon the death of his mother , Cornelia , in 1976 , while his brother , George , inherited the then more profitable dairy farm which was split off into Biltmore Farms . In 1995 , while celebrating the 100th anniversary of the estate , Cecil turned over control of the company to his son , William A.V. Cecil , Jr . The Biltmore Company is privately held and of the 4,306.86 acres that make up Biltmore Estate , only 1.36 acres are in the city limits of Asheville , and the Biltmore House is not part of any municipality . The estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963 , and remains a major tourist attraction in Western North Carolina with 1.4 million visitors each year . After the death of William A.V. Cecil in October 2017 and his wife Mimi Cecil in November , their daughter Dini Pickering as board chair and their son Bill Cecil as CEO announced that the estate would continue to be run the same way . The house is assessed at $157.2 million but due to an agricultural deferment , county property taxes are paid on only $79.1 million of that . Architecture ( edit ) Waddesdon Manor was a principal source for the east elevation Vanderbilt commissioned prominent New York architect Richard Morris Hunt , who had previously designed houses for various Vanderbilt family members , to design the house in the Châteauesque style , using French Renaissance chateaus that Vanderbilt and Hunt had visited in early 1889 , including Château de Blois , Chenonceau and Chambord in France and Waddesdon Manor in England , as inspiration with their steeply pitched roofs , turrets and sculptural ornamentation . Hunt sited the four - story Indiana limestone - built home to face east with a 375 - foot facade to fit into the mountainous topography behind . The facade is asymmetrically balanced with two projecting wings connecting to the entrance tower with an open loggia to the left side and a windowed arcade to the right which held the Winter Garden that was fashionable during the Victorian era . The entrance tower contains a series of windows with decorated jambs that extend from the front door to the most decorated dormer at Biltmore on the fourth floor . The carved decorations include trefoils , flowing tracery , rosettes , gargoyles , and at prominent lookouts , grotesques . The staircase is one of the more prominent features of the east facade , with its three - story , highly decorated winding balustrade with carved statues of St. Louis and Joan of Arc by the Austrian - born architectural sculptor Karl Bitter . External video Biltmore , 24 : 36 , C - SPAN The south facade has the smallest dimensions for the house and is dominated by three large dormers on the east side and a polygonal turret on the west side . An arbor is attached to the house and is accessed from the library which is located on the ground floor . On the north end of the house , Hunt placed the attached stables , carriage house and its courtyard to protect the house and gardens from the wind . The 12,000 - square - foot complex housed Vanderbilt 's prized driving horses and the carriage house opposite the stables stored his 20 carriages in addition to any of his guest 's carriages . The rear western elevation is less elaborate than the front facade , with some windows not having any decoration at all . Two matching polygonal towers in the center are connected to the polygonal south turret by an open loggia that opens the main rooms of the house to the views of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the distance . The loggia is decorated overhead with terracotta tiles set in a herringbone pattern . The self - supporting ceramic tile vault and arch system was used extensively inside and outside of Biltmore , and was patented by Rafael Guastavino , a Spanish architect and engineer , who personally supervised the installation . The limestone columns were carved to reflect the sunlight in aesthetically pleasing and varied ways per Vanderbilt 's wish . The rusticated base is a contrast to the smooth limestone used on the remainder of the house . The steeply pitched roof is punctuated by 16 chimneys and covered with slate tiles that were affixed one by one . Each tile was drilled at the corners and wired onto the attic 's steel infrastructure . Copper flashing was then installed at the junctions to prevent water from penetrating . The fanciful flashing on the ridge of the roof was embossed with George Vanderbilt 's initials and motifs from his family crest , though the original gold leaf no longer survives . Biltmore House had electricity from the time it was built . With electricity less safe and fire more of a danger at the time , the house had six separate sections divided by brick fire walls . Vanderbilt paid little attention to the family business or his own investments and it is believed that the construction and upkeep of Biltmore depleted much of his inheritance . Interiors ( edit ) First floor ( edit ) The Triumphal Arch Biltmore has four acres of floor space and a total of 250 rooms in the house including 35 bedrooms for family and guests , 43 bathrooms , 65 fireplaces , three kitchens and 19th - century novelties such as electric elevators , forced - air heating , centrally controlled clocks , fire alarms , and a call - bell system . The principal rooms of the house are located on the ground floor . To the right of the marbled Entrance Hall , the octagonal , sunken Winter Garden is surrounded by stone archways with a ceiling of architecturally sculptured wood and multifaceted glass . The centerpiece is a marble and bronze fountain sculpture titled Boy Stealing Geese created by Karl Bitter . On the walls just outside the Winter Garden are copies of the Parthenon frieze . The Banquet Hall is the largest room in the house , measuring 42 feet wide and 72 feet long , with a 70 - foot - high barrel - vaulted ceiling . The table could seat 64 guests surrounded by rare Flemish tapestries and a triple fireplace that spans one end of the hall . On the opposite end of the hall is an organ gallery that houses a 1916 Skinner pipe organ . Left unfinished with bare brick walls , the Music Room was not completed and opened to the public until 1976 . It showcases a mantle designed by Hunt , and a large engraving by Albrecht Dürer called the Triumphal Arch commissioned by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I . The mantle had been stored in the stable for over 80 years . To the left of the entrance hall is the 90 - foot - long Tapestry Gallery , which leads to the Library , featuring three 16th - century tapestries representing The Triumph of Virtue Over Vice . Elsewhere on the walls are family portraits by John Singer Sargent , Giovanni Boldini and James Whistler . The two - story Library contains over 10,000 volumes in eight languages , reflecting George Vanderbilt 's broad interests in classic literature as well as works on art , history , architecture , and gardening . The second - floor balcony is accessed by an ornate walnut spiral staircase . The baroque detailing of the room is enhanced by the rich walnut paneling and the ceiling painting , The Chariot of Aurora , brought to Biltmore by Vanderbilt from the Palazzo Pisani Moretta in Venice , Italy . The painting by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini is the most important work by the artist still in existence . Second floor ( edit ) Master bedroom of George Vanderbilt The second floor is accessed by the cantilevered Grand Staircase of 107 steps spiraling around a four - story , wrought - iron chandelier holding 72 light bulbs . The Second Floor Living Hall is an extension of the grand staircase as a formal hall and portrait gallery , and was restored to its original configuration in 2013 . Several large - scale masterpieces are displayed in the hall , including two John Singer Sargent portraits of Biltmore 's architect , Richard Morris Hunt , and landscaper , Frederick Law Olmsted , both commissioned for the home by Vanderbilt . Located nearby in the south tower is George Vanderbilt 's gilded bedroom with furniture designed by Hunt . His bedroom connects to his wife 's Louis XV - style , oval - shaped bedroom in the north tower through a Jacobean carved oak paneled sitting room with an intricate ceiling . The suite of rooms includes the Damask Room ; the Claude Room , named after one of Vanderbilt 's favorite artists , Claude Lorrain ; the Tyrolean Chimney Room ; and the most grand , the Louis XV Room , so named due to its architectural scheme and furnishings that were very popular in the late nineteenth century . The suite was restored and opened to the public for the first time in 100 years in 2011 . Third and fourth floors ( edit ) The third floor has a number of guest rooms with names that describe the furnishing or artist that they were decorated with . The fourth floor has 21 bedrooms that were inhabited by housemaids , laundresses , and other female servants . Also included on the fourth floor is an Observatory with a circular staircase that leads to a wrought iron balcony with doorways to the rooftop where Vanderbilt could view his estate . Male servants were not housed here , however , but instead resided in rooms above the stable and complex . Bachelors ' Wing ( edit ) The Billiard Room is decorated with an ornamental plaster ceiling and rich oak paneling and was equipped with both a custom - made pool table and a carom table ( table without pockets ) . The room was mainly frequented by men , but ladies were welcome to enter as well . Secret door panels on either side of the fireplace led to the private quarters of the Bachelors ' Wing where female guests and staff members were not allowed . The wing includes the Smoking Room , which was fashionable for country houses , and the Gun Room , which held mounted trophies and displayed George Vanderbilt 's gun collection . Basement ( edit ) Guests of the estate could enjoy other activities that were found on the basement level , including an indoor 70,000 - gallon ( 265,000 - litre and 265 - cubic meter ) heated swimming pool with underwater lighting , one of the nation 's first bowling alleys installed in a private residence , and a gymnasium with once state - of - the - art fitness equipment . The service hub of the house is also found in the largest basement in the US , as the location for the main kitchen , pastry kitchen , rotisserie kitchen , walk - in refrigerators that provided an early form of mechanical refrigeration , the servants ' dining hall , laundry rooms and additional bedrooms for staff . Park and landscape ( edit ) Part of the gardens Wanting the best , Vanderbilt envisioned a park - like setting for his home and employed landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted to design the grounds . However , Olmsted was not impressed with the condition of the 125,000 acres ( 195 sq mi ; 510 km ) and advised for a park surrounding the house , establishing farms along the river and replanting the rest as a commercial timber forest , a plan to which Vanderbilt agreed . Gifford Pinchot and later Carl A. Schenck were hired to manage the forests , with Schenck establishing the first forestry education program in the U.S. , the Biltmore Forest School , on the estate grounds in 1898 . Another important aspect of the landscaping was the intentionally rustic three - mile ( 5 km ) Approach Road that began at the brick quoined and pebbledash stucco Lodge Gate at the edge of Biltmore Village , and ended at the sphinx - topped stone pillars at the Esplanade . In between , the lane was densely filled with natural and uncultivated looking foliage and shrubbery to provide a relaxing journey for guests . Olmsted made sure to incorporate 75 acres ( 30 ha ) of formal gardens that had been requested by Vanderbilt for the grounds directly surrounding the house . He constructed an Italian formal garden , a walled garden , a shrub and rose garden , fountains , and a conservatory with individual rooms for palms and orchids . There was also a bowling green , an outdoor tea room , and a terrace to incorporate the European statuary that Vanderbilt had brought back from his travels . At the opposite end of the Esplanade is the Rampe Douce , a graduated stairway zigzagging along a rough - cut limestone wall that leads to the grassy slope known as the Vista , topped with a statue of Diana , the goddess of the hunt . Water features were an important aspect of Victorian landscaping and Olmsted incorporated two for the estate : the Bass Pond created from an old creek - fed millpond and the Lagoon . Each was used for guest recreation like fishing and rowing . To supply water for the estate , Olmsted engineered two reservoirs . One was a spring - fed man - made lake on nearby Busbee Mountain . The other was a man - made , brick - lined reservoir , located behind the statue of Diana in the Vista , at an elevation of approximately 266 feet above the Esplanade . Estate ( edit ) Storage facility in the Biltmore Winery , 2017 Vanderbilt 's idea was to replicate the working estates of Europe . He asked Hunt and Olmsted to design a village with architecturally compatible buildings and picturesque landscaping as a source of income through building rental , a place to help carry out philanthropic programs , and an easy point of access between the estate and the train station . The result was Biltmore Village . The village included rental cottages complete with plumbing and central heating , a post office , shops , doctor 's office , school , and a church , known today as the Cathedral of All Souls . Intending that the estate could be self - supporting , Vanderbilt set up scientific forestry programs , poultry farms , cattle farms , hog farms , and a dairy . His wife , Edith , also enthusiastically supported agricultural reform and promoted the establishment of a state agricultural fair . In 1901 , the Vanderbilts provided financial assistance to Biltmore Industries , started by Biltmore Village resident Eleanor Vance , which taught young people how to make hand - carved furniture , woven baskets , homespun wool fabric , and more . The estate today covers approximately 8,000 acres ( 13 sq mi ; 32 km ) and is split in half by the French Broad River , overseen by The Biltmore Company , a trust set up by the family . The company is a large enterprise that is one of the largest employers in the Asheville area . Restaurants were opened in 1979 and 1987 as well as four gifts shops in 1993 . The former dairy barn was converted into the popular Biltmore Winery in 1985 . The AAA four - diamond 210 - room Inn on Biltmore Estate opened in 2001 , and in 2010 , the estate debuted Antler Hill Village , as well as a remodeled winery , and connected farmyard . In other media ( edit ) The Biltmore Estate licenses its name and design elements to a line of housewares , linens , and luggage called `` Biltmore For Your Home '' , marketed exclusively by Belk stores . The house has been featured in `` Empires of the Smoky Skies '' , a scenario in Sid Meier 's Civilization V . The estate and its surrounding forest make up the setting of Robert Beatty 's 2015 middle - grade novel Serafina and The Black Cloak and its sequels . The grounds and buildings of Biltmore Estate have appeared in a number of major motion pictures and TV series : Tap Roots ( 1948 ) The Swan ( 1956 ) The Pruitts of Southampton ( 1966 ) Being There ( 1979 ) The Private Eyes ( 1980 ) A Breed Apart ( 1984 ) Mr. Destiny ( 1990 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Richie Rich ( 1994 ) My Fellow Americans ( 1996 ) Patch Adams ( 1998 ) Return to the Secret Garden ( 2000 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) One Tree Hill ( 2003 ) The Clearing ( 2004 ) The Odd Life of Timothy Green ( 2012 ) Hannibal ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) List of Gilded Age mansions List of largest houses in the United States Richard Sharp Smith List of National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina National Register of Historic Places listings in Buncombe County , North Carolina References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2006 - 03 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Buncombe County Tax Records , http://www.buncombetax.org/ , Parcel ID 9637 - 94 - 40 - 00000 , Residential Building 22 ( mansion ) and Commercial Building 9 ( attached stable ) ; see also http://www.biltmore.com/visit/house_gardens/house/faq.asp Jump up ^ Sullivan , Mary Ann . `` Biltmore Estate '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` When Pearson 's Store disappeared '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . November 6 , 2016 . p . D6 . Jump up ^ Boyle , John ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Answer Man : Cemeteries on Biltmore Estate ? Who lived there before Vanderbilts ? '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biltmore House '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chase , Nan K. Asheville : A History , ( 2007 ) : 69 - 70 . Jump up ^ Hansley , Richard ( 2011 ) . Asheville 's Historic Architecture , pp. 151 - 52 . The History Press . Jump up ^ Kiss , Tony ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` Biltmore Estate hid precious art during World War II '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , John ( December 25 , 2017 ) . `` How will Biltmore Estate handle the transition to new owners ? '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2017 Buncombe County property and tax records Jump up ^ `` National Historic Landmark designation illustrates U.S. heritage '' . biltmore.com . ^ Jump up to : Carley , Rachel . Biltmore : An American Masterpiece , ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` Biltmore '' . C - SPAN . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dagmi , Jane . `` The Biltmore Estate : A Brief Architectural Tour '' . Bob Vila . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Motsinger , Carol ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Downton Abbey is on fire '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . p . T12 . Jump up ^ `` A Tour Through Biltmore Estate '' . FunTrivia . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henion , Leigh Ann ( December 2009 ) . `` Biltmore : Behind the Scenes '' . National Trust for Historic Preservation . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steele , Bruce ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Biltmore House renovation restores historic hallway '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poupore , Darren ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` New Suite of Rooms Now Open '' . Open House Official Blog of Biltmore . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark McKendree , Sue . `` A Technological Tour of the Biltmore Estate '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bill ( 2008 ) . Around Biltmore Village . Charleson : Arcadia Publishing . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 6853 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Cathedral of All Souls : History Jump up ^ Rickman , Ellen Erwin ( 2005 ) . Biltmore Estate . Charleston : Arcadia Publishing . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 1749 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://www.biltmore.com/belk Jump up ^ `` SERAFINA AND THE BLACK CLOAK '' . Kirkus Review . 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . General Hewitt , Mark Alan : The Architect & the American Country House . Yale University Press : New Haven & London 1990 , p. 1 - 10 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biltmore Estate . Official website Landmark designation U.S. National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biltmore_Estate&oldid=854250411 '' Categories : Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Houses completed in 1895 Palaces in the United States Vanderbilt family residences National Historic Landmarks in North Carolina Richard Morris Hunt buildings Museums in Asheville , North Carolina Historic house museums in North Carolina Houses in Asheville , North Carolina Châteauesque architecture in the United States Open - air museums in North Carolina Landscape design history of the United States Blue Ridge Parkway Tourist attractions in Asheville , North Carolina Blue Ridge National Heritage Area Frederick Law Olmsted works Reportedly haunted locations in Asheville , North Carolina National Register of Historic Places in Buncombe County , North Carolina 1895 establishments in North Carolina Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 00 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time someone lived in biltmore house | [
"After the divorce of the Cecils in 1934, Cornelia left the estate never to return; however, John Cecil maintained his residence in the Bachelors' Wing until his death in 1954. Their eldest son George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil, occupied rooms in the wing until 1956. At this point Biltmore House ceased to be a family residence and has continued to be operated as a historic house museum.\n"
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"1956"
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4891460992735418734 | Tim Hortons | Tim Hortons - Wikipedia Tim Hortons Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the restaurant chain . For the ice hockey player who co-founded the chain , see Tim Horton . Tim Hortons Inc . Corporate headquarters in Oakville , Ontario , Canada Formerly called Tim Horton Donuts Tim Donuts Limited The TDL Group Type Subsidiary Industry Restaurants Founded May 17 , 1964 ; 54 years ago ( 1964 - 05 - 17 ) Hamilton , Ontario , Canada Founders Tim Horton Jeffrey Ritumalta Horton Ron Joyce Headquarters Oakville , Ontario , Canada Number of locations 4,613 ( December 31 , 2016 ) Areas served Canada Ireland Oman Saudi Arabia Kuwait United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Philippines Qatar Mexico Spain Key people Alex Behring ( Chairman of Restaurant Brands International ) Daniel Schwartz ( CEO of Restaurant Brands International ) Alex Macedo ( President of Tim Hortons ) Revenue US $ $3.00 billion ( 2016 ) Net income US $ 511.7 million ( 2015 RBI ) Number of employees 100,000 ( 2008 ) Parent Wendy 's International ( 1995 -- 2006 ) Restaurant Brands International ( 2014 -- present ) Website TimHortons.com Tim Hortons Inc. ( known internationally as Tim Hortons Cafe and Bake Shop , colloquially and corporately known as Timmys , Timmy , or Tims ) is a Canadian - based multinational fast food restaurant known for its coffee and donuts . It is also Canada 's largest quick service restaurant chain ; as of December 31 , 2016 , it had a total of 4,613 restaurants in nine countries . The company was founded in 1964 in Hamilton , Ontario , by Canadian hockey player Tim Horton ( 1930 -- 1974 ) and Jim Charade ( 1934 -- 2009 ) , after an initial venture in hamburger restaurants . In 1967 , Horton partnered with investor Ron Joyce , who assumed control over operations after Horton died in 1974 . Joyce expanded the chain into a multimillion - dollar franchise . Charade left the organization in 1966 and briefly returned in 1970 and 1993 through 1996 . On August 26 , 2014 , Burger King agreed to purchase Tim Hortons for US $11.4 billion ; the chain became a subsidiary of the Oakville - based holding company Restaurant Brands International on December 15 , 2014 , which is majority - owned by Brazilian investment firm 3G Capital . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1964 -- 1989 : Tim Horton and Ron Joyce 1.2 1990s : Name change and growth 1.3 1992 -- 1995 : Merger with Wendy 's 1.4 2002 -- 2006 : Regaining independence 1.5 2007 -- 2013 : Repatriation 1.6 2014 : Merger with Burger King 1.7 2015 -- present : Recent years 2 Locations 2.1 United States 2.2 Middle East 2.3 Asia 2.3. 1 Philippines 2.4 Europe 2.4. 1 United Kingdom 2.4. 2 Spain 3 Store growth 4 Partnerships 4.1 With Cold Stone Creamery 4.2 Military partnerships 5 Menu 5.1 Coffee and beverages 5.2 Food items 5.2. 1 Baking methods and lawsuit 6 Marketing 6.1 Roll Up the Rim to Win campaign 6.2 Scroll Up the Rim 6.3 Canadian cultural fixture 7 Community involvement 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) 1964 -- 1989 : Tim Horton and Ron Joyce ( edit ) Tim Hortons first store location at 65 Ottawa Street , Hamilton , Ontario The chain 's first store opened on May 17 , 1964 , in Hamilton , Ontario , under the name `` Tim Horton Donuts '' ; the name was later abbreviated to `` Tim Horton 's '' and then changed to `` Tim Hortons '' without the possessive apostrophe . The business was founded by Miles G. `` Tim '' Horton , who played in the National Hockey League from 1949 until his death in a traffic collision in 1974 . Horton had an initial venture in hamburger restaurants . Soon after Horton opened the store , he met Ron Joyce , a former Hamilton police constable . In 1965 , Joyce took over the fledgling Tim Horton Donut Shop on Ottawa Street North in Hamilton . By 1967 , after he had opened up two more stores , he and Tim Horton became full partners in the business . Upon Horton 's death in an auto crash in 1974 , Joyce bought out the Horton family 's shares for $1 million and took over as sole owner of the existing chain of forty stores . Joyce expanded the chain quickly and aggressively in both geography and product selection . The 500th store opened in 1991 . Ron Joyce 's aggressive expansion of the Tim Hortons business resulted in major changes to the Canadian coffee and doughnut restaurant market . Many independent doughnut shops and small chains were driven out of business , while Canada 's per - capita ratio of doughnut shops surpassed that of all other countries . 1990s : name change and growth ( edit ) Tim Hortons logo as used in the mid-1990s , and still the chain 's most common outdoor sign . The company had originally been incorporated as Tim Donut Limited . By the 1990s , the company name had changed to The TDL Group Ltd . This was an effort by the company to diversify the business , removing the primary emphasis on doughnuts , and continuing the expansion of the menu options as consumer tastes broadened . Some older locations retain signage with the company 's name including a possessive apostrophe , despite the fact that the official styling of the company 's name has been Tim Hortons , without an apostrophe , for at least a decade . The company had removed the apostrophe after signs using the apostrophe were interpreted by some to be breaking the language sign laws of the Province of Quebec in 1993 . The removal of the apostrophe allowed the company to have one common sign image across Canada . Although a number of Quebec locations have bilingual menuboards , the decision to have both languages represented is left to the discretion of each franchise owner . Some locations have French - only menu boards . It is the strong recommendation to all the Quebec restaurants from the TDL Group Corporation that they post bilingual menuboards in accordance with the standards being enforced by the Office québécois de la langue française . 1992 -- 1995 : merger with Wendy 's ( edit ) A Tim Hortons / Wendy 's joint restaurant in Markham , Ontario in 2015 . In 1992 , the owner of all Tim Hortons and Wendy 's Restaurants in Prince Edward Island , Daniel P. Murphy , decided to open new franchise outlets for both brands in the same building in the town of Montague . Murphy invited Joyce and Wendy 's chairman Dave Thomas to the grand opening of the `` combo store '' , where the two executives met for the first time and immediately established a rapport . Murphy 's success with combining coffee and doughnuts with Wendy 's fast food led to August 8 , 1995 acquisition of and merger with TDL Group by Wendy 's International , Inc. , an American company . Joyce became the largest shareholder in Wendy 's , even surpassing Thomas . TDL Group continued to operate as a separate subsidiary from its head office in Oakville , Ontario , although Joyce eventually retired from active management to pursue other interests . The sale was widely commented on in the media . In 1995 , the Toronto Star had a column reflecting on Tim Hortons `` selling out '' to Wendy 's with `` the spectacle of another great Canadian icon , one more priceless chocolate coconut cream - filled dutchie glazed cruller Timbit of our precious heritage , gone to Yankee burgerfat , ( rounding ) out the menus of the two chains by blending Tim Hortons morning meals and snacks with the strength enjoyed by Wendy 's in lunches and dinners ; burp ; and nobody around to pass the Maalox ? '' 2002 -- 2006 : regaining independence ( edit ) Tim Hortons franchises spread rapidly and eventually overtook McDonald 's as Canada 's largest food service operator . The company opened twice as many Canadian outlets as McDonald 's by 2005 , and system - wide sales also surpassed those of McDonald 's Canadian operations as of 2002 . The chain accounted for 22.6 % of all fast food industry revenues in Canada in 2005 . Under pressure from major investors Peter May and Nelson Peltz , in late 2005 , Wendy 's announced it would sell between 15 % and 18 % of the Tim Hortons operations in an initial public offering , which was completed on March 24 , 2006 , and subsequently said it would spin off to shareholders its remaining interest by the end of 2006 . Wendy 's cited increased competition between the two chains and Tim Hortons ' increasing self - sufficiency as reasons for its decision , but the company had been under shareholder pressure to make such a move because of the strength and profitability of the Tim Hortons brand . Peltz in 2008 acquired Wendy 's after pressuring them initially to spin off Tim Hortons . Shares of the company began trading on March 24 , 2006 , with an initial public offering of C $ 27 per share , raising over $700 million in the first day of trading . On September 24 , 2006 , Wendy 's spun off the rest of its shares in Tim Hortons , by distributing the remaining 82 % to its shareholders . On the same day , Tim Hortons was added to Canada 's benchmark stock - market indicator , the S&P / TSX Composite Index , and to the S&P / TSX 60 . Despite maintaining its operational headquarters in Oakville , the spun - off holding company , Tim Hortons Inc. , was initially incorporated in Delaware . As of March 2006 , Tim Hortons commanded 76 % of the Canadian market for baked goods ( based on the number of customers served ) and held 62 % of the Canadian coffee market ( compared to Starbucks , in the number two position , at 7 % ) . 2007 -- 2013 : repatriation ( edit ) On June 29 , 2009 , Tim Hortons Inc. announced that , pending shareholder approval , the chain 's operations would be reorganized under a new publicly traded company , also named `` Tim Hortons Incorporated , '' incorporated under the Canada Business Corporations Act . The change was being made primarily for tax purposes . On September 28 , 2009 , Tim Hortons Inc. announced it had completed the reorganization of its corporate structure to become a Canadian public company . In November 2010 , Tim Hortons extended Interac debit payment system acceptance to most of its stores . The company previously began accepting Interac in its stores in Western Canada in 2003 and , later , MasterCard and MasterCard PayPass across most of its stores in 2007 . The company often indicated the delay of broader or wider electronic payment acceptance was to `` ensure speed of service . '' In 2012 , Tim Hortons began accepting Visa cards , and in 2013 , began accepting American Express cards . As of late 2013 , Tim Hortons had `` 4,350 cafes across the world , out of which 3,500 are in Canada , 817 in the US and 33 in GCC . The Toronto Stock Exchange listed company recorded revenues of $794 million and net profit of $111 million in the September quarter . '' 2014 : merger with Burger King ( edit ) On August 24 , 2014 , US fast food chain Burger King announced that it was in negotiations to merge with Tim Hortons Inc ; the proposed $18 billion merger would involve a tax inversion into Canada , with a new holding company majority - owned by 3G Capital , and the remaining shares in the company held by current Burger King and Tim Hortons shareholders . A Tim Hortons representative stated that the proposed merger would allow Tim Hortons to leverage Burger King 's resources for international growth ; the two chains would retain separate operations post-merger . News of the proposal caused Tim Hortons ' shares to increase in value by 28 percent . On August 25 , 2014 , Burger King officially confirmed its intent to acquire Tim Hortons Inc. in a deal totalling CDN $12.5 billion ( US $11.4 billion ) . 3G Capital offered to purchase the company at $65.50 per - share , with existing shareholders receiving $65.50 in cash and 0.8025 shares in the new holding company : per - share -- all - cash ( $88.50 ) and all - shares ( 3.0879 ) options were also made available . The agreement planned to result in 3G Capital ( which held a 71 % majority stake in Burger King ) holding a 51 % majority stake in the new company , Tim Hortons ' existing shareholders owning 22 % , and Burger King 's owning 27 % with the new entity based in Oakville and listed on both the TSX and New York Stock Exchange . Per the agreement , Burger King CEO Daniel Schwartz became CEO of the company , with existing Tim Hortons CEO Marc Caira becoming vice-chairman and director ; Burger King itself still operated out of its existing headquarters in Miami . It was announced the deal would form the third - largest fast food restaurant company in the world . On October 28 , 2014 , the deal was approved by the Competition Bureau of Canada , but had yet to be approved by Industry Canada . The Bureau ruled that the deal was `` unlikely to result in a substantial lessening or prevention of competition . '' Former CEO Marc Caira reassured the integrity of Tim Hortons following the purchase , stating that the acquisition would `` enable us to move more quickly and efficiently to bring Tim Hortons iconic Canadian brand to a new global customer base . '' On October 30 , 2014 , various media covered a Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives study which suggested that Burger King 's proposed takeover of Tim Hortons is `` likely to have overwhelmingly negative consequences for Canadians . '' This study analysed Burger King 's private equity owner , 3G Capital , past takeovers of Burger King , Heinz , and Anheuser - Busch and declared that `` it has a 30 - year history of aggressive cost cutting , which could hurt Tim Hortons employees , small - businesspeople , Canadian taxpayers , and consumers . '' The deal was approved by Minister of Industry James Moore ( of the governing Conservative Party of Canada ) on December 4 , 2014 : The two companies agreed to Moore 's conditions , requiring that the Burger King and Tim Hortons chains retain separate operations and not combine locations , maintain `` significant employment levels '' at the Oakville headquarters , and ensure that Canadians make up at least 30 % of Tim Hortons ' board of directors . Tim Hortons shareholders approved the merger on December 9 , 2014 ; the two chains merged under the new parent company Restaurant Brands International ( RBI ) , which began trading on December 15 , 2014 . According to CBC News , `` how the government will enforce ( Moore 's ) conditions is unclear . '' 2015 -- present : recent years ( edit ) In May 2015 , the company announced the closure of its U.S. headquarters in Dublin , Ohio ; in March 2015 , it had 127 employees . This headquarters was a relic of the former merger with Wendy 's , which is also based in Dublin . In August 2016 , Tim Hortons again changed presidents. ( ( eho ? ) In September 2016 , Tim Hortons announced it would be expanding into the United Kingdom , with an unannounced number of locations to be built . Revenue in 2015 for RBI was US $ 4.0522 billion with a rise to $4.15 billion in 2016 . Tim Hortons had 683 U.S. locations by the end of 2016 , and total annual revenue of US $3.00 billion . In 2018 , Tim Hortons became the subject of controversy after the raise of minimum wage in Ontario from $11.60 to $14.00 an hour . Some Tim Hortons franchises in Ontario indicated that employee benefits such as paid breaks and health plan contributions would be cut . In one case , owners posted a memo encouraging employees to contact the Ontario Premier , Kathleen Wynne , and indicate that they `` will not vote Liberal in the coming Ontario election in June 2018 . '' Wynne responded by saying `` I 'm happy to talk to any business owner about the minimum wage but taking it out on employees is not fair and not acceptable . '' Around 50 demonstrations were held across Canada , including 38 in Ontario , in response to the benefit cuts . The minimum wage controversy hurt the chain 's reputation ; usually placing in the top 10 of the Leger research poll for the top 10 companies or brands in Canada , Tim Hortons took a massive hit , dropping from 4th place in 2017 , to 50 in 2018 . In April 2018 , Tim Hortons announced that they would be moving their head office along with its 400 employees to the Exchange Tower in Downtown Toronto . Locations ( edit ) A drive - thru - only Tim Hortons location in Moncton , New Brunswick Tim Hortons was originally concentrated in Ontario and Atlantic Canada . In recent years , however , the chain has greatly expanded its presence into Quebec and western Canada . Its location in Iqaluit , Nunavut , is the northernmost store as of 2010 . Tim Hortons ' international presence includes outlets in the United States and one that was on a military base outside Kandahar , Afghanistan , although this latter outlet was principally intended for Canadian Armed Forces and allied military personnel . Two more outlets are located in military bases at Fort Knox , Kentucky , and Naval Station Norfolk , Virginia . TDL Group recorded $1.48 billion in sales in 2005 and Tim Hortons ' products have become available in Ireland and Scotland at some SPAR convenience stores as of 2006 and Tesco supermarkets . Tim Hortons ' other international expansions include a small outlet at the Dublin Zoo . Tim Hortons also made a deal with the Spar convenience store chain in the UK and Ireland , resulting in Tim Hortons coffee and doughnuts being sold at small self - service counters in 50 Spar stores as of April 30 , 2007 . It also has a partnership with Tops Markets in the United States . In March 2010 , Tim Hortons announced further expansion on both sides of the Canada -- US border to be completed by 2013 . The plan calls for 600 new stores in Canada ( primarily in Quebec and Western Canada but also including smaller communities ) and 300 new stores in the US ( primarily in its existing markets of Michigan , New York , and Ohio ) . It also for expansion into such non-standard store locations as hospitals , universities , and airports , as well as extending its co-branding initiative with US ice cream chain Cold Stone Creamery , which began in 2009 , to cover 60 Canadian stores and 25 -- 35 new and existing US stores . It will also include testing a new café / bake shop concept in at least 10 existing US locations , including `` enhanced finishes , fixtures , and seating areas '' as well as an expansion of menu offerings . In October 2010 , Tim Hortons confirmed that it is planning to open three kiosks at NorthMart stores in Iqaluit , Nunavut , in November 2010 , as part of a joint venture with The North West Company , the owners of NorthMart . This opening will make Tim Hortons a fully Canadian operation with stores in every province and territory ; the new branch will become its northernmost . The Tim Hortons logo in these kiosks will feature Inuktitut characters . According to Nick Javor , senior vice-president of corporate affairs at Tim Hortons , `` You could say it 's overdue . If we can be in Kandahar , why ca n't we be in Iqaluit ? '' In December 2011 , Tim Hortons opened its 4000th restaurant . In 2012 , Tim Hortons Inc. recorded its total revenues at $3.12 billion ( CDN ) . As of 2012 the company had expanded across Canada . As of June 30 , 2013 , Tim Hortons has 4,304 restaurants , including 3,802 in Canada , 807 in the United States , 29 in the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Persian Gulf . Tim Hortons reportedly had plans by 2013 plans to enter the large Indian market , which the company denied . Tim Hortons officially opened its first Southeast Asian store in Manila , Philippines on February 28 , 2017 . United States ( edit ) Tim Hortons United States Logo where it is known as Tim Hortons Cafe & Bake Shop A Tim Hortons store at Penn Station in New York City in 2010 . Initially , the US stores were the result of natural expansion in Canada -- U.S. border areas ( e.g. , stores in Maine and the Buffalo , New York area where Horton played from 1972 to 1974 as a member of the Buffalo Sabres ) . The first United States locations were opened in Deerfield Beach , Florida and Pompano Beach , Florida in 1981 , but they proved unsuccessful and were closed . In 1985 , the chain returned to the US with a location on Niagara Falls Boulevard in the Buffalo suburb of Amherst , New York . Starting in the mid-1990s , however , the chain began expanding in the US by acquiring former locations from fast food chains . In 1996 and 1997 , thirty - seven former Rax Restaurants locations in Ohio , Kentucky , and West Virginia were bought by Wendy 's International Inc. ; 30 of these were converted to Tim Hortons , while the others became Wendy 's franchise locations . Thirty - five closed Hardee 's stores in the Detroit area were also purchased with the intention of being converted . By 2004 , the chain had also acquired 42 Bess Eaton coffee and doughnut restaurants situated in southern New England . Several combination Wendy 's / Tim Hortons units were opened in the US ; both in the `` traditional '' markets of Maine and Buffalo , where there were well over 180 locations as of 2011 , and in the markets entered through acquisition . In October 2008 , Tim Hortons announced a plan to add 82 locations in Tops Markets stores in the United States . On July 13 , 2009 , Tim Hortons opened stores in New York City at former Dunkin ' Donuts locations operated by the Riese Organization . One of the stores is located at Madison Square Garden , where Horton played as a member of the New York Rangers from 1969 to 1971 . In 2009 , Tim Hortons opened its first store in Albany , NY , with more stores on the way . Tim Hortons continued its southward expansion in the US by opening a restaurant at Naval Station Norfolk , Norfolk , Virginia , in mid-December 2009 . In November 2010 , Tim Hortons announced it was closing 36 stores in the northeastern United States due to high competition with New England - based Dunkin ' Donuts and Au Bon Pain . The stores , which made less than half the average company per - store sales , were concentrated heavily in the Providence , Rhode Island , and Hartford , Connecticut , areas , the former of which also has a concentration of stores from the locally - competing Honey Dew Donuts chain , itself with some 150 outlets in Rhode Island and Southeastern Massachusetts . In the announcement , the chain stated that it will concentrate its efforts on its core markets such as western Canada . In the same statement , the company announced the sale of its portion of distribution company Maidstone Bakeries to Tim Hortons ' European partners . It will use the C $ 400 million generated by the sale for a stock buyback . In 2010 , Tim Hortons opened two kiosks at Consol Energy Center ( now known as PPG Paints Arena ) in Pittsburgh , partly as a test to eventual expansion into Pittsburgh ( their closest locations at that point were in the Wheeling , West Virginia / Steubenville , Ohio area ) as well as Pittsburgh Penguins star Sidney Crosby having a longtime sponsorship with the chain as well . In addition , Horton played for the Maple Leafs American Hockey League affiliate , the Pittsburgh Hornets , earlier in his career as well as the Penguins for one season in 1971 -- 72 . Aramark , which operated the kiosks , closed them in 2012 , however Tim Hortons proceeded to open full - service locations in Pittsburgh and surrounding areas in July 2012 . At the time of the entry into Pittsburgh , of the four NHL cities Horton played in ( Buffalo , New York City , Toronto , and Pittsburgh ) , Pittsburgh was the only one without a Tim Hortons location , and was also where Horton met his future wife , Lori . 2011 saw Tim Hortons aggressively expanding into the Grand Rapids , Michigan region . In 2012 , Tim Hortons began advertising in the Youngstown , Ohio area in anticipation of an eventual expansion into the Mahoning Valley . The closest location at the time was in Calcutta , Ohio , about 50 miles south of Youngstown . The chain entered the area in July 2012 with the opening of a location in Hermitage , Pennsylvania . As of 2012 the company had expanded across the US states of Connecticut , Indiana , Kentucky , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , and West Virginia . The first expansion into Indiana was the opening of a location in Richmond , Indiana 's east central side . On January 7 , 2014 , Tim Hortons opened a kiosk in the Gila River Arena ( where the Arizona Coyotes of the NHL play ) in Glendale , Arizona . On March 5 , 2014 , The Arizona Coyotes announced that as of March 10 , 2014 , the Tim Hortons stand would be open to the public from 9 : 00 to 15 : 00 , seven days a week . This location is the first Tim Hortons in Arizona . A flagship Tim Hortons location within the Buffalo area opened across from the KeyBank Center ( then First Niagara Center ) at the HarborCenter complex on October 29 , 2014 . The location honours the life and legacy of Tim Horton . The chain also planned to open 40 outlets in the St. Louis , Missouri area starting in 2015 , first selling coffee and hot chocolate at Scottrade Center during St. Louis Blues games , followed by the opening of a full - service store in the suburb of Maplewood and an `` express '' location inside a Frontenac bank building . In 2016 , Tim Hortons expand to Minnesota with a store inside Mall of America . Middle east ( edit ) Through franchise partnership with Dubai - based Apparel Group , Tim Hortons entered the United Arab Emirates in 2011 with store openings in Abu Dhabi , Dubai , and Fujairah , with the first location opening in September 2011 . As of December 2013 it has 19 stores in the United Arab Emirates , two in Oman and two in Saudi Arabia . They plan to open up to 120 stores over the next five years in the Persian Gulf area , with a focus on Qatar , Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , and the United Arab Emirates . Asia ( edit ) In an effort to expand the company following its 2014 merger with Burger King into Restaurant Brands International , Tim Hortons began expansion in Asia in 2017 citing the increasing demand for coffee and large populations . Philippines ( edit ) The first Asian branch was opened in the Philippines on February 28 , 2017 at Uptown Mall in Bonifacio Global City , Taguig . Miss Universe Canada 2016 , Siera Bearchell , was present for the ribbon - cutting ceremony . As of February 28 , 2018 , there are 11 branches operating in th Philippines . There are also 24 more branches that are soon to open ( 23 in Metro Manila and 1 in Pampanga Province ) . Europe ( edit ) United Kingdom ( edit ) In 2016 , Tim Hortons announced that they would be opening stores in the United Kingdom starting in 2017 . Glasgow saw the first UK store open its doors on June 2 , 2017 , with a further store opening in Bishopbriggs in November 2017 . In November 2017 , two stores in Cardiff opened , with a second planned to be opened by the end of the 2017 / 18 financial year in Dunfermline . In December 2017 , two further stores were opened in Trafford in the towns of Sale and Altrincham . On December 20 , 2017 the chain opened a store in the Golden Square Shopping Centre in Warrington . As of May 2018 Tim Hortons has 17 locations in the United Kingdom . Spain ( edit ) In December 2017 , Tim Hortons opened two stores in the center of Madrid and soon they will open one in the city of Pozuelo , near Madrid . The menu also includes typical Mediterranean drinks apart from the typical drinks of a Tim Hortons . Store growth ( edit ) Tim Hortons milestones Store # Location Date Note Hamilton , Ontario May 1964 100 Thunder Bay , Ontario December 1978 200 Hamilton , Ontario December 1984 300 Calgary , Alberta February 1987 400 Halifax , Nova Scotia February 1989 500 Aylmer , Quebec January 1991 700 Moncton , New Brunswick October 1993 1000 Ancaster , Ontario August 1995 1500 Pickerington , Ohio March 1997 also Wendy 's 5000th store 100 in US Columbus , Ohio July 31 , 1998 2000 Toronto , Ontario December 2000 2500 Cayuga , Ontario September 2003 3000 Orchard Park , New York December 14 , 2006 500 in US Detroit , Michigan 2008 4 in Kuwait Kuwait 2013 1 in Oman Oman 2012 2 in Philippines Philippines February 28 , 2017 13 in United Kingdom United Kingdom April 2017 19 in United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates September 2011 31 in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 2016 3 in Qatar Doha , Qatar May 2013 2 in Spain Madrid , Spain December 2017 3 in Mexico Monterrey , Mexico January 2018 Partnerships ( edit ) With Cold Stone Creamery ( edit ) Joint location on New York 's 42nd Street . The parent company of Cold Stone Creamery , Kahala , announced in February 2009 that it had reached an agreement with Tim Hortons to open up to 100 co-branded stores in the United States after successfully testing two locations in Rhode Island . The most notable co-branded store opened in August 2009 when Tim Hortons moved into three Cold Stone Creamery locations in New York City , including its flagship Times Square location . In June 2009 , Cold Stone Creamery started testing the Canadian market by opening its six co-branded locations with Tim Hortons in Ontario , and began expanding its test markets in Canada , including Calgary , Alberta , Nova Scotia , Ontario , New Brunswick , and British Columbia , and in the summer of 2010 , Cold Stone Creamery moved into six Tim Hortons locations in Quebec and one in each of Charlottetown , and Summerside , PEI . However , in February 2014 , Tim Hortons chief executive Marc Caira announced that they will be pulling Cold Stone Creamery from all its Canadian restaurants , although Tim Hortons would maintain its locations in the United States . Military partnerships ( edit ) Soldiers at the Tim Hortons in Kandahar , Afghanistan in 2007 . Tim Hortons has outlets located on at least seven Canadian Forces Bases . TDL Group announced in March 2006 , in response to a request by Chief of the Defence Staff , General Rick Hillier , its commitment to open a franchised location at the Canadian Forces operations base in Kandahar , Afghanistan . The new Kandahar location opened on July 1 , 2006 , in a 40 - foot ( 12 m ) trailer on the military base . The 41 staff members of the Kandahar outlet have been drawn from the Canadian Forces Personnel Support Agency who received training on such matters as how to handle a potential nuclear or biological attack before working at the military base . The Canadian Federal government subsidized the operation of the Kandahar outlet in the order of CAD $4 -- 5 million per year . The Kandahar Tim Hortons closed on November 29 , 2011 , after serving four million cups of coffee and three million doughnuts over five years . The first Tim Hortons outlet at a US military base was opened in 2009 at Fort Knox . The following year , a second Tim Hortons outlet was opened at Naval Station Norfolk . As of November 2011 , Tim Hortons has five outlets open on four US military bases . Besides the first two , they are also at Naval Air Station Oceana , and two locations at the Aberdeen Proving Ground . Menu ( edit ) Tim Hortons ' first stores offered only two products -- coffee and doughnuts . Aside from its coffee , tea , hot chocolate , and doughnuts , the menu now contains a number of other baked goods , such as bagels -- of which the brand sells one out of every two in the Canadian food service industry . Nutritional information on most menu items is made available by the company in a two - page brochure and online . The brochure does not list ingredient information . Coffee and beverages ( edit ) Tim Hortons coffee and smoothie in 2011 . Tim Hortons ' first stores offered only two products -- coffee and doughnuts . Aside from its coffee , tea , hot chocolate , Hortons now serves other types of drinks as well , and in the mid-1990s the chain moved into specialty and premium items such as flavored cappuccino , iced cappuccino , and iced coffee . Originally featuring Pepsi products via fountain machines , the retailer changed in the mid-1990s to Coca - Cola products . For a time they offered bottled and canned Coca - Cola products , but switched back to bottled and canned Pepsi products in 2007 . PepsiCo replaced the Coca - Cola products on United States restaurants in 2011 , disappointing similar longtime PepsiCo rival Dunkin ' Donuts . Dunkin ' Donuts moved to Coca - Cola products only for United States restaurants in April 2012 because of this . Despite an expansion in their food offerings around 2009 , the brand remained heavily dependent on coffee sales . In 2009 , it was reported that 60 % of their sales occur in the morning , and of that more than 50 % is coffee . The coffee served is a blend of 100 % arabica beans . The `` original blend '' is a medium , balanced roast that is the most popular served coffee in Canada . The chain has an `` always fresh '' policy where coffee is served within 20 minutes of brewing . In November 2011 , the company announced that they would be adding espresso machines in 1,000 of their locations , later that month . Lattes were added to Ontario stores on November 14 , 2011 . In February 2012 , they offered a new beverage , White Hot Chocolate , in select branches . On April 16 , 2012 , the brand launched frozen lemonade , in two flavours : original and raspberry . In May 2014 , they first offered frozen green tea . On August 15 , 2014 , the company added a dark roast coffee blend as an alternative . In the summer of 2015 , they introduced a frozen drink called Creamy Chocolate Chill which was essentially a chocolate milkshake topped with chocolate whipped cream and drizzled with chocolate syrup . In addition to the Creamy Chocolate Chill , they also launched a Maple Chill , a maple milkshake topped with regular whipped cream and sprinkled with maple flakes . Food items ( edit ) See also : Timbits and Dutchie ( doughnut ) Tim Hortons baked goods in 2015 . The menu contains a number of other baked goods , such as doughnut holes ( branded as Timbits ) , muffins , croissants , tea biscuits , cookies , rolls , danishes , and bagels . Take - home cakes are offered in some locations . The dutchie is a Canadian doughnut popularized by the Tim Hortons chain . Since the mid-1990s , the chain has moved into other areas beyond donuts and coffee , including specialty and premium items such as New York - style cheesecake , and a lunch selection that includes soups , chili , and submarine - style sandwiches . In fall 2006 , the chain began rolling out a breakfast sandwich . The sandwich consists of an egg patty , processed cheese slice , either ham , bacon or sausage as the topper , and is placed on either a biscuit , English muffin or bagel . In October 2007 , they launched a chicken fajita wrap , which contained spiced chicken and sautéed vegetables . This was discontinued and replaced a year later with the barbecue and ranch chicken wrap snackers . In December 2007 , they introduced hash browns and the `` Bagel B.E.L.T. '' , a breakfast sandwich of bacon , egg , lettuce and tomato on a bagel . In February 2009 , they announced co-branding with American ice cream parlor Cold Stone Creamery . The deal called for each chain to convert 50 stores into dual - operation franchises , for a total of 100 stores . The idea was successfully tested at two stores in Rhode Island . Despite this expansion , the brand remained heavily dependent on coffee sales . In February 2014 , Tim Hortons announced that the dutchie timbit was discontinued due to low popularity . Baking methods and lawsuit ( edit ) Coupled with the expansion and expanded menu came the outsourcing of baked goods . Doughnuts , which used to be made at night to be ready for the morning rush , are now parbaked -- partly cooked and then frozen and delivered to every restaurant in Canada from Brantford , Ontario . Each restaurant bakes and finishes the product throughout the day . As of April 2007 , many of the various muffin batters are being revoked , as frozen , pre-made and pre-wrapped muffins are being introduced to all bakers at Tim Horton locations . Tim Hortons switch to a parbaking system has disappointed some die - hard customers , who note that this contradicts the chain 's `` always fresh '' slogan . David Swick reported in the Halifax Daily News on September 19 , 2003 Tim Hortons outlets in Atlantic Canada would no longer serve fresh donuts , but rather donuts that had been remotely factory - fried and then frozen and shipped . In 2008 , two franchisees initiated a class - action lawsuit against the parent company for the switch to parbaking , `` claiming breach of contract , breach of duty of fair dealing , negligent misrepresentation , and unjust enrichment '' . The lawsuit cited that parbaking tripled the franchisee 's fixed cost to produce a doughnut ( from 6 cents per doughnut to 18 cents ) , required the purchase of new freezers and microwaves , and reduced profitability for the franchises while increasing profits for the parent company . Franchise owners are required to purchase food products from the Brantford - based parbaking company owned by IAWS Group PLC , and had originally been told the price of each doughnut would be 11 or 12 cents ( and each Timbit 4.6 cents ) . The case was dismissed in February 2012 . A 2009 New York Times article contrasted the baked from scratch at stores approach of Krispy Kreme and some Dunkin ' Donuts locations compared to the `` flash frozen '' and shipped Tim Hortons method . The NY Times article also noted an apparent scarcity of doughnut specialties such as the dutchie at newly opened Tim Hortons stores in New York City . Noting that `` American visitors tend to flock to the sweets '' , including the `` raisin - studded Dutchie '' , the Times found redemption among Canadians that the brand is once again a Canada - based company while contrasting the way politicians in the US `` woo '' soccer moms while in Canada they `` go after Tim Hortons voters '' . Marketing ( edit ) Tim Hortons advertising on the field at BC Place during the 2005 Grey Cup game Tim Hortons ' advertising slogans have included `` You 've Always Got Time for Tim Hortons '' and starting in the mid-2000s , `` Always Fresh . Always Tim Hortons . '' While both of these slogans are still used , Tim Hortons began using an alternative slogan , `` It 's Time for Tims '' in November 2011 . Canadian Business magazine has named Tim Hortons as the best - managed brand in Canada in 2004 and 2005 . Since 2005 , Tim Hortons has been the title sponsor of the Brier , the annual Canadian men 's curling championships , along with the Canadian Ringette Championships . Resultant sponsored events include the Tim Hortons Brier Shot of the Week Award , 2013 Tim Hortons Brier , 2016 Tim Hortons Brier , and the 2014 Tim Hortons Brier among other years . Shortly before December 2007 , they discontinued their gift certificates , and replaced them with the Quickpay Tim Card , with the Christmas slogan `` Because it 's hard to wrap a double double '' ( coffee with two sugars and two cream ) . Many locations still accept gift certificates , however . In September 2006 , Tim Hortons courted controversy by mandating that employees were not to wear red as part of the Red Fridays campaign by families of the military to show support for Canadian troops . Within a few hours , Tim Hortons partially reversed its position and has allowed staff in Ontario stores to wear red ribbons or pins to show support for the wear red on Fridays campaign . In June 2009 , Tim Hortons USA created a Twitter and Facebook page to drive online traffic . After Tim Hortons had agreed to provide 250 cups of free coffee in 2009 for a `` Marriage and Family Day '' hosted by the National Organization for Marriage , the company removed its sponsorship after it was revealed that the NOM was an organization that campaigns against gay marriage . The company stated the sponsorship was a violation of the company 's policy not to sponsor events `` representing religious groups , political affiliates or lobby groups . '' On July 12 , 2013 , it was announced that Tim Hortons had acquired the naming rights to the new stadium being built in Hamilton , Ontario . The new stadium took on the name of Tim Hortons Field . It became the home stadium of the Hamilton Tiger - Cats in 2014 . The corporate - sponsored statdium name was not used during the 2015 Pan American Games , when the stadium hosted soccer matches . In June 2015 , Tim Hortons pulled a four - week advertising campaign by energy company Enbridge from its in - store `` Tims TV '' service after three weeks following a petition by the advocacy group , SumOfUs . Even though the ads were part of a general `` Life Takes Energy '' campaign introduced by Enbridge the previous year , the group argued that Tim Hortons ' airing of the ads implied an endorsement of controversial projects under development by Enbridge , such as the Northern Gateway pipeline , going on to say that `` Enbridge 's ad campaign uses attractive actors , cute kids and high production values to hide the real truth -- its tar sands project will put ecosystems , salmon and wildlife in danger , create virtually no local jobs , and accelerate climate change . '' The decision to pull the ads , however , resulted in a boycott of Tim Hortons led by Wildrose Party leader Brian Jean , who felt that the decision was an attack on Alberta 's oil industry , as Enbridge is one of the province 's top - employing companies . Roll up the Rim to Win campaign ( edit ) A Roll Up the Rim to Win cup in 2007 . Each February , Tim Hortons holds a marketing campaign called Roll Up the Rim to Win . As of 2007 , over 31 million prizes were distributed each year , including vehicles , televisions , and store products . Customers determine if they have won prizes by unrolling the rim on their paper cups when they have finished their drink , revealing the result underneath . Prizes are not distributed randomly country - wide ; each of the company 's distribution regions has distinct prize - winning odds . The idea for the campaign began in 1985 when Roger Wilson of one of Tim Hortons ' supplier of cups , Lily Cup company , approached Tim Hortons with a new idea to increase their sales . Wilson explained his company had created a new cup design that allowed a message to be printed under the rim ; the cup type cost no more than the current one and could enable a promotion , like a contest . Recognizing the opportunity to promote coffee in the normally weak sales period in the spring , the Roll Up the Rim to Win campaign was first held in 1986 when the biggest prize was a snackbox of Timbits . In 2008 , over 88 % of major prizes were redeemed . The contest is popular enough that Paul Kind has invented the Rimroller ( as seen on Dragons ' Den ) , a device for rolling up the rim mechanically . In March 2006 , two families were fighting over the Toyota RAV4 SUV prize of C $ 32,000 value when their daughters found a winning `` roll up the rim '' coffee cup in a garbage bin of an elementary school in Saint - Jérôme , north of Montreal . The younger girl had found a cup in the garbage bin and could not roll up the rim , so requested the help of an older girl . Once the winning cup was revealed , the older girl 's family stated that they deserved the prize . Tim Hortons originally stated that they would not intervene in the dispute . A further complication arose when Quebec lawyer Claude Archambault requested a DNA test be done on the cup . He claimed that his unnamed client had thrown out the cup and was the rightful recipient of the prize . On April 19 , 2006 , Tim Hortons announced that they had decided to award the prize to the younger girl who had initially found the cup . During July 2017 , to mark Canada 's 150th Birthday , Tim Hortons held a special one month `` Roll Up The Rim to Win '' campaign . The cups were white , with a Maple Leaf in red , and clip - art of fireworks . Losing cups had `` HAPPY CANADA 150th / JOYEUX 150e DU CANADA . '' instead of the usual `` Please Play Again '' . Prizes included an `` Ultimate Canadian Vacation '' valued up to $10,000 ( or a cheque for the cash value ) , $50 Tim Hortons Cards , and food prizes . It launched June 28 , 2017 and ran till July 31 , 2017 or while supplies lasted . Scroll up the Rim ( edit ) In 2018 , Tim Hortons added a digital application , Scroll Up the Rim , that gives participants an extra chance to win . The prizes are limited to coffee drinks and doughnuts and there are a total of 465,000 prizes available until March 6 , 2018 . Canadian cultural fixture ( edit ) Parade float featuring the logo for Timbits , a Tim Hortons product , on the hockey raccoon at the 2009 Santa Claus Parade in Toronto . Tim Hortons is popularly known as `` Timmies '' . The ubiquity of Tim Hortons , through the wide expansion of its outlets , makes it a prominent feature of Canadian life ; Canadians eat more doughnuts per capita and have more doughnut outlets per capita than any other nation . Tim Hortons ' prevalence in the coffee and doughnut market has led to its branding as a Canadian cultural icon . The media routinely refer to its iconic status , despite this being a relatively recent development ; there were only a few outlets before the chain 's expansion in the late 1990s and 2000s . A series of Tim 's television commercials promotes this idea by showing vignettes of Canadians abroad and their homesickness for Tim Hortons . Noted Canadian author Pierre Berton once wrote : `` In so many ways the story of Tim Hortons is the essential Canadian story . It is a story of success and tragedy , of big dreams and small towns , of old - fashioned values and tough - fisted business , of hard work and of hockey . '' Some commentators have bemoaned the rise of Tim Hortons as a national symbol . Rudyard Griffiths , director of The Dominion Institute , wrote in the Toronto Star in July 2006 that the ascension of the chain to the status of cultural icon was a `` worrying sign '' for Canadian nationalism , adding , `` Surely Canada can come up with a better moniker than the Timbit Nation . '' The recognition of Tim Hortons as a Canadian icon has permeated into American culture as the result of product placement efforts in conjunction with a marketing agency . In the American situation comedy How I Met Your Mother , while standing in a Tim Hortons `` just around the corner from the Hockey Hall of Fame '' , Robin , played by Canadian actress Cobie Smulders , called the location the `` most Canadian place in the universe '' . The chain has since embraced that comment as an unofficial slogan and has used it in promotional advertisements to emphasize their fixture in modern Canadian culture . The chain has also been featured in the TV series Homeland as a result of the aforementioned product placement campaign . Another TV show that has Tim Hortons products making an appearance is The Last Ship , having a product placement deal . Community involvement ( edit ) A Timbits hockey player from Niagara Falls in 2006 . Tim Hortons sponsor community outreach programs including Free Skating , Free Swimming , Earn - a-Bike Program , Remembrance Day , Food Drives , the Smile Cookie program , Enactus , as well as a community clean - up project . The store promotes itself through the `` Tim Horton Children 's Foundation . '' Founded by Ron Joyce , the Foundation sponsors thousands of underprivileged children from Canada and the United States to go to one of six high - class summer camps located in Parry Sound , ON ; Tatamagouche , NS ; Kananaskis , AB ; Quyon , QC ; Campbellsville , KY ; St. George , ON and most recently , Whiteshell , MB . The foundation 's highest - profile fundraiser is Camp Day , which is held annually on the Wednesday of the first full week in June . All proceeds from coffee sales at most Tim Hortons locations , as well as proceeds from related activities held that day , are donated to the foundation . Small stores located in Esso Service Stations do not donate coffee proceeds on Camp Day . Joyce 's work with the Tim Horton Children 's Foundation earned him the Gary Wright Humanitarian Award in 1991 , presented periodically in recognition of contributions to the betterment of community life throughout Canada . In recognition primarily for his work with the Foundation , he received an appointment to the Order of Canada , with the official presentation taking place on October 21 , 1992 , in Ottawa . See also ( edit ) List of Canadian restaurant chains List of coffeehouse chains List of doughnut shops History of Burger King Toronto portal Companies portal Food portal Coffee portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Inc . -- Company Overview '' . Hoover 's . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Hortons asking which menu item should return in ' Bring It Back ' campaign '' . CTV.ca . March 28 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Baertlein , Lisa ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons , Cold Stone to wed doughnuts , ice cream '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ City News Toronto Dutchie Timbit among 24 items cut from Tim Hortons menu Archived April 22 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . February 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Our brands : Tim Hortons '' . Wendy 's International . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Swick , David ( September 17 , 2003 ) . `` Going from fresh to frozen '' . Halifax Daily News . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Hortons sued by franchisees over frozen doughnuts '' . Financial Post . June 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dobby , Christine ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Hortons par - baking cut into profits : lawsuit '' . Calgary Herald / Financial Post . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friscolanti , Michael ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Hortons : rolling in dough '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brean , Joseph ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tim Hortons franchisees lose $2 - billion doughnut lawsuit '' . National Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ron Lieber Tim Hortons Arrives in Bits and Pieces Archived December 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . July 14 , 2009 , New York Times Jump up ^ Fineman , Josh ; Scanlan , David ( March 23 , 2006 ) . `` Tim Hortons Raises C $783 Million in Initial Offering '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Investing in an icon : Why everyone wants a piece of Tim Hortons '' . Ottawa Citizen . March 19 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kidd , Keneth ( March 26 , 2006 ) . `` Timbit Nation '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Troops in Kandahar to get a Tim Hortons shop '' . CTV.ca . March 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Season of Champions Sponsors '' . Canadian Curling Association . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quickpay Tim Card '' . Tim Hortons . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons relents , workers join ' Red Friday ' '' . CTV News . September 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons USA '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons '' . Facebook . ^ Jump up to : Robson , Dan ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Hortons withdraws donation to anti-gay event '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons responds to inquiries about Rhode Island event sponsorship '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons backs out of anti-gay marriage event '' . CBC News . August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye Ivor Wynne , hello Tim Hortons Field '' . TheSpec.com . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Jean , Wildrose leader , boycotts Tim Hortons after Enbridge ads pulled '' . CBC News . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Stops Running Enbridge 's Ads Following Public Backlash '' . Vice News . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons yanks Enbridge ads , sparks Alberta backlash '' . CBC News . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levant , Ezra ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` '' Do n't lie to me `` : Ezra Levant confronts Tim Hortons president over # BoycottTims '' . TheRebel . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rrroll Up The Rim To Win Is Back at Tim Hortons ! '' ( Press release ) . Tim Hortons . February 26 , 2007 . Retrieved March 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Not all rims rrroll up equally '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . March 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Terry ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Small Move , Big Gain : An Encore Presentation '' . CBC Radio One . Pirate Radio . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hortons Roll Up The Rim 2012 : 5 facts you should know about this iconic promotion '' . HuffPost . August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RRRoll Up Fun : Fun Facts '' . RRRoll up the rim to win ! . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Finally ! A Rimroller ! ! '' . Winnipeg Free Press . March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lawyer wants DNA test on ' Roll up the Rim ' cup '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . March 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Finders , keepers : Tim Hortons puts a lid on cup contest controversy '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . April 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` With Scroll Up To Win , Tim Hortons re-imagines Roll Up The Rim for the mobile age '' . MobileSyrup. 2018 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tracing the roots of a Canadian icon '' . The Gazette . March 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant , Tavia ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Tims holds gains '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bay Street Week Ahead - Tim Hortons serves up hot IPO to go '' . Reuters News . March 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` But can iconic coffee chain sustain growth , analysts wonder '' . Winnipeg Free Press . March 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Rudyard ( August 15 , 2006 ) . `` Timbit Nation ? '' . Winnipeg Free Press . ^ Jump up to : `` How Tim Hortons won the Internet with The Priestley canada.com '' . O.canada.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Local Programs '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Foundation '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Childrens Foundation Camps '' . Tim Hortons Childrens Foundation . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camp Day '' . Tim Hortons . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` We Care Awards '' . Friends of We Care . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tim Hortons . Official website Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first tim hortons open in the usa | [
"Initially, the US stores were the result of natural expansion in Canada–U.S. border areas (e.g., stores in Maine and the Buffalo, New York area where Horton played from 1972 to 1974 as a member of the Buffalo Sabres). The first United States locations were opened in Deerfield Beach, Florida and Pompano Beach, Florida in 1981, but they proved unsuccessful and were closed.[85] In 1985, the chain returned to the US with a location on Niagara Falls Boulevard in the Buffalo suburb of Amherst, New York.[86] Starting in the mid-1990s, however, the chain began expanding in the US by acquiring former locations from fast food chains. In 1996 and 1997, thirty-seven former Rax Restaurants locations in Ohio, Kentucky, and West Virginia were bought by Wendy's International Inc.; 30 of these were converted to Tim Hortons, while the others became Wendy's franchise locations. Thirty-five closed Hardee's stores in the Detroit area were also purchased with the intention of being converted.[87] By 2004, the chain had also acquired 42 Bess Eaton coffee and doughnut restaurants situated in southern New England. Several combination Wendy's/Tim Hortons units were opened in the US; both in the \"traditional\" markets of Maine and Buffalo, where there were well over 180 locations as of 2011,[88] and in the markets entered through acquisition."
] | [
"1981"
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-1893478294372924364 | George O'Malley | George O'Malley - wikipedia George O'Malley Jump to : navigation , search George O'Malley Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 4 promotional photo of T.R. Knight as Dr. George O'Malley First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005 Last appearance `` Good Mourning '' ( 6.01 ) September 24 , 2009 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by T.R. Knight Information Full name George O'Malley Occupation Surgical resident at Seattle Grace Hospital Title M.D Family Louise O'Malley ( mother ) Harold O'Malley ( father , deceased ) Jerry and Ronnie O'Malley ( brothers ) Spouse ( s ) Callie Torres ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Olivia Harper Meredith Grey Izzie Stevens Religion Catholicism George O'Malley is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and was portrayed by actor T.R. Knight from 2005 to 2009 . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , O'Malley worked his way up to resident level , while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) formed a focal point of the series . O'Malley married Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) whom he later separated with to pursue a relationship with Izzie Stevens . O'Malley also had entertained a romantic interest with Meredith Grey and Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) . Knight auditioned for the show , expecting a one - season run . In 2007 , Knight 's co-star Isaiah Washington ( Preston Burke ) insulted him with a homophobic slur , which resulted in the termination of Washington 's Grey 's Anatomy contract . In 2009 , after the conclusion of the fifth season , it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show 's sixth season . The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a `` breakdown in communication '' with Rhimes , his character 's lack of screen time , as well as his decision to come out as openly gay . Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley , and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . Despite this , his death received mixed feedback . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) George O'Malley is introduced as a fellow surgical intern to Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) ; the five of them working under Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . O'Malley and Stevens move in with Meredith , for whom he has romantic feelings but did not express them due to his fear of rejection and the fact that she and one of the attendings Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) had a mutual interest in one another . On the first day of internship , O'Malley is selected by chief of cardiothoracic surgery Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) as the first intern to perform surgery . He freezes in the operating room , and is mocked by his peers , and earns the nickname `` 007 '' because of almost killing a patient in such a simple operation ( referring to James Bond 's `` licence to kill '' ) . O'Malley dates nurse Olivia Harper ( Sarah Utterback ) , breaking up with her when he contracts syphilis from her , which she in turn contracted from Karev . His friendship with Karev is further strained when the two become trapped in an elevator with a patient who begins to bleed out . Karev freezes , and O'Malley is able to save the patient single - handedly . He goes on to admit his feelings to Meredith , and the two have a one - night stand . When Meredith tells him that sleeping together was a mistake , O'Malley begins avoiding her and starts dating orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . During a camping trip , O'Malley learns that Torres has slept with chief of plastic surgery Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , and also discovers that Burke is experiencing tremors in his hand . When O'Malley's father is diagnosed with esophageal cancer and a leaking aortic valve , he refuses to allow Burke to operate on him , instead contacting Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , Burke 's medical school rival . His relationship with Torres is strained when he confronts her about sleeping with Sloan , but he allows her to support him through his father 's deteriorating health . Complications from his father 's surgery leave him in multi-system organ failure , and his life support is turned off . In an attempt to overcome his grief , O'Malley elopes with Callie to Las Vegas . He later begins to feel that he was mistaken to marry her , and sleeps with Stevens while intoxicated . Stevens confesses that she is in love with him , so O'Malley considers transferring to a different hospital so he can be faithful to his wife . However , he is ineligible to transfer after failing the intern exams . O'Malley decides to repeat his intern year , and confesses to Torres that he slept with Stevens , leading the two to separate . O'Malley and Stevens embark on a short - lived relationship , only to discover there is no real chemistry between them . O'Malley moves in with new intern Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Meredith 's half - sister . Lexie and O'Malley discover that he only failed his exam by a single point , leading him to confront Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , the chief of surgery , to ask for a chance to retake the exam . He passes the second attempt , and begins to distance himself from Lexie , who has fallen in love with him . O'Malley supports Stevens when she discovers she has melanoma , and walks her down the aisle as she marries Karev . O'Malley begins to display a talent for trauma surgery , and is told by the chief of trauma surgery Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) that it is definitely his specialty . He then abruptly and inexplicably decides to join the U.S. Army . While his friends at the hospital prepare an intervention to convince O'Malley to stay , they all work on a severely disfigured John Doe , brought in after a horrible bus accident , in which he pushed a woman out of the way and saved her life . When Meredith goes to check on John Doe , he seems to recognize her and will not let go of her hand . After several attempts at trying , he succeeds in tracing `` 007 '' on Meredith 's hand . Shocked , she realizes `` John Doe '' is in fact O'Malley . She informs the other surgeons and they rush him to surgery . However , he flatlines and is ultimately declared braindead . His organs are donated after Stevens confirms that is what O'Malley would have wanted , and he is buried a week later . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) T.R. Knight expected a short career with Grey 's Anatomy . T.R. Knight signed on for the pilot as O'Malley , expecting that the role might be short - lived , because he liked that the character was multi-faceted . In October 2006 , news reports surfaced that Washington had insulted Knight with a homophobic slur , during an argument with Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) . Shortly after , the details of the argument became public , and Knight later disclosed that the slur made him come out as gay . `` I was under no delusions , '' Knight said at the time . `` My friends on the set knew . We talked about it . Publicly it 's not my thing to call up People magazine and be like , ' Hey , you want to know something about me ? ' ... I could 've just let it slide and not said anything , but it became important . It became important to make the statement . '' The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement , apologizing for his `` unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on - set '' . Isaiah Washington insulted T.R. Knight with a homophobic slur . At the 64th Golden Globe Awards , while being interviewed on the red carpet , Washington joked , `` I love gay . I wanted to be gay . Please let me be gay . '' Later , Washington claimed he never used the slur , labeling it `` vile '' . In June 2007 , it was reported that the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) and Shonda Rhimes had chosen not to renew Washington 's contract with the show , not immediately specifying a reason . In a subsequent interview , Washington claimed that `` they fired the wrong guy '' ( referring to Knight ) , and said he was considering filing a lawsuit as a result . He accused Knight of using the controversy to bolster his own career and increase his salary on Grey 's Anatomy . On July 2 , 2007 , Washington appeared on Larry King Live , to present his side of the controversy . According to Washington , he never used the `` F Word '' in reference to Knight , but rather blurted it out in an unrelated context in the course of an argument `` provoked '' by Dempsey , who he felt was treating him like a `` B - word '' , a `` P - word '' , and the `` F - word '' , which Washington said conveyed `` somebody who is being weak and afraid to fight back '' . In 2009 , Rhimes told Entertainment Weekly that she may not have handled the incident correctly , stating : `` I was n't interested in what anybody thought publicly . I was interested in what was going on right here on the ground ... with the people I work with every day . Did I do it perfectly ? Of course not . This is my first television show . It was a learning experience . '' Knight said that Rhimes was among those for discouraging him to come out , however Rhimes said : `` I remember saying ( to fellow executive producer ) , ' This is our proudest day here . T.R. got to come out and I got to say to him that it would n't affect his character ' because he was concerned he was going to come out and George would suddenly be gay . ( ... ) The idea that a gay actor ca n't play a straight man is insulting . '' In December 2008 , reports speculated that Knight requested to be released from his contract and that `` they were working out the details '' at that time . In June 2009 , after the conclusion of the fifth season of Grey 's Anatomy , it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show 's sixth season . The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a `` breakdown in communication '' with Rhimes , O'Malley's lack of screen time , as well as his decision to be openly gay . Prior to the official announcement of his departure , there was speculation that the role of O'Malley would be recast , but Rhimes labeled it as a `` hilarious , ridiculous rumor '' . After the confirmation of his exit , Knight told TV Guide : `` Leaving Grey 's Anatomy was not an easy decision for me to make . I am extremely grateful to have had the opportunity to play this character and will miss my fellow cast and crew very much . I continue to wish them the very best , and wholeheartedly thank all of the fans who have supported me and the show with such passion and enthusiasm . '' In a statement confirming Knight 's departure , Rhimes said : `` I think I speak for the entire Grey 's Anatomy family when I say we wish T.R. Knight the best in his future endeavors . He is an incredibly talented actor and a person whose strength of character is admired by all of us . '' `` There are ebbs and flows . And every season is shaped differently . With George , I really wanted you to not notice that he was n't there for most of this episode . I do n't think anybody noticed because of the way we laid it out this season . And , actually , he was really lovely and elegant about lying there in all that very painful makeup and prosthetics for much of the episode with no words . That moment where he grabs Meredith 's hand is one of the most affecting moments of the episode , and it was without words . '' -- Rhimes on Knight 's lack of screen time in season five In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Rhimes said she tried to talk him out of quitting , explaining : `` I looked in his face and he was really sure . It felt like the right thing for him . '' However , in another interview , Knight said of his exit : `` My five - year experience proved to me that I could not trust any answer that was given ( about O'Malley ) . '' Knight was `` at peace '' with his departure , saying : `` There just comes a time when it 's so clear that moving on is the best decision . '' However , Heigl tried to talk Knight out of leaving , saying : `` I did n't think it was the right decision . I felt like some of the problems could be worked through . But by the time it came to fruition , I was ( glad ) for him because he was ready to go . '' On the topic of losing a US $14 million contract , Knight commented : `` From an outsider 's perspective , I get the ( impression that ) ' He 's just a spoiled actor , he does n't know how good he has it . ' There are a lot of people who would like to be in my position . But in the end , I need to be fulfilled in my work . '' Characterization ( edit ) O'Malley was characterized a `` hapless naif '' . On the topic of O'Malley's longtime crush on Meredith in the second season , Knight said : `` What 's going to be very interesting to see is what he 's going to do with Meredith . It 's getting close to time . Whatever he chooses to do will inform who he is the rest of his life . '' After their sexual encounter occurred onscreen , Knight said in an interview with Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune : `` George was n't really paying full attention . He was letting his own feelings override his respect for Meredith . A person really clued in would get that there was n't anything coming back , but he was so in his head about it and caught up in his own feelings that he was n't listening . It 's not just that he loves her ... it 's a kind of selfish love he had for her . '' He also added that , `` I think George has a lot of growing up to do . Part of that is making horrible , stupid mistakes . He 's been pretty sheltered . '' Katherine Heigl 's ( left ) and Ellen Pompeo 's ( right ) characters both have short - lived relationships with O'Malley . Series writer Stacy McKee said of the sexual encounter : `` There 's no turning back . There 's nothing George and Meredith can do . The damage is done -- things will never be the same . They 've just changed something important in their lives forever . '' When asked if O'Malley was becoming more assertive , Knight said : `` I think that 's very true , especially since the elevator scene . The first time we saw George , he failed at an appendectomy , he failed very publicly . In the elevator scene , if he had n't been in that elevator , if they had been in any other place , he would have let someone else step in and deal with it . The fact that it was only George and Alex forced him to act , it was either that or let this man die . He stepped up because he had to . '' Knight also commented that the character does not appreciate himself and his positive traits . On the topic of O'Malley performing open heart surgery in an elevator , Knight said : `` It 's a slow change but he 's starting to realize , ' The way I have been doing things is not working . ' The big thing about the open - heart surgery in the elevator was he was forced into it . He needs to be kind of kicked in the ( butt ) to do these things . '' Knight felt a parallel to George in that his `` confidence is n't always at its absolute highest '' , but overall he sees more differences than similarities . However , when the actor starts to think he is so different from O'Malley , an awkward move can suggest otherwise . `` I was walking , doing a scene with Katherine Heigl . I finished my line with her , and then I walked straight into the light stand . '' Critical of her affair with O'Malley , Knight 's co-star Heigl explained : `` They really hurt somebody , and they did n't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it . I have a really hard time with that kind of thing . I 'm maybe a little too black and white about it . '' Speaking of O'Malley's relationship with Lexie , Rhimes offered her insight : `` I love them as friends . They make good friends . We all have that friend we met in school or the gym or somewhere -- we just hit it off right away . And right away there was no pretense or airs . Just pure honesty . That 's Lexie and George . They 're really good friends and I can see the friendship evolving into something even greater . '' When asked what his `` favorite George moment '' was , Knight said his relationships with Stevens and Bailey . Reception ( edit ) Callie Torres ' relationship with O'Malley was initially criticized . Fans were `` widely against '' O'Malley's affair with Meredith in the second season , however certain fans who supported their relationship were critical when Torres was introduced as a love interest for him . Fans and critics were also against O'Malley's relationship with Stevens in the fourth season ; Maclean 's said : `` George must die . He 's slept with virtually everyone except the male cast and has been in love with virtually everyone except the male cast . And he 's not that great of a doctor . Evolve or die . '' Christopher Monfette of IGN said O'Malley and Stevens were a `` mismatch '' , adding : `` Unfortunately , while it 's refreshing to see a plotline driven by activity versus apathy , the idea of these two ever - affable , best - friend characters suddenly discovering their potential , out - of - nowhere love for each other quickly feels both force - fed and emotionally - incorrect . '' Similarly , DVD Verdict stated that George and Izzie were `` one of the strongest ' best friend ' vibes on television '' for the first three seasons , explaining `` they were perfect as friends ( while ) George and Callie made a good couple . '' UGO.com put the two on their list of `` Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened '' . Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly said that when O'Malley told Torres about his affair with Stevens , the scene was too `` melodramatic '' . Laura Burrows , also of IGN , said that the fourth - season premiere `` introduced a new side of George '' . Armstrong said of O'Malley and Stevens ' reconciliation : `` George and Izzie are finally on the old Grey 's Anatomy road to ruin . And I admit this is a good lesson in Grey 's viewing as well as life : Sit tight if you hate something , as nothing is permanent . '' Armstrong also commented that the `` sparkling '' friendship development between Lexie and O'Malley `` won her over '' . The following year , Monfette observed of O'Malley's lack of screen time : `` His growing interest in trauma surgery at the side of Owen leads to an interesting development in the finale , but the character is virtually side - lined this season . '' Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times said of the character 's death : `` The time - lapse episode was an interesting choice , and though we sped through six weeks of mourning in two hours , it did n't feel rushed to me . I 'm not sure the show could have held my attention for another season of crippling sadness . '' The Huffington Post 's Michael Pascua commented that O'Malley's funeral did not live up to his expectations , writing that it `` was n't as sad as ( he ) thought it would be '' . In 2006 , Knight and the other cast of Grey 's Anatomy were nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series , at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards . Also in 2006 , the cast won the award for Best Cast -- Television Series at the 11th Satellite Awards . The cast won the award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , and were nominated again the following year . Knight 's performance in season three earned him a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ T.R. Knight ( 2007 ) . Grey 's Anatomy -- T.R. Knight On Auditioning . Paley Center . Event occurs at 0 : 30 -- 1 : 20 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edward , Wyatt ( January 22 , 2007 ) . `` Anatomy of an Insult : ABC Is Stung by an Actor 's Anti-Gay Slurs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nudd , Tim ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` T.R. Knight : Isaiah Washington 's Slur Made Me Come Out '' . People . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Isaiah Washington Apologizes '' . People . October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` Isaiah Washington : `` I Love Gay '' `` . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight : ' Isaiah Washington Did Use the ' F Word ' '' . Hollywood.com . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Show Creator Speaks Out About Anti-Gay Controversy '' . Yahoo ! Voices . January 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Michael ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` Isaiah Washington Fired from Grey 's Anatomy '' . AfterElton.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC drops Washington from Grey 's Anatomy '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . June 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's star says they fired the wrong guy '' , Houston Chronicle . June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Interview transcript '' July 2 , 2007 . Cable News Network . ^ Jump up to : Hernandez , Greg ( July 27 , 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight : More of Entertainment Weekly interview '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` It 's official : T.R. Knight exits ' Grey 's Anatomy ' -- Inside TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight reveals why he left ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Cable News Network . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight : Leaving Grey 's Anatomy Was the `` Best Decision '' `` . Us Weekly . July 23 , 2009 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy T.R. Knight Rumors Ripped as `` Ridiculous '' `` False '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( 19 June 2009 ) . `` T.R. Knight Speaks Out : `` Leaving Grey 's Anatomy Was Not Easy '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive = ' Grey 's ' boss on finale 's Izzie - George shocker , Mer - Der ' wedding , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` This week 's cover : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' star T.R. Knight reveals why he left the hit show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Nicholas ( September 16 , 2005 ) . `` Playing Doctors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keveney , Bill ( February 16 , 2006 ) . `` TV 's top everymen '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( March 10 , 2006 ) . `` George speaks : A chat with T.R. Knight of ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKee , Stacy ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` From Stacy McKee , writer of `` What Have I Done To Deserve This ? '' `` . American Broadcasting Company . Grey Matter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bennetts , Leslie ( January 2008 ) . `` Heigl 's Anatomy '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( June 2 , 2008 ) . `` The End of the Beginning ... Part II ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight talks ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Associated Press . February 15 , 2006 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Spamalot 's Ramirez Lands Role on TV 's `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Playbill . Philip S Birsh . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight pictures , Blog , Interviews , News , Trivia , Biography '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Treble , Patricia ( April 25 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy is on life support '' . Maclean 's . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Christopher ( June 18 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jim ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season Four '' . DVD Verdict . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened -- George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens - '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy recap : Keeping Up With the Jonesing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Laura ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 4 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy recap : Bed Her Late , Then Never '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` When Girls Collide '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 2 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' premiere : Saying goodbye to George O'Malley '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pascua , Michael ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Good Mourning / Goodbye ( season premiere ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Satellite Awards '' . Alt Film Guide . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T.R. Knight '' . Primetime Emmy Awards . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal George O'Malley on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Untitled Grey 's Anatomy spinoff A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_O%27Malley&oldid=819766454 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from Washington ( state ) Fictional surgeons Grey 's Anatomy characters Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015 Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Македонски Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 04 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what season did george die on grey's anatomy | [
"Knight auditioned for the show, expecting a one-season run. In 2007, Knight's co-star Isaiah Washington (Preston Burke) insulted him with a homophobic slur, which resulted in the termination of Washington's Grey's Anatomy contract. In 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season. The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a \"breakdown in communication\" with Rhimes, his character's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to come out as openly gay. Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley, and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards. Despite this, his death received mixed feedback."
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"fifth season"
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-8940118888871315540 | Strain theory (sociology) | Strain theory ( sociology ) - wikipedia Strain theory ( sociology ) Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Criminology and penology Theory ( hide ) Anomie Biosocial criminology Broken windows Collective efficacy Crime analysis Criminalization Differential association Deviance Labeling theory Psychopathy Rational choice Social control Social disorganization Social learning Strain Subculture Symbolic interactionism Victimology Types of crime ( show ) Against humanity Blue - collar Corporate Juvenile Organized Political Public - order State State - corporate Victimless White - collar War Penology ( show ) Deterrence Incapacitation Prison reform abolition Prisoner prisoner abuse prisoners ' rights Rehabilitation Recidivism Justice in penology Participatory Restorative Retributive Solitary confinement Schools ( show ) Chicago School Classical School Conflict Criminology Environmental Criminology Feminist School Frankfurt School Integrative Criminology Italian School Left Realism Marxist Criminology Neo-classical school Positivist School Postmodernist School Right Realism In sociology and criminology , strain theory states that social structures within society may pressure citizens to commit crime . Following on the work of Émile Durkheim , strain theories have been advanced by Robert King Merton ( 1938 ) , Albert K. Cohen ( 1955 ) , Richard Cloward , Lloyd Ohlin ( 1960 ) , Neil Smelser ( 1963 ) , Robert Agnew ( 1992 ) , Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld ( 1994 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Strain Theory 1.1 Merton 's Theory 2 Derived Theories 2.1 General Strain Theory 2.2 Institutional Anomie Theory 2.3 Illegitimate Opportunities Theory 2.4 Role Strain Theory 3 Other Strain Theorists 3.1 Robert Agnew 3.2 Jie Zhang 4 Criticism 5 Studies 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Strain theory ( edit ) Strain theory is a sociology and criminology theory developed in 1938 by Robert K. Merton . The theory states that society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals ( such as the American dream ) though they lack the means , this leads to strain which may lead the individuals to commit crimes . Examples being selling drugs or becoming involved in prostitution to gain financial security . Strain may either be : Structural : this refers to the processes at the societal level which filter down and affect how the individual perceives his or her needs , i.e. if particular social structures are inherently inadequate or there is inadequate regulation , this may change the individual 's perceptions as to means and opportunities ; or Individual : this refers to the frictions and pains experienced by an individual as he or she looks for ways to satisfy his or her needs , i.e. if the goals of a society become significant to an individual , actually achieving them may become more important than the means adopted . Merton 's theory ( edit ) Robert King Merton was an American sociologist who argued that society can encourage deviance to a large degree . Merton believed that socially accepted goals put pressure on people to conform . His theory was largely developed due to the social and economic circumstances occurring in the United States 's society during the early 1900s . Robert Merton 's Strain Theory stems from a fundamental question that he posed on why the rates of deviance were so different among societies . He thought that there could be deviance where there is a difference between what defines success and what the proper means are to achieve these goals . He found the United States as a prime example of high levels of deviance because there is a high value in achieving success , primarily monetary success , but there are contradictions for the means of achieving success . The college educated worker is respected , but the robber barons who stole for their money were also admired , showing success is seen as more important than the means to achieve success . In addition , he also saw how minority groups were unable to get good educations , and if they could then they could not get a good paying job with it , but the same high standard for success is set for everyone even though not everyone could reach those standards through conventional means . These contradictions led him to develop strain theory because of how high the US held success. People are forced to work within the system or become members of a deviant subculture to achieve the desired goal . Merton 's belief became the theory known as Strain Theory . Merton continued on to say when individuals are faced with a gap between their goals ( usually finances / money related ) and their current status , strain occurs . When faced with strain , people have five ways to adapt : Conformity : pursuing cultural goals through socially approved means . ( `` Hopeful poor '' ) Innovation : using socially unapproved or unconventional means to obtain culturally approved goals . Example : dealing drugs or stealing to achieve financial security . ( `` surviving poor '' ) Ritualism : using the same socially approved means to achieve less elusive goals ( more modest and humble ) . ( `` passive poor '' ) Retreatism : to reject both the cultural goals and the means to obtain it , then find a way to escape it . ( `` retreating poor '' ) Rebellion : to reject the cultural goals and means , then work to replace them . ( `` resisting poor '' ) not accepting any goals and means Derived Theories ( edit ) General strain theory ( edit ) Main article : General strain theory General strain theory ( GST ) is a sociology and criminology theory developed in 1992 by Robert Agnew . Agnew believed that Merton 's theory was too vague in nature and did not account for criminal activity which did not involve financial gain . The core idea of general strain theory is that people who experience strain or stress become distressed or upset which may lead them to commit crime in order to cope . One of the key principle of this theory is emotion as the motivator for crime . The theory was developed to conceptualize the full range of sources in society where strain possibly comes from , which Merton 's strain theory does not . The theory also focuses on the perspective of goals for status , expectations and class rather than focusing on money ( as Merton 's theory does ) . Examples of General Strain Theory are people who use illegal drugs to make themselves feel better , or a student assaulting his peers to end the harassment they caused . GST introduces 3 main sources of strain such as : Loss of positive stimuli ( death of family or friend ) Presentation of negative stimuli ( physical and verbal assaults ) The inability to reach a desired goal . Institutional Anomie theory ( edit ) Institutional anomie theory ( IAT ) is a criminology theory developed in 1994 in by Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld . The theory proposes that an institutional arrangement with a market , where the market / economy is allowed to operate / dominate without restraints from other social intuitions like family will likely cause criminal behavior . Derived from Merton 's Strain Theory , IAT expands on the macro levels of the theory . IAT 's focus centers on the criminal influences of varied social institutions , rather than just the economic structure . Illegitimate opportunities theory ( edit ) Main article : Illegitimate opportunity Illegitimate opportunities is a sociology theory developed in 1960 by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin . The theory states that crimes result from a high number of illegitimate opportunities and not from a lack of legitimate ones . The theory was created from Merton 's strain theory to help address juvenile delinquency . Role strain theory ( edit ) The theory of `` role strain '' , developed by sociologist William J. Goode in 1960 , states that social institutions are supported and operated by role relationships . Due to these role relationships that individuals may feel `` role strain '' , or difficulty fulfilling their sociological duties in the relationship . It is through this `` role strain '' that social action and social structure are maintained . With these relationships , come social obligations that members of that society are required to follow , which people are usually not forced to fulfill . In order for the society to continue existing , these obligations must be fulfilled at the volition of the individuals in it , which the theory states is what most people are inclined to do . Due to the fact that there is no force involved in maintaining these role relationships , there will be individuals who can not , or will not , conform to these societal expectations . In addition , the individuals within the society are not bound to one role relationship . In fact , all individuals will be part of multiple role relationships . Possession of multiple relationships can account for the conflicts of interest often faced in social settings . According to Goode , however , due to these multiple relationships , an individual will almost always have a total amount of role obligations that demand more than what the individual can give , whether it is in terms of time , emotional favor , or material resources . This can give rise to `` role strain '' , which can lead the individual to attempting to fulfill socially acceptable goals in means that may not be socially acceptable ( as explained in General String theory ) . While the theory of role strain attempts to attribute the maintenance of society to role relationships , Goode also acknowledges that the theory does not account for the existence of more complex social settings , such as that of urban society . The theory of role strain does not account for several aspects of urban life , such as the fact that some individuals accept absolutely none of the society 's central values , the fact that individuals vary in their emotional commitment to these societal values , how these role relationships change when individuals go through a change in social position , or how these relationships hold up during times of crisis . Other strain theorists ( edit ) Robert Agnew ( edit ) In 1992 , Robert Agnew asserted that strain theory could be central in explaining crime and deviance , but that it needed revision so that it was not tied to social class or cultural variables , but re-focused on norms . To this end , Agnew proposed a general strain theory that is neither structural nor interpersonal but rather individual and emotional , paying special attention to an individual 's immediate social environment . He argued that an individual 's actual or anticipated failure to achieve positively valued goals , actual or anticipated removal of positively valued stimuli , and actual or anticipated presentation of negative stimuli all result in strain . Anger and frustration confirm negative relationships . The resulting behavior patterns will often be characterized by more than their share of unilateral action because an individual will have a natural desire to avoid unpleasant rejections , and these unilateral actions ( especially when antisocial ) will further contribute to an individual 's alienation from society . If particular rejections are generalized into feelings that the environment is unsupportive , more strongly negative emotions may motivate the individual to engage in crime . This is most likely to be true for younger individuals , and Agnew suggested that research focus on the magnitude , recency , duration , and clustering of such strain - related events to determine whether a person copes with strain in a criminal or conforming manner . Temperament , intelligence , interpersonal skills , self - efficacy , the presence of conventional social support , and the absence of association with antisocial ( e.g. , criminally inclined ) age and status peers are chief among the factors Agnew identified as beneficial . Jie Zhang ( edit ) The strain theory of suicide postulates that suicide is usually preceded by psychological strains . A psychological strain is formed by at least two stresses or pressures , pushing the individual to different directions . A strain can be a consequence of any of the four conflicts : differential values , discrepancy between aspiration and reality , relative deprivation , and lack of coping skills for a crisis . Psychological strains in the form of all the four sources have been tested and supported with a sample of suicide notes in the United States and in rural China through psychological autopsy studies . The strain theory of suicide forms a challenge to the psychiatric model popular among the suicidologists in the world . The strain theory of suicide is based on the theoretical frameworks established by previous sociologists , e.g. Durkheim ( 1951 ) , Merton ( 1957 ) , and Agnew ( 2006 ) , and preliminary tests have been accomplished with some American ( Zhang and Lester 2008 ) and Chinese data ( Zhang 2010 ; Zhang , Dong , Delprino , and Zhou 2009 ; Zhang , Wieczorek , Conwell , and Tu 2011 ) . There could be four types of strain that precede a suicide , and each can be derived from specific sources . A source of strain must consist of two , and at least two , conflicting social facts . If the two social facts are non-contradictory , there would be no strain . Strain Source 1 : Differential Values When two conflicting social values or beliefs are competing in an individual 's daily life , the person experiences value strain . The two conflicting social facts are competing personal beliefs internalized in the person 's value system . A cult member may experience strain if the mainstream culture and the cult religion are both considered important in the cult member 's daily life . Other examples include the second generation of immigrants in the United States who have to abide by the ethnic culture rules enforced in the family while simultaneously adapting to the American culture with peers and school . In China , rural young women appreciate gender egalitarianism advocated by the communist government , but at the same time , they are trapped in cultural sexual discrimination as traditionally cultivated by Confucianism . Another example that might be found in developing countries is the differential values of traditional collectivism and modern individualism . When the two conflicting values are taken as equally important in a person 's daily life , the person experiences great strain . When one value is more important than the other , there is then little or no strain . Criticism ( edit ) Strain theory has received several criticisms , such as : Strain theory best applies only to the lower class as they struggle with limited resources to obtain their goals . Strain theory fails to explain white collar crime , the perpetrator of whom have many opportunities to achieve through legal and legitimate means . Strain theory fails to explain crimes based in gender inequality . Merton deals with individuals forms of responses instead of group activity which crime involves . Merton 's theory is not very critical of the social structure that he says generate the strains . Strain theory neglects the inter - and intra-personal aspect of crime . Strain theory has weak empirical evidence supporting it . Studies ( edit ) Strain theory was tested following its development . Most of these test examined ideal goals such as occupational goals and individual expectations , which would most ideally lead to crimes if not achieved under rule of strain theory . However , most of the research found that this was not the case . An example of these studies was a study done by Travis Hirschi in the 1969 . He analyzes a large body of data on delinquency collected in Western Contra Costa County , California that contrast with strain theory . These results and other criticisms lead to the abandonment of strain theory around the 1970s to the 80s . In addition to the study done by Hirsch , strain theory was explored in a 2001 study conducted by Jason D. Boardman ( and others ) . The study explored how societal strain and stress can lead to drug use by individuals , in particular how one 's neighborhood environment can affect their susceptibility to drug abuse . This study specifically centered around troubled neighborhoods in Detroit , and the results were based on census data taken of these neighborhoods , mainly because this data contained information on each individual resident 's use of drugs . From this data , the study found that the more disadvantaged a neighborhood is , the more its residents abuse drugs . The study credited this positive trend to higher levels of stress and fewer available resources . According to strain theory , this lack of resources may compel an individual to abuse drugs to attain the positively valued goal of happiness by using the means that are currently available , which in the case of rough neighborhoods , were drugs . See also ( edit ) Illegitimate opportunity References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Merton , Robert ( 1938 ) . `` Social Structure and Anomie '' . American Sociological Review . 3 ( 5 ) : 672 -- 682 . doi : 10.2307 / 2084686 . Jump up ^ WatkinsM . `` Merton 's Strain Theory '' . compass.port.ac.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://www.d.umn.edu/~bmork/2306/Theories/BAManomie.htm Jump up ^ Agnew , Robert ( 2001 ) . `` Building on the Foundation of General Strain Theory : Specifying the Types of Strain Most Likely to Lead to Crime and Delinquency '' . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 38 ( 4 ) : 319 -- 361 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022427801038004001 . Jump up ^ Agnew , Robert ( 2014 ) . `` General Strain Theory '' . Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice : 1892 -- 1900 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4614 - 5690 - 2_218 . Jump up ^ Agnew , Robert ( 2015 ) . `` General Strain Theory and Delinquency '' . The Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice Krohn / The Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice : 237 -- 256 . Jump up ^ Paternoster , Raymond ; Mazerolle , Paul ( 1994 ) . `` General Strain Theory and Delinquency : A Replication and Extension '' . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 31 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 263 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022427894031003001 . Jump up ^ Messner , Steven ; Rosenfeld , Richard ( 1997 ) . Crime and the American Dream . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Pub. Co . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Savolainen , Jukka . `` Institutional Anomie Theory '' . Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets . Jump up ^ Cloward , Richard ; Ohlin , Lloyd ( 1960 ) . Delinquency and opportunity : a theory of delinquent gangs . Glencoe , IL : Free Press . ^ Jump up to : Goode , William J. ( 1960 ) . `` A Theory of Role Strain '' . American Sociological Review . 25 ( 4 ) : 483 -- 496 . doi : 10.2307 / 2092933 . Jump up ^ Bernard , T.J. ( 1984 ) . `` Control Criticisms of Strain Theories : An Assessment of Theoretical and Empirical Adequacy '' . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 21 ( 4 ) : 353 -- 372 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022427884021004005 . Jump up ^ Kornhauser , Ruth ( 1978 ) . Social sources of delinquency : an appraisal of analytic models . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Hirschi , Travis ( 1969 ) . Causes of Delinquency . Berkeley : University of California . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , Jason D. ; Finch , Brian Karl ; Ellison , Christopher G. ; Williams , David R. ; Jackson , James S. ( 2001 ) . `` Neighborhood Disadvantage , Stress , and Drug Use among Adults '' . Journal of Health and Social Behavior . 42 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 165 . doi : 10.2307 / 3090175 . O'Grady W. ( 2011 ) . `` Crime in Canadian Context . '' Strain / anomie theory 92 - 94 Agnew , R ( 1992 ) . `` Foundation for a General Strain Theory '' . Criminology. 30 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 87 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 9125.1992. tb01093. x . Agnew , R. ; White , H. ( 1992 ) . `` An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory '' . Criminology. 30 ( 4 ) : 475 -- 99 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1745 - 9125.1992. tb01113. x . Agnew , R. ( 1997 ) . `` The Nature and Determinants of Strain : Another Look at Durkheim and Merton . '' pp. 27 -- 51 in The Future of Anomie Theory , edited by R. Agnew and N. Passas . Boston : Northeastern University Press . Agnew , R. ( 2009 ) . `` Revitalizing Merton : General Strain Theory . '' Advances in Criminological Theory : The Origins of American Criminology , Volume 16 , edited by F.T. Cullen , F. Adler , C.L. Johnson , and A.J. Meyer . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction . Akers , R. ( 2000 ) . Criminological Theories : Introduction , Evaluation , and Application . Los Angeles : Roxbury . Cloward , R ( 1959 ) . `` Illegitimate Means , Anomie and Deviant Behavior '' . American Sociological Review . 24 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 2089427 . Cloward , R. & Ohlin , L. ( 1960 ) . Delinquency and Opportunity . NY : Free Press . Cohen , A. ( 1955 ) . Delinquent Boys . NY : Free Press . Cohen , A ( 1965 ) . `` The Sociology of the Deviant Act : Anomie Theory and Beyond '' . American Sociological Review . 30 : 5 -- 14 . doi : 10.2307 / 2091770 . Cohen , A ( 1977 ) . `` The Concept of Criminal Organization '' . British Journal of Criminology. 17 : 97 -- 111 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. bjc. a046820 . Dubin , R ( 1959 ) . `` Deviant Behavior and Social Structure : Continuities in Social Theory '' . American Sociological Review . 24 : 147 -- 163 . doi : 10.2307 / 2089426 . Durkheim , E. ( 1897 / 1997 ) . Suicide . NY : Free Press . Featherstone , R. & Deflem , M. ( 2003 ) . `` Anomie and Strain : Context and Consequences of Merton 's Two Theories . '' Sociological Inquiry 73 ( 4 ) : 471 - 489 . Hirschi , T. ( 1969 ) . Causes of Delinquency . Berkeley : University of California Press . Marwah , Sanjay , and Mathieu Deflem. 2006 . '' Revisiting Merton : Continuities in the Theory of Anomie - and - Opportunity - Structures . '' pp. 57 -- 76 in Sociological Theory and Criminological Research : Views from Europe and the United States , ed . M. Deflem . Amsterdam : Elsevier / JAI Press . Messner , S & Rosenfeld , R. ( 1994 ) . Crime and the American Dream . Belmont : Wadsworth . Polk , K ( 1969 ) . `` Class , Strain and Rebellion Among Adolescents '' . Social Problems . 17 : 214 -- 24 . doi : 10.2307 / 799867 . Polk , K. , & Schafer , W. ( eds . ) . ( 1972 ) . Schools and Delinquency . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Agnew , Robert . 2006 . `` General Strain Theory : Current Status and Directions for Further Research . '' pp. 101 -- 123 in Taking Stock : The Status of Criminological Theory - Advances in Criminological Theory , edited by F.T. Cullen , J.P. Wright , and K. Blevins . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction . Durkheim , Emile . 1951 . Suicide : A Study in Sociology . New York : Free Press ( Original work published in 1897 ) . IOM , ( Institute of Medicine ) . 2002 . Reducing suicide : An American imperative . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . Mann , J.J. ; Waternaux , C. ; Haas , G.L. ; Malone , K.M. ( 1999 ) . `` Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients '' . American Journal of Psychiatry . 156 : 181 -- 189 . doi : 10.1176 / ajp. 156.2. 181 . Merton , R.K. 1957 . Social Theory and Social Structure , rev . ed . New York : Free Press . NIMH. 2003 . Research on Reduction and Prevention of Suicidality : National Institute of Mental Health . Phillips , Michael R ; Yang , Gonghuan ; Zhang , Yanping ; Wang , L. ; Ji , H. ; Zhou , M. ( 2002 ) . `` Risk factors for suicide in China : a national case - control psychological autopsy study '' . The Lancet . 360 : 1728 -- 1736 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 02 ) 11681 - 3 . Spitzer , R.L. , J.B.W. Williams , M. Gibbon , and A.B. First . 1988 . Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM - III - R ( SCID , 6 / 1 / 88 Revision ) . New York : Biometrics Research Department , New York State Psychiatric Institute . WatkinsM . `` Merton 's Strain Theory '' . compass.port.ac.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 Zhang , Jie ( 2010 ) . `` Marriage and Suicide among Chinese Rural Young Women '' . Social Forces . 89 : 311 -- 326 . doi : 10.1353 / sof. 2010.0065 . Zhang , Jie ; Dong , Nini ; Delprino , Robert ; Zhou , Li ( 2009 ) . `` Psychological Strains Found From In - Depth Interviews With 105 Chinese Rural Youth Suicides '' . Archives of Suicide Research . 13 : 185 -- 194 . doi : 10.1080 / 13811110902835155 . PMC 2715851 . 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External links ( edit ) Merton and the Strain Theory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strain_theory_(sociology)&oldid=841411692 '' Categories : Criminology Structuralism Crime Sociological theories Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 17 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who views crime as a desire for success when the legitimate means to achieve it are limited | [
"Strain theory is a sociology and criminology theory developed in 1938 by Robert K. Merton.[1] The theory states that society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals (such as the American dream) though they lack the means, this leads to strain which may lead the individuals to commit crimes. Examples being selling drugs or becoming involved in prostitution to gain financial security.[1]"
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"Robert K. Merton"
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-4126273991215890287 | Heliocentrism | Heliocentrism - wikipedia Heliocentrism Jump to : navigation , search `` Heliocentric '' redirects here . For the albums , see Heliocentric ( Paul Weller album ) and Heliocentric ( The Ocean Collective album ) . For heliocentric orbit , see Heliocentric orbit . Andreas Cellarius 's illustration of the Copernican system , from the Harmonia Macrocosmica ( 1708 ) . Heliocentrism is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System . Historically , Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism , which placed the Earth at the center . The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BCE by Aristarchus of Samos , but at least in the medieval world , Aristarchus 's Heliocentrism attracted little attention -- possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era . It was not until the 16th century that a geometric mathematical model of a heliocentric system was presented , by the Renaissance mathematician , astronomer , and Catholic cleric Nicolaus Copernicus , leading to the Copernican Revolution . In the following century , Johannes Kepler elaborated upon and expanded this model to include elliptical orbits , and Galileo Galilei presented supporting observations made using a telescope . With the observations of William Herschel , Friedrich Bessel , and other astronomers , it was realized that the sun , although center of the solar system , was not the center of the universe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient and medieval astronomy 1.1 Classical Antiquity 1.1. 1 Pythagoreans 1.1. 2 Aristarchus of Samos 1.1. 3 Seleucus of Seleucia 1.1. 4 Late Antiquity 1.2 Medieval Islamic world 1.3 Later medieval period 2 Renaissance - era astronomy 2.1 European astronomy before Copernicus 2.2 Copernican heliocentrism 3 Reception in Early Modern Europe 3.1 Circulation of Commentariolus ( before 1515 ) 3.2 Publication of de Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) 3.3 Tycho Brahe 's geo - heliocentric system c. 1587 3.4 Galileo Galilei 3.4. 1 Publication of Starry messenger ( 1610 ) 3.4. 2 Publication of Letter to the Grand Duchess ( 1615 ) 3.4. 3 1616 ban against Copernicanism 3.4. 4 Publication of Epitome astronomia Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 1621 ) 3.4. 5 Publication of Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems 3.5 Age of Reason 3.6 Reception in Judaism 4 The view of modern science 4.1 Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric 5 See also 6 Notes 7 External links 8 References Ancient and medieval astronomy ( edit ) A hypothetical geocentric model of the solar system ( upper panel ) in comparison to the heliocentric model ( lower panel ) . While the sphericity of the Earth was widely recognized in Greco - Roman astronomy from at least the 3rd century BCE , the Earth 's daily rotation and yearly orbit around the Sun was never universally accepted until the Copernican Revolution . While a moving Earth was proposed at least from the 4th century BCE in Pythagoreanism , and a fully developed heliocentric model was developed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BCE , these ideas were not successful in replacing the view of a static spherical Earth , and from the 2nd century CE the predominant model , which would be inherited by medieval astronomy , was the geocentric model described in Ptolemy 's Almagest . The Ptolemaic system was a sophisticated astronomical system that managed to calculate the positions for the planets to a fair degree of accuracy . Ptolemy himself , in his Almagest , points out that any model for describing the motions of the planets is merely a mathematical device , and since there is no actual way to know which is true , the simplest model that gets the right numbers should be used . However , he rejected the idea of a spinning earth as absurd as he believed it would create huge winds . His planetary hypotheses were sufficiently real that the distances of moon , sun , planets and stars could be determined by treating orbits ' celestial spheres as contiguous realities . This made the stars ' distance less than 20 Astronomical Units , a regression , since Aristarchus of Samos 's heliocentric scheme had centuries earlier necessarily placed the stars at least two orders of magnitude more distant . Problems with Ptolemy 's system were well recognized in medieval astronomy , and an increasing effort to criticize and improve it in the late medieval period eventually led to the Copernican heliocentrism developed in Renaissance astronomy . Classical antiquity ( edit ) See also : Greek astronomy Pythagoreans ( edit ) The non-geocentric model of the Universe was proposed by the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus ( d . 390 BC ) , who taught that at the center of the Universe was a `` central fire '' , around which the Earth , Sun , Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion . This system postulated the existence of a counter-earth collinear with the Earth and central fire , with the same period of revolution around the central fire as the Earth . The Sun revolved around the central fire once a year , and the stars were stationary . The Earth maintained the same hidden face towards the central fire , rendering both it and the `` counter-earth '' invisible from Earth . The Pythagorean concept of uniform circular motion remained unchallenged for approximately the next 2000 years , and it was to the Pythagoreans that Copernicus referred to show that the notion of a moving Earth was neither new nor revolutionary . Kepler gave an alternative explanation of the Pythagoreans ' `` central fire '' as the Sun , `` as most sects purposely hid ( e ) their teachings '' . Heraclides of Pontus ( 4th century BC ) said that the rotation of the Earth explained the apparent daily motion of the celestial sphere . It used to be thought that he believed Mercury and Venus to revolve around the Sun , which in turn ( along with the other planets ) revolves around the Earth . Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius ( AD 395 -- 423 ) later described this as the `` Egyptian System , '' stating that `` it did not escape the skill of the Egyptians , '' though there is no other evidence it was known in ancient Egypt . Aristarchus of Samos ( edit ) Aristarchus 's 3rd century BC calculations on the relative sizes of the Earth , Sun and Moon , from a 10th - century CE Greek copy The first person known to have proposed a heliocentric system , however , was Aristarchus of Samos ( c. 270 BC ) . Like Eratosthenes , Aristarchus calculated the size of the Earth , and measured the size and distance of the Moon and Sun , in a treatise which has survived . From his estimates , he concluded that the Sun was six to seven times wider than the Earth and thus hundreds of times more voluminous . His writings on the heliocentric system are lost , but some information is known from surviving descriptions and critical commentary by his contemporaries , such as Archimedes . Some have suggested that his calculation of the relative size of the Earth and Sun led Aristarchus to conclude that it made more sense for the Earth to be moving than for the huge Sun to be moving around it . Though the original text has been lost , a reference in Archimedes ' book The Sand Reckoner describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model . Archimedes wrote : You King Gelon are aware the ' universe ' is the name given by most astronomers to the sphere the center of which is the center of the Earth , while its radius is equal to the straight line between the center of the Sun and the center of the Earth . This is the common account as you have heard from astronomers . But Aristarchus has brought out a book consisting of certain hypotheses , wherein it appears , as a consequence of the assumptions made , that the universe is many times greater than the ' universe ' just mentioned . His hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the Sun remain unmoved , that the Earth revolves about the Sun on the circumference of a circle , the Sun lying in the middle of the orbit , and that the sphere of fixed stars , situated about the same center as the Sun , is so great that the circle in which he supposes the Earth to revolve bears such a proportion to the distance of the fixed stars as the center of the sphere bears to its surface . Aristarchus believed the stars to be very far away , and saw this as the reason why there was no visible parallax , that is , an observed movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moved around the Sun . The stars are in fact much farther away than the distance that was generally assumed in ancient times , which is why stellar parallax is only detectable with telescopes . Archimedes says that Aristarchus made the stars ' distance larger , suggesting that he was answering the natural objection that Heliocentrism requires stellar parallactic oscillations . He apparently agreed to the point but placed the stars so distant as to make the parallactic motion invisibly minuscule . Thus Heliocentrism opened the way for realization that the universe was larger than the geocentrists taught . Heliocentrism had been in conflict with religion before Copernicus : One of the few pieces of information we have about the reception of Aristarchus 's heliocentric system comes from a passage in Plutarch 's dialogue , Concerning the Face which Appears in the Orb of the Moon . According to one of Plutarch 's characters in the dialogue , the philosopher Cleanthes had held that Aristarchus should be charged with impiety for `` moving the hearth of the world '' . Seleucus of Seleucia ( edit ) Since Plutarch mentions the `` followers of Aristarchus '' in passing , it is likely that there were other astronomers in the Classical period who also espoused Heliocentrism , but whose work was lost . The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who is known to have supported Aristarchus ' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia ( b . 190 BC ) , a Hellenistic astronomer who flourished a century after Aristarchus in the Seleucid empire . Seleucus adopted the heliocentric system of Aristarchus and is said to have proved the heliocentric theory . According to Bartel Leendert van der Waerden , Seleucus may have proved the heliocentric theory by determining the constants of a geometric model for the heliocentric theory and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model . He may have used early trigonometric methods that were available in his time , as he was a contemporary of Hipparchus . A fragment of a work by Seleucus has survived in Arabic translation , which was referred to by Rhazes ( b . 865 ) . Alternatively , his explanation may have involved the phenomenon of tides , which he supposedly theorized to be caused by the attraction to the Moon and by the revolution of the Earth around the Earth - Moon ' center of mass ' . Late antiquity ( edit ) Nicholas of Cusa , 15th century , asked whether there was any reason to assert that any point was the center of the universe . There were occasional speculations about heliocentrism in Europe before Copernicus . In Roman Carthage , the pagan Martianus Capella ( 5th century A.D. ) expressed the opinion that the planets Venus and Mercury did not go about the Earth but instead circled the Sun . Capella 's model was discussed in the Early Middle Ages by various anonymous 9th - century commentators and Copernicus mentions him as an influence on his own work . The Ptolemaic system was also received in Indian astronomy . Aryabhata ( 476 -- 550 ) , in his magnum opus Aryabhatiya ( 499 ) , propounded a planetary model in which the Earth was taken to be spinning on its axis and the periods of the planets were given with respect to the Sun . He accurately calculated many astronomical constants , such as the periods of the planets , times of the solar and lunar eclipses , and the instantaneous motion of the Moon . Early followers of Aryabhata 's model included Varahamihira , Brahmagupta , and Bhaskara II . Medieval Islamic world ( edit ) See also : Astronomy in medieval Islam and Islamic cosmology An illustration from al - Biruni 's astronomical works , explains the different phases of the moon , with respect to the position of the sun . Al - Biruni suggested that if the Earth rotated on its axis this would be consistent with astronomical theory . He discussed Heliocentrism but considered it a problem of natural philosophy . Muslim astronomers often , but not entirely accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model . Beginning in the 11th century , a tradition criticizing Ptolemy developed within Islamic astronomy , beginning with Ibn al - Haytham of Basra 's Al - Shukūk ' alā Baṭalamiyūs ( `` Doubts Concerning Ptolemy '' ) . Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth 's apparent immobility and centrality within the universe . Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi ( d.c. 1020 ) accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis . According to Al - Biruni , Sijzi invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries `` That the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky . '' The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states : According to the Geometers ( or engineers ) ( muhandisīn ) , the earth is in constant circular motion , and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars . Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy 's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy ( c. 1028 ) , which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy 's geocentrism , but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy 's model rather than his geocentrism . Abu Rayhan Biruni ( b . 973 ) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun , but in his Masudic Canon , he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own . He was aware that if the Earth rotated on its axis , this would be consistent with his astronomical parameters , but he considered it a problem of natural philosophy rather than mathematics . In the 12th century , some Islamic astronomers developed complete alternatives to the Ptolemaic system ( although not heliocentric ) , such as Nur ad - Din al - Bitruji , who considered the Ptolemaic model as mathematical , and not physical . Al - Bitruji 's alternative system spread through most of Europe in the 13th century , with debates and refutations of his ideas continued up to the 16th century . Later medieval period ( edit ) The Maragha school of astronomy in Ilkhanid - era Persia further developed `` non-Ptolemaic '' planetary models involving Earth 's rotation . Notable astronomers of this school are Al - Urdi ( d . 1266 ) Al - Katibi ( d . 1277 ) , and Al - Tusi ( d . 1274 ) . The arguments and evidence used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth 's motion . The criticism of Ptolemy as developed by Averroes and by the Maragha school explicitly address the Earth 's rotation but it did not arrive at explicit heliocentrism . The observations of the Maragha school were further improved at the Timurid - era Samarkand observatory under Qushji ( 1403 -- 1474 ) . European scholarship in the later medieval period actively received astronomical models developed in the Islamic world and by the 13th century was well aware of the problems of the Ptolemaic model . In the 14th century , bishop Nicole Oresme discussed the possibility that the Earth rotated on its axis , while Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa in his Learned Ignorance asked whether there was any reason to assert that the Sun ( or any other point ) was the center of the universe . In parallel to a mystical definition of God , Cusa wrote that `` Thus the fabric of the world ( machina mundi ) will quasi have its center everywhere and circumference nowhere . '' In India , Nilakantha Somayaji ( 1444 -- 1544 ) , in his Aryabhatiyabhasya , a commentary on Aryabhata 's Aryabhatiya , developed a computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model , in which the planets orbit the Sun , which in turn orbits the Earth , similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century . In the Tantrasangraha ( 1500 ) , he further revised his planetary system , which was mathematically more accurate at predicting the heliocentric orbits of the interior planets than both the Tychonic and Copernican models , but did not propose any specific models of the universe . Nilakantha 's planetary system also incorporated the Earth 's rotation on its axis . Most astronomers of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics seem to have accepted his planetary model . Renaissance - era astronomy ( edit ) European astronomy before Copernicus ( edit ) Some historians maintain that the thought of the Maragheh observatory , in particular the mathematical devices known as the Urdi lemma and the Tusi couple , influenced Renaissance - era European astronomy , and thus was indirectly received by Renaissance - era European astronomy and thus by Copernicus . Copernicus used such devices in the same planetary models as found in Arabic sources . Furthermore , the exact replacement of the equant by two epicycles used by Copernicus in the Commentariolus was found in an earlier work by Ibn al - Shatir ( d.c. 1375 ) of Damascus . Ibn al - Shatir 's lunar and Mercury models are also identical to those of Copernicus . The state of knowledge on planetary theory received by Copernicus is summarized in Georg von Peuerbach 's Theoricae Novae Planetarum ( printed in 1472 by Regiomontanus ) . By 1470 , the accuracy of observations by the Vienna school of astronomy , of which Peuerbach and Regiomontanus were members , was high enough to make the eventual development of heliocentrism inevitable , and indeed it is possible that Regiomontanus did arrive at an explicit theory of heliocentrism before his death in 1476 , some 30 years before Copernicus . While the influence of the criticism of Ptolemy by Averroes on Renaissance thought is clear and explicit , the claim of direct influence of the Maragha school , postulated by Otto E. Neugebauer in 1957 , remains an open question . Copernicus explicitly references several astronomers of the `` Islamic Golden Age '' ( 10th to 12th centuries ) in De Revolutionibus : Albategnius ( Al - Battani ) , Averroes ( Ibn Rushd ) , Thebit ( Thabit Ibn Qurra ) , Arzachel ( Al - Zarqali ) , and Alpetragius ( Al - Bitruji ) , but he does not show awareness of the existence of any of the later astronomers of the Maragha school . It has been argued that Copernicus could have independently discovered the Tusi couple or took the idea from Proclus 's Commentary on the First Book of Euclid , which Copernicus cited . Another possible source for Copernicus 's knowledge of this mathematical device is the Questiones de Spera of Nicole Oresme , who described how a reciprocating linear motion of a celestial body could be produced by a combination of circular motions similar to those proposed by al - Tusi . Copernican Heliocentrism ( edit ) Main article : Copernican heliocentrism Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1578 ) Nicolaus Copernicus in his De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( `` On the revolution of heavenly spheres '' , first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg ) , presented a discussion of a heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy in the 2nd century had presented his geocentric model in his Almagest . Copernicus discussed the philosophical implications of his proposed system , elaborated it in geometrical detail , used selected astronomical observations to derive the parameters of his model , and wrote astronomical tables which enabled one to compute the past and future positions of the stars and planets . In doing so , Copernicus moved Heliocentrism from philosophical speculation to predictive geometrical astronomy . In reality , Copernicus 's system did not predict the planets ' positions any better than the Ptolemaic system . This theory resolved the issue of planetary retrograde motion by arguing that such motion was only perceived and apparent , rather than real : it was a parallax effect , as an object that one is passing seems to move backwards against the horizon . This issue was also resolved in the geocentric Tychonic system ; the latter , however , while eliminating the major epicycles , retained as a physical reality the irregular back - and - forth motion of the planets , which Kepler characterized as a `` pretzel '' . Copernicus cited Aristarchus in an early ( unpublished ) manuscript of De Revolutionibus ( which still survives ) , stating : `` Philolaus believed in the mobility of the earth , and some even say that Aristarchus of Samos was of that opinion . '' However , in the published version he restricts himself to noting that in works by Cicero he had found an account of the theories of Hicetas and that Plutarch had provided him with an account of the Pythagoreans , Heraclides Ponticus , Philolaus , and Ecphantus . These authors had proposed a moving earth , which did not , however , revolve around a central sun . Reception in early modern Europe ( edit ) Main article : Copernican Revolution Circulation of Commentariolus ( before 1515 ) ( edit ) The first information about the heliocentric views of Nicolaus Copernicus was circulated in manuscript completed some time before May 1 , 1514 . Although only in manuscript , Copernicus ' ideas were well known among astronomers and others . His ideas contradicted the then - prevailing understanding of the Bible . In the King James Bible ( first published in 1611 ) , First Chronicles 16 : 30 states that `` the world also shall be stable , that it be not moved . '' Psalm 104 : 5 says , `` ( the Lord ) Who laid the foundations of the earth , that it should not be removed for ever . '' Ecclesiastes 1 : 5 states that `` The sun also ariseth , and the sun goeth down , and hasteth to his place where he arose . '' Nonetheless , in 1533 , Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter delivered in Rome a series of lectures outlining Copernicus ' theory . The lectures were heard with interest by Pope Clement VII and several Catholic cardinals . On November 1 , 1536 , Archbishop of Capua Nikolaus von Schönberg wrote a letter to Copernicus from Rome encouraging him to publish a full version of his theory . However , in 1539 , Martin Luther said : `` There is talk of a new astrologer who wants to prove that the earth moves and goes around instead of the sky , the sun , the moon , just as if somebody were moving in a carriage or ship might hold that he was sitting still and at rest while the earth and the trees walked and moved . But that is how things are nowadays : when a man wishes to be clever he must ... invent something special , and the way he does it must needs be the best ! The fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside - down . However , as Holy Scripture tells us , so did Joshua bid the sun to stand still and not the earth . '' This was reported in the context of a conversation at the dinner table and not a formal statement of faith . Melanchthon , however , opposed the doctrine over a period of years . Publication of De Revolutionibus ( 1543 ) ( edit ) Nicolaus Copernicus published the definitive statement of his system in De Revolutionibus in 1543 . Copernicus began to write it in 1506 and finished it in 1530 , but did not publish it until the year of his death . Although he was in good standing with the Church and had dedicated the book to Pope Paul III , the published form contained an unsigned preface by Osiander defending the system and arguing that it was useful for computation even if its hypotheses were not necessarily true . Possibly because of that preface , the work of Copernicus inspired very little debate on whether it might be heretical during the next 60 years . There was an early suggestion among Dominicans that the teaching of Heliocentrism should be banned , but nothing came of it at the time . Some years after the publication of De Revolutionibus John Calvin preached a sermon in which he denounced those who `` pervert the order of nature '' by saying that `` the sun does not move and that it is the earth that revolves and that it turns '' . On the other hand , Calvin is not responsible for another famous quotation which has often been misattributed to him : `` Who will venture to place the authority of Copernicus above that of the Holy Spirit ? '' It has long been established that this line can not be found in any of Calvin 's works . It has been suggested that the quotation was originally sourced from the works of Lutheran theologian Abraham Calovius . Tycho Brahe 's geo - heliocentric system c. 1587 ( edit ) Main article : Tychonic system In this depiction of the Tychonic system , the objects on blue orbits ( the Moon and the Sun ) revolve around the Earth . The objects on orange orbits ( Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn ) revolve around the Sun . Around all is a sphere of fixed stars , located just beyond Saturn . Prior to the publication of De Revolutionibus , the most widely accepted system had been proposed by Ptolemy , in which the Earth was the center of the universe and all celestial bodies orbited it . Tycho Brahe , arguably the most accomplished astronomer of his time , advocated against Copernicus 's heliocentric system and for an alternative to the Ptolemaic geocentric system : a geo - heliocentric system now known as the Tychonic system in which the five then known planets orbit the sun , while the sun and the moon orbit the earth . Tycho appreciated the Copernican system , but objected to the idea of a moving Earth on the basis of physics , astronomy , and religion . The Aristotelian physics of the time ( modern Newtonian physics was still a century away ) offered no physical explanation for the motion of a massive body like Earth , whereas it could easily explain the motion of heavenly bodies by postulating that they were made of a different sort substance called aether that moved naturally . So Tycho said that the Copernican system `` ... expertly and completely circumvents all that is superfluous or discordant in the system of Ptolemy . On no point does it offend the principle of mathematics . Yet it ascribes to the Earth , that hulking , lazy body , unfit for motion , a motion as quick as that of the aethereal torches , and a triple motion at that . '' Likewise , Tycho took issue with the vast distances to the stars that Aristarchus and Copernicus had assumed in order to explain the lack of any visible parallax . Tycho had measured the apparent sizes of stars ( now known to be illusory -- see stellar magnitude ) , and used geometry to calculate that in order to both have those apparent sizes and be as far away as Heliocentrism required , stars would have to be huge ( much larger than the sun ; the size of Earth 's orbit or larger ) . Regarding this Tycho wrote , `` Deduce these things geometrically if you like , and you will see how many absurdities ( not to mention others ) accompany this assumption ( of the motion of the earth ) by inference . '' He also cited the Copernican system 's `` opposition to the authority of Sacred Scripture in more than one place '' as a reason why one might wish to reject it , and observed that his own geoheliocentric alternative `` offended neither the principles of physics nor Holy Scripture '' . The Jesuit astronomers in Rome were at first unreceptive to Tycho 's system ; the most prominent , Clavius , commented that Tycho was `` confusing all of astronomy , because he wants to have Mars lower than the Sun . '' However , after the advent of the telescope showed problems with some geocentric models ( by demonstrating that Venus circles the sun , for example ) , the Tychonic system and variations on that system became very popular among geocentrists , and the Jesuit astronomer Giovanni Battista Riccioli would continue Tycho 's use of physics , stellar astronomy ( now with a telescope ) , and religion to argue against Heliocentrism and for Tycho 's system well into the seventeenth century ( see Riccioli ) . Galileo Galilei ( edit ) Publication of starry messenger ( 1610 ) ( edit ) In the 17th century AD Galileo Galilei opposed the Roman Catholic Church by his strong support for Heliocentrism Galileo was able to look at the night sky with the newly invented telescope . Then he published his discoveries in Sidereus Nuncius including ( among other things ) the moons of Jupiter and that Venus exhibited a full range of phases . These discoveries were not consistent with the Ptolemeic model of the solar system . As the Jesuit astronomers confirmed Galileo 's observations , the Jesuits moved toward Tycho 's teachings . Publication of letter to the Grand Duchess ( 1615 ) ( edit ) In a Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina , Galileo defended Heliocentrism , and claimed it was not contrary to Scriptures ( see Galileo affair ) . He took Augustine 's position on Scripture : not to take every passage literally when the scripture in question is in a Bible book of poetry and songs , not a book of instructions or history . The writers of the Scripture wrote from the perspective of the terrestrial world , and from that vantage point the sun does rise and set . In fact , it is the Earth 's rotation which gives the impression of the sun in motion across the sky . 1616 ban against Copernicanism ( edit ) Main article : Galileo affair In February 1615 , prominent Dominicans including Thomaso Caccini and Niccolò Lorini brought Galileo 's writings on Heliocentrism to the attention of the Inquisition , because they appeared to violate Holy Scripture and the decrees of the Council of Trent . Cardinal and Inquisitor Robert Bellarmine was called upon to adjudicate , and wrote in April that treating Heliocentrism as a real phenomenon would be `` a very dangerous thing , '' irritating philosophers and theologians , and harming `` the Holy Faith by rendering Holy Scripture as false . '' In January 1616 Msgr . Francesco Ingoli addressed an essay to Galileo disputing the Copernican system . Galileo later stated that he believed this essay to have been instrumental in the ban against Copernicanism that followed in February . According to Maurice Finocchiaro , Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy , and the essay provided the `` chief direct basis '' for the ban . The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against Heliocentrism . It borrowed primarily from the arguments of Tycho Brahe , and it notedly mentioned the problem that Heliocentrism requires the stars to be much larger than the sun . Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory `` clearly proves ... the fixed stars to be of such size , as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself . '' Ingoli included four theological arguments in the essay , but suggested to Galileo that he focus on the physical and mathematical arguments . Galileo did not write a response to Ingoli until 1624 . In February 1616 , the Inquisition assembled a committee of theologians , known as qualifiers , who delivered their unanimous report condemning Heliocentrism as `` foolish and absurd in philosophy , and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture . '' The Inquisition also determined that the Earth 's motion `` receives the same judgement in philosophy and ... in regard to theological truth it is at least erroneous in faith . '' Bellarmine personally ordered Galileo `` to abstain completely from teaching or defending this doctrine and opinion or from discussing it ... to abandon completely ... the opinion that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the earth moves , and henceforth not to hold , teach , or defend it in any way whatever , either orally or in writing . '' -- Bellarmine and the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo , 1616 In March , after the Inquisition 's injunction against Galileo , the papal Master of the Sacred Palace , Congregation of the Index , and Pope banned all books and letters advocating the Copernican system , which they called `` the false Pythagorean doctrine , altogether contrary to Holy Scripture . '' In 1618 the Holy Office recommended that a modified version of Copernicus ' De Revolutionibus be allowed for use in calendric calculations , though the original publication remained forbidden until 1758 . Publication of Epitome astronomia Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 1621 ) ( edit ) In Astronomia nova ( 1609 ) , Johannes Kepler had used an elliptical orbit to explain the motion of Mars . In Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae he developed a heliocentric model of the solar system in which all the planets have elliptical orbits . This provided significantly increased accuracy in predicting the position of the planets . Kepler 's ideas were not immediately accepted . Galileo for example completely ignored Kepler 's work . Kepler proposed Heliocentrism as a physical description of the solar system and Epitome astronomia Copernicanae was placed on the index of prohibited books despite Kepler being a Protestant . Publication of dialogue Concerning the two chief world systems ( edit ) Pope Urban VIII encouraged Galileo to publish the pros and cons of Heliocentrism . Galileo 's response , Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems ( 1632 ) , clearly advocated Heliocentrism , despite his declaration in the preface that , I will endeavour to show that all experiments that can be made upon the Earth are insufficient means to conclude for its mobility but are indifferently applicable to the Earth , movable or immovable ... and his straightforward statement , I might very rationally put it in dispute , whether there be any such centre in nature , or no ; being that neither you nor any one else hath ever proved , whether the World be finite and figurate , or else infinite and interminate ; yet nevertheless granting you , for the present , that it is finite , and of a terminate Spherical Figure , and that thereupon it hath its centre ... Some ecclesiastics also interpreted the book as characterizing the Pope as a simpleton , since his viewpoint in the dialogue was advocated by the character Simplicio . Urban VIII became hostile to Galileo and he was again summoned to Rome . Galileo 's trial in 1633 involved making fine distinctions between `` teaching '' and `` holding and defending as true '' . For advancing heliocentric theory Galileo was forced to recant Copernicanism and was put under house arrest for the last few years of his life . According to J.L. Heilbron , informed contemporaries of Galileo 's : `` appreciated that the reference to heresy in connection with Galileo or Copernicus had no general or theological significance . '' Age of reason ( edit ) Further information : Age of Reason , 17th - century philosophy , and Scientific revolution René Descartes postponed , and ultimately never finished , his treatise The World , which included a heliocentric model , but the Galileo affair did little to slow the spread of Heliocentrism across Europe , as Kepler 's Epitome of Copernican Astronomy became increasingly influential in the coming decades . By 1686 the model was well enough established that the general public was reading about it in Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds , published in France by Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle and translated into English and other languages in the coming years . It has been called `` one of the first great popularizations of science . '' In 1687 , Isaac Newton published Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , which provided an explanation for Kepler 's laws in terms of universal gravitation and what came to be known as Newton 's laws of motion . This placed Heliocentrism on a firm theoretical foundation , although Newton 's Heliocentrism was of a somewhat modern kind . Already in the mid-1680s he recognized the `` deviation of the Sun '' from the centre of gravity of the solar system . For Newton it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest , but `` the common centre of gravity of the Earth , the Sun and all the Planets is to be esteem 'd the Centre of the World '' , and this centre of gravity `` either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line '' . Newton adopted the `` at rest '' alternative in view of common consent that the centre , wherever it was , was at rest . Meanwhile , the Church remained opposed to Heliocentrism as a literal description , but this did not by any means imply opposition to all astronomy ; indeed , it needed observational data to maintain its calendar . In support of this effort it allowed the cathedrals themselves to be used as solar observatories called meridiane ; i.e. , they were turned into `` reverse sundials '' , or gigantic pinhole cameras , where the Sun 's image was projected from a hole in a window in the cathedral 's lantern onto a meridian line . In 1664 , Pope Alexander VII published his Index Librorum Prohibitorum Alexandri VII Pontificis Maximi jussu editus ( Index of Prohibited Books , published by order of Alexander VII , P.M. ) which included all previous condemnations of heliocentric books . In the mid-eighteenth century the Church 's opposition began to fade . An annotated copy of Newton 's Principia was published in 1742 by Fathers le Seur and Jacquier of the Franciscan Minims , two Catholic mathematicians , with a preface stating that the author 's work assumed Heliocentrism and could not be explained without the theory . In 1758 the Catholic Church dropped the general prohibition of books advocating Heliocentrism from the Index of Forbidden Books . The Observatory of the Roman College was established by Pope Clement XIV in 1774 ( nationalized in 1878 , but re-founded by Pope Leo XIII as the Vatican Observatory in 1891 ) . In spite of dropping its active resistance to Heliocentrism , the Catholic Church did not lift the prohibition of uncensored versions of Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus or Galileo 's Dialogue . The affair was revived in 1820 , when the Master of the Sacred Palace ( the Church 's chief censor ) , Filippo Anfossi , refused to license a book by a Catholic canon , Giuseppe Settele , because it openly treated heliocentrism as a physical fact . Settele appealed to pope Pius VII . After the matter had been reconsidered by the Congregation of the Index and the Holy Office , Anfossi 's decision was overturned . Pius VII approved a decree in 1822 by the Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition to allow the printing of heliocentric books in Rome . Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus and Galileo 's Dialogue were then subsequently omitted from the next edition of the Index when it appeared in 1835 . Reception in Judaism ( edit ) Already in the Talmud , Greek philosophy and science under general name `` Greek wisdom '' were considered dangerous . They were put under ban then and later for some periods . The first Jewish scholar to describe the Copernican system , albeit without mentioning Copernicus by name , was Maharal of Prague , his book `` Be'er ha - Golah '' ( 1593 ) . Maharal makes an argument of radical skepticism , arguing that no scientific theory can be reliable , which he illustrates by the new - fangled theory of heliocentrism upsetting even the most fundamental views on the cosmos . Copernicus is mentioned in the books of David Gans ( 1541 -- 1613 ) , who worked with Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler . Gans wrote two books on astronomy in Hebrew : a short one `` Magen David '' ( 1612 ) and a full one `` Nehmad veNaim '' ( published only in 1743 ) . He described objectively three systems : Ptolemy , Copernicus and of Tycho Brahe without taking sides . Joseph Solomon Delmedigo ( 1591 -- 1655 ) in his `` Elim '' ( 1629 ) says that the arguments of Copernicus are so strong , that only an imbecile will not accept them . Delmedigo studied at Padua and was acquainted with Galileo . An actual controversy on the Copernican model within Judaism arises only in the early 18th century . Most authors in this period accept Copernican heliocentrism , with opposition from David Nieto and Tobias Cohn . Both of these authors argued against heliocentrism on grounds of contradictions to scripture . Nieto merely rejected the new system on those grounds without much passion , whereas Cohn went so far as to call Copernicus `` a first - born of Satan '' , though he also acknowledged that he would have found it difficult to counter one particular objection based on a passage from the Talmud . In the 19th century two students of the Hatam sofer wrote books that were given approbations by him even though one supported heliocentrism and the other geocentrism . The one , a commentary on Genesis Yafe'ah le - Ketz written by R. Israel David Schlesinger resisted a heliocentric model and supported geocentrism . The other , Mei Menuchot written by R. Eliezer Lipmann Neusatz encouraged acceptance of the heliocentric model and other modern scientific thinking . Since the 20th century most Jews have not questioned the science of heliocentrism . Exceptions include Shlomo Benizri and R.M.M. Schneerson of Chabad who argued that the question of heliocentrism vs. geocentrism is obsolete because of the relativity of motion . Schneerson 's followers in Chabad continue to deny the heliocentric model . The view of modern Science ( edit ) Kepler 's laws of planetary motion were used as arguments in favor of the heliocentric hypothesis . Three apparent proofs of the heliocentric hypothesis were provided in 1727 by James Bradley , in 1838 by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel and in 1851 by Foucault . Bradley discovered the stellar aberration , simultaneously proving the motion of the earth and the finiteness of the speed of light . Bessel proved that the parallax of a star was greater than zero by measuring the parallax of 0.314 arcseconds of a star named 61 Cygni . In the same year Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve and Thomas Henderson measured the parallaxes of other stars , Vega and Alpha Centauri . Finally , Foucault with his pendulum proved the daily rotation of the earth . The thinking that the heliocentric view was also not true in a strict sense was achieved in steps . That the Sun was not the center of the universe , but one of innumerable stars , was strongly advocated by the mystic Giordano Bruno . Over the course of the 18th and 19th centuries , the status of the Sun as merely one star among many became increasingly obvious . By the 20th century , even before the discovery that there are many galaxies , it was no longer an issue . The concept of an absolute velocity , including being `` at rest '' as a particular case , is ruled out by the principle of relativity , also eliminating any obvious `` center '' of the universe as a natural origin of coordinates . Some forms of Mach 's principle consider the frame at rest with respect to the distant masses in the universe to have special properties . Even if the discussion is limited to the solar system , the Sun is not at the geometric center of any planet 's orbit , but rather approximately at one focus of the elliptical orbit . Furthermore , to the extent that a planet 's mass can not be neglected in comparison to the Sun 's mass , the center of gravity of the solar system is displaced slightly away from the center of the Sun . ( The masses of the planets , mostly Jupiter , amount to 0.14 % of that of the Sun . ) Therefore , a hypothetical astronomer on an extrasolar planet would observe a small `` wobble '' in the Sun 's motion . Modern use of geocentric and heliocentric ( edit ) In modern calculations the terms `` geocentric '' and `` heliocentric '' are often used to refer to reference frames . In such systems the origin in the center of mass of the Earth , of the Earth -- Moon system , of the Sun , of the Sun plus the major planets , or of the entire solar system can be selected ; see center - of - mass frame . Right Ascension and Declination are examples of geocentric coordinates , used in Earth - based observations , while the heliocentric latitude and longitude are used for orbital calculations . This leads to such terms as `` heliocentric velocity '' and `` heliocentric angular momentum '' . In this heliocentric picture , any planet of the Solar System can be used as a source of mechanical energy because it moves relatively to the Sun . A smaller body ( either artificial or natural ) may gain heliocentric velocity due to gravity assist -- this effect can change the body 's mechanical energy in heliocentric reference frame ( although it will not changed in the planetary one ) . However , such selection of `` geocentric '' or `` heliocentric '' frames is merely a matter of computation . It does not have philosophical implications and does not constitute a distinct physical or scientific model . From the point of view of General Relativity , inertial reference frames do not exist at all , and any practical reference frame is only an approximation to the actual space - time , which can have higher or lower precision . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Geocentric model Celestial spheres Copernican Revolution ( metaphor ) Copernican principle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ optinonally capitalised , Heliocentrism or heliocentrism , according to The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed. , 2007 ) . The term is a learned formation based on Greek ἥλιος helios `` sun '' and κέντρον kentron `` center '' ; the adjective heliocentric is first recorded in English ( as heliocentrick ) in 1685 , after New Latin heliocentricus , in use from about the same time ( Johann Jakob Zimmermann , Prodromus biceps cono ellipticæ et a priori demonstratæ planetarum theorices , 1679 , p. 28 ) . The abstract noun in - ism is more recent , recorded from the late 19th century ( e.g. in Constance Naden , Induction and Deduction : A Historical and Critical Sketch of Successive Philosophical Conceptions Respecting the Relations Between Inductive and Deductive Thought and Other Essays ( 1890 ) , p. 76 : `` Copernicus started from the observed motions of the planets , on which astronomers were agreed , and worked them out on the new hypothesis of Heliocentrism '' ) , modelled after German Heliocentrismus or Heliozentrismus ( c. 1870 ) . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1953 ) , pp. 135 -- 48 ; Linton ( 2004 ) , pp. 38 -- 9 ) . The work of Aristarchus 's in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived . We only know of it now from a brief passage in Archimedes 's The Sand Reckoner . Jump up ^ according to Lucio Russo , the heliocentric view was expounded in Hipparchus 's work on gravity . ( source : Lucio Rosso , The Forgotten Revolution , How Science was Born in 300BC and Why it had to be Reborn , pp 293 - 296 ) Jump up ^ Debus , Allen G. ( 1987 ) , Man and nature in the Renaissance , Cambridge University Press , p. 76 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29328 - 6 , Chapter V , page 76 Jump up ^ In Book 1 section 7 he admits that a model in which the earth revolves with respect to the stars would be simpler but does n't go as far as considering a heliocentric system . Jump up ^ Dennis Duke , Ptolemy 's Universe Jump up ^ Boyer , C. A History of Mathematics . Wiley , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Johannes Kepler ( 1618 -- 21 ) , Epitome of Copernican Astronomy , Book IV , Part 1.2 Jump up ^ Eastwood , B.S. ( November 1 , 1992 ) , `` Heraclides and Heliocentrism -- Texts Diagrams and Interpretations '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 23 : 233 , Bibcode : 1992JHA ... 23 ... 233E Jump up ^ Otto E. Neugebauer ( 1975 ) , A history of ancient mathematical astronomy , Berlin / Heidelberg / New York : Springer , p. 695 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 06995 - X Jump up ^ Rufus , W. Carl ( 1923 ) , `` The astronomical system of Copernicus '' , Popular Astronomy , 31 : 510 -- 521 ( 512 ) , Bibcode : 1923PA ... 31 ... 510R , at pp. 511 - 512 Jump up ^ Arenarius , I. , 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ D. Rawlins , Aristarchus 's vast universe : ancient vision , contends that all of Aristarchus 's huge astronomical estimates of distance were based upon his gauging the limit of human visual discrimination to be approximately a ten thousandth of a radian which is about right . Jump up ^ Dreyer ( 1953 , p. 138 ) ; Plutarch ( 1957 , p. 55 ) ( on - line copy available ) . According to a footnote in the latter reference , Diogenes Laertius listed a work of Cleanthes ' ( apparently now lost ) with the title Against Aristarchus ( Plutarch , 1957 , p. 54 ) . Jump up ^ Murdin , Paul , Murdin , Paul , ed. , Seleucus of Seleucia ( c. 190 BC - ? ) , Institute of Physics Publishing , Bibcode : 2000eaa ... bookE3998. , ISBN 0 - 333 - 75088 - 8 , doi : 10.1888 / 0333750888 , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Index of Ancient Greek Philosophers - Scientists , Ics.forth.gr , retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Bartel , B.L. ( 1987 ) , `` The Heliocentric System in Greek , Persian and Hindu Astronomy '' , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 500 ( 1 ) : 525 -- 545 ( 527 -- 529 ) , Bibcode : 1987NYASA. 500 ... 525V , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1987. tb37224. x . Jump up ^ Shlomo Pines ( 1986 ) , Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science , 2 , Brill Publishers , pp. viii & 201 -- 17 , ISBN 965 - 223 - 626 - 8 Jump up ^ Lucio Russo , Flussi e riflussi , Feltrinelli , Milano , 2003 , ISBN 88 - 07 - 10349 - 4 . Jump up ^ William Stahl , trans. , Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts , vol. 2 , The Marriage of Philology and Mercury , 854 , 857 , New York : Columbia Univ . Pr , 1977 , pp. 332 -- 3 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 2007 ) , Ordering the Heavens : Roman Astronomy and Cosmology in the Carolingian Renaissance , Leiden : Brill , pp. 244 -- 259 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16186 - 3 Jump up ^ Eastwood , Bruce S. ( 1982 ) , `` Kepler as Historian of Science : Precursors of Copernican Heliocentrism according to De revolutionibus I , 10 '' , Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 126 : 367 -- 394 . ^ Jump up to : Joseph ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Thurston ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Sabra , A.I. ( 1998 ) . `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy '' . Perspectives on Science . 6 ( 3 ) : 288 -- 330 . at pp. 317 -- 18 : All Islamic astronomers from Thabit ibn Qurra in the ninth century to Ibn al - Shatir in the fourteenth , and all natural philosophers from al - Kindi to Averroes and later , are known to have accepted ... the Greek picture of the world as consisting of two spheres of which one , the celestial sphere ... concentrically envelops the other . Jump up ^ Hoskin , Michael ( 1999 - 03 - 18 ) . The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 9780521576000 . ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001a ) , `` Tusi and Copernicus : The Earth 's Motion in Context '' , Science in Context , Cambridge University Press , 14 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 145 -- 163 , doi : 10.1017 / s0269889701000060 ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. 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Jump up ^ Nicolaus Copernicus , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ E.S. Kennedy , `` Al - Bīrūnī 's Masudic Canon '' , Al - Abhath , 24 ( 1971 ) : 59 -- 81 ; reprinted in David A. King and Mary Helen Kennedy , ed. , Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences , Beirut , 1983 , pp. 573 -- 595 . Jump up ^ G. Wiet , V. Elisseeff , P. Wolff , J. Naudu ( 1975 ) . History of Mankind , Vol 3 : The Great medieval Civilisations , p. 649 . George Allen & Unwin Ltd , UNESCO . ^ Jump up to : Saliba ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Samsó , Julio ( 2007 ) . `` Biṭrūjī : Nūr al ‐ Dīn Abū Isḥāq ( Abū Jaʿfar ) Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al ‐ Biṭrūjī '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 133 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) ^ Jump up to : Samsó , Julio ( 1970 -- 80 ) . `` Al - Bitruji Al - Ishbili , Abu Ishaq '' . Dictionary of Scientific Biography . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10114 - 9 . 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( 1994 ) , `` Modification of the earlier Indian planetary theory by the Kerala astronomers ( c. 1500 AD ) and the implied heliocentric picture of planetary motion '' , Current Science , 66 : 784 -- 790 . Jump up ^ Roberts , V. ; Kennedy , E.S. ( 1959 ) . `` The Planetary Theory of Ibn al - Shatir '' . Isis. 50 : 232 -- 234 . doi : 10.1086 / 348774 . Jump up ^ Guessoum , N. ( June 2008 ) , `` Copernicus and Ibn Al - Shatir : does the Copernican revolution have Islamic roots ? '' , The Observatory , 128 : 231 -- 239 ( 238 ) , Bibcode : 2008Obs ... 128 ... 231G Jump up ^ A.I. Sabra ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ E.S. Kennedy ( Autumn 1966 ) , `` Late Medieval Planetary Theory '' , Isis , University of Chicago Press , 57 ( 3 ) : 365 -- 378 ( 377 ) , JSTOR 228366 , doi : 10.1086 / 350144 Jump up ^ Saliba , George ( 1995 - 07 - 01 ) . A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . NYU Press . ISBN 9780814780237 . Jump up ^ Swerdlow , Noel M. ( 1973 - 12 - 31 ) . `` The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus 's Planetary Theory : A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 117 ( 6 ) : 424 . ISSN 0003 - 049X . JSTOR 986461 . Jump up ^ King , David A. ( 2007 ) . `` Ibn al ‐ Shāṭir : ʿAlāʾ al ‐ Dīn ʿAlī ibn Ibrāhīm '' . In Thomas Hockey ; et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 569 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31022 - 0 . ( PDF version ) Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers , Penguin Books , 1959 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ N.K. Singh , M. Zaki Kirmani , Encyclopaedia of Islamic science and scientists ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Viktor Blåsjö , `` A Critique of the Arguments for Maragha Influence on Copernicus '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 45 ( 2014 ) , 183 - 195 ADS . Jump up ^ Freely , John ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) . Light from the East : How the Science of Medieval Islam Helped to Shape the Western World . I.B. Tauris . p. 179 . ISBN 9781784531386 . Jump up ^ Veselovsky , I.N. ( 1973 ) , `` Copernicus and Nasir al - Din al - Tusi '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 4 : 128 -- 30 , Bibcode : 1973JHA ... 4 ... 128V . Jump up ^ Neugebauer , Otto ( 1975 ) , A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy , 2 , Berlin / Heidelberg / New York : Springer - Verlag , p. 1035 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 06995 - X Jump up ^ Kren , Claudia ( 1971 ) , `` The Rolling Device of Naṣir al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī in the De spera of Nicole Oresme '' , Isis , 62 ( 4 ) : 490 -- 498 , doi : 10.1086 / 350791 . Jump up ^ The image shows a woodcut by Christoph Murer , from Nicolaus Reusner 's Icones ( printed 1578 ) , allegedly after a ( lost ) self - portrait by Copernicus himself ; the Murer portrait became the template for a number of later ( 17th century ) woodcuts , copper engravings and paintings of Copernicus . Jump up ^ Henry , John ( 2001 ) . Moving heaven and earth : Copernicus and the solar system . Cambridge : Icon . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84046 - 251 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , ( 2004 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. `` Did Copernicus Owe a Debt to Aristarchus ? '' Journal for the History of Astronomy , Vol. 16 , NO. 1 / FEB , P. 37 , 1985 . As mentioned earlier in this article , Philolaus had the Earth moving round a Central Fire which was not the Sun , so Copernicus 's reference to Aristarchus 's model as possibly geodynamic does not necessarily imply that he thought it was heliocentric . Jump up ^ A library catalogue of a 16th - century historian , Matthew of Miechow , bears that date and contains a reference to the manuscript , so it must have begun circulating before that date ( Koyré , 1973 , p. 85 ; Gingerich , 2004 , p. 32 ) . Jump up ^ Speller ( 2008 , p. 51 ) Jump up ^ `` Religious Objections to Copernicus '' . Jump up ^ Melanchthon , Elements of Physics , 1st . edition , 1549 Jump up ^ Revolution in Science , I. Bernard Cohen , page 497 . Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1995 , p. 159 ) . Rosen disputes the earlier conclusion of another scholar that this was referring specifically to Copernicus 's theory . According to Rosen , Calvin had very likely never heard of Copernicus and was referring instead to `` the traditional geokinetic cosmology '' . Jump up ^ Rosen , Edward ( 1960 ) , Calvin 's attitude toward Copernicus in Journal of the History of Ideas , volume 21 , no . 3 , July , pp. 431 -- 441 . Reprinted in Rosen ( 1995 , pp. 161 -- 171 ) . Jump up ^ Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) , The Book Nobody Read . New York : Walker and Co . Jump up ^ Hooykaas , R. ( 1973 ) . Religion and the rise of modern science . Reprint , Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press , 1977 . Jump up ^ Bye , Dan J. ( 2007 ) . McGrath vs Russell on Calvin vs Copernicus : a case of the pot calling the kettle black ? in The Freethinker , volume 127 , no . 6 , June , pp. 8 -- 10 . Available online here . Jump up ^ Owen Gingerich , The eye of heaven : Ptolemy , Copernicus , Kepler , New York : American Institute of Physics , 1993 , 181 , ISBN 0 - 88318 - 863 - 5 Jump up ^ Blair , Ann , `` Tycho Brahe 's critique of Copernicus and the Copernican system '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 51 , 1990 , 364 . Jump up ^ Gingerich , O. & Voelkel , J.R. , J. Hist . Astron. , Vol. 29 , 1998 , page 1 , 24 Jump up ^ Fantoli , 2003 , p. 109 Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers ( Penguin Arkana , 1989 p. 433 ) Jump up ^ Langford ( 1992 ) , p. 56 - 57 Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 240 ) , Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 110 − 111 ) , Favaro ( 1907 , 19 : 297 − 298 ) Archived December 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 110 − 115 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 68 - 69 ) Ingoli 's essay was published in English translation for the first time in 2015 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 2010 , pp. 72 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 71 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 66 - 76 , 164 - 175 , 187 - 195 ) Jump up ^ Favaro ( 1907 , 19 : 320 ) Archived May 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Domínguez ( 2014 ) ; arXiv : 1402.6168 Original text of the decision ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2010 ) , p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Finochiario , Maurice ( 2007 ) . Retrying Galileo . University of California Press . ^ Jump up to : The Systeme of the World : in Four Dialogues ( 1661 ) Thomas Salusbury translation of Dialogo sopra i Due Massi Sistemi del Mondo ( 1632 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Koestler , The Sleepwalkers ( Penguin Arkana , 1989 p. 491 ) Jump up ^ Heilbronn ( 1999 , p. 203 ) ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , David A. Is Pluto a Planet , p. 66 , Princeton University Press , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Kepler 's Laws of Planetary Motion : 1609 -- 1666 '' , J.L. Russell , British Journal for the History of Science , Vol. 2 , No. 1 , June 1964 Jump up ^ Curtis Wilson , `` The Newtonian achievement in astronomy '' , pages 233 -- 274 in R Taton & C Wilson ( eds ) ( 1989 ) , The General History of Astronomy , Volume 2A , at page 233 ^ Jump up to : ( text quotations from 1729 translation of Newton Principia , Book 3 ( 1729 vol. 2 ) at pages 232 -- 233 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Pontifical Decrees Against the Doctrine of the Earth 's Movement , and the Ultramontane Defence of Them '' , Rev. William Roberts , 1885 , London Jump up ^ John L. Heilbron , Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo ( in McMullin , Ernan ed. , The Church and Galileo , University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame , 2005 , p. 307 , IN . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 ) ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2005 , pp. 279 , 312 -- 313 ) Jump up ^ Noah J. Efron . Jewish Thought and Scientific Discovery in Early Modern Europe . Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol. 58 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1997 ) , pp. 719 -- 732 Jump up ^ Sefer Elim , Amsterdam , 1629 , стр. 304 Jump up ^ Neher ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ In a marginal note in his Massé Touvia ( part 2 , p. 52b ) : `` Remark of the author : I fear that the incredulous may draw an objection from a text of Midrash Bereshit Rabba ( V , 8 ) in which our Teachers , the Rabbis , of blessed memory , explain that if the Earth is called in Hebrew `` eretz '' it is because it hastens ( `` ratseta '' ) before the Creator in order to accomplish His will . I acknowledge that the answer to this objection seems difficult for me to find `` , as translated by Neher ( 1977 , p. 220 ) . Jump up ^ `` יפח לקץ - חלק א - שלזינגר , ישראל דוד ( page 13 of 134 ) '' . www.hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jeremy , Brown ( 2008 -- 2009 ) . `` Rabbi Reuven Landau and the Jewish Reaction to Copernican Thought in Nineteenth Century Europe '' ( PDF ) . The Torah u-Madda Journal . 15 : 142 . Jump up ^ `` HebrewBooks.org Sefer Detail : מי מנוחות -- נויזץ , אליעזר ליפמן '' . hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ RABBI NATAN , SLIFKIN . `` The Sun 's Path at Night : The Revolution in Rabbinic Perspectives on the Ptolemaic Revolution '' . Rationalist Judaism . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1964 - , Brown , Jeremy , ( 2013 ) . New heavens and a new earth : the Jewish reception of Copernican thought . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 9780199754793 . OCLC 808316428 . Jump up ^ `` on the basis of the presently accepted scientific view ( in accordance with the theory of Relativity ) that where two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another , it is impossible scientifically to ascertain which revolves around which , or which is stationary and the other in motion . Therefore , to say that there is , or can be , ' scientific proof ' that the earth revolves around the sun is quite an unscientific and uncritical statement . '' `` '' Igrot Kodesh '' v. 7 , p. 134 , letter number 1996 `` . Otzar770.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ 1964 - , Brown , Jeremy , ( 2013 ) . New heavens and a new earth : the Jewish reception of Copernican thought . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 362 . ISBN 9780199754793 . OCLC 808316428 . External links ( edit ) Does Heliocentrism Mean That the Sun is Stationary ? Heliocentric Pantheon The Copernican Model : a Sun Centered Solar System References ( edit ) Baker , A. and Chapter , L. ( 2002 ) , `` Part 4 : The Sciences '' . In M.M. Sharif , `` A History of Muslim Philosophy '' , Philosophia Islamica . Drake , Stillman ( 1978 ) . Galileo At Work . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 16226 - 5 . Dreyer , J.L.E. ( 1953 ) , A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler , New York , NY : Dover Publications , ISBN 0 - 486 - 60079 - 3 Fantoli , Annibale ( 2003 ) . Galileo -- For Copernicanism and the Church , 3rd English edition , tr . George V. Coyne , SJ . Vatican Observatory Publications , Notre Dame , IN . ISBN 88 - 209 - 7427 - 4 . Favaro , Antonio , ed. ( 1890 -- 1909 ) . Le Opere di Galileo Galilei , Edizione Nazionale ( The Works of Galileo Galilei , National Edition ) ( in Italian ) . Florence : Barbera . ISBN 88 - 09 - 20881 - 1 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2007 . A searchable online copy is available on the Institute and Museum of the History of Science , Florence , and a brief overview of Le Opere is available at Finn 's fine books , and here . Finocchiaro , Maurice ( 2010 ) , Defending Copernicus and Galileo : Critical Reasoning in the two Affairs , Springer , ISBN 978 - 9048132003 Gingerich , Owen ( 2004 ) . The Book Nobody Read . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 01315 - 3 . Graney , Christopher M. ( 2015 ) , Setting Aside All Authority : Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo , University of Notre Dame Press , ISBN 978 - 0268029883 Heath , T.L. ( 1913 ) . Aristarchus of Samos , the ancient Copernicus : a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus , Oxford , Clarendon . ISBN 0 - 486 - 24188 - 2 ( 1981 Dover reprint ) . Heilbron , John L. ( 1999 ) , The Sun in the Church : Cathedrals as Solar Observatories , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 0674005368 Heilbron , John L. ( 2005 ) . `` Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo '' . In McMullin , Ernan . The Church and Galileo . University of Notre Dame Press , Notre Dame . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 . Heilbron , John L. ( 2010 ) . `` Biography of Galileo '' . Galileo . Oxford University Press , Oxford . Joseph , George G. ( 2000 ) . The Crest of the Peacock : Non-European Roots of Mathematics , 2nd edition . Penguin Books , London . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00659 - 8 . Koestler , Arthur , ( 1959 ) The Sleepwalkers : A History of Man 's Changing Vision of the Universe , Penguin Books ; 1986 edition : ISBN 0 - 14 - 055212 - X , 1990 reprint : ISBN 0 - 14 - 019246 - 8 Koyré , Alexandre ( 1957 ) . From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Univ . Pr . Koyré , Alexandre ( 1973 ) . The Astronomical Revolution : Copernicus -- Kepler -- Borelli . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0504 - 1 . Langford , Jerome K. , O.P. ( 1998 ) ( 1966 ) . Galileo , Science and the Church ( third ed . ) . St. Augustine 's Press . ISBN 1 - 890318 - 25 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) . Original edition by Desclee ( New York , NY , 1966 ) Linton , Christopher M. ( 2004 ) , From Eudoxus to Einstein -- A History of Mathematical Astronomy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82750 - 8 Neher , André ( 1977 ) , `` Copernicus in the Hebraic Literature from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century '' , Journal of the History of Ideas , 38 ( No. 2 ) : 221 -- 26 , JSTOR 2708908 Plutarch ( 1957 ) , Plutarch 's Moralia in Fifteen Volumes , XII , Loeb Classical Library edition , translated by Harold Cherniss and William C. Helmbold , London : William Heinemann Qadir , Asghar ( 1989 ) . Relativity : An Introduction to the Special Theory . World Scientific . ISBN 9971 - 5 - 0612 - 2 . Rosen , Edward ( 1995 ) , Copernicus and his Successors , London : Hambledon Press , ISBN 1 - 85285 - 071 - X Sabra , A.I. ( 1998 ) , `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy '' , Perspectives on Science , 6 : 288 -- 330 . Saliba , George ( 1999 ) . Whose Science is Arabic Science in Renaissance Europe ? Columbia University . The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed . ) , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 20687 - 2 Sharratt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Galileo : Decisive Innovator . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56671 - 1 . Speller , Jules ( 2008 ) , Galileo 's Inquisition Trial Revisited , Frankfurt am Main : Peter Lang , ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 56229 - 1 Taton , René ; Wilson , Curtis , eds. ( 1989 ) , Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A : Tycho Brahe to Newton , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24254 - 1 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 Thurston , Hugh ( 1994 ) . Early Astronomy . Springer - Verlag , New York . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94107 - X . ( hide ) Ancient Greek astronomy Astronomers Aglaonice Agrippa Anaximander Andronicus Apollonius Aratus Aristarchus Aristyllus Attalus Autolycus Bion Callippus Cleomedes Cleostratus Conon Eratosthenes Euctemon Eudoxus Geminus Heraclides Hicetas Hipparchus Hippocrates of Chios Hypsicles Menelaus Meton Oenopides Philip of Opus Philolaus Posidonius Ptolemy Pytheas Seleucus Sosigenes of Alexandria Sosigenes the Peripatetic Strabo Thales Theodosius Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Timocharis Works Almagest ( Ptolemy ) On Sizes and Distances ( Hipparchus ) On the Sizes and Distances ( Aristarchus ) On the Heavens ( Aristotle ) Instruments Antikythera mechanism Armillary sphere Astrolabe Dioptra Equatorial ring Gnomon Mural instrument Triquetrum Concepts Callippic cycle Celestial spheres Circle of latitude Counter-Earth Deferent and epicycle Equant Geocentrism Heliocentrism Hipparchic cycle Metonic cycle Octaeteris Solstice Spherical Earth Sublunary sphere Zodiac Influences Babylonian astronomy Egyptian astronomy Influenced Medieval European science Indian astronomy Medieval Islamic astronomy GND : 4131692 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliocentrism&oldid=807893075 '' Categories : Ancient Greek astronomy Obsolete scientific theories History of ideas Early scientific cosmologies Solar System Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles needing the year an event occurred from April 2017 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 18 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said sun is the center of the solar system | [
"Heliocentrism[1] is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System. Historically, Heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BCE by Aristarchus of Samos,[2] but at least in the medieval world, Aristarchus's Heliocentrism attracted little attention—possibly because of the loss of scientific works of the Hellenistic Era.[3]"
] | [
"Aristarchus of Samos"
] |
-2949506959008147904 | The Fox and the Hound | The Fox and the Hound - wikipedia The Fox and the Hound Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel the film is based on , see The Fox and the Hound ( novel ) . The Fox and the Hound Original theatrical release poster Directed by Ted Berman Richard Rich Art Stevens Produced by Ron Miller Wolfgang Reitherman Art Stevens Story by Larry Clemmons Ted Berman David Michener Peter Young Burny Mattinson Steve Hulett Earl Kress Vance Gerry Based on The Fox and the Hound by Daniel P. Mannix Starring Mickey Rooney Kurt Russell Pearl Bailey Jack Albertson Sandy Duncan Jeanette Nolan Pat Buttram John Fiedler John McIntire Dick Bakalyan Paul Winchell Keith Mitchell Corey Feldman Music by Buddy Baker Edited by James Melton Jim Koford Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date July 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 07 - 10 ) Running time 83 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $12 million Box office $63.5 million The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the novel of the same name by Daniel P. Mannix . The 24th Disney animated feature film , the film tells the story of two unlikely friends , a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper , who struggle to preserve their friendship despite their emerging instincts and the surrounding social pressures demanding them to be adversaries . Directed by Ted Berman , Richard Rich , and Art Stevens , the film features the voices of Mickey Rooney , Kurt Russell , Pearl Bailey , Jack Albertson , Sandy Duncan , Jeanette Nolan , Pat Buttram , John Fiedler , John McIntire , Dick Bakalyan , Paul Winchell , Keith Mitchell , and Corey Feldman . The Fox and the Hound was released to theaters on July 10 , 1981 to financial success . At the time of release it was the most expensive animated film produced to date , costing $12 million . It was re-released to theaters on March 25 , 1988 . A direct - to - video followup , The Fox and the Hound 2 , was released to DVD on December 12 , 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Animation 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reaction 6.2 Box office 7 Accolades 8 Legacy 8.1 Followup 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot After a young red fox is orphaned , Big Mama the owl , with the help of her friends Dinky the finch and Boomer the woodpecker , arranges for him to be adopted by a kindly farmer named Widow Tweed . Tweed names him Tod , because he reminds her of a toddler . Meanwhile , her neighbor , a hunter named Amos Slade , brings home a young hound puppy named Copper and introduces him to his hunting dog Chief . One day , Tod and Copper meet and become playmates , vowing to remain `` friends forever '' . Slade grows frustrated at Copper for constantly wandering off to play , and places him on a leash . While playing with Copper outside his doghouse , Tod awakens Chief . Slade and Chief chase Tod until they are stopped by Tweed . After an argument , Slade threatens to kill Tod if he trespasses on his farm again . Hunting season comes and Slade takes his dogs into the wilderness for the interim . Meanwhile , Big Mama , Dinky , and Boomer attempt to explain to Tod that his friendship with Copper will not continue , as they are natural enemies , but Tod naively refuses to believe them , hoping that he and Copper will remain friends forever . As months pass , Tod and Copper both reach adulthood . Copper has become an experienced hunting dog , while Tod has grown up into a handsome fox . On the night of Copper 's return , Tod sneaks over to visit him . Copper explains that while he still values Tod as a friend , he is now a hunting dog and things are different . Their conversation awakens Chief , who alerts Slade . In the ensuing chase Copper catches Tod . Against better judgement , Copper lets Tod go and diverts Chief and Slade . Tod tries escaping onto a railroad track , but is caught and pursued by Chief as a train suddenly passes by them . Tod ducks under the train , but Chief is struck by the train and falls into the river below , breaking his leg . Angered by this , Copper and Slade blame Tod for the accident and vow vengeance . Tweed , realizing that Tod is no longer safe with her , takes him on a drive and leaves him at a game preserve . Tod 's first night alone in the woods proves disastrous , as he inadvertently trespasses into an irritable old badger 's den . Thankfully , a friendly porcupine offers Tod shelter . That same night , Slade and Copper plan to poach Tod . The next morning , Big Mama finds Tod and introduces him to a female fox named Vixey . Wanting to impress her , Tod tries to catch a fish , but fails due to his lack of survival skills . Vixey and the other animals laugh at him , but Big Mama straightens the matter by directing Tod to be himself . The two foxes reconcile and Vixey helps Tod adapt to life in the forest . Meanwhile , Slade and Copper trespass into the preserve to hunt Tod . As Tod manages to escape Slade 's leghold traps , Copper and Slade pursue both foxes . They hide in their burrow while Slade tries trapping them by setting fire to the other end of the burrow . The foxes narrowly escape without getting burned as Slade and Copper chase them up the top of a hill until they reach a waterfall . There , Slade and Copper close in for the kill , but a large bear suddenly emerges from the bushes and attacks Slade . Slade trips and falls into one of his own traps , dropping his gun slightly out of reach . Copper tries fighting the bear but is no match for it . Not willing to let his former friend die , Tod intervenes and fights off the bear until they both fall down the waterfall . With the bear gone , a bewildered Copper approaches Tod as he lies exhausted near the bank of a waterfall - created lake . When Slade appears , Copper positions himself in front of Tod to prevent Slade from shooting him , refusing to move away . Slade lowers his gun and leaves with Copper . Tod and Copper share one last smile before parting . At home , Tweed nurses Slade back to health while the dogs rest . Copper , before resting , smiles as he remembers the day when he first met Tod . On a hill , Vixey joins Tod as they look down on the homes of Slade and Tweed . Cast Mickey Rooney as Tod Kurt Russell as Copper Pearl Bailey as Big Mama Jack Albertson as Amos Slade Sandy Duncan as Vixey Jeanette Nolan as Widow Tweed Pat Buttram as Chief John Fiedler as The Porcupine John McIntire as The Badger Dick Bakalyan as Dinky Paul Winchell as Boomer Keith Mitchell as Young Tod Corey Feldman as Young Copper Production Development Wolfgang Reitherman read the original novel and found it particularly touching because one of his sons had once owned a pet fox years before . He decided that it would make for a good animated feature . Thus the film began production in spring 1977 . Reitherman , Art Stevens , and Ron Miller quarreled over key sections of the film with Miller supporting the younger Stevens . Miller instructed Reitherman to surrender reins over the junior personnel , but Reitherman resisted due to a lack of trust in the young animators . Thinking the film had a weak second act , Reitherman decided to add a musical sequence of two swooping cranes voiced by Phil Harris and Charo who would sing a silly song titled `` Scoobie - Doobie Doobie Doo , Let Your Body Turn Goo '' . Live - action reference footage was shot of Charo in a sweaty pink leotard , but the scene was strongly disliked by studio personnel who felt the song was a distraction from the main plot with Stevens stating `` We ca n't let that sequence in the movie ! It 's totally out of place ! '' Stevens notified studio management and after many story conferences , the scene was removed . Reitherman later walked into Stevens 's office , slumped in a chair , and said , `` I dunno , Art , maybe this is a young man 's medium . '' He later moved onto to undeveloped projects such as Catfish Bend and died in a car accident in 1985 . Animation By late 1978 , Frank Thomas , Ollie Johnston , and Cliff Nordberg had completed their animation . Thomas had animated scenes of Tod and Cooper using dialogue Larry Clemmons had written and recorded with the child actors . This project would mark the last film to have the involvement of the Disney 's Nine Old Men who had retired early during production , and animation was turned over the next generation of directors and animators , which included John Lasseter , John Musker , Ron Clements , Glen Keane , Tim Burton , Brad Bird , Henry Selick , Chris Buck , and Mark Dindal , all of whom would finalize the animation and complete the film 's production . These animators had moved through the in - house animation training program , and would play an important role in the Disney Renaissance of the 1980s and 1990s . However , the transition between the old guard and the new resulted in arguments over how to handle the film . Reitherman had his own ideas on the designs and layouts that should be used , but the newer team backed Stevens . Animator Don Bluth animated several scenes including of Widow Tweed milking her cow , Abigail , while his team worked on the rest of the sequence , and when Tweed fires at Amos Slade 's automobile . Nevertheless , he declared Disney 's work `` stale '' and on his 42nd birthday , September 13 , 1979 , Bluth , along with Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy , entered Ron Miller 's office and turned in their resignation . Following their resignations , 13 animators followed suit in their resignations . Though Bluth and his team had animated substantial scenes , they asked not to receive screen credit . With 17 % of the animators now gone , Miller ordered all of the resigning animators off the studio lot by noon of that same day and would later push the release of The Fox and the Hound from Christmas 1980 to summer 1981 . New animators were hired and promoted to fill the ranks . To compensate for the lack of experience of the new animators , much of the quality control would rely upon a corp of veteran assistant animators . Four years after production started , the film was finished with approximately 360,000 drawings , 110,000 painted cels and 1,100 painted backgrounds making up the finished product . A total of 180 people , including 24 animators , worked on the film . Writing In an earlier version of the film , Chief was slated to die the same as in the novel . However , the scene was modified to have Chief survive with a cast on his back paw . Animator Ron Clements , who had briefly transitioned into the story department , protested that `` Chief has to die . The picture does n't work if he just breaks his leg . Copper does n't have motivation to hate the fox . '' Likewise , younger members of the story team pleaded with Stevens to have Chief killed . Stevens countered that `` Geez , we never killed a main character in a Disney film and we 're not starting now ! '' The younger crew members took the problem to upper management who would also back Stevens . Ollie Johnston 's test animation of Chief stomping around the house with his leg in a cast was eventually kept , and Randy Cartwright re-animated the scene where Copper finds Chief 's body and had him animate Chief 's eyes opening and closing so the audience knew that he was not dead . Casting Early into production , the principal characters such as young Tod and Copper , Big Mama , and Amos Slade had already been cast . The supporting characters were cast by Disney voice regulars including Pat Buttram for Chief , Paul Winchell for Boomer , and Mickey Rooney for adult Tod who had just finished filming Pete 's Dragon . Jeanette Nolan was the second choice for Widow Tweed after Helen Hayes turned down the part . The last role to be cast was for adult Cooper . Jackie Cooper had auditioned for the role , but left the project when he demanded more money than the studio was willing to pay . While filming the Elvis television film , former Disney child actor Kurt Russell was cast following a reading that had impressed the filmmakers , and completed his dialogue in two recording sessions . Soundtrack The Fox and the Hound Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 1981 Recorded 1980 - 1981 Genre Children 's , Classical Label Walt Disney The soundtrack album for the film was released in 1981 by Walt Disney Records . It contains songs written by Stan Fidel , Jim Stafford , and Jeffrey Patch . Track listing No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Best of Friends '' Stan Fidel Pearl Bailey 2 . `` Lack of Education '' Jim Stafford Pearl Bailey 3 . `` A Huntin ' Man '' Jim Stafford Jack Albertson 4 . `` Appreciate the Lady '' Jim Stafford Pearl Bailey 5 . `` Goodbye May Seem Forever '' Jeffrey Patch Jeanette Nolan and Chorus Release Home Media The Fox and the Hound was first released on North American VHS on March 4 , 1994 as the last video of the `` Walt Disney Classics '' collection ( it was not included in the `` Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection '' ) and in the UK in 1995 . On May 2 , 2000 , it was released to Region 1 DVD for the first time under the `` Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection '' . A 25th anniversary special edition DVD was released on October 10 , 2006 . The Fox and the Hound was released on Blu - ray Disc on August 9 , 2011 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . The film was released in a 3 - disc Blu - ray / DVD Combo pack alongside its direct - to video followup The Fox and the Hound 2 in a 2 - movie Collection Edition . Featuring a new digital restoration , the Blu - ray transfer presents the film for the first time in 1.66 : 1 widescreen and also features 5.1 DTS - HD Master Audio . The Fox and the Hound 2 is presented in 1.78 : 1 widescreen and features the same sound as the first film . A DVD - only edition was also released on the same day . Reception Critical reaction In The Animated Movie Guide , Jerry Beck considered the film `` average '' , though he praises the voice work of Pearl Bailey as Big Mama , and the extreme dedication to detail shown by animator Glen Keane in crafting the fight scene between Copper , Tod , and the bear . In his book The Disney Films , Leonard Maltin also notes that the fight scene between Copper , Tod , and the bear received great praise in the animation world . However , Maltin felt the film relied too much on `` formula cuteness , formula comedy relief , and even formula characterizations '' . Overall , he considered the film `` charming '' stating that it is `` warm , and brimming with personable characters '' and that it `` approaches the old Disney magic at times . '' Craig Butler from All Movie Guide stated that the film was a `` warm and amusing , if slightly dull , entry in the Disney animated canon . '' He also called it `` conventional and generally predictable '' with problems in pacing . However , he praised the film 's climax and animation , as well as the ending . His final remark is that `` Two of the directors , Richard Rich and Ted Berman , would next direct The Black Cauldron , a less successful but more ambitious project . '' Richard Corliss of Time , praised the film for an intelligent story about prejudice . He argued that the film shows that biased attitudes can poison even the deepest relationships , and the film 's bittersweet ending delivers a powerful and important moral message to audiences . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Times also praised the film , saying that `` for all of its familiar qualities , this movie marks something of a departure for the Disney studio , and its movement is in an interesting direction . The Fox and the Hound is one of those relatively rare Disney animated features that contains a useful lesson for its younger audiences . It 's not just cute animals and frightening adventures and a happy ending ; it 's also a rather thoughtful meditation on how society determines our behavior . '' TV Guide gave the film four out of five stars , saying that `` The animation here is better than average ( veteran Disney animators Wolfgang Reitherman and Art Stevens supervised the talents of a new crop of artists that developed during a 10 - year program at the studio ) , though not quite up to the quality of Disney Studios in its heyday . Still , this film has a lot of `` heart '' and is wonderful entertainment for both kids and their parents . Listen for a number of favorites among the voices . '' Michael Scheinfeld of Common Sense Media gave the film 's quality a rating of 4 out of 5 stars , stating that the film `` develops into a thoughtful examination of friendship and includes some mature themes , especially loss . '' The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 69 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 based on 26 reviews . The website 's consensus states that `` The Fox and the Hound is a likeable , charming , unassuming effort that manages to transcend its thin , predictable plot '' . Box Office In its original release , The Fox and the Hound grossed $39.9 million in domestic grosses . Its distributor rentals were reported to be $14.2 million while its international rentals grossed $43 million . The film was re-released theatrically on March 25 , 1988 , where it grossed $23.5 million . The Fox and the Hound has had a lifetime gross of $63.5 million across its original release and reissue . Accolades The film was awarded a Golden Screen Award ( German : Goldene Leinwand ) in 1982 . In the same year , it was also nominated for a Young Artist Award and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . Year Ceremony Award Result 1982 10th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated 1982 Golden Screen Awards Won 5th Youth in Film Awards Best Motion Picture - Fantasy or Comedy - Family Enjoyment Nominated Legacy As well as adaptations of the film itself , comic strips featuring the characters also appeared in stories unconnected to the film . Examples include The Lost Fawn , in which Copper uses his sense of smell to help Tod find a fawn who has gone astray ; The Chase , in which Copper must safeguard a sleepwalking Chief ; and Feathered Friends , in which the birds Dinky and Boomer have to go to desperate lengths to save one of Widow Tweed 's chickens from a wolf . A comic adaptation of the film , drawn by Richard Moore , was published in newspapers as part of Disney 's Treasury of Classic Tales . A comic - book titled The Fox and the Hound followed , with new adventures of the characters . Since 1981 and up to 2007 , a few Fox and the Hound Disney comics stories were produced in Italy , Netherlands , Brazil , France , and the United States . Followup Main article : The Fox and the Hound 2 A direct - to - video followup , The Fox and the Hound 2 , was released to DVD on December 12 , 2006 . The film takes place during the youth of Tod and Copper , before the events of the later half of the first film . The story - line involves Copper being tempted to join a band of singing stray dogs , thus threatening his friendship with Tod . The film was critically panned , with critics calling it a pale imitation of its predecessor . References ^ Jump up to : Ansen , David ( July 13 , 1981 ) . `` Forest Friendship '' . Newsweek : 81 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fox and the Hound , The ( film ) - D23 '' . Disney D23 . Disney.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grant , John ( April 30 , 1998 ) . The Encyclopedia of Walt Disney 's Animated Characters : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . Disney Editions . p. 306 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6336 - 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Beck 2005 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Sito 2006 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Sito 2006 , p. 298 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley , John . `` The Animated Films of Don Bluth '' . Cataroo . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finch , Christopher ( 1973 ) . `` The End of an Era '' . The Art of Walt Disney : From Mickey Mouse to the Magic Kingdom ( 2004 ed . ) . Harry N. Abrams . p. 260 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0810998148 . Jump up ^ Sito 2006 , p. 290 . ^ Jump up to : Sito , Tom ( November 1998 ) . `` Disney 's The Fox and the Hound : The Coming of the Next Generation '' . Animation World Magazine . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Hulett 2014 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound - Soundtrack Details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Various - The Fox and the Hound ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound : Gold Collection DVD Review '' . DVDDizzy . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound 25th Anniversary Edition DVD Review '' . DVDDizzy . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fox and the Hound and The Fox and the Hound 2 : 2 Movie Collection Blu - ray + DVD Review '' . DVDDizzy . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck 2005 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 3 : Without Walt '' . The Disney Films . Disney Editions . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0786885275 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2010 ) . Leonard Maltin 's Movie Guide . p. 490 . ISBN 0 - 451 - 22764 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) '' . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( July 20 , 1981 ) . `` Cinema : The New Generation Comes of Age '' . time.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1981 ) . `` The Fox and the Hound Movie Review ( 1981 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox And The Hound : Review '' . Movies.tvguide.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Scheinfeld . `` The Fox and the Hound Movie Review '' . Commonsensemedia.org . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( September 19 , 1984 ) . `` Walt Disney Productions returns to animation '' . Lewison Daily Sun . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound ( reissue ) ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fox and the Hound Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fox and the Hound - Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Annual Awards '' . Young Artist Association . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Fawn '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Feathered Friends '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ A. Becattini , L. Boschi , La produzione sindacata , 1984 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` List of ' The Fox and the Hound ' Comics on Inducks '' . Inducks . October 10 , 1981 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Bibliography Beck , Jerry ( 2005 ) . The Animated Movie Guide . Chicago Reader Press . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 591 - 5 . Hulett , Steve ( December 4 , 2014 ) . Mouse In Transition : An Insider 's Look at Disney Feature Animation . Theme Park Press . ISBN 978 - 1941500248 . Sito , Tom ( October 6 , 2006 ) . Drawing the Line : The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0813124070 . External links Disney portal Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Cartoon portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fox and the Hound Official website The Fox and the Hound on IMDb The Fox and the Hound at the TCM Movie Database The Fox and the Hound at The Big Cartoon DataBase The Fox and the Hound at AllMovie The Fox and the Hound at Box Office Mojo The Fox and the Hound at Rotten Tomatoes Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - 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iday Adventure ( 2013 ) Alpha and Omega 3 : The Great Wolf Games ( 2014 ) Alpha and Omega : The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave ( 2014 ) The Swan Princess : A Royal Family Tale ( 2014 ) The Swan Princess : Princess Tomorrow , Pirate Today ( 2016 ) The Swan Princess : Royally Undercover ( 2017 ) Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fox_and_the_Hound&oldid=810053037 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films 1981 animated films 1980s American animated films 1980s drama films 1980s coming - of - age films American buddy films American children 's animated films American children 's drama films American coming - of - age films American films Animated buddy films Animated coming - of - age films Animated drama films Animated duos Animated films about death Animated films about dogs Animated films about foxes Animated films about orphans Animated films based on novels Films about discrimination Films based on American novels Films directed by Richard Rich Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring hunters Film scores by Buddy Baker ( composer ) Films set in North America Southern Gothic films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Articles containing German - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 02 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the fox and the hounds names | [
"The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the novel of the same name by Daniel P. Mannix. The 24th Disney animated feature film, the film tells the story of two unlikely friends, a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper, who struggle to preserve their friendship despite their emerging instincts and the surrounding social pressures demanding them to be adversaries. Directed by Ted Berman, Richard Rich, and Art Stevens, the film features the voices of Mickey Rooney, Kurt Russell, Pearl Bailey, Jack Albertson, Sandy Duncan, Jeanette Nolan, Pat Buttram, John Fiedler, John McIntire, Dick Bakalyan, Paul Winchell, Keith Mitchell, and Corey Feldman.",
"The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the novel of the same name by Daniel P. Mannix. The 24th Disney animated feature film, the film tells the story of two unlikely friends, a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper, who struggle to preserve their friendship despite their emerging instincts and the surrounding social pressures demanding them to be adversaries. Directed by Ted Berman, Richard Rich, and Art Stevens, the film features the voices of Mickey Rooney, Kurt Russell, Pearl Bailey, Jack Albertson, Sandy Duncan, Jeanette Nolan, Pat Buttram, John Fiedler, John McIntire, Dick Bakalyan, Paul Winchell, Keith Mitchell, and Corey Feldman."
] | [
"red fox named Tod",
"hound dog named Copper"
] |
8081078397435635748 | Eye (cyclone) | Eye ( cyclone ) - wikipedia Eye ( cyclone ) Jump to : navigation , search An image of Hurricane Isabel as seen from the International Space Station showing a well - defined eye at the center of the storm . Part of a series on Tropical cyclones Formation and naming ( show ) Development Structure Effects ( show ) Warnings and watches Storm surge Notable storms Climatology and tracking ( show ) Basins RSMCs Scales Observation Forecasting Rainfall forecasting Rainfall climatology Tropical cyclone naming ( show ) Tropical cyclone naming History of tropical cyclone naming List of historic tropical cyclone names List of retired Atlantic hurricane names List of retired Pacific hurricane names List of retired Pacific typhoon names List of retired Philippine typhoon names List of retired Australian cyclone names List of retired South Pacific cyclone names Outline of tropical cyclones Tropical cyclones portal The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones . The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area , typically 30 -- 65 km ( 20 -- 40 miles ) in diameter . It is surrounded by the eyewall , a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather and highest winds occur . The cyclone 's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye and can be as much as 15 percent lower than the pressure outside the storm . In strong tropical cyclones , the eye is characterized by light winds and clear skies , surrounded on all sides by a towering , symmetric eyewall . In weaker tropical cyclones , the eye is less well defined and can be covered by the central dense overcast , an area of high , thick clouds that show up brightly on satellite imagery . Weaker or disorganized storms may also feature an eyewall that does not completely encircle the eye or have an eye that features heavy rain . In all storms , however , the eye is the location of the storm 's minimum barometric pressure -- where the atmospheric pressure at sea level is the lowest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Formation and detection 3 Associated phenomena 3.1 Eyewall replacement cycles 3.2 Moats 3.3 Eyewall mesovortices 3.4 Stadium effect 3.5 Eye - like features 4 Hazards 5 Other cyclones 5.1 Polar lows 5.2 Extratropical cyclones 5.3 Subtropical cyclones 5.4 Tornadoes 6 Extraterrestrial vortices 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) A cross section diagram of a mature tropical cyclone , with arrows indicating air flow in and around the eye A typical tropical cyclone will have an eye of approximately 30 -- 65 km ( 20 -- 40 mi ) across , usually situated at the geometric center of the storm . The eye may be clear or have spotty low clouds ( a clear eye ) , it may be filled with low - and mid-level clouds ( a filled eye ) , or it may be obscured by the central dense overcast . There is , however , very little wind and rain , especially near the center . This is in stark contrast to conditions in the eyewall , which contains the storm 's strongest winds . Due to the mechanics of a tropical cyclone , the eye and the air directly above it are warmer than their surroundings . While normally quite symmetric , eyes can be oblong and irregular , especially in weakening storms . A large ragged eye is a non-circular eye which appears fragmented , and is an indicator of a weak or weakening tropical cyclone . An open eye is an eye which can be circular , but the eyewall does not completely encircle the eye , also indicating a weakening , moisture - deprived cyclone . Both of these observations are used to estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones via Dvorak analysis . Eyewalls are typically circular ; however , distinctly polygonal shapes ranging from triangles to hexagons occasionally occur . While typical mature storms have eyes that are a few dozen miles across , rapidly intensifying storms can develop an extremely small , clear , and circular eye , sometimes referred to as a pinhole eye . Storms with pinhole eyes are prone to large fluctuations in intensity , and provide difficulties and frustrations for forecasters . Small / minuscule eyes -- those less than 10 nmi ( 19 km , 12 mi ) across -- often trigger eyewall replacement cycles , where a new eyewall begins to form outside the original eyewall . This can take place anywhere from fifteen to hundreds of kilometers ( ten to a few hundred miles ) outside the inner eye . The storm then develops two concentric eyewalls , or an `` eye within an eye '' . In most cases , the outer eyewall begins to contract soon after its formation , which chokes off the inner eye and leaves a much larger but more stable eye . While the replacement cycle tends to weaken storms as it occurs , the new eyewall can contract fairly quickly after the old eyewall dissipates , allowing the storm to re-strengthen . This may trigger another re-strengthen cycle of eyewall replacement . Eyes can range in size from 370 km ( 230 mi ) ( Typhoon Carmen ) to a mere 3.7 km ( 2.3 mi ) ( Hurricane Wilma ) across . While it is uncommon for storms with large eyes to become very intense , it does occur , especially in annular hurricanes . Hurricane Isabel was the eleventh most powerful North Atlantic hurricane in recorded history , and sustained a large , 65 -- 80 km ( 40 -- 50 mi ) - wide eye for a period of several days . Formation and detection ( edit ) See also : Tropical cyclogenesis Tropical cyclones form when the energy released by the condensation of moisture in rising air causes a positive feedback loop over warm ocean waters . Typically , eyes are easy to spot using weather radar . This radar image of Hurricane Andrew clearly shows the eye over southern Florida . Tropical cyclones typically form from large , disorganized areas of disturbed weather in tropical regions . As more thunderstorms form and gather , the storm develops rainbands which start rotating around a common center . As the storm gains strength , a ring of stronger convection forms at a certain distance from the rotational center of the developing storm . Since stronger thunderstorms and heavier rain mark areas of stronger updrafts , the barometric pressure at the surface begins to drop , and air begins to build up in the upper levels of the cyclone . This results in the formation of an upper level anticyclone , or an area of high atmospheric pressure above the central dense overcast . Consequently , most of this built up air flows outward anticyclonically above the tropical cyclone . Outside the forming eye , the anticyclone at the upper levels of the atmosphere enhances the flow towards the center of the cyclone , pushing air towards the eyewall and causing a positive feedback loop . However , a small portion of the built - up air , instead of flowing outward , flows inward towards the center of the storm . This causes air pressure to build even further , to the point where the weight of the air counteracts the strength of the updrafts in the center of the storm . Air begins to descend in the center of the storm , creating a mostly rain - free area -- a newly formed eye . There are many aspects of this process which remain a mystery . Scientists do not know why a ring of convection forms around the center of circulation instead of on top of it , or why the upper - level anticyclone only ejects a portion of the excess air above the storm . Many theories exist as to the exact process by which the eye forms : all that is known for sure is that the eye is necessary for tropical cyclones to achieve high wind speeds . The formation of an eye is almost always an indicator of increasing tropical cyclone organisation and strength . Because of this , forecasters watch developing storms closely for signs of eye formation . For storms with a clear eye , detection of the eye is as simple as looking at pictures from a weather satellite . However , for storms with a filled eye , or an eye completely covered by the central dense overcast , other detection methods must be used . Observations from ships and Hurricane Hunters can pinpoint an eye visually , by looking for a drop in wind speed or lack of rainfall in the storm 's center . In the United States , South Korea , and a few other countries , a network of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar stations can detect eyes near the coast . Weather satellites also carry equipment for measuring atmospheric water vapor and cloud temperatures , which can be used to spot a forming eye . In addition , scientists have recently discovered that the amount of ozone in the eye is much higher than the amount in the eyewall , due to air sinking from the ozone - rich stratosphere . Instruments sensitive to ozone perform measurements , which are used to observe rising and sinking columns of air , and provide indication of the formation of an eye , even before satellite imagery can determine its formation . Associated phenomena ( edit ) A satellite photo of Typhoon Amber of the 1997 Pacific typhoon season exhibiting an outer and inner eyewall , while undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle Eyewall replacement cycles ( edit ) Main article : Eyewall replacement cycle Eyewall replacement cycles , also called concentric eyewall cycles , naturally occur in intense tropical cyclones , generally with winds greater than 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) , or major hurricanes ( Category 3 or higher on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane scale ) . When tropical cyclones reach this intensity , and the eyewall contracts or is already sufficiently small ( see above ) , some of the outer rainbands may strengthen and organize into a ring of thunderstorms -- an outer eyewall -- that slowly moves inward and robs the inner eyewall of its needed moisture and angular momentum . Since the strongest winds are located in a cyclone 's eyewall , the tropical cyclone usually weakens during this phase , as the inner wall is `` choked '' by the outer wall . Eventually the outer eyewall replaces the inner one completely , and the storm can re-intensify . The discovery of this process was partially responsible for the end of the U.S. government 's hurricane modification experiment Project Stormfury . This project set out to seed clouds outside the eyewall , causing a new eyewall to form and weakening the storm . When it was discovered that this was a natural process due to hurricane dynamics , the project was quickly abandoned . Almost every intense hurricane undergoes at least one of these cycles during its existence . Hurricane Allen in 1980 went through repeated eyewall replacement cycles , fluctuating between Category 5 and Category 3 status on the Saffir - Simpson scale several times . Hurricane Juliette was a rare documented case of triple eyewalls . Moats ( edit ) A moat in a tropical cyclone is a clear ring outside the eyewall , or between concentric eyewalls , characterized by subsidence -- slowly sinking air -- and little or no precipitation . The air flow in the moat is dominated by the cumulative effects of stretching and shearing . The moat between eyewalls is an area in the storm where the rotational speed of the air changes greatly in proportion to the distance from the storm 's center ; these areas are also known as rapid filamentation zones . Such areas can potentially be found near any vortex of sufficient strength , but are most pronounced in strong tropical cyclones . Eyewall mesovortices ( edit ) Mesovortices visible in the eye of hurricane Emilia in 1994 . Eyewall mesovortices are small scale rotational features found in the eyewalls of intense tropical cyclones . They are similar , in principle , to small `` suction vortices '' often observed in multiple - vortex tornadoes . In these vortices , wind speeds may be greater than anywhere else in the eyewall . Eyewall mesovortices are most common during periods of intensification in tropical cyclones . Eyewall mesovortices often exhibit unusual behavior in tropical cyclones . They usually rotate around the low pressure center , but sometimes they remain stationary . Eyewall mesovortices have even been documented to cross the eye of a storm . These phenomena have been documented observationally , experimentally , and theoretically . Eyewall mesovortices are a significant factor in the formation of tornadoes after tropical cyclone landfall . Mesovortices can spawn rotation in individual thunderstorms ( a mesocyclone ) , which leads to tornadic activity . At landfall , friction is generated between the circulation of the tropical cyclone and land . This can allow the mesovortices to descend to the surface , causing tornadoes . Stadium effect ( edit ) View of Typhoon Maysak 's eye from the International Space Station on March 31 , 2015 , displaying a pronounced stadium effect . The stadium effect is a phenomenon observed in strong tropical cyclones . It is a fairly common event , where the clouds of the eyewall curve outward from the surface with height . This gives the eye an appearance resembling an open dome from the air , akin to a sports stadium . An eye is always larger at the top of the storm , and smallest at the bottom of the storm because the rising air in the eyewall follows isolines of equal angular momentum , which also slope outward with height . In tropical cyclones with very small eyes , the sloping phenomenon is much more pronounced . Eye - like features ( edit ) An eye - like structure is often found in intensifying tropical cyclones . Similar to the eye seen in hurricanes or typhoons , it is a circular area at the circulation center of the storm in which convection is absent . These eye - like features are most normally found in intensifying tropical storms and hurricanes of Category 1 strength on the Saffir - Simpson scale . For example , an eye - like feature was found in Hurricane Beta when the storm had maximum wind speeds of only 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) , well below hurricane force . The features are typically not visible on visible wavelengths or infrared wavelengths from space , although they are easily seen on microwave satellite imagery . Their development at the middle levels of the atmosphere is similar to the formation of a complete eye , but the features might be horizontally displaced due to vertical wind shear . Hazards ( edit ) Play media An aircraft flying through a storm 's eyewall and into the calm eye Though the eye is by far the calmest part of the storm , with no wind at the center and typically clear skies , over the ocean it is possibly the most hazardous area . In the eyewall , wind - driven waves all travel in the same direction . In the center of the eye , however , the waves converge from all directions , creating erratic crests that can build on each other to become rogue waves . The maximum height of hurricane waves is unknown , but measurements during Hurricane Ivan when it was a Category 4 hurricane estimated that waves near the eyewall exceeded 40 m ( 130 ft ) from peak to trough . A common mistake , especially in areas where hurricanes are uncommon , is for residents to exit their homes to inspect the damage while the calm eye passes over , only to be caught off guard by the violent winds in the opposite eyewall . Other cyclones ( edit ) The North American blizzard of 2006 , an extratropical storm , showed an eye - like structure at its peak intensity ( here seen just to the east of the Delmarva Peninsula ) . Main article : Cyclone Though only tropical cyclones have structures officially termed `` eyes '' , there are other weather systems that can exhibit eye - like features . Polar lows ( edit ) Polar lows are mesoscale weather systems , typically smaller than 1,000 km ( 600 mi ) across , found near the poles . Like tropical cyclones , they form over relatively warm water and can feature deep convection and winds of gale force or greater . Unlike storms of tropical nature , however , they thrive in much colder temperatures and at much higher latitudes . They are also smaller and last for shorter durations , with few lasting longer than a day or so . Despite these differences , they can be very similar in structure to tropical cyclones , featuring a clear eye surrounded by an eyewall and bands of rain and snow. . Extratropical cyclones ( edit ) Extratropical cyclones are areas of low pressure which exist at the boundary of different air masses . Almost all storms found at mid-latitudes are extratropical in nature , including classic North American nor'easters and European windstorms . The most severe of these can have a clear `` eye '' at the site of lowest barometric pressure , though it is usually surrounded by lower , non-convective clouds and is found near the back end of the storm . Subtropical cyclones ( edit ) Subtropical cyclones are low - pressure systems with some extratropical characteristics and some tropical characteristics . As such , they may have an eye while not being truly tropical in nature . Subtropical cyclones can be very hazardous , generating high winds and seas , and often evolve into fully tropical cyclones . For this reason , the National Hurricane Center began including subtropical storms in its naming scheme in 2002 . Tornadoes ( edit ) Tornadoes are destructive , small - scale storms , which produce the fastest winds on earth . There are two main types -- single - vortex tornadoes , which consist of a single spinning column of air , and multiple - vortex tornadoes , which consist of small `` suction vortices , '' resembling mini-tornadoes themselves , all rotating around a common center . Both of these types of tornadoes are theorized to have calm eyes . These theories are supported by doppler velocity observations by weather radar and eyewitness accounts . Extraterrestrial vortices ( edit ) A hurricane - like storm on the south pole of Saturn displaying an eyewall tens of kilometers high See also : Extraterrestrial vortex NASA reported in November 2006 that the Cassini spacecraft observed a `` hurricane - like '' storm locked to the south pole of Saturn with a clearly defined eyewall . The observation was particularly notable as eyewall clouds had not previously been seen on any planet other than Earth ( including a failure to observe an eyewall in the Great Red Spot of Jupiter by the Galileo spacecraft ) . In 2007 , very large vortices on both poles of Venus were observed by the Venus Express mission of the European Space Agency to have a dipole eye structure . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal List of tropical cyclones Radius of maximum wind RAINEX Storm surge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A : Basic definitions '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. A11 : What is the ' eye ' ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A : Basic definitions '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. A9 : What is a `` CDO '' ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Webmaster ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Structure '' . JetStream -- Online School for Weather . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A : Basic definitions '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. A7 : What is an extra-tropical cyclone ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Velden , Christopher S. ; Olander , Timothy L. ; Zehr , Raymond M. ( 1998 ) . `` Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity from Digital Geostationary Satellite Infrared Imagery '' . Weather and Forecasting . American Meteorological Society . 13 ( 1 ) : 172 -- 173 . Bibcode : 1998WtFor ... 13 ... 172V . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 1998 ) 013 < 0172 : DOAOST > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0434 . Jump up ^ Schubert , Wayne H. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Polygonal Eyewalls , Asymmetric Eye Contraction , and Potential Vorticity Mixing in Hurricanes '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 59 ( 9 ) : 1197 -- 1223 . Bibcode : 1999JAtS ... 56.1197 S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 1999 ) 056 < 1197 : PEAECA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . Jump up ^ Beven , Jack ( 2005 - 10 - 08 ) . Hurricane Wilma Discussion Number 14 ( Report ) . Hurricane Wilma Advisory Archive . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` D : Tropical cyclone winds and energy '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. D8 : What are `` concentric eyewall cycles '' ... ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bill . It 's Raining Fish and Spiders . Hurricane Extremes : Google Ebooks . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Weather . Weather Records : Storm Dunlop . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Beven , Jack ; Cobb , Hugh ( 2003 ) . Hurricane Isabel : 6 -- 19 September 2003 ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Archived from the original on 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Vigh , Jonathan ( 2006 ) . Formation of the Hurricane Eye ( PDF ) . 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology . Monterey , California : American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gutro , Rob ( 2005 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Ozone Levels Drop When Hurricanes Are Strengthening '' ( Press release ) . NASA . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ McNoldy , Brian D. ( 2004 ) . `` Triple Eyewall in Hurricane Juliette '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . American Meteorological Society . 85 ( 11 ) : 1663 -- 1666 . Bibcode : 2004BAMS ... 85.1663 M . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 85 - 11 - 1663 . ISSN 1520 - 0477 . Jump up ^ Rozoff , Christopher M. ; Schubert , Wayne H. ; McNoldy , Brian D. ; Kossin , James P. ( 2006 ) . `` Rapid filamentation zones in intense tropical cyclones '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 63 ( 1 ) : 325 -- 340 . Bibcode : 2006JAtS ... 63 ... 325R . doi : 10.1175 / JAS3595. 1 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , Michael T. ; Vladimirov , Vladimir A. ; Denissenko , Peter V. ( 2002 ) . `` An experimental study on hurricane mesovortices '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Fluid Mechanics . Cambridge University Press . 471 : 1 -- 32 . Bibcode : 2002JFM ... 471 ... 1M . doi : 10.1017 / S0022112002001647 . ISSN 0022 - 1120 . Jump up ^ Aberson , Sim D. ; Black , Michael L. ; Montgomery , Michael T. ; Bell , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Record Wind Measurement in Hurricane Isabel : Direct Evidence of an Eyewall Mesocyclone ? ( PDF ) . 26th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology . Miami , Florida : American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kossin , James P. ; McNoldy , Brian D. ; Schubert , Wayne H. ( 2002 ) . `` Vortical swirls in hurricane eye clouds '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 130 ( 12 ) : 3144 -- 3149 . Bibcode : 2002MWRv ... 130.3144 K . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 2002 ) 130 < 3144 : VSIHEC > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Kossin , James . P. ; Schubert , Wayne H. ( 2001 ) . `` Mesovortices , polygonal flow patterns , and rapid pressure falls in hurricane - like vortices '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 58 ( 15 ) : 2196 -- 2209 . Bibcode : 2001JAtS ... 58.2196 K . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 2001 ) 058 < 2196 : MPFPAR > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . Jump up ^ Wright , John E. ; Bennett , Shawn P. ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Meso - Vorticies Observed By WSR - 88D In The Eye '' ( Press release ) . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Harry F. ; Rubsam , Daryl T. ( 1968 ) . `` Hurricane Hilda , 1964 : II . Structure and budgets of the hurricane on October 1 , 1964 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 96 ( 9 ) : 617 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1968MWRv ... 96 ... 617H . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1968 ) 096 < 0617 : HH > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Gray , W.M. ; Shea , D.J. ( 1973 ) . `` The hurricane 's inner core region : II . Thermal stability and dynamic characteristics '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 30 ( 8 ) : 1565 -- 1576 . Bibcode : 1973JAtS ... 30.1565 G . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 1973 ) 030 < 1565 : THICRI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Harry F. ; Imbembo , Stephen M. ( 1976 ) . `` The structure of a Small , Intense Hurricane -- Inez 1966 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 104 ( 4 ) : 418 -- 442 . Bibcode : 1976MWRv ... 104 ... 418H . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1976 ) 104 < 0418 : TSOASI > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Beven , John L. ( 2005 - 10 - 27 ) . Tropical Storm Beta Discussion Number 3 ( Report ) . Hurricane Beta Advisory Archive . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marks , Frank D. ; Stewart , Stacy R. ( 2001 ) . TRMM Satellite Data - Applications to Tropical Cyclone Analysis and Forecasting ( PDF ) ( Presentation ) . TRMM Workshops . Boulder , Colorado : University Corporation for Atmospheric Research . pp. 7 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` STORM project '' ( Press release ) . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel ; Roberts , Dave . `` Interpretation of passive microwave imagery '' ( Press release ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Wang , David W. ; Mitchell , Douglas A. ; Teague , William J. ; Jarosz , Ewa ; Hulbert , Mark S. ( 2005 ) . `` Extreme Waves Under Hurricane Ivan '' . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 309 ( 5736 ) : 896 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1112509 . PMID 16081728 . Jump up ^ Webmaster ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Safety '' . JetStream -- Online School for Weather . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology Archived 2012 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... American Meteorological Society . Accessed 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ National Snow and Ice Data Center . `` Polar Lows '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maue , Ryan N. ( 2006 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Warm seclusion cyclone climatology '' . American Meteorological Society Conference . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cappella , Chris ( April 22 , 2003 ) . `` Weather Basics : Subtropical storms '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Monastersky , R. ( May 15 , 1999 ) . `` Oklahoma Tornado Sets Wind Record '' . Science News . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Justice , Alonzo A. ( May 1930 ) . `` Seeing the Inside of a Tornado '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . pp. 205 -- 206 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Sees into the Eye of a Monster Storm on Saturn '' . NASA . 2006 - 11 - 09 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Piccioni , G. ; et al. ( 2007 - 11 - 29 ) . `` South - polar features on Venus similar to those near the north pole '' . Nature . 450 ( 7170 ) : 637 -- 40 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450 ... 637P . doi : 10.1038 / nature06209 . PMID 18046395 . External links ( edit ) Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Canadian Hurricane Centre : Glossary of Hurricane Terms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_(cyclone)&oldid=831731900 '' Categories : Tropical cyclone meteorology Vortices Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Featured articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 23 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the weather like in the eye of a hurricane | [
"The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones. The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area, typically 30–65 km (20–40 miles) in diameter. It is surrounded by the eyewall, a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather and highest winds occur. The cyclone's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye and can be as much as 15 percent lower than the pressure outside the storm.[1]"
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"mostly calm"
] |
4936669173413195145 | List of Blindspot episodes | List of Blindspot episodes - wikipedia List of Blindspot episodes Jump to : navigation , search Blindspot is an American crime drama television series created by Martin Gero , starring Sullivan Stapleton and Jaimie Alexander . The series was ordered by NBC on May 1 , 2015 , and premiered on September 21 , 2015 . A back nine order was given on October 9 , 2015 , bringing the first season to a total of 22 episodes , plus an additional episode bringing the order to 23 episodes . On May 10 , 2017 , NBC renewed the series for a third season , which premiered on October 27 , 2017 . As of December 15 , 2017 , 52 episodes of Blindspot have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 23 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) 22 September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) TBA October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) The episode titles for the first season are anagrams that reveal hints to the plot , which can be strung together to form a coherent paragraph . No . overall No. in season Title / Anagram Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Woe Has Joined '' `` Who is Jane Doe '' Mark Pellington Martin Gero September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 276092 10.61 A woman is left naked inside a duffel bag on Times Square , completely covered in recent tattoos , among which is the name of FBI Special Agent Kurt Weller . She suffers from a drug - induced amnesia . At the FBI laboratory , they can neither identify her , nor does Kurt know her , making her a Jane Doe . They also find an older Navy SEAL tattoo that was covered up . One of her tattoos is an address in Chinese characters , leading them to the terrorist Chao . Jane and Kurt stop him , which triggers a memory of Jane running a shooting course supervised by an unknown man . This man also appears at the hospital to kill Chao . A flashback shows how the same man has given Jane the amnesia drug at her request . A number on Jane 's body matches a redacted file of Assistant Director Bethany Mayfair . `` A Stray Howl '' `` Taylor Shaw '' Mark Pellington Martin Gero September 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) 4X6302 9.11 Patterson has set up a computer program to constantly cross reference Jane 's tattoos . It brings up the name Major Arthur Gibson , a pilot who wants to expose a secret domestic drone program . He attains control over an armed drone and kills both his former boss and another pilot who had turned him in as a whistleblower . Gibson intends to destroy the drone program by bombing the pilots ' operation center . Patterson locates his signal and Weller and Jane stop him . Jane is haunted by flashbacks of killing a nun and suffers from remorse . She eventually remembers that it was really a disguised soldier from whom she took a USB key . Weller notices a scar on Jane 's neck which coincides with a scar of Taylor Shaw , a childhood friend who went missing 25 years ago , and he becomes certain that Jane is Taylor . His father was accused of kidnapping and murdering Taylor , which split up their family . At night , Jane is surprised by the mysterious man in her apartment . `` Eight Slim Grins '' `` The Missing Girl '' Steve Shill Eoghan Mahony & Martin Gero October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) 4X6303 9.06 When the unknown man in Jane 's apartment warns her about the FBI , he is shot by a sniper , which makes Jane suspicious and cautious . The FBI is unable to identify his body . Patterson finds the number of the redacted FBI case file of gang leader Saúl Guerrero , which was led by Mayfair , who pretends not to remember . Casey Robek is injured while robbing a jewelry store . He has the same Navy SEALs tattoo as Jane . When he wakes up in the hospital after surgery , he signals Jane that he knows her , but then his brother Travis abducts him . Travis lets himself get killed rather than be arrested , and Casey whispers the word `` Orion '' to Jane before he dies . A DNA test confirms that Jane is Taylor Shaw , Weller 's childhood neighbor . To Edgar 's dismay , Jane becomes an official member of the team . Mayfair meets with Tom Carter , Deputy Director of the CIA , to discuss the secret operation `` Daylight '' . Whoever tattooed Jane must have known about it , but only four people did and one is dead . Carter demands Mayfair make the situation go away . `` Bone May Rot '' `` Or Maybe Not '' Karen Gaviola Christina M. Kim October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 4X6304 8.45 Patterson 's boyfriend David solves a puzzle on a photo of one of Jane 's tattoos . It leads them to a CDC lab where two fanatic scientists are planning to release a deadly virus to save the world from overpopulation , but they are stopped just in time . Patterson asks Mayfair to see the non-redacted Guerrero file , but is denied , presumably to protect agents in the field . Carter demands to interrogate Jane himself , but Mayfair refuses . Kurt tells Jane about Taylor 's past . However , a test that Patterson ran on Jane 's tooth shows that she was born in Africa -- this contradicts the DNA which matched Taylor Shaw . Tasha 's bookie warns her that she has three days to pay off her gambling debts . 5 5 `` Split the Law '' `` The Past Will '' Mark Pellington Brendan Gall October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 4X6305 7.82 During a dinner with Kurt 's sister , Sarah , Jane can not withstand the pressure to fill the role of Taylor Shaw . She has a memory from her childhood of being led into a basement filled with other children . A crime scene of what seems to be a hostage situation matches an address derived from one of Jane 's tattoos , but it is really a CIA black site where Director Carter keeps bomb maker Dodi . Dodi is rescued by his team and builds a radiological bomb , but is stopped by the FBI . Carter shows up on site and is stopped by Mayfair from shooting Jane . He openly demands either Dodi or Jane for the CIA , so Mayfair gives up Dodi . Kurt 's father , Bill , visits Sarah , but Kurt refuses to reconcile . Carter pays off Zapata 's gambling debts and demands all the FBI 's information about Jane in return . 6 6 `` Cede Your Soul '' `` Cloud Our Eyes '' Rob Hardy Alex Berger October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 4X6306 7.91 The FBI shuts down a hacker app which can locate government vehicles . Jane has an erotic dream about someone who she thinks is Kurt , so she tries to keep her distance from him . However , the man in her dreams is not Weller and is observing her house at night . Tasha ultimately decides to pay her gambling debts by giving the money she got from Carter to her bookie . She tells him that she 's out and does n't want to bet anymore . Sarah tells Bill that Taylor is alive . 7 7 `` Sent on Tour '' `` Trust No One '' Steve Shill Chris Pozzebon November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 4X6307 8.02 When being questioned by Weller about the file , Mayfair claims Saúl Guerrero ( Lou Diamond Phillips ) was an informant and she was his handler but then he started to work against the FBI , which is the reason why the file is redacted . David wants to move in with Patterson and he helps her follow a clue to the Brooklyn Historical Society , but Mayfair finds out about David and reprimands Patterson for giving a civilian access to classified information . Afraid , she breaks up with David . The team follows one of Jane 's tattoos to a secessionist town in Michigan where they arrest Guerrero . After fighting the town 's militia with the help of clues from multiple other tattoos , they bring him in to the FBI . When Kurt notices that Mayfair has never met Guerrero before , she tells him about Operation Daylight . 8 8 `` Persecute Envoys '' `` Suspect Everyone '' Marcos Siega Chelsey Lora November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 4X6308 7.67 Five years ago , Bethany Mayfair met with Tom Carter , Deputy White House Political Director Sofia Varma , and the White House Chief of Staff Davenport . Now , Mayfair tells Weller about all of the valuable domestic intel the NSA collected illegally and that she was given orders to make the intelligence actionable . She used Saúl Guerrero to do that and they made him a front as a CI which let them put dangerous people behind bars . Kurt rails at her about all her lies , that she has the case , and why it is tattooed on Jane 's body . Mayfair swears she knows nothing more , but her relationship with Weller may be beyond repair . A flashback shows how Sofia , who was her lover , committed suicide . Meanwhile , two NYPD cops were found shot down after being connected to the scene of the shooting of a young black teen that resulted in riots . The unit 's numbered logo matches a tattoo on Jane 's body . Their investigation reveals a dirty secret of the 65th precinct . Carter demands Tasha keep delivering more information about Jane , which she is reluctant to give . 9 9 `` Authentic Flirt '' `` Lift the Curtain '' David McWhirter Katherine Collins November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 4X6309 7.74 Patterson decodes another tattoo that leads to a website criminals use to discuss their crimes . They are led to a location , and a shootout with an assassin - couple ensues in which the couple die . Allison Knight , a U.S. Marshall and Weller 's ex-girlfriend , explains there was a hack at WitSec and the assassin - couple were to purchase a hit - list . Weller and Jane go undercover as the assassin - couple to get the list and arrest the man selling it . Jane and Weller are transported to the seller 's island under high security . The team have to locate where Jane and Weller have been taken . Mayfair and Carter argue about Guerrero , with Carter wanting to take him out and Mayfair plotting to back date paperwork so he ca n't pin Daylight on them . However Carter orders a janitor to kill Guerrero . Zapata is pressured by Carter to place a bug in Jane 's safe house , but she does n't . Patterson meets with her ex-boyfriend David , who wants to reunite , but she wants to stay apart due to her high - level job . Later , David notices a person looking through a book of codes they had found together and follows them . After being led into an alley , he is found dead by a man following him . 10 10 `` Evil Handmade Instrument '' `` And Unveil the Mastermind '' Marcos Siega Christina M. Kim November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 4X6310 7.03 Mayfair meets with Carter , and he tells her to get rid of Jane since she is the last link to `` Daylight '' . Zapata gets a `` last chance '' from Carter to bug Jane 's apartment . Following info from the book with a partial print , the team discovers a Russian sleeper cell . The team learns that the red - haired woman is one of them and her mission is to eliminate targets deemed unpatriotic to Russia . They find her and take her down in a heavy fight . Later , Jane ditches her FBI handlers and waits for Weller outside his apartment where she kisses him . She is kidnapped by Carter who waterboards her for information , causing her to remember that he is connected to `` Orion . '' She is saved by the man with the tree tattoo who shows Jane a video revealing that `` she '' is the person who orchestrated everything , including her own memory loss . 11 11 `` Cease Forcing Enemy '' `` In Case of Emergency '' Rob Seidenglanz Martin Gero February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 4X6311 6.85 Oscar , the man with the tree tattoo , tells Jane that she has to trust him , and that she was the one who gave the order for her to not know who she is and why she did all of this to herself . One of Jane 's tattoos leads the team to an abandoned island , where they find a commercial plane that had disappeared and was presumed lost . Once there , they are apprehended by a group of terrorists who are using the island to keep the passengers hostage and are forcing them to create a device capable of disabling all U.S. GPS satellites . Meanwhile , Chief Inspector Fischer from the FBI Office of Professional Responsibility announces to Mayfair that he will be conducting an investigation into the death of Patterson 's ex-boyfriend David . 12 12 `` Scientists Hollow Fortune '' `` Follow These Instructions '' Rich Newey Alex Berger March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 4X6312 6.59 Jane is asked by Oscar to replace Mayfair 's pen with a duplicate . When an army airborne Sergeant who was thought to be dead kills three people at an army base , it is revealed that his name is tattooed on Jane 's leg along with the names of four other soldiers , all presumed dead . The team tracks him to his mother 's old house and they realize that he was being experimented on by a private military contractor trying to make a super soldier . When he is kidnapped by the doctor who experimented on him , the FBI tracks them down to a storage facility in Brooklyn and Weller is forced to shoot him when he has a gun pointed at Jane . 13 13 `` Erase Weary Youth '' `` Stay Where You Are '' Marcos Siega Chris Pozzebon March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 4X6313 6.25 After a tip reveals a mole within the FBI , the team must hunt for the operative while facing extreme scrutiny from Inspector Fischer . Fischer interrogates Mayfair and her team , probing for their deepest secrets . Fischer finds evidence that Jane 's whereabouts were unaccounted for on the night of Tom Carter 's disappearance and accuses her of killing him . An FBI informant identifies Jane as the mole and Fischer arrests her . Weller , certain of Jane 's innocence , roughs up the informant for more information and learns that Fischer himself is the mole . He and his team attempt to free Jane and arrest Fischer . Jane breaks out of custody and kills Fischer when the latter reaches for his gun . Reade tells Weller about his and Sarah 's relationship ; Weller orders him to end it . Realizing that Fischer 's case against Jane was highly plausible , Reade and Mayfair begin to wonder if she killed Carter . A furious and shaken Jane meets with Oscar , who says there is a time - sensitive tattoo on her body he needs her to decipher . Jane declares she is done with him and leaves . 14 14 `` Rules in Defiance '' `` Find a Secure Line '' Kenneth Fink Kristen Layden March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 4X6314 5.89 A tattoo leads the team towards a massive shootout , which was a sting operation the team screwed up . They then stumble on a suspicious death - row guilty plea and a human - trafficking ring . Unable to postpone the execution , the team needs to arrest the people involved in the smuggling ring to save the inmate . Zapata takes the place of the next supposed victim , but is drugged and kidnapped , her tracking device removed . Jane argues with the FBI 's therapist about whether or not to leave the FBI , but wants back in when she hears Zapata is in danger . The kidnappers find out that Zapata is not who they thought she was . The dirty politicians and businessmen involved flee in fear of being exposed , setting the building on fire with Zapata and the other victims inside . Zapata helps the others escape , but is trapped . The team gets there just in time , arresting the ring and saving Zapata . Edgar is knocked out by a masked man during his investigation into Carter 's death . Jane refuses to be Oscar 's asset in the FBI . Oscar warns that the people in charge will kill Weller if she does n't cooperate . 15 15 `` Older Cutthroat Canyon '' `` To Contact Your Handler '' Marcos Siega Brendan Gall March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 4X6315 5.99 Oscar gives Jane her new assignment : to place a tracker inside the team 's vehicle . Edgar wakes with a gun at his head . The masked man warns him off investigating Carter 's death . Patterson solves a tattooed clue : the burning rose . Investigation leads to a recently - robbed gallery . Kurt is injured by a bomb he finds inside a sculpture . Edgar and Jane search the artist 's apartment , but are shot at by a sniper whom Jane recognizes in flashback . When the sniper escapes , Jane runs off as well . Kurt refuses treatment until Jane is safe . As the team follows a lead , Jane learns about the sniper from Oscar . At a shipyard , Kurt 's team becomes trapped in the sniper 's hideout . Oscar is directed to keep Jane safe , but , needing to know Kurt and the others are safe , she heads to the shipyard and is caught by the sniper . Kurt 's team blast out of the trap as Jane fights the sniper . Oscar shoots the sniper and both fall into the water . Knowing Sarah is in danger , Edgar wants to stop investigating Jane and has to break Sarah 's heart to protect her . At their meeting point , Jane finds Oscar alive . The sniper is also still alive . 16 16 `` Any Wounded Thief '' `` Find What You Need '' Tricia Brock Christina M. Kim April 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 04 ) 4X6316 5.54 As Kurt 's relationship with Allie develops , his sister decides to move out of his apartment due to her anger over being dumped by Reade . It is also Taylor 's birthday and Kurt gives her a pendant that belonged to her mother . When an armored truck carrying stolen Sarin gas is robbed , the team 's investigation leads to a corrupt general who was selling the gas to South Korea . When Jane gets upset at Oscar for asking her to get closer to Kurt , he professes his love for her and they have sex . Meanwhile , Patterson struggles with memories of David when she gets a call confirming a reservation he had made for their one year anniversary . After some encouragement from Dr. Borden , she goes to the restaurant with David 's last crossword . Speaking to a phantom of David , she solves the crossword , which reveals in a hidden message that David had solved another tattoo before his death . 17 17 `` Mans Telepathic Loyal Lookouts '' `` In Almost the Last Place You Look '' Jeff T. Thomas Rachel Caris Love April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 4X6317 5.53 Patterson uses David 's clues to decode another tattoo , leading her to an antiquities store where the owner suddenly kidnaps her . When the team later learns of her disappearance and retraces her steps , they learn that her abductor is a serial killer whose powerful brother has been covering up his crimes . After rescuing Patterson , killing her abductor , and arresting his brother , Reade comes forward to Mayfair about the threats against him . 18 18 `` One Begets Technique '' `` To Begin the Sequence '' Karen Gaviola Martin Gero April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 4X6318 5.46 The FBI must use the felon they put away , Rich Dotcom , to catch a criminal who is the banker for many terrorist organizations . His idea is to stage the robbery of 12 priceless black market paintings from the professor who stole them . Later , the entire heist turns out to be a scheme for Dotcom to escape custody . Meanwhile , Jane meets Weller 's father and starts to follow Oscar 's plan to pretend to remember things from her and Weller 's childhoods . Mayfair 's girlfriend Sofia , who was thought dead , turns out to be alive . 19 19 `` In the Comet of Us '' `` Focus on the Time '' Dermott Downs Ryan Johnson & Peter Lalayanis April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 4X6319 5.58 Zapata solves a tattoo which leads the team to Hudson University on a seemingly worthless mission to uncover scholarship fraud . Once they arrive on campus , a shooter starts a rampage . The team splits up and eventually apprehends the perpetrators who are revealed to be former football players abused by their coach , with whom Reade is close . The show also reveals details into the characters ' lives : Weller and his relationship with his dad ; Jane and her relationship with Oscar ; Zapata and her gamblers anonymous meetings ; and Reade getting over his breakup with Sarah and visiting his tailor . Meanwhile , Mayfair gives Sofia money to help her flee her pursuers . Sofia refuses Mayfair 's offer of protection and asks her to run away with her ; Mayfair declines and sends her away . 20 20 `` Swift Hardhearted Stone '' `` Then Wait For The Address '' Rob Seidenglanz Christina M. Kim May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 4X6320 5.43 Dr. Borden consults on the case of an autistic girl who draws extremely detailed sketches , one of which matches one of Jane 's tattoos . The girl turns out to be the daughter of the leader of a terrorist group and her sketches provide valuable intel . When the girl 's mother is murdered , the team takes her to Dr. Borden 's aunt 's cabin to protect her . There , they stop a group of men who come to kill her . The girl 's sketches reveal a State Department diplomat , who was funding the terrorist group , sent the men in order to keep her from identifying him , resulting in his arrest . Zapata explains her suspicions about Mayfair to Reade . Jane steals data from the FBI at Oscar 's request . While Mayfair is enjoying an evening out , her date is murdered and an anonymous phone call warns her not to investigate Carter 's death . 21 21 `` Of Whose Uneasy Route '' `` To Your New Safehouse '' Jeff F. King Alex Berger May 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) 4X6321 5.61 When the FBI office is hacked , Patterson must lead the team with analog technology to find the perpetrators and stop them from killing Reade , Sarah , and a stranger stuck in an elevator . Meanwhile , US Attorney Weitz takes over the investigation into Alexandra 's death and Mayfair realizes that he tried to recruit Zapata . Sarah tells Reade that she 's moving to Portland . Mayfair is arrested for the murder of Alexandra , who was n't who she claimed . Jane realizes that all of the missions she carried out for Oscar were pieces of a conspiracy to frame Mayfair . 22 22 `` If Love a Rebel , Death Will Render '' `` The Final Order Will Be Revealed '' Romeo Tirone Brendan Gall May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 4X6322 5.27 When Jane accuses Oscar of using her to get to Mayfair , Sofia appears and reveals that a pre-memory - wipe Jane recruited her into the plot to bring down Mayfair . The team investigates the case of an abandoned baby and uncovers a ring of rogue scientists who are illegally creating genetically engineered designer children . Mayfair breaks out of house arrest to find out who framed her . The evidence trail leads her to Oscar 's hideout and to Jane ; however , Oscar kills her before she can expose Jane 's involvement . Mayfair 's boss , Director Pellington , expels Jane from the FBI and ends all investigations involving her tattoos , but promotes Weller to fill Mayfair 's position permanently . Weller and Jane share a kiss . However , just before dying , Weller 's father confesses that he did indeed kill Taylor Shaw , leaving Weller to wonder : just who is Jane Doe ? 23 23 `` Why Await Life 's End '' `` When It 's Filed Away '' Rob Seidenglanz Martin Gero May 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) 4X6323 5.85 To track down Oscar , Jane enlists the help of Ana , a young hacker the team had previously saved . Weller and Sarah dig underneath the fort in their childhood home , where Bill Weller said Taylor Shaw was buried , but find nothing . Weller realizes that `` fort '' referred to an old family campsite ; there , he digs up Taylor 's bones . Jane finally catches up to Oscar , who knocks her out and captures her . When she awakens , he confirms she is not Taylor , explains their group 's plans , and tells her that Shepherd is their leader . As he prepares to wipe her memory again , Jane breaks free and kills him . Reade , Zapata , and Patterson search for Mayfair , learning she was murdered . Decrypting a flash drive Mayfair had hidden in her house , they discover files labeled `` Daylight , '' `` Orion , '' and `` M7G677 . '' Upon Jane 's return to her safe house , she is greeted by Weller , who is furious at her for pretending to remember childhood memories as Taylor Shaw and arrests her . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) The episode titles of the first nine of the second season follow the same anagram formula as the first season . The titles from the tenth episode onward are palindromes , with the center letter of each episode title spelling out the phrase `` Kurt Weller SOS '' . No . overall No. in season Title / Anagram Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` In Night So Ransomed Rogue '' `` Nothing Is More Dangerous '' Martin Gero Martin Gero September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) T13. 19851 7.10 When Jane escapes CIA custody after being tortured for three months , NSA agent Nas Kamal recruits Weller 's team to recapture her . Under interrogation , Jane explains her involvement with Oscar and the circumstances surrounding Mayfair 's death . Nas reveals that Jane and Oscar were members of Sandstorm , a terrorist group , and proposes using Jane as a triple agent to infiltrate them . Though distrustful of Jane , Weller and his team agree to the idea in order to avenge Mayfair . Jane has the team shoot her to provide an alibi for her disappearance and meets with Roman , a member of Sandstorm . After treating Jane 's wound , he takes her to Shepherd , Sandstorm 's leader , who reveals that she is Jane 's adoptive mother and that Roman is Jane 's brother . Shepherd asks Jane , whose real name is Remy , to continue acting as Sandstorm 's double agent inside the FBI . Using the NSA 's resources , Patterson begins deciphering the files on Mayfair 's flash drive , discovering an aerial photo of Jane lying unconscious on a battlefield . Shepherd has a discussion with Roman about their other mole inside the FBI . 25 `` Heave Fiery Knot '' `` They Invoke Fear '' David McWhirter Brendan Gall September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) T13. 19852 6.08 Shepherd tells Jane to point the team at another tattoo which leads to them uncovering a Mexican drug cartel 's plot to blow up a plane headed for LaGuardia Airport . They foil the plan , but Nas then tells Jane that every tattoo they solve has ripple effects and unintended consequences . They also learn that Shepherd has people inside the government , including the Department of Justice . It is revealed that Nas is secretly recording Jane 's counseling sessions with Dr. Borden . Dr. Borden asks Patterson out to dinner . Allie tells Weller that she is pregnant and offers to let him be a part of the child 's life , but Weller is uncertain about the idea of fatherhood . Reade talks to an old friend about testifying against their former football coach from season 1 and realizes that he himself might have been one of the man 's victims . Frantic to protect Jane , Roman drugs and kidnaps her . 26 `` Hero Fears Imminent Rot '' `` For Their Moment is Near '' Jeff T. Thomas Alex Berger September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) T13. 19853 5.60 Jane wakes up in Sandstorm 's hideout . Suspicious of her alibi for her three months in captivity due to Cade having been in Venezuela at the time she said he was keeping her captive and torturing her , Shepherd assigns her a test : to kill an engineer who failed to design a microchip for Sandstorm . When Jane is unable to kill the man , Roman does so instead and returns her to the FBI to await further instructions . The remainder of the team attempts to stop a sequence of bombings throughout New York . When Weller attempts to talk to the bomber to calm him , Nas shoots the man from a distance without warning , escalating tensions between her and Weller . Patterson and Dr. Borden share a kiss . Reade confesses to Zapata that he may have repressed memories of being molested by his former coach . Jane returns to Sandstorm and finds that Roman told Shepherd she passed the test . She thanks Roman , who warns her that future plans will be moving quickly and he will not be able to cover for her a second time . 27 `` If Beth '' `` The FBI '' Jeff F. King Ryan Johnson & Peter Lalayanis October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) T13. 19854 5.71 Tormented by the possibility of his repressed memories , Reade has a mental breakdown , beating up a hacker for resisting arrest . Following a clue from one of Jane 's tattoos , the team goes undercover at a museum gala where a terrorist murders two people . The terrorist is revealed to be an ex-CIA agent whose identity was erased after she attempted to expose corruption in the CIA , her victims corrupt agents . The woman believes her daughter was killed , but Weller 's team finds her still alive and reunites mother with daughter . At Roman 's urging , Shepherd recounts her tragic early life to Jane in order to bind her closer to Sandstorm and their mission . Zapata hires the hacker Reade attacked for an unspecified job . Nas shows Weller evidence that Sandstorm has been surveilling him for over twenty years . 28 5 `` Condone Untidiest Thefts '' `` Defends The Constitution '' Rob Seidenglanz Christina M. Kim October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) T13. 19855 5.53 Weller 's team investigates an assassination attempt on State Senator Donahue . Evidence points to the Senator 's terminally ill cousin , Patrick O'Malley , who claims the senator is the secret head of the Irish mob and arranged a fake hit on himself . Escorted by Weller 's team and Allie , he collects evidence implicating Donahue , but Donahue 's men come to kill him . In the ensuing fight , Allie is shot in the leg and O'Malley sacrifices his life to ensure her escape , as they had been friends for years . After Donahue is arrested , Allie tells Weller that she will have to take a desk job and suggests he do the same for their baby . Thanks to a tip from the hacker Zapata hired , Patterson decodes the M7G677 file , revealing emails between Mayfair and Douglas Winter , the whistleblower who exposed Orion . Jane recovers memories of a doctor who rescued her in Afghanistan and Shepherd explains how she made it back to the US ; Shepherd 's story is later revealed to be a lie . Obsessed with his former coach 's alleged crimes , Reade assaults the man and breaks into his house , where he finds a videotape with his own name on it . Zapata finds Reade standing over the coach 's dead body . 29 6 `` Her Spy 's Harmed '' `` Shepherd 's Army '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Chris Pozzebon October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) T13. 19856 5.24 Despite being found at the scene of the crime , Reade insists that he did n't do it . As the coach 's murder catches Patterson 's attention , Reade and Zapata desperately try to cover up everything that could get Reade labeled a suspect . Jane joins Roman on a mission to steal a microchip for Sandstorm . While Roman keeps the security guards preoccupied , Jane tries to upload the microchip data to Patterson , but decides to stop mid-upload to save Roman . Meanwhile , Weller and Naz travel to Bulgaria in search of Douglas Winter and learn that the new deputy director of the CIA is on the same trail . When they find Winter , he claims to have been framed , as two masked individuals planted the incriminating evidence on his laptop , and provides an audio recording of the incident . Upon getting Winter back to the States , Patterson descrambles the voices in the recording , which Jane identifies as belonging to Shepherd and Roman . Additionally , Weller recognizes Shepherd 's voice . 30 7 `` Resolves Eleven Myths '' `` Only Serve Themselves '' Jeff F. King Eric Buchman October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) T13. 19857 5.20 In a dream , Jane fights a long - haired version of herself whom she ca n't beat . Later , the FBI computer system is hacked by Rich Dotcom , returned from the previous season when he escaped from the team . Dotcom now wants FBI protection from an assassin called the Arcadian . The assassin kills two FBI agents and primes a chemical bomb in the elevator . Reade and Zapata are arguing over a case when the Arcadian attacks them both and vanishes with an unconscious Zapata . She is injected with a neurotoxin and the Arcadian informs the team that , in return for Dotcom , he will let them know which of three vials contains the antidote . Weller and Dotcom create a false camera loop to set a trap for the Arcadian . Jane 's memory of her dream informs her which fight moves to use to beat the Arcadian , whom Weller kills . On the brink of death , Zapata taps Morse code on Reade 's wrist to indicate which vial will cure her . Dotcom almost escapes again but , thanks to Patterson , he and his accomplices are finally caught . Meanwhile , Roman receives information that Jane 's allegiance is with the FBI . 31 8 `` We Fight Deaths on Thick Lone Waters '' `` When The Soldiers Attack , We Fight On '' Rob Hardy Kristen Layden November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) T13. 19858 4.90 When Jane and Weller disappear while on an undercover mission , AUSA Weitz comes to the NY Office to investigate . He and the rest of Weller 's team must piece together the conflicting testimonies of two criminals to discover what happened . They eventually find Jane and learn that Weller left to follow the notorious arms dealer funding the mission . When he is captured and auctioned off to the highest bidder , the team wins the auction and poses as the buyers to rescue Weller and arrest the arms dealer . After Weitz threatens to end her career , Nas gives Patterson access to all of her data on Sandstorm . The team enjoys a baby shower for Weller and Allison 's baby . Zapata manages to return Freddie 's knife to police evidence , while Reade helps Freddie leave town . Roman comes to Jane 's safe house and tells her he needs her by his side as phase 2 of Sandstorm 's plan begins . 32 9 `` Why Let Cooler Pasture Deform '' `` We Shall Protect Your Freedom '' Tawnia McKiernan Brendan Gall November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) T13. 19859 5.00 While with Sandstorm , Jane alerts the FBI that their attack is imminent and Weller 's team raids Sandstorm 's headquarters . Roman knocks Jane out . When she awakens , Shepherd reveals she has long known Jane is a triple agent for the FBI thanks to Sandstorm 's mole , Dr. Borden . Flashbacks reveal Borden 's wife was the doctor who nursed a pre-memory wipe Jane back to health in Afghanistan ; after she was killed by a US drone strike , Jane recruited him into Sandstorm . In the present , Shepherd tells Jane she pretended phase two was underway to lure out Weller 's team ; when the FBI arrives at Sandstorm HQ , she detonates a bomb , trapping them in the rubble . Shepherd orders Roman to kill Jane ; when he refuses , Shepherd tries to kill both of them , but Jane and Roman escape . Weller manages to summon help and rescue his team . While treating Roman 's wounds , Jane erases his memory , hoping to give him the same second chance she had . Patterson recognizes Borden 's ring , realizing he works for Sandstorm . When she tries to arrest him , he fights back and a shot rings out ; it is not shown who was hit . 33 10 `` Nor I , Nigel , AKA Leg in Iron '' David Tuttman Rachel Caris Love January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) T13. 19860 5.14 The shot is revealed to have hit Patterson and , although she survives , she is captured by Borden and tortured for information by Shepherd . An amnesiac Roman escapes Jane 's custody and is later rescued from Sandstorm 's men by Jane and Weller . The FBI interrogates him for clues on Patterson 's location , but he remembers nothing . Zapata finds a coded message from a Sandstorm operative , which leads the FBI to Borden 's location . Director Pellington ejects Nas from the FBI for ordering the failed raid on Sandstorm . The FBI rescues Patterson just before she is killed , but Borden escapes . Reade makes romantic advances towards Zapata which are rejected . Pellington orders Roman be turned over to the CIA for further questioning , but relents and also reinstates Nas after Weller threatens to resign . Patterson cracks an encrypted phone and discovers a rough draft of Jane 's tattoos that includes a mysterious tattoo not present on Jane 's body . 34 11 `` Droll Autumn , Unmutual Lord '' Adam Salky Hadi Nicholas Deeb January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) T13. 19861 5.01 When terrorist leader Anton Stepulov enters the US , Weller 's team investigates . They learn he has been brought to the US by CIA Deputy Director Keaton to give information on a terrorist attack in exchange for a heart transplant for his son . Stepulov 's son dies during the operation and the FBI is forced to stop the attack without his help . They deduce that the target of the attack is a high school basketball tournament where Keaton 's daughter , Erin , is playing . Stepulov 's men kidnap Erin and hold her hostage , but she is rescued by Weller and Keaton and the attack is foiled . Allie tells Weller that she is considering moving to Colorado with their child . Nas brings in a psychiatrist to evaluate Roman and she concludes that he lacks empathy . Patterson solves the puzzle of the missing tattoo : it leads to Kat Jarrett , a member of a biker gang , who has an unknown link to Roman . 35 12 `` Devil Never Even Lived '' Kate Woods Deanna Shumaker & Chris Pozzebon January 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) T13. 19862 4.73 Jane and Roman go undercover to infiltrate Kat Jarrett 's biker gang , the Viper Kings . After Roman sees Kat , he remembers they were romantically involved and planned to run away together , but Remi forced him to abandon her . Jane and Roman arrange a fake heist to provide the Kings with explosives which they will sell to Sandstorm , giving the FBI a chance to arrest Shepherd . After the heist is successful , a suspicious Kat accuses Roman and Jane of working with the police ; Roman confesses , but claims he only did it to be with Kat . Kat helps him and Jane escape the Kings , but is fatally shot , professing her love for Roman with her dying breath . The FBI raids the meeting between the Kings and Sandstorm , but finds Shepherd has already left with the explosives . Because of this , Nas breaks up with Weller , feeling their relationship is clouding their professional judgment . Reade becomes involved with Freddy 's ex-girlfriend . Jane recognizes Shepherd in a photo from Weller 's old high school yearbook and Weller remembers who Shepherd is . 36 13 `` Name Not One Man '' Glen Winter Ryan Johnson & Peter Lalayanis February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T13. 19863 4.64 Visiting his old military academy , Weller learns Shepherd 's real name , Ellen Briggs , and that she funded his education . Weller 's team investigates Jared Wisnewski , leader of a group of anti-government farmers planning a bomb attack , learning Wisnewski is an FBI informant who was entrapped by Agent Boyd . Weller allows Wisnewski to meet with his co-conspirators so the FBI can arrest them , but Wisnewski is shot and one of the conspirators escapes , planning an attack on a new target . Weller fires Boyd and his team manages to avert the attack . Weller interrogates Sean Clarke , a former colleague of Shepherd 's who is disabled from a stroke , about Shepherd , but Clarke only rambles about baseball . Later , Patterson discovers Clarke blocked a promotion of Weller 's on Shepherd 's orders and Weller realizes Clarke 's `` ramblings '' were a coded message . Patterson collapses from overwork , Reade uses cocaine to unwind with Niki , and Jane starts a relationship with Oliver Kind . Meeting again with Weller , Clarke mentions the `` Truman Protocol , '' but he and Weller are then kidnapped by Shepherd . Shepherd kills Clarke and taunts Weller before escaping , saying they are very much alike and he will eventually have no choice but to join her . 37 14 `` Borrow or Rob '' Laura Belsey Eric Buchman February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T13. 19864 4.07 Weller 's team is forced to go undercover with Rich Dotcom to infiltrate a secret society , some of whose members are planning to start a war . Weller and Rich confront their most likely suspect , a Silicon Valley entrepreneur named Zach Riley , but he turns out to be innocent . Rich is kidnapped by the real culprit and forced to hack a computer to allow him to detonate a dirty bomb , thus starting the war ; Weller frees Rich , but not before being forced to shoot him . Nas , Jane , and Roman travel to various locations where Shepherd used to live in the hopes of triggering some memories . He remembers that he killed Taylor Shaw 's mother ; Jane tells him to keep it from Nas and that she will tell Weller . Zach Riley meets with Borden , who tells him that his work is crucial to Phase 2 of Sandstorm 's plan . 38 15 `` Draw O Caesar , Erase a Coward '' Darnell Martin Christina M. Kim February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T13. 19865 4.13 Based on a tattoo decoded by Rich Dotcom , Patterson is able to link three tattoos to a notorious near - mythical smuggler . To follow up on the various leads , Jane and Zapata question an antiques dealer brought in on a manslaughter charge a few months ago , Weller and Roman infiltrate a prestigious clinic , and Patterson and Reade investigate another address . They discover that the antique business and the other address are used as fronts for a human smuggling ring that brings illegal immigrants to the clinic , where their organs are harvested for wealthy patients . Weller and Roman are captured by the smugglers , but the rest of the team finds them in time . Observing his actions during the case , Patterson attempts to confront Reade about his developing drug habit , but he rebuffs her efforts . Later , Nas receives a new call from her old Sandstorm contact but , when she goes to the dead - drop , she is attacked in her car . 39 16 `` Evil Did I Dwell , Lewd I Did Live '' David McWhirter Alex Berger March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T13. 19866 4.26 Nas narrowly survives the attempt on her life and concludes that Sandstorm may have uncovered her informant . The team sets up a sting operation to catch him , during which Jane is attacked by Cade . When backup arrives , however , Cade reveals that he is the informant , having grown disillusioned with Shepherd 's disregard for human life . He reveals the location of a fixer working for Sandstorm , but the man is killed before he can be extracted . Patterson discovers a transmitter hidden in her tooth and uses it to set a trap for Borden . Wounded , Borden kills himself with a grenade and his men commit suicide . Cade is set free , but refuses to assist any further out of fear for what Shepherd has planned . Zapata confronts Reade about his cocaine usage and warns Weller . While having dinner with Oliver , Jane is ambushed and tranquilized by masked men . 40 17 `` Solos '' David Johnson Kristen Layden March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T13. 19867 4.32 Jane and Oliver awaken in captivity . It is revealed that Oliver 's father and business partner embezzled millions of dollars and the kidnappers intend to ransom Oliver and the partner 's children for the money . Jane manages to alert the FBI and Weller 's team successfully rescues the children as well as Oliver and Jane , discovering that Oliver 's father , long missing , has passed away . Afterwards , Oliver breaks up with Jane . Weller offers to let Reade take time off to get help , but Reade resigns instead . Weller arranges to allow Roman to live with Jane in her safe house . Roman recovers a memory of him retrieving money from a trust fund under Jane 's birth name , Alice Kruger . Heavily traumatized by her experience with Borden , Patterson tears apart her apartment looking for surveillance devices . Reade is recognized as an officer by a group of drug dealers , who beat him up . The team is officially notified that they are under investigation by the US Attorney for aiding and abetting terrorists . 41 18 `` Senile Lines '' Jeff T. Thomas Ryan Johnson & Peter Lalayanis April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) T13. 19868 4.34 Weller 's team investigates the death of a teenager living in a foster home and uncovers a conspiracy to illegally test new drugs on foster children . Jane persuades Weller to allow Roman to help the FBI in the field and they track down the children and arrest the conspirators . AUSA Weitz interrogates the members of Weller 's team , hunting for evidence to justify a congressional inquiry into their work on Sandstorm . In order to protect Weller and the rest of the team , thereby allowing them to continue to pursue Sandstorm , Nas takes full responsibility for the task force 's mistakes . While in the hospital , Reade opens up about his torment to a fellow patient and ultimately decides to watch Coach Jones ' tape together with Zapata in order to find closure . Shepherd obtains large amounts of nuclear material from an associate , warning him to avoid the Western Hemisphere during Phase 2 . 42 19 `` Regard a Mere Mad Rager '' Ernest Dickerson Alex Berger April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T13. 19869 4.33 Patterson manages to freeze Sandstorm 's accounts before Shepherd can purchase the nuclear materials , leading to a chase around Bangkok before she gets arrested . Shepherd manages to escape and reacquire the materials . Meanwhile , Weller 's team follows another tattoo leading to a scavenger hunt orchestrated by a pair of hacker siblings offering a database full of classified intel , including on the Truman Protocol . Weller and Jane manage to acquire the database before Sandstorm , forcing Shepherd to order Weller 's death . Zapata gets arrested by the NYPD for obstruction of justice . 43 20 `` In Words , Drown I '' Dermott Downs Christina M. Kim May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T13. 19870 4.18 Zapata 's arrest is revealed to be a ruse set up by Weller and Patterson to gather intelligence from Devon ( Ronda Rousey ) , a gunrunner with ties to Sandstorm . When Devon is stabbed by another inmate , however , she is forced to stage a breakout with the team 's assistance . Weller learns the truth about Emma 's death , but recognizes that Shepherd , not Jane , is to blame for what happened . Devon sets up a rendezvous with her boyfriend Parker , but changes the location to mislead the team . Parker identifies Zapata and subdues her to set an ambush for Weller and Jane . An increasingly unstable Patterson attacks one of her techs and steps off the case . Weller rescues Zapata and captures Parker and Devon . Jane inadvertently triggers a memory in Roman that reveals she erased his memory and he attacks her in a rage . 44 21 `` Mom '' Rob Seidenglanz Chris Pozzebon May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T13. 19871 3.92 Roman is subdued and returned to FBI custody , regaining many of his memories . Reade decides to transfer out of New York . Jane and Weller follow a lead from Parker , which turns out to be a ruse to lure them away . Shepherd and her team storm the New York office and seize control , killing Director Pellington and other agents in order to gain access to Patterson 's computer , which she plans to use to carry out attacks on federal buildings . Patterson , Reade , and Zapata stop Shepherd , but Zapata is severely wounded . Jane and Weller return to the FBI and defuse multiple bombs planted by Shepherd . Roman rejoins Shepherd and escapes with her . Weller is taken to a hidden bunker , where he learns that he is part of a secret continuity - of - government program , COGS , intended to be activated in a national emergency . He realizes that phase 2 of Shepherd 's plan is to wipe out the federal government and leave COGS in charge of America . 45 22 `` Lepers Repel '' Jeff F. King Rachel Caris Love May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T13. 19872 4.28 Weller escapes the bunker with CIA Deputy Director Keaton . Patterson traces the explosives used in Shepherd 's attacks to Zach Riley ; under interrogation , he reveals Shepherd plans to crash a satellite into Washington , D.C. , where she has hidden nuclear material . After Zapata and Keaton find the nuclear material in an ambulance , Jane and Weller go to confront Shepherd . While Jane drives the ambulance into a tunnel to minimize fallout , Weller searches for the beacon Shepherd is using to guide the satellite . Roman crashes a car into the ambulance , injuring Weller . Realizing Shepherd swallowed the beacon , Weller defibrillates her , disabling it and allowing Patterson to redirect the satellite into the ocean . Jane fights Roman , but can not bring herself to kill him , letting him escape . Shepherd is arrested and placed in Nas ' custody . The team celebrates and Jane and Weller consummate their relationship . Two years later , Jane is living on a mountaintop with monks , having left Weller and the FBI for unknown reasons . Weller comes to see her , asking for her help in finding Patterson , Reade , and Zapata , who have suddenly disappeared . He is wearing a wedding ring and has a sealed box marked with Jane 's name , which opens when they both touch it . Inside is a metallic object that causes Jane 's tattoos to light up . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The episode titles of the third season consist of a three - letter pattern within the title , in which the first and third letters are the same , and the second letter of each pattern can be strung together to spell out the phrase `` One Of Us Will G -- '' . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Back to the Grind '' Martin Gero Martin Gero October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) T30. 10001 4.13 Flashbacks reveal Jane and Weller married and began a family life , but were attacked by assassins seeking to collect a bounty on Jane . To protect Weller , Jane left him to stop whoever put the bounty on her . In the present day , Weller reunites with Jane , discovering that she is covered with new , bioluminescent tattoos . A clue leads them to Venice , where they battle Roman , who is responsible for the new tattoos . Jane and Weller fake her death in order to get the bounty on her head lifted . It is revealed Zapata joined the CIA , Reade is now head of the NY field office , and Patterson now works in the tech industry . The three of them are kidnapped by Venezuelan soldiers , who demand that Patterson decrypt a CIA computer . They escape and are rescued by Jane and Weller . The FBI and CIA create a joint task force to deal with Roman and the new tattoos , reuniting Weller 's old team . Zapata mentions a mysterious dragonfly tattoo to Keaton , which she wants to keep secret ; Jane conceals a stash of money and passports from Weller ; it is revealed Patterson has secretly been in contact with Rich Dotcom , who now works for the FBI ; and Weller is accosted by Roman , who threatens to tell Jane `` what happened in Berlin '' unless Weller does as he demands . 47 `` Enemy Bag of Tricks '' David Tuttman Chris Pozzebon November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) T30. 10002 3.50 A black box with the ability to disable a missile defense system is stolen from a downed satellite , bringing Jane face - to - face with an unscrupulous mercenary she had worked with during her absence . With the threat of a nuclear strike by North Korea looming , the team frantically searches for the black box . They discover that one of the satellite 's creators is working with North Korean agents , and recover the box before the missiles can be launched . Roman befriends a wealthy former soldier , Thomas Jakeman , kills him , and steals his identity . Zapata meets Reade 's girlfriend . Patterson finds her colleague Stuart murdered in his apartment . 48 `` Upside Down Craft '' Solvan `` Slick '' Naim Christina M. Kim November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) T30. 10003 3.38 After Jane and Weller arrest a financial tycoon , Kevin Loewe , his lawyer insists he was framed by an anonymous hacktivist group , the Three Blind Mice . It is revealed Patterson and Rich Dotcom were formerly members of the group , but left when the third member , Kathy , began executing malicious hacks . The FBI interrogates Kathy . Patterson uses a backdoor in the app she created to help prove Loewe is guilty of corporate sabotage , and Jane and Weller stop the saboteurs . Realizing Patterson and Rich were the other Mice , Kathy kidnaps them and tries to force them to perform criminal hacks . Patterson manages to signal Weller 's team , who rescue them . Reade voices his suspicion that Patterson and Rich were the other members of the Mice , but says he can not pursue them for lack of evidence , and suggests Jane 's new tattoos are intended to reveal secrets the team wants to keep hidden . Patterson continues investigating the tattoo Stuart was working on , finding it is linked to Van Gogh . An unknown one - eared man is seen concealing evidence of Stuart 's murder . 49 `` Gunplay Ricochet '' David McWhirter Ryan Johnson & Peter Lalayanis November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) T30. 10004 3.37 Following one of Jane 's tattoos , the team investigates Marcus Dunn , an anti-technology bomber thought to have died over twenty years ago . The trail leads the team to a man named Rosmond `` Rossi '' Ott , who recognizes Jane as Remi . Posing as Thomas Jakeman , Roman attends a charity auction hosted by a socialite , Blake Crawford . He flirts with Blake and places a tracking device on her . Ott is transferred to the custody of the State Department by Assistant Secretary of State West ; however , Ott escapes . The team learns Dunn is alive . They deduce his next target ; Zapata kills him and Jane and Weller work together to defuse his bomb . Zapata sees Reade meeting secretly with West . Ott sends Jane documents revealing that she has a daughter , whom she put up for adoption . 50 5 `` This Profound Legacy '' Rob Seidenglanz Rachel Caris Love December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) T30. 10005 3.35 The team investigates a series of arson attacks which lead them to Vanya Petrushev , rightful king of the nation of Kazarus , who is being targeted for assassination by his uncle , the current king . The team finds and rescues Vanya and his mother from the assassins . When his uncle is overthrown , Vanya decides to go to Kazarus in order to help lead the people . Suspicious of Reade 's behavior , Zapata and Patterson concoct fake evidence in the case of Stuart 's murder in order to lure out the mole within the FBI ; Hirst attempts to frame Reade by using his login to delete the `` evidence . '' Reade refuses to believe Zapata and Patterson 's accusations and demands they produce hard evidence against Hirst . Roman tells Jane that Shepherd forced her to give up her daughter , and Jane resolves to find her at all costs . A flashback reveals that while searching for Jane in Berlin , Weller met her daughter , Avery , who was also searching for her . 51 6 `` Adoring Suspect '' Glen Winter Eric Buchman December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) T30. 10006 3.50 Weller goes undercover in Hollywood to investigate the connection of Keith Rhodes , a famous actor , to a notorious organized crime boss , Nico Popov . Reade 's team learn Popov is using Rhodes 's producer as a front to ship WMD all over the world , and that Popov is planning a chemical attack in America . Weller and Jane thwart the attack and arrest Popov . Roman engineers another encounter with Blake Crawford , and the two grow closer . Jane decides to abandon the search for her daughter . Hirst issues a veiled threat to Reade after he confronts her about her connections to Kevin Loewe . Reade then joins Jane , Weller , Patterson , Zapata , and Rich to help bring Hirst down . 52 7 `` Fix My Present Havoc '' Lin Oeding Kristen Layden December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) T30. 10007 3.33 A flashback reveals that Hirst killed Stuart for solving the tattoo leading to the one - eared man 's identity . In the present day , clues from Roman lead the team to Dr. Margaret Palmieri , director of a cancer drug trial , who is accepting bribes . While interviewing one of the trial 's participants , Jane and Weller come face - to - face with his husband : the one - eared man . They capture him , learning he is Eric Vance , an ex-US Marshal . Vance reveals Hirst blackmailed him into working for her by threatening to force Palmieri to withdraw his husband from the drug trial , and agrees to testify against Hirst if they arrest Palmieri . Patterson deduces that Palmieri plans to release a deadly virus in order to become rich by selling the cure . Hirst demands that Reade expel Zapata from the task force and the FBI . With Allie 's help , Jane and Weller stop Palmieri from releasing the virus . Vance tells them Hirst murdered Stuart . When Vance is killed shortly after being placed in witness protection , Weller realizes that Hirst knows the team is investigating her . 53 8 `` City Folks Under Wraps '' TBA TBA December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) TBA TBD 54 9 `` Hot Burning Flames '' TBA TBA January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) TBA TBD 55 10 `` Balance of Might '' TBA TBA January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) TBA TBD 56 11 `` Technology Wizards '' TBA TBA January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) TBA TBD 57 12 `` Two Legendary Chums '' TBA TBA February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Woe Has Joined '' September 21 , 2015 3.1 / 10 10.61 1.9 5.98 5.0 16.59 `` A Stray Howl '' September 28 , 2015 2.6 / 8 9.11 2.0 6.02 4.6 15.12 `` Eight Slim Grins '' October 5 , 2015 2.4 / 8 9.06 1.9 5.65 4.3 14.71 `` Bone May Rot '' October 12 , 2015 2.5 / 8 8.45 1.7 5.34 4.2 13.79 5 `` Split the Law '' October 19 , 2015 2.1 / 7 7.82 1.9 5.61 4.0 13.43 6 `` Cede Your Soul '' October 26 , 2015 2.1 / 7 7.91 1.8 5.40 3.9 13.31 7 `` Sent on Tour '' November 2 , 2015 2.2 / 7 8.02 1.8 5.40 4.0 13.42 8 `` Persecute Envoys '' November 9 , 2015 2.2 / 7 7.67 1.8 5.52 4.0 13.19 9 `` Authentic Flirt '' November 16 , 2015 2.1 / 7 7.74 1.7 5.23 3.8 12.97 10 `` Evil Handmade Instrument '' November 23 , 2015 1.9 / 6 7.03 1.6 5.16 3.5 12.19 11 `` Cease Forcing Enemy '' February 29 , 2016 1.8 / 6 6.85 1.5 4.80 3.3 11.64 12 `` Scientists Hollow Fortune '' March 7 , 2016 1.7 / 6 6.59 1.5 4.54 3.2 11.13 13 `` Erase Weary Youth '' March 14 , 2016 1.6 / 5 6.25 1.4 4.40 3.0 10.65 14 `` Rules in Defiance '' March 21 , 2016 1.5 / 5 5.89 1.4 4.39 2.9 10.28 15 `` Older Cutthroat Canyon '' March 28 , 2016 1.6 / 5 5.99 1.3 4.21 2.9 10.20 16 `` Any Wounded Thief '' April 4 , 2016 1.3 / 4 5.54 1.2 3.89 2.5 9.43 17 `` Mans Telepathic Loyal Lookouts '' April 11 , 2016 1.4 / 5 5.53 3.88 2.5 9.41 18 `` One Begets Technique '' April 18 , 2016 1.3 / 4 5.46 1.2 3.84 2.5 9.30 19 `` In the Comet of Us '' April 25 , 2016 1.4 / 5 5.58 1.2 3.94 2.6 9.52 20 `` Swift Hardhearted Stone '' May 2 , 2016 1.3 / 4 5.43 1.2 3.90 2.5 9.32 21 `` Of Whose Uneasy Route '' May 9 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.61 1.2 3.73 2.5 9.34 22 `` If Love a Rebel , Death Will Render '' May 16 , 2016 1.3 / 4 5.27 1.2 3.94 2.5 9.21 23 `` Why Await Life 's End '' May 23 , 2016 1.3 / 4 5.85 1.2 3.84 2.5 9.69 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` In Night So Ransomed Rogue '' September 14 , 2016 1.5 / 6 7.10 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Heave Fiery Knot '' September 21 , 2016 1.3 / 5 6.08 1.0 3.02 2.3 9.10 `` Hero Fears Imminent Rot '' September 28 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.60 0.9 2.90 2.2 8.51 `` If Beth '' October 5 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.71 0.9 2.91 2.2 8.62 5 `` Condone Untidiest Thefts '' October 12 , 2016 1.1 / 4 5.53 0.8 2.65 1.9 8.19 6 `` Her Spy 's Harmed '' October 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 5.24 0.8 2.80 2.0 8.04 7 `` Resolves Eleven Myths '' October 26 , 2016 1.1 / 4 5.20 0.8 2.65 1.9 7.85 8 `` We Fight Deaths on Thick Lone Waters '' November 9 , 2016 1.0 / 4 4.90 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Why Let Cooler Pasture Deform '' November 16 , 2016 1.1 / 4 5.00 0.8 2.54 1.9 7.54 10 `` Nor I , Nigel , AKA Leg In Iron '' January 4 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.14 0.7 2.35 1.8 7.49 11 `` Droll Autumn , Unmutual Lord '' January 11 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.01 0.8 2.64 1.8 7.65 12 `` Devil Never Even Lived '' January 18 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.73 0.8 2.44 1.7 7.17 13 `` Name Not One Man '' February 8 , 2017 1.0 / 4 4.64 N / A 2.69 N / A 7.33 14 `` Borrow or Rob '' February 15 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.07 0.8 2.61 1.7 6.71 15 `` Draw O Caesar , Erase a Coward '' February 22 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.13 0.8 2.47 1.6 6.60 16 `` Evil Did I Dwell , Lewd I Did Live '' March 22 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.26 0.6 2.15 1.5 6.41 17 `` Solos '' March 29 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.32 0.6 2.06 1.5 6.32 18 `` Senile Lines '' April 5 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Regard A Mere Mad Rager '' April 26 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.33 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` In Words , Drown I '' May 3 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.18 0.6 N / A 1.5 N / A 21 `` Mom '' May 10 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.92 0.6 2.02 1.4 5.94 22 `` Lepers Repel '' May 17 , 2017 0.9 / 3 4.28 N / A N / A N / A N / A Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Back to the Grind '' October 27 , 2017 0.7 / 3 4.13 0.6 2.22 1.3 6.35 `` Enemy Bag of Tricks '' November 3 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.50 0.6 2.09 1.3 5.59 `` Upside Down Craft '' November 10 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.38 0.6 2.18 1.3 5.56 `` Gunplay Ricochet '' November 17 , 2017 0.6 / 3 3.37 0.6 2.16 1.2 5.52 5 `` This Profound Legacy '' December 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.35 0.6 2.21 1.3 5.56 6 `` Adoring Suspect '' December 8 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.50 TBD TBD TBD TBD 7 `` Fix My Present Havoc '' December 15 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.33 TBD TBD TBD TBD Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The message `` Got One Patterson '' actually appeared in The New York Times crossword puzzle on April 4 , 2016 , the same day as the episode 's original airdate . The crossword was created by David Kwong who intentionally created the message as a tie - in to the show . Jump up ^ In the weeks leading up to its airing , Season 2 , Episode 6 was originally titled `` Her Spy 's Mind '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` NBC picks up dramas Heartbreaker , Chicago Med , Blindspot '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Gets Full - Season Order By NBC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` NBC adds episodes to SVU , Blindspot and Chicago Fire and PD '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' Renewed for Season 3 at NBC '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates for New 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Surette , Tim ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Blindspot : The Season 's Secret Episode Title Code Got Cracked Already '' . TVGuide . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pariseau , Leslie ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Back to the Drawing Board '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : The Big Bang Theory Adjusted Up ; Significant Mother , Life in Pieces & Penn & Teller Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : The Big Bang Theory + The Voice Adjusted Up ; Castle , Life in Pieces & Dancing With the Stars Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : The Big Bang Theory and The Voice adjusted up , Blindspot and Castle adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : The Voice and Big Bang Theory adjusted up , Castle , Life in Pieces and Scorpion adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Bait and Switch '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Crazy Ex-Girlfriend and Jane the Virgin adjusted down , Big Bang adjusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Jane Has a Sex Dream '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Supergirl and Blindspot adjust down , Big Bang Theory adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : The Truth Is Called Daylight '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : The Voice and NCIS : LA adjust up , Supergirl holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Jane 's Night Out '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : NCIS : LA adjust up , everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Bye - Bye , Lover Boys '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Jane the Virgin adjusts down but still hits season high , Scorpion adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : You Did This to Yourself , Jane '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : The Voice adjusts up , Castle adjusts down to season average '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : A Literal Crossroads '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Where Jane Died '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Double - Agent Man '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' and ' After the Final Rose ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Jane Takes a Break '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : The Devil in the Details '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' : How Patterson Appeared in an Actual ' New York Times ' Crossword Puzzle '' . Yahoo TV . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kwong , David ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Daily Puzzle - Puzzles and Games - NY Times.com '' . NY Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , William ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` WEB 's New York Times Crossword Solution @ NYTCrossword.com : 0404 - 16 New York Times Crossword Answers 4 Apr 16 , Monday '' . WEB 's New York Times Crossword Solutions @ NYTCrossword.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Jane Gets Hers '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' and ' Castle ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Scavenger Hunt '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : The Return of Rich Dotcom '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Secret Morning Routines '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot unveils summer - long social scavenger hunt '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' finale and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pariseau , Leslie ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot Recap : Lockdown '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Blindspot ' and ' Reign ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cericola , Rachel ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Recap : Blindspot Season 1 , Episode 22 - She 's Under the Fort ! '' . Channel Guide Magazine . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' finale and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelorette ' premiere , all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jeremy ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot 2.1 review - ' In Night So Ransomed Rogue '' . 411Mania . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Jeremy ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot 2.2 review - ' Heave Fiery Knot '' . 411Mania . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perenack , Pauline ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot `` Hero Fears Imminent Rot '' Review : Jane 's Loyalty is Tested `` . ScreenSpy . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perenack , Pauline ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot `` If Beth '' Recap `` . ScreenSpy . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucas , B ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` TVShow Blindspot S02E05 - Condone Untidiest Thefts '' . TVShow Time . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' Season 2 episode 6 title change shakes up anagram puzzle ! What 's the new clue ? '' . Blasting News . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Team , The Screen Spy ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot `` Her Spy 's Harmed '' Recap `` . ScreenSpy . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' and ' Frequency ' adjust down , full debate numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Team , The Screen Spy ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot `` Resolves Eleven Myths '' Recap `` . ScreenSpy . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Team , The Screen Spy ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` BLINDSPOT Recap `` We Fight Deaths on Thick Lone Waters '' `` . ScreenSpy . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Armitos , Dan ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Blindspot 2 × 09 -- Why Let Cooler Pasture Deform '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down slightly : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC comedies , ' SVU , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Shots Fired ' all adjust up ; ' Beyond Borders ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 308 ) `` City Folks Under Wraps '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - blindspot on nbc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Premiere week Live + 7 ratings : Blindspot , Empire and Big Bang Theory score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 2 : The Blacklist premiere joins Empire and Blindspot atop the charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : Quantico more than doubles , Empire and Blindspot score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : Jane the Virgin premiere doubles , Empire and Blindspot top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : Empire and Blindspot have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : Big Bang Theory and Blindspot top week 6 , Quantico doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : Elementary is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 10 : ' Blindspot ' is officially * the biggest gainer in Thanksgiving week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' and ' Blindspot ' gain the most for March 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week of May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 - 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Blacklist top the week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Blindspot on IMDb Blindspot at TV Guide Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Blindspot_episodes&oldid=816080666 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 03 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does new season of blind spot start | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n23\nSeptember 21, 2015 (2015-09-21)\nMay 23, 2016 (2016-05-23)\n\n\n\n2\n22\nSeptember 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)\nMay 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)\n\n\n\n3\nTBA\nOctober 27, 2017 (2017-10-27)\nTBA\n\n"
] | [
"October 27, 2017"
] |
-8484496945095191237 | List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States | List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States . Its membership , as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices , any six of whom would constitute a quorum . Justices are nominated by the President of the United States and appointed after confirmation by the United States Senate . Justices of the Supreme Court have life tenure and receive a salary which is set at $255,500 per year for the chief justice and at $244,400 per year for each associate justice as of 2014 . The Supreme Court was created in 1789 by Article III of the United States Constitution , which stipulated that the `` judicial Power of the United States , shall be vested in one supreme Court '' together with any lower courts Congress may establish . Congress organized the Court that year with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789 . It specified the Court 's original and appellate jurisdiction , created thirteen judicial districts , and fixed the number of justices at six ( one chief justice and five associate justices ) . Since 1789 , Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court , historically in response to the country 's own expansion in size . An 1801 act would have decreased the Court 's size to five members upon its next vacancy . However , an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred , maintaining the Court 's size at six members . Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807 , to nine in 1837 , and to ten in 1863 . An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court 's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies , and two vacancies did occur during this period . However , before a third vacancy occurred , the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened , restoring the Court 's size to nine members , where it has remained since . While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life , many have retired or resigned . Beginning in the early 20th century , many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether . A retired justice , according to the United States Code , is no longer a member of the Supreme Court , but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court , and many retired justices have served in these capacities . Historically , the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years . However , since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current justices of the Supreme Court 2 All justices of the Supreme Court 2.1 Notes 3 Timelines 3.1 All justices 3.2 Current justices 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Current justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) There are currently nine justices serving on the Supreme Court ; listed in order of seniority , they are : John Roberts , Chief Justice since September 29 , 2005 Age 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Anthony Kennedy , Associate Justice since February 18 , 1988 Age 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Clarence Thomas , Associate Justice since October 23 , 1991 Age 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Associate Justice since August 10 , 1993 Age 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 Stephen Breyer , Associate Justice since August 3 , 1994 Age 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 Samuel Alito , Associate Justice since January 31 , 2006 Age 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Sonia Sotomayor , Associate Justice since August 8 , 2009 Age 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 Elena Kagan , Associate Justice since August 7 , 2010 Age 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Neil Gorsuch , Associate Justice since April 10 , 2017 Age 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 All justices of the Supreme Court ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 113 persons have served on the Court . William O. Douglas holds the record for longest tenure on the Court -- 36 years , 211 days , and Thomas Johnson 's 163 day tenure is the shortest . Five individuals were confirmed for associate justice , and later appointed chief justice separately : Charles Evans Hughes , William Rehnquist , John Rutledge , Harlan F. Stone , and Edward Douglass White . While listed twice , each of them has been assigned only one index number . The justices of the Supreme Court are : Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) NY 001 ! Chief Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001789 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003207900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 253 days George Washington John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC 018 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001790 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1790 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) 7002382000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 17 days William Cushing ( 1732 -- 1810 ) MA 019 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001790 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1790 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) 7003752700000000000 ♠ 20 years , 223 days James Wilson ( 1742 -- 1798 ) PA 020 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001789 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) 7003324200000000000 ♠ 8 years , 320 days 5 John Blair ( 1732 -- 1800 ) VA 021 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001789 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 000000001790 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1790 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 7003209100000000000 ♠ 5 years , 265 days 6 James Iredell ( 1751 -- 1799 ) NC 022 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001790 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) 000000001790 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 7003344800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 161 days 7 Thomas Johnson ( 1732 -- 1819 ) MD 023 ! Associate Justice J. Rutledge 000000001791 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) 000000001792 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 days 8 William Paterson ( 1745 -- 1806 ) NJ 024 ! Associate Justice T. Johnson 000000001793 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) 000000001793 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 7003492800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 181 days John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) SC 002 ! Chief Justice Jay 000000001795 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) 000000001795 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned , nomination having been rejected ) 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days 9 Samuel Chase ( 1741 -- 1811 ) MD 025 ! Associate Justice Blair 000000001796 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) 000000001796 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) 7003561300000000000 ♠ 15 years , 135 days 10 Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) CT 003 ! Chief Justice J. Rutledge 000000001796 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) 000000001796 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days 11 Bushrod Washington ( 1762 -- 1829 ) VA 026 ! Associate Justice Wilson 000000001798 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) 000000001798 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) 7004113390000000000 ♠ 31 years , 17 days John Adams 12 Alfred Moore ( 1755 -- 1810 ) NC 027 ! Associate Justice Iredell 000000001799 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) 000000001800 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1800 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 7003137500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 280 days 13 John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) VA 004 ! Chief Justice Ellsworth 000000001801 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) 000000001801 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( died ) 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days 14 William Johnson ( 1771 -- 1834 ) SC 028 ! Associate Justice Moore 000000001804 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) 000000001804 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) 7004110460000000000 ♠ 30 years , 89 days Thomas Jefferson 15 Henry Brockholst Livingston ( 1757 -- 1823 ) NY 029 ! Associate Justice Paterson 000000001806 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) 000000001807 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) 7003590100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 57 days 16 Thomas Todd ( 1765 -- 1826 ) KY 030 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001807 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) 000000001807 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) 7003691600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 341 days 17 Gabriel Duvall ( 1752 -- 1844 ) MD 031 ! Associate Justice S. Chase 000000001811 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 000000001811 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) 7003845100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 50 days James Madison 18 Joseph Story ( 1779 -- 1845 ) MA 032 ! Associate Justice Cushing 000000001811 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 000000001812 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) 7004122730000000000 ♠ 33 years , 219 days 19 Smith Thompson ( 1768 -- 1843 ) NY 033 ! Associate Justice Livingston 000000001823 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) 000000001823 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) 7003741300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 108 days James Monroe 20 Robert Trimble ( 1776 -- 1828 ) KY 034 ! Associate Justice Todd 000000001826 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) 000000001826 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) 7002801000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 70 days John Quincy Adams 21 John McLean ( 1785 -- 1861 ) OH 035 ! Associate Justice Trimble 000000001829 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) 000000001830 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1830 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) 7004114060000000000 ♠ 31 years , 83 days Andrew Jackson 22 Henry Baldwin ( 1780 -- 1844 ) PA 036 ! Associate Justice Washington 000000001830 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) 000000001830 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) 7003520700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 94 days 23 James Moore Wayne ( 1790 -- 1867 ) GA 037 ! Associate Justice W. Johnson 000000001835 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) 000000001835 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) 7004118600000000000 ♠ 32 years , 172 days 24 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) MD 005 ! Chief Justice J. Marshall 000000001836 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) 000000001836 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days 25 Philip Pendleton Barbour ( 1783 -- 1841 ) VA 038 ! Associate Justice Duvall 000000001836 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) 000000001836 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) 7003175000000000000 ♠ 4 years , 289 days 26 John Catron ( 1786 -- 1865 ) TN 039 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001837 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) 000000001837 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) 7004102560000000000 ♠ 28 years , 29 days 27 John McKinley ( 1780 -- 1852 ) AL 040 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001837 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) 000000001838 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1838 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) 7003530500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 192 days Martin Van Buren 28 Peter Vivian Daniel ( 1784 -- 1860 ) VA 041 ! Associate Justice Barbour 000000001841 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) 000000001842 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1842 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) 7003671600000000000 ♠ 18 years , 142 days 29 Samuel Nelson ( 1792 -- 1873 ) NY 042 ! Associate Justice Thompson 000000001845 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) 000000001845 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) 7004101360000000000 ♠ 27 years , 275 days John Tyler 30 Levi Woodbury ( 1789 -- 1851 ) NH 043 ! Associate Justice Story 000000001846 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 000000001845 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) 7003217200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 346 days James K. Polk 31 Robert Cooper Grier ( 1794 -- 1870 ) PA 044 ! Associate Justice Baldwin 000000001846 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 000000001846 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) 7003857500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 174 days 32 Benjamin Robbins Curtis ( 1809 -- 1874 ) MA 045 ! Associate Justice Woodbury 000000001851 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) 000000001851 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) 7003218200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 355 days Millard Fillmore 33 John Archibald Campbell ( 1811 -- 1889 ) AL 046 ! Associate Justice McKinley 000000001853 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) 000000001853 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) 7003294100000000000 ♠ 8 years , 19 days Franklin Pierce 34 Nathan Clifford ( 1803 -- 1881 ) ME 047 ! Associate Justice Curtis 000000001858 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) 000000001858 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) 7003858600000000000 ♠ 23 years , 185 days James Buchanan 35 Noah Haynes Swayne ( 1804 -- 1884 ) OH 048 ! Associate Justice McLean 000000001862 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) 000000001862 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) 7003693700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 363 days Abraham Lincoln 36 Samuel Freeman Miller ( 1816 -- 1890 ) IA 049 ! Associate Justice Daniel 000000001862 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 000000001862 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) 7004103110000000000 ♠ 28 years , 84 days 37 David Davis ( 1815 -- 1886 ) IL 050 ! Associate Justice Campbell 000000001862 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 000000001862 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1862 -- March 4 , 1877 ( Resigned ) 7003519800000000000 ♠ 14 years , 84 days 38 Stephen Johnson Field ( 1816 -- 1899 ) CA 051 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001863 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) 000000001863 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 7004126240000000000 ♠ 34 years , 205 days 39 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) OH 006 ! Chief Justice Taney 000000001864 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) 000000001864 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 7003306500000000000 ♠ 8 years , 143 days 40 William Strong ( 1808 -- 1895 ) PA 052 ! Associate Justice Grier 000000001870 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1870 ( No vote recorded ) 000000001870 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) 7003392800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 275 days Ulysses S. Grant 41 Joseph Philo Bradley ( 1813 -- 1892 ) NJ 053 ! Associate Justice New seat 000000001870 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) 000000001870 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) 7003797500000000000 ♠ 21 years , 305 days 42 Ward Hunt ( 1810 -- 1886 ) NY 054 ! Associate Justice Nelson 000000001872 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) 000000001873 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1873 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) 7003330500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 18 days 43 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) OH 007 ! Chief Justice S.P. Chase 000000001874 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) 000000001874 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days 44 John Marshall Harlan ( 1833 -- 1911 ) KY 055 ! Associate Justice Davis 000000001877 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) 000000001877 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) 7004123600000000000 ♠ 33 years , 308 days Rutherford B. Hayes 45 William Burnham Woods ( 1824 -- 1887 ) GA 056 ! Associate Justice Strong 000000001880 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) 000000001881 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1881 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) 7003232000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 129 days 46 Stanley Matthews ( 1824 -- 1889 ) OH 057 ! Associate Justice Swayne 000000001881 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) 000000001881 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) 7003286600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 309 days James Garfield 47 Horace Gray ( 1828 -- 1902 ) MA 058 ! Associate Justice Clifford 000000001881 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) 000000001882 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1882 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) 7003755300000000000 ♠ 20 years , 249 days Chester A. Arthur 48 Samuel Blatchford ( 1820 -- 1893 ) NY 059 ! Associate Justice Hunt 000000001882 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) 000000001882 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003411300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 95 days 49 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II ( 1825 -- 1893 ) MS 060 ! Associate Justice Woods 000000001888 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) 000000001888 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 5 days Grover Cleveland 50 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) IL 008 ! Chief Justice Waite 000000001888 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) 000000001888 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days 51 David Josiah Brewer ( 1837 -- 1910 ) KS 061 ! Associate Justice Matthews 000000001889 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) 000000001890 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) 7003738500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 81 days Benjamin Harrison 52 Henry Billings Brown ( 1836 -- 1913 ) MI 062 ! Associate Justice Miller 000000001890 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) 000000001891 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1891 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) 7003598600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 143 days 53 George Shiras , Jr . ( 1832 -- 1924 ) PA 063 ! Associate Justice Bradley 000000001892 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) 000000001892 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) 7003378700000000000 ♠ 10 years , 136 days 54 Howell Edmunds Jackson ( 1832 -- 1895 ) TN 064 ! Associate Justice L. Lamar 000000001893 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) 7002887000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 157 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA 065 ! Associate Justice Blatchford 000000001894 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) 000000001894 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003612400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 281 days Grover Cleveland 56 Rufus Wheeler Peckham ( 1838 -- 1909 ) NY 066 ! Associate Justice H. Jackson 000000001895 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) 000000001896 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1896 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) 7003503900000000000 ♠ 13 years , 291 days 57 Joseph McKenna ( 1843 -- 1926 ) CA 067 ! Associate Justice Field 000000001898 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) 000000001898 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) 7003984000000000000 ♠ 26 years , 345 days William McKinley 58 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . ( 1841 -- 1935 ) MA 068 ! Associate Justice Gray 000000001902 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) 000000001902 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) 7004106270000000000 ♠ 29 years , 35 days Theodore Roosevelt 59 William R. Day ( 1849 -- 1923 ) OH 069 ! Associate Justice Shiras 000000001903 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) 000000001903 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days 60 William Henry Moody ( 1853 -- 1917 ) MA 070 ! Associate Justice Brown 000000001906 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) 000000001906 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 7003143400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 338 days 61 Horace Harmon Lurton ( 1844 -- 1914 ) TN 071 ! Associate Justice Peckham 000000001909 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) 000000001910 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1910 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) 7003166500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 204 days William Howard Taft 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY 072 ! Associate Justice Brewer 000000001910 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001910 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 7003207000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 244 days 55 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) LA 009 ! Chief Justice Fuller 000000001910 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001910 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days 63 Willis Van Devanter ( 1859 -- 1941 ) WY 073 ! Associate Justice E.D. White 000000001910 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001911 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1911 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) 7003964700000000000 ♠ 26 years , 150 days 64 Joseph Rucker Lamar ( 1857 -- 1916 ) GA 074 ! Associate Justice Moody 000000001910 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 000000001911 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1911 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) 7003182500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 364 days 65 Mahlon Pitney ( 1858 -- 1924 ) NJ 075 ! Associate Justice J. Harlan 000000001912 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) 000000001912 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) 7003394000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 288 days 66 James Clark McReynolds ( 1862 -- 1946 ) TN 076 ! Associate Justice Lurton 000000001914 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) 000000001914 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003960800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 111 days Woodrow Wilson 67 Louis Brandeis ( 1856 -- 1941 ) KY 077 ! Associate Justice J. Lamar 000000001916 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) 000000001916 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) 7003828800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 253 days 68 John Hessin Clarke ( 1857 -- 1945 ) OH 078 ! Associate Justice Hughes 000000001916 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) 000000001916 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1916 -- September 18 , 1922 ( Retired ) 7003217000000000000 ♠ 5 years , 344 days 69 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) CT 010 ! Chief Justice E.D. White 000000001921 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) 000000001921 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 70 George Sutherland ( 1862 -- 1942 ) UT 080 ! Associate Justice Clarke 000000001922 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) 000000001922 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) 7003558600000000000 ♠ 15 years , 107 days 71 Pierce Butler ( 1866 -- 1939 ) MN 081 ! Associate Justice Day 000000001922 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) 000000001923 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1923 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) 7003616200000000000 ♠ 16 years , 318 days 72 Edward Terry Sanford ( 1865 -- 1930 ) TN 082 ! Associate Justice Pitney 000000001923 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) 000000001923 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) 7003257400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 17 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY 083 ! Associate Justice McKenna 000000001925 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) 000000001925 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1925 -- July 2 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003596600000000000 ♠ 16 years , 122 days Calvin Coolidge 62 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) NY 011 ! Chief Justice Taft 000000001930 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) 000000001930 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 74 Owen Josephus Roberts ( 1875 -- 1955 ) PA 084 ! Associate Justice Sanford 000000001930 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) 000000001930 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) 7003553800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 59 days 75 Benjamin N. Cardozo ( 1870 -- 1938 ) NY 085 ! Associate Justice Holmes 000000001932 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) 000000001932 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) 7003230800000000000 ♠ 6 years , 117 days 76 Hugo Black ( 1886 -- 1971 ) AL 086 ! Associate Justice Van Devanter 000000001937 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) 000000001937 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7004124470000000000 ♠ 34 years , 29 days Franklin D. Roosevelt 77 Stanley Forman Reed ( 1884 -- 1980 ) KY 087 ! Associate Justice Sutherland 000000001938 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) 000000001938 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 7003696500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 25 days 78 Felix Frankfurter ( 1882 -- 1965 ) MA 088 ! Associate Justice Cardozo 000000001939 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) 000000001939 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) 7003861100000000000 ♠ 23 years , 210 days 79 William O. Douglas ( 1898 -- 1980 ) CT 089 ! Associate Justice Brandeis 000000001939 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) 000000001939 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 7004133600000000000 ♠ 36 years , 211 days 80 Frank Murphy ( 1890 -- 1949 ) MI 090 ! Associate Justice Butler 000000001940 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) 000000001940 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003345200000000000 ♠ 9 years , 164 days 73 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) NY 012 ! Chief Justice Hughes 000000001941 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 000000001941 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days 81 James F. Byrnes ( 1882 -- 1972 ) SC 091 ! Associate Justice McReynolds 000000001941 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 000000001941 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) 7002452000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 87 days 82 Robert H. Jackson ( 1892 -- 1954 ) NY 092 ! Associate Justice Stone 000000001941 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 000000001941 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 7003483800000000000 ♠ 13 years , 90 days 83 Wiley Blount Rutledge ( 1894 -- 1949 ) IA 093 ! Associate Justice Byrnes 000000001943 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) 000000001943 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) 7003239900000000000 ♠ 6 years , 207 days 84 Harold Hitz Burton ( 1888 -- 1964 ) OH 094 ! Associate Justice O. Roberts 000000001945 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) 000000001945 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) 7003476000000000000 ♠ 13 years , 12 days Harry S. Truman 85 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) KY 013 ! Chief Justice Stone 000000001946 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) 000000001946 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days 86 Tom C. Clark ( 1899 -- 1977 ) TX 094 ! Associate Justice Murphy 000000001949 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) 000000001949 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 7003650100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 292 days 87 Sherman Minton ( 1890 -- 1965 ) IN 095 ! Associate Justice W. Rutledge 000000001949 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) 000000001949 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) 7003256000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 3 days 88 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) CA 014 ! Chief Justice Vinson 000000001954 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) 000000001953 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 89 John Marshall Harlan II ( 1899 -- 1971 ) NY 096 ! Associate Justice R. Jackson 000000001955 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) 000000001955 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) 7003602300000000000 ♠ 16 years , 179 days 90 William J. Brennan ( 1906 -- 1997 ) NJ 097 ! Associate Justice Minton 000000001957 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 000000001956 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) 7004123300000000000 ♠ 33 years , 277 days 91 Charles Evans Whittaker ( 1901 -- 1973 ) MO 098 ! Associate Justice Reed 000000001957 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 000000001957 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) 7003183200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 6 days 92 Potter Stewart ( 1915 -- 1985 ) OH 099 ! Associate Justice Burton 000000001959 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) 000000001958 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) 7003829800000000000 ♠ 22 years , 262 days 93 Byron White ( 1917 -- 2002 ) CO 100 ! Associate Justice Whittaker 000000001962 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 000000001962 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) 7004113960000000000 ♠ 31 years , 73 days John F. Kennedy 94 Arthur Goldberg ( 1908 -- 1990 ) IL 101 ! Associate Justice Frankfurter 000000001962 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 000000001962 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1962 -- July 25 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 7003103100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 300 days 95 Abe Fortas ( 1910 -- 1982 ) TN 102 ! Associate Justice Goldberg 000000001965 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) 000000001965 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) 7003131800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 222 days Lyndon B. Johnson 96 Thurgood Marshall ( 1908 -- 1993 ) NY 103 ! Associate Justice Clark 000000001967 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) 000000001967 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 7003876500000000000 ♠ 23 years , 364 days 97 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) VA 015 ! Chief Justice Warren 000000001969 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) 000000001969 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon 98 Harry Blackmun ( 1908 -- 1999 ) MN 104 ! Associate Justice Fortas 000000001970 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) 000000001970 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) 7003882100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 55 days 99 Lewis F. Powell Jr . ( 1907 -- 1998 ) VA 105 ! Associate Justice Black 000000001971 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) 000000001972 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) 7003564900000000000 ♠ 15 years , 170 days 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) AZ 106 ! Associate Justice J. Harlan II 000000001971 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) 000000001972 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) 7003537600000000000 ♠ 14 years , 262 days 101 John Paul Stevens ( born 1920 ) IL 107 ! Associate Justice Douglas 000000001975 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) 000000001975 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) 7004126110000000000 ♠ 34 years , 192 days Gerald Ford 102 Sandra Day O'Connor ( born 1930 ) AZ 108 ! Associate Justice Stewart 000000001981 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) 000000001981 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) 7003889400000000000 ♠ 24 years , 128 days Ronald Reagan 100 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) VA 016 ! Chief Justice Burger 000000001986 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) 000000001986 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days 103 Antonin Scalia ( 1936 -- 2016 ) VA 109 ! Associate Justice Rehnquist 000000001986 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) 000000001986 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) 7004107320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 140 days 104 Anthony Kennedy ( born 1936 ) CA 110 ! Associate Justice Powell 000000001988 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1988 -- Incumbent 7004109600000000000 ♠ 30 years , 2 days 105 David Souter ( born 1939 ) NH 110 ! Associate Justice Brennan 000000001990 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) 7003683800000000000 ♠ 18 years , 263 days George H.W. Bush 106 Clarence Thomas ( born 1948 ) GA 111 ! Associate Justice T. Marshall 000000001991 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent 7003961700000000000 ♠ 26 years , 120 days 107 Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( born 1933 ) NY 112 ! Associate Justice B. White 000000001993 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent 7003896000000000000 ♠ 24 years , 194 days Bill Clinton 108 Stephen Breyer ( born 1938 ) MA 113 ! Associate Justice Blackmun 000000001994 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent 7003860200000000000 ♠ 23 years , 201 days 109 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) MD 017 ! Chief Justice Rehnquist 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 7003452700000000000 ♠ 12 years , 144 days George W. Bush 110 Samuel Alito ( born 1950 ) NJ 115 ! Associate Justice O'Connor 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent 7003440300000000000 ♠ 12 years , 20 days 111 Sonia Sotomayor ( born 1954 ) NY 116 ! Associate Justice Souter 000000002009 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent 7003311800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 196 days Barack Obama 112 Elena Kagan ( born 1960 ) MA 117 ! Associate Justice Stevens 000000002010 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 7003275400000000000 ♠ 7 years , 197 days 113 Neil Gorsuch ( born 1967 ) CO 118 ! Associate Justice Scalia 000000002017 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2017 -- Incumbent 7002316000000000000 ♠ 316 days Donald Trump Justice State Position Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Tenure length Appointed by Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Served on the Supreme Court twice , first as associate justice , and then , after a period of years off the Court , as chief justice . ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process . ^ Jump up to : State of residence at the time of appointment . For example , in 1971 , Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona , but in 1986 , when elevated to chief justice , he was appointed from Virginia . Jump up ^ The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the prescribed judicial oath of office , with the end date being the date of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted , and remained in office . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , May 19 -- July 11 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , February 3 -- 24 , 1930 . ^ Jump up to : While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Van Devanter received and accepted his first -- in accordance with XIII Rev. Stat. 9 § 674 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , June 30 -- July 3 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152 , April 22 -- June 24 , 1946 , and again , under 62 Stat. 869 , September 8 -- October 5 , 1953 . ^ Jump up to : While Lewis Powell and William Rehnqust were sworn in as associate justice on the same date , their seniority ( precedence ) on the Supreme Court was determined by the seniority of their commissions -- Powell received and accepted his first -- in accordance with accordance with 62 Stat. 869 . Jump up ^ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869 , September 3 -- 29 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : As of February 20 , 2018 . Timelines ( edit ) All justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the Supreme Court . Information regarding each justice 's predecessors , successors and fellow justices , as well as their tenure on the court can be gleaned ( and comparisons betwen justices drawn ) from it . Additionally , The progression of presidents , along with the number of justices each nominated , is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context . Regarding the associate justice seat numbers , due to the several changes in the size of the Court since 1789 , two of the ten seats chronicled below -- `` Seat 7 '' and `` Seat 5 '' -- have been abolished , both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 . Current justices ( edit ) This graphical timeline depicts the length of each current Supreme Court justice 's tenure on the Court . See also ( edit ) Law of the United States List of courts of the United States List of national supreme courts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2014 ) . Landmark Legislation 1774 -- 2012 : Major U.S. Acts and Treaties . CQ Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2005 ) . `` Judiciary Act of 1869 '' . In Hall , Kermit L. ; Ely , James W. ; Grossman , Joel B . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 548 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article III '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Chief Justice Roberts has little to say at year 's end '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( January 1 , 2010 ) . `` Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberts opts not to ask Congress to raise judicial salaries '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` Federal Judges in U.S. See $25,000 More as Salary Freeze Falls '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About The Supreme Court '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( July 26 , 2007 ) . `` Stacking the Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Dems ' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim '' . CBS News . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice John G. Roberts , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Anthony M. Kennedy '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Clarence Thomas '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Stephen G. Breyer '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Samuel Anthony Alito , Jr '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Sonia Sotomayor '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Elena Kagan '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Neil M. Gorsuch '' . Washington , D.C. : The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 -- Present '' . www.senate.gov . United States Senate . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justices 1789 to Present '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Biographies of Justices Supreme Court of the United States The Court Lists of cases Procedures Supreme Court Building Court demographics Ideological leanings Appointment and confirmation Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No vacancies History Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) Lists of justices and nominees Chief justices Associate justices All justices court seat education time in office timelines Justices who served in Congress All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Statutes affecting Court size Judiciary Act of 1789 Judiciary Act of 1801 ( Midnight Judges Act ) Judiciary Act of 1802 Seventh Circuit Act of 1807 Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 Judiciary Act of 1869 Court functionaries Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Lists of law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Former locations Old City Hall , Philadelphia Old Supreme Court Chamber , U.S. Capitol Old Senate Chamber , U.S. Capitol Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Article III , U.S. Constitution Original jurisdiction The Court in fiction Other countries Law Portal Lists of Justices of High Courts of the United States List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( Chief Judges ) ( Assoc . Judges ) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma ( Civil ) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas ( Civil ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=826768253 '' Categories : Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Lists of United States Supreme Court justices Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Lietuvių Polski Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 22 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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"\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length[d]\nAppointed by\n\n\n1\n\nJohn Jay\n(1745–1829)\nNY\n001 !Chief\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789\n–\nJune 29, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days\nGeorge Washington\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n018 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790\n–\nMarch 4, 1791\n(Resigned)\n7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days\n\n\n3\n\nWilliam Cushing\n(1732–1810)\nMA\n019 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nSeptember 13, 1810\n(Died)\n7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days\n\n\n4\n\nJames Wilson\n(1742–1798)\nPA\n020 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789\n–\nAugust 21, 1798\n(Died)\n7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days\n\n\n5\n\nJohn Blair\n(1732–1800)\nVA\n021 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nOctober 25, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days\n\n\n6\n\nJames Iredell\n(1751–1799)\nNC\n022 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790\n–\nOctober 20, 1799\n(Died)\n7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days\n\n\n7\n\nThomas Johnson\n(1732–1819)\nMD\n023 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791\n(Acclamation)\n000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792[e]\n–\nJanuary 16, 1793\n(Resigned)\n7002163000000000000♠163 days\n\n\n8\n\nWilliam Paterson\n(1745–1806)\nNJ\n024 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Johnson\n000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793\n(Acclamation)\n000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793\n–\nSeptember 8, 1806\n(Died)\n7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n002 !Chief\nJustice\nJay\n000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795\n(10–14)[f]\n000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[e]\n–\nDecember 28, 1795\n(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)\n7002138000000000000♠138 days\n\n\n9\n\nSamuel Chase[g]\n(1741–1811)\nMD\n025 !Associate\nJustice\nBlair\n000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796\n(Acclamation)\n000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796\n–\nJune 19, 1811\n(Died)\n7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days\n\n\n10\n\nOliver Ellsworth\n(1745–1807)\nCT\n003 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796\n(21–1)\n000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796\n–\nDecember 15, 1800\n(Resigned)\n7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days\n\n\n11\n\nBushrod Washington\n(1762–1829)\nVA\n026 !Associate\nJustice\nWilson\n000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798\n(Acclamation)\n000000001798-11-09-0000November 9, 1798[e]\n–\nNovember 26, 1829\n(Died)\n7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days\nJohn Adams\n\n\n12\n\nAlfred Moore\n(1755–1810)\nNC\n027 !Associate\nJustice\nIredell\n000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799\n(Acclamation)\n000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800\n–\nJanuary 26, 1804\n(Resigned)\n7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days\n\n\n13\n\nJohn Marshall\n(1755–1835)\nVA\n004 !Chief\nJustice\nEllsworth\n000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801\n(Acclamation)\n000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801\n–\nJuly 6, 1835\n(died)\n7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days\n\n\n14\n\nWilliam Johnson\n(1771–1834)\nSC\n028 !Associate\nJustice\nMoore\n000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804\n(Acclamation)\n000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804\n–\nAugust 4, 1834\n(Died)\n7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days\nThomas Jefferson\n\n\n15\n\nHenry Brockholst Livingston\n(1757–1823)\nNY\n029 !Associate\nJustice\nPaterson\n000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807\n–\nMarch 18, 1823\n(Died)\n7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days\n\n\n16\n\nThomas Todd\n(1765–1826)\nKY\n030 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807\n–\nFebruary 7, 1826\n(Died)\n7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days\n\n\n17\n\nGabriel Duvall\n(1752–1844)\nMD\n031 !Associate\nJustice\nS. Chase\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811\n–\nJanuary 12, 1835\n(Resigned)\n7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days\nJames Madison\n\n\n18\n\nJoseph Story\n(1779–1845)\nMA\n032 !Associate\nJustice\nCushing\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812\n–\nSeptember 10, 1845\n(Died)\n7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days\n\n\n19\n\nSmith Thompson\n(1768–1843)\nNY\n033 !Associate\nJustice\nLivingston\n000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823\n(Acclamation)\n000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[e]\n–\nDecember 18, 1843\n(Died)\n7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days\nJames Monroe\n\n\n20\n\nRobert Trimble\n(1776–1828)\nKY\n034 !Associate\nJustice\nTodd\n000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826\n(25–5)\n000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826\n–\nAugust 25, 1828\n(Died)\n7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days\nJohn Quincy Adams\n\n\n21\n\nJohn McLean\n(1785–1861)\nOH\n035 !Associate\nJustice\nTrimble\n000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829\n(Acclamation)\n000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830\n–\nApril 4, 1861\n(Died)\n7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\n22\n\nHenry Baldwin\n(1780–1844)\nPA\n036 !Associate\nJustice\nWashington\n000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830\n(41–2)\n000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830\n–\nApril 21, 1844\n(Died)\n7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days\n\n\n23\n\nJames Moore Wayne\n(1790–1867)\nGA\n037 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Johnson\n000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835\n(Acclamation)\n000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835\n–\nJuly 5, 1867\n(Died)\n7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days\n\n\n24\n\nRoger B. Taney\n(1777–1864)\nMD\n005 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Marshall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(29–15)\n000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836\n–\nOctober 12, 1864\n(Died)\n7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days\n\n\n25\n\nPhilip Pendleton Barbour\n(1783–1841)\nVA\n038 !Associate\nJustice\nDuvall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(30–11)\n000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836\n–\nFebruary 25, 1841\n(Died)\n7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days\n\n\n26\n\nJohn Catron\n(1786–1865)\nTN\n039 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837\n(28–15)\n000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837\n–\nMay 30, 1865\n(Died)\n7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days\n\n\n27\n\nJohn McKinley\n(1780–1852)\nAL\n040 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837\n(Acclamation)\n000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838\n–\nJuly 19, 1852\n(Died)\n7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days\nMartin Van Buren\n\n\n28\n\nPeter Vivian Daniel\n(1784–1860)\nVA\n041 !Associate\nJustice\nBarbour\n000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841\n(25–5)\n000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842\n–\nMay 31, 1860\n(Died)\n7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days\n\n\n29\n\nSamuel Nelson\n(1792–1873)\nNY\n042 !Associate\nJustice\nThompson\n000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845\n–\nNovember 28, 1872\n(Retired)\n7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days\nJohn Tyler\n\n\n30\n\nLevi Woodbury\n(1789–1851)\nNH\n043 !Associate\nJustice\nStory\n000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845[e]\n–\nSeptember 4, 1851\n(Died)\n7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days\nJames K. Polk\n\n\n31\n\nRobert Cooper Grier\n(1794–1870)\nPA\n044 !Associate\nJustice\nBaldwin\n000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846\n–\nJanuary 31, 1870\n(Retired)\n7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days\n\n\n32\n\nBenjamin Robbins Curtis\n(1809–1874)\nMA\n045 !Associate\nJustice\nWoodbury\n000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851\n(Acclamation)\n000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851[e]\n–\nSeptember 30, 1857\n(Resigned)\n7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days\nMillard Fillmore\n\n\n33\n\nJohn Archibald Campbell\n(1811–1889)\nAL\n046 !Associate\nJustice\nMcKinley\n000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853\n(Acclamation)\n000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853\n–\nApril 30, 1861\n(Resigned)\n7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days\nFranklin Pierce\n\n\n34\n\nNathan Clifford\n(1803–1881)\nME\n047 !Associate\nJustice\nCurtis\n000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858\n(26–23)\n000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858\n–\nJuly 25, 1881\n(Died)\n7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days\nJames Buchanan\n\n\n35\n\nNoah Haynes Swayne\n(1804–1884)\nOH\n048 !Associate\nJustice\nMcLean\n000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862\n(38–1)\n000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862\n–\nJanuary 24, 1881\n(Retired)\n7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n\n36\n\nSamuel Freeman Miller\n(1816–1890)\nIA\n049 !Associate\nJustice\nDaniel\n000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862\n–\nOctober 13, 1890\n(Died)\n7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days\n\n\n37\n\nDavid Davis\n(1815–1886)\nIL\n050 !Associate\nJustice\nCampbell\n000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862[e]\n–\nMarch 4, 1877\n(Resigned)\n7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days\n\n\n38\n\nStephen Johnson Field\n(1816–1899)\nCA\n051 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863\n(Acclamation)\n000000001863-05-10-0000May 10, 1863\n–\nDecember 1, 1897\n(Retired)\n7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days\n\n\n39\n\nSalmon P. Chase\n(1808–1873)\nOH\n006 !Chief\nJustice\nTaney\n000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864\n(Acclamation)\n000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864\n–\nMay 7, 1873\n(Died)\n7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days\n\n\n40\n\nWilliam Strong\n(1808–1895)\nPA\n052 !Associate\nJustice\nGrier\n000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870\n(No vote recorded)\n000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870\n–\nDecember 14, 1880\n(Retired)\n7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days\nUlysses S. Grant\n\n\n41\n\nJoseph Philo Bradley\n(1813–1892)\nNJ\n053 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870\n(46–9)\n000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870\n–\nJanuary 22, 1892\n(Died)\n7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days\n\n\n42\n\nWard Hunt\n(1810–1886)\nNY\n054 !Associate\nJustice\nNelson\n000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872\n(Acclamation)\n000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873\n–\nJanuary 27, 1882\n(Retired)\n7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days\n\n\n43\n\nMorrison Waite\n(1816–1888)\nOH\n007 !Chief\nJustice\nS. P. Chase\n000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874\n(63–0)\n000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874\n–\nMarch 23, 1888\n(Died)\n7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days\n\n\n44\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan\n(1833–1911)\nKY\n055 !Associate\nJustice\nDavis\n000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877\n(Acclamation)\n000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877\n–\nOctober 14, 1911\n(Died)\n7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\n\n45\n\nWilliam Burnham Woods\n(1824–1887)\nGA\n056 !Associate\nJustice\nStrong\n000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880\n(39–8)\n000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881\n–\nMay 14, 1887\n(Died)\n7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days\n\n\n46\n\nStanley Matthews\n(1824–1889)\nOH\n057 !Associate\nJustice\nSwayne\n000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881\n(24–23)\n000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881\n–\nMarch 22, 1889\n(Died)\n7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days\nJames Garfield\n\n\n47\n\nHorace Gray\n(1828–1902)\nMA\n058 !Associate\nJustice\nClifford\n000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881\n(51–5)\n000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882\n–\nSeptember 15, 1902\n(Died)\n7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days\nChester A. Arthur\n\n\n48\n\nSamuel Blatchford\n(1820–1893)\nNY\n059 !Associate\nJustice\nHunt\n000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882\n(Acclamation)\n000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882\n–\nJuly 7, 1893\n(Died)\n7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days\n\n\n49\n\nLucius Quintus\nCincinnatus Lamar II\n(1825–1893)\nMS\n060 !Associate\nJustice\nWoods\n000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888\n(32–28)\n000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888\n–\nJanuary 23, 1893\n(Died)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n50\n\nMelville Fuller\n(1833–1910)\nIL\n008 !Chief\nJustice\nWaite\n000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888\n(41–20)\n000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888\n–\nJuly 4, 1910\n(Died)\n7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days\n\n\n51\n\nDavid Josiah Brewer\n(1837–1910)\nKS\n061 !Associate\nJustice\nMatthews\n000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889\n(53–11)\n000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890\n–\nMarch 28, 1910\n(Died)\n7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days\nBenjamin Harrison\n\n\n52\n\nHenry Billings Brown\n(1836–1913)\nMI\n062 !Associate\nJustice\nMiller\n000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890\n(Acclamation)\n000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891\n–\nMay 28, 1906\n(Retired)\n7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days\n\n\n53\n\nGeorge Shiras, Jr.\n(1832–1924)\nPA\n063 !Associate\nJustice\nBradley\n000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892\n(Acclamation)\n000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892\n–\nFebruary 23, 1903\n(Retired)\n7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days\n\n\n54\n\nHowell Edmunds Jackson\n(1832–1895)\nTN\n064 !Associate\nJustice\nL. Lamar\n000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893\n(Acclamation)\n000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893\n–\nAugust 8, 1895\n(Died)\n7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n065 !Associate\nJustice\nBlatchford\n000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894\n(Acclamation)\n000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894\n–\nDecember 18, 1910\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n56\n\nRufus Wheeler Peckham\n(1838–1909)\nNY\n066 !Associate\nJustice\nH. Jackson\n000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895\n(Acclamation)\n000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896\n–\nOctober 24, 1909\n(Died)\n7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days\n\n\n57\n\nJoseph McKenna\n(1843–1926)\nCA\n067 !Associate\nJustice[h]\nField\n000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898\n(Acclamation)\n000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898\n–\nJanuary 5, 1925\n(Retired)\n7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days\nWilliam McKinley\n\n\n58\n\nOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.\n(1841–1935)\nMA\n068 !Associate\nJustice[i]\nGray\n000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902\n(Acclamation)\n000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902\n–\nJanuary 12, 1932\n(Retired)\n7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days\nTheodore Roosevelt\n\n\n59\n\nWilliam R. Day\n(1849–1923)\nOH\n069 !Associate\nJustice\nShiras\n000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903\n(Acclamation)\n000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903\n–\nNovember 13, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days\n\n\n60\n\nWilliam Henry Moody\n(1853–1917)\nMA\n070 !Associate\nJustice\nBrown\n000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906\n(Acclamation)\n000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906\n–\nNovember 20, 1910\n(Retired)\n7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days\n\n\n61\n\nHorace Harmon Lurton\n(1844–1914)\nTN\n071 !Associate\nJustice\nPeckham\n000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910\n–\nJuly 12, 1914\n(Died)\n7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days\nWilliam Howard Taft\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n072 !Associate\nJustice\nBrewer\n000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910\n–\nJune 10, 1916\n(Resigned)\n7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n009 !Chief\nJustice\nFuller\n000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910\n–\nMay 19, 1921\n(Died)\n7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days\n\n\n63\n\nWillis Van Devanter\n(1859–1941)\nWY\n073 !Associate\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJune 2, 1937\n(Retired)\n7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days\n\n\n64\n\nJoseph Rucker Lamar\n(1857–1916)\nGA\n074 !Associate\nJustice\nMoody\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJanuary 2, 1916\n(Died)\n7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days\n\n\n65\n\nMahlon Pitney\n(1858–1924)\nNJ\n075 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan\n000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912\n(50–26)\n000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912\n–\nDecember 31, 1922\n(Resigned)\n7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days\n\n\n66\n\nJames Clark McReynolds\n(1862–1946)\nTN\n076 !Associate\nJustice\nLurton\n000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914\n(44–6)\n000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914\n–\nJanuary 31, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n\n67\n\nLouis Brandeis\n(1856–1941)\nKY\n077 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Lamar\n000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916\n(47–22)\n000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916\n–\nFebruary 13, 1939\n(Retired)\n7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days\n\n\n68\n\nJohn Hessin Clarke\n(1857–1945)\nOH\n078 !Associate\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916\n(Acclamation)\n000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916\n–\nSeptember 18, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days\n\n\n69\n\nWilliam Howard Taft\n(1857–1930)\nCT\n010 !Chief\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921\n(Acclamation)\n000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921\n–\nFebruary 3, 1930\n(Retired)\n7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days\nWarren G. Harding\n\n\n70\n\nGeorge Sutherland\n(1862–1942)\nUT\n080 !Associate\nJustice\nClarke\n000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922\n(Acclamation)\n000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922\n–\nJanuary 17, 1938\n(Retired)\n7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days\n\n\n71\n\nPierce Butler\n(1866–1939)\nMN\n081 !Associate\nJustice\nDay\n000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922\n(61–8)\n000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923\n–\nNovember 16, 1939\n(Died)\n7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days\n\n\n72\n\nEdward Terry Sanford\n(1865–1930)\nTN\n082 !Associate\nJustice\nPitney\n000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923\n(Acclamation)\n000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923\n–\nMarch 8, 1930\n(Died)\n7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n083 !Associate\nJustice[k]\nMcKenna\n000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925\n(71–6)\n000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925\n–\nJuly 2, 1941\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days\nCalvin Coolidge\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n011 !Chief\nJustice\nTaft\n000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930\n(52–26)\n000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930\n–\nJune 30, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days\nHerbert Hoover\n\n\n74\n\nOwen Josephus Roberts\n(1875–1955)\nPA\n084 !Associate\nJustice\nSanford\n000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930\n(Acclamation)\n000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930\n–\nJuly 31, 1945\n(Resigned)\n7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days\n\n\n75\n\nBenjamin N. Cardozo\n(1870–1938)\nNY\n085 !Associate\nJustice\nHolmes\n000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932\n(Acclamation)\n000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932\n–\nJuly 9, 1938\n(Died)\n7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days\n\n\n76\n\nHugo Black\n(1886–1971)\nAL\n086 !Associate\nJustice[l]\nVan Devanter\n000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937\n(63–16)\n000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937\n–\nSeptember 17, 1971\n(Retired)\n7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n\n77\n\nStanley Forman Reed\n(1884–1980)\nKY\n087 !Associate\nJustice\nSutherland\n000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938\n(Acclamation)\n000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938\n–\nFebruary 25, 1957\n(Retired)\n7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days\n\n\n78\n\nFelix Frankfurter\n(1882–1965)\nMA\n088 !Associate\nJustice\nCardozo\n000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939\n(Acclamation)\n000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939\n–\nAugust 28, 1962\n(Retired)\n7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days\n\n\n79\n\nWilliam O. Douglas\n(1898–1980)\nCT\n089 !Associate\nJustice\nBrandeis\n000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939\n(62–4)\n000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939\n–\nNovember 12, 1975\n(Retired)\n7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days\n\n\n80\n\nFrank Murphy\n(1890–1949)\nMI\n090 !Associate\nJustice\nButler\n000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940\n(Acclamation)\n000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940\n–\nJuly 19, 1949\n(Died)\n7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n012 !Chief\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941\n–\nApril 22, 1946\n(Died)\n7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days\n\n\n81\n\nJames F. Byrnes\n(1882–1972)\nSC\n091 !Associate\nJustice\nMcReynolds\n000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941\n–\nOctober 3, 1942\n(Resigned)\n7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days\n\n\n82\n\nRobert H. Jackson\n(1892–1954)\nNY\n092 !Associate\nJustice\nStone\n000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941\n–\nOctober 9, 1954\n(Died)\n7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days\n\n\n83\n\nWiley Blount Rutledge\n(1894–1949)\nIA\n093 !Associate\nJustice\nByrnes\n000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943\n(Acclamation)\n000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943\n–\nSeptember 10, 1949\n(Died)\n7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days\n\n\n84\n\nHarold Hitz Burton\n(1888–1964)\nOH\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nO. Roberts\n000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945\n(Acclamation)\n000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945\n–\nOctober 13, 1958\n(Retired)\n7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days\nHarry S. Truman\n\n\n85\n\nFred M. Vinson\n(1890–1953)\nKY\n013 !Chief\nJustice\nStone\n000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946\n(Acclamation)\n000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946\n–\nSeptember 8, 1953\n(Died)\n7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days\n\n\n86\n\nTom C. Clark\n(1899–1977)\nTX\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nMurphy\n000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949\n(73–8)\n000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949\n–\nJune 12, 1967\n(Retired)\n7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days\n\n\n87\n\nSherman Minton\n(1890–1965)\nIN\n095 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Rutledge\n000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949\n(48–16)\n000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949\n–\nOctober 15, 1956\n(Retired)\n7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days\n\n\n88\n\nEarl Warren\n(1891–1974)\nCA\n014 !Chief\nJustice\nVinson\n000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954\n(Acclamation)\n000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[e]\n–\nJune 23, 1969\n(Retired)\n7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n\n89\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan II\n(1899–1971)\nNY\n096 !Associate\nJustice\nR. Jackson\n000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955\n(71–11)\n000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955\n–\nSeptember 23, 1971\n(Retired)\n7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days\n\n\n90\n\nWilliam J. Brennan\n(1906–1997)\nNJ\n097 !Associate\nJustice\nMinton\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956[e]\n–\nJuly 20, 1990\n(Retired)\n7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days\n\n\n91\n\nCharles Evans Whittaker\n(1901–1973)\nMO\n098 !Associate\nJustice\nReed\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957\n–\nMarch 31, 1962\n(Resigned)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days\n\n\n92\n\nPotter Stewart\n(1915–1985)\nOH\n099 !Associate\nJustice\nBurton\n000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959\n(70–17)\n000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[e]\n–\nJuly 3, 1981\n(Retired)\n7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days\n\n\n93\n\nByron White\n(1917–2002)\nCO\n100 !Associate\nJustice\nWhittaker\n000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962\n–\nJune 28, 1993\n(Retired)\n7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days\nJohn F. Kennedy\n\n\n94\n\nArthur Goldberg\n(1908–1990)\nIL\n101 !Associate\nJustice\nFrankfurter\n000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962\n–\nJuly 25, 1965\n(Resigned)\n7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days\n\n\n95\n\nAbe Fortas\n(1910–1982)\nTN\n102 !Associate\nJustice\nGoldberg\n000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965\n(Acclamation)\n000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965\n–\nMay 14, 1969\n(Resigned)\n7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\n96\n\nThurgood Marshall\n(1908–1993)\nNY\n103 !Associate\nJustice\nClark\n000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967\n(69–11)\n000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967\n–\nOctober 1, 1991\n(Retired)\n7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days\n\n\n97\n\nWarren E. Burger\n(1907–1995)\nVA\n015 !Chief\nJustice\nWarren\n000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969\n(74–3)\n000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Retired)\n7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n98\n\nHarry Blackmun\n(1908–1999)\nMN\n104 !Associate\nJustice\nFortas\n000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970\n(94–0)\n000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970\n–\nAugust 3, 1994\n(Retired)\n7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days\n\n\n99\n\nLewis F. Powell Jr.\n(1907–1998)\nVA\n105 !Associate\nJustice\nBlack\n000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971\n(89–1)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nJune 26, 1987\n(Retired)\n7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nAZ\n106 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan II\n000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971\n(68–26)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days\n\n\n101\n\nJohn Paul Stevens\n(born 1920)\nIL\n107 !Associate\nJustice[n]\nDouglas\n000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975\n(98–0)\n000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975\n–\nJune 29, 2010\n(Retired)\n7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days\nGerald Ford\n\n\n102\n\nSandra Day O'Connor\n(born 1930)\nAZ\n108 !Associate\nJustice\nStewart\n000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981\n(99–0)\n000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981\n–\nJanuary 31, 2006\n(Retired)\n7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nVA\n016 !Chief\nJustice\nBurger\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(65–33)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nSeptember 3, 2005\n(Died)\n7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days\n\n\n103\n\nAntonin Scalia\n(1936–2016)\nVA\n109 !Associate\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(98–0)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nFebruary 13, 2016\n(Died)\n7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days\n\n\n104\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(born 1936)\nCA\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nPowell\n000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988\n(97–0)\n000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988\n–\nIncumbent\n7004109600000000000♠30 years, 2 days[o]\n\n\n105\n\nDavid Souter\n(born 1939)\nNH\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nBrennan\n000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990\n(90–9)\n000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990\n–\nJune 29, 2009\n(Retired)\n7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n106\n\nClarence Thomas\n(born 1948)\nGA\n111 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Marshall\n000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991\n(52–48)\n000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991\n–\nIncumbent\n7003961700000000000♠26 years, 120 days[o]\n\n\n107\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(born 1933)\nNY\n112 !Associate\nJustice\nB. White\n000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993\n(96–3)\n000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993\n–\nIncumbent\n7003896000000000000♠24 years, 194 days[o]\nBill Clinton\n\n\n108\n\nStephen Breyer\n(born 1938)\nMA\n113 !Associate\nJustice\nBlackmun\n000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994\n(87–9)\n000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994\n–\nIncumbent\n7003860200000000000♠23 years, 201 days[o]\n\n\n109\n\nJohn Roberts\n(born 1955)\nMD\n017 !Chief\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n(78–22)\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n–\nIncumbent\n7003452700000000000♠12 years, 144 days[o]\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n110\n\nSamuel Alito\n(born 1950)\nNJ\n115 !Associate\nJustice\nO'Connor\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n(58–42)\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n–\nIncumbent\n7003440300000000000♠12 years, 20 days[o]\n\n\n111\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(born 1954)\nNY\n116 !Associate\nJustice\nSouter\n000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009\n(68–31)\n000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009\n–\nIncumbent\n7003311800000000000♠8 years, 196 days[o]\nBarack Obama\n\n\n112\n\nElena Kagan\n(born 1960)\nMA\n117 !Associate\nJustice\nStevens\n000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010\n(63–37)\n000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010\n–\nIncumbent\n7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days[o]\n\n\n113\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(born 1967)\nCO\n118 !Associate\nJustice\nScalia\n000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017\n(54–45)\n000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017\n–\nIncumbent\n7002316000000000000♠316 days[o]\nDonald Trump\n\n\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length\nAppointed by\n",
"\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length[d]\nAppointed by\n\n\n1\n\nJohn Jay\n(1745–1829)\nNY\n001 !Chief\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789\n–\nJune 29, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days\nGeorge Washington\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n018 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790\n–\nMarch 4, 1791\n(Resigned)\n7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days\n\n\n3\n\nWilliam Cushing\n(1732–1810)\nMA\n019 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nSeptember 13, 1810\n(Died)\n7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days\n\n\n4\n\nJames Wilson\n(1742–1798)\nPA\n020 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789\n–\nAugust 21, 1798\n(Died)\n7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days\n\n\n5\n\nJohn Blair\n(1732–1800)\nVA\n021 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nOctober 25, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days\n\n\n6\n\nJames Iredell\n(1751–1799)\nNC\n022 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790\n–\nOctober 20, 1799\n(Died)\n7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days\n\n\n7\n\nThomas Johnson\n(1732–1819)\nMD\n023 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791\n(Acclamation)\n000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792[e]\n–\nJanuary 16, 1793\n(Resigned)\n7002163000000000000♠163 days\n\n\n8\n\nWilliam Paterson\n(1745–1806)\nNJ\n024 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Johnson\n000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793\n(Acclamation)\n000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793\n–\nSeptember 8, 1806\n(Died)\n7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n002 !Chief\nJustice\nJay\n000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795\n(10–14)[f]\n000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[e]\n–\nDecember 28, 1795\n(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)\n7002138000000000000♠138 days\n\n\n9\n\nSamuel Chase[g]\n(1741–1811)\nMD\n025 !Associate\nJustice\nBlair\n000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796\n(Acclamation)\n000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796\n–\nJune 19, 1811\n(Died)\n7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days\n\n\n10\n\nOliver Ellsworth\n(1745–1807)\nCT\n003 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796\n(21–1)\n000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796\n–\nDecember 15, 1800\n(Resigned)\n7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days\n\n\n11\n\nBushrod Washington\n(1762–1829)\nVA\n026 !Associate\nJustice\nWilson\n000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798\n(Acclamation)\n000000001798-11-09-0000November 9, 1798[e]\n–\nNovember 26, 1829\n(Died)\n7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days\nJohn Adams\n\n\n12\n\nAlfred Moore\n(1755–1810)\nNC\n027 !Associate\nJustice\nIredell\n000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799\n(Acclamation)\n000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800\n–\nJanuary 26, 1804\n(Resigned)\n7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days\n\n\n13\n\nJohn Marshall\n(1755–1835)\nVA\n004 !Chief\nJustice\nEllsworth\n000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801\n(Acclamation)\n000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801\n–\nJuly 6, 1835\n(died)\n7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days\n\n\n14\n\nWilliam Johnson\n(1771–1834)\nSC\n028 !Associate\nJustice\nMoore\n000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804\n(Acclamation)\n000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804\n–\nAugust 4, 1834\n(Died)\n7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days\nThomas Jefferson\n\n\n15\n\nHenry Brockholst Livingston\n(1757–1823)\nNY\n029 !Associate\nJustice\nPaterson\n000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807\n–\nMarch 18, 1823\n(Died)\n7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days\n\n\n16\n\nThomas Todd\n(1765–1826)\nKY\n030 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807\n–\nFebruary 7, 1826\n(Died)\n7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days\n\n\n17\n\nGabriel Duvall\n(1752–1844)\nMD\n031 !Associate\nJustice\nS. Chase\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811\n–\nJanuary 12, 1835\n(Resigned)\n7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days\nJames Madison\n\n\n18\n\nJoseph Story\n(1779–1845)\nMA\n032 !Associate\nJustice\nCushing\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812\n–\nSeptember 10, 1845\n(Died)\n7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days\n\n\n19\n\nSmith Thompson\n(1768–1843)\nNY\n033 !Associate\nJustice\nLivingston\n000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823\n(Acclamation)\n000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[e]\n–\nDecember 18, 1843\n(Died)\n7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days\nJames Monroe\n\n\n20\n\nRobert Trimble\n(1776–1828)\nKY\n034 !Associate\nJustice\nTodd\n000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826\n(25–5)\n000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826\n–\nAugust 25, 1828\n(Died)\n7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days\nJohn Quincy Adams\n\n\n21\n\nJohn McLean\n(1785–1861)\nOH\n035 !Associate\nJustice\nTrimble\n000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829\n(Acclamation)\n000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830\n–\nApril 4, 1861\n(Died)\n7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\n22\n\nHenry Baldwin\n(1780–1844)\nPA\n036 !Associate\nJustice\nWashington\n000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830\n(41–2)\n000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830\n–\nApril 21, 1844\n(Died)\n7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days\n\n\n23\n\nJames Moore Wayne\n(1790–1867)\nGA\n037 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Johnson\n000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835\n(Acclamation)\n000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835\n–\nJuly 5, 1867\n(Died)\n7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days\n\n\n24\n\nRoger B. Taney\n(1777–1864)\nMD\n005 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Marshall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(29–15)\n000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836\n–\nOctober 12, 1864\n(Died)\n7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days\n\n\n25\n\nPhilip Pendleton Barbour\n(1783–1841)\nVA\n038 !Associate\nJustice\nDuvall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(30–11)\n000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836\n–\nFebruary 25, 1841\n(Died)\n7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days\n\n\n26\n\nJohn Catron\n(1786–1865)\nTN\n039 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837\n(28–15)\n000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837\n–\nMay 30, 1865\n(Died)\n7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days\n\n\n27\n\nJohn McKinley\n(1780–1852)\nAL\n040 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837\n(Acclamation)\n000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838\n–\nJuly 19, 1852\n(Died)\n7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days\nMartin Van Buren\n\n\n28\n\nPeter Vivian Daniel\n(1784–1860)\nVA\n041 !Associate\nJustice\nBarbour\n000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841\n(25–5)\n000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842\n–\nMay 31, 1860\n(Died)\n7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days\n\n\n29\n\nSamuel Nelson\n(1792–1873)\nNY\n042 !Associate\nJustice\nThompson\n000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845\n–\nNovember 28, 1872\n(Retired)\n7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days\nJohn Tyler\n\n\n30\n\nLevi Woodbury\n(1789–1851)\nNH\n043 !Associate\nJustice\nStory\n000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845[e]\n–\nSeptember 4, 1851\n(Died)\n7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days\nJames K. Polk\n\n\n31\n\nRobert Cooper Grier\n(1794–1870)\nPA\n044 !Associate\nJustice\nBaldwin\n000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846\n–\nJanuary 31, 1870\n(Retired)\n7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days\n\n\n32\n\nBenjamin Robbins Curtis\n(1809–1874)\nMA\n045 !Associate\nJustice\nWoodbury\n000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851\n(Acclamation)\n000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851[e]\n–\nSeptember 30, 1857\n(Resigned)\n7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days\nMillard Fillmore\n\n\n33\n\nJohn Archibald Campbell\n(1811–1889)\nAL\n046 !Associate\nJustice\nMcKinley\n000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853\n(Acclamation)\n000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853\n–\nApril 30, 1861\n(Resigned)\n7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days\nFranklin Pierce\n\n\n34\n\nNathan Clifford\n(1803–1881)\nME\n047 !Associate\nJustice\nCurtis\n000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858\n(26–23)\n000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858\n–\nJuly 25, 1881\n(Died)\n7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days\nJames Buchanan\n\n\n35\n\nNoah Haynes Swayne\n(1804–1884)\nOH\n048 !Associate\nJustice\nMcLean\n000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862\n(38–1)\n000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862\n–\nJanuary 24, 1881\n(Retired)\n7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n\n36\n\nSamuel Freeman Miller\n(1816–1890)\nIA\n049 !Associate\nJustice\nDaniel\n000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862\n–\nOctober 13, 1890\n(Died)\n7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days\n\n\n37\n\nDavid Davis\n(1815–1886)\nIL\n050 !Associate\nJustice\nCampbell\n000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862[e]\n–\nMarch 4, 1877\n(Resigned)\n7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days\n\n\n38\n\nStephen Johnson Field\n(1816–1899)\nCA\n051 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863\n(Acclamation)\n000000001863-05-10-0000May 10, 1863\n–\nDecember 1, 1897\n(Retired)\n7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days\n\n\n39\n\nSalmon P. Chase\n(1808–1873)\nOH\n006 !Chief\nJustice\nTaney\n000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864\n(Acclamation)\n000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864\n–\nMay 7, 1873\n(Died)\n7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days\n\n\n40\n\nWilliam Strong\n(1808–1895)\nPA\n052 !Associate\nJustice\nGrier\n000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870\n(No vote recorded)\n000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870\n–\nDecember 14, 1880\n(Retired)\n7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days\nUlysses S. Grant\n\n\n41\n\nJoseph Philo Bradley\n(1813–1892)\nNJ\n053 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870\n(46–9)\n000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870\n–\nJanuary 22, 1892\n(Died)\n7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days\n\n\n42\n\nWard Hunt\n(1810–1886)\nNY\n054 !Associate\nJustice\nNelson\n000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872\n(Acclamation)\n000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873\n–\nJanuary 27, 1882\n(Retired)\n7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days\n\n\n43\n\nMorrison Waite\n(1816–1888)\nOH\n007 !Chief\nJustice\nS. P. Chase\n000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874\n(63–0)\n000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874\n–\nMarch 23, 1888\n(Died)\n7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days\n\n\n44\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan\n(1833–1911)\nKY\n055 !Associate\nJustice\nDavis\n000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877\n(Acclamation)\n000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877\n–\nOctober 14, 1911\n(Died)\n7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\n\n45\n\nWilliam Burnham Woods\n(1824–1887)\nGA\n056 !Associate\nJustice\nStrong\n000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880\n(39–8)\n000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881\n–\nMay 14, 1887\n(Died)\n7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days\n\n\n46\n\nStanley Matthews\n(1824–1889)\nOH\n057 !Associate\nJustice\nSwayne\n000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881\n(24–23)\n000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881\n–\nMarch 22, 1889\n(Died)\n7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days\nJames Garfield\n\n\n47\n\nHorace Gray\n(1828–1902)\nMA\n058 !Associate\nJustice\nClifford\n000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881\n(51–5)\n000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882\n–\nSeptember 15, 1902\n(Died)\n7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days\nChester A. Arthur\n\n\n48\n\nSamuel Blatchford\n(1820–1893)\nNY\n059 !Associate\nJustice\nHunt\n000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882\n(Acclamation)\n000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882\n–\nJuly 7, 1893\n(Died)\n7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days\n\n\n49\n\nLucius Quintus\nCincinnatus Lamar II\n(1825–1893)\nMS\n060 !Associate\nJustice\nWoods\n000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888\n(32–28)\n000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888\n–\nJanuary 23, 1893\n(Died)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n50\n\nMelville Fuller\n(1833–1910)\nIL\n008 !Chief\nJustice\nWaite\n000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888\n(41–20)\n000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888\n–\nJuly 4, 1910\n(Died)\n7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days\n\n\n51\n\nDavid Josiah Brewer\n(1837–1910)\nKS\n061 !Associate\nJustice\nMatthews\n000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889\n(53–11)\n000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890\n–\nMarch 28, 1910\n(Died)\n7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days\nBenjamin Harrison\n\n\n52\n\nHenry Billings Brown\n(1836–1913)\nMI\n062 !Associate\nJustice\nMiller\n000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890\n(Acclamation)\n000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891\n–\nMay 28, 1906\n(Retired)\n7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days\n\n\n53\n\nGeorge Shiras, Jr.\n(1832–1924)\nPA\n063 !Associate\nJustice\nBradley\n000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892\n(Acclamation)\n000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892\n–\nFebruary 23, 1903\n(Retired)\n7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days\n\n\n54\n\nHowell Edmunds Jackson\n(1832–1895)\nTN\n064 !Associate\nJustice\nL. Lamar\n000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893\n(Acclamation)\n000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893\n–\nAugust 8, 1895\n(Died)\n7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n065 !Associate\nJustice\nBlatchford\n000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894\n(Acclamation)\n000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894\n–\nDecember 18, 1910\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n56\n\nRufus Wheeler Peckham\n(1838–1909)\nNY\n066 !Associate\nJustice\nH. Jackson\n000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895\n(Acclamation)\n000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896\n–\nOctober 24, 1909\n(Died)\n7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days\n\n\n57\n\nJoseph McKenna\n(1843–1926)\nCA\n067 !Associate\nJustice[h]\nField\n000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898\n(Acclamation)\n000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898\n–\nJanuary 5, 1925\n(Retired)\n7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days\nWilliam McKinley\n\n\n58\n\nOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.\n(1841–1935)\nMA\n068 !Associate\nJustice[i]\nGray\n000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902\n(Acclamation)\n000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902\n–\nJanuary 12, 1932\n(Retired)\n7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days\nTheodore Roosevelt\n\n\n59\n\nWilliam R. Day\n(1849–1923)\nOH\n069 !Associate\nJustice\nShiras\n000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903\n(Acclamation)\n000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903\n–\nNovember 13, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days\n\n\n60\n\nWilliam Henry Moody\n(1853–1917)\nMA\n070 !Associate\nJustice\nBrown\n000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906\n(Acclamation)\n000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906\n–\nNovember 20, 1910\n(Retired)\n7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days\n\n\n61\n\nHorace Harmon Lurton\n(1844–1914)\nTN\n071 !Associate\nJustice\nPeckham\n000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910\n–\nJuly 12, 1914\n(Died)\n7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days\nWilliam Howard Taft\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n072 !Associate\nJustice\nBrewer\n000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910\n–\nJune 10, 1916\n(Resigned)\n7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n009 !Chief\nJustice\nFuller\n000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910\n–\nMay 19, 1921\n(Died)\n7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days\n\n\n63\n\nWillis Van Devanter\n(1859–1941)\nWY\n073 !Associate\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJune 2, 1937\n(Retired)\n7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days\n\n\n64\n\nJoseph Rucker Lamar\n(1857–1916)\nGA\n074 !Associate\nJustice\nMoody\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJanuary 2, 1916\n(Died)\n7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days\n\n\n65\n\nMahlon Pitney\n(1858–1924)\nNJ\n075 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan\n000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912\n(50–26)\n000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912\n–\nDecember 31, 1922\n(Resigned)\n7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days\n\n\n66\n\nJames Clark McReynolds\n(1862–1946)\nTN\n076 !Associate\nJustice\nLurton\n000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914\n(44–6)\n000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914\n–\nJanuary 31, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n\n67\n\nLouis Brandeis\n(1856–1941)\nKY\n077 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Lamar\n000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916\n(47–22)\n000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916\n–\nFebruary 13, 1939\n(Retired)\n7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days\n\n\n68\n\nJohn Hessin Clarke\n(1857–1945)\nOH\n078 !Associate\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916\n(Acclamation)\n000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916\n–\nSeptember 18, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days\n\n\n69\n\nWilliam Howard Taft\n(1857–1930)\nCT\n010 !Chief\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921\n(Acclamation)\n000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921\n–\nFebruary 3, 1930\n(Retired)\n7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days\nWarren G. Harding\n\n\n70\n\nGeorge Sutherland\n(1862–1942)\nUT\n080 !Associate\nJustice\nClarke\n000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922\n(Acclamation)\n000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922\n–\nJanuary 17, 1938\n(Retired)\n7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days\n\n\n71\n\nPierce Butler\n(1866–1939)\nMN\n081 !Associate\nJustice\nDay\n000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922\n(61–8)\n000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923\n–\nNovember 16, 1939\n(Died)\n7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days\n\n\n72\n\nEdward Terry Sanford\n(1865–1930)\nTN\n082 !Associate\nJustice\nPitney\n000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923\n(Acclamation)\n000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923\n–\nMarch 8, 1930\n(Died)\n7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n083 !Associate\nJustice[k]\nMcKenna\n000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925\n(71–6)\n000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925\n–\nJuly 2, 1941\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days\nCalvin Coolidge\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n011 !Chief\nJustice\nTaft\n000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930\n(52–26)\n000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930\n–\nJune 30, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days\nHerbert Hoover\n\n\n74\n\nOwen Josephus Roberts\n(1875–1955)\nPA\n084 !Associate\nJustice\nSanford\n000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930\n(Acclamation)\n000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930\n–\nJuly 31, 1945\n(Resigned)\n7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days\n\n\n75\n\nBenjamin N. Cardozo\n(1870–1938)\nNY\n085 !Associate\nJustice\nHolmes\n000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932\n(Acclamation)\n000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932\n–\nJuly 9, 1938\n(Died)\n7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days\n\n\n76\n\nHugo Black\n(1886–1971)\nAL\n086 !Associate\nJustice[l]\nVan Devanter\n000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937\n(63–16)\n000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937\n–\nSeptember 17, 1971\n(Retired)\n7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n\n77\n\nStanley Forman Reed\n(1884–1980)\nKY\n087 !Associate\nJustice\nSutherland\n000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938\n(Acclamation)\n000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938\n–\nFebruary 25, 1957\n(Retired)\n7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days\n\n\n78\n\nFelix Frankfurter\n(1882–1965)\nMA\n088 !Associate\nJustice\nCardozo\n000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939\n(Acclamation)\n000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939\n–\nAugust 28, 1962\n(Retired)\n7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days\n\n\n79\n\nWilliam O. Douglas\n(1898–1980)\nCT\n089 !Associate\nJustice\nBrandeis\n000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939\n(62–4)\n000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939\n–\nNovember 12, 1975\n(Retired)\n7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days\n\n\n80\n\nFrank Murphy\n(1890–1949)\nMI\n090 !Associate\nJustice\nButler\n000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940\n(Acclamation)\n000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940\n–\nJuly 19, 1949\n(Died)\n7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n012 !Chief\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941\n–\nApril 22, 1946\n(Died)\n7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days\n\n\n81\n\nJames F. Byrnes\n(1882–1972)\nSC\n091 !Associate\nJustice\nMcReynolds\n000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941\n–\nOctober 3, 1942\n(Resigned)\n7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days\n\n\n82\n\nRobert H. Jackson\n(1892–1954)\nNY\n092 !Associate\nJustice\nStone\n000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941\n–\nOctober 9, 1954\n(Died)\n7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days\n\n\n83\n\nWiley Blount Rutledge\n(1894–1949)\nIA\n093 !Associate\nJustice\nByrnes\n000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943\n(Acclamation)\n000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943\n–\nSeptember 10, 1949\n(Died)\n7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days\n\n\n84\n\nHarold Hitz Burton\n(1888–1964)\nOH\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nO. Roberts\n000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945\n(Acclamation)\n000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945\n–\nOctober 13, 1958\n(Retired)\n7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days\nHarry S. Truman\n\n\n85\n\nFred M. Vinson\n(1890–1953)\nKY\n013 !Chief\nJustice\nStone\n000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946\n(Acclamation)\n000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946\n–\nSeptember 8, 1953\n(Died)\n7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days\n\n\n86\n\nTom C. Clark\n(1899–1977)\nTX\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nMurphy\n000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949\n(73–8)\n000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949\n–\nJune 12, 1967\n(Retired)\n7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days\n\n\n87\n\nSherman Minton\n(1890–1965)\nIN\n095 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Rutledge\n000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949\n(48–16)\n000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949\n–\nOctober 15, 1956\n(Retired)\n7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days\n\n\n88\n\nEarl Warren\n(1891–1974)\nCA\n014 !Chief\nJustice\nVinson\n000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954\n(Acclamation)\n000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[e]\n–\nJune 23, 1969\n(Retired)\n7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n\n89\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan II\n(1899–1971)\nNY\n096 !Associate\nJustice\nR. Jackson\n000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955\n(71–11)\n000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955\n–\nSeptember 23, 1971\n(Retired)\n7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days\n\n\n90\n\nWilliam J. Brennan\n(1906–1997)\nNJ\n097 !Associate\nJustice\nMinton\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956[e]\n–\nJuly 20, 1990\n(Retired)\n7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days\n\n\n91\n\nCharles Evans Whittaker\n(1901–1973)\nMO\n098 !Associate\nJustice\nReed\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957\n–\nMarch 31, 1962\n(Resigned)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days\n\n\n92\n\nPotter Stewart\n(1915–1985)\nOH\n099 !Associate\nJustice\nBurton\n000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959\n(70–17)\n000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[e]\n–\nJuly 3, 1981\n(Retired)\n7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days\n\n\n93\n\nByron White\n(1917–2002)\nCO\n100 !Associate\nJustice\nWhittaker\n000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962\n–\nJune 28, 1993\n(Retired)\n7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days\nJohn F. Kennedy\n\n\n94\n\nArthur Goldberg\n(1908–1990)\nIL\n101 !Associate\nJustice\nFrankfurter\n000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962\n–\nJuly 25, 1965\n(Resigned)\n7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days\n\n\n95\n\nAbe Fortas\n(1910–1982)\nTN\n102 !Associate\nJustice\nGoldberg\n000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965\n(Acclamation)\n000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965\n–\nMay 14, 1969\n(Resigned)\n7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\n96\n\nThurgood Marshall\n(1908–1993)\nNY\n103 !Associate\nJustice\nClark\n000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967\n(69–11)\n000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967\n–\nOctober 1, 1991\n(Retired)\n7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days\n\n\n97\n\nWarren E. Burger\n(1907–1995)\nVA\n015 !Chief\nJustice\nWarren\n000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969\n(74–3)\n000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Retired)\n7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n98\n\nHarry Blackmun\n(1908–1999)\nMN\n104 !Associate\nJustice\nFortas\n000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970\n(94–0)\n000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970\n–\nAugust 3, 1994\n(Retired)\n7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days\n\n\n99\n\nLewis F. Powell Jr.\n(1907–1998)\nVA\n105 !Associate\nJustice\nBlack\n000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971\n(89–1)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nJune 26, 1987\n(Retired)\n7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nAZ\n106 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan II\n000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971\n(68–26)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days\n\n\n101\n\nJohn Paul Stevens\n(born 1920)\nIL\n107 !Associate\nJustice[n]\nDouglas\n000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975\n(98–0)\n000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975\n–\nJune 29, 2010\n(Retired)\n7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days\nGerald Ford\n\n\n102\n\nSandra Day O'Connor\n(born 1930)\nAZ\n108 !Associate\nJustice\nStewart\n000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981\n(99–0)\n000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981\n–\nJanuary 31, 2006\n(Retired)\n7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nVA\n016 !Chief\nJustice\nBurger\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(65–33)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nSeptember 3, 2005\n(Died)\n7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days\n\n\n103\n\nAntonin Scalia\n(1936–2016)\nVA\n109 !Associate\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(98–0)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nFebruary 13, 2016\n(Died)\n7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days\n\n\n104\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(born 1936)\nCA\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nPowell\n000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988\n(97–0)\n000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988\n–\nIncumbent\n7004109600000000000♠30 years, 2 days[o]\n\n\n105\n\nDavid Souter\n(born 1939)\nNH\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nBrennan\n000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990\n(90–9)\n000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990\n–\nJune 29, 2009\n(Retired)\n7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n106\n\nClarence Thomas\n(born 1948)\nGA\n111 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Marshall\n000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991\n(52–48)\n000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991\n–\nIncumbent\n7003961700000000000♠26 years, 120 days[o]\n\n\n107\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(born 1933)\nNY\n112 !Associate\nJustice\nB. White\n000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993\n(96–3)\n000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993\n–\nIncumbent\n7003896000000000000♠24 years, 194 days[o]\nBill Clinton\n\n\n108\n\nStephen Breyer\n(born 1938)\nMA\n113 !Associate\nJustice\nBlackmun\n000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994\n(87–9)\n000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994\n–\nIncumbent\n7003860200000000000♠23 years, 201 days[o]\n\n\n109\n\nJohn Roberts\n(born 1955)\nMD\n017 !Chief\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n(78–22)\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n–\nIncumbent\n7003452700000000000♠12 years, 144 days[o]\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n110\n\nSamuel Alito\n(born 1950)\nNJ\n115 !Associate\nJustice\nO'Connor\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n(58–42)\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n–\nIncumbent\n7003440300000000000♠12 years, 20 days[o]\n\n\n111\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(born 1954)\nNY\n116 !Associate\nJustice\nSouter\n000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009\n(68–31)\n000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009\n–\nIncumbent\n7003311800000000000♠8 years, 196 days[o]\nBarack Obama\n\n\n112\n\nElena Kagan\n(born 1960)\nMA\n117 !Associate\nJustice\nStevens\n000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010\n(63–37)\n000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010\n–\nIncumbent\n7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days[o]\n\n\n113\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(born 1967)\nCO\n118 !Associate\nJustice\nScalia\n000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017\n(54–45)\n000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017\n–\nIncumbent\n7002316000000000000♠316 days[o]\nDonald Trump\n\n\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length\nAppointed by\n",
"\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length[d]\nAppointed by\n\n\n1\n\nJohn Jay\n(1745–1829)\nNY\n001 !Chief\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789\n–\nJune 29, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days\nGeorge Washington\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n018 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790\n–\nMarch 4, 1791\n(Resigned)\n7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days\n\n\n3\n\nWilliam Cushing\n(1732–1810)\nMA\n019 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nSeptember 13, 1810\n(Died)\n7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days\n\n\n4\n\nJames Wilson\n(1742–1798)\nPA\n020 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789\n–\nAugust 21, 1798\n(Died)\n7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days\n\n\n5\n\nJohn Blair\n(1732–1800)\nVA\n021 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nOctober 25, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days\n\n\n6\n\nJames Iredell\n(1751–1799)\nNC\n022 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790\n–\nOctober 20, 1799\n(Died)\n7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days\n\n\n7\n\nThomas Johnson\n(1732–1819)\nMD\n023 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791\n(Acclamation)\n000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792[e]\n–\nJanuary 16, 1793\n(Resigned)\n7002163000000000000♠163 days\n\n\n8\n\nWilliam Paterson\n(1745–1806)\nNJ\n024 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Johnson\n000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793\n(Acclamation)\n000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793\n–\nSeptember 8, 1806\n(Died)\n7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n002 !Chief\nJustice\nJay\n000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795\n(10–14)[f]\n000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[e]\n–\nDecember 28, 1795\n(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)\n7002138000000000000♠138 days\n\n\n9\n\nSamuel Chase[g]\n(1741–1811)\nMD\n025 !Associate\nJustice\nBlair\n000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796\n(Acclamation)\n000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796\n–\nJune 19, 1811\n(Died)\n7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days\n\n\n10\n\nOliver Ellsworth\n(1745–1807)\nCT\n003 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796\n(21–1)\n000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796\n–\nDecember 15, 1800\n(Resigned)\n7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days\n\n\n11\n\nBushrod Washington\n(1762–1829)\nVA\n026 !Associate\nJustice\nWilson\n000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798\n(Acclamation)\n000000001798-11-09-0000November 9, 1798[e]\n–\nNovember 26, 1829\n(Died)\n7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days\nJohn Adams\n\n\n12\n\nAlfred Moore\n(1755–1810)\nNC\n027 !Associate\nJustice\nIredell\n000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799\n(Acclamation)\n000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800\n–\nJanuary 26, 1804\n(Resigned)\n7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days\n\n\n13\n\nJohn Marshall\n(1755–1835)\nVA\n004 !Chief\nJustice\nEllsworth\n000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801\n(Acclamation)\n000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801\n–\nJuly 6, 1835\n(died)\n7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days\n\n\n14\n\nWilliam Johnson\n(1771–1834)\nSC\n028 !Associate\nJustice\nMoore\n000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804\n(Acclamation)\n000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804\n–\nAugust 4, 1834\n(Died)\n7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days\nThomas Jefferson\n\n\n15\n\nHenry Brockholst Livingston\n(1757–1823)\nNY\n029 !Associate\nJustice\nPaterson\n000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807\n–\nMarch 18, 1823\n(Died)\n7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days\n\n\n16\n\nThomas Todd\n(1765–1826)\nKY\n030 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807\n–\nFebruary 7, 1826\n(Died)\n7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days\n\n\n17\n\nGabriel Duvall\n(1752–1844)\nMD\n031 !Associate\nJustice\nS. Chase\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811\n–\nJanuary 12, 1835\n(Resigned)\n7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days\nJames Madison\n\n\n18\n\nJoseph Story\n(1779–1845)\nMA\n032 !Associate\nJustice\nCushing\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812\n–\nSeptember 10, 1845\n(Died)\n7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days\n\n\n19\n\nSmith Thompson\n(1768–1843)\nNY\n033 !Associate\nJustice\nLivingston\n000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823\n(Acclamation)\n000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[e]\n–\nDecember 18, 1843\n(Died)\n7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days\nJames Monroe\n\n\n20\n\nRobert Trimble\n(1776–1828)\nKY\n034 !Associate\nJustice\nTodd\n000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826\n(25–5)\n000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826\n–\nAugust 25, 1828\n(Died)\n7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days\nJohn Quincy Adams\n\n\n21\n\nJohn McLean\n(1785–1861)\nOH\n035 !Associate\nJustice\nTrimble\n000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829\n(Acclamation)\n000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830\n–\nApril 4, 1861\n(Died)\n7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\n22\n\nHenry Baldwin\n(1780–1844)\nPA\n036 !Associate\nJustice\nWashington\n000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830\n(41–2)\n000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830\n–\nApril 21, 1844\n(Died)\n7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days\n\n\n23\n\nJames Moore Wayne\n(1790–1867)\nGA\n037 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Johnson\n000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835\n(Acclamation)\n000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835\n–\nJuly 5, 1867\n(Died)\n7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days\n\n\n24\n\nRoger B. Taney\n(1777–1864)\nMD\n005 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Marshall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(29–15)\n000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836\n–\nOctober 12, 1864\n(Died)\n7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days\n\n\n25\n\nPhilip Pendleton Barbour\n(1783–1841)\nVA\n038 !Associate\nJustice\nDuvall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(30–11)\n000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836\n–\nFebruary 25, 1841\n(Died)\n7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days\n\n\n26\n\nJohn Catron\n(1786–1865)\nTN\n039 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837\n(28–15)\n000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837\n–\nMay 30, 1865\n(Died)\n7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days\n\n\n27\n\nJohn McKinley\n(1780–1852)\nAL\n040 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837\n(Acclamation)\n000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838\n–\nJuly 19, 1852\n(Died)\n7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days\nMartin Van Buren\n\n\n28\n\nPeter Vivian Daniel\n(1784–1860)\nVA\n041 !Associate\nJustice\nBarbour\n000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841\n(25–5)\n000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842\n–\nMay 31, 1860\n(Died)\n7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days\n\n\n29\n\nSamuel Nelson\n(1792–1873)\nNY\n042 !Associate\nJustice\nThompson\n000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845\n–\nNovember 28, 1872\n(Retired)\n7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days\nJohn Tyler\n\n\n30\n\nLevi Woodbury\n(1789–1851)\nNH\n043 !Associate\nJustice\nStory\n000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845[e]\n–\nSeptember 4, 1851\n(Died)\n7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days\nJames K. Polk\n\n\n31\n\nRobert Cooper Grier\n(1794–1870)\nPA\n044 !Associate\nJustice\nBaldwin\n000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846\n–\nJanuary 31, 1870\n(Retired)\n7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days\n\n\n32\n\nBenjamin Robbins Curtis\n(1809–1874)\nMA\n045 !Associate\nJustice\nWoodbury\n000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851\n(Acclamation)\n000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851[e]\n–\nSeptember 30, 1857\n(Resigned)\n7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days\nMillard Fillmore\n\n\n33\n\nJohn Archibald Campbell\n(1811–1889)\nAL\n046 !Associate\nJustice\nMcKinley\n000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853\n(Acclamation)\n000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853\n–\nApril 30, 1861\n(Resigned)\n7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days\nFranklin Pierce\n\n\n34\n\nNathan Clifford\n(1803–1881)\nME\n047 !Associate\nJustice\nCurtis\n000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858\n(26–23)\n000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858\n–\nJuly 25, 1881\n(Died)\n7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days\nJames Buchanan\n\n\n35\n\nNoah Haynes Swayne\n(1804–1884)\nOH\n048 !Associate\nJustice\nMcLean\n000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862\n(38–1)\n000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862\n–\nJanuary 24, 1881\n(Retired)\n7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n\n36\n\nSamuel Freeman Miller\n(1816–1890)\nIA\n049 !Associate\nJustice\nDaniel\n000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862\n–\nOctober 13, 1890\n(Died)\n7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days\n\n\n37\n\nDavid Davis\n(1815–1886)\nIL\n050 !Associate\nJustice\nCampbell\n000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862[e]\n–\nMarch 4, 1877\n(Resigned)\n7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days\n\n\n38\n\nStephen Johnson Field\n(1816–1899)\nCA\n051 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863\n(Acclamation)\n000000001863-05-10-0000May 10, 1863\n–\nDecember 1, 1897\n(Retired)\n7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days\n\n\n39\n\nSalmon P. Chase\n(1808–1873)\nOH\n006 !Chief\nJustice\nTaney\n000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864\n(Acclamation)\n000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864\n–\nMay 7, 1873\n(Died)\n7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days\n\n\n40\n\nWilliam Strong\n(1808–1895)\nPA\n052 !Associate\nJustice\nGrier\n000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870\n(No vote recorded)\n000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870\n–\nDecember 14, 1880\n(Retired)\n7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days\nUlysses S. Grant\n\n\n41\n\nJoseph Philo Bradley\n(1813–1892)\nNJ\n053 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870\n(46–9)\n000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870\n–\nJanuary 22, 1892\n(Died)\n7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days\n\n\n42\n\nWard Hunt\n(1810–1886)\nNY\n054 !Associate\nJustice\nNelson\n000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872\n(Acclamation)\n000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873\n–\nJanuary 27, 1882\n(Retired)\n7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days\n\n\n43\n\nMorrison Waite\n(1816–1888)\nOH\n007 !Chief\nJustice\nS. P. Chase\n000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874\n(63–0)\n000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874\n–\nMarch 23, 1888\n(Died)\n7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days\n\n\n44\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan\n(1833–1911)\nKY\n055 !Associate\nJustice\nDavis\n000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877\n(Acclamation)\n000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877\n–\nOctober 14, 1911\n(Died)\n7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\n\n45\n\nWilliam Burnham Woods\n(1824–1887)\nGA\n056 !Associate\nJustice\nStrong\n000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880\n(39–8)\n000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881\n–\nMay 14, 1887\n(Died)\n7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days\n\n\n46\n\nStanley Matthews\n(1824–1889)\nOH\n057 !Associate\nJustice\nSwayne\n000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881\n(24–23)\n000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881\n–\nMarch 22, 1889\n(Died)\n7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days\nJames Garfield\n\n\n47\n\nHorace Gray\n(1828–1902)\nMA\n058 !Associate\nJustice\nClifford\n000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881\n(51–5)\n000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882\n–\nSeptember 15, 1902\n(Died)\n7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days\nChester A. Arthur\n\n\n48\n\nSamuel Blatchford\n(1820–1893)\nNY\n059 !Associate\nJustice\nHunt\n000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882\n(Acclamation)\n000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882\n–\nJuly 7, 1893\n(Died)\n7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days\n\n\n49\n\nLucius Quintus\nCincinnatus Lamar II\n(1825–1893)\nMS\n060 !Associate\nJustice\nWoods\n000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888\n(32–28)\n000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888\n–\nJanuary 23, 1893\n(Died)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n50\n\nMelville Fuller\n(1833–1910)\nIL\n008 !Chief\nJustice\nWaite\n000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888\n(41–20)\n000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888\n–\nJuly 4, 1910\n(Died)\n7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days\n\n\n51\n\nDavid Josiah Brewer\n(1837–1910)\nKS\n061 !Associate\nJustice\nMatthews\n000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889\n(53–11)\n000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890\n–\nMarch 28, 1910\n(Died)\n7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days\nBenjamin Harrison\n\n\n52\n\nHenry Billings Brown\n(1836–1913)\nMI\n062 !Associate\nJustice\nMiller\n000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890\n(Acclamation)\n000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891\n–\nMay 28, 1906\n(Retired)\n7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days\n\n\n53\n\nGeorge Shiras, Jr.\n(1832–1924)\nPA\n063 !Associate\nJustice\nBradley\n000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892\n(Acclamation)\n000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892\n–\nFebruary 23, 1903\n(Retired)\n7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days\n\n\n54\n\nHowell Edmunds Jackson\n(1832–1895)\nTN\n064 !Associate\nJustice\nL. Lamar\n000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893\n(Acclamation)\n000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893\n–\nAugust 8, 1895\n(Died)\n7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n065 !Associate\nJustice\nBlatchford\n000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894\n(Acclamation)\n000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894\n–\nDecember 18, 1910\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n56\n\nRufus Wheeler Peckham\n(1838–1909)\nNY\n066 !Associate\nJustice\nH. Jackson\n000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895\n(Acclamation)\n000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896\n–\nOctober 24, 1909\n(Died)\n7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days\n\n\n57\n\nJoseph McKenna\n(1843–1926)\nCA\n067 !Associate\nJustice[h]\nField\n000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898\n(Acclamation)\n000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898\n–\nJanuary 5, 1925\n(Retired)\n7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days\nWilliam McKinley\n\n\n58\n\nOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.\n(1841–1935)\nMA\n068 !Associate\nJustice[i]\nGray\n000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902\n(Acclamation)\n000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902\n–\nJanuary 12, 1932\n(Retired)\n7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days\nTheodore Roosevelt\n\n\n59\n\nWilliam R. Day\n(1849–1923)\nOH\n069 !Associate\nJustice\nShiras\n000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903\n(Acclamation)\n000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903\n–\nNovember 13, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days\n\n\n60\n\nWilliam Henry Moody\n(1853–1917)\nMA\n070 !Associate\nJustice\nBrown\n000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906\n(Acclamation)\n000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906\n–\nNovember 20, 1910\n(Retired)\n7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days\n\n\n61\n\nHorace Harmon Lurton\n(1844–1914)\nTN\n071 !Associate\nJustice\nPeckham\n000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910\n–\nJuly 12, 1914\n(Died)\n7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days\nWilliam Howard Taft\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n072 !Associate\nJustice\nBrewer\n000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910\n–\nJune 10, 1916\n(Resigned)\n7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n009 !Chief\nJustice\nFuller\n000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910\n–\nMay 19, 1921\n(Died)\n7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days\n\n\n63\n\nWillis Van Devanter\n(1859–1941)\nWY\n073 !Associate\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJune 2, 1937\n(Retired)\n7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days\n\n\n64\n\nJoseph Rucker Lamar\n(1857–1916)\nGA\n074 !Associate\nJustice\nMoody\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJanuary 2, 1916\n(Died)\n7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days\n\n\n65\n\nMahlon Pitney\n(1858–1924)\nNJ\n075 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan\n000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912\n(50–26)\n000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912\n–\nDecember 31, 1922\n(Resigned)\n7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days\n\n\n66\n\nJames Clark McReynolds\n(1862–1946)\nTN\n076 !Associate\nJustice\nLurton\n000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914\n(44–6)\n000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914\n–\nJanuary 31, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n\n67\n\nLouis Brandeis\n(1856–1941)\nKY\n077 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Lamar\n000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916\n(47–22)\n000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916\n–\nFebruary 13, 1939\n(Retired)\n7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days\n\n\n68\n\nJohn Hessin Clarke\n(1857–1945)\nOH\n078 !Associate\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916\n(Acclamation)\n000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916\n–\nSeptember 18, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days\n\n\n69\n\nWilliam Howard Taft\n(1857–1930)\nCT\n010 !Chief\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921\n(Acclamation)\n000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921\n–\nFebruary 3, 1930\n(Retired)\n7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days\nWarren G. Harding\n\n\n70\n\nGeorge Sutherland\n(1862–1942)\nUT\n080 !Associate\nJustice\nClarke\n000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922\n(Acclamation)\n000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922\n–\nJanuary 17, 1938\n(Retired)\n7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days\n\n\n71\n\nPierce Butler\n(1866–1939)\nMN\n081 !Associate\nJustice\nDay\n000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922\n(61–8)\n000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923\n–\nNovember 16, 1939\n(Died)\n7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days\n\n\n72\n\nEdward Terry Sanford\n(1865–1930)\nTN\n082 !Associate\nJustice\nPitney\n000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923\n(Acclamation)\n000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923\n–\nMarch 8, 1930\n(Died)\n7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n083 !Associate\nJustice[k]\nMcKenna\n000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925\n(71–6)\n000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925\n–\nJuly 2, 1941\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days\nCalvin Coolidge\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n011 !Chief\nJustice\nTaft\n000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930\n(52–26)\n000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930\n–\nJune 30, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days\nHerbert Hoover\n\n\n74\n\nOwen Josephus Roberts\n(1875–1955)\nPA\n084 !Associate\nJustice\nSanford\n000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930\n(Acclamation)\n000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930\n–\nJuly 31, 1945\n(Resigned)\n7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days\n\n\n75\n\nBenjamin N. Cardozo\n(1870–1938)\nNY\n085 !Associate\nJustice\nHolmes\n000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932\n(Acclamation)\n000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932\n–\nJuly 9, 1938\n(Died)\n7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days\n\n\n76\n\nHugo Black\n(1886–1971)\nAL\n086 !Associate\nJustice[l]\nVan Devanter\n000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937\n(63–16)\n000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937\n–\nSeptember 17, 1971\n(Retired)\n7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n\n77\n\nStanley Forman Reed\n(1884–1980)\nKY\n087 !Associate\nJustice\nSutherland\n000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938\n(Acclamation)\n000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938\n–\nFebruary 25, 1957\n(Retired)\n7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days\n\n\n78\n\nFelix Frankfurter\n(1882–1965)\nMA\n088 !Associate\nJustice\nCardozo\n000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939\n(Acclamation)\n000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939\n–\nAugust 28, 1962\n(Retired)\n7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days\n\n\n79\n\nWilliam O. Douglas\n(1898–1980)\nCT\n089 !Associate\nJustice\nBrandeis\n000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939\n(62–4)\n000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939\n–\nNovember 12, 1975\n(Retired)\n7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days\n\n\n80\n\nFrank Murphy\n(1890–1949)\nMI\n090 !Associate\nJustice\nButler\n000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940\n(Acclamation)\n000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940\n–\nJuly 19, 1949\n(Died)\n7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n012 !Chief\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941\n–\nApril 22, 1946\n(Died)\n7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days\n\n\n81\n\nJames F. Byrnes\n(1882–1972)\nSC\n091 !Associate\nJustice\nMcReynolds\n000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941\n–\nOctober 3, 1942\n(Resigned)\n7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days\n\n\n82\n\nRobert H. Jackson\n(1892–1954)\nNY\n092 !Associate\nJustice\nStone\n000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941\n–\nOctober 9, 1954\n(Died)\n7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days\n\n\n83\n\nWiley Blount Rutledge\n(1894–1949)\nIA\n093 !Associate\nJustice\nByrnes\n000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943\n(Acclamation)\n000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943\n–\nSeptember 10, 1949\n(Died)\n7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days\n\n\n84\n\nHarold Hitz Burton\n(1888–1964)\nOH\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nO. Roberts\n000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945\n(Acclamation)\n000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945\n–\nOctober 13, 1958\n(Retired)\n7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days\nHarry S. Truman\n\n\n85\n\nFred M. Vinson\n(1890–1953)\nKY\n013 !Chief\nJustice\nStone\n000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946\n(Acclamation)\n000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946\n–\nSeptember 8, 1953\n(Died)\n7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days\n\n\n86\n\nTom C. Clark\n(1899–1977)\nTX\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nMurphy\n000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949\n(73–8)\n000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949\n–\nJune 12, 1967\n(Retired)\n7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days\n\n\n87\n\nSherman Minton\n(1890–1965)\nIN\n095 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Rutledge\n000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949\n(48–16)\n000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949\n–\nOctober 15, 1956\n(Retired)\n7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days\n\n\n88\n\nEarl Warren\n(1891–1974)\nCA\n014 !Chief\nJustice\nVinson\n000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954\n(Acclamation)\n000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[e]\n–\nJune 23, 1969\n(Retired)\n7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n\n89\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan II\n(1899–1971)\nNY\n096 !Associate\nJustice\nR. Jackson\n000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955\n(71–11)\n000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955\n–\nSeptember 23, 1971\n(Retired)\n7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days\n\n\n90\n\nWilliam J. Brennan\n(1906–1997)\nNJ\n097 !Associate\nJustice\nMinton\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956[e]\n–\nJuly 20, 1990\n(Retired)\n7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days\n\n\n91\n\nCharles Evans Whittaker\n(1901–1973)\nMO\n098 !Associate\nJustice\nReed\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957\n–\nMarch 31, 1962\n(Resigned)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days\n\n\n92\n\nPotter Stewart\n(1915–1985)\nOH\n099 !Associate\nJustice\nBurton\n000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959\n(70–17)\n000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[e]\n–\nJuly 3, 1981\n(Retired)\n7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days\n\n\n93\n\nByron White\n(1917–2002)\nCO\n100 !Associate\nJustice\nWhittaker\n000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962\n–\nJune 28, 1993\n(Retired)\n7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days\nJohn F. Kennedy\n\n\n94\n\nArthur Goldberg\n(1908–1990)\nIL\n101 !Associate\nJustice\nFrankfurter\n000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962\n–\nJuly 25, 1965\n(Resigned)\n7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days\n\n\n95\n\nAbe Fortas\n(1910–1982)\nTN\n102 !Associate\nJustice\nGoldberg\n000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965\n(Acclamation)\n000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965\n–\nMay 14, 1969\n(Resigned)\n7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\n96\n\nThurgood Marshall\n(1908–1993)\nNY\n103 !Associate\nJustice\nClark\n000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967\n(69–11)\n000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967\n–\nOctober 1, 1991\n(Retired)\n7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days\n\n\n97\n\nWarren E. Burger\n(1907–1995)\nVA\n015 !Chief\nJustice\nWarren\n000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969\n(74–3)\n000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Retired)\n7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n98\n\nHarry Blackmun\n(1908–1999)\nMN\n104 !Associate\nJustice\nFortas\n000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970\n(94–0)\n000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970\n–\nAugust 3, 1994\n(Retired)\n7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days\n\n\n99\n\nLewis F. Powell Jr.\n(1907–1998)\nVA\n105 !Associate\nJustice\nBlack\n000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971\n(89–1)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nJune 26, 1987\n(Retired)\n7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nAZ\n106 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan II\n000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971\n(68–26)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days\n\n\n101\n\nJohn Paul Stevens\n(born 1920)\nIL\n107 !Associate\nJustice[n]\nDouglas\n000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975\n(98–0)\n000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975\n–\nJune 29, 2010\n(Retired)\n7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days\nGerald Ford\n\n\n102\n\nSandra Day O'Connor\n(born 1930)\nAZ\n108 !Associate\nJustice\nStewart\n000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981\n(99–0)\n000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981\n–\nJanuary 31, 2006\n(Retired)\n7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nVA\n016 !Chief\nJustice\nBurger\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(65–33)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nSeptember 3, 2005\n(Died)\n7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days\n\n\n103\n\nAntonin Scalia\n(1936–2016)\nVA\n109 !Associate\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(98–0)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nFebruary 13, 2016\n(Died)\n7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days\n\n\n104\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(born 1936)\nCA\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nPowell\n000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988\n(97–0)\n000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988\n–\nIncumbent\n7004109600000000000♠30 years, 2 days[o]\n\n\n105\n\nDavid Souter\n(born 1939)\nNH\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nBrennan\n000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990\n(90–9)\n000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990\n–\nJune 29, 2009\n(Retired)\n7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n106\n\nClarence Thomas\n(born 1948)\nGA\n111 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Marshall\n000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991\n(52–48)\n000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991\n–\nIncumbent\n7003961700000000000♠26 years, 120 days[o]\n\n\n107\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(born 1933)\nNY\n112 !Associate\nJustice\nB. White\n000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993\n(96–3)\n000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993\n–\nIncumbent\n7003896000000000000♠24 years, 194 days[o]\nBill Clinton\n\n\n108\n\nStephen Breyer\n(born 1938)\nMA\n113 !Associate\nJustice\nBlackmun\n000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994\n(87–9)\n000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994\n–\nIncumbent\n7003860200000000000♠23 years, 201 days[o]\n\n\n109\n\nJohn Roberts\n(born 1955)\nMD\n017 !Chief\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n(78–22)\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n–\nIncumbent\n7003452700000000000♠12 years, 144 days[o]\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n110\n\nSamuel Alito\n(born 1950)\nNJ\n115 !Associate\nJustice\nO'Connor\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n(58–42)\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n–\nIncumbent\n7003440300000000000♠12 years, 20 days[o]\n\n\n111\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(born 1954)\nNY\n116 !Associate\nJustice\nSouter\n000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009\n(68–31)\n000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009\n–\nIncumbent\n7003311800000000000♠8 years, 196 days[o]\nBarack Obama\n\n\n112\n\nElena Kagan\n(born 1960)\nMA\n117 !Associate\nJustice\nStevens\n000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010\n(63–37)\n000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010\n–\nIncumbent\n7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days[o]\n\n\n113\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(born 1967)\nCO\n118 !Associate\nJustice\nScalia\n000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017\n(54–45)\n000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017\n–\nIncumbent\n7002316000000000000♠316 days[o]\nDonald Trump\n\n\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length\nAppointed by\n",
"\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length[d]\nAppointed by\n\n\n1\n\nJohn Jay\n(1745–1829)\nNY\n001 !Chief\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789\n–\nJune 29, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days\nGeorge Washington\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n018 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790\n–\nMarch 4, 1791\n(Resigned)\n7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days\n\n\n3\n\nWilliam Cushing\n(1732–1810)\nMA\n019 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nSeptember 13, 1810\n(Died)\n7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days\n\n\n4\n\nJames Wilson\n(1742–1798)\nPA\n020 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789\n–\nAugust 21, 1798\n(Died)\n7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days\n\n\n5\n\nJohn Blair\n(1732–1800)\nVA\n021 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nOctober 25, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days\n\n\n6\n\nJames Iredell\n(1751–1799)\nNC\n022 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790\n–\nOctober 20, 1799\n(Died)\n7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days\n\n\n7\n\nThomas Johnson\n(1732–1819)\nMD\n023 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791\n(Acclamation)\n000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792[e]\n–\nJanuary 16, 1793\n(Resigned)\n7002163000000000000♠163 days\n\n\n8\n\nWilliam Paterson\n(1745–1806)\nNJ\n024 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Johnson\n000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793\n(Acclamation)\n000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793\n–\nSeptember 8, 1806\n(Died)\n7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n002 !Chief\nJustice\nJay\n000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795\n(10–14)[f]\n000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[e]\n–\nDecember 28, 1795\n(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)\n7002138000000000000♠138 days\n\n\n9\n\nSamuel Chase[g]\n(1741–1811)\nMD\n025 !Associate\nJustice\nBlair\n000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796\n(Acclamation)\n000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796\n–\nJune 19, 1811\n(Died)\n7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days\n\n\n10\n\nOliver Ellsworth\n(1745–1807)\nCT\n003 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796\n(21–1)\n000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796\n–\nDecember 15, 1800\n(Resigned)\n7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days\n\n\n11\n\nBushrod Washington\n(1762–1829)\nVA\n026 !Associate\nJustice\nWilson\n000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798\n(Acclamation)\n000000001798-11-09-0000November 9, 1798[e]\n–\nNovember 26, 1829\n(Died)\n7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days\nJohn Adams\n\n\n12\n\nAlfred Moore\n(1755–1810)\nNC\n027 !Associate\nJustice\nIredell\n000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799\n(Acclamation)\n000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800\n–\nJanuary 26, 1804\n(Resigned)\n7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days\n\n\n13\n\nJohn Marshall\n(1755–1835)\nVA\n004 !Chief\nJustice\nEllsworth\n000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801\n(Acclamation)\n000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801\n–\nJuly 6, 1835\n(died)\n7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days\n\n\n14\n\nWilliam Johnson\n(1771–1834)\nSC\n028 !Associate\nJustice\nMoore\n000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804\n(Acclamation)\n000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804\n–\nAugust 4, 1834\n(Died)\n7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days\nThomas Jefferson\n\n\n15\n\nHenry Brockholst Livingston\n(1757–1823)\nNY\n029 !Associate\nJustice\nPaterson\n000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807\n–\nMarch 18, 1823\n(Died)\n7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days\n\n\n16\n\nThomas Todd\n(1765–1826)\nKY\n030 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807\n–\nFebruary 7, 1826\n(Died)\n7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days\n\n\n17\n\nGabriel Duvall\n(1752–1844)\nMD\n031 !Associate\nJustice\nS. Chase\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811\n–\nJanuary 12, 1835\n(Resigned)\n7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days\nJames Madison\n\n\n18\n\nJoseph Story\n(1779–1845)\nMA\n032 !Associate\nJustice\nCushing\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812\n–\nSeptember 10, 1845\n(Died)\n7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days\n\n\n19\n\nSmith Thompson\n(1768–1843)\nNY\n033 !Associate\nJustice\nLivingston\n000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823\n(Acclamation)\n000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[e]\n–\nDecember 18, 1843\n(Died)\n7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days\nJames Monroe\n\n\n20\n\nRobert Trimble\n(1776–1828)\nKY\n034 !Associate\nJustice\nTodd\n000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826\n(25–5)\n000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826\n–\nAugust 25, 1828\n(Died)\n7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days\nJohn Quincy Adams\n\n\n21\n\nJohn McLean\n(1785–1861)\nOH\n035 !Associate\nJustice\nTrimble\n000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829\n(Acclamation)\n000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830\n–\nApril 4, 1861\n(Died)\n7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\n22\n\nHenry Baldwin\n(1780–1844)\nPA\n036 !Associate\nJustice\nWashington\n000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830\n(41–2)\n000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830\n–\nApril 21, 1844\n(Died)\n7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days\n\n\n23\n\nJames Moore Wayne\n(1790–1867)\nGA\n037 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Johnson\n000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835\n(Acclamation)\n000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835\n–\nJuly 5, 1867\n(Died)\n7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days\n\n\n24\n\nRoger B. Taney\n(1777–1864)\nMD\n005 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Marshall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(29–15)\n000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836\n–\nOctober 12, 1864\n(Died)\n7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days\n\n\n25\n\nPhilip Pendleton Barbour\n(1783–1841)\nVA\n038 !Associate\nJustice\nDuvall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(30–11)\n000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836\n–\nFebruary 25, 1841\n(Died)\n7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days\n\n\n26\n\nJohn Catron\n(1786–1865)\nTN\n039 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837\n(28–15)\n000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837\n–\nMay 30, 1865\n(Died)\n7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days\n\n\n27\n\nJohn McKinley\n(1780–1852)\nAL\n040 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837\n(Acclamation)\n000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838\n–\nJuly 19, 1852\n(Died)\n7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days\nMartin Van Buren\n\n\n28\n\nPeter Vivian Daniel\n(1784–1860)\nVA\n041 !Associate\nJustice\nBarbour\n000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841\n(25–5)\n000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842\n–\nMay 31, 1860\n(Died)\n7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days\n\n\n29\n\nSamuel Nelson\n(1792–1873)\nNY\n042 !Associate\nJustice\nThompson\n000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845\n–\nNovember 28, 1872\n(Retired)\n7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days\nJohn Tyler\n\n\n30\n\nLevi Woodbury\n(1789–1851)\nNH\n043 !Associate\nJustice\nStory\n000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845[e]\n–\nSeptember 4, 1851\n(Died)\n7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days\nJames K. Polk\n\n\n31\n\nRobert Cooper Grier\n(1794–1870)\nPA\n044 !Associate\nJustice\nBaldwin\n000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846\n–\nJanuary 31, 1870\n(Retired)\n7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days\n\n\n32\n\nBenjamin Robbins Curtis\n(1809–1874)\nMA\n045 !Associate\nJustice\nWoodbury\n000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851\n(Acclamation)\n000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851[e]\n–\nSeptember 30, 1857\n(Resigned)\n7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days\nMillard Fillmore\n\n\n33\n\nJohn Archibald Campbell\n(1811–1889)\nAL\n046 !Associate\nJustice\nMcKinley\n000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853\n(Acclamation)\n000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853\n–\nApril 30, 1861\n(Resigned)\n7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days\nFranklin Pierce\n\n\n34\n\nNathan Clifford\n(1803–1881)\nME\n047 !Associate\nJustice\nCurtis\n000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858\n(26–23)\n000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858\n–\nJuly 25, 1881\n(Died)\n7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days\nJames Buchanan\n\n\n35\n\nNoah Haynes Swayne\n(1804–1884)\nOH\n048 !Associate\nJustice\nMcLean\n000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862\n(38–1)\n000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862\n–\nJanuary 24, 1881\n(Retired)\n7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n\n36\n\nSamuel Freeman Miller\n(1816–1890)\nIA\n049 !Associate\nJustice\nDaniel\n000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862\n–\nOctober 13, 1890\n(Died)\n7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days\n\n\n37\n\nDavid Davis\n(1815–1886)\nIL\n050 !Associate\nJustice\nCampbell\n000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862[e]\n–\nMarch 4, 1877\n(Resigned)\n7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days\n\n\n38\n\nStephen Johnson Field\n(1816–1899)\nCA\n051 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863\n(Acclamation)\n000000001863-05-10-0000May 10, 1863\n–\nDecember 1, 1897\n(Retired)\n7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days\n\n\n39\n\nSalmon P. Chase\n(1808–1873)\nOH\n006 !Chief\nJustice\nTaney\n000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864\n(Acclamation)\n000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864\n–\nMay 7, 1873\n(Died)\n7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days\n\n\n40\n\nWilliam Strong\n(1808–1895)\nPA\n052 !Associate\nJustice\nGrier\n000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870\n(No vote recorded)\n000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870\n–\nDecember 14, 1880\n(Retired)\n7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days\nUlysses S. Grant\n\n\n41\n\nJoseph Philo Bradley\n(1813–1892)\nNJ\n053 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870\n(46–9)\n000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870\n–\nJanuary 22, 1892\n(Died)\n7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days\n\n\n42\n\nWard Hunt\n(1810–1886)\nNY\n054 !Associate\nJustice\nNelson\n000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872\n(Acclamation)\n000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873\n–\nJanuary 27, 1882\n(Retired)\n7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days\n\n\n43\n\nMorrison Waite\n(1816–1888)\nOH\n007 !Chief\nJustice\nS. P. Chase\n000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874\n(63–0)\n000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874\n–\nMarch 23, 1888\n(Died)\n7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days\n\n\n44\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan\n(1833–1911)\nKY\n055 !Associate\nJustice\nDavis\n000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877\n(Acclamation)\n000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877\n–\nOctober 14, 1911\n(Died)\n7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\n\n45\n\nWilliam Burnham Woods\n(1824–1887)\nGA\n056 !Associate\nJustice\nStrong\n000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880\n(39–8)\n000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881\n–\nMay 14, 1887\n(Died)\n7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days\n\n\n46\n\nStanley Matthews\n(1824–1889)\nOH\n057 !Associate\nJustice\nSwayne\n000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881\n(24–23)\n000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881\n–\nMarch 22, 1889\n(Died)\n7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days\nJames Garfield\n\n\n47\n\nHorace Gray\n(1828–1902)\nMA\n058 !Associate\nJustice\nClifford\n000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881\n(51–5)\n000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882\n–\nSeptember 15, 1902\n(Died)\n7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days\nChester A. Arthur\n\n\n48\n\nSamuel Blatchford\n(1820–1893)\nNY\n059 !Associate\nJustice\nHunt\n000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882\n(Acclamation)\n000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882\n–\nJuly 7, 1893\n(Died)\n7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days\n\n\n49\n\nLucius Quintus\nCincinnatus Lamar II\n(1825–1893)\nMS\n060 !Associate\nJustice\nWoods\n000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888\n(32–28)\n000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888\n–\nJanuary 23, 1893\n(Died)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n50\n\nMelville Fuller\n(1833–1910)\nIL\n008 !Chief\nJustice\nWaite\n000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888\n(41–20)\n000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888\n–\nJuly 4, 1910\n(Died)\n7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days\n\n\n51\n\nDavid Josiah Brewer\n(1837–1910)\nKS\n061 !Associate\nJustice\nMatthews\n000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889\n(53–11)\n000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890\n–\nMarch 28, 1910\n(Died)\n7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days\nBenjamin Harrison\n\n\n52\n\nHenry Billings Brown\n(1836–1913)\nMI\n062 !Associate\nJustice\nMiller\n000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890\n(Acclamation)\n000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891\n–\nMay 28, 1906\n(Retired)\n7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days\n\n\n53\n\nGeorge Shiras, Jr.\n(1832–1924)\nPA\n063 !Associate\nJustice\nBradley\n000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892\n(Acclamation)\n000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892\n–\nFebruary 23, 1903\n(Retired)\n7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days\n\n\n54\n\nHowell Edmunds Jackson\n(1832–1895)\nTN\n064 !Associate\nJustice\nL. Lamar\n000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893\n(Acclamation)\n000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893\n–\nAugust 8, 1895\n(Died)\n7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n065 !Associate\nJustice\nBlatchford\n000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894\n(Acclamation)\n000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894\n–\nDecember 18, 1910\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n56\n\nRufus Wheeler Peckham\n(1838–1909)\nNY\n066 !Associate\nJustice\nH. Jackson\n000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895\n(Acclamation)\n000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896\n–\nOctober 24, 1909\n(Died)\n7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days\n\n\n57\n\nJoseph McKenna\n(1843–1926)\nCA\n067 !Associate\nJustice[h]\nField\n000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898\n(Acclamation)\n000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898\n–\nJanuary 5, 1925\n(Retired)\n7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days\nWilliam McKinley\n\n\n58\n\nOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.\n(1841–1935)\nMA\n068 !Associate\nJustice[i]\nGray\n000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902\n(Acclamation)\n000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902\n–\nJanuary 12, 1932\n(Retired)\n7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days\nTheodore Roosevelt\n\n\n59\n\nWilliam R. Day\n(1849–1923)\nOH\n069 !Associate\nJustice\nShiras\n000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903\n(Acclamation)\n000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903\n–\nNovember 13, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days\n\n\n60\n\nWilliam Henry Moody\n(1853–1917)\nMA\n070 !Associate\nJustice\nBrown\n000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906\n(Acclamation)\n000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906\n–\nNovember 20, 1910\n(Retired)\n7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days\n\n\n61\n\nHorace Harmon Lurton\n(1844–1914)\nTN\n071 !Associate\nJustice\nPeckham\n000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910\n–\nJuly 12, 1914\n(Died)\n7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days\nWilliam Howard Taft\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n072 !Associate\nJustice\nBrewer\n000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910\n–\nJune 10, 1916\n(Resigned)\n7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n009 !Chief\nJustice\nFuller\n000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910\n–\nMay 19, 1921\n(Died)\n7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days\n\n\n63\n\nWillis Van Devanter\n(1859–1941)\nWY\n073 !Associate\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJune 2, 1937\n(Retired)\n7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days\n\n\n64\n\nJoseph Rucker Lamar\n(1857–1916)\nGA\n074 !Associate\nJustice\nMoody\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJanuary 2, 1916\n(Died)\n7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days\n\n\n65\n\nMahlon Pitney\n(1858–1924)\nNJ\n075 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan\n000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912\n(50–26)\n000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912\n–\nDecember 31, 1922\n(Resigned)\n7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days\n\n\n66\n\nJames Clark McReynolds\n(1862–1946)\nTN\n076 !Associate\nJustice\nLurton\n000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914\n(44–6)\n000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914\n–\nJanuary 31, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n\n67\n\nLouis Brandeis\n(1856–1941)\nKY\n077 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Lamar\n000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916\n(47–22)\n000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916\n–\nFebruary 13, 1939\n(Retired)\n7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days\n\n\n68\n\nJohn Hessin Clarke\n(1857–1945)\nOH\n078 !Associate\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916\n(Acclamation)\n000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916\n–\nSeptember 18, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days\n\n\n69\n\nWilliam Howard Taft\n(1857–1930)\nCT\n010 !Chief\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921\n(Acclamation)\n000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921\n–\nFebruary 3, 1930\n(Retired)\n7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days\nWarren G. Harding\n\n\n70\n\nGeorge Sutherland\n(1862–1942)\nUT\n080 !Associate\nJustice\nClarke\n000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922\n(Acclamation)\n000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922\n–\nJanuary 17, 1938\n(Retired)\n7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days\n\n\n71\n\nPierce Butler\n(1866–1939)\nMN\n081 !Associate\nJustice\nDay\n000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922\n(61–8)\n000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923\n–\nNovember 16, 1939\n(Died)\n7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days\n\n\n72\n\nEdward Terry Sanford\n(1865–1930)\nTN\n082 !Associate\nJustice\nPitney\n000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923\n(Acclamation)\n000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923\n–\nMarch 8, 1930\n(Died)\n7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n083 !Associate\nJustice[k]\nMcKenna\n000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925\n(71–6)\n000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925\n–\nJuly 2, 1941\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days\nCalvin Coolidge\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n011 !Chief\nJustice\nTaft\n000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930\n(52–26)\n000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930\n–\nJune 30, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days\nHerbert Hoover\n\n\n74\n\nOwen Josephus Roberts\n(1875–1955)\nPA\n084 !Associate\nJustice\nSanford\n000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930\n(Acclamation)\n000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930\n–\nJuly 31, 1945\n(Resigned)\n7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days\n\n\n75\n\nBenjamin N. Cardozo\n(1870–1938)\nNY\n085 !Associate\nJustice\nHolmes\n000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932\n(Acclamation)\n000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932\n–\nJuly 9, 1938\n(Died)\n7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days\n\n\n76\n\nHugo Black\n(1886–1971)\nAL\n086 !Associate\nJustice[l]\nVan Devanter\n000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937\n(63–16)\n000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937\n–\nSeptember 17, 1971\n(Retired)\n7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n\n77\n\nStanley Forman Reed\n(1884–1980)\nKY\n087 !Associate\nJustice\nSutherland\n000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938\n(Acclamation)\n000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938\n–\nFebruary 25, 1957\n(Retired)\n7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days\n\n\n78\n\nFelix Frankfurter\n(1882–1965)\nMA\n088 !Associate\nJustice\nCardozo\n000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939\n(Acclamation)\n000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939\n–\nAugust 28, 1962\n(Retired)\n7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days\n\n\n79\n\nWilliam O. Douglas\n(1898–1980)\nCT\n089 !Associate\nJustice\nBrandeis\n000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939\n(62–4)\n000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939\n–\nNovember 12, 1975\n(Retired)\n7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days\n\n\n80\n\nFrank Murphy\n(1890–1949)\nMI\n090 !Associate\nJustice\nButler\n000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940\n(Acclamation)\n000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940\n–\nJuly 19, 1949\n(Died)\n7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n012 !Chief\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941\n–\nApril 22, 1946\n(Died)\n7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days\n\n\n81\n\nJames F. Byrnes\n(1882–1972)\nSC\n091 !Associate\nJustice\nMcReynolds\n000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941\n–\nOctober 3, 1942\n(Resigned)\n7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days\n\n\n82\n\nRobert H. Jackson\n(1892–1954)\nNY\n092 !Associate\nJustice\nStone\n000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941\n–\nOctober 9, 1954\n(Died)\n7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days\n\n\n83\n\nWiley Blount Rutledge\n(1894–1949)\nIA\n093 !Associate\nJustice\nByrnes\n000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943\n(Acclamation)\n000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943\n–\nSeptember 10, 1949\n(Died)\n7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days\n\n\n84\n\nHarold Hitz Burton\n(1888–1964)\nOH\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nO. Roberts\n000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945\n(Acclamation)\n000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945\n–\nOctober 13, 1958\n(Retired)\n7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days\nHarry S. Truman\n\n\n85\n\nFred M. Vinson\n(1890–1953)\nKY\n013 !Chief\nJustice\nStone\n000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946\n(Acclamation)\n000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946\n–\nSeptember 8, 1953\n(Died)\n7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days\n\n\n86\n\nTom C. Clark\n(1899–1977)\nTX\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nMurphy\n000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949\n(73–8)\n000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949\n–\nJune 12, 1967\n(Retired)\n7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days\n\n\n87\n\nSherman Minton\n(1890–1965)\nIN\n095 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Rutledge\n000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949\n(48–16)\n000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949\n–\nOctober 15, 1956\n(Retired)\n7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days\n\n\n88\n\nEarl Warren\n(1891–1974)\nCA\n014 !Chief\nJustice\nVinson\n000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954\n(Acclamation)\n000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[e]\n–\nJune 23, 1969\n(Retired)\n7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n\n89\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan II\n(1899–1971)\nNY\n096 !Associate\nJustice\nR. Jackson\n000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955\n(71–11)\n000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955\n–\nSeptember 23, 1971\n(Retired)\n7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days\n\n\n90\n\nWilliam J. Brennan\n(1906–1997)\nNJ\n097 !Associate\nJustice\nMinton\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956[e]\n–\nJuly 20, 1990\n(Retired)\n7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days\n\n\n91\n\nCharles Evans Whittaker\n(1901–1973)\nMO\n098 !Associate\nJustice\nReed\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957\n–\nMarch 31, 1962\n(Resigned)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days\n\n\n92\n\nPotter Stewart\n(1915–1985)\nOH\n099 !Associate\nJustice\nBurton\n000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959\n(70–17)\n000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[e]\n–\nJuly 3, 1981\n(Retired)\n7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days\n\n\n93\n\nByron White\n(1917–2002)\nCO\n100 !Associate\nJustice\nWhittaker\n000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962\n–\nJune 28, 1993\n(Retired)\n7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days\nJohn F. Kennedy\n\n\n94\n\nArthur Goldberg\n(1908–1990)\nIL\n101 !Associate\nJustice\nFrankfurter\n000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962\n–\nJuly 25, 1965\n(Resigned)\n7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days\n\n\n95\n\nAbe Fortas\n(1910–1982)\nTN\n102 !Associate\nJustice\nGoldberg\n000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965\n(Acclamation)\n000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965\n–\nMay 14, 1969\n(Resigned)\n7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\n96\n\nThurgood Marshall\n(1908–1993)\nNY\n103 !Associate\nJustice\nClark\n000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967\n(69–11)\n000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967\n–\nOctober 1, 1991\n(Retired)\n7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days\n\n\n97\n\nWarren E. Burger\n(1907–1995)\nVA\n015 !Chief\nJustice\nWarren\n000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969\n(74–3)\n000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Retired)\n7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n98\n\nHarry Blackmun\n(1908–1999)\nMN\n104 !Associate\nJustice\nFortas\n000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970\n(94–0)\n000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970\n–\nAugust 3, 1994\n(Retired)\n7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days\n\n\n99\n\nLewis F. Powell Jr.\n(1907–1998)\nVA\n105 !Associate\nJustice\nBlack\n000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971\n(89–1)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nJune 26, 1987\n(Retired)\n7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nAZ\n106 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan II\n000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971\n(68–26)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days\n\n\n101\n\nJohn Paul Stevens\n(born 1920)\nIL\n107 !Associate\nJustice[n]\nDouglas\n000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975\n(98–0)\n000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975\n–\nJune 29, 2010\n(Retired)\n7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days\nGerald Ford\n\n\n102\n\nSandra Day O'Connor\n(born 1930)\nAZ\n108 !Associate\nJustice\nStewart\n000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981\n(99–0)\n000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981\n–\nJanuary 31, 2006\n(Retired)\n7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nVA\n016 !Chief\nJustice\nBurger\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(65–33)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nSeptember 3, 2005\n(Died)\n7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days\n\n\n103\n\nAntonin Scalia\n(1936–2016)\nVA\n109 !Associate\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(98–0)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nFebruary 13, 2016\n(Died)\n7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days\n\n\n104\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(born 1936)\nCA\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nPowell\n000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988\n(97–0)\n000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988\n–\nIncumbent\n7004109600000000000♠30 years, 2 days[o]\n\n\n105\n\nDavid Souter\n(born 1939)\nNH\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nBrennan\n000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990\n(90–9)\n000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990\n–\nJune 29, 2009\n(Retired)\n7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n106\n\nClarence Thomas\n(born 1948)\nGA\n111 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Marshall\n000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991\n(52–48)\n000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991\n–\nIncumbent\n7003961700000000000♠26 years, 120 days[o]\n\n\n107\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(born 1933)\nNY\n112 !Associate\nJustice\nB. White\n000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993\n(96–3)\n000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993\n–\nIncumbent\n7003896000000000000♠24 years, 194 days[o]\nBill Clinton\n\n\n108\n\nStephen Breyer\n(born 1938)\nMA\n113 !Associate\nJustice\nBlackmun\n000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994\n(87–9)\n000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994\n–\nIncumbent\n7003860200000000000♠23 years, 201 days[o]\n\n\n109\n\nJohn Roberts\n(born 1955)\nMD\n017 !Chief\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n(78–22)\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n–\nIncumbent\n7003452700000000000♠12 years, 144 days[o]\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n110\n\nSamuel Alito\n(born 1950)\nNJ\n115 !Associate\nJustice\nO'Connor\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n(58–42)\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n–\nIncumbent\n7003440300000000000♠12 years, 20 days[o]\n\n\n111\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(born 1954)\nNY\n116 !Associate\nJustice\nSouter\n000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009\n(68–31)\n000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009\n–\nIncumbent\n7003311800000000000♠8 years, 196 days[o]\nBarack Obama\n\n\n112\n\nElena Kagan\n(born 1960)\nMA\n117 !Associate\nJustice\nStevens\n000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010\n(63–37)\n000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010\n–\nIncumbent\n7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days[o]\n\n\n113\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(born 1967)\nCO\n118 !Associate\nJustice\nScalia\n000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017\n(54–45)\n000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017\n–\nIncumbent\n7002316000000000000♠316 days[o]\nDonald Trump\n\n\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length\nAppointed by\n",
"\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length[d]\nAppointed by\n\n\n1\n\nJohn Jay\n(1745–1829)\nNY\n001 !Chief\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-19-0000October 19, 1789\n–\nJune 29, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003207900000000000♠5 years, 253 days\nGeorge Washington\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n018 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-15-0000February 15, 1790\n–\nMarch 4, 1791\n(Resigned)\n7002382000000000000♠1 year, 17 days\n\n\n3\n\nWilliam Cushing\n(1732–1810)\nMA\n019 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nSeptember 13, 1810\n(Died)\n7003752700000000000♠20 years, 223 days\n\n\n4\n\nJames Wilson\n(1742–1798)\nPA\n020 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001789-10-05-0000October 5, 1789\n–\nAugust 21, 1798\n(Died)\n7003324200000000000♠8 years, 320 days\n\n\n5\n\nJohn Blair\n(1732–1800)\nVA\n021 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001789-09-26-0000September 26, 1789\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-02-02-0000February 2, 1790\n–\nOctober 25, 1795\n(Resigned)\n7003209100000000000♠5 years, 265 days\n\n\n6\n\nJames Iredell\n(1751–1799)\nNC\n022 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001790-02-10-0000February 10, 1790\n(Acclamation)\n000000001790-05-12-0000May 12, 1790\n–\nOctober 20, 1799\n(Died)\n7003344800000000000♠9 years, 161 days\n\n\n7\n\nThomas Johnson\n(1732–1819)\nMD\n023 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001791-11-07-0000November 7, 1791\n(Acclamation)\n000000001792-08-06-0000August 6, 1792[e]\n–\nJanuary 16, 1793\n(Resigned)\n7002163000000000000♠163 days\n\n\n8\n\nWilliam Paterson\n(1745–1806)\nNJ\n024 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Johnson\n000000001793-03-04-0000March 4, 1793\n(Acclamation)\n000000001793-03-11-0000March 11, 1793\n–\nSeptember 8, 1806\n(Died)\n7003492800000000000♠13 years, 181 days\n\n\n2\n\nJohn Rutledge\n(1739–1800)\nSC\n002 !Chief\nJustice\nJay\n000000001795-12-15-0000December 15, 1795\n(10–14)[f]\n000000001795-08-12-0000August 12, 1795[e]\n–\nDecember 28, 1795\n(Resigned, nomination having been rejected)\n7002138000000000000♠138 days\n\n\n9\n\nSamuel Chase[g]\n(1741–1811)\nMD\n025 !Associate\nJustice\nBlair\n000000001796-01-27-0000January 27, 1796\n(Acclamation)\n000000001796-02-04-0000February 4, 1796\n–\nJune 19, 1811\n(Died)\n7003561300000000000♠15 years, 135 days\n\n\n10\n\nOliver Ellsworth\n(1745–1807)\nCT\n003 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Rutledge\n000000001796-03-04-0000March 4, 1796\n(21–1)\n000000001796-03-08-0000March 8, 1796\n–\nDecember 15, 1800\n(Resigned)\n7003174200000000000♠4 years, 282 days\n\n\n11\n\nBushrod Washington\n(1762–1829)\nVA\n026 !Associate\nJustice\nWilson\n000000001798-12-20-0000December 20, 1798\n(Acclamation)\n000000001798-11-09-0000November 9, 1798[e]\n–\nNovember 26, 1829\n(Died)\n7004113390000000000♠31 years, 17 days\nJohn Adams\n\n\n12\n\nAlfred Moore\n(1755–1810)\nNC\n027 !Associate\nJustice\nIredell\n000000001799-12-09-0000December 9, 1799\n(Acclamation)\n000000001800-04-21-0000April 21, 1800\n–\nJanuary 26, 1804\n(Resigned)\n7003137500000000000♠3 years, 280 days\n\n\n13\n\nJohn Marshall\n(1755–1835)\nVA\n004 !Chief\nJustice\nEllsworth\n000000001801-01-27-0000January 27, 1801\n(Acclamation)\n000000001801-02-04-0000February 4, 1801\n–\nJuly 6, 1835\n(died)\n7004125700000000000♠34 years, 152 days\n\n\n14\n\nWilliam Johnson\n(1771–1834)\nSC\n028 !Associate\nJustice\nMoore\n000000001804-03-24-0000March 24, 1804\n(Acclamation)\n000000001804-05-07-0000May 7, 1804\n–\nAugust 4, 1834\n(Died)\n7004110460000000000♠30 years, 89 days\nThomas Jefferson\n\n\n15\n\nHenry Brockholst Livingston\n(1757–1823)\nNY\n029 !Associate\nJustice\nPaterson\n000000001806-12-17-0000December 17, 1806\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-01-20-0000January 20, 1807\n–\nMarch 18, 1823\n(Died)\n7003590100000000000♠16 years, 57 days\n\n\n16\n\nThomas Todd\n(1765–1826)\nKY\n030 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001807-03-02-0000March 2, 1807\n(Acclamation)\n000000001807-03-03-0000March 3, 1807\n–\nFebruary 7, 1826\n(Died)\n7003691600000000000♠18 years, 341 days\n\n\n17\n\nGabriel Duvall\n(1752–1844)\nMD\n031 !Associate\nJustice\nS. Chase\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001811-11-23-0000November 23, 1811\n–\nJanuary 12, 1835\n(Resigned)\n7003845100000000000♠23 years, 50 days\nJames Madison\n\n\n18\n\nJoseph Story\n(1779–1845)\nMA\n032 !Associate\nJustice\nCushing\n000000001811-11-18-0000November 18, 1811\n(Acclamation)\n000000001812-02-03-0000February 3, 1812\n–\nSeptember 10, 1845\n(Died)\n7004122730000000000♠33 years, 219 days\n\n\n19\n\nSmith Thompson\n(1768–1843)\nNY\n033 !Associate\nJustice\nLivingston\n000000001823-12-09-0000December 9, 1823\n(Acclamation)\n000000001823-09-01-0000September 1, 1823[e]\n–\nDecember 18, 1843\n(Died)\n7003741300000000000♠20 years, 108 days\nJames Monroe\n\n\n20\n\nRobert Trimble\n(1776–1828)\nKY\n034 !Associate\nJustice\nTodd\n000000001826-05-09-0000May 9, 1826\n(25–5)\n000000001826-06-16-0000June 16, 1826\n–\nAugust 25, 1828\n(Died)\n7002801000000000000♠2 years, 70 days\nJohn Quincy Adams\n\n\n21\n\nJohn McLean\n(1785–1861)\nOH\n035 !Associate\nJustice\nTrimble\n000000001829-03-07-0000March 7, 1829\n(Acclamation)\n000000001830-01-11-0000January 11, 1830\n–\nApril 4, 1861\n(Died)\n7004114060000000000♠31 years, 83 days\nAndrew Jackson\n\n\n22\n\nHenry Baldwin\n(1780–1844)\nPA\n036 !Associate\nJustice\nWashington\n000000001830-01-06-0000January 6, 1830\n(41–2)\n000000001830-01-18-0000January 18, 1830\n–\nApril 21, 1844\n(Died)\n7003520700000000000♠14 years, 94 days\n\n\n23\n\nJames Moore Wayne\n(1790–1867)\nGA\n037 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Johnson\n000000001835-01-09-0000January 9, 1835\n(Acclamation)\n000000001835-01-14-0000January 14, 1835\n–\nJuly 5, 1867\n(Died)\n7004118600000000000♠32 years, 172 days\n\n\n24\n\nRoger B. Taney\n(1777–1864)\nMD\n005 !Chief\nJustice\nJ. Marshall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(29–15)\n000000001836-03-28-0000March 28, 1836\n–\nOctober 12, 1864\n(Died)\n7004104250000000000♠28 years, 198 days\n\n\n25\n\nPhilip Pendleton Barbour\n(1783–1841)\nVA\n038 !Associate\nJustice\nDuvall\n000000001836-03-15-0000March 15, 1836\n(30–11)\n000000001836-05-12-0000May 12, 1836\n–\nFebruary 25, 1841\n(Died)\n7003175000000000000♠4 years, 289 days\n\n\n26\n\nJohn Catron\n(1786–1865)\nTN\n039 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-03-08-0000March 8, 1837\n(28–15)\n000000001837-05-01-0000May 1, 1837\n–\nMay 30, 1865\n(Died)\n7004102560000000000♠28 years, 29 days\n\n\n27\n\nJohn McKinley\n(1780–1852)\nAL\n040 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001837-09-25-0000September 25, 1837\n(Acclamation)\n000000001838-01-09-0000January 9, 1838\n–\nJuly 19, 1852\n(Died)\n7003530500000000000♠14 years, 192 days\nMartin Van Buren\n\n\n28\n\nPeter Vivian Daniel\n(1784–1860)\nVA\n041 !Associate\nJustice\nBarbour\n000000001841-03-02-0000March 2, 1841\n(25–5)\n000000001842-01-10-0000January 10, 1842\n–\nMay 31, 1860\n(Died)\n7003671600000000000♠18 years, 142 days\n\n\n29\n\nSamuel Nelson\n(1792–1873)\nNY\n042 !Associate\nJustice\nThompson\n000000001845-02-14-0000February 14, 1845\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-02-27-0000February 27, 1845\n–\nNovember 28, 1872\n(Retired)\n7004101360000000000♠27 years, 275 days\nJohn Tyler\n\n\n30\n\nLevi Woodbury\n(1789–1851)\nNH\n043 !Associate\nJustice\nStory\n000000001846-01-31-0000January 31, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001845-09-23-0000September 23, 1845[e]\n–\nSeptember 4, 1851\n(Died)\n7003217200000000000♠5 years, 346 days\nJames K. Polk\n\n\n31\n\nRobert Cooper Grier\n(1794–1870)\nPA\n044 !Associate\nJustice\nBaldwin\n000000001846-08-04-0000August 4, 1846\n(Acclamation)\n000000001846-08-10-0000August 10, 1846\n–\nJanuary 31, 1870\n(Retired)\n7003857500000000000♠23 years, 174 days\n\n\n32\n\nBenjamin Robbins Curtis\n(1809–1874)\nMA\n045 !Associate\nJustice\nWoodbury\n000000001851-12-20-0000December 20, 1851\n(Acclamation)\n000000001851-10-10-0000October 10, 1851[e]\n–\nSeptember 30, 1857\n(Resigned)\n7003218200000000000♠5 years, 355 days\nMillard Fillmore\n\n\n33\n\nJohn Archibald Campbell\n(1811–1889)\nAL\n046 !Associate\nJustice\nMcKinley\n000000001853-03-22-0000March 22, 1853\n(Acclamation)\n000000001853-04-11-0000April 11, 1853\n–\nApril 30, 1861\n(Resigned)\n7003294100000000000♠8 years, 19 days\nFranklin Pierce\n\n\n34\n\nNathan Clifford\n(1803–1881)\nME\n047 !Associate\nJustice\nCurtis\n000000001858-01-12-0000January 12, 1858\n(26–23)\n000000001858-01-21-0000January 21, 1858\n–\nJuly 25, 1881\n(Died)\n7003858600000000000♠23 years, 185 days\nJames Buchanan\n\n\n35\n\nNoah Haynes Swayne\n(1804–1884)\nOH\n048 !Associate\nJustice\nMcLean\n000000001862-01-24-0000January 24, 1862\n(38–1)\n000000001862-01-27-0000January 27, 1862\n–\nJanuary 24, 1881\n(Retired)\n7003693700000000000♠18 years, 363 days\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n\n36\n\nSamuel Freeman Miller\n(1816–1890)\nIA\n049 !Associate\nJustice\nDaniel\n000000001862-07-16-0000July 16, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-07-21-0000July 21, 1862\n–\nOctober 13, 1890\n(Died)\n7004103110000000000♠28 years, 84 days\n\n\n37\n\nDavid Davis\n(1815–1886)\nIL\n050 !Associate\nJustice\nCampbell\n000000001862-12-08-0000December 8, 1862\n(Acclamation)\n000000001862-12-10-0000December 10, 1862[e]\n–\nMarch 4, 1877\n(Resigned)\n7003519800000000000♠14 years, 84 days\n\n\n38\n\nStephen Johnson Field\n(1816–1899)\nCA\n051 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001863-03-10-0000March 10, 1863\n(Acclamation)\n000000001863-05-10-0000May 10, 1863\n–\nDecember 1, 1897\n(Retired)\n7004126240000000000♠34 years, 205 days\n\n\n39\n\nSalmon P. Chase\n(1808–1873)\nOH\n006 !Chief\nJustice\nTaney\n000000001864-12-06-0000December 6, 1864\n(Acclamation)\n000000001864-12-15-0000December 15, 1864\n–\nMay 7, 1873\n(Died)\n7003306500000000000♠8 years, 143 days\n\n\n40\n\nWilliam Strong\n(1808–1895)\nPA\n052 !Associate\nJustice\nGrier\n000000001870-02-18-0000February 18, 1870\n(No vote recorded)\n000000001870-03-14-0000March 14, 1870\n–\nDecember 14, 1880\n(Retired)\n7003392800000000000♠10 years, 275 days\nUlysses S. Grant\n\n\n41\n\nJoseph Philo Bradley\n(1813–1892)\nNJ\n053 !Associate\nJustice\nNew seat\n000000001870-03-21-0000March 21, 1870\n(46–9)\n000000001870-03-23-0000March 23, 1870\n–\nJanuary 22, 1892\n(Died)\n7003797500000000000♠21 years, 305 days\n\n\n42\n\nWard Hunt\n(1810–1886)\nNY\n054 !Associate\nJustice\nNelson\n000000001872-12-11-0000December 11, 1872\n(Acclamation)\n000000001873-01-09-0000January 9, 1873\n–\nJanuary 27, 1882\n(Retired)\n7003330500000000000♠9 years, 18 days\n\n\n43\n\nMorrison Waite\n(1816–1888)\nOH\n007 !Chief\nJustice\nS. P. Chase\n000000001874-01-21-0000January 21, 1874\n(63–0)\n000000001874-03-04-0000March 4, 1874\n–\nMarch 23, 1888\n(Died)\n7003513300000000000♠14 years, 19 days\n\n\n44\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan\n(1833–1911)\nKY\n055 !Associate\nJustice\nDavis\n000000001877-11-29-0000November 29, 1877\n(Acclamation)\n000000001877-12-10-0000December 10, 1877\n–\nOctober 14, 1911\n(Died)\n7004123600000000000♠33 years, 308 days\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\n\n45\n\nWilliam Burnham Woods\n(1824–1887)\nGA\n056 !Associate\nJustice\nStrong\n000000001880-12-21-0000December 21, 1880\n(39–8)\n000000001881-01-05-0000January 5, 1881\n–\nMay 14, 1887\n(Died)\n7003232000000000000♠6 years, 129 days\n\n\n46\n\nStanley Matthews\n(1824–1889)\nOH\n057 !Associate\nJustice\nSwayne\n000000001881-05-12-0000May 12, 1881\n(24–23)\n000000001881-05-17-0000May 17, 1881\n–\nMarch 22, 1889\n(Died)\n7003286600000000000♠7 years, 309 days\nJames Garfield\n\n\n47\n\nHorace Gray\n(1828–1902)\nMA\n058 !Associate\nJustice\nClifford\n000000001881-12-20-0000December 20, 1881\n(51–5)\n000000001882-01-09-0000January 9, 1882\n–\nSeptember 15, 1902\n(Died)\n7003755300000000000♠20 years, 249 days\nChester A. Arthur\n\n\n48\n\nSamuel Blatchford\n(1820–1893)\nNY\n059 !Associate\nJustice\nHunt\n000000001882-03-22-0000March 22, 1882\n(Acclamation)\n000000001882-04-03-0000April 3, 1882\n–\nJuly 7, 1893\n(Died)\n7003411300000000000♠11 years, 95 days\n\n\n49\n\nLucius Quintus\nCincinnatus Lamar II\n(1825–1893)\nMS\n060 !Associate\nJustice\nWoods\n000000001888-01-16-0000January 16, 1888\n(32–28)\n000000001888-01-18-0000January 18, 1888\n–\nJanuary 23, 1893\n(Died)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 5 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n50\n\nMelville Fuller\n(1833–1910)\nIL\n008 !Chief\nJustice\nWaite\n000000001888-07-20-0000July 20, 1888\n(41–20)\n000000001888-10-08-0000October 8, 1888\n–\nJuly 4, 1910\n(Died)\n7003793800000000000♠21 years, 269 days\n\n\n51\n\nDavid Josiah Brewer\n(1837–1910)\nKS\n061 !Associate\nJustice\nMatthews\n000000001889-12-18-0000December 18, 1889\n(53–11)\n000000001890-01-06-0000January 6, 1890\n–\nMarch 28, 1910\n(Died)\n7003738500000000000♠20 years, 81 days\nBenjamin Harrison\n\n\n52\n\nHenry Billings Brown\n(1836–1913)\nMI\n062 !Associate\nJustice\nMiller\n000000001890-12-29-0000December 29, 1890\n(Acclamation)\n000000001891-01-05-0000January 5, 1891\n–\nMay 28, 1906\n(Retired)\n7003598600000000000♠16 years, 143 days\n\n\n53\n\nGeorge Shiras, Jr.\n(1832–1924)\nPA\n063 !Associate\nJustice\nBradley\n000000001892-07-26-0000July 26, 1892\n(Acclamation)\n000000001892-10-10-0000October 10, 1892\n–\nFebruary 23, 1903\n(Retired)\n7003378700000000000♠10 years, 136 days\n\n\n54\n\nHowell Edmunds Jackson\n(1832–1895)\nTN\n064 !Associate\nJustice\nL. Lamar\n000000001893-02-18-0000February 18, 1893\n(Acclamation)\n000000001893-03-04-0000March 4, 1893\n–\nAugust 8, 1895\n(Died)\n7002887000000000000♠2 years, 157 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n065 !Associate\nJustice\nBlatchford\n000000001894-02-19-0000February 19, 1894\n(Acclamation)\n000000001894-03-12-0000March 12, 1894\n–\nDecember 18, 1910\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003612400000000000♠16 years, 281 days\nGrover Cleveland\n\n\n56\n\nRufus Wheeler Peckham\n(1838–1909)\nNY\n066 !Associate\nJustice\nH. Jackson\n000000001895-12-09-0000December 9, 1895\n(Acclamation)\n000000001896-01-06-0000January 6, 1896\n–\nOctober 24, 1909\n(Died)\n7003503900000000000♠13 years, 291 days\n\n\n57\n\nJoseph McKenna\n(1843–1926)\nCA\n067 !Associate\nJustice[h]\nField\n000000001898-01-21-0000January 21, 1898\n(Acclamation)\n000000001898-01-26-0000January 26, 1898\n–\nJanuary 5, 1925\n(Retired)\n7003984000000000000♠26 years, 345 days\nWilliam McKinley\n\n\n58\n\nOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.\n(1841–1935)\nMA\n068 !Associate\nJustice[i]\nGray\n000000001902-12-04-0000December 4, 1902\n(Acclamation)\n000000001902-12-08-0000December 8, 1902\n–\nJanuary 12, 1932\n(Retired)\n7004106270000000000♠29 years, 35 days\nTheodore Roosevelt\n\n\n59\n\nWilliam R. Day\n(1849–1923)\nOH\n069 !Associate\nJustice\nShiras\n000000001903-02-23-0000February 23, 1903\n(Acclamation)\n000000001903-03-02-0000March 2, 1903\n–\nNovember 13, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003719600000000000♠19 years, 256 days\n\n\n60\n\nWilliam Henry Moody\n(1853–1917)\nMA\n070 !Associate\nJustice\nBrown\n000000001906-12-12-0000December 12, 1906\n(Acclamation)\n000000001906-12-17-0000December 17, 1906\n–\nNovember 20, 1910\n(Retired)\n7003143400000000000♠3 years, 338 days\n\n\n61\n\nHorace Harmon Lurton\n(1844–1914)\nTN\n071 !Associate\nJustice\nPeckham\n000000001909-12-20-0000December 20, 1909\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-01-03-0000January 3, 1910\n–\nJuly 12, 1914\n(Died)\n7003166500000000000♠4 years, 204 days\nWilliam Howard Taft\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n072 !Associate\nJustice\nBrewer\n000000001910-05-02-0000May 2, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-10-10-0000October 10, 1910\n–\nJune 10, 1916\n(Resigned)\n7003207000000000000♠5 years, 244 days\n\n\n55\n\nEdward Douglass White\n(1845–1921)\nLA\n009 !Chief\nJustice\nFuller\n000000001910-12-12-0000December 12, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001910-12-19-0000December 19, 1910\n–\nMay 19, 1921\n(Died)\n7003380400000000000♠10 years, 151 days\n\n\n63\n\nWillis Van Devanter\n(1859–1941)\nWY\n073 !Associate\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJune 2, 1937\n(Retired)\n7003964700000000000♠26 years, 150 days\n\n\n64\n\nJoseph Rucker Lamar\n(1857–1916)\nGA\n074 !Associate\nJustice\nMoody\n000000001910-12-15-0000December 15, 1910\n(Acclamation)\n000000001911-01-03-0000January 3, 1911[j]\n–\nJanuary 2, 1916\n(Died)\n7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days\n\n\n65\n\nMahlon Pitney\n(1858–1924)\nNJ\n075 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan\n000000001912-03-13-0000March 13, 1912\n(50–26)\n000000001912-03-18-0000March 18, 1912\n–\nDecember 31, 1922\n(Resigned)\n7003394000000000000♠10 years, 288 days\n\n\n66\n\nJames Clark McReynolds\n(1862–1946)\nTN\n076 !Associate\nJustice\nLurton\n000000001914-08-29-0000August 29, 1914\n(44–6)\n000000001914-10-12-0000October 12, 1914\n–\nJanuary 31, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003960800000000000♠26 years, 111 days\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n\n67\n\nLouis Brandeis\n(1856–1941)\nKY\n077 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Lamar\n000000001916-06-01-0000June 1, 1916\n(47–22)\n000000001916-06-05-0000June 5, 1916\n–\nFebruary 13, 1939\n(Retired)\n7003828800000000000♠22 years, 253 days\n\n\n68\n\nJohn Hessin Clarke\n(1857–1945)\nOH\n078 !Associate\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001916-07-24-0000July 24, 1916\n(Acclamation)\n000000001916-10-09-0000October 9, 1916\n–\nSeptember 18, 1922\n(Retired)\n7003217000000000000♠5 years, 344 days\n\n\n69\n\nWilliam Howard Taft\n(1857–1930)\nCT\n010 !Chief\nJustice\nE. D. White\n000000001921-06-30-0000June 30, 1921\n(Acclamation)\n000000001921-07-11-0000July 11, 1921\n–\nFebruary 3, 1930\n(Retired)\n7003312900000000000♠8 years, 207 days\nWarren G. Harding\n\n\n70\n\nGeorge Sutherland\n(1862–1942)\nUT\n080 !Associate\nJustice\nClarke\n000000001922-09-05-0000September 5, 1922\n(Acclamation)\n000000001922-10-02-0000October 2, 1922\n–\nJanuary 17, 1938\n(Retired)\n7003558600000000000♠15 years, 107 days\n\n\n71\n\nPierce Butler\n(1866–1939)\nMN\n081 !Associate\nJustice\nDay\n000000001922-12-21-0000December 21, 1922\n(61–8)\n000000001923-01-02-0000January 2, 1923\n–\nNovember 16, 1939\n(Died)\n7003616200000000000♠16 years, 318 days\n\n\n72\n\nEdward Terry Sanford\n(1865–1930)\nTN\n082 !Associate\nJustice\nPitney\n000000001923-01-29-0000January 29, 1923\n(Acclamation)\n000000001923-02-19-0000February 19, 1923\n–\nMarch 8, 1930\n(Died)\n7003257400000000000♠7 years, 17 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n083 !Associate\nJustice[k]\nMcKenna\n000000001925-02-05-0000February 5, 1925\n(71–6)\n000000001925-03-02-0000March 2, 1925\n–\nJuly 2, 1941\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003596600000000000♠16 years, 122 days\nCalvin Coolidge\n\n\n62\n\nCharles Evans Hughes\n(1862–1948)\nNY\n011 !Chief\nJustice\nTaft\n000000001930-02-13-0000February 13, 1930\n(52–26)\n000000001930-02-24-0000February 24, 1930\n–\nJune 30, 1941\n(Retired)\n7003414400000000000♠11 years, 126 days\nHerbert Hoover\n\n\n74\n\nOwen Josephus Roberts\n(1875–1955)\nPA\n084 !Associate\nJustice\nSanford\n000000001930-05-20-0000May 20, 1930\n(Acclamation)\n000000001930-06-02-0000June 2, 1930\n–\nJuly 31, 1945\n(Resigned)\n7003553800000000000♠15 years, 59 days\n\n\n75\n\nBenjamin N. Cardozo\n(1870–1938)\nNY\n085 !Associate\nJustice\nHolmes\n000000001932-02-24-0000February 24, 1932\n(Acclamation)\n000000001932-03-14-0000March 14, 1932\n–\nJuly 9, 1938\n(Died)\n7003230800000000000♠6 years, 117 days\n\n\n76\n\nHugo Black\n(1886–1971)\nAL\n086 !Associate\nJustice[l]\nVan Devanter\n000000001937-08-17-0000August 17, 1937\n(63–16)\n000000001937-08-19-0000August 19, 1937\n–\nSeptember 17, 1971\n(Retired)\n7004124470000000000♠34 years, 29 days\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n\n77\n\nStanley Forman Reed\n(1884–1980)\nKY\n087 !Associate\nJustice\nSutherland\n000000001938-01-25-0000January 25, 1938\n(Acclamation)\n000000001938-01-31-0000January 31, 1938\n–\nFebruary 25, 1957\n(Retired)\n7003696500000000000♠19 years, 25 days\n\n\n78\n\nFelix Frankfurter\n(1882–1965)\nMA\n088 !Associate\nJustice\nCardozo\n000000001939-01-17-0000January 17, 1939\n(Acclamation)\n000000001939-01-30-0000January 30, 1939\n–\nAugust 28, 1962\n(Retired)\n7003861100000000000♠23 years, 210 days\n\n\n79\n\nWilliam O. Douglas\n(1898–1980)\nCT\n089 !Associate\nJustice\nBrandeis\n000000001939-04-04-0000April 4, 1939\n(62–4)\n000000001939-04-17-0000April 17, 1939\n–\nNovember 12, 1975\n(Retired)\n7004133600000000000♠36 years, 211 days\n\n\n80\n\nFrank Murphy\n(1890–1949)\nMI\n090 !Associate\nJustice\nButler\n000000001940-01-16-0000January 16, 1940\n(Acclamation)\n000000001940-02-05-0000February 5, 1940\n–\nJuly 19, 1949\n(Died)\n7003345200000000000♠9 years, 164 days\n\n\n73\n\nHarlan F. Stone\n(1872–1946)\nNY\n012 !Chief\nJustice\nHughes\n000000001941-06-27-0000June 27, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-03-0000July 3, 1941\n–\nApril 22, 1946\n(Died)\n7003175400000000000♠4 years, 293 days\n\n\n81\n\nJames F. Byrnes\n(1882–1972)\nSC\n091 !Associate\nJustice\nMcReynolds\n000000001941-06-12-0000June 12, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-08-0000July 8, 1941\n–\nOctober 3, 1942\n(Resigned)\n7002452000000000000♠1 year, 87 days\n\n\n82\n\nRobert H. Jackson\n(1892–1954)\nNY\n092 !Associate\nJustice\nStone\n000000001941-07-07-0000July 7, 1941\n(Acclamation)\n000000001941-07-11-0000July 11, 1941\n–\nOctober 9, 1954\n(Died)\n7003483800000000000♠13 years, 90 days\n\n\n83\n\nWiley Blount Rutledge\n(1894–1949)\nIA\n093 !Associate\nJustice\nByrnes\n000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943\n(Acclamation)\n000000001943-02-15-0000February 15, 1943\n–\nSeptember 10, 1949\n(Died)\n7003239900000000000♠6 years, 207 days\n\n\n84\n\nHarold Hitz Burton\n(1888–1964)\nOH\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nO. Roberts\n000000001945-09-19-0000September 19, 1945\n(Acclamation)\n000000001945-10-01-0000October 1, 1945\n–\nOctober 13, 1958\n(Retired)\n7003476000000000000♠13 years, 12 days\nHarry S. Truman\n\n\n85\n\nFred M. Vinson\n(1890–1953)\nKY\n013 !Chief\nJustice\nStone\n000000001946-06-20-0000June 20, 1946\n(Acclamation)\n000000001946-06-24-0000June 24, 1946\n–\nSeptember 8, 1953\n(Died)\n7003263300000000000♠7 years, 76 days\n\n\n86\n\nTom C. Clark\n(1899–1977)\nTX\n094 !Associate\nJustice\nMurphy\n000000001949-08-18-0000August 18, 1949\n(73–8)\n000000001949-08-24-0000August 24, 1949\n–\nJune 12, 1967\n(Retired)\n7003650100000000000♠17 years, 292 days\n\n\n87\n\nSherman Minton\n(1890–1965)\nIN\n095 !Associate\nJustice\nW. Rutledge\n000000001949-10-04-0000October 4, 1949\n(48–16)\n000000001949-10-12-0000October 12, 1949\n–\nOctober 15, 1956\n(Retired)\n7003256000000000000♠7 years, 3 days\n\n\n88\n\nEarl Warren\n(1891–1974)\nCA\n014 !Chief\nJustice\nVinson\n000000001954-03-01-0000March 1, 1954\n(Acclamation)\n000000001953-10-05-0000October 5, 1953[e]\n–\nJune 23, 1969\n(Retired)\n7003574000000000000♠15 years, 261 days\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n\n89\n\nJohn Marshall Harlan II\n(1899–1971)\nNY\n096 !Associate\nJustice\nR. Jackson\n000000001955-03-16-0000March 16, 1955\n(71–11)\n000000001955-03-28-0000March 28, 1955\n–\nSeptember 23, 1971\n(Retired)\n7003602300000000000♠16 years, 179 days\n\n\n90\n\nWilliam J. Brennan\n(1906–1997)\nNJ\n097 !Associate\nJustice\nMinton\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001956-10-16-0000October 16, 1956[e]\n–\nJuly 20, 1990\n(Retired)\n7004123300000000000♠33 years, 277 days\n\n\n91\n\nCharles Evans Whittaker\n(1901–1973)\nMO\n098 !Associate\nJustice\nReed\n000000001957-03-19-0000March 19, 1957\n(Acclamation)\n000000001957-03-25-0000March 25, 1957\n–\nMarch 31, 1962\n(Resigned)\n7003183200000000000♠5 years, 6 days\n\n\n92\n\nPotter Stewart\n(1915–1985)\nOH\n099 !Associate\nJustice\nBurton\n000000001959-05-05-0000May 5, 1959\n(70–17)\n000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958[e]\n–\nJuly 3, 1981\n(Retired)\n7003829800000000000♠22 years, 262 days\n\n\n93\n\nByron White\n(1917–2002)\nCO\n100 !Associate\nJustice\nWhittaker\n000000001962-04-11-0000April 11, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-04-16-0000April 16, 1962\n–\nJune 28, 1993\n(Retired)\n7004113960000000000♠31 years, 73 days\nJohn F. Kennedy\n\n\n94\n\nArthur Goldberg\n(1908–1990)\nIL\n101 !Associate\nJustice\nFrankfurter\n000000001962-09-25-0000September 25, 1962\n(Acclamation)\n000000001962-10-01-0000October 1, 1962\n–\nJuly 25, 1965\n(Resigned)\n7003103100000000000♠2 years, 300 days\n\n\n95\n\nAbe Fortas\n(1910–1982)\nTN\n102 !Associate\nJustice\nGoldberg\n000000001965-08-11-0000August 11, 1965\n(Acclamation)\n000000001965-10-04-0000October 4, 1965\n–\nMay 14, 1969\n(Resigned)\n7003131800000000000♠3 years, 222 days\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n\n96\n\nThurgood Marshall\n(1908–1993)\nNY\n103 !Associate\nJustice\nClark\n000000001967-08-30-0000August 30, 1967\n(69–11)\n000000001967-10-02-0000October 2, 1967\n–\nOctober 1, 1991\n(Retired)\n7003876500000000000♠23 years, 364 days\n\n\n97\n\nWarren E. Burger\n(1907–1995)\nVA\n015 !Chief\nJustice\nWarren\n000000001969-06-09-0000June 9, 1969\n(74–3)\n000000001969-06-23-0000June 23, 1969\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Retired)\n7003630400000000000♠17 years, 95 days\nRichard Nixon\n\n\n98\n\nHarry Blackmun\n(1908–1999)\nMN\n104 !Associate\nJustice\nFortas\n000000001970-05-12-0000May 12, 1970\n(94–0)\n000000001970-06-09-0000June 9, 1970\n–\nAugust 3, 1994\n(Retired)\n7003882100000000000♠24 years, 55 days\n\n\n99\n\nLewis F. Powell Jr.\n(1907–1998)\nVA\n105 !Associate\nJustice\nBlack\n000000001971-12-06-0000December 6, 1971\n(89–1)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nJune 26, 1987\n(Retired)\n7003564900000000000♠15 years, 170 days\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nAZ\n106 !Associate\nJustice\nJ. Harlan II\n000000001971-12-10-0000December 10, 1971\n(68–26)\n000000001972-01-07-0000January 7, 1972[m]\n–\nSeptember 26, 1986\n(Continued as chief justice)\n7003537600000000000♠14 years, 262 days\n\n\n101\n\nJohn Paul Stevens\n(born 1920)\nIL\n107 !Associate\nJustice[n]\nDouglas\n000000001975-12-17-0000December 17, 1975\n(98–0)\n000000001975-12-19-0000December 19, 1975\n–\nJune 29, 2010\n(Retired)\n7004126110000000000♠34 years, 192 days\nGerald Ford\n\n\n102\n\nSandra Day O'Connor\n(born 1930)\nAZ\n108 !Associate\nJustice\nStewart\n000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981\n(99–0)\n000000001981-09-25-0000September 25, 1981\n–\nJanuary 31, 2006\n(Retired)\n7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days\nRonald Reagan\n\n\n100\n\nWilliam Rehnquist\n(1924–2005)\nVA\n016 !Chief\nJustice\nBurger\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(65–33)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nSeptember 3, 2005\n(Died)\n7003691700000000000♠18 years, 342 days\n\n\n103\n\nAntonin Scalia\n(1936–2016)\nVA\n109 !Associate\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000001986-09-17-0000September 17, 1986\n(98–0)\n000000001986-09-26-0000September 26, 1986\n–\nFebruary 13, 2016\n(Died)\n7004107320000000000♠29 years, 140 days\n\n\n104\n\nAnthony Kennedy\n(born 1936)\nCA\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nPowell\n000000001988-02-03-0000February 3, 1988\n(97–0)\n000000001988-02-18-0000February 18, 1988\n–\nIncumbent\n7004109600000000000♠30 years, 2 days[o]\n\n\n105\n\nDavid Souter\n(born 1939)\nNH\n110 !Associate\nJustice\nBrennan\n000000001990-10-02-0000October 2, 1990\n(90–9)\n000000001990-10-09-0000October 9, 1990\n–\nJune 29, 2009\n(Retired)\n7003683800000000000♠18 years, 263 days\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n\n106\n\nClarence Thomas\n(born 1948)\nGA\n111 !Associate\nJustice\nT. Marshall\n000000001991-10-15-0000October 15, 1991\n(52–48)\n000000001991-10-23-0000October 23, 1991\n–\nIncumbent\n7003961700000000000♠26 years, 120 days[o]\n\n\n107\n\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\n(born 1933)\nNY\n112 !Associate\nJustice\nB. White\n000000001993-08-03-0000August 3, 1993\n(96–3)\n000000001993-08-10-0000August 10, 1993\n–\nIncumbent\n7003896000000000000♠24 years, 194 days[o]\nBill Clinton\n\n\n108\n\nStephen Breyer\n(born 1938)\nMA\n113 !Associate\nJustice\nBlackmun\n000000001994-07-29-0000July 29, 1994\n(87–9)\n000000001994-08-03-0000August 3, 1994\n–\nIncumbent\n7003860200000000000♠23 years, 201 days[o]\n\n\n109\n\nJohn Roberts\n(born 1955)\nMD\n017 !Chief\nJustice\nRehnquist\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n(78–22)\n000000002005-09-29-0000September 29, 2005\n–\nIncumbent\n7003452700000000000♠12 years, 144 days[o]\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n\n110\n\nSamuel Alito\n(born 1950)\nNJ\n115 !Associate\nJustice\nO'Connor\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n(58–42)\n000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006\n–\nIncumbent\n7003440300000000000♠12 years, 20 days[o]\n\n\n111\n\nSonia Sotomayor\n(born 1954)\nNY\n116 !Associate\nJustice\nSouter\n000000002009-08-06-0000August 6, 2009\n(68–31)\n000000002009-08-08-0000August 8, 2009\n–\nIncumbent\n7003311800000000000♠8 years, 196 days[o]\nBarack Obama\n\n\n112\n\nElena Kagan\n(born 1960)\nMA\n117 !Associate\nJustice\nStevens\n000000002010-08-05-0000August 5, 2010\n(63–37)\n000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010\n–\nIncumbent\n7003275400000000000♠7 years, 197 days[o]\n\n\n113\n\nNeil Gorsuch\n(born 1967)\nCO\n118 !Associate\nJustice\nScalia\n000000002017-04-07-0000April 7, 2017\n(54–45)\n000000002017-04-10-0000April 10, 2017\n–\nIncumbent\n7002316000000000000♠316 days[o]\nDonald Trump\n\n\n\nJustice\nState[c]\nPosition\nReplacing\nDate confirmed\n(Vote)\nTenure\nTenure length\nAppointed by\n"
] | [
"Donald Trump",
"Barack Obama",
"George W. Bush",
"Bill Clinton",
"George H. W. Bush"
] |
-450228645259827754 | Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway | Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Getaway - wikipedia Diary of a Wimpy Kid : the Getaway Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . 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( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway Author Jeff Kinney Country United States Language English Series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Genre Children 's novel Graphic Novel Publisher Amulet Books ( US ) Puffin Books ( UK ) Publication date November 7 , 2017 ( Worldwide ) Media type Print ( hardcover ) Pages 217 story pages ( 224 altogether ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 2545 - 6 Preceded by Double Down Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway is the twelfth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney . The book was unveiled during the 2017 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Virtually Live Event which was live streamed via YouTube as part of the 10th anniversary of the first book . The book was published and released on November 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Release date 3 Reception 4 Trivia 5 References Plot ( edit ) After many frustrations , Greg Heffley 's parents decide to skip Christmas and travel by plane to Isla De Corales , the hotel they stayed at while on their honeymoon . On Christmas Eve they drive to the airport , but are delayed by a series of mishaps . They encounter holiday traffic but arrive at the airport . As they fail to unload in time at the drop off zone , Frank and Greg have to return later with the luggage . Greg steps in a slush puddle and they end up missing the shuttle . In the airport , the family 's suitcases are too heavy , so they stuff some clothes into their carry on baggage . They enter the line for security , but a child unclips a barrier separating the lines , and everybody gets scrambled . They go through security and are delayed again by somebody who has to remove all of his piercings . Manny then gets his toy stuck in an escalator , delaying them more . As a result , the family panic , grab some luggage and dash to the gate . It turns out their flight is delayed . Greg goes to dry his sock but destroys it while doing so . He hears that the flight is overbooked , and tries to stop his family boarding in exchange of a hotel stay and $300 ( soon $500 ) , but is stopped by Susan . A replacement crew for the plane is required and they finally board . Greg is first impressed by the plane 's first class seats before he discovers that he has to sit in economy . However , Frank collected enough air miles because of his business trips to sit in first class . In economy , Mom , Rodrick , and Manny are seated in the right row . Greg finds out he has three seats to himself , until a family arrives late on board . The couple sit on either side of him with their baby . Greg becomes paranoid when he watches the emergency video and begins to ask questions about unfortunate events . Greg is very aggravated of the other passengers because most are n't watching the emergency video . Mid flight , he feels boxed in when the people in front recline and the person behind slides his feet on Greg 's armrest . Greg tries to recline his chair too but when he asks the flight attendant how , he learns that he ca n't because the row behind him is an emergency exit . He tries to swap seats with Frank but Rodrick beats him to it . He stays in the bathroom because the couple 's baby started to get annoying , but then he returns to his seat after experiencing turbulence . He somehow was able to sleep for the rest of the flight . As they land on Christmas Day , Greg begins to understand why the family came there . They touch down and began to head to the resort , Isla de Corales . He is even excited by the activities the resort offer which he sees on the bus . However , Frank and Susan are disappointed that the resort has since changed , and it is now split with a family side ( the Mild Side ) and a couple side ( the Wild Side ) . The family also discovers that they got the wrong luggage that is locked , and their luggage was sent back home . They only have the clothes they put in their hand luggage . They attempt to buy some new clothes , but Frank wo n't buy them as they are too expensive . The family goes to explore the resort and end up at the pool . The Director of Fun shows up , however , and gets everybody moving . Greg is forced to take part in two games . After this , Greg sees an iguana by the pool and is worried , so the family goes to get some lunch . Greg and his family try to eat outside ; however , too many birds and bugs keep ruining their meals . Frank contracts a stomach bug from his water , so they head back to the suite . The next day , Greg uses the shower which is outside . As he puts on his slipper , a giant spider falls out . Greg has an intense fear of spiders . As a result , he calls room service , but the lady who answers says that there is a do not disturb sign on the door knob . The lady says he has to order food for someone to come . The waiter who arrives also is scared of spiders . Eventually , they manage to trap the spider and flush it down the toilet . The family heads to the beach without Frank as he is still at the suite . He returns , however and reveals that he found the same spider that Greg attempted to flush away on the toilet seat . Manny develops an obsession with collecting sea creatures in his bucket so he can have them as pets . Unfortunately , he is upset by Susan when she returns them , so they go to the activities . Before this , they have to find Rodrick , who has been in the teen zone helping a girl get her lip ring out of the volleyball net . They first try the banana boat , but this is ruined when a kid using a water trampoline lands on and bursts their float . They get hungry , so they go to the golf clubhouse which turns them down as they are not following the dress code . They go to the poolside bar , and learn of a monkey which has been returning there for drinks every day . They are chased away when Manny finds the TV remote , changes the channel to his favorite cartoons , and throws the remote in the water . Greg goes to the arcade , and the family regroup later to find Rodrick . The same girl he helped earlier is now his girlfriend . In the evening , they go to the beach bonfire and go to see turtle hatching . Just as they are prepared to leave , they begin to hatch - but they lose their way to the sea as people are using the flashes on their phones to take photos . The next day , Susan goes to the spa and Frank goes to the gym . Rodrick then goes back to the teen zone . Greg takes Manny to the Toddler 's Cabana , but Manny gets out of going there because he is not potty trained . He puts Manny in the pool , but has to get him out again later . Susan booked a charter cruise for the whole family due in thirty minutes . On the cruise ( which turns out to be a regular boat ) , the captain offers them to go scuba diving . Greg is freaked out by all of the deadly animals and only stays in for one photo . As he surfaces , he swallows a big gulp of water . He thinks a seahorse was in there too - so they return to the bay to see a doctor . Frank and Susan were both seasick , so they just return to the poolside . They see the Director of Fun , who keeps circling their chair , but suddenly stops at a plastic bag in Manny 's bucket . It is actually a box jellyfish which Manny smuggled from the scuba diving , in which the Director of Fun launches it back into the pool in fear . Because the pool workers could n't find the jellyfish , they have to drain the pool . They escape in the commotion , and notice Rodrick is n't there . He had been left in the sea where they went scuba diving and had extreme sunburn . They return to the suite and decide to spend their last few days outdoors . The next day , Greg goes to the tennis court in hopes of learning how to play tennis . Unfortunately , it was just a cage full of children with a ball machine and tennis balls . It turns into a free - for - all , which stops suddenly when a kid recognizes Greg as the family who brought a box jellyfish to the poolside . He tries to tell them that it was Manny 's fault , but they throw tennis balls at him . He quickly escapes the cage and goes back to the suite with his family . They were out of things to do and want to leave the resort early ; however , Frank refuses to leave until he gets a decent meal . Manny discovers that the suitcase they got on mistake fell and broke and also has the clothes they need to get in the clubhouse . They each wear some of the clothes in there ; they first head to the clubhouse , and then the putting green for golf . However , they are spotted by a security guard , who escorts them out of the green . A family had reported them for wearing their missing clothes . They attempted a failed getaway , and are ultimately sent back to the hotel to return the clothes . They were also ejected from the hotel for theft , so they were forced to stay overnight at the airport hotel . The next day , Susan refuses to leave the resort to leave on a high note . So they sneak in . They skip the pool and then find Rodrick 's girlfriend with a man named Rodrigo . They go back to the beach , and scavenge for food by distracting others and then eating their food . They go to take one more photo , but are spotted by the family who they took clothes from . The Heffleys try to escape the resort . Greg heads for the beach and windsurfs away . He gets stuck in the dolphin swimming area , but is chased back to shore by security . He ends up on the Wild Side ( couple ) of the beach and lands on a nudist beach . Greg runs for the wall dividing the two sides ; just where his family was passing . Greg tries to climb over the wall , but this is destroyed by a stampede of tourists . The family escapes unnoticed and heads to the airport . When they get back , Greg wants to show Rowley where he went to for his Christmas holidays . He discovers there that he and his family has been banned from the resort for the rest of their lives and are wanted . On Isla de Corales ' website , there is a picture of Greg 's family with words in Spanish , `` ¡ Atención ! Póngase en contacto con Isla de Corales si conoce la identidad de las personas en la foto de arriba '' meaning `` Attention ! Contact Isla de Corales if you know the identities of the people in the picture above '' . Release date ( edit ) The Getaway is the 12th book in the series , and was released everywhere except Canada on November 7 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) A week since its release , it has received 4.5 / 5 stars on Waterstones with 786 reviews . Trivia ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( December 2017 ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is the third book to use blue as the cover color ( with Rodrick Rules first and Cabin Fever second ) . This is the 12th book of the series . This is the third book to include a reptile skin design and the second to include the new Amulet logo . Fregley makes no appearances in the story , for the fifth time . This is the second book based on vacation ( The Long Haul was first ) . This is the fifth book where Greg is frowning on the cover . This is the third book where Rowley is not seen in the title page . Larry Larkin from Rodrick Rules makes a cameo on page 22 . It is revealed that Greg has never been on a plane before . This is the third book that takes place in Christmas ( the first being Diary of a Wimpy Kid and the second being Cabin Fever ) . There are a few pop culture references in this book : Jurassic Park was referenced when Greg is running away from the iguana . Spider - Man is mentioned when Greg is climbing up the fence in the Tennis Court . Greg pictures great people with robes , which includes a samurai , Gandalf from The Lord of the Rings , and a Jedi from Star Wars . This is the second book featuring Manny on the cover ( the first being Cabin Fever ) and the third book to feature a Heffley besides Greg ( the first being Rodrick Rules ; which includes Rodrick , the second being Cabin Fever ; which features Manny ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wimpy Kid ( 27 April 2017 ) . `` Wimpy Kid LIVE Special 10th Anniversary Presentation and Cover Reveal of Book 12 ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Of New Diary Of A Wimpy Kid Book Revealed By Jeff Kinney To Fans Worldwide At Live streamed Carnegie Hall Event Hosted By ABRAMS '' . Tristateupdate.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway by Jeff Kinney -- Waterstones '' . Waterstones.com . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway ( Book 12 ) Wimpy Kid '' . www.wimpykid.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . ( hide ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid:_The_Getaway&oldid=815986467 '' Categories : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from August 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with too few wikilinks from December 2017 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with trivia sections from December 2017 All articles with trivia sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 14 : 16 . About Wikipedia | when does the diary of a wimpy kid the getaway come out | [
"Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway is the twelfth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney. The book was unveiled during the 2017 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Virtually Live Event which was live streamed via YouTube as part of the 10th anniversary of the first book.[1] The book was published and released on November 7, 2017.[2]"
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"November 7, 2017"
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-1651506551405032256 | List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards | List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards - wikipedia List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Jump to : navigation , search `` EGOT '' redirects here . For other uses , see EGOT ( disambiguation ) . Twelve people and five media franchises have won all four major annual American entertainment awards in a competitive , individual ( non-group ) category of the Emmy , Grammy , Oscar and Tony Awards . Respectively , these awards honor outstanding achievements in television , recording , film , and theater . Winning all four awards has been referred to as winning the `` grand slam '' of American show business . The acronym EGOT was coined by actor Philip Michael Thomas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners of all four awards 1.1 Additional major awards 2 Including non-competitive or special 2.1 Additional major awards or honors 3 Qualifying awards summary ( competitive only ) 3.1 Richard Rodgers 3.2 Helen Hayes 3.3 Rita Moreno 3.4 John Gielgud 3.5 Audrey Hepburn 3.6 Marvin Hamlisch 3.7 Jonathan Tunick 3.8 Mel Brooks 3.9 Mike Nichols 3.10 Whoopi Goldberg 3.11 Scott Rudin 3.12 Robert Lopez 4 Qualifying awards summary ( including non-competitive awards ) 4.1 Barbra Streisand 4.2 Liza Minnelli 4.3 James Earl Jones 4.4 Alan Menken 4.5 Harry Belafonte 4.6 Quincy Jones 5 Three competitive awards 5.1 Notes 6 Three awards ( non-competitive ) 7 Four nominations 8 PEGOT 9 Franchises 9.1 The Lion King 9.2 Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street 9.3 The Wizard of Oz 9.4 Aladdin 9.5 The Sound of Music 9.6 Three competitive awards ( franchises ) 9.7 Four competitive nominations ( franchises ) 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Winners of all four Awards ( edit ) To date , twelve individuals have won all four awards in competitive categories . Name Year completed Years to complete Emmy Grammy Oscar Tony Category ( s ) Rodgers , Richard Richard Rodgers 1962 17 1962 1960 1945 1950 Composer Hayes , Helen Helen Hayes 1977 45 1953 1977 1932 1947 Actress Moreno , Rita Rita Moreno 1977 16 1977 1972 1961 Actress / Singer Gielgud , John John Gielgud 1991 30 1991 1979 1981 1961 Actor / Director Hepburn , Audrey Audrey Hepburn 1994 41 1993 1994 1953 1954 Actress Hamlisch , Marvin Marvin Hamlisch 1995 23 1995 1973 1976 Composer Tunick , Jonathan Jonathan Tunick 1997 20 1982 1988 1977 1997 Composer / Conductor Brooks , Mel Mel Brooks 2001 34 1967 1998 1968 2001 Writer / Composer / Actor Nichols , Mike Mike Nichols 2001 40 2001 1961 1967 1964 Director / Actor Goldberg , Whoopi Whoopi Goldberg 2002 17 2002 1985 1990 2002 Actress / Host / Producer Rudin , Scott Scott Rudin 2012 28 1984 2012 2007 1994 Producer Lopez , Robert Robert Lopez 2014 10 2008 2012 2014 Composer Notes : ^ 1 The artist also subsequently won one or more additional competitive awards . ^ 2 The artist also received one or more honorary or non-competitive awards . ^ 3 The artist also earned the Triple Crown of Acting , with singular ( non-group / ensemble / company ) acting wins in the Emmy , Oscar and Tony awards . ^ 4 The artist has won a Daytime Emmy Award , not a Primetime Emmy Award . ^ 5 The artist was awarded posthumously . Additional major Awards ( edit ) Marvin Hamlisch and Richard Rodgers have also won the Pulitzer Prize . Gielgud , Goldberg , Hamlisch , Hepburn , Moreno , Nichols , and Rudin have been awarded one or more Golden Globe Awards . Mel Brooks , Helen Hayes , Rita Moreno , Mike Nichols , and Richard Rodgers have also been awarded the Kennedy Center Honors . Helen Hayes , Audrey Hepburn , and Rita Moreno have been awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Mel Brooks , Helen Hayes , Rita Moreno , and Mike Nichols have been awarded the National Medal of Arts . Mel Brooks and Mike Nichols have been awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award . Audrey Hepburn and Rita Moreno have been awarded the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award . Audrey Hepburn has also been awarded the Cecil B. DeMille Award . Including non-competitive or Special ( edit ) Six other artists -- Liza Minnelli , James Earl Jones , Barbra Streisand , Alan Menken , Harry Belafonte and Quincy Jones -- have also received all four awards , even though at least one of the awards was non-competitive , i.e. special or honorary in nature ( Streisand 's Tony , both of Jones ' Oscars , Minnelli 's Grammy , Menken 's Emmy and Belafonte 's Oscar ) . The following are the six artists who also have won the four major awards but not exclusively in the main competitive categories . Artist Year completed Years to complete 1st Award 2nd Award 3rd Award 4th Award Streisand , Barbra Barbra Streisand 1970 6 1964 Grammy 1965 Emmy 1968 Oscar 1970 Special Tony Award Minnelli , Liza Liza Minnelli 1990 25 1965 Tony 1972 Oscar 1973 Emmy 1990 Grammy Legend Award Jones , James Earl James Earl Jones 2011 42 1969 Tony 1977 Grammy 1991 Emmy 2011 Academy Honorary Award ( Oscar ) Alan Menken 2012 23 1989 Oscar 1990 Special Emmy Award 1991 Grammy 2012 Tony Belafonte , Harry Harry Belafonte 2014 61 1953 Tony 1960 Emmy 1961 Grammy 2014 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( Oscar ) Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2016 52 1964 Grammy 1977 Emmy 1994 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( Oscar ) 2016 Tony Additional major Awards or Honors ( edit ) James Earl Jones , Alan Menken , Liza Minnelli , and Barbra Streisand have been awarded one or more Golden Globe Awards . Harry Belafonte , James Earl Jones , Quincy Jones , and Barbra Streisand have been awarded the Kennedy Center Honors . Harry Belafonte , James Earl Jones , Quincy Jones , and Barbra Streisand have been awarded the National Medal of Arts . Harry Belafonte , Quincy Jones , Alan Menken , Liza Minnelli , and Barbra Streisand have been inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame . James Earl Jones and Liza Minnelli have been inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame . Barbra Streisand has been awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award , Cecil B. DeMille Award , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom . James Earl Jones has been awarded the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award . Qualifying Awards summary ( competitive only ) ( edit ) Richard Rodgers ( edit ) Richard Rodgers became the first person to win all four awards in 1962 . Richard Rodgers ( 1902 -- 1979 ) , a composer , received his fourth distinct award in 1962 . Between 1945 and 1979 , Rodgers received a total of 13 awards . Academy Awards : 1945 : Best Song -- `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' from State Fair Emmy Awards : 1962 : Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composed -- Winston Churchill : The Valiant Years Grammy Awards : 1960 : Best Show Album ( Original Cast ) -- The Sound of Music 1962 : Best Original Cast Show Album -- No Strings Tony Awards : 1950 : Best Musical -- South Pacific 1950 : Tony Award for Producers , Musical -- South Pacific 1950 : Best Score -- South Pacific 1952 : Best Musical -- The King and I 1960 : Best Musical -- The Sound of Music 1962 : Best Composer -- No Strings Special Awards : 1962 : Special Tony Award `` for all he has done for young people in the theatre and for taking the men of the orchestra out of the pit and putting them onstage in No Strings '' 1972 : Special Tony Award 1979 : Special Tony Award , Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre Helen Hayes ( edit ) Helen Hayes became the second person and first woman to win all four awards in 1977 . Helen Hayes ( 1900 -- 1993 ) , an actress , received her fourth distinct award in 1977 . Between 1932 and 1980 , Hayes received a total of 7 awards . She was the first woman to win all four . Hayes was also the first person to win the Triple Crown of Acting , with singular ( non-group / ensemble / company ) acting wins in each of the Emmy , Oscar and Tony awards , winning her third in 1953 . Counting only the first award of each type , she also has the distinction of the longest timespan ( 45 years ) between her first and fourth award of any showbiz Grand Slam winner . Academy Awards : 1932 : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- The Sin of Madelon Claudet 1970 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- Airport Emmy Awards : 1953 : Best Actress -- Schlitz Playhouse of Stars for the episode `` Not a Chance '' Grammy Awards : 1977 : Best Spoken Word Recording -- Great American Documents Tony Awards : 1947 : Best Actress , Dramatic -- Happy Birthday 1958 : Best Actress , Dramatic -- Time Remembered Special Awards : 1980 : Special Tony Award , Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre Rita Moreno ( edit ) Rita Moreno became the third person and first Latino person to win all four awards in 1977 . Rita Moreno ( born 1931 ) , an actress , received her fourth distinct award in 1977 . Between 1961 and 1978 , Moreno received a total of five awards . She is also the first Hispanic winner and the first winner to win a Grammy as their second award ( both previous winners won Tonys as their second award ) . In addition , she became a Kennedy Center Honoree in 2015 . Academy Awards : 1961 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- West Side Story Emmy Awards : 1977 : Outstanding Continuing or Single Performance by a Supporting Actress in Variety or Music -- The Muppet Show 1978 : Outstanding Lead Actress for a Single Appearance in a Drama or Comedy Series -- The Rockford Files for the episode `` The Paper Palace '' Grammy Awards : 1972 : Best Recording for Children -- The Electric Company Tony Awards : 1975 : Best Featured or Supporting Actress in a Play -- The Ritz John Gielgud ( edit ) In 1991 , John Gielgud became the fourth person and , at age 87 , the oldest person to win all four awards . John Gielgud ( 1904 -- 2000 ) , an actor , received his fourth distinct award in 1991 . Between 1948 and 1991 , Gielgud received a total of six awards . Gielgud was the first winner to win any award other than the Oscar as their first award ( his first award was a Tony ) . At age 87 when he won his Emmy , he was also the oldest winner . Academy Awards : 1981 : Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Arthur Emmy Awards : 1991 : Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Special -- Summer 's Lease Grammy Awards : 1979 : Best Spoken Word , Documentary or Drama Recording -- Ages of Man Tony Awards : 1948 : Outstanding Foreign Company -- The Importance of Being Earnest 1961 : Best Director of a Drama -- Big Fish , Little Fish Special Awards : 1959 : Special Tony Award `` for contribution to theatre for his extraordinary insight into the writings of Shakespeare as demonstrated in his one - man play Ages of Man '' Audrey Hepburn ( edit ) Audrey Hepburn became the fifth person to win all four awards , and the first to complete it posthumously . Audrey Hepburn ( 1929 -- 1993 ) , an actress , received her fourth distinct award posthumously in 1994 . Between 1953 and 1994 , Hepburn received a total of six awards . She was the fifth person to complete the feat and the first to do so posthumously . She was also the first winner to win two of their awards in consecutive awards shows ( the 1994 Grammys were the first Grammys since her posthumous win at the 1993 Emmys ) . She is one of the only two EGOT winners ( the other being Jonathan Tunick ) to not win multiple awards in any of the four award fields . Academy Awards : 1953 : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- Roman Holiday Emmy Awards : 1993 : Outstanding Individual Achievement , Informational Programming -- Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn Grammy Awards : 1994 : Best Spoken Word Album for Children -- Audrey Hepburn 's Enchanted Tales Tony Awards : 1954 : Best Actress in a Drama -- Ondine Special Awards : 1968 : Special Tony Award , Special Achievement Award 1993 : Special Academy Award , Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Marvin Hamlisch ( edit ) Marvin Hamlisch ( shown with his wife Terre Blair ) became the sixth person to win all four awards in 1995 . He has the most Oscars of any EGOT winners . Marvin Hamlisch ( 1944 -- 2012 ) , a composer , received his fourth distinct award in 1995 . Between 1973 and 2001 , Hamlisch received a total of 12 awards . Hamlisch has the most Oscars of any Grand Slam winners ( three ) . In 1974 he became the first winner to have won a `` General Field '' Grammy -- taking Song of the Year and Best New Artist . He was also the first Grand Slam winner to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work -- an Oscar and a Grammy for song `` The Way We Were '' . Academy Awards : 1973 : Best Music , Original Dramatic Score -- The Way We Were 1973 : Best Music , Original Song -- `` The Way We Were '' 1973 : Best Music , Scoring Original Song Score and / or Adaptation -- The Sting Emmy Awards : 1995 : Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Direction -- Barbra : The Concert 1995 : Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics -- Barbra : The Concert 1999 : Outstanding Music and Lyrics -- AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies 2001 : Outstanding Music Direction -- Timeless : Live in Concert Grammy Awards : 1974 : Song of the Year -- `` The Way We Were '' 1974 : Best New Artist of the Year 1974 : Best Pop Instrumental Performance -- The Entertainer 1974 : Album of Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special -- The Way We Were Tony Awards : 1976 : Best Musical Score -- A Chorus Line Jonathan Tunick ( edit ) Jonathan Tunick ( born 1938 ) , a composer , conductor , and music arranger , received his fourth distinct award in 1997 . Between 1977 and 1997 , Tunick received a total of four awards . Tunick is the first Grand Slam winner to have won an Emmy as their second award as well as the first to win the Tony as their fourth award . He is also the second person ( after Audrey Hepburn ) to not win any multiple awards in any of the four award fields . Academy Awards : 1977 : Best Music , Original Song Score and Its Adaptation or Best Adaptation Score -- A Little Night Music Emmy Awards : 1982 : Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction -- Night of 100 Stars Grammy Awards : 1988 : Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocals -- `` No One is Alone , '' Cleo Laine Tony Awards : 1997 : Best Orchestrations -- Titanic Mel Brooks ( edit ) Mel Brooks became the eighth person to win all four awards in 2001 as well as the first person to win the Emmy as the first of the four awards . Mel Brooks ( born 1926 ) , a director , writer and actor , received his fourth distinct award in June 2001 . Between 1968 and 2002 , Brooks received a total of 11 awards . Brooks was the first person to win the Emmy as the first award , and the first winner to have won his Oscar for screenwriting . Academy Awards : 1968 : Best Writing , Story and Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen -- The Producers Emmy Awards : 1967 : Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety -- The Sid Caesar , Imogene Coca , Carl Reiner , Howard Morris Special 1997 : Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Mad About You 1998 : Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Mad About You 1999 : Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Mad About You Grammy Awards : 1998 : Best Spoken Comedy Album -- The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000 2002 : Best Long Form Music Video -- Recording ' The Producers ' : A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks 2002 : Best Musical Show Album -- The Producers Tony Awards : 2001 : Best Book of a Musical -- The Producers 2001 : Best Original Score -- The Producers 2001 : Best Musical -- The Producers When he appeared on January 30 , 2015 episode of Real Time with Bill Maher , Brooks called himself an EGOTAK , noting that he had also received awards from the American Film Institute and Kennedy Center . Mike Nichols ( edit ) Mike Nichols became the ninth person to win all four awards , and had the longest timespan - fifty - one years - of all the grand slam winners . Mike Nichols ( 1931 -- 2014 ) , a director , received his fourth distinct award in November 2001 . Between 1961 and 2012 , Nichols received a total of 15 awards . Nichols was the first slam winner to win the Grammy as their first award , the first winner to have won multiple awards ( an Oscar , several Tonys , and two Emmys ) for directing . When counting all awards won -- not just the first of each type -- Nichols has the longest timespan of awards among Grand Slam winners , at 51 years . Academy Awards : 1967 : Best Director -- The Graduate Emmy Awards : 2001 : Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special -- Wit 2001 : Outstanding Made for Television Movie -- Wit ( as Executive Producer ) 2004 : Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special -- Angels in America 2004 : Outstanding Miniseries -- Angels in America ( as Executive Producer ) Grammy Awards : 1961 : Best Comedy Performance -- An Evening With Mike Nichols And Elaine May Tony Awards : 1964 : Best Director , Dramatic -- Barefoot in the Park 1965 : Best Director , Dramatic -- Luv and The Odd Couple 1968 : Best Director , Dramatic -- Plaza Suite 1972 : Best Director , Dramatic -- The Prisoner of Second Avenue 1977 : Best Musical -- Annie ( as producer ) 1984 : Best Director , Play -- The Real Thing 1984 : Best Play -- The Real Thing ( as producer ) 2005 : Best Director , Musical -- Monty Python 's Spamalot 2012 : Best Director , Play -- Death of a Salesman Whoopi Goldberg ( edit ) Whoopi Goldberg became the tenth winner , first winner to win two of their awards in the same year , and first African American winner , in 2002 . Whoopi Goldberg ( born 1955 ) , an actress , comedian and talk - show host , received her fourth distinct award in 2002 . Between 1985 and 2009 , Goldberg received a total of 6 awards . Goldberg is the first African American winner , the first to win the Oscar as their second award , and the first to win two of their awards in the same year ( she won both her first Daytime Emmy and her Tony in 2002 ) . Academy Awards : 1990 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- Ghost Daytime Emmy Awards : 2002 : Outstanding Special Class Special -- Beyond Tara : The Extraordinary Life of Hattie McDaniel ( Host ) 2009 : Outstanding Talk Show Host -- The View Grammy Awards : 1985 : Best Comedy Recording -- Whoopi Goldberg : Original Broadway Show Recording Tony Awards : 2002 : Best Musical -- Thoroughly Modern Millie Special Awards : 1997 : Special Emmy Award , Governors Award , for the seven Comic Relief Benefit Specials Notes : Although she has never won a competitive Primetime Emmy award , she has been nominated several times . The fact that she does not have a competitive Primetime Emmy Award has led to debate over her inclusion in the `` official list . '' In the 30 Rock episode `` Dealbreakers Talk Show * # 0001 '' , Goldberg ( playing herself ) addresses this when questioned by character Tracy Jordan about her Daytime Emmy : `` It still counts ! Girl 's got ta eat ! '' Scott Rudin ( edit ) Scott Rudin ( born 1958 ) received his fourth distinct award in 2012 . Between 1984 and 2017 , Rudin received a total of 18 awards making him the record holder for most awards won among the people who have won all four awards in competitive categories . Rudin is the first winner who is primarily a producer . Academy Awards : 2007 : Best Picture -- No Country For Old Men Primetime Emmy Awards : 1984 : Outstanding Children 's Program -- He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' Grammy Awards : 2012 : Best Musical Theater Album -- The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording Tony Awards : 1994 : Best Musical -- Passion 2000 : Best Play -- Copenhagen 2002 : Best Play -- The Goat , or Who Is Sylvia ? 2005 : Best Play -- Doubt 2006 : Best Play -- The History Boys 2009 : Best Play -- God of Carnage 2010 : Best Revival of a Play -- Fences 2011 : Best Musical -- The Book of Mormon 2012 : Best Revival of a Play -- Death of a Salesman 2014 : Best Revival of a Play -- A Raisin in the Sun 2015 : Best Play -- The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time 2015 : Best Revival of a Play -- Skylight 2016 : Best Play -- The Humans 2016 : Best Revival of a Play -- A View From the Bridge 2017 : Best Revival of a Musical -- Hello , Dolly ! Robert Lopez ( edit ) Robert Lopez ( right ) became the twelfth person to win all four awards , and the youngest person to achieve this feat , and the fastest to achieve the feat ( 10 years ) . Robert Lopez ( born 1975 ) , a songwriter , received his fourth distinct award in 2014 . Between 2004 and 2015 , Lopez received a total of 9 awards . Like fellow EGOT winner Whoopi Goldberg , his Emmy awards are Daytime Emmys ( although he has been nominated for a competitive Primetime Emmy award ) . Lopez is the youngest winner to receive all four awards in competitive categories , as well as the fastest to complete his qualifying run of EGOT award wins ( 10 years ) , and has the shortest time to complete any run of EGOT wins ( 4 years ) . He received his Grammy Award for The Book of Mormon in collaboration with fellow EGOT winner Scott Rudin ( among others ) , making them the first pair of Grand Slam winners to have been co-winners of the same award . Lopez is also the first person to have won the Oscar last , which he won with his wife Kristen Anderson - Lopez . He is also the second Grand Slam winner , behind Marvin Hamlisch , to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work -- an Oscar and a Grammy for the song `` Let It Go . '' Academy Awards 2014 : Best Original Song - `` Let It Go '' from Frozen Daytime Emmy Awards 2008 : Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition - Wonder Pets 2010 : Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition - Wonder Pets Grammy Awards 2012 : Best Musical Theater Album - The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording 2015 : Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media - Frozen 2015 : Best Song Written for Visual Media - `` Let It Go '' from Frozen Tony Awards 2004 : Best Original Score - Avenue Q 2011 : Best Book of a Musical - The Book of Mormon 2011 : Best Original Score - The Book of Mormon Qualifying Awards summary ( including non-competitive Awards ) ( edit ) The following artists have also received all of the four major awards . However , in each case , one of these awards has been received only in an honorary or other non-competitive category . ( Streisand has never received a competitive Tony , Minnelli has never received a competitive Grammy , Menken has never received a competitive Emmy and Belafonte and Jones have never received a competitive Oscar . ) Barbra Streisand ( edit ) Barbra Streisand became the youngest winner in 1970 at the age of 28 . With just seven years elapsing between her first Grammy and her Tony , she also completed the feat in the shortest amount of time of any winner . However her Tony is a non-competitive award . Barbra Streisand ( born 1942 ) , a singer and actress , received her fourth distinct award in 1970 . Between 1963 and 2001 , Streisand received a total of 18 awards . Having completed the showbiz Grand Slam at age 28 , she is the youngest winner , and with just six years elapsing between her first award ( a 1964 Grammy ) and her final award ( a 1970 Special Tony ) , Streisand also completed the Grand Slam in the shortest amount of time . She is also the only winner to have won an Oscar in both a music and an acting category . She is also the only winner to have won all of her competitive awards for her debut performances ( her first musical album , feature film and television special , respectively ) . In addition , she also received the AFI Life Achievement Award , the Kennedy Center Honor , the Cecil B. DeMille Award , the National Medal of Arts , the American Society of Cinematographers Board of Governors Award , the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Academy Awards : 1968 : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- Funny Girl 1976 : Best Music , Song -- `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Emmy Awards : 1965 : Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment -- Actors and Performers -- My Name is Barbra 1995 : Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program -- Barbra Streisand : The Concert 1995 : Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special -- Barbra Streisand : The Concert 2001 : Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program -- Timeless : Live in Concert Grammy Awards : 1964 : Best Vocal Performance , Female -- The Barbra Streisand Album 1964 : Album Of The Year ( Other Than Classical ) -- The Barbra Streisand Album 1965 : Best Vocal Performance , Female -- `` People '' ( from the musical Funny Girl ) 1966 : Best Vocal Performance , Female -- My Name Is Barbra 1977 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female -- `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' 1977 : Song Of The Year , `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' 1980 : Best Pop Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal -- `` Guilty '' ( with Barry Gibb ) 1986 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female -- The Broadway Album 1992 : Special Grammy Award : Grammy Legend Award ( non-competitive ) 1995 : Special Grammy Award : Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award ( non-competitive ) Tony Awards : 1970 : Special Tony Award : Star of the Decade ( non-competitive ) Liza Minnelli ( edit ) Liza Minnelli has each of the four awards , having won her fourth in 1990 , but her Grammy is a non-competitive award . Liza Minnelli ( born 1946 ) , an actress and singer , received her fourth distinct award in 1990 . Between 1965 and 2009 , Minnelli received a total of 7 awards . Academy Awards : 1972 : Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Cabaret ) Emmy Awards : 1973 : Outstanding Single Program − Variety and Popular Music ( Liza with a ' Z ' . A Concert for Television ) Grammy Awards : 1990 : Special Grammy Award : Grammy Legend Award ( non-competitive ) Tony Awards : 1965 : Best Leading Actress in a Musical ( Flora the Red Menace ) 1974 : Special Tony Award for `` adding lustre to the Broadway season '' ( non-competitive ) 1978 : Best Leading Actress in a Musical ( The Act ) 2009 : Best Special Theatrical Event ( Liza 's at The Palace ... ! ) James Earl Jones ( edit ) James Earl Jones has each of the four awards , having won his fourth in 2012 , but his Oscar is a non-competitive award . James Earl Jones ( born 1931 ) , an actor , received his fourth distinct award in 2011 . Between 1969 and 2011 , Jones received a total of 7 awards . Academy Awards : 2011 : Academy Honorary Award ( non-competitive ) Emmy Awards : 1991 : Outstanding Lead Actor − Drama Series ( Gabriel 's Fire ) 1991 : Outstanding Supporting Actor − Miniseries or a Movie ( Heat Wave ) Daytime Emmy Awards : 2000 : Outstanding Performer − Children 's Special ( Summer 's End ) Grammy Awards : 1977 : Best Spoken Word Recording ( Great American Documents ) Tony Awards : 1969 : Best Leading Actor in a Play ( The Great White Hope ) 1987 : Best Leading Actor in a Play ( Fences ) 2017 : Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre ( non-competitive ) Alan Menken ( edit ) Alan Menken has won a Tony as well as multiple Grammys and Oscars . He also received an honorary award presented by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Alan Menken ( born 1949 ) , composer and songwriter , received his fourth distinct award in 2012 . Between 1989 and 2012 , Menken received a total of 21 awards . He has the most Oscar wins ( 8 ) by a grand slam winner and is the second most prolific Oscar winner in the music categories after Alfred Newman . He is also notable for frequently having multiple songs from the same film nominated for major awards . Academy Awards : 1989 : Best Original Score -- The Little Mermaid 1989 : Best Original Song -- `` Under the Sea '' from The Little Mermaid 1991 : Best Original Score -- Beauty and the Beast 1991 : Best Original Song -- `` Beauty and the Beast '' from Beauty and the Beast 1992 : Best Original Score -- Aladdin 1992 : Best Original Song -- `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin 1995 : Best Original Musical or Comedy Score -- Pocahontas 1995 : Best Original Song -- `` Colors of the Wind '' from Pocahontas Emmy Awards : 1990 : Outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy 's anti-drug special for children -- `` Wonderful Ways to Say No '' from the TV special Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( non-competitive ) Grammy Awards : 1991 : Best Recording for Children -- The Little Mermaid : Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack 1991 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` Under the Sea '' from The Little Mermaid 1993 : Best Musical Album for Children -- Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television -- Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` Beauty and the Beast '' from Beauty and the Beast 1993 : Song of the Year -- `` A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' from Aladdin 1993 : Best Musical Album for Children -- Aladdin : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television -- Aladdin : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin 1996 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` Colors of the Wind '' from Pocahontas 2012 : Best Song Written for Visual Media -- `` I See the Light '' from Tangled Tony Awards : 2012 : Best Original Score -- Newsies Harry Belafonte ( edit ) Belafonte has each of the four awards , but his Oscar is a non-competitive award . Harry Belafonte ( born 1927 ) , an actor , received his fourth distinct award in 2014 . Between 1953 and 2014 , Belafonte received a total of 6 awards . Academy Awards : 2014 : Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( non-competitive ) Emmy Awards : 1960 : Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ( Tonight with Belafonte - The Revlon Revue ) Grammy Awards : 1961 : Best Performance Folk -- Swing Dat Hammer 1966 : Best Folk Performance -- An Evening With Belafonte / Makeba 2000 : Grammy Hall of Fame Award Tony Awards : 1953 : Best Featured Actor in a Musical -- John Murray Anderson 's Almanac Quincy Jones ( edit ) Quincy Jones received his fourth award in 2016 , as a producer for the musical The Color Purple . Quincy Jones ( born 1933 ) , an American record producer , actor and composer , received his fourth distinct award in 2016 . Between 1964 and 2016 , Jones received a total of 31 awards -- the highest number of awards of any grand slam winner . He also has the most Grammy wins ( 28 ) by a grand slam winner . Academy Awards : 1994 : Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( non-competitive ) Emmy Awards : 1977 : Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( for Roots ) Grammy Awards : 1964 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' 1970 : Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Large Group Or Soloist With Large Group -- Walking in Space 1972 : Best Pop Instrumental Performance -- Smackwater Jack 1974 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` Summer in the City '' 1979 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` The Wiz Main Title ( Overture , Part One ) '' 1981 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` Dinorah , Dinorah '' 1982 : Producer Of The Year 1982 : Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal ( s ) -- `` Ai No Corrida '' 1982 : Best Arrangement On An Instrumental Recording -- `` Velas '' 1982 : Best Cast Show Album -- Lena Horne : The Lady and Her Music 1982 : Best R&B Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal -- The Dude 1984 : Producer Of The Year ( Non-Classical ) 1984 : Best Recording For Children -- E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 1984 : Album Of The Year -- Thriller 1984 : Record Of The Year -- `` Beat It '' 1985 : Best Arrangements On An Instrumental -- `` Grace ( Gymnastics Theme ) '' 1986 : Best Music Video , Short Form -- `` We Are the World -- The Video Event '' 1986 : Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal -- `` We Are the World '' 1986 : Record Of The Year -- `` We Are the World '' 1990 : Producer Of The Year ( Non-Classical ) 1990 : Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal ( s ) -- `` The Places You Find Love '' 1990 : Best Arrangement On An Instrumental -- `` Birdland '' 1990 : Best Jazz Fusion Performance -- `` Birdland '' 1990 : Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group -- `` Back on the Block '' 1990 : Album Of The Year -- Back on the Block 1991 : Grammy Legend Award 1994 : Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance -- Miles & Quincy Live At Montreux 2002 : Best Spoken Word Album -- Q : The Autobiography Of Quincy Jones Tony Awards : 2016 : Best Revival of a Musical ( The Color Purple ) Three competitive Awards ( edit ) The following people have each won three out of the four major entertainment awards in competitive categories . Missing a Tony Award John Addison Julie Andrews Burt Bacharach Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman George Burns Cher Common Michael Giacchino Brian Grazer Ron Howard James Moll Randy Newman Sid Ramin Martin Scorsese Barbra Streisand Peter Ustinov John Williams Robin Williams Kate Winslet Missing a Grammy Award Jack Albertson Anne Bancroft Ingrid Bergman Shirley Booth Ralph Burns Ellen Burstyn Viola Davis Melvyn Douglas Bob Fosse Jeremy Irons Jessica Lange Frances McDormand Liza Minnelli Helen Mirren Thomas Mitchell Al Pacino Christopher Plummer Vanessa Redgrave Jason Robards Geoffrey Rush Paul Scofield Maggie Smith Maureen Stapleton Jessica Tandy Tony Walton Missing an Emmy Award Henry Fonda Oscar Hammerstein II Elton John John Legend Alan Jay Lerner Andrew Lloyd Webber Frank Loesser Alan Menken Tim Rice Stephen Sondheim Jule Styne Missing an Academy Award ( Oscar ) Harry Belafonte Leonard Bernstein Jerry Bock Martin Charnin Cy Coleman Fred Ebb Cynthia Erivo Anne Garefino Julie Harris James Earl Jones Quincy Jones John Kander Cyndi Lauper Audra McDonald Bette Midler Lin - Manuel Miranda Cynthia Nixon Trey Parker Marc Shaiman Bill Sherman Matt Stone Charles Strouse Lily Tomlin Dick Van Dyke James Whitmore Notes ( edit ) † -- Person is deceased . ◊ -- Person has been nominated at least once for a competitive category of the missing award , but has failed to win . TC -- Person joins EGOT winners Hayes and Moreno as winners of the Triple Crown of Acting , with singular ( non-group / ensemble / company ) acting wins in each of the Emmy , Oscar and Tony awards . NCA -- Person won a Non-Competitive Award in this category ( see section above ) . P -- Person has won the Pulitzer Prize Jump up ^ In 1996 , Julie Andrews refused a Tony Award nomination for her role in Victor / Victoria in protest that the production received no other nominations . She was also Tony - nominated for My Fair Lady and Camelot . Jump up ^ Bob Fosse won all three awards in the same year , 1973 . Jump up ^ With his 2012 Oscar win , Plummer became the oldest ( 82 ) to win the `` Triple Crown Of Acting '' Jump up ^ Tony Walton is the only costume / set designer to win three different awards . Jump up ^ Miranda would also be the first MacArthur Fellow to win the EGOT Jump up ^ Trey Parker placed second in the narrative / dramatic division of 1993 's Student Academy Awards for his college short American History . Three Awards ( non-competitive ) ( edit ) In addition to the above winners , the following people have each won three out of the four major entertainment awards in either competitive categories or non-competitive special and honorary categories . Howard Ashman won two competitive Oscars , five competitive Grammy Awards , and a Special Award for outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ' anti-drug special for children . Fred Astaire won three competitive Emmy awards , a Special Academy Award , and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Robert Russell Bennett won a competitive Emmy Award , a competitive Oscar , and two Special Tony Awards . Irving Berlin won an Academy Award , a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award , and a competitive Tony award . Carol Burnett won 6 competitive Emmy awards , a competitive Grammy , and a Special Tony award . Walt Disney won 26 competitive Academy Awards , seven competitive Emmy Awards , and a Grammy Trustees Award . Ray Dolby won an Academy Scientific and Technical Award , two Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards , and a Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award . Judy Garland won an Academy Juvenile Award , two competitive Grammy Awards , and a Special Tony Award . Eileen Heckart won a competitive Academy Award , a competitive Emmy Award , and a Special Tony Award . Barry Manilow won two competitive Emmy Awards , a competitive Grammy Award , and a Special Tony Award . Steve Martin won the Honorary Academy Award , a competitive Emmy Award , and five competitive Grammy Awards . Stephen Schwartz won three competitive Oscars , three competitive Grammys and the Isabelle Stevenson Award , a non-competitive Tony Award . Eli Wallach won a competitive Tony Award , a competitive Emmy Award , and an Academy Honorary Award . Oprah Winfrey won competitive Emmy Awards , a competitive Tony Award , and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award , a non-competitive Academy Award . Four nominations ( edit ) The following people have not won all four awards in competitive categories , but have received at least one nomination for each of them : Lynn Ahrens Alan Alda Woody Allen Judith Anderson Julie Andrews Howard Ashman * Elmer Bernstein Leonard Bernstein Ralph Burns Ellen Burstyn Richard Burton Sammy Cahn Keith Carradine Diahann Carroll Glenn Close Cy Coleman Fred Ebb Henry Fonda Jane Fonda Judy Garland * Brian Grazer Joel Grey Julie Harris Katharine Hepburn Jeremy Irons Hugh Jackman James Earl Jones Quincy Jones John Kander Angela Lansbury Michel Legrand John Lithgow Kenny Loggins Steve Martin * Alan Menken Bette Midler Liza Minnelli Lin - Manuel Miranda Trey Parker Dolly Parton Sidney Poitier André Previn Lynn Redgrave Diana Ross * Adam Schlesinger Paul Scofield Marc Shaiman Paul Simon Glenn Slater Tom Snow Kevin Spacey Sting Barbra Streisand Meryl Streep Lily Tomlin Stanley Tucci Peter Ustinov Jimmy Van Heusen James Whitmore Paul Williams Hans Zimmer Notes : While Judy Garland and Diana Ross never received any Tony nominations , they have each won a Special Tony Award , in addition to receiving at least one nomination in competitive categories for each of the other four awards . Howard Ashman has never received an Emmy nomination , but has won an Outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy 's anti-drug special for children , in addition to receiving at least one nomination in competitive categories for each of the other four awards . Steve Martin has never received an Oscar nomination , but has won an Academy Honorary Award , in addition to receiving nominations in competitive categories for each of the other four awards . Only one artist , Lynn Redgrave , has been nominated at least once for each of the four awards without winning any . PEGOT ( edit ) A PEGOT winner is someone who has won all four EGOT awards as well as a Pulitzer Prize . PEGOT winners : Richard Rodgers Marvin Hamlisch People who have won a Pulitzer , and are only missing one EGOT award : Jerry Bock ( missing an Oscar ) Oscar Hammerstein II ( missing an Emmy ) Frank Loesser ( missing an Emmy ) Lin - Manuel Miranda ( missing an Oscar ) Stephen Sondheim ( missing an Emmy ) Of these five , only Miranda and Sondheim are still alive . Miranda was nominated for a 2017 Oscar for Best Original Song but did not win . Franchises ( edit ) To date , five franchises have won the EGOT . The Lion King ( edit ) The Lion King won its fourth distinct award in 1998 . With a span of four years between its first and fourth distinct awards , The Lion King is the fastest - ever EGOT in any form . Academy Awards 1995 : Best Original Score : Hans Zimmer 1995 : Best Original Song : `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music by Elton John ; Lyrics by Tim Rice Daytime Emmy Award 1996 : Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program : Nathan Lane in Timon & Pumbaa Grammy Awards 1995 : Best Musical Album for Children : Mark Mancina , Jay Rifkin , Chris Thomas , Hans Zimmer ( producers ) & various artists 1995 : Best Spoken Word Album for Children : Ted Kryczko , Randy Thornton ( producers ) & Robert Guillaume for The Lion King Read - Along 1999 : Best Musical Show Album : Mark Mancina ( producer ) for The Lion King Tony Awards 1998 : Best Musical 1998 : Best Scenic Design : Richard Hudson 1998 : Best Costume Design : Julie Taymor 1998 : Best Lighting Design : Donald Holder 1998 : Best Direction of a Musical : Julie Taymor 1998 : Best Choreography : Garth Fagan Sweeney Todd : the Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( edit ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street won its fourth distinct award in 2008 . Academy Awards 2008 : Best Art Direction : Dante Ferretti and Francesca Lo Schiavo for Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Primetime Emmy Awards 1985 : Outstanding Performance In A Variety Or Music Program : George Hearn as Sweeney Todd for Great Performances : Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street 1985 : Outstanding Directing in a Variety or Music Program : Terry Hughes for Great Performances : Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street 1985 : Outstanding Videotape Editing for a Limited Series or a Special : Jimmy B. Frazier for Great Performances : Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street 2015 : Outstanding Special Class Program : Live from Lincoln Center -- Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert with the New York Philharmonic Grammy Awards 1980 : Best Cast Show Album : Stephen Sondheim ( composer & lyricist ) , Thomas Z . Shepard ( producer ) for Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Tony Awards 1979 : Best Musical 1979 : Best Book of a Musical : Hugh Wheeler 1979 : Best Original Score ( Music and / or Lyrics ) Written for the Theatre : Stephen Sondheim 1979 : Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical : Len Cariou as Sweeney Todd 1979 : Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical : Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Lovett 1979 : Best Direction of a Musical : Harold Prince 1979 : Best Scenic Design : Eugene Lee 1979 : Best Costume Design : Franne Lee 2006 : Best Direction of a Musical : John Doyle 2006 : Best Orchestrations : Sarah Travis The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) The Wizard of Oz ( or works directly based on the same ) won its fourth distinct award in 2008 . Academy Awards 1940 : Best Original Score : Herbert Stothart 1940 : Best Original Song : `` Over the Rainbow '' Music by Harold Arlen ; Lyrics by Yip Harburg Tony Awards 1975 : Best Musical : The Wiz 1975 : Best Original Score : Charlie Smalls for The Wiz 1975 : Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical : Ted Ross as The Cowardly Lion for The Wiz 1975 : Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical : Dee Dee Bridgewater as Glinda for The Wiz 1975 : Best Direction of a Musical : Geoffrey Holder for The Wiz 1975 : Best Costume Design : Geoffrey Holder for The Wiz 1975 : Best Choreography : George Faison for The Wiz 2004 : Best Actress in a Musical : Idina Menzel as Elphaba for Wicked 2004 : Best Costume Design : Susan Hilferty for Wicked 2004 : Best Scenic Design : Eugene Lee for Wicked Grammy Awards 1975 : Best Musical Theatre Album : Music composed by Charlie Smalls and Produced by Jerry Wexler for The Wiz 2004 : Best Musical Theatre Album : Music composed , written , and produced by Steven Schwartz for Wicked Emmy Awards 2008 : Outstanding Make - up for a Series or a Movie ( non prosthetic ) : Tin Man 2016 : Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction , or Reality Programming : The Wiz Live ! Aladdin ( edit ) Aladdin won its fourth distinct award in 2014 . Academy Awards 1993 : Best Original Score : Alan Menken 1993 : Best Original Song : `` A Whole New World '' Music by Alan Menken ; Lyrics by Tim Rice Daytime Emmy Award 1995 : Outstanding Music Direction and Composition : Mark Watters , John Given , Harvey Cohen , Carl Johnson and Thomas Richard Sharp for Aladdin 1995 : Outstanding Film Sound Mixing : Deb Adair , Melissa Ellis , Jim Hodson , Timothy J. Garrity , Timothy J. Borquez and Bill Koepnick for Aladdin 1995 : Outstanding Film Sound Editing : 18 individuals for Aladdin 1996 : Outstanding Sound Mixing - Special Class : Michael Jiron , Allen L. Stone and Deb Adair for Aladdin Grammy Awards 1994 : Best Musical Album for Children : Alan Menken , Tim Rice ( producers ) & various artists 1994 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television : Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) for `` A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' performed by Regina Belle & Peabo Bryson 1994 : Song of the Year : Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) for `` A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' performed by Regina Belle & Peabo Bryson 1994 : Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals : Peabo Bryson & Regina Belle for `` A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' 1994 : Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television : Alan Menken ( composer ) Tony Awards 2014 : Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical : James Monroe Iglehart as the Genie for Aladdin The Sound of Music ( edit ) The Sound of Music won its fourth distinct award in 2014 . Academy Awards 1966 : Best Picture : Robert Wise 1966 : Best Director : Robert Wise 1966 : Best Sound : James Corcoran and Fred Hynes 1966 : Best Film Editing : William H. Reynolds 1966 : Best Music , Scoring of Music -- Adaptation or Treatment : Irwin Kostal Primetime Emmy Awards 2014 : Outstanding Technical Direction , Camerawork , Video Control for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special : The Sound of Music Live ! Grammy Awards 1961 : Best Show Album ( Original Cast ) : Oscar Hammerstein II and Richard Rodgers for The Sound of Music Tony Awards 1960 : Best Musical 1960 : Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical : Mary Martin as Maria Von Trapp for The Sound of Music 1960 : Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical : Patricia Neway as Mother Abbess for The Sound of Music 1960 : Best Conductor and Musical Director : Frederick Dvonch for The Sound of Music 1960 : Best Scenic Design ( Musical ) : Oliver Smith for The Sound of Music Three competitive Awards ( franchises ) ( edit ) Thirty - six franchises have won three of the four awards . They are as follows , along with which awards they have won : A Little Night Music Tony , Grammy , & Oscar Amadeus Tony , Grammy , & Oscar Annie Tony , Grammy , & Emmy Annie Get Your Gun Oscar , Tony , & Grammy Batman Grammy , Oscar , & Emmy Beauty and the Beast Grammy , Oscar , & Tony Cabaret Grammy , Oscar , & Tony Chicago Grammy , Oscar , & Tony The Color Purple Grammy , Emmy , & Tony Dracula Tony , Oscar , & Emmy Dreamgirls Grammy , Oscar , & Tony Evita Grammy , Oscar , & Tony Gigi Oscar , Grammy , & Tony Gypsy Grammy , Tony , & Emmy Hairspray Tony , Grammy , & Emmy Hello , Dolly ! Tony , Grammy , & Oscar How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! Grammy , Emmy , & Oscar Indiana Jones Oscar , Grammy , & Emmy Les Misérables Grammy , Oscar , & Tony The Lion in Winter Tony , Oscar , & Emmy Looney Tunes Oscar , Emmy & Grammy Mary Poppins Grammy , Oscar & Tony Men in Black Grammy , Oscar , & Emmy The Miracle Worker Tony , Oscar , & Emmy The Muppets Emmy , Grammy , & Oscar The Music Man Grammy , Oscar & Tony Once Grammy , Oscar , & Tony Peter Pan Tony , Emmy , & Oscar Porgy and Bess Grammy , Oscar , & Tony The Producers Grammy , Oscar , & Tony South Pacific Tony , Oscar & Emmy Star Wars Emmy , Grammy , & Oscar Toy Story Emmy , Grammy , & Oscar West Side Story Grammy , Oscar , & Tony Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? Tony , Grammy , & Oscar Winnie the Pooh Oscar , Grammy , & Emmy Four competitive nominations ( franchises ) ( edit ) The Addams Family Grammy , Oscar , Emmy , & Tony Grease Tony , Grammy , Oscar , & Emmy Peanuts Tony , Grammy , Emmy , & Oscar The Phantom of the Opera Oscar , Grammy , Tony , & Emmy Shrek Oscar , Grammy , Emmy , & Tony Spider - Man Tony , Oscar , Grammy , & Emmy See also ( edit ) Book : EGOT winners Academy Award Emmy Award Daytime Emmy Award Primetime Emmy Award Grammy Award Tony Award Triple Crown of Acting References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Dave ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Is an EGOT ? The Grand Slam of Show Business -- Explained '' . PEOPLE.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Liz ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Phyllis Newman Honored ! '' Archived March 3 , 2014 , at Archive.is . wowowow . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Emmy alert : what to watch on TV '' . The Envelope . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Graham , Renee ( August 19 , 2003 ) . `` Looking to the stars for a little Hope '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Long , Tim ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Oscars : Where Is the Love for Philip Michael Thomas ? '' Archived December 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Vanity Fair . `` ... Thomas took to wearing a gold medallion emblazoned with the letters `` EGOT '' , which stood for `` Emmy , Grammy , Oscar , and Tony . '' As Thomas told an interviewer in 1984 , `` Hopefully in the next five years I will win all of those awards . '' As of February 2008 , ... only twelve people in history have ever won all four -- among them , Mike Nichols , Audrey Hepburn , Rita Moreno , and Marvin Hamlisch . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie ( May 22 , 1995 ) . `` More Awards Programs , More Winners , More Money '' Archived May 31 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . Jump up ^ McIntee , Michael ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` Wahoo Gazette . Show # 3244 '' . CBS . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Castro , Iván A. ( 2006 ) . `` Rita Moreno '' . 100 Hispanics you should know . Libraries Unlimited . ISBN 1 - 59158 - 327 - 6 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert ( June 4 , 2001 ) . `` With Producers , Mel Brooks Has Won Tony , Oscar , Grammy and Emmy '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Waldron , Clarence ( April 14 , 2008 ) . `` The view according to Whoopi '' . Jet . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` As it happened : 12 years a slave , Gravity are big Oscar winners '' . FirstPost. Bollywood . March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tom ( August 15 , 2008 ) . `` Who will be the next winner of the showbiz awards grand slam ? '' . Gold Derby . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( May 9 , 1996 ) . `` Adding Drama to a Musical , Andrews Spurns the Tonys '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gamerman , Ellen ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` With Pulitzer Prize , Lin - Manuel Miranda Becomes Leading Contender for MacPEGOT '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Forget the coveted ' EGOT ' -- short for the quadruple win of Emmy , Grammy , Oscar and Tony awards to a single person -- Miranda is rewriting the acronym ... Skipping the genius grant , `` PEGOT '' winners include composer Richard Rodgers and Marvin Hamlisch . 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language wins Foreign - language nominees Foreign - language noms in other categories Foreign - language : count by country Animated feature noms in other categories Ethnicity African Argentine Asian Australian Black Brazilian British Canadian Chilean Colombian Cuban French German - speaking Greek Hispanic - American ( U.S. ) Indian Iranian Italian Jewish Latin American Mexican New Zealand Nordic Pakistani Polish Puerto Rican Spanish Uruguayan Other Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Book Portal Emmy Awards ATAS NATAS International TV Academy Primetime Emmy Award ( categories winners most awards per ceremony ) Main ceremonies 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Creative Arts 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Daytime Emmy Award ( categories winners ) Main ceremonies 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Creative Arts 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 International ( categories winners ) 1973 1976 1977 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Sports ( categories ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Technology & Engineering 2006 2007 2008 2009 News & Documentary 2011 2012 2013 Regional Chicago / Midwest Heartlands Lone Star Los Angeles Lower Great Lakes Michigan Mid-America Mid-Atlantic Midsouth National Capital / Chesapeake Bay New England New York Northwest Ohio Valley Pacific Southwest Rocky Mountain / Southwest San Francisco / Northern California Atlanta / Southeast Suncoast Upper Midwest Bob Hope Humanitarian Award EGOT winners Grammy Award Categories Grammy Nominees Records Locations EGOT Special awards Legend Award Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year Ceremony year 1959 May Nov 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Grammy Award Record of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Best New Artist The Recording Academy Tony Awards American Theatre Wing The Broadway League List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Play Best Play Best Direction of a Play Best Leading Actor in a Play Best Leading Actress in a Play Best Featured Actor in a Play Best Featured Actress in a Play Best Costume Design in a Play Best Lighting Design in a Play Best Revival of a Play Best Scenic Design in a Play Musical Best Musical Best Direction of a Musical Best Leading Actor in a Musical Best Leading Actress in a Musical Best Featured Actor in a Musical Best Featured Actress in a Musical Best Book of a Musical Best Choreography Best Costume Design in a Musical Best Lighting Design in a Musical Best Orchestrations Best Original Score Best Revival of a Musical Best Scenic Design in a Musical Special ( non-competitive ) Regional Theatre Tony Award Special Tony Award Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre Isabelle Stevenson Award Retired Best Author Best Conductor and Musical Director Best Costume Design Best Director Best Lighting Design Best Newcomer Best Revival Best Scenic Design Best Sound Design Best Special Theatrical Event Best Stage Technician Ceremonies 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_who_have_won_Academy,_Emmy,_Grammy,_and_Tony_Awards&oldid=802502678 '' Categories : Academy Award winners Academy Awards lists Emmy Award winners Grammy Award winners Tony Award winners Lists of actors Lists of composers Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Norsk Português Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 15 : 32 . 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"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n",
"\n\nName\nYear completed\nYears to complete\nEmmy\nGrammy\nOscar\nTony\nCategory(s)\n\n\nRodgers, RichardRichard Rodgers\n1962\n17\n1962\n19601\n1945\n19501,2\nComposer\n\n\nHayes, HelenHelen Hayes3\n1977\n45\n1953\n1977\n19321\n19471,2\nActress\n\n\nMoreno, RitaRita Moreno3\n1977\n16\n19771\n1972\n1961\n1975\nActress/Singer\n\n\nGielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud\n1991\n30\n1991\n1979\n1981\n19611,2\nActor/Director\n\n\nHepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn\n19945\n41\n19935\n19945\n19532\n19542\nActress\n\n\nHamlisch, MarvinMarvin Hamlisch\n1995\n23\n19951\n19741\n19731\n1976\nComposer\n\n\nTunick, JonathanJonathan Tunick\n1997\n20\n1982\n1988\n1977\n1997\nComposer/Conductor\n\n\nBrooks, MelMel Brooks\n2001\n34\n19671\n19981\n1968\n20011\nWriter/Composer/Actor\n\n\nNichols, MikeMike Nichols\n2001\n40\n20011\n1961\n1967\n19641\nDirector/Actor\n\n\nGoldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg\n2002\n17\n20021,2,4\n1985\n1990\n2002\nActress/Host/Producer\n\n\nRudin, ScottScott Rudin\n2012\n28\n1984\n2012\n2007\n19941\nProducer\n\n\nLopez, RobertRobert Lopez\n2014\n10\n20081,4\n20121\n2014\n20041\nComposer\n\n"
] | [
"Richard Rodgers",
"Helen Hayes",
"Rita Moreno",
"John Gielgud",
"Audrey Hepburn",
"Marvin Hamlisch",
"Jonathan Tunick",
"Mel Brooks",
"Mike Nichols",
"Whoopi Goldberg",
"Scott Rudin",
"Robert Lopez"
] |
1568632853073084553 | Pam Beesly | Pam Beesly - wikipedia Pam Beesly Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pam Beesly Halpert The Office character Jenna Fischer as Pam Halpert First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Finale '' Created by Greg Daniels Portrayed by Jenna Fischer Information Full name Pamela Morgan Beesly Gender Female Occupation Receptionist , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Secret Assistant to the Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Temporary Worker , Dunder Mifflin Corporate , New York City , NY Sales Representative , Michael Scott Paper Company Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Office Administrator , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Office Administrator , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Freelance Mural Painter / Art Gallery Owner , Austin TX Family William Beesly ( father , Rick Overton ) Helene Beesly ( mother , Shannon Cochran and Linda Purl ) Penny Beesly ( sister , Anna Camp ) Sylvia Beesly ( grandmother , Peggy Stewart ) Jocelyn Webster ( cousin ) Spouse ( s ) Jim Halpert ( m . 2009 ) Significant other ( s ) Roy Anderson ( ex-fiancé ) Children Cecelia `` CeCe '' Marie Halpert Philip Halpert Religion Presbyterian Nationality American Based on Dawn Tinsley Pamela Morgan Halpert ( née Beesly ; born March 25 , 1979 ) is a fictional character on the U.S. television sitcom The Office , played by Jenna Fischer . Her counterpart in the original UK series of The Office is Dawn Tinsley . Her character is initially the receptionist at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin , before becoming a saleswoman and eventually office administrator until her termination in the series finale . Her character is shy , growing assertive but amiable , and artistically inclined , and shares romantic interest with Jim Halpert , whom she begins dating in the fourth season and marries and starts a family with as the series continues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and character development 2 Character history 2.1 Seasons 1 -- 3 2.2 Seasons 4 -- 6 2.3 Season 7 2.4 Season 8 2.5 Season 9 3 Coworker relations 3.1 Jim Halpert 3.2 Roy Anderson 3.3 Michael Scott 3.4 Toby Flenderson 4 Appearances 5 References Casting and character development ( edit ) The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart , Dawn Tinsley . Even minute details , such as how Pam wore her hair each day , were considered by executive producer , Greg Daniels . `` When I went in for The Office , the casting director said to me , ' Please look normal ' , '' recalls Jenna Fischer . `` Do n't make yourself all pretty , and dare to bore me with your audition . Those were her words . Dare to bore me . '' Heeding the advice , Fischer said little during the auditions , during which she was interviewed in character by show producers , in an improvisational format , to imitate the show 's documentary premise . `` My take on the character of Pam was that she did n't have any media training , so she did n't know how to be a good interview . And also , she did n't care about this interview , '' she told NPR . `` So , I gave very short one - word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever , because I thought that the comedy would come out of just , you know , the real human reactions to the situation ... and they liked that take on it . '' `` When I went in to the audition , the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam -- they said , ' Do you like working as a receptionist ? ' I said , ' No . ' And that was it . I did n't speak any more than that . And they started laughing . '' Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character . For the first few seasons , she kept a list of the character history revealed on - screen by the creators , as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam 's history . She created a rule with the set 's hair and make - up department that it could n't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair , and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore or where she went to college . Fischer also carefully crafted Pam 's quiet persona . `` Well , my character of Pam is really stuck , '' she explained to NPR . `` I mean , she 's a subordinate in this office . And so , I think that for her , the only way she can express herself is in the silences , but you can say so much by not saying anything . '' Originally meek and passive , the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed , prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal . `` I have to approach Pam differently ( now ) , '' she explained in Season 4 , a defining season in which her character finally begins a long - awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute . `` She is in a loving relationship , she has found her voice , she has started taking art classes . All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves , speaks , dresses , etc . '' Character history ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 3 ( edit ) At the beginning of the series , Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years . Their open - ended engagement has become one of Michael 's running gags and a sore spot for Pam . Pam does not want her current job to become permanent , remarking that `` I do n't think it 's many little girls ' dream to be a receptionist . '' Pam is apathetic toward her work , evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer . However , in the pilot episode , she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill - advised prank by telling her that she will be fired . Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and ( in a deleted scene ) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone . Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim . She will do extra , unnecessary work ( such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics ) to make other people happy . Despite the abuse she takes from Michael , she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot . In later seasons , however , she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him . While engaged to Roy , Pam denies , or is in denial about , having any romantic feelings for Jim . When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin `` Casino Night '' she turns him down . She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend ( though she does n't say his name ) , and says `` Yeah , I think I am '' to an unheard question . She is interrupted by Jim , who enters and kisses her ; she responds by kissing back . Season three marks a turning point for Pam 's character : she gains self - confidence and appears less passive and more self - assured as the season progresses . In `` Gay Witch Hunt , '' the season 's opener , it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all , and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch , in Stamford , shortly after Pam rejected him a second time , after their kiss . Pam moves into her own apartment , begins taking art classes , a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time , and buys a new car , a blue Toyota Yaris . Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of `` The Merger '' , and brings along a female co-worker , Karen Filippelli , whom he begins dating . Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch ( aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day ) , and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense , despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras . Meanwhile , Roy vows to win Pam back . Roy 's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful , but once Pam and Roy are back together , he falls back into old habits almost immediately . When Roy and Pam attend an after work get - together at a local bar with their co-workers , Pam , feeling that she should be more honest with Roy , tells him about Jim kissing her at , `` Casino Night . '' Roy yells , smashes a mirror , and trashes the bar . Pam , frightened and embarrassed by his reaction , breaks up with Roy immediately . Roy vows to kill Jim and in , `` The Negotiation '' , Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work ( Jim is saved by Dwight 's intervention ) , and is subsequently fired . Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request , and after the polite but brief meeting , it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim . Pam participates in an art show , but few people attend . Her co-worker , Oscar , brings his partner along who , not knowing that Pam is standing behind him , criticizes her work by proclaiming that `` real art requires courage . '' Oscar then goes on to say that courage is n't one of Pam 's strong points . Affected by this statement , Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest , culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next - to - last episode of the season , `` Beach Games '' , and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship . Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying , framing and hanging Pam 's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office . In the season finale , `` The Job , '' she leaves a friendly note in Jim 's briefcase and an old memento depicting the ' gold medal ' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics , which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City . While he is asked how he `` would function here in New York '' , Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton , still distracted by the thought of Pam . Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office , where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner . She happily accepts , visibly moved , abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton . Karen quits soon after , becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin 's Utica branch . Seasons 4 -- 6 ( edit ) In Season 4 , Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season . She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe . In the season 4 premiere , `` Fun Run '' , Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing . The office ultimately learns of their relationship in `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' . In `` Chair Model '' , after teasing Pam about his impending proposal , Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating . In the next few episodes , Jim fake - proposes to Pam multiple times . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Pam discovers she 's been accepted at Pratt Institute , an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode , Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening . Just as Jim is preparing to propose , however , Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela . Having had his thunder stolen by Andy , Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket , leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night . In the Season 5 premiere , `` Weight Loss '' , Pam begins her three - month course at the Pratt Institute . In this episode , Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop , saying that he `` ca n't wait '' . In `` Business Trip '' , Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it . Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back `` the right way '' , she ultimately makes the decision to return home , saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton . A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam 's graphic design projects , which he thinks are `` cool '' , as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches , which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects , implying her talents lie in hand - drawn works . In `` Two Weeks '' , Pam agrees to become Michael 's first saleswoman in his not - yet - established company , The Michael Scott Paper Co. , as a supportive Jim looks on . When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead , including adding Pam to the sales team . In `` Company Picnic '' , Pam , after dominating the company volleyball tournament , injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes . At the hospital , the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition . There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace , looking shocked and ecstatic . It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere , `` Gossip '' . Jim and Pam marry early in the season , at Niagara Falls , during the highly anticipated , hour long episode , `` Niagara '' . The ending of the episode , in which their co-workers dance down the aisle , is an imitation of a viral YouTube video -- JK Wedding Entrance Dance . Following the wedding , a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam 's mother the night of the wedding . The two break up during `` Double Date '' , an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions . In `` The Delivery '' of Season 6 , Pam and Jim have their first child , a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert . Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers , and chose to name her after her own niece . Season 7 ( edit ) In `` Counseling '' , Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator . In `` China '' , Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost - cutting measures . Pam threatens to move the office to a new building , which Dwight discovers does n't exist . Pam saves face , however , when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight 's measures were not allowed . The episode is another example of Dwight 's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam ( as previously demonstrated in `` The Injury '' , `` Back from Vacation '' , `` The Job '' and `` Diwali '' ) ; Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office . She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desk top computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years , as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer , and giving Darell three sick days . At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is , `` Full on corrupt . '' In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam almost misses saying good - bye to Michael , as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders . Jim figures out Michael 's plan to leave early and tells her by text . Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves . Season 8 ( edit ) At the beginning of Season 8 , Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim 's second child , Philip Halpert . The child coincided with Jenna Fischer 's actual pregnancy . She begins her maternity leave after `` Pam 's Replacement '' . Pam returns in `` Jury Duty '' , where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office . In both `` Tallahassee '' and `` Test the Store '' Pam is shown helping , and developing her friendship with Andy . Season 9 ( edit ) Early in season 9 , Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business , Athlead , in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode `` Andy 's Ancestry '' . Although Pam is happy for his decision , she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested . Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia , but in `` Customer Loyalty '' , the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears , and is comforted by Brian , the boom mic operator of the film crew . In `` Moving On '' , Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim , but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott . Over dinner , Pam reveals to Jim that she does n't really want to move to Philadelphia after all . However , in `` Livin ' the Dream '' , when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country , Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision . In `` A.A.R.M. '' , Pam tells Jim that she 's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him . Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her . When she finishes the montage , which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas ; Jim finally gives her that letter , and she reads it , visibly moved . In the series finale , which takes place a year later , she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market , so that they can move to Austin , Texas , and take his job back at Athlead ( now Athleap ) . Co-worker relations ( edit ) From her years working the front desk , Pam has become well - acquainted with the Dunder - Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers ' personalities , including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott . She uses this familiarity to manipulate them , often for their and the company 's best interests ( such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in `` The Chump '' ) but also occasionally for her own . This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position . Jim Halpert ( edit ) Main article : Jim Halpert The `` will they or wo n't they '' tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office , encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3 . In the opener of Season 4 , the two characters are revealed to be dating , and as such , other character romances , such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin , begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes . In Season 6 , Jim and Pam are married in the season 's 4th and 5th episodes ( hour long ) , a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics , as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture . Their child is born in the second half of the season , during another hour long , `` The Delivery '' . Pam and Jim 's second child is born during season 8 . In season 9 , their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia . They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job . Roy Anderson ( edit ) Main article : Roy Anderson ( The Office ) When the series begins , Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson ; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running . They finally set a date , but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute . They get back together once , briefly , but Pam is much more assertive , and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst . Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing , neglectful , dismissive of her desire to be an artist , and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine 's Day . Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to `` bother '' Roy with her `` thoughts or feelings '' . He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam 's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin . In the early seasons , there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy , with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim . In `` Basketball '' , when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills , Roy elbows Jim in the nose . In season 2 , when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin , Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish . Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy , but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk . She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis 's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen . In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy , Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during `` Casino Night '' . Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot . The next day , Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight 's pepper spray and is summarily fired . After losing his job , Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen , she should at least make an effort to date him ( inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him ) . In season 5 , Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged . The mood is somewhat awkward , but Roy is congratulatory , but then makes a somewhat passive - aggressive comment , seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam 's life , which tempts him to drive to Pratt , where she is attending art classes . Jim gets on the freeway , but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam . Jim did n't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her . Michael Scott ( edit ) Main article : Michael Scott ( The Office ) In the series pilot , Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing , leaving her in tears . He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance , and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date ( inspiring a horrified `` WHAT ? ? ? '' from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her ) . However , his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam . Over time , the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals , her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael , and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them ( as did Michael 's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager ) . Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene , and excoriated him at length during `` The Lover '' before eventually slapping him in `` Double Date '' , but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward . Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael ca n't cross , like telling him that he was n't Cece 's godfather . By Season 7 , Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael , steering him away from ( numerous ) bad ideas and towards his ( fewer but real ) good ones , such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly . In Michael 's finale `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder , believing that the next day Michael was leaving . As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse , Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek . The two have a nice moment and he walks off , leaving her holding her shoes . She then tells the camera that he was happy , wanting to be an advanced rewards member , and was glad to be going home to see Holly . She then is there to watch Michael 's plane take off . In a deleted scene from `` The Inner Circle '' , we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy `` Pamela Beagsley '' , and in `` The List '' she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child `` Little Michael Scott '' , further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship . Toby flenderson ( edit ) Main article : Toby Flenderson Toby , the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch , has a secret crush on Pam . In `` A Benihana Christmas '' she gives him her Dunder - Mifflin bathrobe , a display of friendly affection , after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his . In `` Night Out '' , Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh ( and while Jim sits just on her other side ) , and the rest of the office watches in horror . In his mortification , Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing . In `` Goodbye , Toby '' , he purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam . On the eve of his departure , she confesses to the cameras that she always thought he was `` kind of cute '' . The crush receives less attention after Toby 's return . However , in `` Niagara '' , Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen . In `` Finale '' , Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight 's wedding , with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him . When she asks , `` is it me ? '' , he replies that `` it 's everything ! '' . Appearances ( edit ) Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of `` Business Ethics '' ( except for the deleted scenes ) , `` St. Patrick 's Day '' , and `` New Leads '' in which only her voice is heard , and several season 8 episodes from `` Mrs. California '' to `` Pool Party '' , where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Halpert Baby Blog '' . Halpertbeesly.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Episode commentary , Season 2 , `` Valentine 's Day '' ^ Jump up to : `` For Jenna Fischer , ' Office ' Life Is A Great Act '' . NPR. 2008 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jenna Fischer rocks the OTCR '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Season 2 DVD , `` Valentine 's Day '' , episode commentary ^ Jump up to : `` Pam Beesly ( Pam / Jenna ) op Myspace '' . Myspace.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` JK Wedding Entrance Dance '' . YouTube . 2009 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ People Magazine , Week of 03 / 05 / 2010 Jump up ^ `` The Office : Why Jim and Pam 's wedding is good for TV comedy '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` The Office Exclusive : ' Til Death 's Lindsey Broad Befriends Pam '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . ( hide ) The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Robert California Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Cast list Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pam_Beesly&oldid=803444307 '' Categories : Fictional receptionists Fictional secretaries Fictional American people of English descent The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 15 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does pam come back to the office | [
"At the beginning of Season 8, Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim's second child, Philip Halpert. The child coincided with Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy. She begins her maternity leave after \"Pam's Replacement\". Pam returns in \"Jury Duty\", where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office. In both \"Tallahassee\" and \"Test the Store\" Pam is shown helping, and developing her friendship with Andy."
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"in \"Jury Duty\""
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-5483528644715083382 | Kristen Schaal | Kristen Schaal - wikipedia Kristen Schaal Jump to : navigation , search Kristen Schaal Schaal at the 2016 WonderCon in Los Angeles , California Kristen Joy Schaal ( 1978 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Longmont , Colorado , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California Occupation Actress , voice actress , comedian , writer Years active 1999 -- present Known for Observational comedy , satire , political satire Spouse ( s ) Rich Blomquist ( m . 2012 ) Kristen Joy Schaal ( / ʃɑːl / ; born January 24 , 1978 ) is an American actress , voice actress , comedian and writer . She is best known for her roles of Mel in Flight of the Conchords , the over-sexed nurse Hurshe Heartshe on The Heart , She Holler , Louise Belcher in Bob 's Burgers , Mabel Pines in Gravity Falls , and Carol in The Last Man on Earth . Since 2015 , she has co-starred alongside Will Forte in the post-apocalyptic comedy series The Last Man on Earth , playing the role of Carol . She also provides several voices for BoJack Horseman , most notably for the character of Sarah Lynn , for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance . Other roles include Amanda Simmons on The Hotwives of Orlando , Hazel Wassername on 30 Rock , Victoria Best on WordGirl , Trixie in Toy Story 3 , and Anne on Wilfred . She was also an occasional commentator on The Daily Show from 2008 to 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Live comedy 2.2 Film , TV and radio 2.3 Books 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Schaal was born in Longmont , Colorado , to a Lutheran family of Dutch ancestry . She was raised on her family 's cattle ranch , in a rural area near Boulder . Her father is a construction worker and her mother is a secretary . She has a brother , David , who is three years older . She graduated from Northwestern University and then moved to New York in 2000 to pursue a comedy career . In 2005 , she had her first break when she was included in New York magazine 's article `` The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You 've Never Heard Of '' . Career ( edit ) Schaal and comedy partner Kurt Braunohler onstage in 2010 Live Comedy ( edit ) In 2006 , Schaal performed at the 2006 HBO US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen , where she won the award for `` Best Alternative Comedian '' . She was also the winner of the second annual Andy Kaufman Award ( hosted by the New York Comedy Festival ) , Best Female Stand - up at the 2006 Nightlife Awards in New York City , and `` Best Female Stand Up Comedian '' at the 2007 ECNY Awards . At the 2008 Melbourne International Comedy Festival , she won the Barry Award for her show Kristen Schaal As You Have Probably Never Seen Her Before , tying with Nina Conti . Also in 2006 , Schaal appeared on the first season of the Comedy Central show Live at Gotham . She co-hosts the weekly variety show Hot Tub in Los Angeles , which was voted `` Best Variety Show of 2005 '' by Time - Out New York 's readers poll . She also performs at the Peoples Improv Theater on the improv team , `` Big Black Car '' , which was awarded best improv troupe of 2005 at the Emerging Comics of New York awards . She is a founding member of the theatre company The Striking Viking Story Pirates , which adapts stories by children into sketches and songs . Schaal performed live at the Edinburgh Fringe 2007 in Scotland , where she was one of six acts ( chosen from over two hundred American productions at the Fringe ) requested to perform at the US Consul General - sponsored `` Fringe USA '' Showcase . On her return to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2008 , Schaal was nominated for the If. comedy award for Kristen Schaal And Kurt Braunohler : Double Down Hearts . Schaal has also performed at the Royal Albert Hall , London , as part of The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008 in aid of Amnesty International , and at the Bonnaroo 2009 music festival . In 2010 , Schaal appeared as a stand - up comic on John Oliver 's New York Stand Up Show and at the Solid Sound Festival at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art . Film , TV and Radio ( edit ) Schaal at the Brooklyn Book Festival ( 2010 ) Schaal appeared on HBO 's Flight of the Conchords as the stalker - fan Mel , a role which earned her an EWwy nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2009 . She was also a credited consultant and writer for Season 11 of South Park , appeared on the BBC 's Never Mind the Buzzcocks and played the boss in Fuse 's mockumentary The Intern . She made her first appearance as a `` special commentator '' on Comedy Central 's The Daily Show on March 13 , 2008 , often presented in recurring appearances as its news team 's `` Senior Women 's Issues Correspondent '' . On April 13 , 2008 , she made an appearance on Good News Week during the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and in October 2008 she appeared in Amnesty International 's The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2008 . Her other film and television credits include Kate and Leopold , Aqua Teen Hunger Force , Snake ' n ' Bacon , Norbit , Get Him to the Greek , Conviction , Cheap Seats , Freak Show , Cirque du Freak : The Vampire 's Assistant , Adam and Steve , The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard , Delirious , Australian show Good News Week , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , Law & Order : Criminal Intent , The Education of Max Bickford , Comedy Central 's Contest Searchlight , Ugly Betty , How I Met Your Mother , MTV 's Human Giant and Mad Men . She was also a contributor to the sketch / music series The Nighttime Clap on the Fuse music network . She also appeared on Fuse 's original comedy series The P.A. Schaal appeared in two TV pilots written and directed by Jersey City comedian Dan McNamara -- The Calderons and Redeeming Rainbow , both of which were screened as official selections at the 2006 and 2007 New York Television Festivals . She was also in television commercials for Wendy 's , RadioShack , and Starburst . She made an appearance , in April 2008 , on the IFC sketch comedy show The Whitest Kids U ' Know . On April 3 , 2009 she taped an episode of Comedy Central Presents . In 2010 , she added her voice to the PBS Kids GO ! series WordGirl as Victoria Best , a child prodigy whose parents taught her to be the best at everything that she does . Schaal voiced 13 - year - old Mabel Pines on Disney Channel 's hit TV series Gravity Falls . She currently voices the character Louise on the FOX Network series Bob 's Burgers . She also stars in A.D. Miles ' MyDamnChannel.com series Horrible People . In October 2008 , Schaal appeared in an episode of Spicks and Specks . On June 10 , 2009 , Schaal broadcast her first radio show , High Five ! ! , on Sirius XM Radio 's ' RawDog ' channel with co-host Kurt Braunohler . She played Gertha Teeth in the 2009 movie The Vampire 's Assistant . Schaal stars in her own web series , Penelope Princess of Pets , one episode of which doubled as the video for the New Pornographers ' `` Mutiny , I Promise You '' . She voiced Trixie the Triceratops in Toy Story 3 and Pumpkin Witch and Palace Witch in Shrek Forever After . She was also in the music video for Joey Ramone 's `` New York City '' . She also guest starred in the Modern Family episode `` Fifteen Percent '' , as well as the music video for `` Conversation 16 '' by The National . Schaal guest starred on the MC Frontalot album Solved . She was featured with Kurt Braunohler on the Radiolab episode `` Loops '' . Schaal was in a commercial for the Xperia Play version of Minecraft . Schaal guest starred on The Simpsons May 8 , 2011 episode `` Homer Scissorhands '' in which she plays Taffy , a love interest of Milhouse . She is incorrectly listed in the credits as `` Kristen Schall '' . This prompted Simpsons writers to issue her a unique apology on the next week 's episode in which Bart 's chalkboard joke in the intro to the show states `` It 's Kristen Schaal , not Kristen Schall . '' Schaal also appeared in a music video for `` Weird Al '' Yankovic 's 2014 song `` Tacky '' , a parody of Pharrell Williams 's `` Happy '' . In 2013 , Schaal guest starred in the two part episode `` Sea Tunt '' of Archer , lending her voice to a character named Tiffy . In 2014 , Schaal co-starred alongside Casey Wilson , Danielle Schneider , Tymberlee Hill , Andrea Savage , and Angela Kinsey in the first season of the Hulu original series The Hotwives of Orlando . She is currently co-starring alongside Will Forte in the FOX comedy The Last Man on Earth , which premiered on March 1 , 2015 . Schaal also voices the character Sarah Lynn in the Netflix original animated series BoJack Horseman . In 2017 , she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance for her performance as Sarah Lynn . Schaal appears in A Walk in the Woods ( 2015 ) as hiker Mary Ellen . Books ( edit ) Schaal wrote a book of humor , The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex , with her husband , former Daily Show writer Rich Blomquist . It was published in July 2010 by Chronicle Books . She originally intended for them to write the book under pseudonyms , `` because I do n't want anyone to imagine me doing those things , '' but realized it would be harder to promote the book without using their real names . Personal life ( edit ) Schaal has been married to Daily Show staff writer Rich Blomquist since 2012 . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes Kate & Leopold Miss Tree Film debut Poster Boy Bookstore Lady # 14 2005 Adam & Steve Ruth 2006 Delirious Joelle 2007 Norbit Event Organizer 2009 The Goods : Live Hard , Sell Hard Stewardess Stacey Cirque du Freak : The Vampire 's Assistant Gertha Teeth When in Rome Ilona Valentine 's Day Ms. Gilroy Shrek Forever After Pumpkin / Palace Witch Voice Get Him to the Greek Today Show Production Assistant Toy Story 3 Trixie Voice Dinner for Schmucks Susana Going the Distance Female Bartender 2011 Butter Carol Ann Hawaiian Vacation Trixie Voice , short film The Muppets Moderator 2012 Sleepwalk with Me Cynthia 2013 Despicable Me 2 Shannon Voice Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Barb Welcome to the Jungle Brenda 2015 A Walk in the Woods Mary Ellen 2016 Donald Trump 's The Art of the Deal : The Movie Gloria / Deborah Voice The Boss Sandy 2017 All Nighter Roberta Literally , Right Before Aaron Talula Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie Edith Voice Austin Found Nancy Boundaries In post-production 2019 Toy Story 4 Trixie Voice , in production Television Year Title Role Notes 2001 -- 02 The Education of Max Bickford Valerie Holmes 3 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Abby Episode : `` Brotherhood '' 2005 Cheap Seats : Without Ron Parker Emily Episode : `` Dog Show / World Beard and Mustache Championship '' 2006 Conviction Allie Rubinoff Episode : `` Madness '' Ugly Betty Nancy Episode : `` Pilot '' Six Degrees Gail 2 episodes Freak Show Various Voice , 7 episodes 2007 Scott Bateman Presents Earth 's New Robot Overlord Trixie Tangway Voice , 2 episodes Law & Order : Criminal Intent Alana Binder Episode : `` 30 '' Human Giant Girl in Doritos Commercial Episode : `` Lil 9 - 11 '' Mad Men Nannette Episode : `` Smoke Gets in Your Eyes '' How I Met Your Mother Laura Girard Episode : `` The Platinum Rule '' 2007 -- 09 Flight of the Conchords Mel 21 episodes 2008 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Tammy Tangerine ( voice ) As Frannie Hood , Episode : `` Bible Fruit '' The Whitest Kids U'Know Homeless Woman Episode : `` 2.9 '' Never Mind The Buzzcocks Herself Series 21 , Episode 4 2008 -- 16 The Daily Show Herself Recurring role as commentator ; 30 episodes 2009 Xavier : Renegade Angel Frantic Spectator / Old Ryan 's Wife ( voice ) Episode : `` Going Normal '' Comedy Central Presents Herself Season 13 , Episode 24 Snake ' n ' Bacon The Green Fairy TV movie Comedy Showcase Tourist Episode : `` The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret '' Modern Family Whitney Episode : `` Fifteen Percent '' Comedy Lab Penelope Episode : `` Penelope Princess of Pets '' Fact Checkers Unit Paula Episode : `` One Groundhog Day Dog '' Scared Shrekless Sugar the Gingerbread Girl Voice 2010 -- 15 WordGirl Victoria Best ( voice ) Episodes : `` Victoria Best '' , `` Cherish is the Word '' , `` Crime in the Key of V '' , `` Do n't Mess with the Best `` , `` Victoria Is the Best ... WordGirl ? '' , `` There is no V in Team '' , `` World 's Best Dad '' , and `` The Best of the Bests '' 2011 The Simpsons Taffy Voice , Episode : `` Homer Scissorhands '' ; credited as `` Kristen Schall '' The Penguins of Madagascar Muffy , Bluffy , and Fluffy the bunny rabbits Voice , Episode : `` Operation : Neighbor Swap '' Soul Quest Overdrive Tammy Voice The Heart , She Holler Hershe Heartshe 6 episodes 2011 -- 12 American Dad ! Librarian / Girl Voice , 2 episodes 2011 -- present Bob 's Burgers Louise Belcher Voice , Lead role 2012 -- 13 30 Rock Hazel Wassername 11 episodes 2012 -- 14 Adventure Time Jake Jr . Voice , 4 episodes 2012 -- 16 Gravity Falls Mabel Pines Voice , Lead role 2013 Archer Tiffy Voice , 2 episodes Never Mind the Buzzcocks Herself Series 27 , Episode 5 Wilfred Anne 4 episodes NTSF : SD : SUV : : Deborah Episode : `` Trading Faces '' Toy Story of Terror Trixie Voice The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Herself Panelist 2013 -- 14 @ midnight Herself 2 episodes 2013 -- 16 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Herself / Gina Guppies 2 episodes 2014 The Hotwives of Orlando Amanda Simmons Series regular Glee Mary Halloran Episode : `` The Untitled Rachel Berry Project '' Toy Story That Time Forgot Trixie Voice 2014 -- 17 BoJack Horseman Sarah Lynn / Various Voice ; 11 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance 2015 Axe Cop God Voice ; episode : `` Axe Cop Saves God '' The Hotwives of Las Vegas Amanda Simmons Episode : `` Old Friends , New Enemies '' 2015 -- present The Last Man on Earth Carol Pilbasian Main role ( 47 episodes ) 2016 Wander Over Yonder Mavis Voice ; episode : `` The Cartoon '' Not Safe with Nikki Glaser Herself Episodes : `` Get Her a Glass of Water '' and `` I Miss David Bowie '' The Big Fat Quiz of Everything Herself Panelist Brad Neely 's Harg Nallin ' Sclopio Peepio Voice ; episode : `` For Sarandon '' Great Minds with Dan Harmon Amelia Earhart Episode : `` Amelia Earhart '' Transformers : Rescue Bots Chickadee Voice ; episode : `` Camp Cody '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schaal , Kristen ; Blomquist , Rich ( 2010 - 07 - 28 ) . The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0811871266 . ^ Jump up to : Friedlander , Whitney ( 6 May 2016 ) . `` ' Daily Show 's ' Rich Blomquist Signs Overall with Fox TV '' . Variety . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson : `` The Science of Sex '' . 2013 . Accessed 12 August 2013 . The original Dutch pronunciation would be / sxaːl / . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , John ( 2010 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Kristen Schaal : The toast of American comedy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Kooky Monster '' . Melbourne : The Age . 2008 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Todd , Charlie ( 2005 - 09 - 26 ) . `` The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You 've Never Heard Of '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 4th Annual ECNY Award Winners '' . ECNY Awards . 2011 - 02 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kent , Melissa ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Top comics grin and share the main prize '' . The Age . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Strachan , Alex ( 2009 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Live at Gotham a Prerequisite for the Big Time '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh Festival If. comedy award shortlist announced '' . The List . 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Calderons on IMDb Jump up ^ Redeeming Rainbow on IMDb Jump up ^ `` COMEDY CENTRAL ( R ) Gets the New Year Rolling with Laughter ! '' . PR Newswire . Bloomberg. 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Scholastic Media Renews `` WordGirl '' for 26 More Episodes `` . toonzone.net . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Brophy - Warren , Jamin ( 2009 - 06 - 10 ) . `` '' Flight of the Conchords '' Meets `` South Park '' on Satellite Radio `` . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Schaal ( COMEDIAN ) '' . The Believer . June 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chen , David ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Lee Unkrich Announces Kristen Schaal and Blake Clark Cast in Toy Story 3 ; Toy Story 3D Double Feature To Stay in Theaters '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Kristen Schaal '' . Radiolab . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Quintana , Anna ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Danger Zone : Here Are 11 of the Best Celebrity Guest Stars to Ever Appear on ' Archer ' ! '' . Life & Style . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Archer : `` Sea Tunt : Part I '' `` . A.V. Club . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` The Longest Face '' . Slate . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Powers , Nicole ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Kristen Schaal : Confessions of a Disappointed Hillary Supporter '' . SuicideGirls . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Credit Where It 's Due : A ' Simpsons ' Spelling Lesson '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kristen Schaal . Kristen Schaal on IMDb VIAF : 90569873 LCCN : no2009096111 ISNI : 0000 0000 6294 4462 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Schaal&oldid=808153857 '' Categories : 1978 births 21st - century American comedians 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Colorado American film actresses American Lutherans American people of Dutch descent American people of German descent American stand - up comedians American television actresses American television writers American voice actresses American women comedians Annie Award winners Living people Northwestern University alumni People from Longmont , Colorado Women television writers Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Kiswahili Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 05 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays mabel's voice on gravity falls | [
"Kristen Joy Schaal (/ʃɑːl/;[3] born January 24, 1978) is an American actress, voice actress, comedian and writer. She is best known for her roles of Mel in Flight of the Conchords, the over-sexed nurse Hurshe Heartshe on The Heart, She Holler, Louise Belcher in Bob's Burgers, Mabel Pines in Gravity Falls, and Carol in The Last Man on Earth."
] | [
"Kristen Joy Schaal"
] |
208384282539902012 | February 29 | February 29 - wikipedia February 29 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the calendar day . For the South Korean film , see February 29 ( film ) . For the Malaysian film , see 29 Februari . `` Leap Day '' redirects here . For the `` 30 Rock '' episode , see Leap Day ( 30 Rock ) . For the `` Modern Family '' episode , see Leap Day ( Modern Family ) . < < February > > Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2017 February 29 in recent years 2016 ( Monday ) 2012 ( Wednesday ) 2008 ( Friday ) February 29 , also known as leap day or leap year day , is a date added to most years that are divisible by 4 , such as 2008 , 2012 , 2016 , 2020 , and 2024 . A leap day is added in various solar calendars ( calendars based on the Earth 's revolution around the Sun ) , including the Gregorian calendar standard in most of the world . Lunisolar calendars ( whose months are based on the phases of the Moon ) instead add a leap or intercalary month . In the Gregorian calendar , years that are divisible by 100 , but not by 400 , do not contain a leap day . Thus , 1700 , 1800 , and 1900 did not contain a leap day ; neither will 2100 , 2200 , and 2300 . Conversely , 1600 and 2000 did and 2400 will . Years containing a leap day are called leap years . Years not containing a leap day are called common years . February 29 is the 60th day of the Gregorian calendar , in such a year , with 306 days remaining until the end of the year . In the Chinese calendar , this day will only occur in years of the monkey , dragon , and rat . A leap day is observed because a complete revolution around the Sun takes approximately 6 hours longer than 365 days ( 8,760 hours ) . A leap day compensates for this lag , realigning the calendar with the Earth 's position in the Solar System ; otherwise , seasons would occur earlier than intended in the calendar year . The Julian calendar used in Christendom until the 16th century added a leap day every four years ; but this rule adds too many days ( roughly 3 every 400 years ) , making the equinoxes and solstices shift gradually to earlier dates . By the 16th century the vernal equinox had drifted to March 11 , and the Gregorian calendar was introduced both to shift it back by omitting several days , and to reduce the number of leap years via the `` century rule '' to keep the equinoxes more or less fixed and the date of Easter consistently close to the vernal equinox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Leap years 1.1 Modern ( Gregorian ) calendar 1.2 Early Roman calendar 1.3 Julian reform 2 Born on February 29 2.1 Legal status 2.2 In fiction 3 Events 4 Births 5 Deaths 6 Holidays and observances 7 Folk traditions 8 References 9 External links Leap years ( edit ) Main article : Leap year Although most modern calendar years have 365 days , a complete revolution around the Sun ( one solar year ) takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours . An extra 24 hours thus accumulates every four years , requiring that an extra calendar day be added to align the calendar with the Sun 's apparent position . Without the added day , in future years the seasons would occur later in the calendar , eventually leading to confusion about when to undertake activities dependent on weather , ecology , or hours of daylight . A solar year is actually slightly shorter than 365 days and 6 hours ( 365.25 days ) . As early as the 13th century it was recognized that the year is shorter than the 365.25 days assumed by the Julian calendar : the Earth 's orbital period around the Sun was derived from the medieval Alfonsine tables as 365 days , 5 hours , 49 minutes , and 16 seconds ( 365.2425 days ) . The currently accepted modern figure is 365 days , 5 hours , 48 minutes , 45 seconds . Adding a calendar day every four years , therefore , results in an excess of around 44 minutes for those four years , or about 3 days every 400 years . To compensate for this , three days are removed every 400 years . The Gregorian calendar reform implements this adjustment by making an exception to the general rule that there is a leap year every four years . Instead , a year divisible by 100 is not a leap year unless that year is also divisible by 400 . This means that the years 1600 , 2000 , and 2400 are leap years , while the years 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , 2200 , 2300 , and 2500 are common years . Modern ( Gregorian ) calendar ( edit ) The Gregorian calendar repeats itself every 400 years , which is exactly 20,871 weeks including 97 leap days . Over this period , February 29 falls on Sunday , Tuesday , and Thursday 13 times each ; 14 times each on Friday and Saturday ; and 15 times each on Monday and Wednesday . Excepting when a century mark that is not a multiple of 400 intervenes , consecutive leaps days fall in order Thursday , Tuesday , Sunday , Friday , Wednesday , Monday , and Saturday ; then repeating with Thursday again . Early Roman calendar ( edit ) Adding a leap day ( after 23 February ) shifts the commemorations in the 1962 Roman Missal . Main article : Roman calendar The calendar of the Roman king Numa Pompilius had only 355 days ( even though it was not a lunar calendar ) which meant that it would quickly become unsynchronized with the solar year . An earlier Roman solution to this problem was to lengthen the calendar periodically by adding extra days to February , the last month of the year . February consisted of two parts , each with an odd number of days . The first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd , which was considered the end of the religious year , and the five remaining days formed the second part . To keep the calendar year roughly aligned with the solar year , a leap month , called Mensis Intercalaris ( `` intercalary month '' ) , was added from time to time between these two parts of February . The ( usual ) second part of February was incorporated in the intercalary month as its last five days , with no change either in their dates or the festivals observed on them . This followed naturally , because the days after the Ides ( 13th ) of February ( in an ordinary year ) or the Ides of Intercalaris ( in an intercalary year ) both counted down to the Kalends of March ( i.e. they were known as `` the nth day before the Kalends of March '' ) . The Nones ( 5th ) and Ides of Intercalaris occupied their normal positions . The third - century writer Censorinus says : When it was thought necessary to add ( every two years ) an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days , so that the civil year should correspond to the natural ( solar ) year , this intercalation was in preference made in February , between Terminalia ( 23rd ) and Regifugium ( 24th ) . Julian reform ( edit ) Main article : Julian calendar The set leap day was introduced in Rome as a part of the Julian reform in the 1st century BC . As before , the intercalation was made after February 23 . The day following the Terminalia ( February 23 ) was doubled , forming the `` bis sextum '' -- literally ' twice sixth ' , since February 24 was ' the sixth day before the Kalends of March ' using Roman inclusive counting ( March 1 was the Kalends of March and was also the first day of the calendar year ) . Inclusive counting initially caused the Roman priests to add the extra day every three years instead of four ; Augustus was compelled to omit leap years for a few decades to return the calendar to its proper position . Although there were exceptions , the first day of the bis sextum ( February 24 ) was usually regarded as the intercalated or `` bissextile '' day since the 3rd century AD . February 29 came to be regarded as the leap day when the Roman system of numbering days was replaced by sequential numbering in the late Middle Ages , although this has only been formally enacted in Sweden and Finland . In Britain , the extra day added to leap years remains notionally the 24th , although the 29th remains more visible on the calendar . Born on February 29 ( edit ) A person born on February 29 may be called a `` leapling '' , a `` leaper '' , or a `` leap - year baby '' . In non-leap years , some leaplings celebrate their birthday on either February 28 or March 1 , while others only observe birthdays on the authentic intercalary date , February 29 . Legal status ( edit ) The effective legal date of a leapling 's birthday in non-leap years varies between jurisdictions . In the United Kingdom and Hong Kong , when a person born on February 29 turns 18 , they are considered to have their birthday on March 1 in the relevant year . In New Zealand , a person born on February 29 is deemed to have their birthday on February 28 in non-leap years , for the purposes of Driver Licensing under § 2 ( 2 ) of the Land Transport ( Driver Licensing ) Rule 1999 . The net result is that for drivers aged 75 , or over 80 , their driver licence expires at the end of the last day of February , even though their birthday would otherwise fall on the first day in March in non-leap years . Otherwise , New Zealand legislation is silent on when a person born on 29 February has their birthday , although case law would suggest that age is computed based on the number of years elapsed , from the day after the date of birth , and that the person 's birth day then occurs on the last day of the year period . This differs from English common law where a birthday is considered to be the start of the next year , the preceding year ending at midnight on the day preceding the birthday . While a person attains the same age on the same day , it also means that , in New Zealand , if something must be done by the time a person attains a certain age , that thing can be done on the birthday that they attain that age and still be lawful . In Taiwan ( Republic of China ) , the legal birthday of a leapling is February 28 in common years : If a period fixed by weeks , months , and years does not commence from the beginning of a week , month , or year , it ends with the ending of the day which proceeds the day of the last week , month , or year which corresponds to that on which it began to commence . But if there is no corresponding day in the last month , the period ends with the ending of the last day of the last month . Thus , in England and Wales or in Hong Kong , a person born on February 29 will have legally reached 18 years old on March 1 . If they were born in Taiwan they legally become 18 on February 28 , a day earlier . In the United States , according to John Reitz , a professor of law at the University of Iowa , there is no `` ... statute or general rule that has anything to do with leap day . '' Reitz speculates that `` March 1 would likely be considered the legal birthday in non-leap years of someone born on leap day , '' using the same reasoning as described for the United Kingdom and Hong Kong . In fiction ( edit ) There are many instances in children 's literature where a person 's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out to be based on counting their leap - year birthdays . A similar device is used in the plot of Gilbert and Sullivan 's 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance . As a child , Frederic was apprenticed to a band of pirates until his 21st birthday . Having passed his 21st year , he leaves the pirate band and falls in love . However , since he was born on February 29 , his 21st birthday will not arrive until he is eighty - four , so he must leave his fiancée and return to the pirates . Events ( edit ) 1504 -- Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to provide him with supplies . 1644 -- Abel Tasman 's second Pacific voyage began . 1704 -- Queen Anne 's War : French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield , Massachusetts Bay Colony , killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive . 1712 -- February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden , in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar . 1720 -- Ulrika Eleonora , Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband , who becomes King Frederick I on 24 March . 1752 -- King Alaungpaya founds Konbaung Dynasty , the last dynasty of Burmese monarchy . 1768 -- Polish nobles formed Bar Confederation . 1796 -- The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force , facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations . 1864 -- American Civil War : Kilpatrick -- Dahlgren Raid fails : Plans to free 15,000 Union soldiers being held near Richmond , Virginia are thwarted . 1892 -- St. Petersburg , Florida is incorporated . 1912 -- The Piedra Movediza ( Moving Stone ) of Tandil falls and breaks . 1916 -- Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom . 1916 -- Child labor : In South Carolina , the minimum working age for factory , mill , and mine workers is raised from twelve to fourteen years old . 1920 -- Czechoslovak National assembly adopted the Constitution . 1936 -- February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends . 1940 -- For her performance as `` Mammy '' in Gone with the Wind , Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award . 1940 -- Finland initiates Winter War peace negotiations . 1940 -- In a ceremony held in Berkeley , California , because of the war , physicist Ernest Lawrence receives the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics from Sweden 's Consul General in San Francisco . 1944 -- World War II : The Admiralty Islands are invaded in Operation Brewer led by American General Douglas MacArthur . 1952 -- The island of Heligoland is restored to West German authority . 1960 -- The 5.7 M Agadir earthquake shakes coastal Morocco with a maximum perceived intensity of X ( Extreme ) , destroying Agadir , and leaving 12,000 dead and another 12,000 injured . 1964 -- In Sydney , Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser sets a new world record in the 100 - meter freestyle swimming competition ( 58.9 seconds ) . 1972 -- Vietnam War : Vietnamization : South Korea withdraws 11,000 of its 48,000 troops from Vietnam . 1980 -- Gordie Howe of the then Hartford Whalers makes NHL history as he scores his 800th goal . 1988 -- South African archbishop Desmond Tutu is arrested along with 100 clergymen during a five - day anti-apartheid demonstration in Cape Town . 1988 -- Svend Robinson becomes the first member of the Canadian House of Commons to come out as gay . 1992 -- First day of Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum . 1996 -- Faucett Flight 251 crashes in the Andes , all 123 passengers and crew died . 1996 -- Siege of Sarajevo officially ends . 2000 -- Second Chechen War : Eighty - four Russian paratroopers are killed in a rebel attack on a guard post near Ulus Kert . 2004 -- Jean - Bertrand Aristide is removed as President of Haiti following a coup . 2008 -- The United Kingdom 's Ministry of Defence decides to withdraw Prince Harry from a tour of Afghanistan `` immediately '' after a leak led to his deployment being reported by foreign media . 2008 -- Misha Defonseca admits to fabricating her memoir , Misha : A Mémoire of the Holocaust Years , in which she claimed to have lived with a pack of wolves in the woods during the Holocaust . 2012 -- Tokyo Skytree construction completed . It is , as of 2017 , the tallest tower in the world , 634 meters high , and second tallest ( man - made ) structure on Earth , next to Burj Khalifa . Births ( edit ) 1468 -- Pope Paul III ( d . 1549 ) 1528 -- Albert V , Duke of Bavaria ( d . 1579 ) 1528 -- Domingo Báñez , Spanish theologian ( d . 1604 ) 1572 -- Edward Cecil , 1st Viscount Wimbledon ( d . 1638 ) 1576 -- Antonio Neri , Florentine priest and glassmaker ( d . 1614 ) 1640 -- Benjamin Keach , Particular Baptist preacher and author whose name was given to Keach 's Catechism ( d . 1704 ) 1692 -- John Byrom , English poet and educator ( d . 1763 ) 1724 -- Eva Marie Veigel , Austrian - English dancer ( d . 1822 ) 1736 -- Ann Lee , English - American religious leader , founded the Shakers ( d . 1784 ) 1792 -- Gioachino Rossini , Italian pianist and composer ( d . 1868 ) 1812 -- James Milne Wilson , Scottish - Australian soldier and politician , 8th Premier of Tasmania ( d . 1880 ) 1828 -- Emmeline B. Wells , American journalist , poet , and activist ( d . 1921 ) 1836 -- Dickey Pearce , American baseball player and manager ( d . 1908 ) 1852 -- Frank Gavan Duffy , Irish - Australian lawyer and judge , 4th Chief Justice of Australia ( d . 1936 ) 1860 -- Herman Hollerith , American statistician and businessman , co-founded the Computing - Tabulating - Recording Company ( d . 1929 ) 1884 -- Richard S. Aldrich , American lawyer and politician ( d . 1941 ) 1892 -- Augusta Savage , American sculptor ( d . 1962 ) 1896 -- Morarji Desai , Indian civil servant and politician , 4th Prime Minister of India ( d . 1995 ) 1896 -- William A. Wellman , American actor , director , producer , and screenwriter ( d . 1975 ) 1904 -- Rukmini Devi Arundale , Indian dancer and choreographer ( d . 1986 ) 1904 -- Jimmy Dorsey , American saxophonist , composer , and bandleader ( d . 1957 ) 1904 -- Pepper Martin , American baseball player and manager ( d . 1965 ) 1908 -- Balthus , French - Swiss painter and illustrator ( d . 2001 ) 1908 -- Dee Brown , American historian and author ( d . 2002 ) 1908 -- Alf Gover , English cricketer and coach ( d . 2001 ) 1908 -- Louie Myfanwy Thomas , Welsh writer ( d . 1968 ) 1916 -- Dinah Shore , American singer and actress ( d . 1994 ) 1916 -- James B. Donovan , American lawyer ( d . 1970 ) 1916 -- Leonard Shoen , founder of U-Haul Corp. ( d . 1999 ) 1920 -- Fyodor Abramov , Russian author and critic ( d . 1983 ) 1920 -- Arthur Franz , American actor ( d . 2006 ) 1920 -- James Mitchell , American actor and dancer ( d . 2010 ) 1920 -- Michèle Morgan , French - American actress and singer ( d . 2016 ) 1920 -- Howard Nemerov , American poet and academic ( d . 1991 ) 1920 -- Rolland W. Redlin , American lawyer and politician ( d . 2011 ) 1924 -- David Beattie , New Zealand judge and politician , 14th Governor - General of New Zealand ( d . 2001 ) 1924 -- Carlos Humberto Romero , Salvadoran politician , President of El Salvador ( d . 2017 ) 1924 -- Al Rosen , American baseball player and manager ( d . 2015 ) 1928 -- Joss Ackland , English actor 1928 -- Vance Haynes , American archaeologist , geologist , and author 1928 -- Seymour Papert , South African mathematician and computer scientist , co-created the Logo programming language ( d . 2016 ) 1932 -- Gene H. Golub , American mathematician and academic ( d . 2007 ) 1932 -- Masten Gregory , American race car driver ( d . 1985 ) 1932 -- Reri Grist , American soprano and actress 1932 -- Jaguar , Brazilian cartoonist 1932 -- Gavin Stevens , Australian cricketer 1936 -- Jack R. Lousma , American colonel , astronaut , and politician 1936 -- Henri Richard , Canadian ice hockey player 1936 -- Alex Rocco , American actor ( d . 2015 ) 1940 -- Bartholomew I of Constantinople 1940 -- William H. Turner , Jr . American horse trainer 1944 -- Ene Ergma , Estonian physicist and politician 1944 -- Dennis Farina , American police officer and actor ( d . 2013 ) 1944 -- Nicholas Frayling , English priest and academic 1944 -- Phyllis Frelich , American actress ( d . 2014 ) 1944 -- Steve Mingori , American baseball player ( d . 2008 ) 1944 -- Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri , Italian author and illustrator 1948 -- Hermione Lee , English author , critic , and academic 1948 -- Patricia A. McKillip , American author 1948 -- Henry Small , American - born Canadian singer 1952 -- Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush , American journalist and producer 1952 -- Tim Powers , American author and educator 1952 -- Raisa Smetanina , Russian cross-country skier 1952 -- Bart Stupak , American police officer and politician 1956 -- Jonathan Coleman , English - Australian radio and television host 1956 -- Bob Speller , Canadian businessman and politician , 30th Canadian Minister of Agriculture 1956 -- Aileen Wuornos , American serial killer ( d . 2002 ) 1960 -- Lucian Grainge , English businessman 1960 -- Khaled , Algerian singer - songwriter 1960 -- Richard Ramirez , American serial killer ( d . 2013 ) 1960 -- Tony Robbins , American motivational speaker and author 1964 -- Dave Brailsford , English cyclist and coach 1964 -- Lyndon Byers , Canadian ice hockey player and radio host 1964 -- Mervyn Warren , American tenor , composer , and producer 1968 -- Suanne Braun , South African - English actress 1968 -- Chucky Brown , American basketball player and coach 1968 -- Pete Fenson , American curler and sportscaster 1968 -- Naoko Iijima , Japanese actress and model 1968 -- Bryce Paup , American football player and coach 1968 -- Howard Tayler , American author and illustrator 1968 -- Eugene Volokh , Ukrainian - American lawyer and educator 1968 -- Frank Woodley , Australian actor , producer , and screenwriter 1972 -- Mike Pollitt , English footballer and coach 1972 -- Antonio Sabàto , Jr. , Italian - American model and actor 1972 -- Pedro Sánchez , Spanish politician 1972 -- Dave Williams , American singer ( d . 2002 ) 1972 -- Saul Williams , American singer - songwriter 1972 -- Pedro Zamora , Cuban - American activist and educator ( d . 1994 ) 1976 -- Zoë Baker , English - New Zealand swimmer and coach 1976 -- Terrence Long , American baseball player 1976 -- Ja Rule , American rapper and actor 1980 -- Çağdaş Atan , Turkish footballer 1980 -- Chris Conley , American singer - songwriter and guitarist 1980 -- Patrick Côté , Canadian mixed martial artist 1980 -- Simon Gagné , Canadian ice hockey player 1980 -- Rubén Plaza , Spanish cyclist 1980 -- Clinton Toopi , New Zealand rugby league player 1980 -- Taylor Twellman , American soccer player and sportscaster 1984 -- Darren Ambrose , English footballer 1984 -- Megan Bernard , Australian audio artist 1984 -- Mark Foster , American musician ( Foster the People ) 1984 -- Rica Imai , Japanese model and actress 1984 -- Cullen Jones , American swimmer 1984 -- Nuria Martínez , Spanish basketball player 1984 -- Adam Sinclair , Indian field hockey player 1984 -- Rakhee Thakrar , English actress 1984 -- Dennis Walger , German rugby player 1984 -- Cam Ward , Canadian ice hockey player 1988 -- Lena Gercke , German model and television host 1988 -- Scott Golbourne , English footballer 1988 -- Benedikt Höwedes , German footballer 1988 -- Brent Macaffer , Australian Rules footballer 1988 -- Bobby Sanguinetti , American ice hockey player 1992 -- Sean Abbott , Australian cricketer 1992 -- Ben Hampton , Australian rugby league player 1992 -- Perry Kitchen , American soccer player 1992 -- Caitlin EJ Meyer , American actress 1992 -- Saphir Taïder , French - Algerian footballer 1996 -- Nelson Asofa - Solomona , New Zealand rugby league player 1996 -- Claudia Williams , New Zealand tennis player Deaths ( edit ) 468 -- Pope Hilarius 992 -- Oswald of Worcester , French archbishop and saint ( b . 925 ) 1212 -- Hōnen , Japanese monk , founded Jōdo - shū ( b . 1133 ) 1460 -- Albert III , Duke of Bavaria - Munich ( b . 1401 ) 1528 -- Patrick Hamilton , Scottish martyr and reformer ( b . 1504 ) 1592 -- Alessandro Striggio , Italian composer and diplomat ( b . 1540 ) 1600 -- Caspar Hennenberger , German pastor , historian , and cartographer ( b . 1529 ) 1604 -- John Whitgift , English archbishop and academic ( b . 1530 ) 1740 -- Pietro Ottoboni , Italian cardinal ( b . 1667 ) 1744 -- John Theophilus Desaguliers , French - English physicist and philosopher ( b . 1683 ) 1792 -- Johann Andreas Stein , German piano builder ( b . 1728 ) 1820 -- Johann Joachim Eschenburg , German historian and critic ( b . 1743 ) 1848 -- Louis - François Lejeune , French general , painter , and lithographer ( b . 1775 ) 1852 -- Matsudaira Katataka , Japanese daimyo ( b . 1806 ) 1868 -- Ludwig I of Bavaria ( b . 1786 ) 1880 -- James Milne Wilson , Scottish - Australian soldier and politician , 8th Premier of Tasmania ( b . 1812 ) 1908 -- Pat Garrett , American sheriff ( b . 1850 ) 1908 -- John Hope , 1st Marquess of Linlithgow , Scottish - Australian politician , 1st Governor - General of Australia ( b . 1860 ) 1920 -- Ernie Courtney , American baseball player ( b . 1875 ) 1928 -- Adolphe Appia , Swiss architect and theorist ( b . 1862 ) 1928 -- Ina Coolbrith , American poet and librarian ( b . 1841 ) 1940 -- E.F. Benson , English archaeologist and author ( b . 1867 ) 1944 -- Pehr Evind Svinhufvud , Finnish lawyer , judge , and politician , 3rd President of Finland ( b . 1861 ) 1948 -- Robert Barrington - Ward , English lawyer and journalist ( b . 1891 ) 1948 -- Rebel Oakes , American baseball player and manager ( b . 1883 ) 1952 -- Quo Tai - chi , Chinese politician and diplomat , Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations ( b . 1888 ) 1956 -- Elpidio Quirino , Filipino lawyer and politician , 6th President of the Philippines ( b . 1890 ) 1960 -- Melvin Purvis , American police officer and FBI agent ( b . 1903 ) 1960 -- Walter Yust , American journalist and author ( b . 1894 ) 1964 -- Frank Albertson , American actor and singer ( b . 1909 ) 1968 -- Lena Blackburne , American baseball player , coach , and manager ( b . 1886 ) 1968 -- Tore Ørjasæter , Norwegian poet and educator ( b . 1886 ) 1972 -- Tom Davies , American football player and coach ( b . 1896 ) 1976 -- Florence P. Dwyer , American politician ( b . 1902 ) 1980 -- Yigal Allon , Israeli general and politician , Prime Minister of Israel ( b . 1918 ) 1980 -- Gil Elvgren , American painter and illustrator ( b . 1914 ) 1984 -- Ludwik Starski , Polish screenwriter and songwriter ( b . 1903 ) 1988 -- Sidney Harmon , American screenwriter and producer ( b . 1907 ) 1992 -- Ruth Pitter , English poet and author ( b . 1897 ) 1996 -- Wes Farrell , American singer - songwriter and producer ( b . 1939 ) 1996 -- Ralph Rowe , American baseball player , coach , and manager ( b . 1924 ) 2000 -- Dennis Danell , American guitarist ( b . 1961 ) 2004 -- Kagamisato Kiyoji , Japanese sumo wrestler , the 42nd Yokozuna ( b . 1923 ) 2004 -- Jerome Lawrence , American playwright and author ( b . 1915 ) 2004 -- Harold Bernard St. John , Barbadian lawyer and politician , 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados ( b . 1931 ) 2004 -- Lorrie Wilmot , South African cricketer ( b . 1943 ) 2008 -- Janet Kagan , American author ( b . 1946 ) 2008 -- Erik Ortvad , Danish painter and illustrator ( b . 1917 ) 2008 -- Akira Yamada , Japanese scholar and philosopher ( b . 1922 ) 2012 -- Roland Bautista , American guitarist ( b . 1951 ) 2012 -- Davy Jones , English singer , guitarist , and actor ( b . 1945 ) 2012 -- Sheldon Moldoff , American illustrator ( b . 1920 ) 2012 -- P.K. Narayana Panicker , Indian social leader ( b . 1930 ) 2016 -- Wenn V. Deramas , Filipino director and screenwriter ( b . 1968 ) 2016 -- Gil Hill , American police officer , actor , and politician ( b . 1931 ) 2016 -- Josefin Nilsson , Swedish singer ( b . 1969 ) 2016 -- Louise Rennison , English author ( b . 1951 ) Holidays and observances ( edit ) Christian feast day : Auguste Chapdelaine ( one of Martyr Saints of China ) Oswald of Worcester ( in leap year only ) February 29 ( Eastern Orthodox liturgics ) Saint John Cassian The fourth day of Ayyám - i - Há ( Bahá'í Faith ) ( Please note that this observance is only locked into this date the Gregorian calendar on this date if Bahá'í Naw - Rúz takes place on March 21 , which it does n't in all years ) Rare Disease Day ( in leap years , otherwise is February 28th ) Bachelor 's Day ( Ireland , United Kingdom ) In Discordianism , February 29 is coterminus with St. Tibs ' day in the Discordian calendar Folk traditions ( edit ) There is a popular tradition known as Bachelor 's Day in some countries allowing a woman to propose marriage to a man on February 29 . If the man refuses , he then is obliged to give the woman money or buy her a dress . In upper - class societies in Europe , if the man refuses marriage , he then must purchase 12 pairs of gloves for the woman , suggesting that the gloves are to hide the woman 's embarrassment of not having an engagement ring . In Ireland , the tradition is supposed to originate from a deal that Saint Bridget struck with Saint Patrick . In the town of Aurora , Illinois , single women are deputized and may arrest single men , subject to a four - dollar fine , every February 29 . In Greece , it is considered unlucky to marry on a leap day . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Ed . K. Lee ; Lerner , Brenda W. ( 2004 ) . `` Calendar '' . The Gale Encyclopedia of Science . Detroit , MI : Gale . pp. 679 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar Reform '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Censorinus , The Natal Day , 20.28 , tr . William Maude , New York 1900 , available at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford - Strevens , The Oxford companion to the year ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1999 ) 678 -- 680 . Jump up ^ `` Ante Diem Bis Sextum Kalendras Martii '' , News , The British Sundial Society , 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Rob . `` Leap year February 29 : 29 things you need to know about leap years and their extra day '' . Mirror Online . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Part B -- Entitlement to register '' ( PDF ) . The Electoral Commission . February 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cap 410 , s. 5 Chapter 410 : Age of Majority ( Related Provisions ) Ordinance '' . Department of Justice . The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China . June 30 , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Land Transport ( Driver Licensing ) Rule 1999 § 2 ( 2 ) '' . Parliamentary Counsel Office . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Re an Infant ( 1936 ) 31 MCR 42 Jump up ^ Article 121 of the Civil Code Part I General Principles of the Republic of China in effect in Taiwan . ^ Jump up to : `` Leap day not a significant concern in field of law , government '' . University of Iowa News Service . The University of Iowa . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Arthur ; Gilbert , W.S. ( August 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Pirates of Penzance '' . Gilbert and Sullivan Archive . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' ' Excuse Me , But I Think You 're Sitting on My Hershey Bar ' and Other Openers `` , The Washington Post , February 29 , 1980 . p . D5 Jump up ^ Oblander , Terry . `` Leap Year : It Depends on How You Figure It '' . Akron Beacon Journal . February 29 , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Leap Day customs & traditions '' . Time and Date AS . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tan , Tiffany . `` ' Will you marry me ? ' she says '' , ChinaDaily.com.cn , February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Convenient Year for a Leap '' . Wisconsin State Journal ( Madison , Wisconsin ) . February 28 , 1992 . `` Tradition dies hard in Aurora , Ill. , where every Feb. 29 single women are deputized and allowed to arrest bachelors and fine them $4 . '' Jump up ^ Krucoff , Carol . `` By Leaps and Seconds : It 's Feb. 29 : Call It a Time - Consuming Day '' , The Washington Post . February 29 , 1984 , p . F9 . `` Leap Day was not created , as rumor has it , to give women one day out of 1,461 to chase men ( who needs a special day for that ? ) -- even though the town of Aurora , Ill. , deputizes single women and allows them to arrest bachelors ( fine , $4 ) every Feb. 29 . '' Jump up ^ Mudhar , Raju ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Leap Day 2012 : What you need to know '' . The Star . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to February 29 . BBC : On This Day The New York Times : On This Day On This Day in Canada Leap year ( Calendar ) at Encyclopædia Britannica ( hide ) Months and days of the year Today : September 19 , 2017 January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related : January 0 February 30 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=February_29&oldid=799523530 '' Categories : Days of the year February Discordian holidays Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 M w Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Аҧсшәа Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Перем Коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella Gagana Samoa Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 06 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why there are 29 days in february in a leap year | [
"A leap day is observed because a complete revolution around the Sun takes approximately 6 hours longer than 365 days (8,760 hours). A leap day compensates for this lag, realigning the calendar with the Earth's position in the Solar System; otherwise, seasons would occur earlier than intended in the calendar year. The Julian calendar used in Christendom until the 16th century added a leap day every four years; but this rule adds too many days (roughly 3 every 400 years), making the equinoxes and solstices shift gradually to earlier dates. By the 16th century the vernal equinox had drifted to March 11, and the Gregorian calendar was introduced both to shift it back by omitting several days, and to reduce the number of leap years via the \"century rule\" to keep the equinoxes more or less fixed and the date of Easter consistently close to the vernal equinox.[1][2]"
] | [
"because a complete revolution around the Sun takes approximately 6 hours longer than 365 days (8,760 hours)"
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1353597352427114770 | Siege of Yorktown | Siege of Yorktown - wikipedia Siege of Yorktown This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American Revolutionary War battle . For the American Civil War battle , see Siege of Yorktown ( 1862 ) . See also : Battle of the Chesapeake Siege of Yorktown Part of the American Revolutionary War Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbull , depicting the British surrendering to Benjamin Lincoln , surrounded by the French ( left ) and American ( right ) troops . Oil on canvas , 1820 . Date September 28 -- October 19 , 1781 Location Yorktown , Virginia 37 ° 14 ′ 21 '' N 76 ° 30 ′ 38 '' W / 37.239301 ° N 76.510692 ° W / 37.239301 ; - 76.510692 Coordinates : 37 ° 14 ′ 21 '' N 76 ° 30 ′ 38 '' W / 37.239301 ° N 76.510692 ° W / 37.239301 ; - 76.510692 Result Decisive Franco - American victory End of major land operations in North America Beginning of peace negotiations Belligerents United States Canadian auxiliaries France Great Britain Loyalists Hesse - Kassel Ansbach Commanders and leaders George Washington Benjamin Lincoln Henry Knox Alexander Hamilton Marquis de Lafayette Baron von Steuben Thomas Nelson Moses Hazen Comte de Rochambeau Comte d'Aboville Marquis de Choisy Comte de Grasse Lord Cornwallis Charles O'Hara Banastre Tarleton Robert Abercromby Thomas Dundas Thomas Symonds Matthew Fuchs August Voight Strength French : 7,800 -- 8,800 regulars 29 warships American : 8,000 regulars 3,100 militia Total : 18,900 9,000 ( includes German troops ) Casualties and losses 88 killed 301 wounded 142 -- 309 killed ; 326 -- 595 wounded prisoners ; 7,416 -- 7,685 captured Yorktown campaign Waters Creek Cape Henry Blandford Spencer 's Ordinary Green Spring Francisco Chesapeake Yorktown ( order of battle ) The Siege of Yorktown , also known as the Battle of Yorktown , the Surrender at Yorktown , German Battle or the Siege of Little York , ending on October 19 , 1781 , at Yorktown , Virginia , was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis . The culmination of the Yorktown campaign , the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American theater , as the surrender by Cornwallis , and the capture of both him and his army , prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict . The battle boosted faltering American morale and revived French enthusiasm for the war , as well as undermining popular support for the conflict in Great Britain . In 1780 , approximately 5,500 French soldiers landed in Rhode Island to assist their American allies in operations against British - controlled New York City . Following the arrival of dispatches from France that included the possibility of support from the French West Indies fleet of the Comte de Grasse , Washington and Rochambeau decided to ask de Grasse for assistance either in besieging New York , or in military operations against a British army operating in Virginia . On the advice of Rochambeau , de Grasse informed them of his intent to sail to the Chesapeake Bay , where Cornwallis had taken command of the army . Cornwallis , at first given confusing orders by his superior officer , Henry Clinton , was eventually ordered to build a defensible deep - water port , which he began to do in Yorktown , Virginia . Cornwallis ' movements in Virginia were shadowed by a Continental Army force led by the Marquis de Lafayette . The French and American armies united north of New York City during the summer of 1781 . When word of de Grasse 's decision arrived , both armies began moving south toward Virginia , engaging in tactics of deception to lead the British to believe a siege of New York was planned . De Grasse sailed from the West Indies and arrived at the Chesapeake Bay at the end of August , bringing additional troops and creating a naval blockade of Yorktown . He was transporting 500,000 silver pesos collected from the citizens of Havana , Cuba , to fund supplies for the siege and payroll for the Continental Army . While in Santo Domingo , de Grasse met with Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis , an agent of Carlos III of Spain . De Grasse had planned to leave several of his warships in Santo Domingo . Saavedra promised the assistance of the Spanish navy to protect the French merchant fleet , enabling de Grasse to sail north with all of his warships . In the beginning of September , he defeated a British fleet led by Sir Thomas Graves that came to relieve Cornwallis at the Battle of the Chesapeake . As a result of this victory , de Grasse blocked any escape by sea for Cornwallis . By late September Washington and Rochambeau arrived , and the army and naval forces completely surrounded Cornwallis . After initial preparations , the Americans and French built their first parallel and began the bombardment . With the British defense weakened , on October 14 , 1781 Washington sent two columns to attack the last major remaining British outer defenses . A French column under Wilhelm of the Palatinate - Zweibrücken took Redoubt No. 9 and an American column under Alexander Hamilton took Redoubt No. 10 . With these defenses taken , the allies were able to finish their second parallel . With the American artillery closer and its bombardment more intense than ever , the British position began to deteriorate rapidly and Cornwallis asked for capitulation terms on October 17 . After two days of negotiation , the surrender ceremony occurred on October 19 ; Lord Cornwallis was absent from the ceremony . With the capture of more than 7,000 British soldiers , negotiations between the United States and Great Britain began , resulting in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 1.1 Franco - American cooperation 1.2 March to Virginia 2 The siege 2.1 Initial movements 2.2 Bombardment 2.3 Assault on the redoubts 2.4 British surrender 2.5 Casualties 2.6 Article 10 controversy 2.7 Effect of disease 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Yorktown Victory Monument 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Bibliography 9 External links Prelude ( edit ) Main article : Yorktown campaign A plan of the Battle of Yorktown drawn in 1875 Franco - American cooperation ( edit ) Main articles : Franco - American alliance and Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War On December 20 , 1780 , Benedict Arnold sailed from New York with 1,500 troops to Portsmouth , Virginia . He first raided Richmond , defeating the defending militia , from January 5 -- 7 before falling back to Portsmouth . Admiral Destouches , who arrived in Newport , Rhode Island in July 1780 with a fleet transporting 5,500 soldiers , was encouraged by Washington and French Lieutenant General Rochambeau to move his fleet south , and launch a joint land - naval attack on Arnold 's troops . The Marquis de Lafayette was sent south with 1,200 men to help with the assault . However , Destouches was reluctant to dispatch many ships , and in February sent only three . After they proved ineffective , he took a larger force of 8 ships in March 1781 , and fought a tactically inconclusive battle with the British fleet of Marriot Arbuthnot at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay . Destouches withdrew due to the damage sustained to his fleet , leaving Arbuthnot and the British fleet in control of the bay 's mouth . On March 26 , Arnold was joined by 2,300 troops under command of Major General William Phillips , who took command of the combined forces . Phillips resumed raiding , defeating the militia at Blandford , then burning the tobacco warehouses at Petersburg on April 25 . Richmond was about to suffer the same fate , but Lafayette arrived . The British , not wanting to engage in a major battle , withdrew to Petersburg on May 10 . National Park Service map of the W3R Route On May 20 , Charles Cornwallis arrived at Petersburg with 1,500 men after suffering heavy casualties at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse . He immediately assumed command , as Phillips had recently died of a fever . Cornwallis had not received permission to abandon the Carolinas from his superior , Henry Clinton , but he believed that Virginia would be easier to capture , feeling that it would approve of an invading British army . With the arrival of Cornwallis and more reinforcements from New York , the British Army numbered 7,200 men . Cornwallis wanted to push Lafayette , whose force now numbered 3,000 men with the arrival of Virginia militia . On May 24 , he set out after Lafayette , who withdrew from Richmond , and linked forces with those under the command of Baron von Steuben and Anthony Wayne . Cornwallis did not pursue Lafayette . Instead , he sent raiders into central Virginia , where they attacked depots and supply convoys , before being recalled on June 20 . Cornwallis then headed for Williamsburg , and Lafayette 's force of now 4,500 followed him . General Clinton , in a confusing series of orders , ordered Cornwallis first to Portsmouth and then Yorktown , where he was instructed to build fortifications for a deep water port . On July 6 , the French and American armies met at White Plains , north of New York City . Although Rochambeau had almost 40 years of warfare experience , he never challenged Washington 's authority , telling Washington he had come to serve , not to command . Washington and Rochambeau discussed where to launch a joint attack . Washington believed an attack on New York was the best option , since the Americans and French now outnumbered the British defenders 3 to 1 . Rochambeau disagreed , arguing the fleet in the West Indies under Admiral de Grasse was going to sail to the American coast , where easier options than attacking New York could be attempted . In early July , Washington suggested an attack be made at the northern part of Manhattan Island , but his officers and Rochambeau all disagreed . Washington continued to probe the New York area until August 14 , when he received a letter from de Grasse stating he was headed for Virginia with 29 warships and 3,200 soldiers , but could only remain there until October 14 . De Grasse encouraged Washington to move south so they could launch a joint operation . Washington abandoned his plan to take New York , and began to prepare his army for the march south to Virginia . March to Virginia ( edit ) On August 19 , the march to Yorktown led by Washington and Rochambeau began , which is known now as the `` celebrated march . '' 4,000 French and 3,000 American soldiers began the march in Newport , Rhode Island , while the rest remained behind to protect the Hudson Valley . Washington wanted to maintain complete secrecy of their destination . To ensure this , he sent out fake dispatches that reached Clinton revealing that the Franco - American army was going to launch an attack on New York , and that Cornwallis was not in danger . The French and American armies marched through Philadelphia from September 2 to the 4th , where the American soldiers announced they would not leave Maryland until they received one month 's pay in coin , rather than in the worthless Continental paper currency . General Rochambeau generously loaned Washington half of his supply of gold Spanish coins . This would be the last time the men would be paid . It significantly strengthened French and American relations On September 5 , Washington learned of the arrival of de Grasse 's fleet off the Virginia Capes . De Grasse debarked his French troops to join Lafayette , and then sent his empty transports to pick up the American troops . Washington made a visit to his home , Mount Vernon , on his way to Yorktown . In August , Admiral Sir Thomas Graves led a fleet from New York to attack de Grasse 's fleet . Graves did not realize how large the French fleet was , and neither did Cornwallis . The British fleet was defeated by de Grasse 's fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake on September 5 , and forced to fall back to New York . On September 14 , Washington arrived in Williamsburg , Virginia . The siege ( edit ) See also : Yorktown order of battle Siège de Yorktown by Auguste Couder , c. 1836 . Rochambeau and Washington giving their last orders before the battle . Initial movements ( edit ) On September 26 , transports with artillery , siege tools , and some French infantry and shock troops from Head of Elk , the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay , arrived , giving Washington command of an army of 7,800 Frenchmen , 3,100 militia , and 8,000 Continentals . Early on September 28 , Washington led the army out of Williamsburg to surround Yorktown . The French took the positions on the left while the Americans took the position of honor on the right . Cornwallis had a chain of seven redoubts and batteries linked by earthworks along with batteries that covered the narrows of the York River at Gloucester Point . That day , Washington reconnoitered the British defenses and decided that they could be bombarded into submission . The Americans and the French spent the night of the 28th sleeping out in the open , while work parties built bridges over the marsh . Some of the American soldiers hunted down wild hogs to eat . On September 29 , Washington moved the army closer to Yorktown and British gunners opened fire on the infantry . Throughout the day several British cannon fired on the Americans but there were few casualties . Fire was also exchanged between American riflemen and Hessian Jägers . Cornwallis pulled back from all of his outer defenses , except for the Fusilier 's redoubt on the west side of the town and redoubts 9 and 10 in the east . Cornwallis had his forces occupy the earthworks immediately surrounding the town because he had received a letter from Clinton that promised relief force of 5,000 men within a week and he wished to tighten his lines . The Americans and the French occupied the abandoned defenses and began to establish their own batteries there . With the British outer defenses in their hands , allied engineers began to lay out positions for the artillery . The men improved their works and deepened their trenches . The British also worked on improving their defenses . On September 30 , the French attacked the British Fusiliers redoubt . The skirmish lasted two hours , in which the French were repulsed suffering several casualties . On October 1 , the allies learned from British deserters that , to preserve their food , the British had slaughtered hundreds of horses and thrown them on the beach . In the American camp , thousands of trees were cut down to provide wood for earthworks . Preparations for the parallel also began . As the allies began to put their artillery into place , the British kept up a steady fire to disrupt them . British fire increased on the 2nd and the allies suffered moderate casualties . General Washington continued to make visits to the front , despite concern shown by several of his officers over the increasing enemy fire . On the night of October 2 , the British opened a storm of fire to cover up the movement of the British cavalry to Gloucester where they were to escort infantrymen on a foraging party . On the 3rd , the foraging party , led by Banastre Tarleton , went out but collided with Lauzun 's Legion , and John Mercer 's Virginia militia , led by the Marquis de Choisy . The British cavalry quickly retreated back behind their defensive lines , losing 50 men . By October 5 , Washington was almost ready to open the first parallel . That night the sappers and miners worked , putting strips of pine on the wet sand to mark the path of the trenches . Bombardment ( edit ) After nightfall on October 6 , troops moved out in stormy weather to dig the first parallel : the heavily overcast sky negated the waning full moon and shielded the massive digging operation from the eyes of British sentries . Washington ceremoniously struck several blows with his pick axe to begin the trench . The trench was to be 2,000 yards ( 1,800 m ) long , running from the head of Yorktown to the York River . Half of the trench was to be commanded by the French , the other half by the Americans . On the northernmost end of the French line , a support trench was dug so that they could bombard the British ships in the river . The French were ordered to distract the British with a false attack , but the British were told of the plan by a French deserter and the British artillery fire turned on the French from the Fusiliers redoubt . Washington firing the first gun On October 7 , the British saw the new allied trench just out of musket - range . Over the next two days the allies completed the gun placements and dragged the artillery into line . The British fire began to weaken when they saw the large number of guns the allies had . By October 9 , all of the French and American guns were in place . Among the American guns there were three twenty - four pounders , three eighteen pounders , two eight - inch ( 203 mm ) howitzers and six mortars , totaling fourteen guns . At 3 : 00 pm , the French guns opened the barrage and drove the British frigate , HMS Guadeloupe across the York River , where she was scuttled to prevent capture . At 5 : 00 pm the Americans opened fire . Washington fired the first gun ; legend has it that this shot smashed into a table where British officers were eating . The Franco - American guns began to tear apart the British defenses . Washington ordered that the guns fire all night so that the British could not make repairs . All of the British guns on the left were soon silenced . The British soldiers began to pitch their tents in their trenches and soldiers began to desert in large numbers . Some British ships were also damaged by cannonballs that flew across the town into the harbor . On October 10 , the Americans spotted a large house in Yorktown . Believing that Cornwallis might be stationed there , they aimed at it and quickly destroyed it . Cornwallis sank more than a dozen of his ships in the harbor . The French began to fire at the British ships and scored a hit on the British HMS Charon , which caught fire , and in turn set two or three other ships on fire . Cornwallis received word from Clinton that the British fleet was to depart on October 12 , however Cornwallis responded by saying that he would not be able to hold out for long . On the night of October 11 , Washington ordered that the Americans dig a second parallel . It was 400 yards ( 370 m ) closer to the British lines , but could not be extended to the river because the British number 9 and 10 redoubts were in the way . During the night , the British fire continued to land in the old line ; Cornwallis did not suspect that a new parallel was being dug . By morning of the 12th , the allied troops were in position on the new line . Assault on the redoubts ( edit ) Storming of Redoubt # 10 The storming of Redoubt No. 10 , by Eugene Lami By October 14 , the trenches were within 150 yards ( 140 m ) of redoubts No. 9 and No. 10 . Washington ordered that all guns within range begin blasting the redoubts to weaken them for an assault that evening . Washington planned to use the cover of a moonless night to gain the element of surprise . To reinforce the darkness , he added silence , ordering that no soldier should load his musket until reaching the fortifications - the advance would be made with only `` cold steel . '' Redoubt 10 was near the river and held only 70 men , while redoubt 9 was a quarter of a mile inland , and was held by 120 British and Germans . Both redoubts were heavily fortified with rows of abatis surrounding them , along with muddy ditches that surrounded the redoubts at about 25 yards ( 23 m ) . Washington devised a plan in which the French would launch a diversionary attack on the Fusiliers redoubt , and then a half an hour later , the French would assault redoubt 9 and the Americans redoubt 10 . Redoubt 9 would be assaulted by 400 French regular soldiers under the command of the German Lieutenant Colonel Wilhelm von Zweibrücken and redoubt 10 would be assaulted by 400 light infantry troops under the command of Alexander Hamilton . There was briefly a dispute as to who should lead the attack on Redoubt No. 10 . Lafayette named his aide , Jean - Joseph Sourbader de Gimat , who commanded a battalion of Continental light infantry . However , Hamilton protested , saying that he was the senior officer . Washington concurred with Hamilton and gave him command of the attack . Storming of Redoubt # 9 At 6 : 30 pm , gunfire announced the diversionary attack on the Fusiliers redoubt . At other places in the line , movements were made as if preparing for an assault on Yorktown itself , which caused the British to panic . With bayonets fixed , the Americans marched towards Redoubt No. 10 . Hamilton sent Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens around to the rear of the redoubt to prevent the British from escaping . The Americans reached the redoubt and began chopping through the British wooden defenses with their axes . A British sentry called a challenge , and then fired at the Americans . The Americans responded by charging with their bayonets towards the redoubt . They hacked through the abatis , crossed a ditch and climbed the parapet into the redoubt . The Americans forced their way into the redoubt falling into giant shell holes from the bombardment of the redoubts . The British fire was heavy , but the Americans overwhelmed them . Someone in the front shouted , `` Rush on boys ! The fort 's ours ! '' The British threw hand grenades at the Americans with little effect . Men in the trench stood on the shoulders of their comrades to climb into the redoubt . The bayonet fight cleared the British out of the redoubt and almost the entire garrison was captured , including the commander of the redoubt , Major Campbell . In the assault , the Americans lost 9 dead and 25 wounded . The French assault began at the same time , but they were halted by the abatis , which was undamaged by the artillery fire . The French began to hack at the abatis and a Hessian sentry came out and asked who was there . When there was no response , the sentry opened fire as did other Hessians on the parapet . The French soldiers fired back , and then charged the redoubt . The Germans charged the Frenchmen climbing over the walls but the French fired a volley , driving them back . The Hessians then took a defensive position behind some barrels but threw down their arms and surrendered when the French prepared a bayonet charge . With the capture of redoubts 9 and 10 , Washington was able to have his artillery shell the town from three directions and the allies moved some of their artillery into the redoubts . On October 15 , Cornwallis turned all of his guns onto the nearest allied position . He then ordered a storming party of 350 British troops under the command of Colonel Robert Abercromby to attack the allied lines and spike the American and French cannon ( i.e. , plug the touch hole with an iron spike ) . The allies were sleeping and unprepared . As the British charged Abercromby shouted `` Push on my brave boys , and skin the bastards ! '' The British party spiked several cannon in the parallel and then spiked the guns on an unfinished redoubt . A French party came and drove them out of the allied lines and back to Yorktown . The British had been able to spike six guns , but by the morning they were all repaired . The bombardment resumed with the American and French troops engaged in competition to see who could do the most damage to the enemy defenses . On the morning of October 16 , more allied guns were in line and the fire intensified . In desperation , Cornwallis attempted to evacuate his troops across the York River to Gloucester Point . At Gloucester Point the troops might be able to break through the allied lines and escape into Virginia and then march to New York . One wave of boats made it across but a squall hit when they returned to take more soldiers across , making the evacuation impossible . British surrender ( edit ) Overview of the capitulation of the British army at Yorktown , with the blockade of the French squadron The fire on Yorktown from the allies was heavier than ever as new artillery pieces joined the line . Cornwallis talked with his officers that day and they agreed that their situation was hopeless . On the morning of October 17 , a drummer appeared followed by an officer waving a white handkerchief . The bombardment ceased , and the officer was blindfolded and led behind the French and American lines . Negotiations began at the Moore House on October 18 between Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Dundas and Major Alexander Ross ( who represented the British ) and Lieutenant Colonel Laurens ( who represented the Americans ) and the Marquis de Noailles ( who represented the French ) . To make sure that nothing fell apart between the French and Americans at the last minute , Washington ordered that the French be given an equal share in every step of the surrender process . The surrender of Lord Cornwallis , October 19 , 1781 at Yorktown The articles of capitulation were signed on October 19 , 1781 . Signatories included Washington , Rochambeau , the Comte de Barras ( on behalf of the French Navy ) , Cornwallis , and Captain Thomas Symonds ( the senior Royal Navy officer present ) . Cornwallis ' British men were declared prisoners of war , promised good treatment in American camps , and officers were permitted to return home after taking their parole . At 2 : 00 pm the allied army entered the British positions , with the French on the left and the Americans on the right . The British had asked for the traditional honors of war , which would allow the army to march out with flags flying , bayonets fixed , and the band playing an American or French tune as a tribute to the victors . However , Washington firmly refused to grant the British the honors that they had denied the defeated American army the year before at the Siege of Charleston . Consequently , the British and Hessian troops marched with flags furled and muskets shouldered , while the band was forced to play `` a British or German march . '' American history books recount the legend that the British band played `` The World Turn 'd Upside Down '' , but the story is apocryphal . Surrender of Cornwallis . At York - town , VA Oct. 1781 , Nathaniel Currier . D'Amour Museum of Fine Arts Cornwallis refused to attend the surrender ceremony , citing illness . Instead , Brigadier General Charles O'Hara led the British army onto the field . O'Hara first attempted to surrender to Rochambeau , who shook his head and pointed to Washington . O'Hara then offered his sword to Washington , who also refused and motioned to Benjamin Lincoln . The surrender finally took place when Washington 's second - in - command accepted the sword of Cornwallis ' deputy . The British soldiers marched out and laid down their arms in between the French and American armies , while many civilians watched . At this time , the troops on the other side of the river in Gloucester also surrendered . The British soldiers had been issued new uniforms hours before the surrender and until prevented by General O'Hara some threw down their muskets with the apparent intention of smashing them . Others wept or appeared to be drunk . In all , 8,000 troops , 214 artillery pieces , thousands of muskets , 24 transport ships , wagons and horses were captured . Casualties ( edit ) The French casualties were 60 killed and 194 wounded and the American casualties were 28 killed and 107 wounded : a grand total of 88 killed and 301 wounded . The British official casualty return for the siege listed 156 killed , 326 wounded and 70 missing . Cornwallis surrendered 7,087 officers and enlisted men in Yorktown when he capitulated and a further 840 sailors from the British fleet in the York River . Another 84 prisoners had been taken during the assault on the redoubts on October 16 . Since only 70 men were reported as missing , this would suggest that 14 of the men officially marked down as ' killed ' had in fact been captured . This gives a grand total of 142 killed , 326 wounded prisoners and 7,685 other prisoners . Jerome A. Greene mentions a German account that gives much higher figures : 309 killed and 595 wounded . Article 10 controversy ( edit ) George Washington refused to accept the Tenth Article of the Yorktown Articles of Capitulation , which granted immunity to American Loyalists , and Cornwallis failed to make any effort to press the matter . `` The outcry against the Tenth Article was vociferous and immediate , as Americans on both sides of the Atlantic proclaimed their sense of betrayal . '' Effect of disease ( edit ) Malaria was endemic in the marshlands of eastern Virginia during the time , and Cornwallis 's army suffered greatly from the disease ; he estimated during the surrender that half of his army was unable to fight as a result . The Continental Army enjoyed an advantage , in that most of their members had grown up with malaria , and hence had acquired resistance to the disease . As malaria has a month - long incubation period , most of the French soldiers had not begun to exhibit symptoms before the surrender . Aftermath ( edit ) The victory at Yorktown was honored in a 1783 medallion minted in Paris and designed there by US Ambassador Benjamin Franklin . Five days after the battle ended , on October 24 , 1781 , the British fleet sent by Clinton to rescue the British army arrived . The fleet picked up several Loyalists who had escaped on October 18 , and they informed Admiral Thomas Graves that they believed Cornwallis had surrendered . Graves picked up several more Loyalists along the coast , and they confirmed this fact . Graves sighted the French Fleet , but chose to leave because he was outnumbered by nine ships , and thus he sent the fleet back to New York . After the British surrender , Washington sent Tench Tilghman to report the victory to Congress . After a difficult journey , he arrived in Philadelphia , which celebrated for several days . The British Prime Minister , Lord North , is reported to have exclaimed `` Oh God , it 's all over '' when told of the defeat . Washington moved his army to New Windsor , New York where they remained stationed until the Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3 , 1783 , formally ending the war . Legacy ( edit ) US Postage Stamp , 1931 issue , depicting Rochambeau , George Washington and De Grasse , commemorating 150th anniversary of the victory at Yorktown , 1781 On October 19 , 1881 , an elaborate ceremony took place to honor the battle 's centennial . U.S. naval vessels floated on Chesapeake Bay , and special markers highlighted where Washington and Lafayette 's siege guns were placed . President Chester Arthur , sworn in only thirty days before , following James Garfield 's death , made his first public speech as president . Also present were descendants of Lafayette , Rochambeau , de Grasse , and Steuben . To close the ceremony , Arthur gave an order to salute the British flag . There is a belief that General Cornwallis 's sword , surrendered by Charles O'Hara after the battle , is to this day on display at the White House . However , U.S. National Park Service historian Jerome Green , in his 2005 history of the siege , The Guns of Independence , concurs with the 1881 centennial account by Johnston , noting simply that when Brigadier General O'Hara presented the sword to Major General Lincoln , he held it for a moment and immediately returned it to O'Hara . The siege of Yorktown is also known in some German historiographies as `` die deutsche Schlacht '' ( `` the German battle '' ) , because Germans played significant roles in all three armies , accounting for roughly one third of all forces involved . According to one estimate more than 2,500 German soldiers served at Yorktown with each of the British and French armies , and more than 3,000 German - Americans were in Washington 's army . Four Army National Guard units ( 113th Inf , 116th Inf , 175th Inf and 198th Sig Bn ) and one active Regular Army Field Artillery battalion ( 1 -- 5th FA ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Yorktown . There are thirty current U.S. Army units with lineages that go back the colonial era . Yorktown victory monument ( edit ) Yorktown Victory Monument Five days after the British surrendered , Congress passed a resolution agreeing to erect a structure dedicated to commemorating those who participated in the battle . Construction of the monument was delayed , however , as the federal government had several other financial obligations that were considered to be of a more urgent nature . The battle 's centennial sparked renewed enthusiasm in the resolution and prompted the government to begin building the monument in 1881 amid national support . The structure was formally erected in 1884 and currently resides within Colonial National Historical Park . See also ( edit ) American Revolutionary War portal Colonial National Historical Park List of American Revolutionary War battles USS Yorktown , for a list of U.S. Navy ships named after the battle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` He was again drafted for 3 months and served the time fully under the command of Capt . John Faulkner , and was in the Siege of Little York , when Lord Cornwallis surrendered ... '' Jump up ^ `` ... we were going by Gen. Washington and marched down to the siege of Little York '' Jump up ^ Conserved in the Galerie des Batailles , Château de Versailles , France . A copy is displayed at the Colonial National Historical Park Visitors ' Center in Yorktown . Jump up ^ The moon had been full on 2 October . Jump up ^ The pitch dark of a new moon occurred 17 October 1781 . Jump up ^ Hamilton ( through his subordinate , Major Nicholas Fish ) , Gimat , and Colonel Laurens commanded the three ( of six ) battalions of light infantry in Lafayette 's Light Division that participated in the assault on redoubt 10 . Jump up ^ Article 3 states that : `` the garrison of York will march out to a place to be appointed in front of the posts , at two o'clock precisely , with shouldered arms , colors cased , and drums beating a British or German march . They are then to ground their arms , and return to their encampments , where they will remain until they are dispatched to the places of their destination . '' References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` German Auxiliary Units at Yorktown '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 337 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Greene , p. 307 ^ Jump up to : Greene , pp. 307 -- 308 Jump up ^ Declaration of John Dunkley in open court , Halifax County , Virginia : Ancestry.com . U.S. , Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty - Land Warrant Application Files , 1800 -- 1900 ( database on - line ) . Provo , UT , USA : Ancestry.com Operations , Inc. , 2010. ; Original data : Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty - Land Warrant Application Files ( NARA microfilm publication M804 , 2,670 rolls ) . Records of the Department of Veterans Affairs , Record Group 15 . National Archives , Washington , D.C. , October 23 , 1832 Jump up ^ Thornton Gentry ( Georgia Chapter Director -- DAR ) , Lelia ( ed . ) . Historical Collections of the Georgia Chapters Daughters of the American Revolution . Vol. 1 . Clearfield Publishing ( original ) / Genealogical Publishing Co ( reprint ) . p. 147 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 ... Jump up ^ Herring p. 26 Jump up ^ Chávez p. 225 Jump up ^ Mitchell p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 328 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 329 Jump up ^ Ferling , p. 510 Jump up ^ Lengel p. 331 Jump up ^ Wickwire , p. 340 Jump up ^ Grainger , p. 44 Jump up ^ Davis p. 3 Jump up ^ Davis p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 332 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 333 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 335 Jump up ^ Davis p. 21 Jump up ^ Davis p. 36 Jump up ^ Vowell , Sarah ( 2015 ) . Lafayette in the Somewhat United States . New York City : Riverhead Books . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59463 - 174 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 336 Jump up ^ Davis p. 189 Jump up ^ Davis p. 193 Jump up ^ Davis p. 194 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 195 Jump up ^ Davis p. 197 Jump up ^ Lengelp. 337 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 202 Jump up ^ Davis p. 203 Jump up ^ Davis p. 204 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 205 Jump up ^ Davis p. 207 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 208 Jump up ^ Davis p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 215 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 217 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 218 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 219 Jump up ^ Davis p. 221 Jump up ^ Davis p. 222 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 224 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 338 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 225 Jump up ^ NASA Eclipse Website -- Phases of the Moon 1700 -- 1799 ; accessed 4 October 2009 ; `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 339 Jump up ^ Davis p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 340 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 227 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 228 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 229 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 230 Jump up ^ Davis p. 232 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 341 Jump up ^ Davis p. 234 ^ Jump up to : Davis p. 235 Jump up ^ Davis p. 236 Jump up ^ Davis p. 237 Jump up ^ Davis p. 255 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 342 Jump up ^ Morrissey , p. 73 Jump up ^ `` George Washington on General Cornwallis ' Surrender at Yorktown '' . The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1783 . Library of Congress . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Surrender of the British General Cornwallis to the Americans , October 19 , 1781 '' . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2015 ) . The American Pageant . Cengage Learning . p. 153 . Cornwallis surrendered his entire force of seven thousand men on October 19 , 1781 , as his band appropriately played `` The World Turn 'd Upside Down . '' Jump up ^ `` Cornwallis ' Surrender '' . Visiting Yorktown.com . American tradition has it that the British song played was `` The World Turned Upside Down . '' However , there was no historical record of which song or songs were played by the band . The account of it being that particular song was added to the historical record almost a 100 years after the event . Jump up ^ Davis p. 265 ^ Jump up to : Lengel p. 343 Jump up ^ Manning , Jack ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown '' . The American Patriotic Chronicle . Alabama Society , Sons of the American Revolution . Jump up ^ Davis p. 267 Jump up ^ Davis p. 268 Jump up ^ Hibbert p. 330 Jump up ^ Skemp , Shiela L. ( 1990 ) William Franklin Oxford University Press p. 253 Jump up ^ McNeill , J.R. ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Malarial mosquitoes helped defeat British in battle that ended Revolutionary War '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. 1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created . Knopf : 2011 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 34 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 35 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 21 Jump up ^ `` Yorktown Battlefield '' . Jump up ^ Fleming p. 194 Jump up ^ Fleming p. 312 Jump up ^ Reeves p. 253 Jump up ^ Johnston , Henry Phelps . The Yorktown Campaign and the Surrender of Cornwallis , 1781 . ( New York : 1881 ) page 156 ; accessed 5 October 2009 Jump up ^ Cronau , pp. 243 -- 244 Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 113th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 221 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 116th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 227 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 175th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1982 , pp. 343 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 198th Signal Battalion . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 1st Battalion , 5th Field Artillery. http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/fa/0005fa01bn.htm . ^ Jump up to : `` Yorktown Victory Monument '' . National Park Service . August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Alden , John ( 1969 ) . A History of the American Revolution . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80366 - 6 . Anderson , Dale ( 2004 ) . The Battle of Yorktown . Gareth Stevens Publishing . Chávez , Thomas E. ( 2002 ) . Spain and the Independence of the United States : An Intrinsic Gift . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2794 - X . Cronau , Rudolf ( 2010 ) . Drei Jahrhunderte deutschen Lebens in Amerika ( in German ) . Hamburg : Severus Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 942382 - 31 - 1 . OCLC 649506358 . Davis , Burke ( 2007 ) . The Campaign that Won America . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8368 - 5393 - 3 . Ferling , John E ( 2007 ) . Almost a miracle : the American victory in the War of Independence . New York : Oxford University Press US . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518121 - 0 . Fleming , Thomas ( 1970 ) . The Perils of Peace . New York : The Dial Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113911 - 6 . Grainger , John ( 2005 ) . The Battle of Yorktown , 1781 : a reassessment . Woodbridge : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 137 - 2 . OCLC 232006312 . Greene , Jerome A. ( 2005 ) . The Guns of Independence : The Siege of Yorktown , 1781 . New York : Savas Beattie . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 05 - 7 . Herring , George C. ( 2011 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199765539 . Hibbert , Christopher ( 2002 ) . Redcoats and Rebels . W.W. Norton & Company Paperbacks . Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) . General George Washington . New York : Random House Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2 . Mitchell , Barbara ( Spring 2007 ) . `` Bankrolling the Battle of Yorktown : Gold and silver from Havana enabled Washington 's troops to trap Lord Cornwallis '' . MHQ : The Quarterly Journal of Military History : 16 -- 24 . Reeves , Thomas C ( 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . American Political Biography Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945707 - 03 - 5 . Morrissey , Brendan ( 1997 ) . Yorktown 1781 : the World Turned Upside Down . London : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 688 - 0 . OCLC 39028166 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . Wickwire , Franklin and Mary ( 1970 ) . Cornwallis : The American Adventure . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 62690 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siege of Yorktown . Yorktown Battlefield ( National Park Service ) 1931 Army War College history of the siege republished by the United States Army Center of Military History Siege of Yorktown at Xenophon Group Military History Database Articles of Capitulation at Yorktown . 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Washington state Washington Monument Mount Rushmore Washington 's Birthday Purple Heart The Apotheosis of Washington George Washington ( Houdon ) George Washington ( Ceracchi ) George Washington ( Trumbull ) Washington Crossing the Delaware General George Washington at Trenton Washington at Verplanck 's Point General George Washington Resigning His Commission Unfinished portrait Lansdowne portrait The Washington Family portrait Washington at Princeton painting Point of View sculpture George Washington University Washington University Washington Masonic National Memorial George Washington Memorial Parkway George Washington Bridge Washington and Jefferson National Forests Washington Monument , Baltimore Washington , D.C. statue List of memorials U.S. Postage stamps Washington - Franklin Issues 1932 bicentennial Currency Washington quarter Washington dollar Silver bullion coins Cultural depictions George Washington ( 1984 miniseries 1986 sequel ) Related Bibliography Founding Fathers of the United States Republicanism Federalist Party Federalist Era Virginia dynasty Coat of arms Cherry - tree anecdote River Farm Washington 's Crossing 1751 Barbados trip Category Syng inkstand General of the Armies American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association Ancestry and family Martha Washington ( wife ) John Parke Custis ( stepson ) George Washington Parke Custis ( step - grandson , adopted son ) Eleanor Parke Custis ( step - granddaughter , adopted daughter ) Augustine Washington ( father ) Mary Ball ( mother ) Lawrence Washington ( half - brother ) Augustine Washington Jr. ( half - brother ) Betty Washington Lewis ( sister ) Samuel Washington ( brother ) John A. Washington ( brother ) Charles Washington ( brother ) Lawrence Washington ( grandfather ) John Washington ( great - grandfather ) Bushrod Washington ( nephew ) John Adams → Category New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers Virginia in the American Revolution Early Virginia Resolves ( 1765 ) Virginia Association ( 1769 ) 1774 Fairfax Resolves First Virginia Convention 1775 Fincastle Resolutions `` Give me liberty , or give me death ! '' Gunpowder Incident Formation of Culpeper Minutemen Dunmore 's Proclamation Formation of Ethiopian Regiment Battle of Kemp 's Landing Battle of Great Bridge Second Virginia Convention Third Virginia Convention Fourth Virginia Convention 1776 Burning of Norfolk Virginia Declaration of Rights Formation of Lee 's Legion Fifth Virginia Convention 1779 Chesapeake raid 1781 Raid of Richmond Skirmish at Waters Creek Battle of Cape Henry Battle of Blandford Action at Osborne 's Raid on Point of Fork Battle of Spencer 's Ordinary Battle of Green Spring Francisco 's Fight Battle of the Chesapeake Siege of Yorktown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Yorktown&oldid=827816107 '' Categories : Sieges of the American Revolutionary War involving France Sieges of the American Revolutionary War Sieges involving France Virginia in the American Revolution York County in the American Civil War 1781 in the United States 1781 in Virginia Conflicts in 1781 Sieges of the Anglo - French War ( 1778 -- 83 ) Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 22 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was defeated in the battle of yorktown | [
"The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the Surrender at Yorktown, German Battle or the Siege of Little York,[a][b] ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American theater, as the surrender by Cornwallis, and the capture of both him and his army, prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict. The battle boosted faltering American morale and revived French enthusiasm for the war, as well as undermining popular support for the conflict in Great Britain.[8]"
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"British Army"
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8226594507078887108 | Bank of America Home Loans | Bank of America Home loans - wikipedia Bank of America Home loans Jump to : navigation , search Bank of America Home Loans Type Division of Bank of America Founded 1969 ( Countrywide ) , February 2009 ( Bank of America Home Loans ) Headquarters Calabasas , California , USA ( Countrywide Financial ) Charlotte , North Carolina , USA ( Bank of America ) Key people Barbara J. Desoer , President of Bank of America Home Loans and Insurance Revenue $6,061,437,000 US $ ( 2007 ) Operating income $1,310,274,000 US $ ( 2007 ) Net income $703,538,000 US $ ( 2007 ) Parent Bank of America Website Bank of America Home Loans Bank of America Home Loans is the mortgage unit of Bank of America . In 2008 , Bank of America purchased the failing Countrywide Financial for $4.1 billion . In 2006 , Countrywide financed 20 % of all mortgages in the United States , at a value of about 3.5 % of United States GDP , a proportion greater than any other single mortgage lender . Bank of America Home Loans is composed of : Mortgage Banking , which originates , purchases , securitizes , and services mortgages . During the year ended December 31 , 2005 , the Mortgage Banking segment generated 59 % of the company 's pre-tax earnings . Banking , which operates a federally chartered thrift that primarily invests in mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit primarily sourced through its mortgage banking operation . Capital Markets , which operates as an institutional broker - dealer that primarily specializes in trading and underwriting mortgage - backed securities . Global Operations , which provides mortgage loan application processing and loan servicing . On January 11 , 2008 , Bank of America announced that it planned to purchase Countrywide Financial for $4.1 billion in stock . On June 5 , 2008 , Bank of America Corporation announced it had received approval from the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to purchase Countrywide Financial Corporation . Then , on June 25 , 2008 , Countrywide announced it had received the approval of 69 % of its shareholders to the planned merger with Bank of America . On July 1 , 2008 , Bank of America Corporation completed its purchase of Countrywide Financial Corporation . In 1997 , Countrywide had spun off Countrywide Mortgage Investment as an independent company called IndyMac Bank . Federal regulators seized IndyMac on July 11 , 2008 , after a week - long bank run . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Businesses 2.1 Mortgage banking 2.1. 1 Loan production 2.1. 2 Loan servicing 2.1. 3 Loan closing services 2.2 Banking 2.3 Capital markets 2.4 Insurance 2.5 Global operations 3 Controversies 3.1 Employee and contract labor issues 3.2 Minority and subprime borrowers 3.3 Hurricanes Katrina , Gustav and Rita complaints 3.4 `` Friends of Angelo '' VIP program 3.5 Lawsuits 4 Subprime mortgage crisis 4.1 Secondary market disruption 4.2 Announcement of problems and bailouts 4.3 ' Protect Our House ' PR campaign 4.4 Takeover 4.5 SEC charges 5 Finances 5.1 2005 5.2 2006 5.3 2007 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Countrywide was founded in 1969 by David S. Loeb and Angelo Mozilo . Loeb died in 2003 . The initial public offering was less than successful , with company stock trading over the counter at less than $1 per share . In 1985 Countrywide stock was re-listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol CFC . Countrywide 's stock has been described as the `` 23,000 % stock '' by Fortune magazine . Between 1982 and 2003 , Countrywide delivered investors a 23,000.0 % return , exceeding the returns of Washington Mutual , Walmart , and Warren Buffett 's Berkshire Hathaway . Businesses ( edit ) Mortgage Banking ( edit ) The Mortgage Banking segment produces mortgage loans through a variety of channels on a national scale . Nearly all of the mortgage loans the company produces in this segment are sold into the secondary market , mainly in the form of mortgage - backed securities . In 2006 , 45 % of those mortgages were conventional non-conforming loans , loans too large to sell to Fannie Mae . The company generally performs the ongoing servicing functions related to the mortgage loans that it produces . It also provides various loan closing services , such as title , escrow and appraisal . The Mortgage Banking segment consists of three distinct sectors : Loan Production , Loan servicing and Loan Closing Services . Loan Production ( edit ) The role of Loan Production is to originate and fund new loans , and to acquire already - funded loans through purchases from other lenders . Loan Production produces mortgage loans through four divisions of Countrywide Home Loans : Consumer Markets , Full Spectrum Lending , Wholesale Lending and Correspondent Lending . Consumer Markets and Full Spectrum Lending offer loans directly to consumers . Loans produced by these two retail division are originated , funded , and sold by Countrywide . Consumer Markets offers a wide variety of products , whereas Full Spectrum Lending focuses primarily on products appropriate for customers with less than prime - quality credit . Wholesale Lending offers loans to consumers whose loans are originated by another mortgage broker . These loans are funded and sold by Countrywide , but originated by other lenders . Correspondent Lending purchases mortgage loans from other lenders , which include mortgage bankers , commercial banks , savings and loan associations , home builders and credit unions . These loans may be sold by Countrywide to end - investors on the secondary market , but are originated and funded by other lenders . Loan servicing ( edit ) Loan servicing services loans , i.e. , collects payments from the borrower , handles escrow accounts , tax and / or insurance payments ( if applicable ) , then remits `` advances '' to the investor 's trustee as specified in the Pooling and Servicing Agreement ( PSA ) . Loan servicing typically retains a fraction of the payment made ( typically 25 -- 75 basis points of the unpaid principal balance ) as a `` servicing fee '' . Loan servicing also generates income in the form of interest on monies received and held prior to paying scheduled advances to the trustee , fees charged for late payments , force - placed insurance , document requests , legal fees , payoff statements , etc . Loan closing services ( edit ) LandSafe and its subsidiaries offer loan closing services , including real estate appraisal services , automated credit reporting products , flood determination services and residential title services for the six major counties of Southern California . Banking ( edit ) The Banking segment consisted of Countrywide Bank , FSB and Countrywide Warehouse Lending . Formerly , the bank was known as Countrywide Bank , N.A. , a nationally chartered bank that was regulated jointly by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Reserve , but it converted its charter to a federally chartered thrift that is regulated by the Office of Thrift Supervision . Countrywide Bank is the 3rd largest Savings and Loan institution and is the fastest growing bank in United States history . Assets from deposits are currently approaching $125 billion . Countrywide Bank primarily originates and purchases mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit for investment purposes . The majority of these loans are sourced through its mortgage banking subsidiary , Countrywide Home Loans . The Bank obtains retail deposits , primarily certificates of deposit , through the Internet , call centers and more than 200 financial centers , many of which were located in Countrywide Home Loans ' retail branch offices as of April 1 , 2007 . Countrywide Warehouse Lending provides warehouse lines of credit to mortgage bankers , who use these funds to originate loans . These mortgage bankers are primarily customers of Countrywide Home Loans ' Correspondent Lending division and the Capital Markets divisions ; the mortgage bankers use warehouse lines of credit from Countrywide Warehouse Lending to help originate loans , then sell those loans to Countrywide through Correspondent Lending or Capital Markets . Capital Markets ( edit ) The Capital Markets segment primarily operates as a registered securities broker dealer , a residential mortgage loan manager and a commercial mortgage loan originator . CFC also operates broker dealers in Japan and the United Kingdom , an introducing broker dealer of futures contracts , an asset manager and a broker of mortgage servicing rights . With the exception of its commercial mortgage activities , the company transacts only with institutional customers , such as banks , other depository institutions , insurance companies , asset managers , mutual funds , pension plans , other broker dealers and governmental agencies . Customers of its commercial real estate finance business are the owners or sponsors of commercial properties , who can be individuals or institutions . Countrywide Asset Management Corporation manages the acquisition and disposition of loans from third parties , as well as loans originated by Countrywide Home Loans , on behalf of Countrywide Home Loans . These are typically delinquent or otherwise illiquid residential mortgage loans , which have primarily been originated under Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) and Veterans Administration ( VA ) programs . The Company attempts to rehabilitate the loans , using the servicing operations of Countrywide Home Loans , with the intent to securitize those loans that become eligible for securitization . The remaining loans are serviced through foreclosure and liquidation , which includes the collection of government insurance and guarantee proceeds relating to defaulted FHA and VA program loans . Securities trading activities include the trading of debt securities in the secondary market after the original issuance of the security . Underwriting activities encompass the assumption of the risk of buying a new issue of securities from the issuer and reselling the securities to investors , either directly or through dealers . Capital Markets primarily underwrites mortgage - related debt securities . Insurance ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Insurance segment activities include offering property , casualty , life and credit insurance as an underwriter and as an insurance agency , and providing reinsurance coverage to primary mortgage insurers , through two business units : Balboa Life and Casualty Operations , and Balboa Reinsurance Company . Balboa Life and Casualty Group underwrite property , casualty , life and credit insurance in all 50 states . Its products include Lender - Placed Property and Auto , which includes lender - placed auto insurance and lender - placed , real - property hazard insurance ; Voluntary Homeowners and Auto , which underwrites retail homeowners insurance and home warranty plans for consumers , and Life and Credit , which underwrites term life , credit life and credit disability insurance products . Balboa Reinsurance Company provides a mezzanine layer of reinsurance coverage for losses between minimum and maximum specified amounts to the insurance companies that provide private mortgage insurance ( PMI ) on loans in its servicing portfolio . It provides this coverage with respect to substantially all of the loans in the Company 's portfolio that are covered by PMI , which generally includes all conventional loans with an original loan amount in excess of 80 % of the property 's appraised value . In return for providing this coverage , it earns a portion of the PMI premiums . Global operations ( edit ) The primary activities of the Global Operations segment was Global Home Loans ( GHL ) : a UK third party administrator ( TPA ) formed out of a joint venture between Countrywide and Woolwich plc in 1998 . Activities included Loan Processing and Subservicing , providing mortgage loan application processing and mortgage loan subservicing in the United Kingdom . Following the acquisition of Woolwich by Barclays plc , this relationship developed further , with GHL acquiring the Barclays mortgage portfolio , through a transfer of ownership of the Barclays mortgage operation in Leeds to GHL in 2003 . By 2005 , GHL operation processed more than £ 11.3 billion ( $20.3 billion ) in loans , all of which are subserviced for Barclays , PLC , the joint venture partner . As of December 31 , 2005 , Global 's subservicing portfolio was £ 59 billion ( $102 billion ) . In November 2005 , Barclays announced that it intended to terminate the third party administration arrangement with GHL and bring the mortgage originations and servicing operations back in - house . This resulted in Countrywide buying out Barclays ' remaining 30 % stake in GHL . Barclays brought the operation back in - house in February 2006 . Since then Global 's presence in the UK has been confined to providing support to Barclays and Prudential Assurance , who continue to use the proprietary originations , servicing and arrears processing systems developed for GHL and Countrywide by Countrywide Technology Group ( CWTG ) . A second venture in the UK , Valuation Services , provided one of the first electronic residential property valuation services to third parties in the United Kingdom through a majority - owned joint venture . This was sold to First American in 2007 . Offshore Services commenced operations in India in 2004 . Set up to exploit the strategic advantage of employing systems specialists based in the sub-continent , it provides business process and technology services to the Parent Company and its subsidiaries in both the United States and the United Kingdom . Controversies ( edit ) Employee and contract labor issues ( edit ) In 2003 , Countrywide was the subject of a class - action lawsuit alleging overtime violations . Countrywide was charged with working employees 10 -- 15 hours per day , 6 to 7 days per week without compensating them for overtime wages . The lawsuit was settled in May 2005 , with the payment of $30 million in compensation to 400 account executives . Additionally , Countrywide is one of many companies that conducts in - depth background searches of new employee applicants . The background search goes beyond typical employment , education , and criminal history searches , and enables a company to view the applicant 's credit , and public record documents such as lawsuits and divorce records . Although it must be authorized by the applicant , Countrywide explicitly does not consider applicants who deny authorization for a search . This policy has led to otherwise qualified applicant complaints and dispute filings which claim this policy is discriminatory , invasive , and compromises the applicant 's privacy . Countrywide maintains a policy of not filing the legally required Internal Revenue Service Form 1099 to independent brokers . The validity of this is questionable however . Minority and subprime borrowers ( edit ) Countrywide agreed to a settlement with New York state attorney general Eliot Spitzer to compensate black and Hispanic borrowers improperly steered by Countrywide salespeople to higher - cost loans . The company also agreed to improve training and oversight of its loan officers and to pay New York state $200,000 to cover costs of the investigation . Countrywide subprime documents show a policy of lending to families with as little as $1000 of disposable income , often compromising their ability to pay living expenses . Economist Stan Liebowitz writes that the Fannie Mae Foundation singled out Countrywide Financial as a `` paragon '' of a nondiscriminatory lender who works with community activists , following `` the most flexible underwriting criteria permitted . '' The chief executive of Countrywide is said to have bragged that in order to approve minority applications , `` lenders have had to stretch the rules a bit . '' Countrywide 's commitment to low - income loans had grown to $600 billion by early 2003 . Hurricanes Katrina , Gustav and Rita complaints ( edit ) Some customers have complained that after the devastating hurricanes Katrina , Gustav and Rita , Countrywide told loan customers in the affected areas that they could take a break on payments without any late fees , and the payments would be added back to the end of the loan . They now contend that Countrywide forced the loan customers to pay the missed payments in a lump sum , along with late fees they were told they did not have to pay , within 30 days or face foreclosure . `` Friends of Angelo '' vip program ( edit ) Further information : Countrywide financial political loan scandal In June 2008 Conde Nast Portfolio reported that numerous Washington D.C. politicians over recent years had received mortgage financing at noncompetitive rates because the corporation considered the officeholders `` FOA 's '' -- `` Friends of Angelo '' ( Countrywide Chief Executive Angelo Mozilo ) . The politicians extended such favorable financing included the chairman of the Senate Banking Committee , Christopher Dodd , the chairman of the Senate Budget Committee and Kent Conrad . The article also noted Countrywide 's political action committee had made large donations to Dodd 's campaign . Senator Dodd proposed that the federal government buy up to $400 Billion in defaulted mortgages . Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington ( CREW ) has called for House and Senate to investigate Senators Conrad and Dodd . It was reported that James Johnson , former CEO of Fannie Mae and an adviser to presidential candidate Barack Obama , had received loans under the `` Friends of Angelo '' . Johnson announced he would step down from the vice-presidential vetting position on June 11 , 2008 in order to avoid being a distraction to Obama 's campaign . In June 2008 The Wall Street Journal reported that Franklin Raines , a former CEO of Fannie Mae , received below market rates loans at Countrywide Financial because the corporation considered the officeholders `` FOA 's '' . He received loans for over $3 million while CEO of Fannie Mae . On July 16 , 2008 , The Washington Post reported that Franklin Raines had `` taken calls from Barack Obama 's presidential campaign seeking his advice on mortgage and housing policy matters . '' Subsequent attempts to connect Obama 's campaign with Franklin Raines were characterized by The Washington Post as `` a stretch '' . Lawsuits ( edit ) The office of Attorney General of Illinois , Lisa Madigan , filed a civil lawsuit in Cook County Circuit Court against Countrywide Financial Corporation on June 25 , 2008 . The lawsuit cites information gathered from documents obtained via a subpoena in the fall of 2007 . Madigan 's office claims the `` mortgage lender engaged in `` unfair and deceptive '' practices to get homeowners to apply for risky mortgages far beyond their means . '' California Attorney General , Jerry Brown , followed suit by filing a similar lawsuit on June 25 , 2008 , accusing the lender of breaking the state 's laws against false advertising and unfair business practices . The lawsuit also claims the defendant mislead many consumers by misinforming them about the workings of certain mortgages such adjustable - rate mortgages , interest - only loans , low - documentation loans and home - equity loans while telling borrowers they would be able to refinance before the interest rate on their loans adjusted . In August 2008 , Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal also brought suit against Countrywide , alleging that deceptive lending practices had ripped off Connecticut homeowners. ( 1 ) The suit was settled in October 2008 after Bank of America acquired Countrywide . The settlement involves the modifying of troubled ' predatory loans ' up to $8.4 billion . The states currently involved in the settlement are Arizona , California , Connecticut , Florida , Iowa , Michigan , North Carolina , Ohio , Texas , and Washington . Other states may also join the settlement . There is also a shareholder class action lawsuit for investors in asset - backed securities from Countrywide . Subprime mortgage crisis ( edit ) Main article : Subprime mortgage crisis Secondary market disruption ( edit ) When Countrywide finances mortgage loans , they usually packaged them for sale to large investors as mortgage - backed securities . Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac can only buy loans which conform to the standards of government - sponsored enterprises . Non-conforming mortgages securities must be sold in the private , secondary market to alternative investors . On August 3 , 2007 , this secondary market essentially stopped trading most of the non-conforming securities . Secondary mortgage market disruptions had happened previously , but , the new disruption appeared more serious , both larger in range and likely duration . Alt - A mortgages ( loans given to apparently creditworthy borrowers without much or any documentation ) completely stopped at ratings lower than AAA . Difficulties extended to much of AAA - rated mortgage - backed securities . Only securities with conforming mortgages were trading . Countrywide Financial issued a statement that its mortgage business has access to a nearly $50 billion funding cushion . After the collapse of American Home Mortgage on August 6 2007 , attention returned to Countrywide Financial which at the time had issued about 17 % of all mortgages in the United States . Only days later , Countrywide Financial disclosed to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) that these disruptions in the secondary mortgage markets could hurt it financially : Since the company is highly dependent on the availability of credit to finance its operations , disruptions in the debt markets or a reduction in our credit ratings could have an adverse impact on our earnings and financial condition , particularly in the short term ... Current conditions in the debt markets include reduced liquidity and increased credit risk premiums for certain market participants . These conditions , which increase the cost and reduce the availability of debt , may continue or worsen in the future ... . There can be no assurance , however , that the Company will be successful in these efforts , that such facilities will be adequate or that the cost of debt will allow us to operate at profitable levels . This raised speculation that Countrywide was a potential bankruptcy risk . On August 10 , a run on the bank began as the secondary mortgage market shut down , curtailing new mortgage funding . The perceived risk of Countrywide bonds rose . Fitch , Moody 's and Standard & Poor 's credit ratings agencies downgraded Countrywide 1 or 2 grades , some to near junk status . The cost of insuring its bonds rose 22 % overnight . This also limited its access to commercial paper . Some institutional investors admitted trying to sell Countrywide paper . Fifty other mortgage lenders had already filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy , and Countrywide Financial was cited as a possible bankruptcy risk by Merrill Lynch and others on August 15 . This combined with news that its ability to issue new commercial paper might be severely hampered put severe pressure on the stock . Its shares fell $3.17 to $21.29 , which was its biggest fall in a single day since the crash of 1987 -- the shares had fallen 50 % so far that year . On August 15 , 2007 , Merrill Lynch advised its clients to sell their stock in Countrywide . Announcement of problems and bailouts ( edit ) On Thursday , August 16 , 2007 , the company expressed concerns over liquidity because of the decline of the secondary market for securitized mortgage obligations . Countrywide also announced its intent to draw on the entire $11.5 billion credit line from a group of 40 banks including JPMorgan Chase . On Friday August 17 , many depositors sought to withdraw their bank accounts . Countrywide also planned to make 90 % of its loans conforming . By this point stock shares had lost about 75 % of their peak value and speculation of bankruptcy broadened . At the same time the Federal Reserve Bank lowered the discount rate 0.5 % in a last - minute , early morning conference call . The Fed accepted about $17.2 billion in repurchase agreements for mortgage backed securities to aid in liquidity . This also helped calm the stock market and investors promptly responded positively with the Dow posting gains . Additionally , the firm was forced to restate income it had claimed from accrued but unpaid interest on `` exotic '' mortgages where the initial pay rate was less than the amortization rate . In 2007 it became apparent much of this interest had become uncollectable . In a letter dated August 20 , Federal Reserve agreed to waive banking regulations at the request of Citigroup and Bank of America . The Fed agreed to exempt both banks from rules that limited the amount that federally insured banks can lend to related brokerage companies to 10 % of bank capital . Until then , banking regulation was that banks with federally insured deposits should not be put at risk by brokerage subsidiaries ' activities . On August 23 , Citibank and Bank of America said that they and two other banks accessed $500 million in 30 - day financing at the Fed 's discount window . The same day , Countrywide Financial obtained $2 billion of new capital from Bank of America Corp . For this the Bank of America brokerage arm would get convertible preferred stock . On November 26 , 2007 , Countrywide stock was hammered on the NYSE , dropping over 10 % to a level of $8.64 / share ; less than half the share 's value in August when the firm faced bankruptcy rumors and a fraction of its value in 2006 . One proximate cause were reports that the Atlanta Federal Home Loan Bank had extended a large amount of its credit to Countrywide to offset its inability to raise funds in the private market . Senator Chuck Schumer called for an investigation as to the prudence of the FHLBB 's action in this regard . From 2005 to 2007 , Angelo R. Mozilo sold much of his CFC stock realizing $291.5 million in profits . A class action suit was filed on behalf of shareholders alleging securities violations . In September 2008 , Countrywide sent letters to its mortgage customers to inform that one of their employees had stolen identity information that contained social security numbers and birth dates . Countrywide apologized in the letter and offered free credit monitoring for 90 days . ' Protect our house ' pr campaign ( edit ) In September 2007 , after months of negative publicity and the announcement of a reduction of 20 % of its workforce , Countrywide launched a public relations campaign aimed at demoralized employees . Employees were expected to sign a pledge to `` demonstrate their commitment to our efforts '' and `` to tell the Countrywide story to all '' . Those who signed the pledge received a green rubber Protect Our House wristband . Takeover ( edit ) The endgame in Bank of America 's $4 billion takeover of Countrywide Financial began with a December phone call from Countrywide Chief Executive Angelo Mozilo to his Bank of America counterpart , Kenneth D. Lewis . And on January 11 , 2008 , Bank of America announced it had agreed to buy Countrywide for $4 billion in an all - stock transaction . The stock 's value settled at about $5 1⁄2 per share following the announcement ; it had been as low as $4.43 before the Bank of America deal was announced . After more than six months of financial deterioration at Countrywide -- despite a $2 billion infusion of cash from Bank of America in August -- Mozilo said he was ready to throw in the towel , according to Lewis . At the same time , having watched Countrywide dramatically retool its operations in a bid to survive , Bank of America executives began to believe Countrywide 's big U.S. mortgage business might be worth having . The ability to get that kind of size and scale became more appealing as we saw the business model change to a model we could accept , '' Lewis said . `` We considered the lawsuits , the negative publicity that Countrywide had . We weighed the short - term pain versus what we think will be a very good deal for our shareholders . Bank of America deployed 60 analysts from its headquarters in Charlotte , N.C. , to Countrywide 's headquarters in Calabasas , Calif . After four weeks analyzing Countrywide 's legal and financial predicament , and modeling how its loan portfolio was likely to perform , Bank of America offered an all - stock deal valued at $4 billion for Countrywide -- a fraction of the company 's $24 billion market value a year ago . Countrywide shareholders approved the deal on June 25 , 2008 and it closed July 2 , 2008 . Bank of America announced on June 26 , 2008 that the takeover of Countrywide Financial Corp. will result in the loss of 7,500 jobs over the next two years . The deal was a landmark in the housing crisis , given Countrywide 's prominence as the nation 's largest mortgage lender , at the time . It was to prove more costly to Bank of America , however , than was perceived at the time : in August 2014 , B of A was forced to agree to a near - $17 billion deal to settle claims against it relating to the sale of toxic mortgage - linked securities , a large percentage of which had been sold by Countrywide . SEC Charges ( edit ) On June 4 , 2009 , the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charged former CEO Angelo Mozilo with insider trading and securities fraud , and former COO David Sambol and former CFO Eric Sieracki with securities fraud for failing to disclose Countrywide 's lax lending standards in Countrywide 's 2006 annual report . Despite these charges , Countrywide , and then its successor Bank of America , were awarded the Property Management contract with the Veterans Administration . A July 22 , 2008 memo from Judith Caden , VA Director of Loan Guaranty Service issued this proclamation in Circular 26 - 08 - 10 . Bank of America still retained this position with VA until 2011 . Finances ( edit ) 2005 ( edit ) For year - ending Dec 31 , 2005 , amounts in thousands of dollars : Total Assets : $235,085,370 Total Revenues : $13,016,708 Total Expenses : $5,868,942 Net Earnings : $2,528,090 Pre-tax Earnings by Segment : Mortgage Banking : $2,434,525 Banking : $1,074,480 Capital Markets : $451,629 Insurance : $183,716 Global : $35,353 Other : $ ( 31,937 ) 2006 ( edit ) For year - ending Dec 31 , 2006 , amounts in thousands of dollars : Total Assets : $85,946,230 Total Revenues : $5,417,128 Total Expenses : $5,082,993 Net Earnings : $1,674,846 Pre-tax Earnings by Segment : Mortgage Banking : $2,062,399 Banking : $1,080,384 Capital Markets : $253,500 Insurance : $120,133 Global : $28,642 Other : $ ( 10,923 ) In its 2006 annual report to the SEC , CFC disclosed that 19 % of its subprime loans were delinquent . 2007 ( edit ) For year - ending Dec 31 , 2007 , amounts in thousands of dollars : Total Assets : $211,730,061 Total Revenues : $6,061,437 Total Expenses : $6,764,975 Net Earnings : $ ( 703,538 ) Pre-tax Earnings by Segment : Mortgage Banking : $ ( 1,517,083 ) Banking : $ ( 268,752 ) Capital Markets : $14,957 Insurance : $600,542 See also ( edit ) United States housing bubble New Century Financial References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Paletta , Damian ; Enrich , David ( July 12 , 2008 ) . `` Crisis Deepens as Big Bank Fails : IndyMac Seized In Largest Bust In Two Decades '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Story , Louise ( July 12 , 2008 ) . `` Regulators Seize Mortgage Lender '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ US Lender IndyMac Collapses Archived July 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sky News . July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lacter , Mark ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` IndyMac taken over '' . LA Biz Observed . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gretchen Morgenson ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` Inside the Countrywide Lending Spree '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fortune , `` Meet The 23,000 % Stock '' , September 2003 Jump up ^ OTS Approves Countrywide Application Jump up ^ TheStreet.com : Countrywide 's Thrifty Move Banks CFC Jump up ^ Countrywide to Settle Rosemead Call Center Employees Class Action Jump up ^ `` Home Lender to Repay Minority Buyers '' . The New York Times . December 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Liebowitz , Stan ( February 5 , 2008 ) . `` The Real Scandal -- How feds invited the mortgage mess '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ The Blotter : A Deal Too Good To Be True ? : Katrina Victims Say Mortgage Lender Misled Them Jump up ^ Countrywide 's Many ' Friends ' Conde Nast Portfolio , June 12 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Dodd Defends Housing Plan , Blasts Bush '' . The Wall Street Journal . May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080613/ap_on_go_co/senators_vip_mortgages_4 Jump up ^ Simpson , Glenn R. ; Hagerty , James R. ( June 7 , 2008 ) . `` Countrywide Friends Got Good Loans '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Countrywide Friends Got Good Loans Jump up ^ Huslin , Anita ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` On the Outside Now , Watching Fannie Falter '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Linking Obama to Ex-Fannie Mae Chief Is a Stretch '' . The Washington Post . September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State 's suit to target mortgage lender for unfair practices '' . Chicago Tribune . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois AG sues Countrywide over lending practices '' . Associated Press . June 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` California sues Countrywide '' . CNN Money.com . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BofA to pay $8 billion over subprime suit '' , ' MSNBC ' , October 6 , 2008 Jump up ^ Countrywide Mortgage - Backed Securities Certificate Investor Lawsuit . Shareholders Foundation . Jump up ^ Alistair Barr ( August 7 , 2007 ) . `` Secondary Market Stalls Mortgage Lenders '' . Forbes ( Associated Press ) . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide : Debt Market Woes Pose Risk '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Evelyn M. Rusli ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Credit Fears Chill Countrywide Financial '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide , Washington Mutual Fall on Mortgage Slump ( Update3 ) '' . Bloomberg . August 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 15 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide Plunges on Downgrade '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top US lender ' risks bankruptcy ' '' . BBC News . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ SEC Accession No. 0000950148 - 07 - 000204 , Creation of a Direct Financial Obligation or an Obligation under an Off - Balance Sheet Arrangement of a Registrant , SEC , August 16 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Countrywide Bank Reassure Clients '' . August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Evelyn M. Rusli ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide Breaks Into The Piggy Bank '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Liz Moyer ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide , Markets On The Ropes '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Liz Moyer ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide Is On Its Side '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Evelyn M. Rusli ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Countrywide Starving For Cash '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Temporary Open Market Operations Federal Reserve Bank of New York Jump up ^ High - risk mortgages become toxic mess AP via yahoo Jump up ^ Response to request for exemption to section 23A of Regulation W ( pdf ) , Federal Reserve Bank Board of Governors . Jump up ^ Peter Eavis ( August 24 , 2007 ) . `` Fed bends rules to help two big banks '' . Fortune . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomson Financial ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` Euroshares higher midday , Dow seen up on Countrywide cash injection '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gregory J. Wilcox ( August 25 , 2007 ) . `` $2 billion infusion lets Countrywide Financial buy time '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ CFC : Basic Chart for COUNTRYWIDE FNL CP -- Yahoo ! Finance Jump up ^ `` Countrywide Falls as Schumer Seeks Probe of Advances ( Update2 ) '' . Bloomberg . November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide Financial Corp , Insider trades '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide to lay off 20 percent of workforce '' The Orange County Register , September 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` ' Protect our house ' is lender 's new motto '' . The Wall Street Journal . October 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , David ( January 11 , 2008 ) . `` BofA to buy Countrywide for $4 B '' . CNN Money . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ CFC : Summary for COUNTRYWIDE FNL CP -- Yahoo ! Finance Jump up ^ `` Behind Bank of America 's Big Gamble '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Countrywide Shareholders Approve Deal '' . National Mortgage News . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BoA Completes Acquisition of Countrywide '' . National Mortgage News . July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America 's Countrywide purchase will cost 7,500 jobs '' . Chicago Tribune . June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top Originators in Q108 '' . National Mortgage News . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of America to pay nearly $17 bn to settle mortgage claims '' . Philadelphia Herald . 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Faber , David ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` SEC Charges Ex-Countrywide CEO with Insider Trading '' . CNBC . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Charges Former Countrywide Executives With Fraud '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . June 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 10 - K ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ 10 - K ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Andrew Farrell ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` Deadbeats Dog Countrywide '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 10 - K ( 2007 ) External links ( edit ) `` What the Countrywide deal means for your mortgage '' , CNN Money , January 11 , 2008 Timeline of events leading to Countrywide Financial 's buyout by Bank of America , San Diego Union Tribune , January 11 , 2008 Bank of America Divisions Bank of America Home Loans Bank of America Merrill Lynch Merrill Lynch U.S. Trust Historical components Banc of America Securities Bank of America , Los Angeles Bank of America NT&SA Bank of Italy Bank of New England BankBoston Barnett Bank Baybank Benj. Franklin Savings and Loan Boatmen 's Bancshares Cassatt & Company Central Bank and Trust Citizens & Southern National Bank Commercial National Bank Continental Illinois Countrywide Financial E.A. Pierce & Co . Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles First Franklin First Republic Bank Corporation Fleet Bank Fourth Financial Corporation G.H. Walker & Co . 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Buildings 555 California Street ( San Francisco ) 701 Brickell Avenue Albuquerque Plaza American Security and Trust Company Building ( Washington , D.C. ) Bank of America Building ( Baltimore ) Bank of America Building ( Midland ) Bank of America Building ( Oakland ) Bank of America Center ( Baltimore ) Bank of America Center ( Houston ) Bank of America Center ( Los Angeles ) Bank of America Center ( Norfolk ) Bank of America Center ( Tulsa ) Bank of America Corporate Center ( Charlotte ) Bank of America Plaza ( Atlanta ) Bank of America Plaza ( Charlotte ) Bank of America Plaza ( Chicago ) Bank of America Plaza ( Dallas ) Bank of America Plaza ( Fort Lauderdale ) Bank of America Plaza ( St. Louis ) Bank of America Plaza ( Tampa ) Bank of America Tower ( Jacksonville ) Bank of America Tower ( Manhattan ) Bank of America Tower ( Phoenix ) Bank of America Tower ( St. Petersburg ) Boulder Towers Hearst Tower ( Charlotte ) Miami Tower Museum Tower Commons Great Recession By region Africa Americas United States South America Asia Europe Oceania United States - specific Automotive industry crisis California budget crisis Housing bubble Housing market correction Subprime mortgage crisis Banking losses and fraud Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy Libor scandal Tom Hayes Société Générale trading loss Forex scandal Seán FitzPatrick Bernard Madoff Tom Petters Scott W. 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"Bank of America Home Loans is the mortgage unit of Bank of America. In 2008, Bank of America purchased the failing Countrywide Financial for $4.1 billion. In 2006, Countrywide financed 20% of all mortgages in the United States, at a value of about 3.5% of United States GDP, a proportion greater than any other single mortgage lender."
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-2625262426892389205 | Survival of the fittest | Survival of the fittest - wikipedia Survival of the fittest This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 21 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Survival of the fittest ( disambiguation ) . Herbert Spencer coined the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' . `` Survival of the fittest '' is a phrase that originated from Darwinian evolutionary theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection . The biological concept of fitness is defined as reproductive success . In Darwinian terms the phrase is best understood as `` Survival of the form that will leave the most copies of itself in successive generations . '' Herbert Spencer first used the phrase , after reading Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species , in his Principles of Biology ( 1864 ) , in which he drew parallels between his own economic theories and Darwin 's biological ones : `` This survival of the fittest , which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms , is that which Mr. Darwin has called ' natural selection ' , or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . '' Darwin responded positively to Alfred Russel Wallace 's suggestion of using Spencer 's new phrase `` survival of the fittest '' as an alternative to `` natural selection '' , and adopted the phrase in The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication published in 1868 . In On the Origin of Species , he introduced the phrase in the fifth edition published in 1869 , intending it to mean `` better designed for an immediate , local environment '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critiquing the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' 2 Interpreted as expressing a biological theory 3 Interpreted as expressing a moral theory 3.1 Social Darwinists 3.2 Creationists 3.3 Anarchists 4 History of the phrase 5 Tautology 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Origins of the phrase 9.2 Tautology links 9.3 Morality link 9.4 Kropotkin : Mutual Aid Critiquing the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' ( edit ) While the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' is often used to refer to `` natural selection '' , it is avoided by modern biologists , because the phrase can be misleading . For example , `` survival '' is only one aspect of selection , and not always the most important . Another problem is that the word `` fit '' is frequently confused with a state of physical fitness . In the evolutionary meaning `` fitness '' is the rate of reproductive output among a class of genetic variants . Interpreted as expressing a biological theory ( edit ) The phrase can also be interpreted to express a theory or hypothesis : that `` fit '' as opposed to `` unfit '' individuals or species , in some sense of `` fit '' , will survive some test . Interpretations of the phrase as expressing a theory are in danger of being tautological , meaning roughly `` those with a propensity to survive have a propensity to survive '' ; to have content the theory must use a concept of fitness that is independent of that of survival . Interpreted as a theory of species survival , the theory that the fittest species survive is undermined by evidence that while direct competition is observed between individuals , populations and species , there is little evidence that competition has been the driving force in the evolution of large groups such as , for example , amphibians , reptiles , and mammals . Instead , these groups have evolved by expanding into empty ecological niches . In the punctuated equilibrium model of environmental and biological change , the factor determining survival is often not superiority over another in competition but ability to survive dramatic changes in environmental conditions , such as after a meteor impact energetic enough to greatly change the environment globally . The main land dwelling animals to survive the K - Pg impact 66 million years ago had the ability to live in underground tunnels , for example . In 2010 Sahney et al. argued that there is little evidence that intrinsic , biological factors such as competition have been the driving force in the evolution of large groups . Instead , they cited extrinsic , abiotic factors such as expansion as the driving factor on a large evolutionary scale . The rise of dominant groups such as amphibians , reptiles , mammals and birds occurred by opportunistic expansion into empty ecological niches and the extinction of groups happened due to large shifts in the abiotic environment . Interpreted as expressing a moral theory ( edit ) Social darwinists ( edit ) It has been claimed that `` the survival of the fittest '' theory in biology was interpreted by late 19th century capitalists as `` an ethical precept that sanctioned cut - throat economic competition '' and led to the advent of the theory of `` social Darwinism '' which was used to justify laissez - faire economics , war and racism . However , these ideas predate and commonly contradict Darwin 's ideas , and indeed their proponents rarely invoked Darwin in support . The term `` social Darwinism '' referring to capitalist ideologies was introduced as a term of abuse by Richard Hofstadter 's Social Darwinism in American Thought published in 1944 . Creationists ( edit ) Critics of theories of evolution have argued that `` survival of the fittest '' provides a justification for behaviour that undermines moral standards by letting the strong set standards of justice to the detriment of the weak . However , any use of evolutionary descriptions to set moral standards would be a naturalistic fallacy ( or more specifically the is -- ought problem ) , as prescriptive moral statements can not be derived from purely descriptive premises . Describing how things are does not imply that things ought to be that way . It is also suggested that `` survival of the fittest '' implies treating the weak badly , even though in some cases of good social behaviour -- co-operating with others and treating them well -- might improve evolutionary fitness . Anarchists ( edit ) Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin viewed the concept of `` survival of the fittest '' as supporting co-operation rather than competition . In his book Mutual Aid : A Factor of Evolution he set out his analysis leading to the conclusion that the fittest was not necessarily the best at competing individually , but often the community made up of those best at working together . He concluded that In the animal world we have seen that the vast majority of species live in societies , and that they find in association the best arms for the struggle for life : understood , of course , in its wide Darwinian sense -- not as a struggle for the sheer means of existence , but as a struggle against all natural conditions unfavourable to the species . The animal species , in which individual struggle has been reduced to its narrowest limits , and the practice of mutual aid has attained the greatest development , are invariably the most numerous , the most prosperous , and the most open to further progress . Applying this concept to human society , Kropotkin presented mutual aid as one of the dominant factors of evolution , the other being self - assertion , and concluded that In the practice of mutual aid , which we can retrace to the earliest beginnings of evolution , we thus find the positive and undoubted origin of our ethical conceptions ; and we can affirm that in the ethical progress of man , mutual support not mutual struggle -- has had the leading part . In its wide extension , even at the present time , we also see the best guarantee of a still loftier evolution of our race . History of the phrase ( edit ) Herbert Spencer first used the phrase -- after reading Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species -- in his Principles of Biology of 1864 in which he drew parallels between his economic theories and Darwin 's biological , evolutionary ones , writing , `` This survival of the fittest , which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms , is that which Mr. Darwin has called ' natural selection ' , or the preservation of favored races in the struggle for life . '' In July 1866 Alfred Russel Wallace wrote to Darwin about readers thinking that the phrase `` natural selection '' personified nature as `` selecting '' , and said this misconception could be avoided `` by adopting Spencer 's term '' Survival of the fittest . Darwin promptly replied that Wallace 's letter was `` as clear as daylight . I fully agree with all that you say on the advantages of H. Spencer 's excellent expression of ' the survival of the fittest ' . This however had not occurred to me till reading your letter . It is , however , a great objection to this term that it can not be used as a substantive governing a verb '' . Had he received the letter two months earlier , he would have worked the phrase into the fourth edition of the Origin which was then being printed , and he would use it in his `` next book on Domestic Animals etc . '' . Darwin wrote on page 6 of The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication published in 1868 , `` This preservation , during the battle for life , of varieties which possess any advantage in structure , constitution , or instinct , I have called Natural Selection ; and Mr. Herbert Spencer has well expressed the same idea by the Survival of the Fittest . The term `` natural selection '' is in some respects a bad one , as it seems to imply conscious choice ; but this will be disregarded after a little familiarity `` . He defended his analogy as similar to language used in chemistry , and to astronomers depicting the `` attraction of gravity as ruling the movements of the planets '' , or the way in which `` agriculturists speak of man making domestic races by his power of selection '' . He had `` often personified the word Nature ; for I have found it difficult to avoid this ambiguity ; but I mean by nature only the aggregate action and product of many natural laws , -- and by laws only the ascertained sequence of events . '' In the first four editions of On the Origin of Species , Darwin had used the phrase `` natural selection '' . In Chapter 4 of the 5th edition of The Origin published in 1869 , Darwin implies again the synonym : `` Natural Selection , or the Survival of the Fittest '' . By the word `` fittest '' Darwin meant `` better adapted for immediate , local environment '' , not the common modern meaning of `` in the best physical shape '' ( think of a puzzle piece , not an athlete ) . In the introduction he gave full credit to Spencer , writing `` I have called this principle , by which each slight variation , if useful , is preserved , by the term Natural Selection , in order to mark its relation to man 's power of selection . But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate , and is sometimes equally convenient . '' In The Man Versus The State , Spencer used the phrase in a postscript to justify a plausible explanation of how his theories would not be adopted by `` societies of militant type '' . He uses the term in the context of societies at war , and the form of his reference suggests that he is applying a general principle . `` Thus by survival of the fittest , the militant type of society becomes characterized by profound confidence in the governing power , joined with a loyalty causing submission to it in all matters whatever '' . Though Spencer 's conception of organic evolution is commonly interpreted as a form of Lamarckism , Herbert Spencer is sometimes credited with inaugurating Social Darwinism . The phrase `` survival of the fittest '' has become widely used in popular literature as a catchphrase for any topic related or analogous to evolution and natural selection . It has thus been applied to principles of unrestrained competition , and it has been used extensively by both proponents and opponents of Social Darwinism . Evolutionary biologists criticise the manner in which the term is used by non-scientists and the connotations that have grown around the term in popular culture . The phrase also does not help in conveying the complex nature of natural selection , so modern biologists prefer and almost exclusively use the term natural selection . The biological concept of fitness refers to reproductive success , as opposed to survival , and is not explicit in the specific ways in which organisms can be more `` fit '' ( increase reproductive success ) as having phenotypic characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction ( which was the meaning that Spencer had in mind ) . Tautology ( edit ) `` Survival of the fittest '' is sometimes claimed to be a tautology . The reasoning is that if one takes the term `` fit '' to mean `` endowed with phenotypic characteristics which improve chances of survival and reproduction '' ( which is roughly how Spencer understood it ) , then `` survival of the fittest '' can simply be rewritten as `` survival of those who are better equipped for surviving '' . Furthermore , the expression does become a tautology if one uses the most widely accepted definition of `` fitness '' in modern biology , namely reproductive success itself ( rather than any set of characters conducive to this reproductive success ) . This reasoning is sometimes used to claim that Darwin 's entire theory of evolution by natural selection is fundamentally tautological , and therefore devoid of any explanatory power . However , the expression `` survival of the fittest '' ( taken on its own and out of context ) gives a very incomplete account of the mechanism of natural selection . The reason is that it does not mention a key requirement for natural selection , namely the requirement of heritability . It is true that the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' , in and by itself , is a tautology if fitness is defined by survival and reproduction . Natural selection is the portion of variation in reproductive success that is caused by heritable characters ( see the article on natural selection ) . If certain heritable characters increase or decrease the chances of survival and reproduction of their bearers , then it follows mechanically ( by definition of `` heritable '' ) that those characters that improve survival and reproduction will increase in frequency over generations . This is precisely what is called `` evolution by natural selection . '' On the other hand , if the characters which lead to differential reproductive success are not heritable , then no meaningful evolution will occur , `` survival of the fittest '' or not : if improvement in reproductive success is caused by traits that are not heritable , then there is no reason why these traits should increase in frequency over generations . In other words , natural selection does not simply state that `` survivors survive '' or `` reproducers reproduce '' ; rather , it states that `` survivors survive , reproduce and therefore propagate any heritable characters which have affected their survival and reproductive success '' . This statement is not tautological : it hinges on the testable hypothesis that such fitness - impacting heritable variations actually exist ( a hypothesis that has been amply confirmed . ) Momme von Sydow suggested further definitions of ' survival of the fittest ' that may yield a testable meaning in biology and also in other areas where Darwinian processes have been influential . However , much care would be needed to disentangle tautological from testable aspects . Moreover , an `` implicit shifting between a testable and an untestable interpretation can be an illicit tactic to immunize natural selection ( ... ) while conveying the impression that one is concerned with testable hypotheses . '' Skeptic Society founder and Skeptic magazine publisher Michael Shermer addresses the tautology problem in his 1997 book , Why People Believe Weird Things , in which he points out that although tautologies are sometimes the beginning of science , they are never the end , and that scientific principles like natural selection are testable and falsifiable by virtue of their predictive power . Shermer points out , as an example , that population genetics accurately demonstrate when natural selection will and will not effect change on a population . Shermer hypothesizes that if hominid fossils were found in the same geological strata as trilobites , it would be evidence against natural selection . See also ( edit ) Age of the Earth Anarchism Altruism Robert Boyle Capitalism Darwinian puzzle Ethical relativism Eugenics Evolution of societies Freedom of thought Freethought Garden of Eden Mutation Natural philosophy Neo-Creationism Peter Kropotkin John Ruskin Scientific scepticism Social Darwinism Social ecology Social evolutionism Social implications of the theory of evolution Universal Darwinism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Though Spencer was an advocate of the inheritance of acquired characters , he considered Lamarck 's failure to explain organic evolution in physical terms as a serious weakness of his theory . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Letter 5140 -- Wallace , A.R. to Darwin , C.R. , 2 July 1866 '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . `` Letter 5145 -- Darwin , C.R. to Wallace , A.R. , 5 July ( 1866 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ `` Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology of 1864 , vol. 1 , p. 444 , wrote : ' This survival of the fittest , which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms , is that which Mr. Darwin has called `` natural selection '' , or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . ' '' Maurice E. Stucke , Better Competition Advocacy , retrieved 29 August 2007 , citing HERBERT SPENCER , THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 444 ( Univ . Press of the Pac. 2002 . ) ^ Jump up to : `` This preservation , during the battle for life , of varieties which possess any advantage in structure , constitution , or instinct , I have called Natural Selection ; and Mr. Herbert Spencer has well expressed the same idea by the Survival of the Fittest . The term `` natural selection '' is in some respects a bad one , as it seems to imply conscious choice ; but this will be disregarded after a little familiarity . '' Darwin , Charles ( 1868 ) , The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication , 1 ( 1st ed . ) , London : John Murray , p. 6 , retrieved 10 August 2015 ^ Jump up to : Freeman , R.B. ( 1977 ) , `` On the Origin of Species '' , The Works of Charles Darwin : An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist ( 2nd ed . ) , Cannon House , Folkestone , Kent , England : Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd ^ Jump up to : `` This preservation of favourable variations , and the destruction of injurious variations , I call Natural Selection , or the Survival of the Fittest . '' -- Darwin , Charles ( 1869 ) , On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life ( 5th ed . ) , London : John Murray , pp. 91 -- 92 , retrieved 22 February 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Jay Gould , Darwin 's Untimely Burial '' , 1976 ; from Philosophy of Biology : An Anthology , Alex Rosenberg , Robert Arp ed. , John Wiley & Sons , May 2009 , pp. 99 -- 102 . Jump up ^ `` Evolutionary biologists customarily employ the metaphor ' survival of the fittest , ' which has a precise meaning in the context of mathematical population genetics , as a shorthand expression when describing evolutionary processes . '' Chew , Matthew K. ; Laubichler , Manfred D. ( 4 July 2003 ) , `` PERCEPTIONS OF SCIENCE : Natural Enemies -- Metaphor or Misconception ? '' , Science , 301 ( 5629 ) : 52 -- 53 , PMID 12846231 , doi : 10.1126 / science. 1085274 , retrieved 20 March 2008 Jump up ^ Colby , Chris ( 1996 -- 1997 ) , Introduction to Evolutionary Biology , TalkOrigins Archive , retrieved 22 February 2009 ^ Jump up to : von Sydow , M. ( 2014 ) . ' Survival of the Fittest ' in Darwinian Metaphysics -- Tautology or Testable Theory ? ( pp. 199 -- 222 ) In E. Voigts , B. Schaff & M. Pietrzak - Franger ( Eds . ) . Reflecting on Darwin . Farnham , London : Ashgate . ^ Jump up to : Sahney , S. , Benton , M.J. and Ferry , P.A. ( 2010 ) , `` Links between global taxonomic diversity , ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land '' ( PDF ) , Biology Letters , 6 ( 4 ) : 544 -- 547 , PMC 2936204 , PMID 20106856 , doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2009.1024 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : John S. Wilkins ( 1997 ) , Evolution and Philosophy : Social Darwinism -- Does evolution make might right ? , TalkOrigins Archive , retrieved 21 November 2007 Jump up ^ Leonard , Thomas C. ( 2005 ) , `` Mistaking Eugenics for Social Darwinism : Why Eugenics is Missing from the History of American Economics '' ( PDF ) , History of Political Economy , 37 ( supplement : ) : 200 -- 233 , doi : 10.1215 / 00182702 - 37 - Suppl_1 - 200 Jump up ^ Alan Keyes ( 7 July 2001 ) , WorldNetDaily : Survival of the fittest ? , WorldNetDaily , retrieved 19 November 2007 Jump up ^ Mark Isaak ( 2004 ) , CA002 : Survival of the fittest implies might makes right , TalkOrigins Archive , retrieved 19 November 2007 Jump up ^ Vol. 1 , p. 444 Jump up ^ U. Kutschera ( 14 March 2003 ) , A Comparative Analysis of the Darwin - Wallace Papers and the Development of the Concept of Natural Selection ( PDF ) , Institut für Biologie , Universität Kassel , Germany , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 April 2008 , retrieved 20 March 2008 Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ( 1869 ) , On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life ( 5th ed . ) , London : John Murray , p. 72 Jump up ^ The principle of natural selection applied to groups of individual is known as Group selection . Jump up ^ Herbert Spencer ; Truxton Beale ( 1916 ) , The Man Versus the State : A Collection of Essays , M. Kennerley ( snippet ) Jump up ^ Federico Morganti ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` Adaptation and Progress : Spencer 's Criticism of Lamarck '' . Evolution & Cognition . External link in publisher = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Corey , Michael Anthony ( 1994 ) , `` Chapter 5 . Natural Selection '' , Back to Darwin : the scientific case for Deistic evolution , Rowman and Littlefield , p. 147 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 9307 - 0 Jump up ^ Cf . von Sydow , M. ( 2012 ) . From Darwinian Metaphysics towards Understanding the Evolution of Evolutionary Mechanisms . A Historical and Philosophical Analysis of Gene - Darwinism and Universal Darwinism . Universitätsverlag Göttingen . Jump up ^ Shermer , Michael ; Why People Believe Weird Things ; 1997 ; Pages 143 -- 144 External links ( edit ) Origins of the phrase ( edit ) AboutDarwin.com -- Darwin 's Timeline Pioneers of Psychology Evolution Quotations compiled by GIGA Tautology links ( edit ) Darwin 's Untimely Burial by Stephen Jay Gould Evolution and Philosophy : A Good Tautology is Hard to Find by John Wilkins , part of the talk. origins archive . CA500 : `` Survival of the fittest is a tautology '' from the talk. origins index to creationist claims by Mark Ridley . Is `` survival of the fittest '' a tautology by Don Lindsay . Darwin 's Great Tautology by the Doubting Thomas Morality link ( edit ) CA002 : Survival of the fittest implies that `` might makes right '' David Hume -- Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Evolution and philosophy -- Does evolution make might right ? by John S. Wilkins . `` Survival of the fittest '' by Alan Keyes . Darwinism and Laissez - Faire Capitalism from the Institute for Creation Research Kropotkin : mutual aid ( edit ) Mutual Aid ; a factor of evolution at Project Gutenberg Mutual Aid : A Factor of Evolution -- HTML version at the Anarchy Archives Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Survival_of_the_fittest&oldid=801709445 '' Categories : Charles Darwin Herbert Spencer Biological evolution English phrases Metaphors Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 10 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is meant by the phrase survival of the fittest | [
"\"Survival of the fittest\" is a phrase that originated from Darwinian evolutionary theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection. The biological concept of fitness is defined as reproductive success. In Darwinian terms the phrase is best understood as \"Survival of the form that will leave the most copies of itself in successive generations.\""
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"Survival of the form that will leave the most copies of itself in successive generations"
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7515847252110365135 | Ring of Fire | Ring of Fire - wikipedia Ring of Fire For other uses , see Ring of Fire ( disambiguation ) . The Pacific Ring of Fire Tectonic plates of the world Great ( magnitude 8.0 + ) earthquakes 1900 -- 2017 , with the majority positioned along the Ring of Fire The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur . In a 40,000 km ( 25,000 mi ) horseshoe shape , it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches , volcanic arcs , and volcanic belts and plate movements . It has 452 volcanoes ( more than 75 % of the world 's active and dormant volcanoes ) . The Ring of Fire is sometimes called the circum - Pacific belt . About 90 % of the world 's earthquakes and 81 % of the world 's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire . All but three of the world 's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire . The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics : the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates , especially subduction in the northern portion . The southern portion is more complex , with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands , the Philippines , Bougainville , Tonga , and New Zealand . Contents 1 History 2 Cause 3 Andes 3.1 Bolivia 3.2 Chile 3.3 Ecuador 3.4 Peru 4 Central America 4.1 Costa Rica 4.2 Guatemala 5 North American Cordillera 5.1 Mexico 5.2 United States 5.3 Canada 6 Russia 7 Japan 8 Philippines 9 Indonesia 10 New Zealand 11 Antarctica 12 Land areas 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) The presence of a belt of volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean was observed in the 19th century . `` They ( the Japanese Islands ) are in the line of that immense circle of volcanic development which surrounds the shores of the Pacific from Tierra del Fuego around to the Moluccas . '' ( Matthew Perry , Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan , 1852 - 54 , Introduction , Section I , `` Name , Extent , and Geography '' ) About 90 % of the world 's earthquakes and 81 % of the world 's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire . The next most seismically active region ( 5 -- 6 % of earthquakes and 17 % of the world 's largest earthquakes ) is the Alpide belt , which extends from Java to the northern Atlantic Ocean via the Himalayas and southern Europe . All but three of the world 's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire . The famous and very active San Andreas Fault zone of California is a transform fault which offsets a portion of the East Pacific Rise under southwestern United States and Mexico ; the motion of the fault generates numerous small earthquakes , at multiple times a day , most of which are too small to be felt . The active Queen Charlotte Fault on the west coast of the Haida Gwaii , British Columbia , has generated three large earthquakes during the 20th century : a magnitude 7 event in 1929 ; a magnitude 8.1 in 1949 ( Canada 's largest recorded earthquake ) ; and a magnitude 7.4 in 1970 . Cause ( edit ) The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics : the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates . The eastern section of the ring is the result of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate being subducted beneath the westward - moving South American Plate . The Cocos Plate is being subducted beneath the Caribbean Plate , in Central America . A portion of the Pacific Plate and the small Juan de Fuca Plate are being subducted beneath the North American Plate . Along the northern portion , the northwestward - moving Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Aleutian Islands arc . Farther west , the Pacific plate is being subducted along the Kamchatka Peninsula arcs on south past Japan . The southern portion is more complex , with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands , the Philippines , Bougainville , Tonga , and New Zealand ; this portion excludes Australia , since it lies in the center of its tectonic plate . Indonesia lies between the Ring of Fire along the northeastern islands adjacent to and including New Guinea and the Alpide belt along the south and west from Sumatra , Java , Bali , Flores , and Timor . Andes ( edit ) Further information : Andean Volcanic Belt Bolivia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Bolivia Bolivia hosts numerous active and extinct volcanoes across its territory . The active volcanoes are located in western Bolivia where they make up the Cordillera Occidental , the western limit of the Altiplano plateau . Many of the active volcanoes are international mountains shared with Chile . All Cenozoic volcanoes of Bolivia are part of the Central Volcanic Zone ( CVZ ) of the Andean Volcanic Belt that results due to processes involved in the subduction of the Nazca Plate under the South American Plate . The Central Volcanic Zone is a major upper Cenozoic volcanic province . Apart from Andean volcanoes , the geology of Bolivia hosts the remnants of ancient volcanoes around the Precambrian Guaporé Shield in the eastern part of the country . Chile ( edit ) Llaima 's 2008 eruption Main articles : List of volcanoes in Chile and Volcanology of Chile The volcanoes in Chile are monitored by the National Geology and Mining Service ( SERNAGEOMIN ) Earthquake activity in Chile is related to subduction of the Nazca Plate to the east . Chile notably holds the record for the largest earthquake ever recorded , the 1960 Valdivia earthquake . Villarrica , one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rises above Villarrica Lake and the town of Villarrica . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andean chain . A 6 - km - wide caldera formed during the late Pleistocene , more than 0.9 million years ago . A 2 - km - wide postglacial caldera is located at the base of the presently active , dominantly basaltic - to - andesitic cone at the northwest margin of the Pleistocene caldera . About 25 scoria cones dot Villarica 's flanks . Plinian eruptions and pyroclastic flows have been produced during the Holocene from this dominantly basaltic volcano , but historical eruptions have consisted of largely mild - to - moderate explosive activity with occasional lava effusion . Lahars from the glacier - covered volcanoes have damaged towns on its flanks . The Llaima Volcano is one of the largest and most active volcanoes in Chile . It is situated 82 km northeast of Temuco and 663 km southeast of Santiago , within the borders of Conguillío National Park . Llaima 's activity has been documented since the 17th century , and consists of several separate episodes of moderate explosive eruptions with occasional lava flows . The last major eruption occurred in 1994 . Lascar erupting in 2006 Chile has experienced numerous volcanic eruptions from 60 volcanoes , including Llaima Volcano and the Chaitén Volcano . More recently , a magnitude - 8.8 earthquake struck central Chile on February 27 , 2010 , the Puyehue - Cordón Caulle volcano erupted in 2011 , and a M8. 2 earthquake struck northern Chile on April 1 , 2014 . The main shock was preceded by a number of moderate to large shocks and was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks , including a magnitude - 7.6 event on 2 April . Lascar is a stratovolcano , is the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes . The largest eruption of Lascar took place about 26,500 years ago , and following the eruption of the Tumbres scoria flow about 9,000 years ago , activity shifted back to the eastern edifice , where three overlapping craters were formed . Frequent small - to - moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded from Lascar in historical time since the mid-19th century , along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano . The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993 , producing pyroclastic flows as far as 8.5 km ( 5 mi ) northwest of the summit and ash fall in Buenos Aires , Argentina , more than 1,600 km ( 994 mi ) to the southeast . The latest series of eruptions began on 18 April 2006 and was continuing as of 2011 . Chiliques is a stratovolcano located in the Antofagasta Region of Chile , immediately north of Cerro Miscanti . Laguna Lejía lies to the north of the volcano and has been dormant for at least 10,000 years , but is now showing signs of life . A January 6 , 2002 , nighttime thermal infrared image from ASTER revealed a hot spot in the summit crater , as well as several others along the upper flanks of the volcano 's edifice , indicating new volcanic activity . Examination of an earlier nighttime thermal infrared image from May 24 , 2000 , showed no such hot spots . Calbuco is a stratovolcano in southern Chile , located southeast of Llanquihue Lake and northwest of Chapo Lake , in Los Lagos Region . The volcano and the surrounding area are protected within Llanquihue National Reserve . It is a very explosive andesite volcano that underwent edifice collapse in the late Pleistocene , producing a volcanic debris avalanche that reached the lake . At least nine eruptions occurred since 1837 , with the latest one in 1972 . One of the largest historical eruptions in southern Chile took place there in 1893 -- 1894 . Violent eruptions ejected 30 - cm bombs to distances of 8 km from the crater , accompanied by voluminous hot lahars . Strong explosions occurred in April 1917 , and a lava dome formed in the crater accompanied by hot lahars . Another short explosive eruption in January 1929 also included an apparent pyroclastic flow and a lava flow . The last major eruption of Calbuco , in 1961 , sent ash columns 12 -- 15 km high and produced plumes that dispersed mainly to the southeast and two lava flows were also emitted . A minor , four - hour eruption happened on August 26 , 1972 . Strong fumarolic emission from the main crater was observed on August 12 , 1996 . Lonquimay is a stratovolocano of late - Pleistocene to dominantly Holocene age , with the shape of a truncated cone . The cone is largely andesitic , though basaltic and dacitic rocks are present . It is located in La Araucanía Region of Chile , immediately southeast of Tolhuaca volcano . Sierra Nevada and Llaima are their neighbors to the south . The snow - capped volcano lies within the protected area Malalcahuello - Nalcas . The volcano last erupted in 1988 , ending in 1990 . The VEI was 3 . The eruption was from a flank vent and involved lava flows and explosive eruptions . Some fatalities occurred . Antuco Volcano is a stratovolocano located in the Bío Bío Region of Chile , near Sierra Velluda and on the shore of Laguna del Laja , with its last eruption in 1869 . Villarrica is one of Chile 's most active volcanoes , rising above the lake and town of the same name . The volcano is also known as Rucapillán , a Mapuche word meaning `` House of the Pillán '' . It is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes that trend perpendicular to the Andes along the Gastre Fault . Villarrica , along with Quetrupillán and the Chilean portion of Lanín , are protected within Villarrica National Park . Ascents of the volcano are popular with several guided ascents reaching the top during summer . Villarrica , with its lava of basaltic - andesitic composition , is one of only five volcanoes worldwide known to have an active lava lake within its crater . The volcano usually generates strombolian eruptions , with ejection of incandescent pyroclasts and lava flows . Melting of snow and glacier ice , as well as rainfall , often causes massive lahars , such as during the eruptions of 1964 and 1971 . Ecuador ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Ecuador Tungurahua spews hot lava and ash at night ( 1999 ) . In Ecuador , EPN monitors the volcanic activity in this andean nation . Cotopaxi is a stratovolcano in the Andes , located about 50 km ( 31 mi ) south of Quito , Ecuador , South America . It is the second - highest summit in the country , reaching a height of 5,897 m ( 19,347 ft ) . Some consider it the world 's highest active volcano , and it is one of Ecuador 's most active volcanoes . Since 1738 , Cotopaxi has erupted more than 50 times , resulting in the creation of numerous valleys formed by mudflows around the volcano . In October 1999 , Pichincha Volcano erupted in Quito and covered the city with several inches of ash . Prior to that , the last major eruptions were in 1553 and in 1660 , when about 30 cm of ash fell on the city . At 5,230 m , Sangay Volcano is an active stratovolcano in central Ecuador , and is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world and one of Ecuador 's most active ones , erupting three times in recorded history . It exhibits mostly strombolian activity ; the most recent eruption , which started in 1934 , is still going on . Geologically , Sangay marks the southern bound of the Northern Volcanic Zone , and its position straddling two major pieces of crust accounts for its high level of activity . Sangay 's roughly 500,000 - year history is one of instability ; two previous versions of the mountain were destroyed in massive flank collapses , evidence of which still litters its surroundings today . Sangay is one of two active volcanoes located within the namesake Sangay National Park , the other being Tungurahua to the north . As such , it has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983 . Reventador is an active stratovolcano which lies in the eastern Andes of Ecuador . Since 1541 , it has erupted over 25 times , with its most recent eruption in 2009 , but the largest historical eruption occurred in 2002 . During that eruption , the plume from the volcano reached a height of 17 km , and pyroclastic flows went up to 7 km from the cone . On March 30 , 2007 , the mountain spewed ash again . The ash reached a height of about two miles ( 3 km , 11,000 ft ) . Cotopaxi , outside of Quito , started activity in April 2015 . A large increase in earthquakes ( including harmonic tremors ) and SO emissions began . IGPEN reported slight deformation of the edifice , suggesting an intrusion of magma under the volcano . As of 25 July , the unrest continued , and the most recent major eruption was an ash and steam eruption that occurred on August 14 and 15 , 2015 . Peru ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Peru Volcanoes in Peru are monitored by the Peruvian Geophysical Institute . Sabancaya is an active 5,976 - metre ( 19,606 ft ) stratovolcano in the Andes of southern Peru , about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) northwest of Arequipa . It is the most active volcano in Peru , with an ongoing eruption that started in August 2014 . Ubinas is another active volcano 5,672 - metre ( 18,609 ft ) in southern Peru with an ongoing eruption . Until 2006 , this stratovolcano had not erupted for about 40 years . On April 23 , 2006 , Peru declared a state of emergency in towns near the volcano . On April 28 , 2014 , despite a recent decline in earthquakes , Ubinas Volcano erupted an ash plume on April 28 , 2014 . Central America ( edit ) Costa Rica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Costa Rica The Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) at the National University of Costa Rica , in Spanish Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) have a dedicated team in charge of researching and monitoring the volcanoes , earthquakes , and other tectonic processes in the Central America Volcanic Arc . In 1984 , the OVSICORI - A initiated the operation of a seismographic network designed to monitor seismic and volcanic activity throughout the national territory . Currently , the seismographic network has an analog and a digital registration system . The latter enables online analysis of seismic signals , allowing to expedite the analysis of signals and the study using modern computerized methods . Poás Volcano is an active 2,708 - metre ( 8,885 ft ) stratovolcano located in central Costa Rica ; it has erupted 39 times since 1828 . On February 25 , 2014 , a webcam from the OVSICORI captured the moment a dark cloud exploded about 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) in the air from a massive crater of the Poás Volcano . Guatemala ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Guatemala In 1902 , the Santa Maria Volcano erupted violently in Guatemala , with the largest explosions occurring over two days , ejecting an estimated 5.5 km ( 1.3 mi ) of magma . The eruption was one of the largest of the 20th century , only slightly less in magnitude to that of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 . The eruption had a volcanic explosivity index of 6 . Today Santiaguito is one of the world 's most active volcanoes. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Santiaguito Volcano , 2003 eruption in Guatemala North American Cordillera ( edit ) Mexico ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Mexico The Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Volcanoes of Mexico are related to subduction of the Cocos and Rivera plates to the east , which has produced large , explosive eruptions . Most active volcanoes in Mexico occur in the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , which extends 900 kilometres ( 559 mi ) from west to east across central - southern Mexico . A few other active volcanoes in northern Mexico are related to extensional tectonics of the Basin and Range Province , which splits the Baja California peninsula from the mainland . Popocatépetl , lying in the eastern half of the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt , is the second - highest peak in Mexico after the Pico de Orizaba . It is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico , having had more than 20 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519 . The 1982 eruption of El Chichón , which killed about 2,000 people who lived near the volcano , created a 1 - km - wide caldera that filled with an acidic crater lake . Prior to 2000 , this relatively unknown volcano was heavily forested and of no greater height than adjacent nonvolcanic peaks . United States ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the United States Area of the Cascadia subduction zone , including the Cascade Volcanic Arc ( red triangles ) The United States Geological Survey and the National Earthquake Information Center ( NEIC ) are located on the campus of the University of South Carolina in Columbia , South Carolina . Both monitor volcanos in the United States ; in Gaffney , South Carolina lies the Cascade Volcanic Arc . It includes nearly 20 major volcanoes , among a total of over 4,000 separate volcanic vents including numerous stratovolcanoes , shield volcanoes , lava domes , and cinder cones , along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as tuyas . Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago , but most of the present - day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2,000,000 years old , and the highest peaks are less than 100,000 years old . The arc formed by the subduction of the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . This is a 680 - mi - long fault , running 50 mi ( 80 km ) off the coast of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to Vancouver Island , British Columbia . The plates move at a relative rate over 0.4 in ( 10 mm ) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone . Because of the very large fault area , the Cascadia subduction zone can produce very large earthquakes , magnitude 9.0 or greater , if rupture occurred over its whole area . When the `` locked '' zone stores energy for an earthquake , the `` transition '' zone , although somewhat plastic , can rupture . Thermal and deformation studies indicate that the locked zone is fully locked for 60 km ( about 40 mi ) down - dip from the deformation front . Further down - dip , a transition from fully locked to aseismic sliding occurs . American Cascade Range volcano eruptions in the last 4000 years Unlike most subduction zones worldwide , no oceanic trench is present along the continental margin in Cascadia . Instead , terranes and the accretionary wedge have been lifted up to form a series of coast ranges and exotic mountains . A high rate of sedimentation from the outflow of the three major rivers ( Fraser River , Columbia River , and Klamath River ) which cross the Cascade Range contributes to further obscuring the presence of a trench . However , in common with most other subduction zones , the outer margin is slowly being compressed , similar to a giant spring . When the stored energy is suddenly released by slippage across the fault at irregular intervals , the Cascadia subduction zone can create very large earthquakes such as the magnitude - 9 Cascadia earthquake of 1700 . Geological evidence indicates that great earthquakes may have occurred at least seven times in the last 3,500 years , suggesting a return time of 400 to 600 years . Also , evidence of accompanying tsunamis with every earthquake is seen , as the prime reason these earthquakes are known is through `` scars '' the tsunami left on the coast , and through Japanese records ( tsunami waves can travel across the Pacific ) . The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most significant to occur in the contiguous 48 U.S. states in recorded history ( VEI = 5 , 0.3 cu mi , 1.2 km of material erupted ) , exceeding the destructive power and volume of material released by the 1915 eruption of California 's Lassen Peak . The eruption was preceded by a two - month series of earthquakes and steam - venting episodes caused by an injection of magma at shallow depth below the mountain that created a huge bulge and a fracture system on Mount St. Helens ' north slope . An earthquake at 8 : 32 am on May 18 , 1980 , caused the entire weakened north face to slide away , suddenly exposing the partly molten , gas - and steam - rich rock in the volcano to lower pressure . The rock responded by exploding into a very hot mix of pulverized lava and older rock that sped toward Spirit Lake so fast that it quickly passed the avalanching north face . Alaska is known for its seismic and volcanic activity , holding the record for the second - largest earthquake in the world , the Good Friday earthquake , and having more than 50 volcanoes which have erupted since about 1760 . Volcanoes can be found not only in the mainland , but also in the Aleutian Islands . The most recent activity in the American portion of the Ring of Fire occurred in early 2009 when Mount Redoubt in Alaska became active and finally erupted late in the evening of March 22 . The eruption ended in May 2009 . Canada ( edit ) Map of young volcanoes in Western Canada See also : Volcanism in Canada The Public Safety Geo - science Program at the Natural Resources Canada undertakes research to support risk reduction from the effects of space weather , earthquakes , tsunamis , volcanoes , and landslides . British Columbia and Yukon are home to a vast region of volcanoes and volcanic activity in the Pacific Ring of Fire . Several mountains in populated areas of British Columbia are dormant volcanoes . Most of these were active during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs . Although none of Canada 's volcanoes are currently erupting , several volcanoes , volcanic fields , and volcanic centers are considered potentially active . Hot springs are at some volcanoes , while 10 volcanoes in British Columbia appear related to seismic activity since 1975 , including : the Silverthrone Caldera , Mount Meager massif , Wells Gray - Clearwater volcanic field , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Cayley massif , Castle Rock , The Volcano , Mount Edziza , Hoodoo Mountain , Crow Lagoon , and Nazko Cone . The volcanoes are grouped into five volcanic belts with different tectonic settings . The Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( sometimes known as the Stikine Volcanic Belt ) is the most active volcanic region in Canada . It formed due to extensional cracking , faulting , and rifting of the North American Plate , as the Pacific Plate grinds and slides past the Queen Charlotte Fault , unlike subduction that produces the volcanoes in Japan , the Philippines , and Indonesia . The region has Canada 's largest volcanoes , much larger than the minor stratovolcanoes found in the Canadian portion of the Cascade Volcanic Arc . Several eruptions are known to have occurred within the last 400 years . Mount Edziza is a huge volcanic complex that erupted several times in the past several thousand years and has formed several cinder cones and lava flows . The complex comprises the Mount Edziza Plateau , a large volcanic plateau ( 65 km long and 20 km wide ) made of predominantly basaltic lava flows with four large stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau . The associated lava domes and satellite cones were constructed over the past 7.5 million years during five magmatic cycles beginning with eruption of alkali basalts and ending with felsic and basaltic eruptions as late as 1,340 years ago . The blocky lava flows still maintain their original forms . Hoodoo Mountain is a tuya in northwestern British Columbia , which has had several periods of subglacial eruptions . The oldest eruptions occurred about 100,000 years ago and the most recent about 7000 years ago . Hoodoo Mountain is also considered active , so could erupt in the future . The nearby Tseax Cone and The Volcano produced some of Canada 's youngest lava flows , about 150 years old . Mount Edziza , a large shield volcano in northwestern British Columbia Canada 's worst known geophysical disaster came from the Tseax Cone during the 18th century at the southernmost end of the volcanic belt . The eruption produced a 22.5 - km - long lava flow , destroying the Nisga'a villages and the death of at least 2000 Nisga'a people by volcanic gases and poisonous smoke . The Nass River valley was inundated by the lava flows and contains abundant tree molds and lava tubes . The event happened at the same time as the arrival of the first European explorers to penetrate the uncharted coastal waters of northern British Columbia . Today , the basaltic lava deposits are a draw to tourists and are part of the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in southwestern British Columbia is the northern extension of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the United States ( which includes Mount Baker and Mount St. Helens ) and contains the most explosive young volcanoes in Canada . It formed as a result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate ( a remnant of the much larger Farallon Plate ) under the North American Plate along the Cascadia subduction zone . The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt includes the Bridge River Cones , Mount Cayley massif , Mount Fee , Mount Garibaldi , Mount Price , Mount Meager massif , the Squamish Volcanic Field , and more smaller volcanoes . The eruption styles in the belt range from effusive to explosive , with compositions from basalt to rhyolite . Morphologically , centers include calderas , cinder cones , stratovolcanoes and small isolated lava masses . Due to repeated continental and alpine glaciations , many of the volcanic deposits in the belt reflect complex interactions between magma composition , topography , and changing ice configurations . The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt was an explosive eruption of the Mount Meager massif about 2,350 years ago . It was similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens , sending an ash column about 20 km into the stratosphere . The Mount Meager massif as seen from the east near Pemberton , BC : Summits left to right are Capricorn Mountain , Mount Meager , and Plinth Peak . The Chilcotin Group is a north - south range of volcanoes in southern British Columbia running parallel to the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt . The majority of the eruptions in this belt happened either 6 -- 10 million years ago ( Miocene ) or 2 -- 3 million years ago ( Pliocene ) , although with some slightly more recent eruptions ( in the Pleistocene ) . It is thought to have formed as a result of back - arc extension behind the Cascadia subduction zone . Volcanoes in this belt include Mount Noel , the Clisbako Caldera Complex , Lightning Peak , Black Dome Mountain , and many lava flows . The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a line of volcanoes stretching from just north of Vancouver Island to near Quesnel , British Columbia . These volcanoes were formed 8 to 1 million years ago , and the Nazko Cone last erupted only 7,200 years ago . The volcanoes generally get younger moving from the coast to the interior . These volcanoes are thought to have formed as a result of the North American Plate sliding westward over a small hotspot , called the Anahim hotspot . The hotspot is considered similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands . The belt is defined by three large shield volcanoes ( Rainbow , Ilgachuz and the Itcha Ranges ) and 37 Quaternary basalt centers . Eruptions of basaltic to rhyolitic volcanoes and hypabyssal rocks of the Alert Bay Volcanic Belt in northern Vancouver Island are probably linked with the subducted margin flanked by the Explorer and Juan de Fuca Plates at the Cascadia subduction zone . It appears to have been active during the Pliocene and Pleistocene . However , no Holocene eruptions are known , and volcanic activity in the belt has likely ceased . Russia ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Russia Avachinsky , an active volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula . The Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East is one of the most various and active volcanic areas in the world , with an area of 472,300 km . It lies between the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Okhotsk Sea to the west . Immediately offshore along the Pacific coast of the peninsula runs the 10,500 - m - deep Kuril - Kamchatka Trench , where rapid subduction of the Pacific Plate fuels the intense volcanism . Almost all types of volcanic activity are present , from stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes to Hawaiian - style fissure eruptions . Over 30 active volcanoes and hundreds of dormant and extinct volcanoes are in two major volcanic belts . The most recent activity takes place in the eastern belt , starting in the north at the Shiveluch volcanic complex , which lies at the junction of the Aleutian and Kamchatka volcanic arcs . Just to the south is the famous Klyuchi volcanic group , comprising the twin volcanic cones of Kliuchevskoi and Kamen , the huge volcanic complexes of Tolbachik and Ushkovsky , and a number of other large stratovolcanoes . The only active volcano in the central belt is found west of here , the huge remote Ichinsky . Farther south , the eastern belt continues to the southern slope of Kamchatka , topped by loads of stratovolcanoes , continuing onto the Kuril Islands , and southwards into Japan . Japan ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Japan About 10 % of the world 's active volcanoes are found in Japan , which lies in a zone of extreme crustal instability . They are formed by subduction of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate . As many as 1,500 earthquakes are recorded yearly , and magnitudes of 4 to 6 are not uncommon . Minor tremors occur almost daily in one part of the country or another , causing some slight shaking of buildings . Major earthquakes occur infrequently ; the most famous in the 20th century were : the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923 , in which 130,000 people died ; and the Great Hanshin earthquake of 17 January 1995 , in which 6,434 people died . On March 11 , 2011 a magnitude 9.0 earthquake hit Japan , the country 's biggest ever and the fifth largest on record , according to US Geological Survey data . Undersea earthquakes also expose the Japanese coastline to danger from tsunamis . Mount Fuji at sunrise from Lake Kawaguchi Mount Bandai , one of Japan 's most noted volcanoes , rises above the north shore of Lake Inawashiro . Mount Bandai is formed of several overlapping stratovolcanoes , the largest of which is O - Bandai forming a complex volcano . O - Bandai volcano was constructed within a horseshoe - shaped caldera that formed about 40,000 years when an earlier volcano collapsed , forming the Okinajima debris avalanche , which traveled to the southwest and was accompanied by a plinian eruption . Four major phreatic eruptions have occurred during the past 5,000 years , two of them in historical time , in 806 and 1888 . Seen from the south , Bandai presents a conical profile , but much of the north side of the volcano is missing as a result of the collapse of Ko - Bandai volcano during the 1888 eruption , in which a debris avalanche buried several villages and formed several large lakes . Nearly a century ago , the north flank of Mount Bandai collapsed during an eruption quite similar to the May 18 , 1980 , eruption of Mount St. Helens . After a week of seismic activity , a large earthquake on July 15 , 1888 , was followed by a tremendous noise and a large explosion . Eyewitnesses heard about 15 to 20 additional explosions and observed that the last one was projected almost horizontally to the north . Mount Fuji is Japan 's highest and most noted volcano . The modern postglacial stratovolcano is constructed above a group of overlapping volcanoes , remnants of which form irregularities on Fuji 's profile . Growth of the younger Mount Fuji began with a period of voluminous lava flows from 11,000 to 8,000 years ago , accounting for four - fifths of the volume of the younger Mount Fuji . Minor explosive eruptions dominated activity from 8,000 to 4,500 years ago , with another period of major lava flows occurring from 4,500 to 3,000 years ago . Subsequently , intermittent major explosive eruptions occurred , with subordinate lava flows and small pyroclastic flows . Summit eruptions dominated from 3,000 to 2,000 years ago , after which flank vents were active . The extensive basaltic lava flows from the summit and some of the more than 100 flank cones and vents blocked drainage against the Tertiary Misaka Mountains on the north side of the volcano , forming the Fuji Five Lakes . The last eruption of this dominantly basaltic volcano in 1707 ejected andesitic pumice and formed a large new crater on the east flank . Some minor volcanic activity may occur in the next few years . Philippines ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in the Philippines Map showing major volcanoes of the Philippines The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo is the world 's second - largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century . Successful predictions of the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas , saving many lives , but as the surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic flows , ash deposits , and later , lahars caused by rainwater remobilising earlier volcanic deposits , thousands of houses were destroyed . Mayon Volcano overlooks a pastoral scene about five months before the volcano 's violent eruption in September 1984 . Mayon Volcano is the Philippines ' most active volcano . It has steep upper slopes that average 35 -- 40 ° and is capped by a small summit crater . The historical eruptions of this basaltic - andesitic volcano date back to 1616 and range from Strombolian to basaltic Plinian eruptions . Eruptions occur predominately from the central conduit and have also produced lava flows that travel far down the flanks . Pyroclastic flows and mudflows have commonly swept down many of the roughly 40 ravines that radiate from the summit and have often devastated populated lowland areas . Taal Volcano has had 33 recorded eruptions since 1572 . A devastating eruption occurred in 1911 , which claimed more than a thousand lives . The deposits of that eruption consist of a yellowish , fairly decomposed ( nonjuvenile ) tephra with a high sulfur content . The most recent period of activity lasted from 1965 to 1977 , and was characterized by the interaction of magma with the lake water , which produced violent phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions . Although the volcano has been dormant since 1977 , it has shown signs of unrest since 1991 , with strong seismic activity and ground - fracturing events , as well as the formation of small mud geysers on parts of the island . Kanlaon Volcano , the most active volcano in the central Philippines , has erupted 25 times since 1866 . Eruptions are typically phreatic explosions of small - to - moderate size that produce minor ash falls near the volcano . On August 10 , 1996 , Kanlaon erupted without warning , killing British student Julian Green and Filipinos Noel Tragico and Neil Perez , who were among 24 mountain climbers who were trapped near the summit . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : List of volcanoes in Indonesia and 2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi Mount Merapi in Central Java Major volcanoes in Indonesia The volcanoes in Indonesia are among the most active of the Pacific Ring of Fire . They are formed due to subduction zones of three main active tectonic plates namely the Eurasian Plate , Pacific Plate , and Indo - Australian Plate . Some of the volcanoes are notable for their eruptions , for instance , Krakatau for its global effects in 1883 , Lake Toba for its supervolcanic eruption estimated to have occurred 74,000 BP , which was responsible for six years of volcanic winter , and Mount Tambora , for the most violent eruption in recorded history in 1815 . The eruption of Mount Tambora caused widespread harvest failures in Northern Europe , the Northeastern United States , and eastern Canada in 1816 , which was known as the Year Without a Summer . The most active volcanoes are Kelud and Mount Merapi on Java island , which have been responsible for thousands of deaths in the region . Since AD 1000 , Kelud has erupted more than 30 times , of which the largest eruption was at scale 5 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index , while Merapi has erupted more than 80 times . The International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth 's Interior has named Merapi as a Decade Volcano since 1995 because of its high volcanic activity . Another active volcano is Sinabung which erupted since 2013 until now . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : List of earthquakes in New Zealand and Volcanism in New Zealand Major volcanoes of New Zealand View of Mount Taranaki from Stratford . GNS Science was known as the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences from 1992 to 2005 . GNS Science was partially commercialised , and now operates as a government - owned company rather than as a government department . Originally part of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ( DSIR ) , it was established as an independent organisation when the Crown Research Institutes were created in 1992 . As well as undertaking basic research , and operating the national geological hazards monitoring network , GNS Science is employed , both in New Zealand and overseas , by various private groups ( notably energy companies ) , as well as central and local government agencies , to provide scientific advice and information . GNS Science is based in Avalon , Lower Hutt , with facilities in Dunedin and Wairakei . New Zealand contains the world 's strongest concentration of youthful rhyolitic volcanoes , and voluminous sheets blanket much of the North Island . The earliest historically - dated eruption was at Whakaari / White Island in 1826 , followed in 1886 by the country 's largest historical eruption at Mount Tarawera . Much of the region north of New Zealand 's North Island is made up of seamounts and small islands , including 16 submarine volcanoes . In the last 1.6 million years , most of New Zealand 's volcanism is from the Taupo Volcanic Zone . Mount Ruapehu , at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone , is one of the most active volcanoes . It began erupting at least 250,000 years ago . In recorded history , major eruptions have been about 50 years apart , in 1895 , 1945 , and 1995 -- 1996 . Minor eruptions are frequent , with at least 60 since 1945 . Some of the minor eruptions in the 1970s generated small ash falls and lahars that damaged ski fields . Between major eruptions , a warm acidic crater lake forms , fed by melting snow . Major eruptions may completely expel the lake water . Where a major eruption has deposited a tephra dam across the lake 's outlet , the dam may collapse after the lake has refilled and risen above the level of its normal outlet , the outrush of water causing a large lahar . The most notable lahar caused the Tangiwai disaster on December 24 , 1953 , when 151 people aboard a Wellington to Auckland express train were killed after the lahar destroyed the Tangiwai rail bridge just moments before the train was due . In 2000 , the ERLAWS system was installed on the mountain to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities . The Auckland volcanic field on the North Island of New Zealand has produced a diverse array of explosive craters , scoria cones , and lava flows . Currently dormant , the field is likely to erupt again with the next `` hundreds to thousands of years '' , a very short timeframe in geologic terms . The field contains at least 40 volcanoes , most recently active about 600 years ago at Rangitoto Island , erupting 2.3 km of lava . Antarctica ( edit ) Main article : List of volcanoes in Antarctica Mount Erebus , 1972 The Pacific Ring of Fire is completed in the south by the continent of Antarctica , which includes many large volcanoes . The makeup and structure of the volcanoes in Antarctica change largely from the other places around the ring . In contrast , the Antarctic Plate is almost completely surrounded by extensional zones , with several mid-ocean ridges which encircle it , with only a small subduction zone at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , reaching eastward to the remote South Sandwich Islands . The most well known volcano in Antarctica is Mount Erebus , which is also the world 's southernmost active volcano . In many respects the geology of the Antarctic Peninsula is an extension of the Andes , hence the name sometimes used by geologists : `` Antarctandes '' . At the opposite side of the continent , the volcanoes of Victoria Land may be seen as the ' other end ' of the Antarctandes , thus completing the Pacific Ring of Fire and continuing up through the Balleny Islands to New Zealand . Mount Erebus is the second - highest volcano in Antarctica ( after Mount Sidley ) and the southernmost active volcano on earth . It is the sixth - highest ultra mountain on an island . With a summit elevation of 3,794 m ( 12,448 ft ) , it is located on Ross Island , which is also home to three inactive volcanoes , Mount Terror , Mount Bird , and Mount Terra Nova . The volcano has been observed to be continuously active since 1972 and is the site of the Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory run by the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology . Mount Erebus is currently the most active volcano in Antarctica and is the current eruptive zone of the Erebus hotspot . The volcanoes of the Victoria Land area are the most well known in Antarctica , most likely because they are the most accessible . Much of Victoria Land is mountainous , developing the eastern section of the Transantarctic Mountains , and the several scattered volcanoes include Mount Overlord and Mount Melbourne in the northern part . Farther south are two more well - known volcanoes , Mount Discovery and Mount Morning , which are on the coast across from Mount Erebus and Mount Terror on Ross Island . The volcanism in this area is caused by rifting along a number of rift zones increasing mainly north - south similar to the coast . Marie Byrd Land contains the largest volcanic region in Antarctica , covering a length of almost 600 mi ( 970 km ) along the Pacific coast . The volcanism is the result of rifting along the vast West Antarctic Rift , which extends from the base of the Antarctic Peninsula to the surrounding area of Ross Island , and the volcanoes are found along the northern edge of the rift . Protruding up through the ice are a large number of major shield volcanoes , including Mount Sidley , which is the highest volcano in Antarctica . Although a number of the volcanoes are relatively young and are potentially active ( Mount Berlin , Mount Takahe , Mount Waesche , and Mount Siple ) , others such as Mount Andrus and Mount Hampton are over 10 million years old , yet maintain uneroded constructional forms . The desert - like surroundings of the Antarctic interior , along with a very thick and stable ice sheet which encloses and protects the bases of the volcanoes , which decreases the speed of erosion by an issue of perhaps a thousand relative to volcanoes in moist temperate or tropical climates . Land areas ( edit ) Papua New Guinea and tectonic plates : Pacific Plate , Australian Plate , Caroline Plate , Banda Sea Plate ( as `` Mer de Banda '' ) , Woodlark Plate , Bird 's Head Plate , Maoke Plate , Solomon Sea Plate , North Bismarck Plate , South Bismarck Plate and Manus Plate ( in French ) Puysegur Trench and Macquarie Ridge Taupo Volcanic Zone Kermadec Islands Tonga Islands Fiji Islands Bougainville and Solomon Islands New Hebrides Arc Bismarck Volcanic Arc , junction Tanimbar and Kai Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Sunda Arc Andaman and Nicobar Islands Izu - Bonin - Mariana Arc Mariana Islands Bonin Islands Izu Islands Philippine Mobile Belt Taiwan Ryukyu Islands Japan , Boso Triple Junction Kuril Islands Kamchatka Peninsula American Cordillera North American Cordillera Aleutian Arc Aleutian Islands Aleutian Range Eastern Alaska , U.S. Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province Cascade Volcanic Arc and Rio Grande rift Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt Central America Volcanic Arc Andes North Volcanic Zone Central Volcanic Zone South Volcanic Zone Austral Volcanic Zone Scotia Arc South Sandwich Islands Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula Victoria Land See also ( edit ) Earthquakes portal Volcanoes portal 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 2010 Chile earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Andesite line Geology of the Pacific Northwest Katsuhiko Ishibashi Pacific Rim References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ring of Fire -- Pacific Ring of Fire '' . Geography.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ring of Fire '' . USGS. 2012 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Where do earthquakes occur ? '' . USGS. 2013 - 05 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earthquakes FAQ '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earthquakes Visual Glossary '' . U.S. Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Oppenheimer , Clive ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix A '' . Eruptions that Shook the World . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 355 -- 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64112 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Moving slabs '' . This Dynamic Earth . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Latest Earthquakes in the USA '' . USGS . Jump up ^ Schulz , Sandra S. ; Wallace , Robert E. `` The San Andreas Fault '' . USGS . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes in the Queen Charlotte Islands Region 1984 -- 1996 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Baker , M.C.W. ; Francis , P.W. ( 1978 ) . `` Upper Cenozoic Volcanism in the Central Andes -- Ages and Volumes '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 41 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 187 . Bibcode : 1978E&PSL ... 41 ... 175B . doi : 10.1016 / 0012 - 821X ( 78 ) 90008 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Red de vigilancia volcánica -- Sernageomin '' . sernageomin.cl . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ USGS . `` VDAP Responses at Chaitén in Chile '' . usgs.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chile volcano forces evacuations '' . BBC . January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magnitude 8.8 -- OFFSHORE MAULE , CHILE '' . February 27 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Erebus '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chiliques Volcano , Chile '' . Visible Earth . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program -- Lonquimay '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ `` Global Volcanism Program -- Lonquimay '' . si.edu . Jump up ^ La erupción de 1971 , Villarrica Volcano Visual Observation Project . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Distance from Quito to Cotopaxi '' . distancecalculator.globefeed.com . Jump up ^ `` Cotopaxi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Climate and Weather , Kington , J. Collins London , ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Ecuadoreans Wait Uneasily On Volcanoes '' . Associated Press . 28 November 1999 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Sangay : Synonyms and subfeatures '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reventador volcano spews lava near Ecuador capital '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` A Restless Volcano Puts Ecuador on Edge Once More '' . WIRED. 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.igepn.edu.ec/cotopaxi National Polytechnic School Geophysics Institute is constantly monitoring Cotopaxi Jump up ^ `` Ecuador declares state of emergency over volcano '' . BBC.com . Jump up ^ `` Cotopaxi volcano ( Ecuador ) : increased seismic activity , volcanic unrest '' . volcanodiscovery.com . Jump up ^ `` 15 sitios seguros en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito por el Cotopaxi '' . El Comercio . Jump up ^ `` Official Web Site of the Peruvian Geophysical Institute '' . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . Smithsonian Institution . Jump up ^ `` Ubinas '' . volcanodiscovery.com . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Lava Arrives at Ubinas Volcano : Natural Hazards '' . NASA . Jump up ^ `` Peru evacuates Ubinas volcano area after ash cloud '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica ( OVSICORI ) '' . National University of Costa Rica . Jump up ^ `` Poás Volcano Erupts in Central Costa Rica '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Volcano tourists enjoy the phreatic eruption of the Poás Volcano '' . Jump up ^ `` Despite Record Breaking Eruptions at Poas Volcano the Park Remains Open for Visitors to Enjoy '' . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mexico Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Volcano Observatory -- About Alaska 's Volcanoes '' . Avo.alaska.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Public Safety Geoscience Program '' . Natural Resources Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Alaska and Northwest Canada '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian volcanoes '' . CAT. INIST . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Volcanoes of Canada '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Garibaldi Volcanic Belt '' . Calalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Meager '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chilcotin Plateau basalts '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anahim Volcanic Belt '' . Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyond : Kamchatka & Kuril Islands Retrieved on 2007 - 08 - 01 Jump up ^ `` LIST : Japan quake seventh largest in history '' . Smh.com.au. 2011 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ RI sits on Pacific `` ring of fire '' : official Jump up ^ `` GeoNet Hazards Monitoring Network '' . Jump up ^ `` Science Annual Report '' . GNS. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Volcanoes and Volcanics '' . USGS CVO . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` GeoNet '' . New Zealand . ^ Jump up to : New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Crater Lake Climb '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ New Zealand Department of Conservation . `` Central North Island Volcanoes '' . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Contingency Plan for the Auckland Volcanic Field '' ( PDF ) . Auckland Regional Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Skiing the Pacific Ring of Fire and Beyong : Antarctica . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Erebus Volcano Observatory '' . New Mexico Tech . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maps of the Pacific Ring of Fire . 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Chile Costa Rica Ecuador East Timor El Salvador Micronesia Fiji Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Japan Kiribati Mexico New Zealand Nicaragua Palau Papua New Guinea Panama Peru Philippines Russia Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu United States Oceanic Trenches of the Pacific Ring of Fire Aleutian Trench Bougainville Trench Kermadec Trench Izu Bonin Trench Japan Trench Kurile Trench Mariana Trench Middle America Trench Peru -- Chile Trench Philippine Trench Ryukyu Trench Tonga Trench Yap Trench Tectonic Plates of the Pacific Ring of Fire Antarctic Plate Australian Plate Caribbean Plate Cocos Plate Eurasian Plate Explorer Plate Gorda Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Nazca Plate North American Plate Pacific Plate Philippine Sea Plate Rivera Plate South American Plate Volcanoes of the Pacific Ring of Fire Baker Bulusan Cold Bay Concepción Fuego Fuji Galeras Hood Mount Erebus Krakatoa Mayon Cascade Volcanoes Merapi Momotombo Novarupta Parícutin Pico de Orizaba Pinatubo Popocatépetl Shasta Rainier Ruapehu Nevado del Ruiz Saint Helens Tambora Taranaki Tungurahua Usu Hoodoo Edziza Tseax The Volcano Meager Garibaldi Cayley Silverthrone Volcano Mountain Other Notable Geographic Features of the Pacific Ring of Fire Alaska Aleutian Islands American cordillera Andes Antarctica Bali Borneo Bougainville British Columbia California Cascade Range Challenger Deep Coast Mountains Fais Island Flores Guam Honshū Insular Mountains Java Kamchatka Kurile Islands Luzon Mariana Islands Melanesia Micronesia Mindanao New Guinea North Island ( NZL ) Northern Mariana Islands Oregon Pacific Coast Range Pacific Ocean Polynesia Rocky Mountains San Andreas Fault Queen Charlotte Fault Sierra Madre ( PHL ) Sierra Madre ( USA ) Sierra Madre del Sur Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Oriental South Island ( NZL ) Sulawesi Timor Washington Yap Yukon Territory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ring_of_Fire&oldid=856971158 '' Categories : Plate tectonics Volcanology Geographic areas of seismological interest Geography of Oceania Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean Extreme points of Earth Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles using GVP links in vnum format All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 18 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | hawaii is in the center of the ring of fire and is caused by | [
"About 90%[2] of the world's earthquakes and 81%[3] of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire.[4][5] All but three of the world's 25 largest volcanic eruptions of the last 11,700 years occurred at volcanoes in the Ring of Fire.[6] The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics: the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates,[7] especially subduction in the northern portion. The southern portion is more complex, with a number of smaller tectonic plates in collision with the Pacific plate from the Mariana Islands, the Philippines, Bougainville, Tonga, and New Zealand.\n"
] | [
"plate tectonics"
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-1757309103293490924 | England at the FIFA World Cup | England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : England players not bowed by history - Gareth Southgate '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` England knock Colombia out of World Cup in last - 16 penalty shootout '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` England penalties : 11 / 11 in open play , 11 / 19 in shootouts '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 0 - 2 England '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The three stages of England vs Croatia that turned a World Cup final into a third - place play - off '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Belgium - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time england went to a world cup final | [
"England did not enter the competition until 1950, but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments.[a] They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions, 1974 (West Germany), 1978 (Argentina) and 1994 (United States), and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England, whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990, in Italy, and in 2018 in Russia. Other than that, the team have reached the quarter-finals on nine occasions, the latest of which were at the 2002 (South Korea/Japan) and the 2006 (Germany).[b]\n"
] | [
"1966"
] |
-7893070101236151842 | America's Got Talent (season 9) | America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) America 's Got Talent Season 9 Broadcast from May 27 -- September 17 , 2014 Judges Howard Stern Heidi Klum Mel B Howie Mandel Host ( s ) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Winner Mat Franco Origin Johnston , Rhode Island Genre ( s ) Magician Runner - up Emily West Chronology ◀ 2014 ▶ Season nine of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent premiered on May 27 , 2014 and was won by magician Mat Franco . Nick Cannon returned for his sixth season as host . This is Howie Mandel 's fifth season , Howard Stern 's third season , and Mel B and Heidi Klum both returned for their second season on the judging panel . The live shows were shot from Radio City Music Hall in New York . The season ended on September 17 , 2014 . Emily West took second place while Acro Army , a gymnastics group , took third place . Contents 1 New additions 2 Preliminary auditions 2.1 Golden buzzer 2.2 Special episode 3 Judgment Week 3.1 Judgment Week Automatic Decisions 3.2 Pre-Judgment Week Decisions 3.3 Pre-Judgment Week Decisions ( not shown ) 3.4 Performances 3.5 Today 's Got Talent 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Quarter - finals , Week 1 ( July 29 -- 30 ) 4.2 Quarter - finals , Week 2 ( August 5 -- 6 ) 4.3 Quarter - finals , Week 3 ( August 12 -- 13 ) 4.4 Quarter - finals , week 4 ( August 19 -- 20 ) 5 Semifinals 5.1 Semifinals , Round 1 ( August 26 -- 27 ) 5.2 Semifinals , Round 2 ( September 2 -- 3 ) 6 Top 12 ( September 9 -- 10 ) 7 Finale 8 Top 48 acts 9 Contestants who appeared on other seasons 10 Contestants who appeared on other talent shows 11 Other notable contestants 12 Ratings 12.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 13 References 14 External links New additions ( edit ) On April 8 , 2014 , NBC announced that America 's Got Talent returned to Radio City Music Hall for the live shows , which began on July 29 . The Las Vegas rounds were eliminated . Instead , the `` bootcamp '' round of auditions was held in New York City in front of a live studio audience . Stern confirmed on his radio show that after three acts were taped during `` Judgement Week '' , producers scrapped the live audience concept . Others asserted that the reason was because the show was having a hard time filling seats . Also in this season came the initiation of a `` golden buzzer '' -- which was also unveiled on Season 8 of Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge was permitted to press the buzzer only once during the season to have an act go through to the next round , typically used when there is a tie . This is regardless of the other judges ' opinions . However , rather than sending acts straight through to the live shows as in Britain 's Got Talent , an act on which the Golden Buzzer was used would only be given a free pass to the next round of the competition , Judgment Week . That format was added in the next season . Forty - eight acts were sent through to the live shows . The judges chose 47 of these acts , with the last contestant chosen by the general public . For the last slot , contestants uploaded their audition videos to the Today website , and the top 3 performed on Rockefeller Plaza . Viewers voted for their favorite act to be sent straight to the live shows . Preliminary auditions ( edit ) The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , New York City and Providence , Rhode Island . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to April 6 and in Los Angeles at Dolby Theatre from April 21 to April 26 . Audition city Audition date Venue Newark , New Jersey February 20 -- 22 , 2014 New Jersey Performing Arts Center New York , New York April 3 -- 6 , 2014 Madison Square Garden Los Angeles , California April 21 -- 26 , 2014 Dolby Theatre Golden buzzer ( edit ) The Golden Buzzer was only used thrice in its debut season . During the first episode , Stern used the golden buzzer for `` Dustin 's Dojo '' , a comedic martial arts act , and they were sent through to the next round . On the July 1 episode , Mandel pressed the buzzer to save `` Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson '' , another comedy act with a popular YouTube channel . Klum used pressed her buzzer for a cyr wheel act named `` Brad Henderson '' . However , her golden buzzer was not televised . However , both televised acts were eliminated at Judgment Week . Mel B was not seen to use the golden buzzer to save any act . Either she did not use the buzzer , or she did but the acts audition did not air . Special episode ( edit ) A special audition episode aired on Sunday , June 22 , 2014 ( instead of Tuesday , June 24 ) , showcasing the `` best talent on the show this year so far '' . NBC also announced that two acts ( who were not auditioning ) would attempt , on the episode , to break one of the Guinness World Records . One act was successful , while the other was not . The successful world record breaker was Professor Splash , who was a contestant on season six . Judgment Week ( edit ) Judgment Week , the second round of auditions , aired as a two night special from July 22 -- 23 , 2014 , and featured all the acts who made it through the first round of auditions competing for the first 47 spots in the live shows . The 48th spot was later filled by the winner of Today 's Got Talent , as described below . For the first time in the history of the show , this round of competition took place in New York City instead of Las Vegas . However , the format of this round remained the same . Judgment Week automatic decisions ( edit ) There were several acts where the judges automatically sent through the act immediately after their performance . Baila Conmigo , dance troupe John & Andrew , salsa dancing duo Mara Justine , child singer Paul Ieti , male singer Following a malfunction with Psycho Jack 's prop , the judges conferred and voted to send him home immediately . Pre-judgment Week decisions ( edit ) The judges went directly to the performers ' home area and gave them the news that they were going straight to the live shows so they would not have to make the journey to Judgment Week . Blue Journey , shadow - dancing act Dom the Bom 's Triple Threat , child card - throwing group Jonatan Riquelme , acrobat David and Leeman , magicians Hart Dance Team , dance troupe Dan Naturman , comedian Acte II , opera duo Emil and Dariel , cellists Pre-judgment Week decisions ( not shown ) ( edit ) Several acts went straight through to the live shows , but were not announced during the show . One - Voice Children 's Choir , children 's choir group Valo and Bobby , husband and wife acrobatic duo Extreme , dance group Mothmen Dance , dance and acrobatic group Smoothini , close - up magician Nina Buri , contortionist Andrey Moraru , hand balancing Aerial Animation , aerial acrobatic storytelling with animation Performances ( edit ) Performers Advanced Aerial Animation , shadow dancer AcroArmy , acrobatic troupe Adrian Romoff , child pianist Andrey Moraru , acrobatic dancer Anna Clendening , female singer Bad Boys of Ballet , dance troupe Baila Conmigo , salsa dance troupe Beach Avenue , band Christian Stoinev , acrobat Darik Santos , comedian Domino Effects , domino chain reaction group Dragon House `` The Agents '' , dance troupe Emily West , female singer Extreme , dance troupe Flight Crew Jump Rope , jump rope team Jasmine Flowers , dance troupe Jaycob Curlee , male singer JD Anderson , strongman John & Andrew , salsa dancers Jonah Smith , band Juan Carlos , roller skater Julia Goodwin , female singer Kelli Glover , female singer Kieran and Finian , band Livy , Matt and Sammy , band Loop Rawlins , rope - twirler Mara Justine , child singer Mat Franco , magician Miguel Dakota , male singer Mike Super , magician Mothmen Dance , dance troupe Nina Burri , contortionist One Voice Children 's Choir , children 's choir group Paul Ieti , male singer Power House Tumblers , tumbling group Quintavious Johnson , child rhythm and blues singer Real Encounter , motorcycle stunt troupe Sean & Luke , tap - dancing duo Smoothini , magician Sons of Serendip , band The Willis Clan , band Valo & Bobby , acrobatic duo Wendy Liebman , comedian XPogo Stunt Team , acrobatic pogo team Eliminated Bob Markworth & Mayana , sharp shooter Byamba 's Contortion Girls , children contortionist group Carly Jo Jackson , female singer Carter & Anika , child dancing duo Contortion Sisters , contortionists Detroit Academy of Arts & Sciences Choir , Choir Dustin 's Dojo , variety martial arts act ( Golden Buzzer Act ) Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson , variety act ( Golden Buzzer Act ) Frank Dimitri , male singer Franklin Saint , magician Grace Ann Gregorio , child singer Joe Matarese , comedian John Narum , yo - yo artist Justin Rhodes , male singer Kaycee and Gabe , child dance duo Mighty Atom Jr. , senior strongman Psycho Jack , magician Richard and Ashlee , acrobatic duo Sal Gonzalez , male singer Solto , dancer Tic & Tac Entertainment , dance duo Top Hogs , animal act Unnamed Breakdancer , breakdancer Unnamed Acrobatic Dance Group , acrobatic dance group Unnamed Dance Group , dance group Unnamed Dance Group wearing green shirts and orange bandanas , dance group Unnamed Male Choir wearing tuxedos , choir / singing group Unnamed Musician and Guitarist , musician Unaired Auditions : Several performances were unaired during Judgment Week . Which have been confirmed as eliminated from the competition . Some acts withdrew like other acts from past seasons . Some of the acts listed below appeared but were cut from the broadcast . Aaron J. Field , male singer American Shaolin Kung Fu , martial artist group Alyssa and David , acrobats Brian Pankley , juggler Buns and Roses , dance group Center Stage Dance Troupe , dance troupe Dance Spectrum , dance group Duo Trapeze , acrobatic act Evgeny Vasilenko , acrobatic act Grennan Green Monster , child knife thrower HYPE Step Team , dance troupe Jodi Miller , comedian Josh Orlian , comedian Josh Wright , pianist Kamikaze Fireflies , comedy danger duo Laura Dasi , acrobatic act Legaci , singing group Magic of Stephen Knight , magician Maggie Lane , opera singer Mary Louise Lee , singer Orlene Gentile , juggler Patrick Gable Marinelli , magician Rachel Butera , impressionist Rami Shabi , Rubik 's Cube solver Ray Jessel , comedic singer / pianist Rebel Girls , dance troupe Robert Channing , speed painter Rogue , danger magician Rokardy , hand balancing SLAM ! , basketball dunking group Stylish Talent , professional twerker The Birdman , animal act The Famtastix , clogging group The Team , dance troupe Tosca , acrobatic act Unnamed Glow in the Dark / Blacklight group , blacklight performers Unnamed Music Duo , band Unnamed Band , band Unnamed Band / Dance Group , band / dance group Unnamed Knife Thrower , knife thrower Note Jump up ^ Aerial Animation 's performance was unaired , but is going through to the live shows based on a Facebook post from Talent . Jump up ^ Andrey 's performance was unaired , but is going through to the live shows based on a Facebook post from Talent . Jump up ^ The judges felt that Baila Conmigo gave a remarkable performance despite their accident and sent them straight through to Radio City . Jump up ^ The judges felt that John & Andrew gave a remarkable performance and sent them straight through to Radio City . Jump up ^ The judges felt that Mara Justine gave a remarkable performance and sent her straight through to Radio City . Jump up ^ Nina performance was unaired , but is going through to the live shows based on a Facebook post from Talent . Jump up ^ One Voice Children 's Choir 's performance was unaired , but went through to the live shows based on a Facebook post from Talent . Jump up ^ The judges felt that Paul gave a remarkable performance and sent him straight through to Radio City . Jump up ^ Smoothini 's performance was unaired , but he went through to the live shows based on a Facebook post from Talent . Jump up ^ Valo & Bobby 's performance was unaired , but is going through to the live shows based on a Facebook post from Talent . Jump up ^ The DAAS choir was shown cheering in an audition montage , but their Judgment Week song did not appear , and it is therefore assumed they were eliminated ; there has been no further reference to AGT on the school 's Facebook page . Jump up ^ Following a malfunction with Psycho Jack 's prop , the judges sent him home immediately . Today 's Got Talent ( edit ) Performers were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes filled the 48th spot on the live shows . Today Show hosts Matt Lauer and Savannah Guthrie announced the winner on the July 30th live results show . Act Order Performance description Result Cornell Bhangra Composed of Cornell University students , the group won back - to - back titles at the World 's Best Bhangra Competition . Advanced Domino Effects Middle and high school students who created large - scale domino tricks that form words , portraits , pyramids and more . 3rd Power House Tumblers Tumbling group based in Wilmington , North Carolina performed in the AAU Junior Olympics . They participate in ministry work during their free time . 2nd The Willis Clan finished as quarterfinalists Quarterfinals ( edit ) Key Buzzed Judges ' Choice Advanced to the semifinals Won the judges ' choice Lost the judges ' choice Bold = Picked as Wild Card Quarter - finals , Week 1 ( July 29 -- 30 ) ( edit ) Guests : The Rockettes , Enrique Iglesias and Sean Paul Act Order Performance description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Sean & Luke Tap dancers performed to `` Classic '' by MKTO Eliminated Valo & Bobby Extreme acrobats performed a routine in which Bobby rode a bicycle in a ring supported by Valo Eliminated Julia Goodwin Singer sang `` Iris '' by Goo Goo Dolls Eliminated Baila Conmigo Latin dance troupe performed a salsa routine Judges ' Choice David & Leeman 5 Magicians predicted a random compound word chosen by Howie from a random page from a random book Advanced The Willis Clan 6 Family band performed `` The Power of Love '' by Huey Lewis and the News Eliminated Flight Crew Jump Rope 7 Acrobatic jump ropers performed to `` Closer '' by Tegan and Sara Heidi 's Wildcard Jasmine Flowers 8 Chinese dance troupe performed a prop - filled routine with fans and parasols Eliminated Emily West 9 Singer sang `` Chandelier '' by Sia Advanced JD Anderson 10 Strongman broke several baseball bats over his head , broke planks of wood with his head and hands , and dove through a row of blocks of ice , to the song `` The Final Countdown '' by Europe Eliminated Dan Naturman 11 Comedian performed a routine about children , Canada , and healthcare Advanced Miguel Dakota 12 Singer / guitarist performed `` Come Together '' by The Beatles Advanced Note Quarter - finals , Week 2 ( August 5 -- 6 ) ( edit ) Guests : Lindsey Stirling , Lzzy Hale Act Order Performance description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Hart Dance Team Dance group performed to `` Team '' by Lorde and `` Burn '' by Ellie Goulding Eliminated Loop Rawlins Performed a whip and lasso routine to `` Love Runs Out '' by OneRepublic Eliminated John and Andrew Salsa dancers performed an up - tempo routine to `` La Bendición '' by Mercadonegro Eliminated Livy , Matt & Sammy Band performed `` Fat Bottomed Girls '' by Queen Eliminated Andrey Moraru 5 Hand balancer performed an act incorporating elements of classical dance Advanced Juan Carlos 6 Rollerskating dancer performed to `` Vogue '' by Madonna Eliminated Mara Justine 7 Sang `` Unconditionally '' by Katy Perry Won Judges ' Choice Aerial Animation 8 Visual aerial act performed to `` Wake Me Up '' by Avicii Advanced Jaycob Curlee 9 Sang `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' by Labrinth & Emeli Sandé Advanced Mat Franco 10 Close - up magician predicted a random card chosen by Klum and hid another card in Mandel 's pocket Advanced Darik Santos 11 Comedian performed a word play comedy routine by incorporating puns Eliminated Acte II 12 Operatic duo performed the Whitney Houston version of `` I Will Always Love You '' Lost Judges ' Choice Note Quarter - finals , Week 3 ( August 12 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Guests : Kenichi Ebina , Taylor Williamson Act Order Performance description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Dragon House `` The Agents '' Popping dancers performed to `` ShutEmDown '' by Celldweller Eliminated Anna Clendening Sang `` Human '' by Christina Perri Eliminated Cornell Bhangra Bhangra performers performed to `` Android Porn '' by Kraddy Eliminated Kieran and Finian Makepeace Band played `` Lights '' by Ellie Goulding Eliminated Mike Super 5 Mystifier performed an act which included # Desmond energy touching , burning , and electrocuting Mel Howie 's Wildcard Adrian Romoff 6 Child pianist performed a medley of `` Chopsticks '' and Eine kleine Nachtmusik Eliminated AcroArmy 7 Acrobats performed a routine involving balance and contortions Won Judges ' Choice Wendy Liebman 8 Comedian performed a routine about perfume , finding money , wearing a bikini , lying about your age , and personal loans Howard 's Wildcard Sons of Serendip 9 Band played `` Wicked Game '' by Chris Isaak Advanced Blue Journey 10 Shadow dancing act performed to `` Wonderful Life '' by Smith & Burrows Advanced Christian Stoinev 11 Extreme hand balancing / animal act performed to `` Jealous ( I Ai n't With It ) '' by Chromeo Advanced Paul Ieti 12 Sang `` You & I '' by One Direction Advanced Note Quarter - Finals , Week 4 ( August 19 -- 20 ) ( edit ) Guests : Taylor Williamson and The Illusionists Act Order Performance description Buzzes and judges ' choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Bad Boys of Ballet Dance troupe performed ballet routine to `` Problem '' by Ariana Grande Mel B 's Wildcard One Voice Children 's Choir Children 's choir performed `` Let It Go '' by Idina Menzel Lost Judges ' Choice Jonah Smith Singer / pianist performed `` Stay With Me '' by Sam Smith Advanced Dom the Bom 's Triple Threat Child card thrower performed a routine in which he threw cards at multiple fruits , and at his assistants , to the song `` One Way or Another ( Teenage Kicks ) '' by One Direction Eliminated Extreme Dance Company 5 Dance group performed to `` Gimme That Funk '' by Group 1 Crew Eliminated Emil and Dariel 6 Cellists performed `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' by The Rolling Stones Advanced Nina Burri 7 Contortionist performed to `` Waiting Game '' by Banks Eliminated Quintavious Johnson 8 Child R&B singer performed the Jennifer Hudson version of `` And I Am Telling You '' by Jennifer Holliday Advanced Mothmen Dance 9 Dance troupe performed on wires with projections to the song `` Genesis '' by Justice Eliminated Smoothini 10 Close - up magician performed a trick in which he made a one dollar bill change denominations and then vanish Advanced Jonatan Riquelme 11 Rola bola act balanced on top of unstable tin cans while swinging in the air Eliminated Kelli Glover 12 Sang `` If I Ai n't Got You '' by Alicia Keys Won Judges ' Choice Note Jump up ^ Heidi 's voting intention was not revealed . Semifinals ( edit ) Key Judges ' Choice Advanced to the top 12 Snapple save Won the judges ' choice Lost the judges ' choice Semifinals , round 1 ( August 26 -- 27 ) ( edit ) Guest : Ariana Grande Snapple Save : America was allowed to vote for a contestant during each of the live semifinal shows via Google , saving them from getting eliminated . The acts that could be saved are those who finished in fifth , sixth and seventh place . At the end of the show , Nick Cannon announced who was Snapple Saved for the chance to be in the Top 12 . The other two acts that finished in fifth , sixth or seventh position faced the Judges , who chose one as the `` Judges ' Choice '' . Act Order Performance description Judges ' Choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Flight Crew Jump Rope Acrobatic jump rope troupe performed a jump roping routine to `` Break Free '' by Ariana Grande Eliminated Mara Justine Sang `` Breakaway '' by Kelly Clarkson Snapple Save Bad Boys of Ballet Dance troupe performed ballet routine to `` Are You Gonna Go My Way '' by Lenny Kravitz Eliminated Paul Ieti Sang `` I Want It That Way '' by the Backstreet Boys Eliminated Mike Super 5 Mystifier Advanced Andrey Moraru 6 Hand balancer performed a hand balancing act to `` Hard to Find '' by Robot Koch Eliminated Miguel Dakota 7 Sang `` Seven Nation Army '' by The White Stripes Advanced Sons of Serendip 8 Band performed `` Do n't You Worry Child '' by Swedish House Mafia Advanced David & Leeman 9 Magicians performed a magic trick with five paper bags , where one of the bags contained a nail . The judges were each asked to remove a bag , and the last bag was revealed to contain the nail . Won Judges ' Choice Dan Naturman 10 Comedian performed a routine about his love life and foreign languages . Eliminated Aerial Animation 11 Visual aerial act performed a routine to `` Best Day Of My Life '' by American Authors . Lost Judges ' Choice Emily West 12 Sang `` Who Wants To Live Forever '' by Queen . Advanced Note ^ Jump up to : David and Leeman hit the buzzers belonging to Howard , Mel B , and Howie during their performance . Jump up ^ Mel B 's vote was not revealed . Semifinals , round 2 ( September 2 -- 3 ) ( edit ) Guests : Maroon 5 Snapple Save : As in the previous week , America was allowed to vote for a contestant via Google , saving them from getting eliminated . The acts that could be saved are those who finished in fifth , sixth and seventh place . At the end of the show , Nick Cannon announced who was Snapple Saved for the chance to be in the Top 12 . The other two acts that finished in fifth , sixth or seventh position faced the Judges , who chose one as the `` Judges ' Choice '' . Act Order Performance description Judges ' Choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Jonah Smith Singer / pianist performed `` Love Runs Out '' by OneRepublic Eliminated Baila Conmigo Latin dance troupe performed a high - speed salsa routine with acrobatics Eliminated Jaycob Curlee Singer / guitarist performed `` Your Song '' by Elton John Eliminated Mat Franco The Close - up magician performed an act , and gave Howard a number 6 card , Heidi a number 4 card , and Howie a number 2 card . Then he had Mel give him her phone to take a picture of her holding the three cards , which was the number 642 . Then he dropped Mel 's phone inside her Snapple Drink , and made it somehow vanish . He then cut open a seat , and her phone was in the seat with the numbers 642 . Advanced AcroArmy 5 Acrobats , performed a routine to `` Unstoppable '' by E.S. Posthumus . Advanced Kelli Glover 6 Sang `` Love on Top '' by Beyoncé Eliminated Wendy Liebman 7 Comedian performed a routine about her private parts Eliminated Blue Journey 8 Shadow dancing act performed to `` Exit Music ( For a Film ) '' by Radiohead Snapple Save Emil and Dariel 9 Cellists performed `` Live and Let Die '' by Paul McCartney Advanced Smoothini 10 Close - up magician performed a series of close - up illusions using Howie 's ring , Howie 's pen , and Nick 's shoelace Lost Judges ' Choice Christian Stoinev 11 Extreme hand balancer / animal act performed a military - themed act to `` Danger Zone '' by Kenny Loggins Won Judges ' Choice Quintavious Johnson 12 Child R&B singer performed `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' by Etta James Advanced Note Top 12 ( September 9 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Key Judges ' Choice Advanced to the finals Snapple save Won the judges ' choice Lost the judges ' choice Guests : The Muppets , Jackie Evancho Snapple Save : As in the semifinal round , America was allowed to vote for a contestant after the live show via Google , saving them from getting eliminated . The acts that could be saved are those who finished in fifth , sixth and seventh place . At the end of the show , Nick Cannon announced who was Snapple Saved for the chance to be in the Finals . The other two acts that finished in fifth , sixth or seventh position faced the Judges . Act Order Performance description Judges ' Choices Result Mandel Mel B Klum Stern Mara Justine Sang `` Perfect '' by `` Pink '' with a backing choir Eliminated David and Leeman Magicians performed a trick in which the judges picked random numbers to match a lottery ticket Eliminated Sons of Serendip Band ; performed `` Ordinary World '' by Duran Duran . Snapple Save Christian Stoinev Extreme hand balancer / animal act performed a police - themed act to `` Latch '' by Disclosure Eliminated Emil and Dariel 5 Cellists performed `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith with backing choir Lost Judges ' Choice AcroArmy 6 Acrobats performed a red - hot Chinese theme with many stunt throws to `` Run Boy Run '' by Woodkid . Advanced Quintavious Johnson 7 Child R&B singer ; performed `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' by Mary J. Blige Advanced Mike Super 8 Mystifier performed a routine in which cards are matched to the serial number on a dollar bill chosen by Nick Cannon Eliminated Blue Journey 9 Shadow dancing act performed a routine with a shadow hand that appeared to manipulate the dancers Eliminated Emily West 10 Sang `` Nights in White Satin '' by The Moody Blues Advanced Mat Franco 11 Close - up magician performed a card trick using a card signed by Howard Stern Advanced Miguel Dakota 12 Singer / guitarist performed `` Gimme Shelter '' by The Rolling Stones with backup singers Won Judges ' Choice As the judges tied in their voting , Miguel Dakota was announced to have received more of America 's votes and advanced to the Finals . Finale ( edit ) Key Winner Runner - up 3rd place 4th place 5th place 6th place The final competitive performances aired on September 16 , with each of the final six competitors performing twice . On the finale on September 17 , 2014 , the $1 million winner was revealed along with performances by celebrity guests , more performances by the finalists , and finalist duets with a celebrity that will be determined by the producers . Act Order Performance description Result Miguel Dakota 4 ; 10 Singer / guitarist performed `` Seven Nation Army '' by The White Stripes and `` Billie Jean '' by Michael Jackson Guest performer : Lenny Kravitz 6th place Quintavious Johnson 1 ; 9 Child R&B singer performed `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' by Etta James and `` Let It Be '' by The Beatles Guest performer : Jennifer Hudson 5th place Sons of Serendip 5 ; 8 Band performed `` Somewhere Only We Know '' by Keane and `` Bring Me to Life '' by Evanescence Guest performer : Train 4th place AcroArmy 6 ; 11 Acrobats performed their semifinals performance and a routine to `` My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark ( Light Em Up ) '' by Fall Out Boy Guest performer : Travis Barker 3rd place Emily West 3 ; 12 Sang `` Chandelier '' by Sia and `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack Guest performer : Cyndi Lauper Runner - up Mat Franco 2 ; 7 Close - up magician performed a story with cups and balls about the judges getting drunk at a bar . He later did a card trick where he made guest performer Rosie O'Donnell hide ten cards somewhere random , and made Howard Stern do the same . He made Mel B pick a number ( three ) , and made three disappear from Rosie 's pile and appear in Howard 's . Guest performers : Rosie O'Donnell and Howard Stern Winner Top 48 acts ( edit ) Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Finalist Top 12 ( lost judges ' vote ) Top 12 Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Today 's Got Talent Winner Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Mat Franco 25 Magic Close - up Magician Winner Emily West 32 Singing Singer Runner - up AcroArmy 11 - 27 Acrobatics Acrobatic Group 3rd Place Sons of Serendip 26 - 30 Band Band 4th Place Quintavious Johnson 12 Singing Singer 5th Place Miguel Dakota 21 Singing Singer / Guitarist 6th Place Emil & Dariel 13 & 16 Music Cellists Top 12 ( lost judges ' vote ) Blue Journey 18 & 33 Dance Shadow Dance Duo Top 12 Christian Stoinev 22 Acrobatics Hand Balancer Top 12 David & Leeman 27 & 29 Magic Magicians Top 12 Mara Justine 11 Singing Singer Top 12 Mike Super 37 Magic Mystifier Top 12 Aerial Animation 33 Acrobatics Animation Aerialist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Smoothini 33 Magic Close - up Magician Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Andrey Moraru 26 Acrobatics Hand Balancer Semifinalist Bad Boys of Ballet N / A Dance Ballet Dance Group Semifinalist Baila Conmigo N / A Dance Salsa Dance Group Semifinalist Dan Naturman 44 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Semifinalist Flight Crew Jump Rope 19 - 29 Variety Jump Rope Team Semifinalist Jaycob Curlee 18 Singing Singer / Guitarist Semifinalist Jonah Smith 38 Band Singer / Band Semifinalist Kelli Glover 31 Singing Singer Semifinalist Paul Ieti 21 Singing Singer Semifinalist Wendy Liebman 53 Comedy Stand - up Comedienne Semifinalist ACTE II 29 & 32 Singing Opera Singing Duo N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) One Voice Children 's Choir 6 - 18 Singing Choir N / A Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Adrian Romoff 9 Music Pianist N / A Quarterfinalist Anna Clendening 20 Singing Singer / Guitarist N / A Quarterfinalist Cornell Bhangra 18 - 23 Dance Indian Folk Dance Group N / A Quarterfinalist Darik Santos 26 Comedy Stand - up Comedian N / A Quarterfinalist Dom the Bom 's Triple Threat 8 Variety Card Thrower Trio N / A Quarterfinalist Dragon House `` The Agents '' 23 - 25 Dance Popping Dance Trio N / A Quarterfinalist Extreme Dance Company N / A Dance Dance Group N / A Quarterfinalist Hart Dance Team 14 - 17 Dance Contemporary Dance Group N / A Quarterfinalist Jasmine Flowers 12 - 18 Dance Chinese Dance Group N / A Quarterfinalist JD Anderson 26 Variety Strongman N / A Quarterfinalist John & Andrew 21 & 41 Dance Salsa Dance Duo N / A Quarterfinalist Jonatan Riquelme 37 Acrobatics Balancing Acrobat N / A Quarterfinalist Juan Carlos 49 Dance Roller Skates Dancer N / A Quarterfinalist Julia Goodwin 15 Singing Singer N / A Quarterfinalist Kieran & Finian Makepeace 27 & 31 Band Rock Band N / A Quarterfinalist Livy , Matt & Sammy 18 - 21 Band Band N / A Quarterfinalist Loop Rawlins 28 Variety Wild West Performer N / A Quarterfinalist Mothmen Dance 18 - 35 Dance Aerial Dance Group N / A Quarterfinalist Nina Burri 36 Gymnastics Contortionist Dancer N / A Quarterfinalist Sean & Luke 17 & 18 Dance Tap Dance Duo N / A Quarterfinalist The Willis Clan 3 - 21 Band Family Band N / A Quarterfinalist Valo & Bobby 31 & 37 Acrobatics Balancing Acrobat Duo N / A Quarterfinalist Contestants who appeared on other seasons ( edit ) Arthur Davis , the choreographer for AcroArmy , appeared in season one as one of the two members of Realis Christian Stoinev auditioned in season two but was cut in Las Vegas Kelli Glover appeared in season four but was cut in Las Vegas Xpogo Stunt Team auditioned in season five but was cut in Las Vegas , but advanced this time . Two members from Flight Crew Jump Rope were part of Summerwind Skippers in season six , in which they made it to the semifinals Contortion Sisters auditioned in season seven but were disqualified at Las Vegas because the pair was only in the country on working visas Contestants who appeared on other Talent shows ( edit ) Nick Fradiani of Beach Avenue auditioned for and subsequently won season 14 of American Idol Christian Stoinev and Scooby appeared a year later on I Can Do That mentoring Alan Ritchson and Jeff Dye in hand balancing Emily West appeared on Celebrity Apprentice 3 with her future duet partner Cyndi Lauper Kelli Glover appeared on season 1 of American Idol , finishing in the semi-finals , as well as competing in the wild card group Mara Justine appeared on season 16 of American Idol . She finished in the Top 14 . Other notable contestants ( edit ) Larry the Mime was a fake contestant portrayed by Nick Cannon . All four judges buzzed him and said `` no . '' He proceeded to insult the judging panel and the audience , before revealing himself . Ratings ( edit ) Us nielsen Ratings ( edit ) Show Episode First air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Time slot rank Nightly rank Weekly rank Season Premiere May 27 , 2014 3.0 9 12.00 Auditions Week 2 June 3 , 2014 2.9 10 11.30 Auditions Week 3 June 10 , 2014 2.6 9 11.54 5 Auditions Week 4 June 17 , 2014 2.6 9 11.42 5 Auditions Week 5 June 22 , 2014 2.1 6 8.12 6 Auditions Week 6 July 1 , 2014 2.6 9 11.14 7 Best of Auditions July 15 , 2014 2.0 7 8.53 5 8 Judgment Week 1 July 22 , 2014 2.4 8 10.43 9 Judgment Week 2 July 23 , 2014 2.4 8 10.32 10 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( performances ) July 29 , 2014 2.4 8 10.64 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( results ) July 30 , 2014 2.2 7 10.79 12 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( performances ) August 5 , 2014 2.0 6 9.04 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( results ) August 6 , 2014 2.0 7 10.12 14 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( performances ) August 12 , 2014 2.1 6 9.68 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( results ) August 13 , 2014 1.9 6 9.97 6 16 Quarterfinals , Week 4 ( performances ) August 19 , 2014 2.0 7 9.48 5 17 Quarterfinals , Week 4 ( results ) August 20 , 2014 1.9 6 9.43 7 18 Semifinals , Round 1 ( performances ) August 26 , 2014 2.1 7 9.52 19 Semifinals , Round 1 ( results ) August 27 , 2014 1.8 6 9.46 8 20 Semifinals , Round 2 ( performances ) September 2 , 2014 1.8 6 8.99 14 21 Semifinals , Round 2 ( results ) September 3 , 2014 2.0 6 10.47 10 22 Top 12 ( performances ) September 9 , 2014 1.9 6 9.83 8 23 Top 12 ( results ) September 10 , 2014 1.8 6 10.52 10 24 Finals ( performances ) September 16 , 2014 2.5 8 11.46 6 25 Finale September 17 , 2014 2.4 8 12.21 8 Note Jump up ^ This episode aired on Sunday , June 22 instead of Tuesday , June 24 . Jump up ^ This episode was aired eighteen minutes after the usual air time due to a speech by President Obama . Show Episode First air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Time slot rank Nightly rank Weekly rank Quarterfinals Week 1 , Recap July 30 , 2014 1.2 5 6.29 16 Quarterfinals Week 2 , Recap August 6 , 2014 1.1 6.06 18 Quarterfinals Week 3 , Recap August 13 , 2014 1.1 5.84 5 20 Quarterfinals Week 4 , Recap August 20 , 2014 1.1 5.68 5 20 5 Semifinals Week 1 , Recap August 27 , 2014 1.0 5.55 7 21 6 Semifinals Week 2 , Recap September 3 , 2014 1.1 6.42 5 n / a 7 Top 12 , Recap September 10 , 2014 1.2 6.90 5 24 Note Jump up ^ This episode 's weekly rank is not known because it was not among the 25 highest ranked shows of the week . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBC announces premiere date for America 's Got Talent Season Nine '' . Nbc.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ann Oldenburg ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Howard Stern signs on for more ' AGT ' '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jeff Dodge ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Which ' America 's Got Talent ' Judges are Returning for Season 9 ? '' . buddytv.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 9 : ' Golden Buzzer ' can save contestants '' . 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cornell Bhangra wins TODAY vote , joins ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Today.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Group , Sinclair Broadcast . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to hold auditions in Providence '' . Turnto10.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent heads to NYC , LA '' . 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hart High Dance Team - ( Newhall , CA ) - powered by LeagueLineup.com '' . www.leaguelineup.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Contestants '' . Nbc.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . On-camera-audiences.com . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' The Night Shift ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 06 - 03 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' Tops Week 36 With Adults 18 - 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' , ' Extreme Weight Loss ' & ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Famous in 12 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals Tops Week 37 With Adults 18 - 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Final Numbers for NBA Finals Game 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 06 - 17 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals Game 5 Tops Week 38 With Adults 18 - 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Famous in 12 ' or ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' Tops Week 39 With Adults 18 - 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Wipeout ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 07 - 09 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' Tops Week 41 With Adults 18 - 49 and With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Extreme Weight Loss ' & ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down + Final MLB All Star Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 07 - 22 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' MLB All - Star Game ' Tops Week 43 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Extreme Weight Loss ' & ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' Tops Week 44 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' Taxi Brooklyn ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Food Fighters ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' NFL Hall of Fame Game ' Tops Week 45 With Adults 18 - 49 , ' America 's Got Talent ' Wins With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Taxi Brooklyn ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' CMA Music Festival ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 08 - 12 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Big Brother ' Tops Week 46 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' America 's Got Talent ' Wins With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Taxi Brooklyn ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Extreme Weight Loss ' Adjusted Up ; ' Food Fighters ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 08 - 19 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Big Brother ' Tops Week 47 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' America 's Got Talent ' Wins With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' & ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' , ' Extreme Weight Loss ' & ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Up ; ' Food Fighters ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 08 - 26 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Big Brother ' Tops Week 48 With Adults 18 - 49 ; ' America 's Got Talent ' Wins With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' & ' Taxi Brooklyn ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Bachelor in Paradise ' & ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 09 - 03 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : Emmy Awards Tops Week 49 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Kondology , Amanda ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Extant ' & ' Taxi Brooklyn ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Extreme Weight Loss ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 09 - 09 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NFL Football Tops Week 50 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Extreme Weight Loss ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for ' Utopia ' , ' Hotel Hell ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 51 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Extant ' Adjusted Up ; ' Taxi Brooklyn ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Under the Lights ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops Week 52 With Adults 18 - 49 & With Total Viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Extant ' & ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Kadie Lynn Roberson Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Sos and Victoria Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Evie Clair Season 13 Aaron Crow Angel City Chorale Annaliese Nock Glennis Grace Rob Lake The Sacred Riana Zurcaroh Related America 's Got Talent : The Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_9)&oldid=857032762 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 03 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won season 9 of americas got talent | [
"Season nine of the reality competition series America's Got Talent premiered on May 27, 2014[1] and was won by magician Mat Franco. Nick Cannon returned for his sixth season as host. This is Howie Mandel's fifth season, Howard Stern's third season, and Mel B and Heidi Klum both returned for their second season on the judging panel.[2][3]\n"
] | [
"magician Mat Franco"
] |
-5368264506391120209 | Ferris Bueller's Day Off | Ferris Bueller 's Day Off - wikipedia Ferris Bueller 's Day Off `` Ferris Bueller '' redirects here . For the TV series , see Ferris Bueller ( TV series ) . Ferris Bueller 's Day Off Theatrical release poster Directed by John Hughes Produced by John Hughes Tom Jacobson Written by John Hughes Starring Matthew Broderick Alan Ruck Mia Sara Music by Ira Newborn Cinematography Tak Fujimoto Edited by Paul Hirsch Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 11 , 1986 ( 1986 - 06 - 11 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $5.8 million Box office $70.1 million Ferris Bueller 's Day Off is a 1986 American teen comedy film written , co-produced , and directed by John Hughes , and co-produced by Tom Jacobson . The film stars Matthew Broderick as Ferris Bueller , a high - school slacker who spends a day off from school , with Mia Sara and Alan Ruck . Ferris regularly `` breaks the fourth wall '' to explain techniques and inner thoughts . Hughes wrote the screenplay in less than a week . Filming began in September 1985 and finished in November . Featuring many landmarks , including the then Sears Tower and the Art Institute of Chicago , the film was Hughes ' love letter to Chicago : `` I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could . Not just in the architecture and landscape , but the spirit . '' Released by Paramount Pictures on June 11 , 1986 , the film became one of the top - grossing films of the year , receiving $70.1 million over a $5.8 million budget , and was enthusiastically acclaimed by critics and audiences alike . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress , being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' In 2016 , Paramount , Turner Classic Movies , and Fathom Events re-released the film and Pretty in Pink to celebrate their 30th anniversary . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.3. 1 Car 3.3. 2 Economic lecture 3.3. 3 Parade scene 3.3. 4 Wrigley Field 3.4 Deleted scenes 4 Music 4.1 Limited edition fan club soundtrack 4.2 Songs in the film 4.3 2016 soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Box office 5.4 Rankings 6 Cultural impact 6.1 Music 6.2 Sequel 7 Academic analysis 8 Home media 9 Television series 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In suburban Chicago , Illinois , near the end of the school year , high school senior Ferris Bueller fakes being sick to stay home . Throughout the film , Ferris frequently breaks the fourth wall to talk about his friends and give the audience advice on how to skip school . His parents believe him , though his sister Jeanie is not convinced . Dean of Students Edward R. Rooney suspects Ferris is being truant again and commits to catching him . Ferris convinces his friend Cameron Frye , who really is absent due to illness , to help get Ferris ' girlfriend Sloane Peterson out of school by reporting that her grandmother has died . To trick Rooney , Ferris sways Cameron to let them use his father 's prized 1961 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder to collect Sloane . Cameron is dismayed when Ferris continues to use the car to drive them into downtown Chicago to spend the day , but Ferris promises they will return it as it was . The trio leave the car with parking garage attendants who immediately take the car for a joy ride after they leave . Ferris , Cameron , and Sloane sightsee around the city , including the Art Institute of Chicago , Sears Tower , Chicago Mercantile Exchange , and Wrigley Field , while narrowly dodging Mr. Bueller . Cameron remains disinterested , and Ferris attempts to cheer him up by impromptu joining a parade float during the Von Steuben Day parade and lip - syncing Wayne Newton 's cover of `` Danke Schoen '' , as well as a rendition of The Beatles ' `` Twist and Shout '' that excites the gathered crowds . Meanwhile , Rooney investigates the Bueller home to try to prove Ferris ' truancy , getting into several pratfalls . At the same time , Jeanie , frustrated that the entire school believes Ferris has come down with a deadly illness , skips class and returns home to confront him , only to hear someone outside trying to break in . Rooney flees while she calls the police ; when they arrive they arrest her for filing a false report and contact her mother to collect her . While waiting , she meets a juvenile delinquent ( Charlie Sheen ) who advises her not to worry so much about Ferris . Mrs. Bueller arrives at the station , upset about having to forgo a house sale , only to find Jeanie kissing the delinquent , infuriating her more . Ferris and his friends collect the Ferrari and depart for home , but shortly discover many miles have been added to the odometer and Cameron becomes catatonic . Back at Cameron 's garage , Ferris sets the car on blocks and runs it in reverse to try to take miles off the odometer without success . Cameron finally snaps , and lets out his anger against his controlling father by repeatedly kicking the car . This causes it to fall off the blocks and race in reverse through the back of the garage and into the ravine below . Ferris offers to take the blame , but Cameron asserts he will stand up against his father . Ferris returns Sloane home and realizes his parents are due home soon . As he races on foot through the neighborhood he is nearly hit by Jeanie , who is driving their mother home . She speeds off trying to beat Ferris home . Ferris makes it home first to find Rooney waiting for him outside . Jeanie races into the house as their mother talks to their father about her behavior that day . Jeanie discovers Rooney threatening Ferris and tells Rooney that she was just helping to return Ferris from the hospital and shows Rooney his wallet that she had found from his earlier break - in . Rooney flees from the family dog while Ferris rushes back to his bedroom to greet his parents while feigning his waning illness . As they leave , Ferris reminds the audience , `` Life moves pretty fast . If you do n't stop and look around once in a while , you could miss it . '' During the end credits a defeated Rooney heads home and is picked up by a school bus , further humiliated by the students . After the credits , Ferris tells the audience the film is over and to go home . Cast ( edit ) Broderick in Sweden during his promotion of Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , June 1986 Matthew Broderick as Ferris Bueller Alan Ruck as Cameron Frye Mia Sara as Sloane Peterson Jennifer Grey as Jeanie Bueller Jeffrey Jones as Edward R. Rooney Lyman Ward as Tom Bueller Cindy Pickett as Katie Bueller Edie McClurg as Grace Ben Stein as Economics Teacher Del Close as English Teacher Charlie Sheen as Garth Volbeck Virginia Capers as Florence Sparrow Richard Edson as Garage Attendant Larry `` Flash '' Jenkins as Attendant 's co-pilot Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) As he was writing the film in 1985 , John Hughes kept track of his progress in a spiral - bound logbook . He noted that the basic storyline was developed on February 25 . It was successfully pitched the following day to Paramount Studios chief Ned Tanen . Tanen was intrigued by the concept , but wary that the Writers Guild of America was hours away from picketing the studio . Hughes wrote the screenplay in less than a week . Editor Paul Hirsch explained that Hughes had a trance - like concentration to his script - writing process , working for hours on end , and would later shoot the film on essentially what was his first draft of the script . `` The first cut of Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ended up at two hours , 45 minutes . The shortening of the script had to come in the cutting room '' , said Hirsch . `` Having the story episodic and taking place in one day ... meant the characters were wearing the same clothes . I suspect that Hughes writes his scripts with few , if any costume changes just so he can have that kind of freedom in the editing . '' Hughes intended the movie to be more focused on the characters rather than the plot . `` I know how the movie begins , I know how it ends '' , said Hughes . `` I do n't ever know the rest , but that does n't seem to matter . It 's not the events that are important , it 's the characters going through the event . Therefore , I make them as full and real as I can . This time around , I wanted to create a character who could handle everyone and everything . '' Casting ( edit ) Hughes said that he had Broderick in mind when he wrote the screenplay , saying Broderick was the only actor he could think of who could pull off the role , calling him clever and charming . `` Certain guys would have played Ferris and you would have thought , ' Where 's my wallet ? ' '' Hughes said . `` I had to have that look ; that charm had to come through . Jimmy Stewart could have played Ferris at 15 ... I needed Matthew . '' Alan Ruck later told the AV Club that Anthony Michael Hall , who had previously worked with Hughes on three films , was originally offered the part but turned it down . Other actors who were considered for the role included Jim Carrey , John Cusack , Tom Cruise and Michael J. Fox . Sara surprised Hughes when she auditioned for the role of Sloane Peterson . `` It was funny . He did n't know how old I was and said he wanted an older girl to play the 17 - year - old . He said it would take someone older to give her the kind of dignity she needed . He almost fell out of his chair when I told him I was only 18 . '' Molly Ringwald had also wanted to play Sloane , but according to Ringwald , `` John would n't let me do it : he said that the part was n't big enough for me . '' Ruck had previously auditioned for the Bender role in The Breakfast Club which went to Judd Nelson , but Hughes remembered Ruck and cast him as the 17 - year - old Cameron Frye . According to Hughes , the character of Cameron was largely based on a friend of his in high school . `` He was sort of a lost person . His family neglected him , so he took that as license to really pamper himself . When he was legitimately sick , he actually felt good , because it was difficult and tiring to have to invent diseases but when he actually had something , he was relaxed . '' Ruck said the role of Cameron had originally been offered to Emilio Estevez who turned it down . `` Every time I see Emilio , I want to kiss him '' , said Ruck . `` Thank you ! '' Ruck , then 29 , worried about the age difference . `` I was worried that I 'd be 10 years out of step , and I would n't know anything about what was cool , what was hip , all that junk . But when I was going to high school , I did n't know any of that stuff then , either . So I just thought , well , hell -- I 'll just be me . The character , he 's such a loner that he really would n't give a damn about that stuff anyway . He 'd feel guilty that he did n't know it , but that 's it . '' Ruck was not surprised to find himself cast young . `` No , because , really , when I was 18 , I sort of looked 12 '' , he said . `` Maybe it 's a genetic imbalance . '' Ruck and Broderick had previously acted together in the Broadway production of Biloxi Blues . Cameron 's Mr. Peterson voice was an in - joke imitation of their former director Gene Saks . Ruck felt at ease working with Broderick , often crashing in his trailer . `` We did n't have to invent an instant friendship like you often have to do in a movie '' , said Ruck . `` We were friends . '' Jones was cast as Rooney based on his role in Amadeus , where he played the emperor ; Hughes thought that character 's modern equivalent was Rooney . `` My part was actually quite small in the script , but what seemed to be the important part to me was that I was the only one who was n't swept along by Ferris '' , recalls Jones . `` So I was the only one in opposition , which presented a lot of opportunities , some of which were n't even in the script or were expanded on . John was receptive to anything I had to offer , and indeed got ideas along the way himself . So that was fun , working with him . '' `` Hughes told me at the time -- and I thought he was just blowing his own horn -- he said , ' You are going to be known for this for the rest of your life . ' And I thought , ' Sure ' ... but he was right . '' To help Jones study for the part , Hughes took him to meet his old vice principal . `` This is the guy I want you to pay close attention to , '' Jones explained to Hughes ' biographer Kirk Honeycutt . While meeting him , the VP 's coat momentarily flew open revealing a holster and gun attached to the man 's belt . This made Jones realize what Hughes had envisioned. `` The guy was ' Sign up for the Army quick before I kill you ! ' '' Jones exclaimed . Stein says he got the role of Bueller 's Economics teacher through six degrees of separation . `` Richard Nixon introduced me to a man named Bill Safire , who 's a New York Times columnist . He introduced me to a guy who 's an executive at Warner Brothers . He introduced me to a guy who 's a casting director . He introduced me to John Hughes . John Hughes and I are among the only Republicans in the picture business , and John Hughes put me in the movie '' , Stein said . Hughes said that Stein was an easy and early choice for the role of the teacher : `` He was n't a professional actor . He had a flat voice , he looked like a teacher . '' Filming ( edit ) Southeast view of the house in Los Cerritos in Long Beach , California , used in the film `` Chicago is what I am , '' said Hughes . `` A lot of Ferris is sort of my love letter to the city . And the more people who get upset with the fact that I film there , the more I 'll make sure that 's exactly where I film . It 's funny -- nobody ever says anything to Woody Allen about always filming in New York . America has this great reverence for New York . I look at it as this decaying horror pit . So let the people in Chicago enjoy Ferris Bueller . '' The Ben Rose House , in Highland Park , Illinois , served as the filming location for Cameron Frye 's House For the film , Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in . `` We took a helicopter up the Chicago River . This is the first chance I 'd really had to get outside while making a movie . Up to this point , the pictures had been pretty small . I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could , not just the architecture and the landscape , but the spirit . '' Shooting began in Chicago on September 9 , 1985 . In late October 1985 , the production moved to Los Angeles , and shooting ended on November 22 . The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on September 28 . Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka ( Ferris 's home , his mother 's real estate office , etc . ) . Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook , Illinois , including at Glenbrook North High School , on School Drive , the long , curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated . The exterior of Ferris 's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive , Long Beach , California . The modernist house of Cameron Frye is located in Highland Park , Illinois . Known as the Ben Rose House , it was designed by architects A. James Speyer , who designed the main building in 1954 , and David Haid , who designed the pavilion in 1974 . It was once owned by photographer Ben Rose , who had a car collection in the pavilion . In the film Cameron 's father is portrayed as owning a Ferrari 250 GT California in the same pavilion . According to Lake Forest College art professor Franz Shulze , during the filming of the scene where the Ferrari crashes out of the window , Haid explained to Hughes that he could prevent the car from damaging the rest of the pavilion . Haid fixed connections in the wall and the building remained intact . Haid said to Hughes afterward , `` You owe me $25,000 '' , which Hughes paid . Other scenes were shot in Chicago , River Forest , Oak Park , Northbrook , Highland Park , Glencoe and Winnetka , Lake Forest and Long Beach , California . After Ben Rose 's death in 2009 the house was offered for sale and was sold in 2014 . Hughes says The Art Institute of Chicago was a `` place of refuge '' in his youth . According to Hughes , the scene at the Art Institute of Chicago was `` a self - indulgent scene of mine -- which was a place of refuge for me , I went there quite a bit , I loved it . I knew all the paintings , the building . This was a chance for me to go back into this building and show the paintings that were my favorite . '' The museum had not been shot in , until the producers of the film approached them . `` I remember Hughes saying , ' There are going to be more works of art in this movie than there have ever been before , ' '' recalled Jennifer Grey . According to editor Paul Hirsch , in the original cut , the museum scene fared poorly at test screenings until he switched sequences around and Hughes changed the soundtrack . The piece of music I originally chose was a classical guitar solo played on acoustic guitar . It was nonmetrical with a lot of rubato . I cut the sequence to that music and it also became nonmetrical and irregular . I thought it was great and so did Hughes . He loved it so much that he showed it to the studio but they just went `` Ehhh . '' Then after many screenings where the audience said `` The museum scene is the scene we like least '' , he decided to replace the music . We had all loved it , but the audience hated it . I said , ' I think I know why they hate the museum scene . It 's in the wrong place . ' Originally , the parade sequence came before the museum sequence , but I realized that the parade was the highlight of the day , there was no way we could top it , so it had to be the last thing before the three kids go home . So that was agreed upon , we reshuffled the events of the day , and moved the museum sequence before the parade . Then we screened it and everybody loved the museum scene ! My feeling was that they loved it because it came in at the right point in the sequence of events . John felt they loved it because of the music . Basically , the bottom line is , it worked . The music used for the final version of the museum sequence is an instrumental cover version of The Smiths ' `` Please , Please , Please , Let Me Get What I Want '' , performed by The Dream Academy . A passionate Beatles fan , Hughes makes multiple references to them and John Lennon in the script . During filming , Hughes `` listened to The White Album every single day for fifty - six days '' . Hughes also pays tribute to his childhood hero Gordie Howe with Cameron 's Detroit Red Wings jersey . `` I sent them the jersey '' , said Howe . `` It was nice seeing the No. 9 on the big screen . '' Car ( edit ) A 1961 Ferrari GT California In the film , Ferris convinces Cameron to borrow his father 's rare 1961 Ferrari GT California . `` The insert shots of the Ferrari were of the real 250 GT California '' , Hughes explains in the DVD commentary . `` The cars we used in the wide shots were obviously reproductions . There were only 100 of these cars , so it was way too expensive to destroy . We had a number of replicas made . They were pretty good , but for the tight shots I needed a real one , so we brought one in to the stage and shot the inserts with it . '' Prior to filming , Hughes learned about Modena Design and Development who produced the Modena Spyder California , a replica of the Ferrari 250 GT . Hughes saw a mention of the company in a car magazine and decided to research them . Neil Glassmoyer recalls the day Hughes contacted him to ask about seeing the Modena Spyder : The first time he called I hung up on him because I thought it was a friend of mine who was given to practical jokes . Then he called back and convinced me it really was him , so Mark and I took the car to his office . While we were waiting outside to meet Hughes this scruffy - looking fellow came out of the building and began looking the car over ; we thought from his appearance he must have been a janitor or something . Then he looked up at a window and shouted , ' This is it ! ' and several heads poked out to have a look . That scruffy - looking fellow was John Hughes , and the people in the window were his staff . Turned out it was between the Modena Spyder and a Porsche Turbo , and Hughes chose the Modena . Automobile restorationist Mark Goyette designed the kits for three reproductions used in the film and chronicled the whereabouts of the cars today : `` Built by Goyette and leased to Paramount for the filming . It 's the one that jumps over the camera , and is used in almost every shot . At the end of filming , Paramount returned it to Goyette , with the exhaust crushed and cracks in the body . `` There was quite a bit of superficial damage , but it held up amazingly well '' , he said . He rebuilt it , and sold it to a young couple in California . The husband later ran it off the road , and Goyette rebuilt the front end for him . That owner sold it in the mid-90s , and it turned up again around 2000 , but has n't emerged since . '' `` Sold to Paramount as a kit for them to assemble as their stunt car , they did such a poor job that it was basically unusable , aside from going backwards out the window of Cameron 's house . Rebuilt , it ended up at Planet Hollywood in Minneapolis and was moved to Planet Hollywood in Cancun when this one was closed . '' `` Another kit , supposed to be built as a shell for the out the window scene , it was never completed at all , and disappeared after the film was completed . Goyette thinks he once heard it was eventually completed and sold off , but it could also still be in a back lot at Paramount . '' One of the `` replicars '' was sold by Bonhams on April 19 , 2010 , at the Royal Air Force Museum at Hendon , United Kingdom for £ 79,600 . The `` replicar '' was `` universally hated by the crew '' , said Ruck . `` It did n't work right . '' The scene in which Ferris turns off the car to leave it with the garage attendant had to be shot a dozen times because it would not start . The car was built with a real wheel base , but used a Ford V8 engine instead of a V12 . At the time of filming , the original 250 GT California model was worth $350,000 . Since the release of the film , it has become one of the most expensive cars ever sold , going at auction in 2008 for $10,976,000 and more recently in 2015 for $16,830,000 . The vanity plate of Cameron 's dad 's Ferrari spells NRVOUS and the other plates seen in the film are homages to Hughes 's earlier works , VCTN ( National Lampoon 's Vacation ) , TBC ( The Breakfast Club ) , MMOM ( Mr. Mom ) , as well as 4FBDO ( Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ) . Economic lecture ( edit ) Ben Stein 's famous monotonous lecture about the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act was not originally in Hughes 's script . Stein , by happenstance , was lecturing off - camera to the amusement of the student cast . `` I was just going to do it off camera , but the student extras laughed so hard when they heard my voice that ( Hughes ) said do it on camera , improvise , something you know a lot about . When I gave the lecture about supply - side economics , I thought they were applauding . Everybody on the set applauded . I thought they were applauding because they had learned something about supply - side economics . But they were applauding because they thought I was boring ... It was the best day of my life '' , Stein said . Parade scene ( edit ) The parade scene took multiple days of filming ; Broderick spent some time practicing the dance moves . `` I was very scared '' , Broderick said . `` Fortunately , the sequence was carefully choreographed beforehand . We worked out all the moves by rehearsing in a little studio . It was shot on two Saturdays in the heart of downtown Chicago . The first day was during a real parade , and John got some very long shots . Then radio stations carried announcements inviting people to take part in ' a John Hughes movie ' . The word got around fast and 10,000 people showed up ! For the final shot , I turned around and saw a river of people . I put my hands up at the end of the number and heard this huge roar . I can understand how rock stars feel . That kind of reaction feeds you . '' Broderick 's moves were choreographed by Kenny Ortega ( who later choreographed Dirty Dancing ) . Much of it had to be scrapped though as Broderick had injured his knee badly during the scenes of running through neighbors ' backyards . `` I was pretty sore '' , Broderick said . `` I got well enough to do what you see in the parade there , but I could n't do most of Kenny Ortega 's knee spins and things like that that we had worked on . When we did shoot it , we had all this choreography and I remember John would yell with a megaphone , ' Okay , do it again , but do n't do any of the choreography , ' because he wanted it to be a total mess . '' `` Danke Schoen '' was somewhat choreographed but for `` Twist and Shout '' , Broderick said , `` we were just making everything up '' . Hughes explained that much of the scene was spontaneously filmed . `` It just happened that this was an actual parade , which we put our float into -- unbeknownst to anybody , all the people on the reviewing stand . Nobody knew what it was , including the governor . '' Wrigley Field ( edit ) Ferris Bueller Night at Wrigley Field , October 1 , 2011 . Wrigley Field is featured in two interwoven and consecutive scenes . In the first scene , Rooney is looking for Ferris at a pizza joint while the voice of Harry Caray announces the action of a ballgame that is being shown on TV . From the play - by - play descriptions , the uniforms , and the player numbers , this game has been identified as the June 5 , 1985 , game between the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs . The batter rips a foul ball into the left field stands , and as Rooney looks away from the TV briefly , the TV cameras show a close up of Ferris a moment after catching it . The scene in the pizza joint continues as Rooney tries to banter about the game with the guy behind the counter . In the next scene , Sloane , Cameron , and Ferris are in the left field stands inside Wrigley . Ferris flexes his hand in pain after supposedly catching the foul ball . During this scene , the characters enjoy the game and joke about what they would be doing if they had played by the rules . All these `` in the park '' shots , including the one from the previous scene where Ferris catches the foul ball on TV , were filmed on September 24 , 1985 , at a game between the Montreal Expos and the Cubs . During the 1985 season , the Braves and the Expos both wore powder blue uniforms during their road games . And so , with seamless editing by Hughes , it is difficult to distinguish that the game being seen and described in the pizza joint is not only a different game but also a different Cubs ' opponent than the one filmed inside the stadium . John Hughes had originally wanted to film the scene at the baseball game at Comiskey Park , as Hughes was a Chicago White Sox fan . However , due to time constraints , the location was moved to Wrigley Field at the last minute . On October 1 , 2011 , Wrigley Field celebrated the 25th anniversary of the film by showing it on three giant screens on the infield . Deleted scenes ( edit ) Several scenes were cut from the final film ; one lost scene entitled `` The Isles of Langerhans '' has the three teenagers trying to order in the French restaurant , shocked to discover pancreas on the menu ( although in the finished film , Ferris still says , `` We ate pancreas '' , while recapping the day ) . This is featured on the Bueller , Bueller Edition DVD . Other scenes were never made available on any DVD version . These scenes included additional screen time with Jeanie in a locker room , Ferris ' younger brother and sister ( both of whom were completely removed from the film ) , and additional / alternate lines of dialogue throughout the film , all of which can be seen in the original theatrical trailer . Hughes had also wanted to film a scene where Ferris , Sloane , and Cameron go to a strip club . Paramount executives told him there were only so many shooting days left , so the scene was scrapped . Music ( edit ) Limited edition fan Club soundtrack ( edit ) An official soundtrack was not originally released for the film , as director John Hughes felt the songs would not work well together as a continuous album . However , according to an interview with Lollipop Magazine , Hughes noted that he had sent 100,000 7 '' vinyl singles containing two songs featured in the film to members of his fan mailing list . Hughes gave further details about his refusal to release a soundtrack in the Lollipop interview : The only official soundtrack that Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ever had was for the mailing list . A&M was very angry with me over that ; they begged me to put one out , but I thought `` who 'd want all of these songs ? '' I mean , would kids want `` Danke Schoen '' and `` Oh Yeah '' on the same record ? They probably already had `` Twist and Shout '' , or their parents did , and to put all of those together with the more contemporary stuff , like the ( English ) Beat -- I just did n't think anybody would like it . But I did put together a seven - inch of the two songs I owned the rights to -- `` Beat City '' on one side , and ... I forget , one of the other English bands on the soundtrack ... and sent that to the mailing list . By ' 86 , ' 87 , it was costing us $30 a piece to mail out 100,000 packages . But it was a labor of love . Songs in the film ( edit ) `` Danke Schoen '' is one of the recurring motifs in the film and is sung by Ferris , Ed Rooney , and Jeanie . Hughes called it the `` most awful song of my youth . Every time it came on , I just wanted to scream , claw my face . I was taking German in high school -- which meant that we listened to it in school . I could n't get away from it . '' According to Broderick , Ferris 's singing `` Danke Schoen '' in the shower was his idea . `` Although it 's only because of the brilliance of John 's deciding that I should sing `` Danke Schoen '' on the float in the parade . I had never heard the song before . I was learning it for the parade scene . So we 're doing the shower scene and I thought , ' Well , I can do a little rehearsal . ' And I did something with my hair to make that Mohawk . And you know what good directors do : they say , ' Stop ! Wait till we roll . ' And John put that stuff in . '' 2016 soundtrack ( edit ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off Soundtrack album by various artists Released September 13 , 2016 Genre new wave Length 76 : 47 Label La - La Land Records The soundtrack for the film , limited to 5,000 copies , was released on September 13 , 2016 by La - La Land Records . The album includes new wave and pop songs featured in the film , as well as Ira Newborn 's complete score , including unused cues . Due to licensing restrictions , `` Twist and Shout , '' `` Taking The Day Off , '' and `` March of the Swivelheads '' were not included , but are available elsewhere . The Flowerpot Men 's `` Beat City '' makes its first official release on CD with a new mix done by The Flowerpot Men 's Ben Watkins and Adam Peters that differs from the original 7 '' fan club release . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) The film largely received positive reviews from critics . Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars , calling it `` one of the most innocent movies in a long time , '' and `` a sweet , warm - hearted comedy . '' Richard Roeper called the film `` one of my favorite movies of all time . It has one of the highest ' repeatability ' factors of any film I 've ever seen ... I can watch it again and again . There 's also this , and I say it in all sincerity : Ferris Bueller 's Day Off is something of a suicide prevention film , or at the very least a story about a young man trying to help his friend gain some measure of self - worth ... Ferris has made it his mission to show Cameron that the whole world in front of him is passing him by , and that life can be pretty sweet if you wake up and embrace it . That 's the lasting message of Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . '' Roeper pays homage to the film with a license plate that reads `` SVFRRIS '' . Conservative columnist George Will hailed Ferris as `` the moviest movie , '' a film `` most true to the general spirit of the movies , the spirit of effortless escapism . '' Essayist Steve Almond called Ferris `` the most sophisticated teen movie ( he ) had ever seen , '' adding that while Hughes had made a lot of good movies , Ferris was the `` one film ( he ) would consider true art , ( the ) only one that reaches toward the ecstatic power of teendom ( sic ) and , at the same time , exposes the true , piercing woe of that age . '' Almond also applauded Ruck 's performance , going so far as saying he deserved the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor of 1986 : `` His performance is what elevates the film , allows it to assume the power of a modern parable . '' The New York Times reviewer Nina Darnton criticized Mia Sara 's portrayal of Sloane for lacking `` the specific detail that characterized the adolescent characters in Hughes 's other films '' , asserting she `` created a basically stable but forgettable character . '' Conversely , Darnton praised Ruck and Grey 's performances : `` The two people who grow in the movie -- Cameron , played with humor and sensitivity by Alan Ruck , and Ferris 's sister Jeanie , played with appropriate self - pity by Jennifer Grey -- are the most authentic . Grey manages to play an insufferably sulky teen - ager who is still attractive and likable . '' National Review writer Mark Hemingway lauded the film 's celebration of liberty . `` If there 's a better celluloid expression of ordinary American freedom than Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , I have yet to see it . If you could take one day and do absolutely anything , piling into a convertible with your best girl and your best friend and taking in a baseball game , an art museum , and a fine meal seems about as good as it gets , '' wrote Hemingway . Others were less enamored with Ferris , many taking issue with the film 's `` rebel without a cause '' hedonism . David Denby of New York Magazine , called the film `` a nauseating distillation of the slack , greedy side of Reaganism . '' Author Christina Lee agreed , adding it was a `` splendidly ridiculous exercise in unadulterated indulgence , '' and the film `` encapsulated the Reagan era 's near solipsist worldview and insatiable appetite for immediate gratification -- of living in and for the moment ... '' Gene Siskel panned the film from a Chicago - centric perspective saying `` Ferris Bueller does n't do anything much fun ... ( t ) hey do n't even sit in the bleachers where all the kids like to sit when they go to Cubs games . '' Siskel did enjoy the chemistry between Jennifer Grey and Charlie Sheen . Ebert thought Siskel was too eager to find flaws in the film 's view of Chicago . It has an aggregate score of 79 % ( based on 63 critics ' reviews ) on Rotten Tomatoes , and an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) Broderick was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1986 for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy . Box office ( edit ) The film opened in 1,330 theaters in the United States and had a total weekend gross of $6,275,647 , opening at # 2 . Ferris Bueller 's Day Off 's total gross in the United States was approximately $70,136,369 , making it a box office success . It subsequently became the 10th - highest - grossing film of 1986 . Rankings ( edit ) As an influential and popular film , Ferris Bueller 's Day Off has been included in many film rating lists . The film is number 54 on Bravo 's `` 100 Funniest Movies '' , came 26th in the British 50 Greatest Comedy Films and ranked number 10 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the `` 50 Best High School Movies '' . Cultural impact ( edit ) Barbara Bush used dialogue from the film at a commencement speech First Lady Barbara Bush paraphrased the film in her 1990 commencement address at Wellesley College : `` Find the joy in life , because as Ferris Bueller said on his day off , ' Life moves pretty fast ; if you do n't stop and look around once in a while , you could miss it ! ' '' Responding to the audience 's enthusiastic applause , she added `` I 'm not going to tell George ya clapped more for Ferris than ya clapped for George . '' Other phrases from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off such as Stein 's nasally - voiced `` Bueller ? ... Bueller ? ... Bueller ? '' ( while taking roll call in class ) , and `` Anyone ? Anyone ? '' ( trying to probe the students for answers ) as well as Kristy Swanson 's cheerful `` No problem whatsoever ! '' also permeated popular culture . In fact , Stein 's monotone performance launched his acting career . In 2016 , Stein reprised the attendance scene in a campaign ad for Iowa Senator Charles Grassley ; Stein intoned the last name of Grassley 's opponent ( Patty Judge ) , to silence , while facts about her missed votes and absences from state board meetings were listed . Stein then calls out `` Grassley , '' which gets a response ; Stein mutters , `` He 's always here . '' Broderick said of the Ferris Bueller role , `` It eclipsed everything , I should admit , and to some degree it still does . '' Later at the 2010 Oscar tribute to Hughes , he said , `` For the past 25 years , nearly every day someone comes up to me , taps me on the shoulder and says , ' Hey , Ferris , is this your day off ? ' '' Ruck says that with Cameron Frye , Hughes gave him `` the best part I ever had in a movie , and any success that I 've had since 1985 is because he took a big chance on me . I 'll be forever grateful . '' `` While we were making the movie , I just knew I had a really good part '' , Ruck says . `` My realization of John 's impact on the teen - comedy genre crept in sometime later . Teen comedies tend to dwell on the ridiculous , as a rule . It 's always the preoccupation with sex and the self - involvement , and we kind of hold the kids up for ridicule in a way . Hughes added this element of dignity . He was an advocate for teenagers as complete human beings , and he honored their hopes and their dreams . That 's what you see in his movies . '' Broderick starred in a television advertisement prepared by Honda promoting its CR - V for the 2012 Super Bowl XLVI . The ad pays homage to Ferris Bueller , featuring Broderick ( as himself ) faking illness to skip out of work to enjoy sightseeing around Los Angeles . Several elements , such as the use of the song `` Oh Yeah '' , and a valet monotonously calling for `` Broderick ... Broderick ... '' , appear in the ad . A teaser for the ad had appeared two weeks prior to the Super Bowl , which had created rumors of a possible film sequel . It was produced by Santa Monica - based RPA and directed by Todd Phillips . AdWeek 's Tim Nudd called the ad `` a great homage to the original 1986 film , with Broderick this time calling in sick to a film shoot and enjoying another day of slacking . '' On the other hand , Jalopnik 's Matt Hardigree called the spot `` sacrilegious '' . In March 2017 , Domino 's Pizza began an advertising campaign parodying the film , featuring actor Joe Keery in the lead role . Music ( edit ) While Paul McCartney admitted that he liked the movie , he personally disliked the `` Twist and Shout '' sequence for its inclusion of brass instruments . Yello -- Oh Yeah excerpt An excerpt from `` Oh Yeah '' Problems playing this file ? See media help . The film 's influence in popular culture extends beyond the film itself to how musical elements of the film have been received as well , for example , Yello 's song `` Oh Yeah '' . As Jonathan Bernstein explains , `` Never a hit , this slice of Swiss - made tomfoolery with its varispeed vocal effects and driving percussion was first used by John Hughes to illustrate the mouthwatering must - haveness of Cameron 's dad 's Ferrari . Since then , it has become synonymous with avarice . Every time a movie , TV show or commercial wants to underline the jaw - dropping impact of a hot babe or sleek auto , that synth - drum starts popping and that deep voice rumbles , ' Oh yeah ... ' '' Concerning the influence of another song used in the film , Roz Kaveney writes that some `` of the finest moments in later teen film draw on Ferris 's blithe Dionysian fervour -- the elaborate courtship by song in 10 Things I Hate About You ( 1999 ) draws usefully on the `` Twist and Shout '' sequence in Ferris Bueller 's Day Off `` . The bands Save Ferris and Rooney were named in allusion to Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . `` Twist and Shout '' charted again , 16 years after the Beatles broke up , as a result of its prominent appearance in both this film and Back To School ( where Rodney Dangerfield performs a cover version ) which was released the same weekend as Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . The re-released single reached # 23 in the U.S ; a US - only compilation album containing the track The Early Beatles , re-entered the album charts at # 197 . The version heard in the film includes brass overdubbed onto the Beatles ' original recording , which did not go down well with Paul McCartney . `` I liked ( the ) film but they overdubbed some lousy brass on the stuff ! If it had needed brass , we 'd had stuck it on ourselves ! '' Upon hearing McCartney 's reaction , Hughes felt bad for `` offend ( ing ) a Beatle . But it was n't really part of the song . We saw a band ( onscreen ) and we needed to hear the instruments . '' Sequel ( edit ) Broderick and Hughes stayed in touch for a while after production . `` We thought about a sequel to Ferris Bueller , where he 'd be in college or at his first job , and the same kind of things would happen again . But neither of us found a very exciting hook to that . The movie is about a singular time in your life . '' `` Ferris Bueller is about the week before you leave school , it 's about the end of school -- in some way , it does n't have a sequel . It 's a little moment and it 's a lightning flash in your life . I mean , you could try to repeat it in college or something but it 's a time that you do n't keep . So that 's partly why I think we could n't think of another '' , Broderick added . `` But just for fun '' , said Ruck , `` I used to think why do n't they wait until Matthew and I are in our seventies and do Ferris Bueller Returns and have Cameron be in a nursing home . He does n't really need to be there , but he just decided his life is over , so he committed himself to a nursing home . And Ferris comes and breaks him out . And they go to , like , a titty bar and all this ridiculous stuff happens . And then , at the end of the movie , Cameron dies . '' Academic analysis ( edit ) Many scholars have discussed at length the film 's depiction of academia and youth culture . For Martin Morse Wooster , the film `` portrayed teachers as humorless buffoons whose only function was to prevent teenagers from having a good time '' . Regarding not specifically teachers , but rather a type of adult characterization in general , Art Silverblatt asserts that the `` adults in Ferris Bueller 's Day Off are irrelevant and impotent . Ferris 's nemesis , the school disciplinarian , Mr. Rooney , is obsessed with ' getting Bueller . ' His obsession emerges from envy . Strangely , Ferris serves as Rooney 's role model , as he clearly possesses the imagination and power that Rooney lacks ... By capturing and disempowering Ferris , Rooney hopes to ... reduce Ferris 's influence over other students , which would reestablish adults , that is , Rooney , as traditional authority figures . '' Nevertheless , Silverblatt concludes that `` Rooney is essentially a comedic figure , whose bumbling attempts to discipline Ferris are a primary source of humor in the film '' . Thomas Patrick Doherty writes that `` the adult villains in teenpics such as ... Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) are overdrawn caricatures , no real threat ; they 're played for laughs '' . Yet Silverblatt also remarks that casting `` the principal as a comic figure questions the competence of adults to provide young people with effective direction -- indeed , the value of adulthood itself '' . Adults are not the stars or main characters of the film , and Roz Kaveney notes that what `` Ferris Bueller brings to the teen genre , ultimately , is a sense of how it is possible to be cool and popular without being rich or a sports hero . Unlike the heroes of Weird Science , Ferris is computer savvy without being a nerd or a geek -- it is a skill he has taken the trouble to learn . '' In 2010 , English comedian Dan Willis performed his show `` Ferris Bueller 's Way Of ... '' at the Edinburgh Festival , delving into the philosophy of the movie and looking for life answers within . Home Media ( edit ) The film was first released on VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 , and then re-released on VHS in 1996 . The film has been released on DVD three times ; including the original DVD release October 19 , 1999 , the Bueller ... Bueller edition January 2006 , and the I Love the ' 80s edition August 19 , 2008 . The original DVD , like most Paramount Pictures films released on DVD for the first time , has very few bonus features , but it does feature a commentary by Hughes . Though this is no longer available for sale , the director 's commentary is available here . The Bueller ... Bueller re-release has several more bonus features , but does not contain the commentary track of the original DVD release . The I Love the ' 80s edition is identical to the first DVD release ( no features aside from commentary ) , but includes a bonus CD with songs from the 1980s . The songs are not featured in the film . The Bueller ... Bueller edition has multiple bonus features such as interviews with the cast and crew , along with a clip of Stein 's commentaries on the film 's philosophy and impact . The Blu - ray Disc release ( which is a part of the Bueller ... Bueller edition , with the same bonus material ) was first released on May 5 , 2009 . A 25th anniversary edition for DVD and Blu - ray were both released on August 2 , 2011 . Television series ( edit ) Main article : Ferris Bueller ( TV series ) In 1990 , a series called Ferris Bueller started for NBC , starring Charlie Schlatter as Ferris Bueller , Jennifer Aniston as Jeanie Bueller , and Ami Dolenz as Sloane Peterson . The series served as a prequel to the film . In the pilot episode , the audience sees Schlatter cutting up a cardboard cutout of Matthew Broderick , saying that he hated Broderick 's performance as him . It was produced by Maysh , Ltd . Productions in association with Paramount Television . In part because of competition of the similar series on the Fox Television Network , Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose , the series was canceled after the first thirteen episodes aired . Both Schlatter and Aniston later had success on other TV shows , Schlatter on Diagnosis : Murder and Aniston on Friends . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ferris Buellers 's Day Off '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferris Bueller : John Hughes and Chicago '' . AMC Movie Blog . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory . `` ' Big Lebowski , ' ' Ferris Bueller ' Added to National Film Registry - Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off : 30th Anniversary '' . Fathom Events . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gora , Susannah ( 2010 - 02 - 09 ) . You Could n't Ignore Me If You Tried . The Brat Pack , John Hughes , and Their Impact on a Generation . Crown . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0307408433 . Jump up ^ Kamp , David ( March 2010 ) . `` Sweet Bard of Youth '' . Vanity Fair . p. 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath , Declan ( 2001 ) . Editing & post-production . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 240 - 80468 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller : John Hughes and Speedwriting '' . AMC Movie Blog. 2007 - 04 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , Sharon ( 1986 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Broderick taps charm in ` Day Off ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Harris , Will ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` Alan Ruck 's journey from Ferris Bueller to Sears to the bridge of the Enterprise and beyond '' . AV Club . Onion , Inc . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Jim Carrey '' . Splitsider . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( 1986 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Mia Sara Lands Plum Roles Despite Lack of Training '' . The Hollywood Reporter . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Haithman , Diane ( 1986 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Ruck Just Put Himself Into His ' Day Off ' Role '' . Chicago Tribune . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Ferris Bueller 's Day Off - ( Commentary by John Hughes ) ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . 1999 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Q and A with Jeffrey Jones '' . Pop Culture Corn . July 2000 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coozer , Adam ( 1997 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Jeffrey Jones '' . ReadJunk . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( 25 March 2015 ) . John Hughes : A Life in Film : The Genius Behind Ferris Bueller , The Breakfast Club , Home Alone , and more . Race Point Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1631060229 . ^ Jump up to : Presenters : A.J. Hammer and Brooke Anderson ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` Ben Stein Talks about Famous `` Ferris Bueller '' Role `` . Showbiz Tonight . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Granillo , Larry ( 2011 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off : Miscellaneous Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies ( TCM ) . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Save Ferris : The Ultimate Map Guide to Ferris Bueller '' . Curbed. 2014 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago : The Ferris Bueller high school '' . The A.V. Club . 2011 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` For Sale : Property Information for 370 Beech Street '' . ' Realtor.com . May 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rose House and Pavilion '' . 2011 - 12 - 28 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rose House and Pavilion '' . Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Oldham , Gabriella ( 1995 ) . First cut : conversations with film editors . University of California Press . pp. 191 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07588 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Molly Ringwald Interviews John Hughes '' . Seventeen . Spring 1986 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McDermott , John ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` Why Cameron Frye Wore a Gordie Howe Jersey in ' Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ' '' . MEL Magazine . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` Q&A with Gordie Howe '' . Sports Illustrated . ^ Jump up to : Miersma , Seyth ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` Ferrari California replica from Ferris Bueller is so choice '' . Auto Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Adolphus , David Traver ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` Save these Cars -- Hollywood , California : Part II '' . Hemmings Auto blog . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ferrari replica created for Ferris Bueller 's Day Off for sale '' . The Daily Telegraph . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher . `` Buy the ' Ferris Bueller ' Ferrari For Only $67,000 '' . Cinematical.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off Ferrari '' . Uncrate . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ tgriffith ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ) . `` The Five Most Expensive Cars Ever Sold At Auction '' . The CarGurus Blog . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Rusty ( 2015 - 08 - 18 ) . `` Hammer Down : The 25 Most Expensive Cars at the 2015 Monterey Auctions '' . Car And Driver . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1986 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Sad Wise Eyes in a Boy 's Face '' . Argus - Press . Associated Press . p. 9 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1986 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Young star of Ferris Bueller seeks to get away from high school roles '' . Ottawa Citizen . Associated Press . pp. F17 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zaleski , Annie ( 2015 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Ferris Bueller 's actual day off was 30 years ago today '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Larry Granillo ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Ferris Bueller Follow - up '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller returns to Wrigley Field '' . ESPN . 2011 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen : `` ' Bueller , Bueller ' Edition Almost Saves ' Ferris ' '' , The Washington Post , January 10 , 2006 Jump up ^ Ham , William . `` John Hughes : Straight Outta Sherman '' . Lollipop Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Lollipop Magazine article : `` John Hughes -- Straight Outta Sherman '' By William Ham . ^ Jump up to : Kamp , David ( 2010 - 03 - 20 ) . `` John Hughes ' Actors on John Hughes '' . Vanity Fair . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Yoo , Noah . `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off Soundtrack to Get First Official Release Pitchfork '' . pitchfork.com . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( 6 September 2016 ) . `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off soundtrack arrives after skipping the past 30 years '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . June 11 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( 2009 - 08 - 07 ) . `` ' Ferris ' could never go too far , to our delight '' . Richard Roeper . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( 2009 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Save Ferris '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Will , George F ( 1986 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Finally ... a ' movie ' movie '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Steve ( 2006 ) . `` John Hughes Goes Deep : The Unexpected Heaviosity of Ferris Bueller 's Day Off '' . Virginia Quarterly Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Darnton , Nina ( 1986 - 06 - 11 ) . `` SCREEN : A YOUTH 'S DAY OFF '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Timesmachine.nytimes.com '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Hemingway , Mark ( 2009 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Missing John Hughes '' . National Review . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( 1986 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Movies '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Christina , Lee ( 2010 ) . Screening Generation X : the politics and popular memory of youth in contemporary cinema . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 4973 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Siskel , Gene ; Ebert , Roger ( 1986 ) . `` Ferris Bueller '' . At the Movies . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ferris Bueller 's Day Off -- Bueller Bueller Edition '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ 50 Best High School Movies . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Barbara Pierce Bush , Commencement Address at Wellesley College ( June 1 , 1990 ) Americanrhetoric.com . Jump up ^ Andrews , Casandra ( February 5 , 2006 ) . `` The cast of Bueller : Where are they now ? '' . Press - Register . Jump up ^ Schurenberg , Eric ( 2008 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Ben Stein : What , him worry ? '' . Money . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Ad may be viewed at `` Judge advertisement '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Robillard , Kevin , Politico , Oct. 21 , 2016 , `` Ben Stein reprises ' Bueller ' role in Grassley ad , '' accessible thru http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/ben-stein-chuck-grassley-ferris-bueller-230136 Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) . `` John Hughes High School reunion '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Hughes Remembered : Alan Ruck , Cameron from ' Ferris Bueller ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2009 - 08 - 13 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Manker , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Honda releases complete Ferris Bueller ad '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honda Unveils Ferris Bueller Ad , and It Is Awesome '' . AdWeek. 2012 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hardigree , Matt ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) . `` SAVE FERRIS From Honda 's Sacrilegious Super Bowl Ad '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ferris Bueller ' stars in Honda Super Bowl advert '' ( Article , video ) . The Telegraph . January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Domino 's Pizza channels ' Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ' in latest ad campaign '' . Fox News . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dowlding , William ( 1989 ) . Beatlesongs . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 68229 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Bernstein , Pretty in pink : the golden age of teenage movies ( Macmillan , 1997 ) , 198 . Jump up ^ Roz Kaveney , Teen dreams : reading teen film from Heathers to Veronica Mars ( I.B. Tauris , 2006 ) , 45 . Jump up ^ Darling , John ( 2000 ) . What 's in a Name ? : The Book of Bands . Xlibris . Jump up ^ Eby , Margaret ( 2012 ) . Rock and Roll Baby Names : Over 2,000 Music - Inspired Names , from Alison to Ziggy . Penguin . Jump up ^ Martin Morse Wooster , Angry classrooms , vacant minds : what 's happened to our high schools ? ( Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy , 1993 ) , 75 . ^ Jump up to : Art Silverblatt , Genre Studies in Mass Media : A Handbook ( M.E. Sharpe , 2007 ) , 105 . Jump up ^ Thomas Patrick Doherty , Teenagers and Teenpics : The Juvenilization of American Movies in the 1950s ( Temple University Press , 2002 ) 196 . Jump up ^ Roz Kaveney , Teen dreams : reading teen film from Heathers to Veronica Mars ( I.B. Tauris , 2006 ) 44 . Jump up ^ Stubbs , Jamie . `` Ferris Buellers Way of REVIEW '' . Giggle Beats . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferris Saved for Blu - ray '' . IGN. 2011 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Long Lost ' Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ' Director 's Commentary Resurfaces '' . Screencrush.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.screenplay.com/downloads/scripts/FerrisBuellersDayOff.pdf Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( 1990 - 08 - 31 ) . `` ' Parker ' is ' Ferris ' with heart '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutFerris Bueller 's Day Offat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Ferris Bueller 's Day Off on IMDb Ferris Bueller 's Day Off at the TCM Movie Database Ferris Bueller 's Day Off at AllMovie Ferris Bueller 's Day Off at the American Film Institute Catalog Ferris Bueller 's Day Off at Box Office Mojo Ferris Bueller 's Day Off at Rotten Tomatoes McNally , Edward ( 2009 - 08 - 12 ) . `` A Mirror Up To the Original Ferris Bueller '' . The Washington Post . Ferris Bueller 's Day Off and its 25 contributions to pop culture lore , Jen Chaney , The Washington Post , June 10 , 2011 John Hughes Director and writer Sixteen Candles ( 1984 ) The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) Weird Science ( 1985 ) Ferris Bueller 's Day Off ( 1986 ) Planes , Trains and Automobiles ( 1987 ) She 's Having a Baby ( 1988 ) Uncle Buck ( 1989 ) Curly Sue ( 1991 ) Writer only National Lampoon 's Class Reunion ( 1982 ) Mr. Mom ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's Vacation ( 1983 ) Nate and Hayes ( 1983 ) National Lampoon 's European Vacation ( 1985 ) Pretty in Pink ( 1986 ) Some Kind of Wonderful ( 1987 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1988 ) National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Career Opportunities ( 1991 ) Dutch ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1993 ) Baby 's Day Out ( 1994 ) Miracle on 34th Street ( 1994 ) 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) Flubber ( 1997 ) Home Alone 3 ( 1997 ) Reach the Rock ( 1998 ) Just Visiting ( 2001 ) Maid in Manhattan ( 2002 , story ) Drillbit Taylor ( 2008 , original character ) Related Do n't You Forget About Me ( 2009 documentary ) 1980s portal Chicago portal Film portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferris_Bueller%27s_Day_Off&oldid=857033500 '' Categories : 1986 films English - language films Ferris Bueller 's Day Off 1980s teen comedy films American films American high school films American teen comedy films Films about educators Films adapted into television programs Films directed by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films produced by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) Films scored by Ira Newborn Films set in Chicago Films shot in Chicago Paramount Pictures films Screenplays by John Hughes ( filmmaker ) United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 03 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is ferris bueller's day off filmed | [
"For the film, Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in. \"We took a helicopter up the Chicago River. This is the first chance I'd really had to get outside while making a movie. Up to this point, the pictures had been pretty small. I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could, not just the architecture and the landscape, but the spirit.\"[2]\nShooting began in Chicago on September 9, 1985.[19] In late October 1985, the production moved to Los Angeles, and shooting ended on November 22.[20] The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on September 28. Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka (Ferris's home, his mother's real estate office, etc.).[21] Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook, Illinois, including at Glenbrook North High School, on School Drive, the long, curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated.[22] The exterior of Ferris's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive, Long Beach, California.[21]\n",
"For the film, Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in. \"We took a helicopter up the Chicago River. This is the first chance I'd really had to get outside while making a movie. Up to this point, the pictures had been pretty small. I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could, not just the architecture and the landscape, but the spirit.\"[2]\nShooting began in Chicago on September 9, 1985.[19] In late October 1985, the production moved to Los Angeles, and shooting ended on November 22.[20] The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on September 28. Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka (Ferris's home, his mother's real estate office, etc.).[21] Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook, Illinois, including at Glenbrook North High School, on School Drive, the long, curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated.[22] The exterior of Ferris's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive, Long Beach, California.[21]\n",
"For the film, Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in. \"We took a helicopter up the Chicago River. This is the first chance I'd really had to get outside while making a movie. Up to this point, the pictures had been pretty small. I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could, not just the architecture and the landscape, but the spirit.\"[2]\nShooting began in Chicago on September 9, 1985.[19] In late October 1985, the production moved to Los Angeles, and shooting ended on November 22.[20] The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on September 28. Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka (Ferris's home, his mother's real estate office, etc.).[21] Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook, Illinois, including at Glenbrook North High School, on School Drive, the long, curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated.[22] The exterior of Ferris's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive, Long Beach, California.[21]\n",
"For the film, Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in. \"We took a helicopter up the Chicago River. This is the first chance I'd really had to get outside while making a movie. Up to this point, the pictures had been pretty small. I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could, not just the architecture and the landscape, but the spirit.\"[2]\nShooting began in Chicago on September 9, 1985.[19] In late October 1985, the production moved to Los Angeles, and shooting ended on November 22.[20] The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on September 28. Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka (Ferris's home, his mother's real estate office, etc.).[21] Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook, Illinois, including at Glenbrook North High School, on School Drive, the long, curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated.[22] The exterior of Ferris's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive, Long Beach, California.[21]\n",
"For the film, Hughes got the chance to take a more expansive look at the city he grew up in. \"We took a helicopter up the Chicago River. This is the first chance I'd really had to get outside while making a movie. Up to this point, the pictures had been pretty small. I really wanted to capture as much of Chicago as I could, not just the architecture and the landscape, but the spirit.\"[2]\nShooting began in Chicago on September 9, 1985.[19] In late October 1985, the production moved to Los Angeles, and shooting ended on November 22.[20] The Von Steuben Day Parade scene was filmed on September 28. Scenes were filmed at several locations in downtown Chicago and Winnetka (Ferris's home, his mother's real estate office, etc.).[21] Many of the other scenes were filmed in Northbrook, Illinois, including at Glenbrook North High School, on School Drive, the long, curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated.[22] The exterior of Ferris's house is located at 4160 Country Club Drive, Long Beach, California.[21]\n"
] | [
"Chicago",
"Los Angeles",
"Winnetka",
"Northbrook, Illinois, including at Glenbrook North High School, on School Drive, the long, curvy street on which Glenbrook North and neighboring Maple Middle School are situated",
"4160 Country Club Drive, Long Beach, California"
] |
-4574417110182912212 | Jallianwala Bagh massacre | Jallianwala Bagh massacre - wikipedia Jallianwala Bagh massacre Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Narrow passage to Jallianwala Bagh Garden through which the shooting was conducted Show map of Punjab Show map of India Show all Location of Amritsar in India Location Amritsar , British India Coordinates 31 ° 38 ′ 34 '' N 74 ° 51 ′ 29 '' E / 31.64286 ° N 74.85808 ° E / 31.64286 ; 74.85808 Coordinates : 31 ° 38 ′ 34 '' N 74 ° 51 ′ 29 '' E / 31.64286 ° N 74.85808 ° E / 31.64286 ; 74.85808 Date 13 April 1919 ; 99 years ago ( 1919 - 04 - 13 ) 17 : 37 ( IST ) Target Crowd of nonviolent protesters , along with Baisakhi pilgrims , who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh , Amritsar Attack type Massacre Weapons Lee - Enfield rifles Deaths 379 -- 1000 Non-fatal injuries ~ 1,100 Perpetrators British Indian Army No. of participants 50 The Jallianwala Bagh massacre , also known as the Amritsar massacre , took place on 13 April 1919 when troops of the British Indian Army under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer fired rifles into a crowd of Indians , who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh , Amritsar , Punjab . The civilians had assembled for a peaceful protest to condemn the arrest and deportation of two national leaders , Dr Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew . Even though the debate was peaceful and was conducted on the maim Sikh festival ' Baisakhi ' with kids , women , and elders present , the Britishers debate over whether the crowd knew of the proclamation Dyer had made banning meetings , in its supposed inefficacy , however , Raja Ram has argued that the crowd formed in deliberate defiance , being the beginning of Indian nationalism . The Jallianwalla Bagh is a public garden of 6 to 7 acres ( 28,000 m ) , walled on all sides , with five entrances . To enter , troops first blocked the entry by a tank and locked the exit . On Dyer 's orders , his troops fired on the crowd for ten minutes , directing their bullets largely towards the few open gates through which people were trying to flee . Official British Indian sources gave a figure of 379 identified dead , with approximately 1,100 wounded . The casualty number estimated by the Indian National Congress was more than 1,500 injured , with approximately 1,000 dead . This `` brutality stunned the entire nation '' , resulting in a `` wrenching loss of faith '' of the general public in the intentions of the UK . The ineffective inquiry and the initial accolades for Dyer by the House of Lords fuelled widespread anger , leading to the Non-cooperation Movement of 1920 -- 22 . On Sunday , 13 April 1919 , Dyer was convinced of a major insurrection and he banned all meetings ; however this notice was not widely disseminated . That was the day of Baisakhi , the main Sikh festival , and many villagers had gathered in the Bagh . On hearing that a meeting had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh , Dyer went with Sikh , Gurkha , Baluchi , Rajput troops from 2 - 9th Gurkhas , the 54th Sikhs and the 59th Sind Rifles to a raised bank and ordered them to shoot at the crowd . Dyer continued the firing for about ten minutes , until the ammunition supply was almost exhausted . Dyer stated that 1,650 rounds had been fired , a number apparently derived by counting empty cartridge cases picked up by the troops . Dyer was initially lauded by conservative forces in the empire , but in July 1920 he was censured and forced to retire by the House of Commons . He became a celebrated hero in the UK among most of the people connected to the British Raj , for example , the House of Lords , but unpopular in the House of Commons , which voted against Dyer as a Colonel . He was disciplined by being removed from his appointment , was passed over for promotion and was prohibited from further employment in India . Upon his death , Rudyard Kipling declared that Dyer ' did his duty as he saw it ' . The massacre some historians have argued caused a re-evaluation of the army 's role , in which the new policy became minimum force , however , later British actions during the Mau Mau insurgencies have led Huw Bennett to question this school of thought . The army was retrained and developed less violent tactics for crowd control . Some historians consider the episode a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Defence of India Act 1.2 Rowlatt act 2 Prelude 3 Massacre 4 Casualties 5 Aftermath 5.1 Hunter Commission 5.2 Demonstration at Gujranwala 5.3 Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer 6 Monument and legacy 6.1 Formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee 6.2 Regret 6.3 Controversies 6.4 Demands for apology 6.5 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Defence of India Act ( edit ) Main article : Defence of India Act 1915 See also : Ghadar Mutiny During World War I , British India contributed to the British war effort by providing men and resources . Millions of Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe , Africa , and the Middle East , while both the Indian administration and the princes sent large supplies of food , money , and ammunition . However , Bengal and Punjab remained sources of anticolonial activities . Revolutionary attacks in Bengal , associated increasingly with disturbances in Punjab , were significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration . Of these , a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army planned for February 1915 was the most prominent amongst a number of plots formulated between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalists in India , the United States and Germany . The planned February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement , arresting key figures . Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed . In the scenario of the British war effort and the threat from the militant movement in India , the Defence of India Act 1915 was passed limiting civil and political liberties . Michael O'Dwyer , then the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab , was one of the strongest proponents of the act , in no small part due to the Ghadarite threat in the province . Rowlatt Act ( edit ) See also : Rowlatt Committee and Rowlatt act The costs of the protracted war in money and manpower were great . High casualty rates in the war , increasing inflation after the end , compounded by heavy taxation , the deadly 1918 flu pandemic , and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India . The pre-war Indian nationalist sentiment was revived as moderate and extremist groups of the Indian National Congress ended their differences to unify . In 1916 , the Congress was successful in establishing the Lucknow Pact , a temporary alliance with the All - India Muslim League . British political concessions and Whitehall 's India Policy after World War I began to change , with the passage of Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms , which initiated the first round of political reform in the Indian subcontinent in 1917 . However , this was deemed insufficient in reforms by the Indian political movement . Mahatma Gandhi , recently returned to India , began emerging as an increasingly charismatic leader under whose leadership civil disobedience movements grew rapidly as an expression of political unrest . The recently crushed Ghadar conspiracy , the presence of Mahendra Pratap 's Kabul mission in Afghanistan ( with possible links to then nascent Bolshevik Russia ) , and a still - active revolutionary movement especially in Punjab and Bengal ( as well as worsening civil unrest throughout India ) led to the appointment of a Sedition committee in 1918 chaired by Sidney Rowlatt , an English judge . It was tasked to evaluate German and Bolshevik links to the militant movement in India , especially in Punjab and Bengal . On the recommendations of the committee , the Rowlatt Act , an extension of the Defence of India Act 1915 , was enforced in India to limit civil liberties . The passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 precipitated large scale political unrest throughout India . Ominously , in 1919 , the Third Anglo - Afghan War began in the wake of Amir Habibullah 's assassination and institution of Amanullah in a system strongly influenced by the political figures courted by Kabul mission during the world war . As a reaction to Rowlatt act Muhammad Ali Jinnah resigned from his Bombay seat , writing to viceroy a letter , `` I , therefor , as a protest against the passing of the Bill and the manner in which it was passed tender my resignation ... a government that passes or sanctions such a law in times of peace forfeits its claim to be called a civilized Government '' . In India Gandhi 's call for protest against the Rowlatt Act achieved an unprecedented response of furious unrest and protests . The situation especially in Punjab was deteriorating rapidly , with disruptions of rail , telegraph and communication systems . The movement was at its peak before the end of the first week of April , with some recording that `` practically the whole of Lahore was on the streets , the immense crowd that passed through Anarkali was estimated to be around 20,000 . '' In Amritsar , over 5,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh . This situation deteriorated perceptibly over the next few days . Michael O'Dwyer is said to have been of the firm belief that these were the early and ill - concealed signs of a conspiracy for a coordinated uprising around May , on the lines of the 1857 revolt , at a time when British troops would have withdrawn to the hills for the summer . The Amritsar massacre , as well as responses preceding and succeeding it , was the end result of a concerted plan of response from the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy . Prelude ( edit ) The Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919 , months after the massacre Many officers in the Indian army believed revolt was possible , and they prepared for the worst . In Amritsar , over 5,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh . The British Lieutenant - Governor of Punjab , Michael O'Dwyer , is said to have believed that these were the early and ill - concealed signs of a conspiracy for a coordinated revolt around May , at a time when British troops would have withdrawn to the hills for the summer . The Amritsar massacre , as well as responses preceding and succeeding it , have been described by some historians as the end result of a concerted plan of response from the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy . James Houssemayne Du Boulay is said to have ascribed a direct relationship between the fear of a Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tense situation in Punjab , and the British response that ended in the massacre . On 10 April 1919 , there was a protest at the residence of the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar , a city in Punjab , a large province in the northwestern part of India . The demonstration was to demand the release of two popular leaders of the Indian Independence Movement , Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew , who had been earlier arrested by the government and moved to a secret location . Both were proponents of the Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi . A military picket shot at the crowd , killing several protesters and setting off a series of violent events . Later the same day , several banks and other government buildings , including the Town Hall and the railway station , were attacked and set on fire . The violence continued to escalate , culminating in the deaths of at least five Europeans , including government employees and civilians . There was retaliatory shooting at crowds from the military several times during the day , and between eight and twenty people were killed . On 11 April , Miss Marcella Sherwood , an English missionary , fearing for the safety of her pupils , was on her way to shut the schools and send the roughly 600 Indian children home . While cycling through a narrow street called the Kucha Kurrichhan , she was caught by a mob , pulled to the ground by her hair , stripped naked , beaten , kicked , and left for dead . She was rescued by some local Indians , including the father of one of her pupils , who hid her from the mob and then smuggled her to the safety of Gobindgarh fort . After visiting Sherwood on 19 April , the Raj 's local commander , Colonel Dyer , issued an order requiring every Indian man using that street to crawl its length on his hands and knees . Colonel Dyer later explained to a British inspector : `` Some Indians crawl face downwards in front of their gods . I wanted them to know that a British woman is as sacred as a Hindu god and therefore they have to crawl in front of her , too . '' He also authorised the indiscriminate , public whipping of locals who came within lathi length of British policemen . Miss Marcella Sherwood later defended Colonel Dyer , describing him `` as the ' saviour ' of the Punjab '' . For the next two days , the city of Amritsar was quiet , but violence continued in other parts of the Punjab . Railway lines were cut , telegraph posts destroyed , government buildings burnt , and three Europeans murdered . By 13 April , the British government had decided to put most of the Punjab under martial law . The legislation restricted a number of civil liberties , including freedom of assembly ; gatherings of more than four people were banned . On the evening of 12 April , the leaders of the hartal in Amritsar held a meeting at the Hindu College - Dhab Khatikan . At the meeting , Hans Raj , an aide to Dr. Kitchlew , announced a public protest meeting would be held at 16 : 30 the following day in the Jallianwala Bagh , to be organised by a Dr. Muhammad Bashir and chaired by a senior and respected Congress Party leader , Lal Kanhyalal Bhatia . A series of resolutions protesting against the Rowlatt Act , the recent actions of the British authorities and the detention of Drs . Satyapal and Kitchlew was drawn up and approved , after which the meeting adjourned . Massacre ( edit ) `` The Martyrs ' Well '' at Jallianwala Bagh At 9 : 00 on the morning of 13 April , the traditional festival of Baisakhi , Colonel Reginald Dyer , the acting military commander for Amritsar and its environs , proceeded through the city with several city officials , announcing the implementation of a pass system to enter or leave Amritsar , a curfew beginning at 20 : 00 that night and a ban on all processions and public meetings of four or more persons . The proclamation was read and explained in English , Urdu , Hindi and Punjabi , but few paid it any heed or appear to have learned of it later . Meanwhile , the local CID had received intelligence of the planned meeting in the Jallianwala Bagh through word of mouth and plainclothes detectives in the crowds . At 12 : 40 , Dyer was informed of the meeting and returned to his base at around 13 : 30 to decide how to handle it . By mid-afternoon , thousands of Sikhs , Muslims and Hindus had gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh ( garden ) near the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar . Many who were present had earlier worshipped at the Golden Temple , and were passing through the Bagh on their way home . The Bagh was ( and is ) an open area of six to seven acres , roughly 200 yards by 200 yards in size , and surrounded by walls roughly 10 feet in height . Balconies of houses three to four stories tall overlooked the Bagh , and five narrow entrances opened onto it , several with locked gates . During the rainy season , it was planted with crops , but served as a local meeting - area and playground for much of the year . In the center of the Bagh was a samadhi ( cremation site ) and a large well partly filled with water which measured about 20 feet in diameter . Apart from pilgrims , Amritsar had filled up over the preceding days with farmers , traders and merchants attending the annual Baisakhi horse and cattle fair . The city police closed the fair at 14 : 00 that afternoon , resulting in a large number of people drifting into the Jallianwala Bagh . It was estimated that about 20,000 to 25,000 people had gathered in the Bagh by the time of the meeting . Dyer sent an aeroplane to overfly the Bagh and estimate the size of the crowd . By this time , both Colonel Dyer and Deputy Commissioner Irving , the senior civil authority for Amritsar , were well aware of the meeting , but took no actions to prevent it or send police to peacefully disperse the crowds . This would later be a serious criticism levelled at both Dyer and Irving . An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 16 : 30 , Colonel Dyer arrived at the Bagh with a group of ninety Sikh , Gurkha , Baluchi ( note that the Baluch Regiment of the British Indian Army did not have Baluch troops , the British having failed in their efforts to get the Baluch to enlist and serve ; the Baluch continued to fight an insurgency of varying intensity with the British from 1839 to 1947 . The Baluch regiment was staffed by troops from the Punjab and other areas of India ) , Rajput from 2 - 9th Gurkhas , the 54th Sikhs and the 59th Sind Rifles soldiers . Fifty of them were armed with . 303 Lee -- Enfield bolt - action rifles . It is not clear whether Dyer had specifically chosen troops from that ethnic group due to their proven loyalty to the British or that they were simply the Sikh and non-Sikh units most readily available . He had also brought two armored cars armed with machine guns ; however , the vehicles were left outside , as they were unable to enter the Bagh through the narrow entrances . The Jallianwala Bagh was surrounded on all sides by houses and buildings and had few narrow entrances . Most of them were kept permanently locked . The main entrance was relatively wide , but was guarded heavily by the troops backed by the armoured vehicles . Dyer -- without warning the crowd to disperse -- blocked the main exits . He ' explained ' later that this act `` was not to disperse the meeting but to punish the Indians for disobedience . '' Dyer ordered his troops to begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd . Firing continued for approximately ten minutes . Cease - fire was ordered only when ammunition supplies were almost exhausted , after approximately 1,650 rounds were spent . Many people died in stampedes at the narrow gates or by jumping into the solitary well on the compound to escape the shooting . A plaque , placed at the site after independence states that 120 bodies were removed from the well . The wounded could not be moved from where they had fallen , as a curfew was declared , and many more died during the night . Casualties ( edit ) The number of deaths caused by the shooting is disputed . While the ' official ' figure given by the British inquiry into the massacre is 379 deaths , the method used by the inquiry was corrupt . In July 1919 , three months after the massacre , officials were tasked with finding who had been killed by inviting inhabitants of the city to volunteer information about those who had died . This information was incomplete due to fear that those who participated would be identified as having been present at the meeting , and some of the dead may not have had close relations in the area . When interviewed by the members of the committee , a senior civil servant in Punjab admitted that the actual figure could be higher . Since the official figures were obviously flawed regarding the size of the crowd ( 15,000 -- 20,000 ) , the number of rounds fired and the period of shooting , the Indian National Congress instituted a separate inquiry of its own , with conclusions that differed considerably from the British Government 's inquiry . The casualty number quoted by the Congress was more than 1,500 , with approximately 1,000 being killed . The British Government tried to suppress information of the massacre , but news spread in India and widespread outrage ensued ; details of the massacre did not become known in Britain until December 1919 . At the meeting of the Imperial Legislative Council held on 12 September 1919 , the investigation led by Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya concluded that there were 42 boys among the dead , the youngest of them only 7 months old . The Hunter commission confirmed the deaths of 337 men , 41 boys and a six - week old baby . Indian nationalist , Swami Shraddhanand wrote to Gandhi of 1500 deaths in the incident . The number of wounded was never correctly determined , but the Hunter Committee accepted the number wounded was `` probably three times as great as the number killed '' , giving a number in excess of 1000 wounded . Aftermath ( edit ) Colonel Dyer reported to his superiors that he had been `` confronted by a revolutionary army '' , to which Major General William Beynon replied : `` Your action correct and Lieutenant Governor approves . '' O'Dwyer requested that martial law should be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas , and this was granted by Viceroy Lord Chelmsford . Both Secretary of State for War Winston Churchill and former Prime Minister H.H. Asquith however , openly condemned the attack , Churchill referring to it as `` monstrous '' , while Asquith called it `` one of the worst outrages in the whole of our history '' . Winston Churchill , in the House of Commons debate of 8 July 1920 , said , `` The crowd was unarmed , except with bludgeons . It was not attacking anybody or anything ... When fire had been opened upon it to disperse it , it tried to run away . Pinned up in a narrow place considerably smaller than Trafalgar Square , with hardly any exits , and packed together so that one bullet would drive through three or four bodies , the people ran madly this way and the other . When the fire was directed upon the centre , they ran to the sides . The fire was then directed to the sides . Many threw themselves down on the ground , the fire was then directed down on the ground . This was continued to 8 to 10 minutes , and it stopped only when the ammunition had reached the point of exhaustion . '' After Churchill 's speech in the House of Commons debate , MPs voted 247 to 37 against Dyer and in support of the Government . Cloake reports that despite the official rebuke , many Britons `` thought him a hero for saving the rule of British law in India . '' Rabindranath Tagore received the news of the massacre by 22 May 1919 . He tried to arrange a protest meeting in Calcutta and finally decided to renounce his British knighthood as `` a symbolic act of protest '' . In the repudiation letter , dated 30 May 1919 and addressed to the Viceroy , Lord Chelmsford , he wrote `` I ... wish to stand , shorn , of all special distinctions , by the side of those of my countrymen who , for their so called insignificance , are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings . '' Gupta describes the letter written by Tagore as `` historic '' . He writes that Tagore `` renounced his knighthood in protest against the inhuman cruelty of the British Government to the people of Punjab '' , and he quotes Tagore 's letter to the Viceroy `` The enormity of the measures taken by the Government in the Punjab for quelling some local disturbances has , with a rude shock , revealed to our minds the helplessness of our position as British subjects in India ... ( T ) he very least that I can do for my country is to take all consequences upon myself in giving voice to the protest of the millions of my countrymen , surprised into a dumb anguish of terror . The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in the incongruous context of humiliation ... '' English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore Miscellaneous Writings Vol # 8 carries a facsimile of this hand written letter . Hunter Commission ( edit ) On 14 October 1919 , after orders issued by the Secretary of State for India , Edwin Montagu , the Government of India announced the formation of a committee of inquiry into the events in Punjab . Referred to as the Disorders Inquiry Committee , it was later more widely known as the Hunter Commission . It was named after the chairman , William , Lord Hunter , former Solicitor - General for Scotland and Senator of the College of Justice in Scotland . The stated purpose of the commission was to `` investigate the recent disturbances in Bombay , Delhi and Punjab , about their causes , and the measures taken to cope with them '' . The members of the commission were : Lord Hunter , Chairman of the Commission Mr. Justice George C. Rankin of Calcutta Sir Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad , Vice-Chancellor of Bombay University and advocate of the Bombay High Court Mr W.F. Rice , member of the Home Department Major - General Sir George Barrow , KCB , KCMG , GOC Peshawar Division Pandit Jagat Narayan , lawyer and Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces Mr. Thomas Smith , Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan , lawyer from Gwalior State Mr H.C. Stokes , Secretary of the Commission and member of the Home Department After meeting in New Delhi on 29 October , the Commission took statements from witnesses over the following weeks . Witnesses were called in Delhi , Ahmedabad , Bombay and Lahore . Although the Commission as such was not a formally constituted court of law , meaning witnesses were not subject to questioning under oath , its members managed to elicit detailed accounts and statements from witnesses by rigorous cross-questioning . In general , it was felt the Commission had been very thorough in its enquiries . After reaching Lahore in November , the Commission wound up its initial inquiries by examining the principal witnesses to the events in Amritsar . On 19 November , Dyer was called to appear before the Commission . Although his military superiors had suggested he be represented by legal counsel at the inquiry , Dyer refused this suggestion and appeared alone . Initially questioned by Lord Hunter , Dyer stated he had come to know about the meeting at the Jallianwala Bagh at 12 : 40 hours that day but did not attempt to prevent it . He stated that he had gone to the Bagh with the deliberate intention of opening fire if he found a crowd assembled there . Patterson says Dyer explained his sense of honour to the Hunter Commission by saying , `` I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing but they would have come back again and laughed , and I would have made , what I consider , a fool of myself . '' Dyer further reiterated his belief that the crowd in the Bagh was one of `` rebels who were trying to isolate my forces and cut me off from other supplies . Therefore , I considered it my duty to fire on them and to fire well '' . After Mr. Justice Rankin had questioned Dyer , Sir Chimanlal Setalvad enquired : Sir Chimanlal : Supposing the passage was sufficient to allow the armoured cars to go in , would you have opened fire with the machine guns ? Dyer : I think probably , yes . Sir Chimanlal : In that case , the casualties would have been much higher ? Dyer : Yes . Dyer further stated that his intentions had been to strike terror throughout the Punjab and in doing so , reduce the moral stature of the `` rebels '' . He said he did not stop the shooting when the crowd began to disperse because he thought it was his duty to keep shooting until the crowd dispersed , and that a little shooting would not do any good . In fact he continued the shooting until the ammunition was almost exhausted . He stated that he did not make any effort to tend to the wounded after the shooting : `` Certainly not . It was not my job . Hospitals were open and they could have gone there . '' Exhausted from the rigorous cross-examination questioning and ill , Dyer was then released . Over the next several months , while the Commission wrote its final report , the British press , as well as many MPs , turned hostile towards Dyer as the extent of the massacre and his statements at the inquiry became widely known . Lord Chelmsford refused to comment until the Commission had been wound up . In the meanwhile , Dyer , seriously ill with jaundice and arteriosclerosis , was hospitalised . Although the members of the Commission had been divided by racial tensions following Dyer 's statement , and though the Indian members had written a separate , minority report , the final report , comprising six volumes of evidence and released on 8 March 1920 , unanimously condemned Dyer 's actions . In `` continuing firing as long as he did , it appears to us that General Dyer committed a grave error . '' Dissenting members argued that the martial law regime 's use of force was wholly unjustified . `` General Dyer thought he had crushed the rebellion and Sir Michael O'Dwyer was of the same view '' , they wrote , `` ( but ) there was no rebellion which required to be crushed . '' The report concluded that : Lack of notice to disperse from the Bagh in the beginning was an error . The length of firing showed a grave error . Dyer 's motive of producing a sufficient moral effect was to be condemned . Dyer had overstepped the bounds of his authority . There had been no conspiracy to overthrow British rule in the Punjab . The minority report of the Indian members further added that : Proclamations banning public meetings were insufficiently distributed . Innocent people were in the crowd , and there had been no violence in the Bagh beforehand . Dyer should have either ordered his troops to help the wounded or instructed the civil authorities to do so . Dyer 's actions had been `` inhuman and un-British '' and had greatly injured the image of British rule in India . The Hunter Commission did not impose any penal or disciplinary action because Dyer 's actions were condoned by various superiors ( later upheld by the Army Council ) . The Legal and Home Members on the Viceroy 's Council ultimately decided that , though Dyer had acted in a callous and brutal way , military or legal prosecution would not be possible due to political reasons . However , he was finally found guilty of a mistaken notion of duty and relieved of his command on 23 March . He had been recommended for a CBE as a result of his service in the Third Afghan War ; this recommendation was cancelled on 29 March 1920 . Demonstration at Gujranwala ( edit ) Two days later , on 15 April , demonstrations occurred in Gujranwala protesting the killings at Amritsar . Police and aircraft were used against the demonstrators , resulting in 12 deaths and 27 injuries . The Officer Commanding the Royal Air Force in India , Brigadier General NDK MacEwen stated later that : I think we can fairly claim to have been of great use in the late riots , particularly at Gujranwala , where the crowd when looking at its nastiest was absolutely dispersed by a machine using bombs and Lewis guns . Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer ( edit ) See also : Udham Singh Michael O'Dwyer c. 1912 On 13 March 1940 , at Caxton Hall in London , Udham Singh , an Indian independence activist from Sunam who had witnessed the events in Amritsar and had himself been wounded , shot and killed Michael O'Dwyer , the British Lieutenant - Governor of Punjab at the time of the massacre , who had approved Dyer 's action and was believed to have been the main planner . Reginald Dyer was disciplined by being removed from his appointment , was passed over for promotion and was prohibited from further employment in India . He died in 1927 Some , such as the nationalist newspaper Amrita Bazar Patrika , made statements supporting the killing . The common people and revolutionaries glorified the action of Udham Singh . Much of the press worldwide recalled the story of Jallianwala Bagh , and alleged O'Dwyer to have been responsible for the massacre . Singh was termed a `` fighter for freedom '' and his action was referred to in The Times newspaper as `` an expression of the pent - up fury of the down - trodden Indian People '' . In Fascist countries , the incident was used for anti-British propaganda : Bergeret , published in large scale from Rome at that time , while commenting upon the Caxton Hall assassination , ascribed the greatest significance to the circumstance and praised the action of Udham Singh as courageous . The Berliner Börsen Zeitung termed the event `` The torch of Indian freedom '' . German radio reportedly broadcast : `` The cry of tormented people spoke with shots . '' At a public meeting in Kanpur , a spokesman had stated that `` at last an insult and humiliation of the nation had been avenged '' . Similar sentiments were expressed in numerous other places across the country . Fortnightly reports of the political situation in Bihar mentioned : `` It is true that we had no love lost for Sir Michael . The indignities he heaped upon our countrymen in Punjab have not been forgotten . '' In its 18 March 1940 issue Amrita Bazar Patrika wrote : `` O'Dwyer's name is connected with Punjab incidents which India will never forget . '' The New Statesman observed : `` British conservativism has not discovered how to deal with Ireland after two centuries of rule . Similar comment may be made on British rule in India . Will the historians of the future have to record that it was not the Nazis but the British ruling class which destroyed the British Empire ? '' Singh had told the court at his trial : Wide view of Jallianwala Bagh memorial I did it because I had a grudge against him . He deserved it . He was the real culprit . He wanted to crush the spirit of my people , so I have crushed him . For full 21 years , I have been trying to wreak vengeance . I am happy that I have done the job . I am not scared of death . I am dying for my country . I have seen my people starving in India under the British rule . I have protested against this , it was my duty . What a greater honour could be bestowed on me than death for the sake of my motherland ? Singh was hanged for the murder on 31 July 1940 . At that time , many , including Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi , condemned the murder as senseless even if it was courageous . In 1952 , Nehru ( by then Prime Minister ) honoured Udham Singh with the following statement , which appeared in the daily Partap : I salute Shaheed - i - Azam Udham Singh with reverence who had kissed the noose so that we may be free . Soon after this recognition by the Prime Minister , Udham Singh received the title of Shaheed , a name given to someone who has attained martyrdom or done something heroic on behalf of their country or religion . Monument and legacy ( edit ) Entrance to the present - day Jallianwala Bagh Bullet marks , visible on preserved walls , at present - day Jallianwala Bagh A trust was founded in 1920 to build a memorial at the site after a resolution was passed by the Indian National Congress . In 1923 , the trust purchased land for the project . A memorial , designed by American architect Benjamin Polk , was built on the site and inaugurated by President of India Rajendra Prasad on 13 April 1961 , in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders . A flame was later added to the site . The bullet marks remain on the walls and adjoining buildings to this day . The well into which many people jumped and drowned attempting to save themselves from the bullets is also a protected monument inside the park . Formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara prabandhak committee ( edit ) Shortly following the massacre , the official Sikh clergy of the Harmandir Sahib ( Golden Temple ) in Amritsar conferred upon Colonel Dyer the Saropa ( the mark of distinguished service to the Sikh faith or , in general , humanity ) , sending shock waves among the Sikh community . On 12 October 1920 , students and faculty of the Amritsar Khalsa College called a meeting to demand the immediate removal of the Gurudwaras from the control of Mahants . The result was the formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandak Committee on 15 November 1920 to manage and to implement reforms in Sikh shrines . Regret ( edit ) Although Queen Elizabeth II had not made any comments on the incident during her state visits in 1961 and 1983 , she spoke about the events at a state banquet in India on 13 October 1997 : It is no secret that there have been some difficult episodes in our past -- Jallianwala Bagh , which I shall visit tomorrow , is a distressing example . But history can not be rewritten , however much we might sometimes wish otherwise . It has its moments of sadness , as well as gladness . We must learn from the sadness and build on the gladness . On 14 October 1997 , Queen Elizabeth II visited Jallianwala Bagh and paid her respects with a 30 ‐ second moment of silence . During the visit , she wore a dress of a colour described as pink apricot or saffron , which was of religious significance to the Sikhs . She removed her shoes while visiting the monument and laid a wreath at the monument . While some Indians welcomed the expression of regret and sadness in the Queen 's statement , others criticised it for being less than an apology . The then Prime Minister of India Inder Kumar Gujral defended the Queen , saying that the Queen herself had not even been born at the time of the events and should not be required to apologise . Controversies ( edit ) The Queen 's 1997 statement was not without controversies . During her visit , there were protests brewing in the city of Amritsar outside , people chanting slogans `` Queen , go back . '' Queen Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh merely signed on the visitor 's book . The fact that they did not leave any comment , leave aside , even regretting the incident was criticized . During the same visit , minutes after Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip stood in silence at the Flame of Liberty , the Duke of Edinburgh and his guide , Partha Sarathi Mukherjee , reached a plaque recording the events of the 1919 massacre . Among the many things found on the plaque was the assertion that 2,000 people were killed by Gen. Dyer 's troops . ( The precise text is : `` This place is saturated with the blood of about two thousand Hindus , Sikhs and Muslims who were martyred in a non-violent struggle . '' It goes on to describe the events of that day . ) `` That 's a bit exaggerated , '' Philip told Mukherjee , `` it must include the wounded . '' Mukherjee asked Philip how he had come to this conclusion . `` I was told about the killings by General Dyer 's son , '' Mukherjee recalls the Duke as saying , `` I 'd met him while I was in the Navy . '' These statements by Philip drew widespread condemnation in India . Indian journalist Praveen Swami wrote in the Frontline magazine : `` ( The fact that ) ... this was the solitary comment Prince Philip had to offer after his visit to Jallianwala Bagh ... ( and that ) it was the only aspect of the massacre that exercised his imagination , caused offence . It suggested that the death of 379 people was in some way inadequate to appall the royal conscience , in the way the death of 2,000 people would have . Perhaps more important of all , the staggering arrogance that Prince Philip displayed in citing his source of information on the tragedy made clear the lack of integrity in the wreath - laying . '' Demands for apology ( edit ) There are long - standing demands in India that Britain should apologize for the massacre . Winston Churchill , on 8 July 1920 , urged the House of Commons to punish Colonel Dyer . Churchill succeeded in persuading the House to forcibly retire Colonel Dyer , but Churchill would have preferred to have seen the colonel disciplined . In February 2013 David Cameron became the first serving British Prime Minister to visit the site , laid a wreath at the memorial , and described the Amritsar massacre as `` a deeply shameful event in British history , one that Winston Churchill rightly described at that time as monstrous . We must never forget what happened here and we must ensure that the UK stands up for the right of peaceful protests '' . Cameron did not deliver an official apology . This was criticized by some commentators . Writing in The Telegraph , Sankarshan Thakur wrote , `` Over nearly a century now British protagonists have approached the 1919 massacre ground of Jallianwala Bagh thumbing the thesaurus for an appropriate word to pick . ' Sorry ' has not been among them . '' Jallianwala Bagh memorial The issue of apology resurfaced during the 2016 India visit of Prince William and Kate Middleton when both decided to skip the memorial site from their itinerary . In 2017 , Indian author and politician Shashi Tharoor suggested that the Jalianwala Bagh centenary in 2019 should be a `` good time '' for the British to apologise to the Indians for wrongs committed during the colonial rule . Visiting the memorial on 6 December 2017 , London 's mayor Sadiq Khan called on the British government to apologize for the massacre . In popular culture ( edit ) 1932 : Noted Hindi poet Subhadra Kumari Chauhan wrote a poem , `` Jallianwalla Bagh Mein Basant '' , ( Spring in the Jallianwalla Bagh ) in memory of the slain in her anthology Bikhre Moti ( Scattered Pearls ) . 1977 : The massacre is portrayed in the Hindi movie Jallian Wala Bagh starring Vinod Khanna , Parikshat Sahni , Shabana Azmi , Sampooran Singh Gulzar , and Deepti Naval . The film was written , produced and directed by Balraj Tah with the screenplay by Gulzar . The film is a part - biopic of Udham Singh ( played by Parikshit Sahni ) who assassinated Michael O'Dwyer in 1940 . Portions of the film were shot in the UK notably in Coventry and surrounding areas . 1981 : Salman Rushdie 's novel Midnight 's Children portrays the massacre from the perspective of a doctor in the crowd , saved from the gunfire by a well - timed sneeze . 1982 : The massacre is depicted in Richard Attenborough 's film Gandhi with the role of General Dyer played by Edward Fox . The film depicts most of the details of the massacre as well as the subsequent inquiry by the Montague commission . 1984 : The story of the massacre also occurs in the 7th episode of Granada TV 's 1984 series The Jewel in the Crown , recounted by the fictional widow of a British officer who is haunted by the inhumanity of it and who tells how she came to be reviled because she defied the honours to Dyer and instead donated money to the Indian victims . 2002 : In the Hindi movie The Legend of Bhagat Singh directed by Rajkumar Santoshi , the massacre is reconstructed with the child Bhagat Singh as a witness , eventually inspiring him to become a revolutionary in the Indian independence movement . 2006 : Portions of the Hindi movie Rang De Basanti nonlinearly depict the massacre and the influence it had on the freedom fighters . 2009 : Bali Rai 's novel , City of Ghosts , is partly set around the massacre , blending fact with fiction and magical realism . Dyer , Udham Singh and other real historical figures feature in the story . 2012 : A few shots of the massacre are captured in the movie Midnight 's Children , a Canadian - British film adaptation of Salman Rushdie 's 1981 novel of the same name directed by Deepa Mehta . 2014 : The British period drama Downton Abbey makes a reference to the massacre in the eighth episode of season 5 as `` that terrible Amritsar business '' . The characters of Lord Grantham , Isobel Crawley and Shrimpy express their disapproval of the massacre when Susan MacClare and Lord Sinderby support it . 2017 : The Hindi language movie Phillauri references the massacre as the reason the spirit of the primary character portrayed by Anushka Sharma can not find peace as her lover lost his life in Amritsar and was unable to return to their village for their wedding . The movie depicts the massacre and the following stampede , with the climax shot on - location at the modern - day Jallianwallah Bagh memorial . See also ( edit ) India portal Punjab portal United Kingdom portal Death portal Vidurashwatha British Raj Babrra massacre Massacre of Chumik Shenko Indian independence movement List of massacres in India Bloody Sunday , a day of IRA assassinations in Ireland and revenge attacks by the Royal Irish Constabulary on a crowd at Croke Park and on prisoners at Dublin Castle Mahatma Gandhi Jinnah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1919 Jallianwalla Bagh massacre '' . Discover Sikhism . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Raja Ram , The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre : A Premeditated Plan , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Report of Commissioners , Vol I , II , Bombay , 1920 , Reprint New Delhi , 1976 , p 56 . Jump up ^ Nigel Collett ( 15 October 2006 ) . The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer . A&C Black . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 575 - 8 . 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Journal of Contemporary History . Sage Publications . 3 ( 4 ) : 92 . JSTOR 259846 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Margaret W. ( Spring 1972 ) . `` Essays on Gandhian Politics : the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919 ( in Book Reviews ) '' . Pacific Affairs . University of British Columbia . 45 ( 1 ) : 129 . doi : 10.2307 / 2755297 . Jump up ^ Wolpert , Stanley ( 2013 ) . Jinnah of Pakistan . Karachi , Pakistan : Oxford University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 577389 - 7 . Jump up ^ Swami P ( November 1 , 1997 ) . `` Jallianwala Bagh revisited '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Cell , John W. ( 2002 ) . Hailey : A Study in British Imperialism , 1872 -- 1969 . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52117 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brown , Emily ( May 1973 ) . `` Book Reviews ; South Asia '' . The Journal of Asian Studies . 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( Kurukshetra University Books and Stationery Shop for ) Lyall Book Depot . ^ Jump up to : http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a512476.pdf Jump up ^ Nigel Collett , The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer ( 2006 ) p. 267 Jump up ^ Derek Sayer , `` British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919 -- 1920 '' , Past & Present , May 1991 , Issue 131 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Nigel Collett , The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer ( 2006 ) p. 372 Jump up ^ Derek Sayer , `` British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919 -- 1920 '' , Past & Present , May 1991 , Issue 131 , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : `` Hansard ( House of Commons Archives ) '' . Hansard : 1719 -- 1733 . 8 July 1920 . ^ Jump up to : Manchester , William ( 1988 ) . The Last Lion : Winston Spencer Churchill , Visions of Glory ( 1874 -- 1932 ) . Little , Brown . p. 694 . Jump up ^ J.A. Cloake ( 1994 ) . Britain in the Modern World . Oxford University Press . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Rabindranath Tagore ; Sisir Kumar Das ( January 1996 ) . A miscellany . Sahitya Akademi . pp. 982 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 260 - 0094 - 4 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest for Jalianwalla Bagh mass killing '' . The Times of India . Mumbai : Bennett , Coleman & Co. Ltd. 13 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Kalyan Sen Gupta ( 2005 ) . The philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . pp. 3 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3036 - 4 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Rabindranath Tagore ; Introduction By Mohit K. Ray ( 1 January 2007 ) . English Writings of Rabindranath TagoreMiscellaneous Writings Vol # 8 . Atlantic Publishers & Dist . pp. 1021 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 0761 - 8 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Collett , Nigel ( 2006 ) . The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer . Amritsar ( India ) : Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 333 -- 334 . ISBN 9781852855758 . Jump up ^ Steven Patterson , The cult of imperial honor in British India ( 2009 ) P. 67 Jump up ^ Nick Lloyd , The Amritsar Massacre : The Untold Story of One Fateful Day ( 2011 ) p. 157 Jump up ^ Collett , The Butcher of Amritsar p. 337 Jump up ^ Cyril Henry Philips , `` The evolution of India and Pakistan , 1858 to 1947 : select documents '' p. 214 . Oxford University Press , 1962 Jump up ^ Winston Churchill ( 8 July 1920 ) . `` Winston Churchill 's speech in the House of Commons '' . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Air Force Power Review '' ( PDF ) . 1 . Spring 2008 . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ The Times , London , 16 March 1940 Jump up ^ Public and Judicial Department , File No L / P + J / 7 / 3822 , Caxton Hall outrage , India Office Library and Records , London , pp 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Government of India , Home Department , Political File No 18 / 3 / 1940 , National Archives of India , New Delhi , p40 Jump up ^ CRIM 1 / 1177 , Public Record Office , London , p 64 Jump up ^ Ajit Singh Sarhadi , `` Punjabi Suba : The Story of the Struggle '' , Kapur Printing Press , Delhi , 1970 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Indian critiques of Gandhi -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5910 - 2 . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , John F. ( 15 October 1997 ) . `` In India , Queen Bows Her Head Over a Massacre in 1919 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rediff On The NeT : Queen visits Jallianwalla Bagh '' . www.rediff.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Jallianwala Bagh massacre anniversary : Is it time for Britain to apologise for excesses committed on Indians ? '' . India Today . ^ Jump up to : `` History repeats itself , in stopping short '' . ^ Jump up to : http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1422/14220460.htm Jump up ^ `` Rediff On The NeT : Prince Philip kicks up another storm '' . m.rediff.com . Jump up ^ Burns , John F. ( 19 October 1997 ) . `` India and England Beg to Differ ; Tiptoeing Through the Time of the Raj '' -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Jallianwala Bagh centenary a ' good time ' for British to apologise : Shashi Tharoor '' . 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron marks British 1919 Amritsar massacre '' . News . BBC . 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . `` Not our finest hour : David Cameron to visit Amritsar massacre site but wo n't make official apology '' . News . Daily Mirror. 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . `` Jallianwala Bagh killings shameful , says David Cameron '' . News . Daily News and Analysis . 20 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jallianwala Bagh : The shrine Kate and Will should not have given a miss '' . Jump up ^ `` When will a British PM beg forgiveness for Jallianwala Bagh massacre ? '' . www.dailyo.in . Jump up ^ `` Britain must apologise for Jallianwala Bagh massacre : London Mayor Sadiq Khan '' . 6 December 2017 -- via The Economic Times . Jump up ^ `` जलियाँवाला बाग में बसंत / सुभद्राकुमारी चौहान - कविता कोश '' . kavitakosh.org . Jump up ^ Jallian Wala Bagh on IMDb Further reading ( edit ) Collett , Nigel ( 2006 ) . The Butcher of Amritsar : General Reginald Dyer . Draper , Alfred ( 1985 ) . The Amritsar Massacre : Twilight of the Raj . Hopkirk , Peter ( 1997 ) . Like Hidden Fire : The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire . Kodansha Globe . ISBN 1 - 56836 - 127 - 0 . Judd , Dennis ( 1996 ) . `` The Amritsar Massacre of 1919 : Gandhi , the Raj and the Growth of Indian Nationalism , 1915 -- 39 '' , in Judd , Empire : The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present . Basic Books . pp 258 -- 72 . Lloyd , Nick ( 2011 ) . The Amritsar Massacre : The Untold Story of One Fateful Day . Narain , Savita ( 1998 ) . The historiography of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , 1919 . New Delhi : Spantech and Lancer . 76pp . ISBN 1 - 897829 - 36 - 1 Swinson , Arthur ( 1964 ) . Six Minutes to Sunset : The Story of General Dyer and the Amritsar Affair . London : Peter Davies . Wagner , Kim A. `` Calculated to Strike Terror ' : The Amritsar Massacre and the Spectacle of Colonial Violence . '' Past Present ( 2016 ) 233 # 1 : 185 - 225 . doi : 10.1093 / pastj / gtw037 External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Debate on this incident in the British Parliament . An NPR interview with Bapu Shingara Singh -- the last known surviving witness . Churchill 's speech after the incident . Amritsar Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh Listen to the Shaheed song of the Amritsar Massacre at Jallian Wala Bagh . Amritsar Massacre as a turning point in the British Raj -- Description and analysis of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre . 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Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who banned all public meetings and procession in amritsar | [
"At 9:00 on the morning of 13 April, the traditional festival of Baisakhi, Colonel Reginald Dyer, the acting military commander for Amritsar and its environs, proceeded through the city with several city officials, announcing the implementation of a pass system to enter or leave Amritsar, a curfew beginning at 20:00 that night and a ban on all processions and public meetings of four or more persons. The proclamation was read and explained in English, Urdu, Hindi and Punjabi, but few paid it any heed or appear to have learned of it later.[40] Meanwhile, the local CID had received intelligence of the planned meeting in the Jallianwala Bagh through word of mouth and plainclothes detectives in the crowds. At 12:40, Dyer was informed of the meeting and returned to his base at around 13:30 to decide how to handle it.[41]\n"
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"Colonel Reginald Dyer"
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2412314865185430628 | Votive candle | Votive candle - wikipedia Votive candle Jump to : navigation , search A votive candle rack at Grace Episcopal Cathedral , an Anglican Christian cathedral in Topeka . A votive candle or prayer candle is a small candle , typically white or beeswax yellow , intended to be burnt as a votive offering in an act of Christian prayer , especially within the Anglican and Roman Catholic Christian denominations , among others . In Christianity , votive candles are commonplace in many churches , as well as home altars , and symbolize the `` prayers the worshipper is offering for him or herself , or for other people . '' The size of a votive candle is often two inches tall by one and a half inches diameter , although other votive candles can be significantly taller and wider . In other religions , such as Hinduism and Buddhism , similar offerings exist , which include diyas and butter lamps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Use by Christian denomination 1.1 Anglicanism 1.2 Catholicism 1.3 Eastern Orthodoxy 1.4 Lutheranism 1.5 Methodism 2 Composition 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Use by Christian denomination ( edit ) Votive candles at a small Roman Catholic Christian grotto in the American state of Texas Votive candles on sale for Hallowe'en in a Midwestern department store Candles are lit for prayer intentions . To `` light a candle for someone '' indicates one 's intention to say a prayer for another person , and the candle symbolizes that prayer . Many times , `` a board is placed nearby with names of those for whom prayer is requested . '' A donation box sometimes is placed near a votive candle rack in order that Christians lighting the votive candles can help defray the cost of votive candles . Anglicanism ( edit ) Some Anglican churches , especially those that worship in the High Church or Anglo - Catholic tradition , have votive candles for purposes of praying for the dead as well as asking for saintly intercession . Catholicism ( edit ) In the Roman Catholic Church , candles are placed before a statue of Jesus or of the Blessed Virgin Mary . Often , in older or traditional churches , this will be before a bye - altar . Candles used may vary from long , taper - type candles to tealight candles . Tealight candles are either placed in holders or just on a platform in front of the statue . Long candles may be placed in a special holder . Eastern orthodoxy ( edit ) Orthodox churches use long , thin candles , which are placed in round containers . In the Eastern Orthodox Church , candles are lit before icons , usually of Jesus Christ or the Holy Theotokos . Usually Orthodox churches only use long , thin candles . These are usually placed in round containers , having either various sockets to hold the candles , or in a container filled with sand , in which the worshippers place their candles . Orthodox churches will usually have a separate place to put candles lit for the departed ; Anglican and Roman Catholic churches make no such distinction . Lutheranism ( edit ) Lutheran churches may use votive candles which may be lit at home , as a part of personal or family devotions , or at the church . They are usually lit on the altar rails , or in front of the altar cross . They are also often lit during the liturgy of Good Friday . Methodism ( edit ) In the United Methodist Church , those churches which worship in the High Church tradition make use of votive candles . During the liturgical celebration of Allhallowtide , especially on All Saints ' Day ( All Hallows ' Day ) , votive candles are lit and a prayer is said for each person of the congregation who has died that year . Composition ( edit ) Votive candles are made from different types of waxes including paraffin , soy wax or beeswax . There are different grades of wax with different melting points . Paraffin is often mixed with other types of waxes , such as beeswax or vegetable wax . This is done to obtain the rigidity necessary for the type of candle being made . The speed at which the candle burns depends on the composition of the wax . A taper candle that sits in a ring - shaped candle holder may have a low melting point and produce little to no oil , whereas a votive candle set in a glass cup may have a very low melting point and turn to oil . Pillar candles , large candles often with multiple wicks , have their own formula . Soy jar candles tend to have a lower melting point than pillars and votive candles . Candle quality also varies widely depending on the candle maker . The aroma of a lighted scented candle is released through the evaporation of the fragrance from the hot wax pool and from the solid candle itself . Lead wicks are unlikely to be found in any candle sold in the U.S. today : lead - core wicks have been banned from the U.S. since 2003 , and members of the National Candle Association -- which account for more than 90 % of candles made in the U.S. -- have not used lead wicks for more than 30 years . Reputable manufacturers use cotton , cotton - paper , zinc - core or tin - core wicks , all of which are known to be safe . Gallery ( edit ) Votive candles on a Christian home altar surrounding a crucifix in crystal Madonna and Child with a votive candle rack and prie - dieu in a Methodist church Portuguese votive candles in the shape of afflicted body parts Hand - poured blue votive candles Hand - poured green votive candles A child lighting a votive candle at the Catholic Christian Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels Votive candles at the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis Automatic votive candles See also ( edit ) Anglican devotions Candlemas Ex-voto Grave candle Incense Paschal candle Votive References ( edit ) Christianity portal ^ Jump up to : Geddes , Gordon ; Griffiths , Jane ( 2002 ) . Christian Belief and Practice . Heinemann . p. 68 . ISBN 9780435306915 . Many Christians light candles as an aid to prayer . In Roman Catholic and some Anglican churches , Christians place a lighted candle by a statue of Jesus , Mary or one of the saints . The candles are called votive candles . They are symbols of the prayers the worshipper is offering for him or herself , or for other people . In some churches a board is placed nearby with names of those for whom prayer is requested . ^ Jump up to : Keene , Michael ( 2000 ) . Christian Life . Nelson Thornes . p. 11 . ISBN 9780748752874 . The shape of many of the older churches was important . The central aisle down the middle ( the nave ) was crossed by another aisle in front of the sanctuary to form a cross-shape . The shape of the church is a reminder to everyone of the death of Jesus . The people sit on either side of the aisle in pews . Candles are a feature of many churches although they are not found in Nonconformist churches . People often light a candle before they say a prayer -- the candles used for this purpose are called ' votive candles ' . Candles remind worshippers of Jesus who described himself as ' the Light of the world ' . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Frank Leslie ; Livingstone , Elizabeth A. ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Oxford University Press . p. 277 . ISBN 9780192802903 . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Votive candles are candles lit before statues in churches or shrines as personal offerings . Jump up ^ O'Toole , James M. ( 1 July 2005 ) . Habits of Devotion . Cornell University Press . p. 128 . ISBN 9780801472558 . Everyday forms of Marian devotion like the recitation of daily prayers or litanies or 1he lighting of votive candles at a church or before a home altar , though still practiced , seem to be less attached to a communal focus . Jump up ^ `` Ask a Catholic : Why light candles at church ? '' . Cptryon.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Benedict , Daniel . `` Emerging Worship : Votive Candles , Prayer , and Postmoderns '' . United Methodist Church - General Board of Discipleship . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.candles.org/elements_fragrance.html Archived July 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Media related to Votive candles at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Votive_candle&oldid=799360610 '' Categories : Candles Christian religious objects Christian prayer Votive offering Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 06 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what do candles symbolize in the catholic church | [
"A votive candle or prayer candle is a small candle, typically white or beeswax yellow, intended to be burnt as a votive offering in an act of Christian prayer, especially within the Anglican and Roman Catholic Christian denominations, among others.[1][2][3] In Christianity, votive candles are commonplace in many churches, as well as home altars, and symbolize the \"prayers the worshipper is offering for him or herself, or for other people.\"[4][2][3] The size of a votive candle is often two inches tall by one and a half inches diameter, although other votive candles can be significantly taller and wider. In other religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, similar offerings exist, which include diyas and butter lamps."
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"the \"prayers the worshipper is offering for him or herself, or for other people."
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651294105754681460 | Sykes (dog) | Sykes ( dog ) - wikipedia Sykes ( dog ) Sykes Sykes , appearing at Discover Dogs in 2010 Species Dog Breed Terrier Sex Male Nation from United Kingdom Occupation Dog actor Years active 2004 - 15 Owner Gill Raddings Sykes is a dog actor from Clifton , Oxfordshire , England . He is best known in the UK for his appearance as Harvey in Thinkbox 's television commercial and , under his real name , in Midsomer Murders ( Series fourteen to eighteen , inclusive ) . He has also appeared in several Hollywood blockbusters . Originally found as a stray in 2004 , his owner is animal trainer and stunt dog specialist Gill Raddings . Since January 2016 Sykes has been in semi-retirement with him no longer being displayed as available for hire on Gill Raddings ' agency website ; however , if a producer from a previous role of his needs Sykes they are able to use him . Contents 1 History 2 Career 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Sykes was found roaming as a stray in 2004 , at an estimated age of seven months . He was rehomed with Gill Raddings , a stunt dog specialist in Clifton , Oxfordshire , after some friends of hers found the dog while out walking dogs of their own . The police were going to place him in kennels , so Raddings took in the stray . Raddings runs a company called Action Stunt Dogs and Animals , and other dogs living at her home with Sykes include Kyte , the Belgian Shepherd who portrayed Wellard in EastEnders . Although a cross-breed , his owner believes that there may be some Parson Russell Terrier stock in him due to his long legs . Career ( edit ) They say you should never work with animals or children but , as far as I 'm concerned , it 's rubbish because Sykes -- as I 've come to know him -- was the consummate professional . It was a joy to work with him . Peter Kay . Following his appearance in Thinkbox 's award winning advert `` Every Home Needs a Harvey '' , he has become better known to the public as his character in the advert , `` Harvey '' . In the advert he gets up to several different antics in order to impress prospective adoptors in an animal shelter including ironing , cooking and driving children to school . By the end of 2010 , the advert had been viewed on YouTube more than a million times , and had over 11,600 followers on Facebook . The advert was named `` Advert of the Year '' by ITV for 2010 . In September 2010 , the John Smith 's Brewery advert `` Dog Show '' began to broadcast , starring Peter Kay and co-starring Sykes as the Jack Russell Terrier `` Tonto '' . Films that Sykes has appeared in include Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street , The Other Boleyn Girl , Young Victoria , The Dutchess , Alexander , Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time , Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , The Wolfman and Clash of Titans . Sykes ' first TV series was a brief disobedient role in Return to Cranford ( 2009 ) . He was then cast in Midsomer Murders after attracting the attention of series producer , Brian True - May , and appeared in the show regularly from March 2011 until 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mouland , Bill ( 17 January 2010 ) . `` A dog with the bow wow factor : We collar Harvey - the star of TV 's funniest commercial '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sloan , Liam ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` How Sykes the Oxfordshire terrier became a TV star '' . The Oxford Times . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter 's ' Kay - nine ' capers are best in John Smith 's show '' . John Smith 's Brewery . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Mike ( 9 September 2010 ) . `` Dog has its day in Thinkbox campaign for power of TV advertising '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ad of the Year 2010 : the countdown '' . Thinkbox . Retrieved 1 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Littlejohn , Georgina ( 13 March 2011 ) . `` Sykes the Jack Russell to become the first four - legged member of Midsomer Murders cast '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 13 March 2011 . External links ( edit ) Gill Radding 's Stunt Dogs and Animals Official Harvey Facebook Page Sykes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sykes_(dog)&oldid=833004381 '' Categories : Dog actors Individual dogs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2014 Use British English from September 2014 Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 04 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the dog called in midsomer murders | [
"Sykes is a dog actor from Clifton, Oxfordshire, England. He is best known in the UK for his appearance as Harvey in Thinkbox's television commercial and, under his real name, in Midsomer Murders (Series fourteen to eighteen, inclusive). He has also appeared in several Hollywood blockbusters. Originally found as a stray in 2004, his owner is animal trainer and stunt dog specialist Gill Raddings. Since January 2016 Sykes has been in semi-retirement with him no longer being displayed as available for hire on Gill Raddings' agency website; however, if a producer from a previous role of his needs Sykes they are able to use him. \n"
] | [
"Sykes"
] |
3516379175198730524 | Karen Gillan | Karen Gillan - wikipedia Karen Gillan Not to be confused with Karen Gillon . Karen Gillan Gillan in 2017 ( 1987 - 11 - 28 ) 28 November 1987 ( age 30 ) Inverness , Scotland Residence New York City , US Nationality Scottish Alma mater Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts Occupation Actress , director , screenwriter , model Years active 2000 -- present Relatives Caitlin Blackwood ( cousin ) Karen Gillan ( born 28 November 1987 ) is a Scottish actress , director , screenwriter and model . She played the role of Amy Pond , companion to the Eleventh Doctor , in the BBC One science fiction series Doctor Who ( 2010 -- 2013 ) . She has received wide recognition for portraying Nebula in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , and its untitled sequel ( 2019 ) , and also played Ruby Roundhouse in the box - office hit Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) . In 2018 , she released her first feature film as writer and director , titled The Party 's Just Beginning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Television 2.2 Film 2.3 Theatre 2.4 Selected other work 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Feature films 4.2 Short films 4.3 Television 4.4 Video games 5 Stage 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Gillan was born and raised in Inverness in the Scottish Highlands , the only child of Marie ( née Paterson ) and Raymond Gillan , a singer and recording artist . When she turned 16 , Gillan moved to Edinburgh and completed an HNC Acting and Performance course at Telford College . She moved to London at age 18 to study at the drama school , Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts . While studying at Italia Conti , Gillan was scouted by a modelling agency . Gillan has said she would not give up her acting career to return to modelling , stating that she enjoyed modelling but acting was always her main interest and goal . Career ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Gillan with Matt Smith , filming her first Doctor Who episode as Amy Pond . Gillan 's early television acting career included guest appearances on several drama series , with her first role being in an episode of Rebus , a role she obtained while still at Italia Conti . Gillan then undertook a two - year stint as a member of the ensemble cast of the sketch comedy series The Kevin Bishop Show , in which she played multiple characters including celebrities such as Katy Perry and Angelina Jolie . Gillan also appeared on TV in a leading role in a horror project entitled The Well , which was broadcast as a series of episodic short films on BBC Two and later as a web series on BBC.co.uk . Part of the BBC 's multimedia `` switch '' programming , the short episodes interconnect with online games that further explore the environments presented in the series . She was cast for the role of the Eleventh Doctor 's first companion , Amy Pond , on the British sci - fi series Doctor Who in May 2009 . She made her first on - screen appearance as Amy Pond in `` The Eleventh Hour '' with her cousin Caitlin Blackwood portraying a young Amelia ( Amy ) Pond . In 2010 , she won in the Entertainment category at Young Scot Awards , which she accepted via video link as she was filming abroad and unable to attend the ceremony . She appeared in the following sixth series in 2011 and the first five episodes of the seventh series in 2012 . She reprised the role in a cameo appearance in the 2013 Christmas special `` The Time of the Doctor '' . Gillan had appeared in Doctor Who once before in the series four episode `` The Fires of Pompeii '' in the role of a Soothsayer . During an interview at the 2011 San Diego Comic - Con , Gillan revealed that she would be returning to Doctor Who for its seventh series . On 15 December 2011 , it was announced Gillan and Arthur Darvill ( Rory Williams ) would be leaving Doctor Who during the seventh series in 2012 . She was cast in comedian Charlie Brooker 's TV series A Touch of Cloth , portraying Kerry Newblood . Gillan joined the regular cast of Adult Swim 's NTSF : SD : SUV : : for the show 's third season in 2013 . In February 2014 , Gillan was cast as the lead in Selfie , an American single - camera sitcom for ABC , which is produced by Warner Bros. Television and was greenlit for the 2014 -- 15 US television season . Gillan played a social media - obsessed socialite named Eliza Dooley , a modern - day take on the main character from My Fair Lady , Eliza Doolittle . This was Gillan 's first time starring in the lead role of an American television series . The series was cancelled by ABC on 7 November 2014 after seven episodes ; the remaining six episodes were made available on Hulu starting 25 November 2014 . Film ( edit ) Gillan at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con She appeared in the Channel 4 film Stacked , playing the role of Ginny . In August 2011 , it was announced that Gillan would star in an indie Scottish romantic comedy called Not Another Happy Ending alongside Emun Elliott . She was selected by director John McKay because he came to know her during the production of We 'll Take Manhattan , which he also directed , as `` a very bubbly , vibrant , energetic , funny , slightly clumsy person '' who was a perfect fit for the character . Filming took place in July 2012 , though Elliott was replaced by Stanley Weber . Gillan told journalists that she was happy to be involved in a Scottish production that `` is n't about drug use or fighting the English '' . The film premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival in June 2013 . In 2012 , Gillan appeared in the television film We 'll Take Manhattan playing the part of supermodel Jean Shrimpton , which told the story of Shrimpton 's relationship with the photographer David Bailey . Gillan starred in the lead role in the supernatural horror movie Oculus , which was filmed in Alabama and released in April 2014 . In May 2013 , Gillan was cast as Nebula in the Marvel superhero science fiction film Guardians of the Galaxy , which was released in August 2014 . Gillan had her head shaved bald for the role . In May 2014 , Gillan was cast in the Ti West - directed Western film In a Valley of Violence opposite John Travolta , Ethan Hawke and Taissa Farmiga . Gillan portrayed Ellen , the older sister to Farmiga 's character . In 2015 , Gillan appeared in the Adam McKay - directed drama film The Big Short alongside Brad Pitt , Christian Bale , Ryan Gosling , Steve Carell and Melissa Leo . In 2017 , Gillan reprised her role as Nebula in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , this time becoming a member of the film 's eponymous team , and co-starred in The Circle , alongside Emma Watson , Tom Hanks , and John Boyega . The latter film , released in April , was directed and written by James Ponsoldt , and was based on the novel by Dave Eggers . Also that year , Gillan played the lead female role in Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , a sequel to 1995 film Jumanji , starring alongside Dwayne Johnson , Kevin Hart , Jack Black and Nick Jonas . Gillan reprised her Nebula character in Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled , upcoming , sequel , which were filmed back - to - back . Principal photography began in January 2017 , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia . Theatre ( edit ) In 2011 , Gillan made her first theatre appearance playing the role of Shirley in John Osborne 's play Inadmissible Evidence along with Douglas Hodge . The play debuted at the Donmar Warehouse on 16 October 2011 . In November 2013 , Gillan appeared on Broadway in a play called Time to Act , one of the plays included in `` The 24 Hour Plays on Broadway '' to benefit the non-profit Urban Arts Partnership . Selected other work ( edit ) Gillan has also voiced advertisements for eHarmony and The Royal Bank of Scotland . Gillan also appeared in TV on the Radio 's `` Happy Idiot '' music video , released on 3 October 2014 . Gillan wrote and directed her first short film , Coward , which screened at the 2015 Edinburgh Film Festival , and nominated for several awards . Later in the year she wrote , directed , and starred in another short film called Conventional . On 2 November 2016 , it was announced that Gillan will write , direct and star in her feature directorial debut with Burbank - based development and production company Mt . Hollywood Films ' indie drama project titled Tupperware Party . Set in her home city of Inverness in the Scottish Highlands , filming began in January 2017 and wrapped in the next month . The title of the film was later changed to The Party 's Just Beginning . Personal life ( edit ) In 2011 , Gillan helped promote Fashion Targets Breast Cancer ( FTBC ) and the opening of Squirrel Ward in Great Ormond Street Hospital in London . During a 2012 interview on The Late Late Show , she stated that she had relocated to the US to star in the film Oculus . She has stated that , although her family is Catholic , she has not been christened and is not religious , instead agreeing with the statement that , `` we 're just minuscule dots in the vast cosmic emptiness of the universe '' . Filmography ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Outcast Ally 2013 Not Another Happy Ending Jane Lockhart Oculus Kaylie Russell 2014 Guardians of the Galaxy Nebula First live action appearance of the character 2015 The Big Short Evie 2016 In a Valley of Violence Ellen 2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Nebula The Circle Annie Allerton Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Ruby Roundhouse ( Martha Kaply ) 2018 The Party 's Just Beginning Liusaidh Also director and screenwriter Avengers : Infinity War Nebula Alex & the List Lily Filmed in 2013 All Creatures Here Below Post-production 2019 Untitled Avengers film Nebula Post-production Short films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2014 Bound for Greatness Maeve MacDonough 2015 Warning Labels Mindy Coward N / A Director , screenwriter and executive producer Conventional Rachel Milligan Also director and screenwriter Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Rebus Teri Cotter Episode : `` A Question of Blood '' 2008 Stacked Ginny Turner Television film Doctor Who Soothsayer Episode : `` The Fires of Pompeii '' Harley Street Holly Episode 1 2008 -- 2009 The Kevin Bishop Show Various characters Main role 2008 Coming Up Anna Episode : `` Thinspiration '' 2009 The Well Coll 4 episodes 2010 -- 2013 Doctor Who Amy Pond Series 5 -- 7 , 2013 specials 2010 -- 2011 Doctor Who Confidential Herself Recurring role 2012 We 'll Take Manhattan Jean Shrimpton Television film In Love With ... Laura Episode : `` In Love with Coward '' Performed the character from Noël Coward 's play , Still Life 2013 NTSF : SD : SUV : : Daisy Main role 2014 A Touch of Cloth Kerry Newblood 2 episodes Selfie Eliza Dooley Main role 2015 The Devil You Know Jane Porter HBO pilot episode Not picked up Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Herself Episode : `` Karen Gillan Wears A Black and White Striped Pullover and Coral Skirt '' 7 Days in Hell Lily Allsworth Television film Robot Chicken Anastasia Steele Voice Episode : `` Zero Vegetables '' 2016 Emo Dad Jessica ( voice ) 5 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : City of the Daleks Amy Pond Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : Blood of the Cybermen Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : TARDIS Doctor Who : Evacuation Earth Doctor Who : Return to Earth Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : Shadows of the Vashta Nerada 2011 Doctor Who : The Adventure Games : The Gunpowder Plot Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Venue 2011 Inadmissible Evidence Shirley Donmar Warehouse 2013 Time to Act Karen Broadway Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Work Result Ref . TV Quick Awards Best Actress Doctor Who Nominated Cosmopolitan `` Woman of the Year '' Awards Best Actress Won 5th Young Scot Awards Entertainment Won 2011 SFX Awards Best Actress Won TV Choice Awards Best Actress Won Scream Awards Best Sci - Fi Actress Nominated 2012 National Television Awards Best Drama Performance : Female Won SFX Awards Best Actress Nominated Nickelodeon UK Kids ' Choice Awards Favourite UK Actress N / A Nominated Scottish Fashion Awards Scotland 's Fashion Icon N / A Won 2013 National Television Awards Best Drama Performance -- Female Doctor Who Nominated 2014 Fright Meter Awards Best Actress Oculus Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Guardians of the Galaxy Won Nevada Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Cast Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Cast Nominated 2015 Central Ohio Film Critics Association Best Ensemble Nominated Empire Awards Best Female Newcomer Guardians of the Galaxy and Oculus Won Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Actress ( long - list ) Oculus Nominated Hang Onto Your Shorts Film Festival Best Actress in a Short Film ( Long ) Bound for Greatness Nominated IFS Film Festival Best Actress in a Short Film Won Best Independent Short Coward Won Edinburgh International Film Festival Best Short Film Nominated Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards Best Short Film Conventional Nominated 2016 London IFF Film Festival Best Lead Actress in a Short Film Bound for Greatness Won FirstGlance Film Festival Best Actress in a Short Film Won 2017 Maui Film Festival Rising Star N / A Won 2018 Glasgow Film Festival Audience Award The Party 's Just Beginning Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best On - Screen Team ( with Dwayne Johnson , Kevin Hart , Jack Black and Nick Jonas ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Comedy Movie Actress Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday , ' Doctor Who ' Companion Karen Gillan ! - Geek.com '' . 28 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan updates on directing debut , Lee Pace joins cast '' . ScreenDaily. 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dad of former Doctor Who star Karen Gillan aims to follow his daughter into the movie business with film about football star Len Shackleton '' . Daily Record . Scotland . 19 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview Karen Gillan '' . The Scotsman. 3 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Macleod , Calum ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Who 's that girl ? '' . Inverness Courier . Scottish Provincial Press . Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Mark ( 22 March 2010 ) . `` Karen Gillan on being the new doctor who companion '' . The Herald . Newsquest . Archived from the original on 3 December 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Farhoud , Nada ( 20 June 2010 ) . `` Karen Gillan on her role as doctor who 's new sexy sidekick '' . People.co.uk . Archived from the original on 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gerard ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` Karen Gillan : Obsessive fans , short skirts and life with Doctor Who '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bhattacharya , Sanjiv ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` Karen Gillan : ' The American dating scene terrified me ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 23 August 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Switch presents `` The Well '' `` . Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan bags relative role '' . STV. 31 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Stuart ( 22 July 2010 ) . `` Gillan never watched Dr Who until landing leading role '' . The Scotsman . Jump up ^ Morgan , Susan ( 24 April 2011 ) . `` Interview : Karen Gillan , Doctor Who actor '' . The Scotsman . Archived from the original on 5 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young Scot Awards 2010 : Night of tears and joy as inspiring youngsters celebrate '' . Daily Record . Archived from the original on 18 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Doctor Who ' star Karen Gillan set for Season 7 : ' I am going to come back ! ' '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on 30 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Daniel ( 15 December 2011 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' : Karen Gillan , Arthur Darvill to leave next series '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan To Star in Sky1 's A Touch of Cloth '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 17 August 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Kevin ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Alum Karen Gillan Joins Adult Swim 's ' NTSF : SD : SUV : : ' '' . BBC America . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` Doctor Who 's Karen Gillan Joins NTSF : SD : SUV '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Kevin ( 18 February 2014 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Star Karen Gillan Scores Lead in ABC Sitcom Pilot , ' Selfie ' '' . BBC America . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Thursday , May 8 - ABC Continues Series Orders with Quartet '' . The Futon Critic. 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Suzanna ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Karen Gillan 's US comedy Selfie gets a full series '' . Radio Times . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` ' Selfie ' Cancelled By ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 24 November 2014 ) . `` Unaired Selfie Episodes Head to Hulu '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Rick ( 26 August 2008 ) . `` Well Stacked : Raunchy New TV Drama Feature Sexy Antics at Scottish Lads ' Mag '' . Daily Record -- via thefreelibrary.com . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Sarah ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` Not another happy ending '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Beaton , Connor ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` John McKay Talks ' Not Another Happy Ending ' '' . zConnection . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Beaton , Connor ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` '' Not Another Happy Ending '' Casts Stanley Weber `` . zConnection . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Beaton , Connor ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Karen Gillan And Arthur Darvill : What 's Next ? '' . zConnection . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Beaton , Connor ( 24 April 2013 ) . `` Karen Gillan Rom - Com Will Close Edinburgh Film Festival '' . zConnection . Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 30 March 2011 ) . `` Doctor Who 's Karen Gillan to play Jean Shrimpton in BBC4 drama '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Karen Gillan to star in Romeo & Brittney '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We 'll Take Manhattan '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Casting : Karen Gillan to star in `` Oculus '' `` . It 's on the grid . Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' villains revealed '' . Hit Fix . Archived from the original on 18 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` ' Doctor Who 's Karen Gillan Joins Ti West 's ' In A Valley Of Violence ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan Joins Brad Pitt 's ' The Big Short ' '' . The Hollywood News . 9 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( 17 July 2016 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 : Zoe Saldana On Gamora , Nebula And Thanos '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` Karen Gillan Joins Tom Hanks , Emma Watson , John Boyega in ' The Circle ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 2 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` Karen Gillan Game For Big Role In ' Jumanji ' Alongside Dwayne Johnson & Kevin Hart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor Who star Karen Gillan to make theatre debut '' . BBC News . BBC . 22 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 24 Hour Plays on Broadway Benefit 2013 '' . Urban Arts Partnership . Archived from the original on 22 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Minsker , Evan . `` TV on the Radio 's `` Happy Idiot '' Video Stars Paul Reubens ( aka Pee - wee Herman ) and Karen Gillan `` . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFS 2015 Awards '' . The IFS . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Filmmaking Strikes a Note at EIFF 2015 '' . Edinburgh Film Festival . 19 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conventional '' . Fun Sized Horror. 19 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan on Tupperware Party , Inverness and Avengers '' . BBC . 17 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Gillan on Instagram '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on 22 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . That 's a wrap on Tupperware Party ! I am so amazed by every single one of our cast and crew . We had a bloody good laugh and made something really special . Thanks to everyone involved . # tupperwarepartymovie # filmmaking @ malielfman @ clairey1111 Jump up ^ `` Fashion Targets Breast Cancer Launches New Campaign for 2011 '' . The Trend Boutique.co.uk. 13 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Squirrel Ward opens with a visit from Karen Gillan '' . Great Ormond Street Hospital . 3 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who actress Karen Gillan travels back in time as she moves into family home '' . Daily Record . 24 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Teddy ( 15 June 2013 ) . `` Karen Gillan on life , love and Doctor Who '' . The Herald . Archived from the original on 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alex & The List ' Trailer : Jennifer Morrison Creates Rules for the Perfect Boyfriend '' . Jump up ^ Archangel ( 17 March 2012 ) . `` In Love with Coward - Karen Gillan '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 13 March 2015 ) . `` HBO Pilot ' The Devil You Know ' : Ever Carradine & Damien Molony Among Additions '' . Jump up ^ `` The Devil You Know ( HBO ) pilot preview : Meet Nancy Botwin & Piper Chapman 's wild ancestors -- Season Zero '' . season-zero.com . Jump up ^ `` TV Quick Award '' . imdb.com . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmo 's Ultimate Women of the Year Awards '' . Cosmopolitan. 3 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Golder , Dave ( 5 February 2011 ) . `` SFX Awards Winners Announced ( 2011 ) '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on 5 April 2015 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Choice Awards 2011 -- The winners -- TV News '' . Digital Spy. 13 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Budow , Aileen ( 7 September 2011 ) . `` Spike TV Announces `` SCREAM Awards 2011 '' Nominees `` . Spike TV . Archived from the original on 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards winners list -- In Full '' . Digital Spy. 25 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of winners from the SFX 2012 awards '' . 6 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 KCA Nominees '' . Nickelodeon. 19 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who 's Day Roundup : Karen Gillan Named Scottish Fashion Icon of the Year '' . BBC America . 12 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National TV Awards 2013 : The winners ' list -- in full '' . Digital Spy. 23 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners of Fright Meter Awards ( 2014 ) '' . Fright Meter Awards . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . 15 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2016 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Awards for Achievement in Film '' . Nevada Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Award Nominations '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards for 2015 '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on 28 December 2015 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` ' Interstellar ' wins Film , Director at Empire Awards '' . Variety.com . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Female Newcomer '' . Empireonline.com . Bauer Consumer Media . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Gingold ( 1 June 2015 ) . `` The 2015 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Winners and Full Results ! FANGORIA ® '' . Fangoria.com . Archived from the original on 4 December 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners and Nominees '' . hangontoyourshortsfilmfestival.com . Archived from the original on 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFS 2015 AWARD WINNERS '' . IFS . Archived from the original on 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Official Awards nominees '' . Edinburgh International Film Festival . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners announced in the ( Gasp ! ) 14th Annual Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards -- The Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards '' . rondoaward.com . Jump up ^ IFF ( @ FilmFestInt ) ( 26 February 2016 ) . `` Best Lead Actress in a Short Film - Bound for Greatness @ karengillan @ jimmygadd # LondonIFF2016Winners '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ FirstGlance Films ( @ firstglancefilm ) ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Winner - Best Actress ( Short Film ) awarded to @ karengillan # BoundforGreatness by @ jimmygadd # indiefilm # filmmaking '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( 5 June 2017 ) . `` Maui Film Festival Announces Karen Gillan as Rising Star Award Recipient '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Audience Award - Glasgow Film Festival '' . Glasgow Film Festival . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther , ' ' Stranger Things ' Top Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E News . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karen Gillan . Karen Gillan on IMDb Awards for Karen Gillan Empire Award for Best Female Newcomer Felicity Jones ( 2012 ) Samantha Barks ( 2013 ) Margot Robbie ( 2014 ) Karen Gillan ( 2015 ) Daisy Ridley ( 2016 ) Anya Taylor - Joy ( 2017 ) Dafne Keen ( 2018 ) NTA Outstanding Drama Performance David Tennant ( 2008 ) David Tennant ( 2010 ) David Jason ( 2011 ) Matt Smith / Karen Gillan ( 2012 ) Colin Morgan / Miranda Hart ( 2013 ) Matt Smith ( 2014 ) Sheridan Smith ( 2015 ) Suranne Jones ( 2016 ) Sarah Lancashire ( 2017 ) Suranne Jones ( 2018 ) BNE : XX5523217 ISNI : 0000 0001 0750 3039 LCCN : no2010182102 SUDOC : 170541908 VIAF : 160099895 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_Gillan&oldid=850271690 '' Categories : 1987 births 21st - century British actresses Alumni of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts Living people People from Inverness British expatriates in the United States Scottish expatriates in the United States British female models Scottish film actresses Scottish television actresses British video game actresses Scottish women film directors British women screenwriters Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2018 Use dmy dates from February 2018 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 20 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does karen gillian play in the avengers | [
"Karen Gillan (born 28 November 1987[1]) is a Scottish actress, director, screenwriter and model. She played the role of Amy Pond, companion to the Eleventh Doctor, in the BBC One science fiction series Doctor Who (2010–2013). She has received wide recognition for portraying Nebula in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and its untitled sequel (2019), and also played Ruby Roundhouse in the box-office hit Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017).\n"
] | [
"Nebula"
] |
-4187246662852655717 | Kyle Korver | Kyle Korver - wikipedia Kyle Korver Kyle Korver Korver warming up with Cleveland in 2018 No. 26 -- Cleveland Cavaliers Position Shooting guard / Small forward League NBA ( 1981 - 03 - 17 ) March 17 , 1981 ( age 37 ) Paramount , California Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) Listed weight 212 lb ( 96 kg ) Career information High school Pella ( Pella , Iowa ) College Creighton ( 1999 -- 2003 ) NBA draft 2003 / Round : 2 / Pick : 51st overall Selected by the New Jersey Nets Playing career 2003 -- present Career history 2003 -- 2007 Philadelphia 76ers 2007 -- 2010 Utah Jazz 2010 -- 2012 Chicago Bulls 2012 -- 2017 Atlanta Hawks 2017 -- present Cleveland Cavaliers Career highlights and awards NBA All - Star ( 2015 ) NBA Sportsmanship Award ( 2015 ) Consensus second - team All - American ( 2003 ) 2 × MVC Player of the Year ( 2002 , 2003 ) 2 × First - team All - MVC ( 2002 , 2003 ) Second - team All - MVC ( 2001 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Kyle Elliot Korver ( born March 17 , 1981 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Creighton Bluejays and was drafted in the second round of the 2003 NBA draft by the New Jersey Nets . Korver was named an NBA All - Star while with the Atlanta Hawks in 2015 . He set an NBA record in the 2009 -- 10 season when he made 53.6 % of his three - point field goal attempts . Contents 1 Early life 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 Philadelphia 76ers ( 2003 -- 2007 ) 3.2 Utah Jazz ( 2007 -- 2010 ) 3.3 Chicago Bulls ( 2010 -- 2012 ) 3.4 Atlanta Hawks ( 2012 -- 2017 ) 3.4. 1 2012 -- 13 season 3.4. 2 2013 -- 14 season 3.4. 3 2014 -- 15 season 3.4. 4 2015 -- 16 season 3.4. 5 2016 -- 17 season 3.5 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) 4 Career statistics 4.1 NBA 4.1. 1 Regular season 4.1. 2 Playoffs 4.2 College 5 Awards , honors , and records 5.1 NBA 5.2 NCAA 6 Personal life 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Korver was born in Paramount , California , and is the oldest of four children of Kevin Korver , a pastor for the Third Reformed Church in Pella , Iowa , and Laine Korver , both of whom played basketball at Central College in Pella . His grandfather , Harold Korver , is also a pastor at the Immanuel Reformed Church in Paramount , California . He grew up in the Los Angeles area and was a Los Angeles Lakers fan as a child . Watching Magic Johnson , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , and the Showtime Lakers instilled a love of basketball in Korver that made him want to pursue it himself . He moved to Iowa in 1993 when his father accepted his current pastoral position and graduated from Pella High School . In 2018 , he and his three brothers were still in the top 10 in both career scoring and rebounding at Pella High . College career ( edit ) As a freshman at Creighton , Korver was named to the MVC All - Bench , All - Freshman and All - Newcomer teams after he averaged 8.8 points per game while hitting 43.4 percent from three - point range and 89.5 percent at the free - throw line . As a sophomore , Korver earned All - MVC second team honors while leading the conference tournament champion Bluejays with 14.6 points per game . He was also named to the MVC All - Tournament team . As a junior , Korver led the Bluejays to both the Missouri Valley Conference regular season and conference tournament championships . He was then named MVC Player of the Year and an honorable mention All - American . As a senior , Korver again earned MVC Player of the Year and first team All - MVC honors . He was also a consensus second - team All - American and a finalist for the Wooden , Naismith , and Oscar Robertson awards . Korver finished his career at Creighton fourth all - time in scoring ( 1,801 ) and first in three - pointers made ( 371 ) , three - point percentage ( 45.3 ) , and free - throw percentage ( 89.1 ) . His 371 career made three - pointers is an MVC record and tied for sixth most in NCAA history . Korver also holds Creighton single - season records for three - pointers made ( 129 ) , three - point percentage (. 480 ) , and free - throw percentage (. 908 ) . Korver graduated with a bachelor 's degree in visual communications . Professional career ( edit ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 2003 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Korver ( left ) with the 76ers in January 2007 Korver was selected with the 51st overall pick in the 2003 NBA draft by the New Jersey Nets . His draft rights were traded later that night to the Philadelphia 76ers for $125,000 . On August 8 , 2003 , he signed a two - year deal with the 76ers . Korver finished his rookie season averaging 4.1 points in 11.9 minutes per game . Korver finished the 2004 -- 05 season tied for the NBA league leader in three - pointers made with 226 , which also marked a 76ers franchise record . On August 2 , 2005 , Korver re-signed with the 76ers to a six - year , $25 million contract . Korver scored a career - high 31 points against the Milwaukee Bucks on February 24 , 2006 , and duplicated that performance on February 21 , 2007 against the New York Knicks . He averaged a career - high 14.4 points per game during the 2006 -- 07 season , and led the NBA in free - throw percentage with 91.4 percent . Utah Jazz ( 2007 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) On December 29 , 2007 , Korver was traded to the Utah Jazz in exchange for Gordan Giriček and a future first - round draft pick . Korver spent two and a half seasons in Utah , mostly coming off the bench as the team 's sixth man . Korver finished the 2009 -- 10 season hitting 53.6 percent of his three - point shots to secure the NBA 's single - season accuracy record . He drilled 59 - of - 110 three - pointers , edging the record percentage of . 524 that Steve Kerr set in 1994 -- 95 . Korver played in just 52 games for the Jazz in 2009 -- 10 , but his spot - on shooting surged after he finally returned fully healthy after the All - Star break , having struggled with wrist and knee issues following surgeries to both in 2009 . Chicago Bulls ( 2010 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Korver warms up before a 2011 playoff game . On July 13 , 2010 , Korver signed with the Chicago Bulls . In 2010 -- 11 , Korver , for the third time in his career , appeared in 82 games ( all coming off the bench ) , and averaged 8.3 points , 1.8 rebounds and 1.5 assists in 20.1 minutes (. 434 FG % , . 415 3FG % , . 885 FT % ) . The Bulls finished first in the Eastern Conference in 2011 , and advanced to the Conference Finals where they were defeated by the Miami Heat 4 -- 1 . On March 10 , 2012 , Korver arguably had his best game as a Bull , recording 26 points , 7 rebounds and 6 assists in a 111 -- 97 win over his former team , the Utah Jazz . Atlanta Hawks ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) 2012 -- 13 season ( edit ) On July 16 , 2012 , Korver was traded to the Atlanta Hawks in exchange for cash considerations . In 2012 -- 13 , he averaged 10.9 points in 30.5 minutes per game , while recording percentages of . 461 FG % , . 457 3FG % , and . 859 FT % . He finished second in the NBA in three - point percentage and fourth in three - point field goals made with 189 . He made at least one three - pointer in his final 73 games of the season , the longest active streak in the NBA at the time , a career - best and the fourth longest streak in league history ( Dana Barros 89 , Michael Adams 79 , Dennis Scott 78 ) . In addition , his 189 made threes was the fourth - best single season total in franchise history . 2013 -- 14 season ( edit ) On July 12 , 2013 , Korver re-signed with the Hawks to a four - year , $24 million contract . On December 6 , 2013 , Korver passed the NBA record for most consecutive games with a made three - pointer ( 90 ) originally set by Dana Barros ( 89 ) . The streak eventually ended at 127 games on March 5 , 2014 . Korver finished the 2013 -- 14 season with a 47.2 percent three - point shooting percentage which led the NBA . 2014 -- 15 season ( edit ) On December 15 , 2014 , Korver passed Jason Richardson for 15th all - time in three - pointers made . Five days later , in the Hawks ' 104 -- 97 win over the Houston Rockets , Korver scored a game - high 22 points and made all four of his free - throw attempts . This gave him 49 consecutive made free - throws on the season to set a new Hawks franchise record . The streak ended at 50 in the Hawks ' next game against the Dallas Mavericks . On February 10 , 2015 , Korver received his first NBA All - Star selection as a reserve for the Eastern Conference in the 2015 NBA All - Star Game , replacing the injured Dwyane Wade . At 33 years and 11 months old , he became the fourth - oldest first - time All - Star . On March 11 , in a loss to the Denver Nuggets , Korver passed Kobe Bryant for 12th on the all - time three - pointers made list . Four days later , in a win over the Los Angeles Lakers , Korver left the game with a broken nose after taking an offensive foul from Ed Davis with 8 : 59 left in the first half . The injury ended a streak of 51 consecutive games with a three - pointer by Korver , who missed both of his shots from behind the arc . After missing three games with the injury , he returned to action on March 22 against the San Antonio Spurs with protective gear on his face to cover the nose . Despite having the mask , on March 31 , 2015 against the Milwaukee Bucks , Korver made four straight long - range shots , including three 3 - pointers , in a 65 - second span . On April 29 , 2015 , Korver was named the recipient of the Joe Dumars Trophy for winning the 2014 -- 15 NBA Sportsmanship Award . During the 2015 playoffs , Korver suffered a right ankle sprain playing against the Cleveland Cavaliers on May 22 in the Eastern Conference Finals . The following day , he was ruled out for the rest of the playoffs . 2015 -- 16 season ( edit ) On November 6 , 2015 , Korver scored 22 points , hitting all eight of his shots , including four from three - point range , as the Hawks won their sixth straight with a 121 -- 115 victory over the New Orleans Pelicans . On December 26 , in a win over the New York Knicks , Korver hit one three - pointer and passed Rashard Lewis for ninth place on the all - time list for three - pointers made . However , his late December shooting slump marked one of the worst shooting stretches of his career . In four games between December 23 -- 29 , Korver shot 5 - of - 33 from the field and a woeful 2 - of - 27 from three - point range . Korver continued to struggle with his shot in January , missing all six of his shots on January 31 against the Miami Heat , marking just the third time in his career that he went 0 - of - 6 or worse as a starter . Over 47 games to begin the season , his 42 % field goal shooting was the worst it had been since the 2004 -- 05 season , and his 37 % three - point shooting was a career - low success rate . 2016 -- 17 season ( edit ) On December 16 , 2016 , Korver scored a season - high 19 points and hit a season - high six three - pointers in a 125 -- 121 win over the Toronto Raptors . The win gave the Hawks a 13 -- 13 record after 26 games ; they began the season 9 -- 2 . He set a new season high on December 30 , scoring 22 points in 29 minutes off the bench in a 105 -- 98 win over the Detroit Pistons . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) Korver as a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers in February 2017 On January 7 , 2017 , Korver was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Mike Dunleavy , Mo Williams , cash considerations and a protected future first round draft pick . He made his debut for the Cavaliers three days later , recording two points and three rebounds in 17 minutes off the bench in a 100 -- 92 loss to the Utah Jazz . Korver went 2 - of - 10 over his first two games for the Cavaliers , with both games resulting in losses . On January 13 , he scored 18 points off the bench to help the Cavaliers defeat the Sacramento Kings 120 -- 108 . On February 1 , he had his best game as a Cavalier , scoring 20 points off the bench on 8 - of - 11 from the field with four three - pointers in a 125 -- 97 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves . On February 8 , Korver scored a season - high 29 points on 10 - of - 12 from the field and 8 - of - 9 from the three - point line in a 132 -- 117 win over the Indiana Pacers . He subsequently passed Jason Kidd ( 1,988 ) for seventh on the all - time three - pointers made list . A week later , on February 15 , also against the Pacers , Korver became the seventh player in NBA history to make 2,000 career three - pointers , joining Ray Allen , Reggie Miller , Jason Terry , Paul Pierce , Vince Carter , and Jamal Crawford . On April 4 , 2017 , he returned after missing 11 games with a sore left foot and scored 11 points in 12 minutes in a 122 -- 102 win over the Orlando Magic . Korver helped the Cavaliers go 12 -- 1 over the first three rounds of the playoffs to reach the 2017 NBA Finals . There they faced the Golden State Warriors and were defeated in five games . On July 12 , 2017 , Korver re-signed with the Cavaliers . On November 13 , 2017 , he scored 19 of his 21 points in the fourth quarter to spark a huge comeback for the Cavaliers , lifting them to a 104 -- 101 win over the New York Knicks after they outscored New York 43 -- 25 in the fourth . On January 6 , 2018 , in a 131 -- 127 win over the Orlando Magic , Korver tied Paul Pierce for fourth place on the career 3 - pointers list with 2,143 . Two days later , he hit four 3 - pointers and had 19 points off the bench in a 127 -- 99 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves , passing Pierce for fourth place on the NBA 's all - time list in 3 - pointers made with 2,147 . On February 9 , 2018 , he scored a season - high 30 points in a 123 -- 107 win over the Atlanta Hawks . He made 7 of 13 from 3 - point range and finished two points from matching his career high of 32 . It was his first 30 - point game since February 21 , 2007 . Korver went 794 games between 30 - point games , marking the longest stretch between 30 - point games in NBA history . The Cavaliers returned to the NBA Finals in 2018 , where they lost 4 -- 0 to the Warriors . Career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high * Led the league NBA record NBA ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2003 -- 04 Philadelphia 74 0 11.9 . 352 . 391 . 792 1.5 . 5 . 3 . 1 4.5 2004 -- 05 Philadelphia 82 57 32.5 . 418 . 405 . 854 4.6 2.2 1.3 . 4 11.5 2005 -- 06 Philadelphia 82 43 31.3 . 430 . 420 . 849 3.3 2.0 . 8 . 3 11.5 2006 -- 07 Philadelphia 74 30.9 . 440 . 430 . 914 * 3.5 1.4 . 8 . 3 14.4 2007 -- 08 Philadelphia 25 0 26.3 . 396 . 352 . 912 2.9 1.3 . 8 . 2 10.0 2007 -- 08 Utah 50 0 21.5 . 474 . 388 . 917 2.0 1.4 . 4 . 5 9.8 2008 -- 09 Utah 78 24.0 . 438 . 386 . 882 3.3 1.8 . 6 . 4 9.0 2009 -- 10 Utah 52 0 18.3 . 493 . 536 . 796 2.1 1.7 . 5 . 2 7.2 2010 -- 11 Chicago 82 0 20.1 . 434 . 415 . 885 1.8 1.5 . 4 . 2 8.3 2011 -- 12 Chicago 65 7 22.6 . 432 . 435 . 833 2.4 1.7 . 6 . 2 8.1 2012 -- 13 Atlanta 74 60 30.5 . 461 . 457 . 859 4.0 2.0 . 9 . 5 10.9 2013 -- 14 Atlanta 71 71 33.9 . 475 . 472 * . 926 4.0 2.9 1.0 . 3 12.0 2014 -- 15 Atlanta 75 75 32.2 . 487 . 492 * . 898 4.1 2.6 . 7 . 6 12.1 2015 -- 16 Atlanta 80 80 30.0 . 434 . 398 . 833 3.3 2.1 . 8 . 4 9.2 2016 -- 17 Atlanta 32 21 27.9 . 441 . 409 . 889 2.8 2.3 . 7 . 4 9.5 2016 -- 17 Cleveland 35 24.5 . 487 . 485 * . 933 2.7 1.0 . 3 . 2 10.7 2017 -- 18 Cleveland 73 21.6 . 459 . 436 . 889 2.3 1.2 . 4 . 4 9.2 Career 1,104 422 26.2 . 444 . 431 . 881 3.0 1.8 . 7 . 3 9.9 All - Star 0 15.6 . 538 . 583 . 000 1.0 2.0 . 0 . 0 21.0 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2005 Philadelphia 5 5 29.4 . 286 . 292 1.000 2.6 1.6 . 8 . 2 5.0 2008 Utah 12 0 21.6 . 411 . 289 . 920 2.2 . 6 . 3 . 7 7.8 2009 Utah 5 27.2 . 391 . 462 . 714 2.2 2.6 . 6 . 2 10.6 Utah 10 0 21.0 . 525 . 478 . 889 1.1 1.3 . 5 . 0 8.3 2011 Chicago 16 0 17.4 . 388 . 423 1.000 1.2 1.1 . 5 . 2 6.6 2012 Chicago 6 0 15.7 . 409 . 308 . 500 1.7 1.5 . 5 . 5 3.8 2013 Atlanta 6 29.5 . 388 . 353 . 917 3.3 . 7 . 3 . 7 10.2 2014 Atlanta 7 7 35.1 . 455 . 426 . 917 5.3 . 7 . 6 . 3 13.4 2015 Atlanta 14 14 37.6 . 391 . 355 . 813 5.0 2.4 1.4 1.1 11.1 2016 Atlanta 10 8 31.6 . 467 . 444 1.000 4.8 1.0 . 9 . 4 10.3 2017 Cleveland 18 0 18.1 . 425 . 391 1.000 1.7 . 7 . 4 . 3 5.8 2018 Cleveland 22 11 23.0 . 418 . 413 . 864 2.4 . 9 . 4 . 4 8.3 Career 131 49 24.6 . 417 . 391 . 895 2.6 1.2 . 6 . 4 8.3 College ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1999 -- 00 Creighton 33 18.2 . 475 . 434 . 895 3.1 1.0 . 6 . 2 8.8 2000 -- 01 Creighton 32 32 29.4 . 470 . 452 . 867 5.8 2.0 1.8 . 4 14.6 2001 -- 02 Creighton 29 28 31.6 . 478 . 429 . 890 5.5 3.3 1.6 . 6 15.1 2002 -- 03 Creighton 34 34 31.8 . 468 . 480 . 908 6.4 3.1 1.5 . 7 17.8 Career 128 95 27.7 . 472 . 453 . 891 5.2 2.3 1.3 . 5 14.1 Awards , honors , and records ( edit ) Korver at the 2014 World Basketball Festival NBA ( edit ) NBA All - Star ( 2015 ) NBA Sportsmanship Award ( 2015 ) 4 × NBA three - point field goal percentage leader ( 2010 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) NBA free throw percentage leader ( 2007 ) NBA three - point field goals made leader ( 2005 ) NBA record for highest three - point shooting percentage in a regular season ( 53.6 % ) Philadelphia 76ers record for three - point field goals made in a season ( 226 ) NCAA ( edit ) Missouri Valley Conference career made three - pointers record ( 371 ) Missouri Valley Conference single season made three - pointers record ( 123 ) : 2003 Consensus Second Team All - American : 2003 Honorable Mention All - American by Associated Press : 2002 Missouri Valley Conference Player of the Year : 2002 , 2003 First Team All - Missouri Valley Conference : 2002 , 2003 Second Team All - Missouri Valley Conference : 2001 Missouri Valley Conference Tournament MVP : 2002 , 2003 Missouri Valley Conference All - Tournament Team : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 Missouri Valley Conference All - Freshman Team : 2000 Missouri Valley Conference All - Bench Team : 2000 Guardians Classic Omaha Regional MVP : 2003 Guardians Classic Tournament MVP : 2003 Guardians Classic All - Tournament Team : 2003 CollegeInsider.com Mid-Major Player of the Year : 2003 CollegeInsider.com Mid-Major All - America Team : 2002 , 2003 Personal life ( edit ) Korver has three brothers , Klayton , Kaleb and Kirk ( 1990 -- 2018 ) , all of whom have played Division I basketball . Klayton was a guard / forward for the Drake Bulldogs ; Kaleb was a guard for the Creighton Bluejays ; and Kirk played forward for the UMKC Kangaroos . His mother Laine played high - school basketball and once scored 74 points in a game . Korver 's father , Kevin , is a pastor in Pella , Iowa . Korver 's uncle , Kris Korver , is the head basketball coach at Northwestern College in Orange City , Iowa . His cousin Kari Korver is a former UCLA women 's basketball player . Korver married Juliet Richardson on August 10 , 2011 . Their daughter , Kyra Elyse , was born on December 5 , 2012 . His wife delivered their first boy , Knox Elliot , on October 4 , 2014 . Their second son , Koen , was born on November 7 , 2016 . Korver has his own charitable foundation , called the `` Kyle Korver Foundation '' , which contributes to many philanthropic causes . He held a coat drive while with the 76ers , where he collected and donated coats to kids in need . Korver added a new line of clothing called `` Seer Outfitters '' that is connected with his foundation KKF to help the underprivileged children . In 2013 , he started an annual sock drive in October called the `` Socktober Drive '' in which he collects socks to donate to homeless people in Atlanta . Korver has also participated in the NBA 's Basketball Without Borders outreach program in Africa , China , Brazil , and India . In March 2018 , Korver took a leave of absence from the Cavaliers when his brother , Kirk , died at age 27 of an illness . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Prospect Profile : Kyle Korver '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver Official Website '' . KyleKorver.com . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Harris , Gerald ( 15 April 2015 ) . `` KYLE KORVER : TRUST GOD 'S PLAN '' . Christian Index . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Korver succeeds in season of sorrow '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vivlamore , Chris ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Kyle Korver : The making of a sharp - shooter '' . AJC.com . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` # 25 Kyle Korver '' . GoCreighton.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyle Korver Stats , Video , Bio , Profile '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Moore , Meg ( July 16 , 2011 ) . `` Service projects net result of Kyle Korver T - shirt sales '' . SunTimes.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nets Sold Kyle Korver 's Draft Rights to Buy a Copy Machine in 2003 '' . BlackSportsOnline.com . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sixers Trade Korver to Jazz for Giricek , Future First - Rounder '' . NBA.com . December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ford , Chad ( July 24 , 2005 ) . `` Agent says Sixers to sign Dalembert to six - year deal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korver 's 31 Points Lifts 76ers Over Bucks '' . NBA.com . February 24 , 2006 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( February 21 , 2007 ) . `` Korver Lights Up to Propel Sixers Past Knicks '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shalin , Mike ( December 30 , 2007 ) . `` Sixers send Korver to Utah in Giricek swap '' . Reuters.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Genessy , Jody ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Utah Jazz : Kyle Korver sets NBA record for 3 - point accuracy '' . DeseretNews.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls sign guard Kyle Korver '' . NBA.com . July 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Short - handed Bulls bounce back against Jazz '' . ESPN.com . March 10 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HAWKS ACQUIRE KYLE KORVER FROM THE BULLS '' . NBA.com . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ATLANTA HAWKS SIGN KYLE KORVER TO NEW CONTRACT '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Winkeljohn , Matt ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Notebook : Hawks 108 , Cavaliers 89 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Korver sets 3 - point mark , Hawks beat Cavs 108 - 89 '' . ESPN.com . December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Joe ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Trail Blazers 102 , Atlanta Hawks 78 : Beyond the box score '' . OregonLive.com . The Oregonian . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newberry , Paul ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Horford scores 21 , leads Hawks past Bulls 93 - 86 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rieken , Kristie ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Korver leads Hawks over Houston 104 - 97 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks ' Korver to replace Heat 's Wade in All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danilo Gallinari 's 23 key Nuggets to 8th straight home win over Hawks '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Resnick , Joe ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Hawks hold off Lakers 91 - 86 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver back wearing facial gear '' . ESPN.com . March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver scores 11 points in 65 seconds as Hawks bring down Bucks '' . sports.yahoo.com . March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver Wins 2014 - 15 NBA Sportsmanship Award '' . NBA.com. April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnovitz , Kevin ( May 23 , 2015 ) . `` Kyle Korver to miss rest of postseason '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martel , Brett ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Korver helps Hawks win 6th straight , 121 - 115 over Pelicans '' . NBA.com . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , George ( December 26 , 2015 ) . `` Millsap , Horford lead Hawks in big surge past Knicks '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Godwin , Jordan ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Horford leads Hawks to 121 - 115 win over the Rockets '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Heat win season - best 4th straight , top Hawks 105 - 87 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard scores 27 as Hawks end Raptors ' 4 - game win streak '' . ESPN.com . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korver , Howard lead Hawks past Pistons , 105 - 98 '' . ESPN.com . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL : Cavaliers Acquire Kyle Korver From Hawks '' . NBA.com . January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hayward helps Jazz hold off LeBron , beat Cavs 100 - 92 '' . ESPN.com . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irving , Korver lead Cavaliers past Kings 120 - 108 '' . ESPN.com . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James , Irving pace Cavaliers in 125 - 97 win over Timberwolves '' . ESPN.com . February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Korver 's 3s , James ' energy boost lead Cavs past Pacers '' . ESPN.com . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron scores 31 , Irving 26 as Cavs beat Pacers 113 - 104 '' . ESPN.com . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron , Love lift Cavaliers past Magic , 122 - 102 '' . ESPN.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Re-Sign Guard Kyle Korver '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James , Korver lead Cavs ' charge in 4th to top Knicks 104 - 101 '' . ESPN.com . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James assist short of triple - double in Cavs ' win '' . ESPN.com . January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wiggins , Butler lead 127 - 99 Wolves romp past James , Cavs '' . ESPN.com . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Korver has 30 , James posts triple - double as Cavs top Hawks '' . ESPN.com . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ESPNStatsInfo ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kyle Korver had his first 30 - point game since ... '' Twitter . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Free - Throw Shooting Statistics - 2006 - 07 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player 3 - Point Shooting Statistics - 2004 - 05 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Individual Regular Season Records for 3 - Point Field Goal Percentage '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pella 's Kirk Korver , brother of Cleveland Cavaliers ' Kyle Korver , dies at 27 Jump up ^ `` UCLA 's Kari Korver To Miss Basketball Season '' . CBSLocal.com . September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver and Juliet Richardson - WeddingChannel Profile '' . WeddingChannel.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hawks ' Kyle Korver Welcomes Baby Girl '' . AtlantaDailyWorld.com . Atlanta Daily World . December 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver Welcomes Birth of Baby Boy '' . Soaring Down South . 2014 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rowland , Brad ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Kyle Korver to miss Cleveland game after birth of child '' . Peachtree Hoops . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lucier , Maddy . `` Kyle Korver 's Clothing Line Benefits Underprivileged Children and Families '' . STACK . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers Drive For Kids '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Korver : Leaving a Legacy On & Off the Court - b '' , consciousmagazine.co , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ `` The very good reason why athletes are drawing red Xs on their hands '' . For The Win. 2014 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Why Kyle Korver had red X on his hand during Cavaliers game Thursday night '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 's Kyle Korver takes leave after death of brother , 27 '' . Fox News . 21 March 2018 . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kyle Korver . Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Kyle Korver at sports-reference.com Kyle Korver 's 90 - Game 3 - Point Streak on YouTube Cleveland Cavaliers current roster 0 Love 1 Hood 2 Sexton 3 Hill 5 Smith 8 Clarkson 9 White 10 Holland ( TW ) 13 Thompson 16 Osman 20 Preston ( TW ) 22 Nance 26 Korver 41 Žižić -- Dekker -- Frye Head coach : Lue Assistant coaches : Drew Geriot Jones Longabardi Posey Links to related articles NBA Sportsmanship Award 1996 : Dumars 1997 : Brandon 1998 : Johnson 1999 : Hawkins 2000 : Snow 2001 : Robinson 2002 : Smith 2003 : Allen 2004 : Brown 2005 : Hill 2006 : Brand 2007 : Deng 2008 : Hill 2009 : Billups 2010 : Hill 2011 : Curry 2012 : Kidd 2013 : Kidd 2014 : Conley 2015 : Korver 2016 : Conley 2017 : Walker 2018 : Walker 2003 NBA draft First round LeBron James Darko Miličić Carmelo Anthony Chris Bosh Dwyane Wade Chris Kaman Kirk Hinrich T.J. Ford Michael Sweetney Jarvis Hayes Mickaël Piétrus Nick Collison Marcus Banks Luke Ridnour Reece Gaines Troy Bell Žarko Čabarkapa David West Sasha Pavlović Dahntay Jones Boris Diaw Zoran Planinić Travis Outlaw Brian Cook Carlos Delfino Ndudi Ebi Kendrick Perkins Leandro Barbosa Josh Howard Second round Maciej Lampe Jason Kapono Luke Walton Jerome Beasley Sofoklis Schortsanitis Szymon Szewczyk Mario Austin Travis Hansen Steve Blake Slavko Vraneš Derrick Zimmerman Willie Green Zaza Pachulia Keith Bogans Malick Badiane Matt Bonner Sani Bečirovič Mo Williams James Lang James Jones Paccelis Morlende Kyle Korver Remon van de Hare Tommy Smith Nedžad Sinanović Rick Rickert Brandon Hunter Xue Yuyang Andreas Glyniadakis 2003 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Nick Collison T.J. Ford Josh Howard Dwyane Wade David West Second Team Carmelo Anthony Troy Bell Jason Gardner Kyle Korver Hollis Price Missouri Valley Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1969 : B. Smith 1970 : Ard 1971 : Halliburton 1972 : Finch 1973 : Kenon 1974 : Bridgeman 1975 : Bridgeman 1976 : Glenn 1977 : Phegley 1978 : Bird 1979 : Bird 1980 : Lloyd 1981 : Lloyd 1982 : Pressey 1983 : A. Carr 1984 : McDaniel 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Les 1987 : Hawkins 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Manuel 1990 : Harstad 1991 : Gallagher 1992 : Amaya 1993 : C. Smith 1994 : Collier 1995 : C. Carr 1996 : Parker 1997 : Daisy 1998 : Hill 1999 : Wilson 2000 : Green 2001 : Bryson 2002 : Korver 2003 : Korver 2004 : Brooks 2005 : Brooks 2006 : Miller 2007 : Tatum 2008 : Emmenecker 2009 : Woodfox 2010 : Koch 2011 : Weems 2012 : McDermott 2013 : McDermott 2014 : VanVleet 2015 : Tuttle 2016 : VanVleet 2017 : Lee 2018 : Custer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyle_Korver&oldid=854689334 '' Categories : 1981 births Living people All - American college men 's basketball players Atlanta Hawks players Basketball players from California Basketball players from Iowa Chicago Bulls players Cleveland Cavaliers players Creighton Bluejays men 's basketball players National Basketball Association All - Stars New Jersey Nets draft picks People from Paramount , California People from Pella , Iowa Philadelphia 76ers players Shooting guards Small forwards Utah Jazz players American Christians Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from October 2011 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Malagasy Монгол 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Volapük 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 03 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who did the cavs trade for kyle korver | [
"On January 7, 2017, Korver was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Mike Dunleavy, Mo Williams, cash considerations and a protected future first round draft pick.[38] He made his debut for the Cavaliers three days later, recording two points and three rebounds in 17 minutes off the bench in a 100–92 loss to the Utah Jazz.[39] Korver went 2-of-10 over his first two games for the Cavaliers, with both games resulting in losses. On January 13, he scored 18 points off the bench to help the Cavaliers defeat the Sacramento Kings 120–108.[40] On February 1, he had his best game as a Cavalier, scoring 20 points off the bench on 8-of-11 from the field with four three-pointers in a 125–97 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves.[41] On February 8, Korver scored a season-high 29 points on 10-of-12 from the field and 8-of-9 from the three-point line in a 132–117 win over the Indiana Pacers. He subsequently passed Jason Kidd (1,988) for seventh on the all-time three-pointers made list.[42] A week later, on February 15, also against the Pacers, Korver became the seventh player in NBA history to make 2,000 career three-pointers, joining Ray Allen, Reggie Miller, Jason Terry, Paul Pierce, Vince Carter, and Jamal Crawford.[43] On April 4, 2017, he returned after missing 11 games with a sore left foot and scored 11 points in 12 minutes in a 122–102 win over the Orlando Magic.[44] Korver helped the Cavaliers go 12–1 over the first three rounds of the playoffs to reach the 2017 NBA Finals. There they faced the Golden State Warriors and were defeated in five games.\n",
"On January 7, 2017, Korver was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Mike Dunleavy, Mo Williams, cash considerations and a protected future first round draft pick.[38] He made his debut for the Cavaliers three days later, recording two points and three rebounds in 17 minutes off the bench in a 100–92 loss to the Utah Jazz.[39] Korver went 2-of-10 over his first two games for the Cavaliers, with both games resulting in losses. On January 13, he scored 18 points off the bench to help the Cavaliers defeat the Sacramento Kings 120–108.[40] On February 1, he had his best game as a Cavalier, scoring 20 points off the bench on 8-of-11 from the field with four three-pointers in a 125–97 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves.[41] On February 8, Korver scored a season-high 29 points on 10-of-12 from the field and 8-of-9 from the three-point line in a 132–117 win over the Indiana Pacers. He subsequently passed Jason Kidd (1,988) for seventh on the all-time three-pointers made list.[42] A week later, on February 15, also against the Pacers, Korver became the seventh player in NBA history to make 2,000 career three-pointers, joining Ray Allen, Reggie Miller, Jason Terry, Paul Pierce, Vince Carter, and Jamal Crawford.[43] On April 4, 2017, he returned after missing 11 games with a sore left foot and scored 11 points in 12 minutes in a 122–102 win over the Orlando Magic.[44] Korver helped the Cavaliers go 12–1 over the first three rounds of the playoffs to reach the 2017 NBA Finals. There they faced the Golden State Warriors and were defeated in five games.\n"
] | [
"Mike Dunleavy",
"Mo Williams"
] |
3101002778556219914 | List of black Primetime Emmy Award winners and nominees | List of black Primetime Emmy award Winners and Nominees - wikipedia List of black Primetime Emmy award Winners and Nominees Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of black Primetime Emmy winners and nominees . Contents ( hide ) 1 Facts and figures 1.1 Most nominations 1.2 Most wins 2 Lead Actor 2.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series 2.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series 2.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie 3 Lead Actress 3.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series 3.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series 3.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actress in a Lead Role 3.4 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie 4 Guest Actor 4.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series 4.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series 5 Guest Actress 5.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series 5.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series 6 Supporting Actor 6.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series 6.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series 6.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie 7 Supporting Actress 7.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series 7.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series 7.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie 8 Short Form Acting 8.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actor in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series 8.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series 9 Hosting 9.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program 10 Narrator and Voice - Over 10.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance 10.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator 10.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance 11 Performance and Special Class Awards 11.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program 11.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement - Special Class 12 Casting 12.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special 13 Choreography 13.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography 14 Costume Design 14.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction or Reality Program 15 Directing 15.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series 15.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series 15.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or a Movie 15.4 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Nonfiction Program 15.5 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series 15.6 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special 16 Hairstyling 16.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie 16.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Multi-Camera Series or Special 17 Music 17.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music 17.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series 17.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction 17.4 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics 18 Producer 18.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking 18.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Programming ( One Hour or Less ) 18.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Program 18.4 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 18.5 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special 18.6 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series 18.7 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Series or Special 18.8 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series 18.9 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie 18.10 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series 18.11 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality - Competition Program 18.12 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series 18.13 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Variety Series 18.14 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short - Format Live - Action Entertainment Program 18.15 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program 18.16 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Structured Reality Program 18.17 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program 18.18 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series 18.19 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Sketch Series 18.20 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special 19 Sound Editing 19.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special 19.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series 20 Sound Mixing 20.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) 20.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie 21 Writing 21.1 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series 21.2 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series 21.3 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special 21.4 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Nonfiction Program 21.5 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series 21.6 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special Facts and figures ( edit ) As of the 69th Primetime Emmys in 2017 , at least one African - American has won in every acting category except Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . Diahann Carroll became the first ever nominee ( male or female ) in 1963 . Bill Cosby became the first ever winner ( male or female ) in 1966 . Most nominations ( edit ) Debbie Allen - 19 Chris Rock - 19 Alfre Woodard - 17 Jacqueline Glover - 13 Cicely Tyson - 13 Andre Braugher - 10 Keegan - Michael Key - 10 Laurence Fishburne - 9 Whoopi Goldberg - 9 Samuel D. Pollard - 9 Paris Barclay - 8 Don Cheadle - 8 Bill Cosby - 8 James Earl Jones - 8 Jordan Peele - 8 Wanda Sykes - 8 Louis Gossett , Jr. - 7 Isabel Sanford - 7 Hayma `` Screech '' Washington - 7 Flip Wilson - 7 Thomas Carter - 6 Suzanne de Passe - 6 Ruby Dee - 6 Robert Guillaume - 6 Oprah Winfrey - 6 Most wins ( edit ) Hayma `` Screech '' Washington - 7 Jacqueline Glover - 5 Bill Cosby - 4 Chris Rock - 4 Alfre Woodard - 4 Debbie Allen - 3 Keith David - 3 Stanley Nelson - 3 Samuel D. Pollard - 3 Cicely Tyson - 3 Uzo Aduba - 2 Paris Barclay - 2 Andre Braugher - 2 Sterling K. Brown - 2 Suzanne de Passe - 2 Ja'Net DuBois - 2 Ava DuVernay - 2 Donald Glover - 2 Robert Guillaume - 2 James Earl Jones - 2 Regina King - 2 RuPaul - 2 Flip Wilson - 2 Lead actor ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Lead actor in a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1970 Bill Cosby The Bill Cosby Show Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . Lloyd Haynes Room 222 Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . 1972 Redd Foxx Sanford and Son Nominated 1973 Nominated Nominated 1980 Robert Guillaume Benson Nominated 1982 Nominated Nominated 1984 Nominated Sherman Hemsley The Jeffersons Nominated 1985 Robert Guillaume Benson Won First black actor to win in this category . 1988 Tim Reid Frank 's Place Nominated 2002 Bernie Mac The Bernie Mac Show Nominated 2003 Nominated 2012 Don Cheadle House of Lies Nominated 2013 Nominated 2014 Nominated 2015 Nominated Anthony Anderson black - ish Nominated 2016 Nominated 2017 Nominated Donald Glover Atlanta Won Second black actor to win in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Lead actor in a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1966 Bill Cosby I Spy Won First African - American ( male or female ) to win a Primetime Emmy . First African - American actor to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy . First African - American actor to win a Primetime Emmy . First black actor to be nominated in this category . First actor to win in this category . 1967 Won 1968 Won 1981 Louis Gossett Jr . Palmerstown , U.S.A. Nominated 1991 James Earl Jones Gabriel 's Fire Won Second black actor to win in this category . 1992 Harrison Page Quantum Leap Nominated Andre Braugher Homicide : Life on the Street Nominated 1998 Won Third black actor to win in this category . 2001 Gideon 's Crossing Nominated 2017 Sterling K. Brown This Is Us Won Fourth black actor to win in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Lead actor in a Miniseries or a Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 1967 Ivan Dixon The Final War of Olly Winter ( CBS Playhouse ) Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Best Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role . 1969 Ossie Davis Teacher , Teacher ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated Category was known as Best Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role . 1970 Al Freeman Jr . My Sweet Charlie Nominated Category was known as Best Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role . 1972 Billy Dee Williams Brian 's Song Nominated Category was known as Best Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role . 1977 Louis Gossett Jr . Roots Won First black actor to win in this category . Category was known as Best Actor in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . Levar Burton Nominated Category was known as Best Actor in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . Ben Vereen Nominated Category was known as Best Actor in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . John Amos Nominated Category was known as Best Actor in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . 1978 Paul Winfield King Nominated Category was known as Best Actor in a Limited Series . 1979 Louis Gossett Jr . Backstairs at the White House Nominated 1984 Sadat Nominated A Gathering of Old Men Nominated 1988 Danny Glover Mandela Nominated 1991 Sidney Poitier Separate but Equal Nominated 1995 Charles S. Dutton The Piano Lesson ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated Laurence Fishburne The Tuskegee Airmen Nominated 1997 Miss Evers ' Boys Nominated Sidney Poitier Mandela and de Klerk Nominated 1998 Ving Rhames Don King : Only in America Nominated 1999 Don Cheadle A Lesson Before Dying Nominated 2001 Gregory Hines Bojangles Nominated Mos Def Something the Lord Made Nominated 2006 Andre Braugher Thief Won Second black actor to win in this category . 2011 Idris Elba Luther Nominated Laurence Fishburne Thurgood Nominated 2012 Idris Elba Luther Nominated 2014 Chiwetel Ejiofor Dancing on the Edge Nominated Idris Elba Luther Nominated 2015 David Oyelowo Nightingale Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie . 2016 Idris Elba Luther Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Cuba Gooding Jr . The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Courtney B. Vance Won Third black actor to win in this category . Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Lead actress ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Lead actress in a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1969 Diahann Carroll Julia Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . 1979 Isabel Sanford The Jeffersons Nominated 1980 Nominated 1981 Won First black actress to win in this category . 1982 Nominated Nell Carter Gimme a Break ! Nominated Nominated Isabel Sanford The Jeffersons Nominated 1984 Nominated 1985 Nominated Phylicia Rashad The Cosby Show Nominated 1986 Nominated 2016 Tracee Ellis Ross black - ish Nominated 2017 Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Lead actress in a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1982 Debbie Allen Fame Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . Nominated 1984 Nominated 1985 Nominated 1986 Alfre Woodard St. Elsewhere Nominated 1992 Regina Taylor I 'll Fly Away Nominated 1993 Nominated 1995 Cicely Tyson Sweet Justice Nominated 2013 Kerry Washington Scandal Nominated 2014 Nominated 2015 Viola Davis How to Get Away with Murder Won First time two black actresses simultaneously nominated in this category . First black actress to win in this category . Taraji P. Henson Empire Nominated First time two black actresses simultaneously nominated in this category . 2016 Viola Davis How to Get Away with Murder Nominated Taraji P. Henson Empire Nominated 2017 Viola Davis How to Get Away with Murder Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Single Performance by an actress in a Lead Role ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 1963 Diahann Carroll `` A Horse Has a Big Head , Let Him Worry '' episode of Naked City Nominated First African - American ( male or female ) to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy . First black actress to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy . First black actress to be nominated in this category . Guest performances in regular television series were included in the category at this time . 1964 Ruby Dee `` Express Stop from Lenox Avenue '' episode of The Nurses Nominated Guest performances in regular television series were included in the category at this time . 1966 Eartha Kitt `` The Loser '' episode of I Spy Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Lead actress in a Miniseries or a Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone Cicely Tyson The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman Won First black actress to be nominated in this category . First black actress to win in this category . First black actress to win a Primetime Emmy . Category was known as Best Lead Actress in a Drama . 1977 Leslie Uggams Roots Nominated Category was known as Best Actress in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . Madge Sinclair Nominated Category was known as Best Actress in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . 1978 Cicely Tyson King Nominated Category was known as Best Actress in a Limited Series . 1979 Olivia Cole Backstairs at the White House Nominated 1982 Cicely Tyson The Marva Collins Story ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated Alfre Woodard Unnatural Causes Nominated 1990 A Mother 's Courage : The Mary Thomas Story ( The Magical World of Disney ) Nominated 1991 Lynn Whitfield The Josephine Baker Story Won Second black actress to win in this category . 1995 Alfre Woodard The Piano Lesson ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated 1997 Miss Evers ' Boys Won Third black actress to win in this category . 2000 Halle Berry Introducing Dorothy Dandridge Won Fourth black actress to win in this category . 2002 Angela Bassett The Rosa Parks Story Nominated 2005 S. Epatha Merkerson Lackawanna Blues Won Fifth black actress to win in this category . Halle Berry Their Eyes Were Watching God Nominated 2007 Queen Latifah Life Support Nominated 2008 Phylicia Rashad A Raisin in the Sun Nominated 2009 Chandra Wilson Accidental Friendship Nominated 2011 Taraji P. Henson Taken from Me : The Tiffany Rubin Story Nominated 2014 Cicely Tyson The Trip to Bountiful Nominated 2015 Queen Latifah Bessie Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie . 2016 Audra McDonald Lady Day at Emerson 's Bar and Grill Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie . Kerry Washington Confirmation Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie . Guest actor ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Guest actor in a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1976 Roscoe Lee Browne Barney Miller Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Best Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in Comedy or Drama Series . 1986 The Cosby Show Won First black actor to win in this category . Category was known as Guest Performer in a Comedy Series . Earle Hyman Nominated Category was known as Guest Performer in a Comedy Series . Stevie Wonder Nominated Category was known as Guest Performer in a Comedy Series . 1989 Sammy Davis Jr . Nominated Cleavon Little Dear John Won Second black actor to win in this category . 1997 James Earl Jones Frasier Nominated 2011 Idris Elba The Big C Nominated 2016 Tracy Morgan Saturday Night Live Nominated 2017 Dave Chappelle Won Third black actor to win in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Guest actor in a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1993 Laurence Fishburne Tribeca Won First black actor to be nominated in this category . First black actor to win in this category . 1994 James Earl Jones Picket Fences Nominated 1995 Paul Winfield Won Second black actor to win in this category . Vondie Curtis - Hall ER Nominated Danny Glover Fallen Angels Nominated Richard Pryor Chicago Hope Nominated 1997 Louis Gossett Jr . Touched by an Angel Nominated 1999 Charles Dutton Oz Nominated 2002 The Practice Won Third black actor to win in this category . Don Cheadle ER Nominated 2003 Charles Dutton Without a Trace Won James Earl Jones Everwood Nominated 2005 Ossie Davis The L Word Nominated 2007 Forest Whitaker ER Nominated 2008 Glynn Turman In Treatment Won Fourth black actor to win in this category . 2014 Joe Morton Scandal Won Fifth black actor to win in this category . Reg E. Cathey House of Cards Nominated 2015 Won Sixth black actor to win in this category . 2016 Nominated Mahershala Ali Nominated 2017 Brian Tyree Henry This Is Us Nominated Guest actress ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Guest actress in a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1986 Clarice Taylor The Cosby Show Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Guest Performer in a Comedy Series . 1988 Beah Richards Frank 's Place Won First black actress to win in this category . Category was known as Guest Performer in a Comedy Series . 1989 Diahann Carroll A Different World Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category ( separate categories for actors and actresses ) . 1991 Whoopi Goldberg Nominated 1993 Ruby Dee Evening Shade Nominated 2012 Maya Rudolph Saturday Night Live Nominated 2014 Uzo Aduba Orange Is the New Black Won Laverne Cox Nominated First openly transgender person to be nominated for an acting Emmy 2017 Angela Bassett Master of None Nominated Wanda Sykes Black - ish Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Guest actress in a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1986 Whoopi Goldberg Moonlighting Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Guest Performer in a Drama Series . Alfre Woodard L.A. Law Won First black actress to win in this category . Category was known as Guest Performer in a Drama Series . 1988 St. Elsewhere Nominated Category was known as Guest Performer in a Drama Series . 1990 Ruby Dee China Beach Nominated 1993 Rosanna Carter I 'll Fly Away Nominated 1995 CCH Pounder The X-Files Nominated 1998 Alfre Woodard Homicide : Life on the Street Nominated 2000 Beah Richards The Practice Won Second black actress to win in this category . 2003 Alfre Woodard Won Third black actress to win in this category . 2008 Diahann Carroll Grey 's Anatomy Nominated 2009 CCH Pounder The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency Nominated 2011 Alfre Woodard True Blood Nominated Loretta Devine Grey 's Anatomy Won Fourth black actress to win in this category . 2012 Nominated 2015 Khandi Alexander Scandal Nominated Cicely Tyson How to Get Away with Murder Nominated 2017 Nominated Laverne Cox Orange Is the New Black Nominated Supporting actor ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Supporting actor in a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1979 Robert Guillaume Soap Won First black actor to be nominated in this category . First to win in this category . Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Comedy - Variety or Music Series . 1982 Ron Glass Barney Miller Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series . Eddie Murphy Saturday Night Live Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy , Variety or Music Series . 1986 Malcolm - Jamal Warner The Cosby Show Nominated 1989 Meshach Taylor Designing Women Nominated 2009 Tracy Morgan 30 Rock Nominated 2014 Andre Braugher Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated 2015 Nominated Tituss Burgess Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Keegan - Michael Key Key & Peele Nominated 2016 Andre Braugher Brooklyn Nine - Nine Nominated Tituss Burgess Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Keegan - Michael Key Key & Peele Nominated 2017 Tituss Burgess Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Supporting actor in a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1969 Greg Morris Mission : Impossible Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Best Continued Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series . 1970 Nominated Category was known as Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in Drama . 1972 Nominated Category was known as Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in Drama . 1982 Taurean Blacque Hill Street Blues Nominated 1995 James Earl Jones Under One Roof Nominated Eriq La Salle ER Nominated James McDaniel NYPD Blue Nominated 1997 Eriq La Salle ER Nominated 1998 Nominated 1999 Steve Harris The Practice Nominated 2000 Nominated 2002 Dulé Hill The West Wing Nominated Andre Braugher Men of a Certain Age Nominated 2011 Nominated 2012 Giancarlo Esposito Breaking Bad Nominated 2017 Ron Cephas Jones This Is Us Nominated Jeffrey Wright Westworld Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Supporting actor in a Miniseries or a Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 1977 Yaphet Kotto Raid on Entebbe ( The Big Event ) Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy or Drama Special . Moses Gunn Roots Nominated First black actor to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Best Supporting Actor in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . 1978 Ossie Davis King Nominated Category was known as Best Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Drama Series . 1979 Al Freeman Roots : The Next Generations Nominated Paul Winfield Nominated 1989 Danny Glover Lonesome Dove Nominated 1990 James Earl Jones By Dawn 's Early Light Nominated 1991 Heat Wave Won First African - American to win in this category . 1992 Ben Vereen Intruders Nominated Andre Braugher The Tuskegee Airmen Nominated 1997 Obba Babatundé Miss Evers ' Boys Nominated Ossie Davis Nominated 1999 Don Cheadle The Rat Pack Nominated 2000 Danny Glover Freedom Song Nominated 2002 Don Cheadle Things Behind the Sun Nominated Jeffrey Wright Angels in America Won Second African - American to win in this category . 2015 Michael Kenneth Williams Bessie Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie . 2016 Sterling K. Brown The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Won Third African - American to win in this category . Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Bokeem Woodbine Fargo Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . 2017 Michael Kenneth Williams The Night Of Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie . Supporting actress ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Supporting actress in a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1981 Marla Gibbs The Jeffersons Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series . 1982 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy or Variety or Music Series . Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy , Variety or Music Series . 1984 Nominated Paula Kelly Night Court Nominated 1985 Marla Gibbs The Jeffersons Nominated 1986 Lisa Bonet The Cosby Show Nominated Keshia Knight Pulliam Nominated Jackee Harry 227 Won First black actress to win in this category . 1988 Nominated 2006 Alfre Woodard Desperate Housewives Nominated 2007 Vanessa Williams Ugly Betty Nominated 2008 Nominated 2009 Nominated 2015 Niecy Nash Getting On Nominated 2016 Nominated 2017 Leslie Jones Saturday Night Live Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Supporting actress in a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1970 Gail Fisher Mannix Won First black actress to be nominated in this category . First black actress to win in this category . 1971 Nominated 1972 Nominated 1973 Nominated Madge Sinclair Trapper John , M.D. Nominated 1984 Nominated Alfre Woodard Hill Street Blues Won Second black actress to win in this category . 1985 Madge Sinclair Trapper John , M.D. Nominated 1991 Gabriel 's Fire Won Third black actress to win in this category . 1992 Mary Alice I 'll Fly Away Nominated 1993 Won Fourth black actress to win in this category . 1997 CCH Pounder ER Nominated Della Reese Touched by an Angel Nominated Gloria Reuben ER Nominated 1998 Della Reese Touched by an Angel Nominated Gloria Reuben ER Nominated 2005 CCH Pounder The Shield Nominated 2006 Chandra Wilson Grey 's Anatomy Nominated 2007 Nominated 2008 Nominated 2009 Nominated 2015 Uzo Aduba Orange Is the New Black Won Fifth black actress to win in this category . With this win , she becomes first actress to win for same role in both Comedy and Drama categories . 2017 Nominated Thandie Newton Westworld Nominated Samira Wiley The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Supporting actress in a Miniseries or a Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 1977 Olivia Cole Roots Won First black actress to be nominated in this category . First black actress to win in this category . Category was known as Best Supporting Actress in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . Cicely Tyson Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . Category was known as Best Supporting Actress in a Drama or Comedy Series , Single Appearance . 1979 Ruby Dee Roots : The Next Generations Nominated 1979 Esther Rolle Summer of My German Soldier Won Second black actress to win in this category . 1985 Alfre Woodard Words by Heart ( Wonderworks ) Nominated 1988 Ruby Dee Gore Vidal 's Lincoln Nominated 1989 Paula Kelly The Women of Brewster Place Nominated 1991 Ruby Dee Decoration Day Won Third black actress to win in this category . 1994 Cicely Tyson Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All Won Fourth black actress to win in this category . Alfre Woodard Gulliver 's Travels Nominated 1999 Cicely Tyson A Lesson Before Dying Nominated 2001 Audra McDonald Wit Nominated 2006 Alfre Woodard The Water Is Wide ( Hallmark Hall of Fame Presentation ) Nominated 2008 Audra McDonald A Raisin in the Sun Nominated Alfre Woodard Pictures of Hollis Woods ( Hallmark Hall of Fame Presentation ) Nominated 2009 Cicely Tyson Relative Stranger Nominated 2013 Alfre Woodard Steel Magnolias Nominated 2014 Angela Bassett American Horror Story : Coven Nominated 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie . Regina King American Crime Won Fifth black actress to win in this category . Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie . Mo'Nique Bessie Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie . 2016 Regina King American Crime Won Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie . 2017 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie . Short Form acting ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding actor in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actor in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 2017 Kim Estes Dicks Won First black actor to be nominated in this category . First black actor to win in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding actress in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actress in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 2016 Tracie Thoms Send Me : an original web series Nominated First black actress to be nominated in this category . 2017 Kelsey Scott Fear the Walking Dead : Passage Nominated Hosting ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding host for a reality or reality - competition Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2016 Steve Harvey Little Big Shots Nominated First African - American to be nominated in this category . RuPaul RuPaul 's Drag Race Won First African - American to be nominated in this category . First African - American to win in this category . 2017 Won Snoop Dogg Martha & Snoop 's Potluck Dinner Party Nominated W. Kamau Bell United Shades of America Nominated Narrator and voice - over ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding character voice - over Performance ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Year Name Show Status Milestone 2016 Keegan - Michael Key SuperMansion Nominated First African - American to be nominated in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding narrator ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator Year Name Show Status Milestone 2014 Whoopi Goldberg Whoopi Goldberg Presents Moms Mabley Nominated First African - American to be nominated in this category . First year of category . 2015 Neil deGrasse Tyson Hubble 's Cosmic Journey Nominated 2016 Keith David Jackie Robinson Won First African - American to win in this category . Laurence Fishburne Roots Nominated 2017 Year Million Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding voice - over Performance ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance Year Name Show Status Milestone 1999 Ja'net Dubois The PJs Won First African - American to be nominated in this category . First African - American to win in this category . 2001 Won 2005 Keith David Unforgivable Blackness : The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson Won Second African - American to win in this category . 2008 The War Won Performance and Special class awards ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 1960 Harry Belafonte Tonight with Belafonte ( The Revlon Revue ) Won First African - American to be nominated in this category . First African - American to win in this category . Category was known as Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program . 1961 Belafonte New York Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Musical Program or Series . 1977 Ben Vereen The Bell Telephone Jubilee Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Continuing or Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in Variety or Music . 1978 Louis Gossett Jr . The Sentry Collection Presents Ben Vereen - His Roots Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Continuing or Single Performance by a Supporting Actor in Variety or Music . Leontyne Price Leontyne Price , Zubin Mehta and the New York Philharmonic ( Live from Lincoln Center ) Won Second African - American to win in this category . Michael Jackson Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Nominated Richard Pryor Nominated 1984 Debbie Allen Live ... And in Person Nominated Eddie Murphy Saturday Night Live Nominated 1985 Gregory Hines Motown Returns to the Apollo Nominated Patti LaBelle Nominated 1986 Sylvia Fine Kaye 's Musical Comedy Tonight III ( Great Performances ) Nominated Whitney Houston The 28th Annual Grammy Awards Won Third African - American to win in this category . Sarah Vaughan Nominated Debbie Allen An All Star Celebration Honoring Martin Luther King , Jr . Nominated Stevie Wonder Nominated 1988 Ray Charles Irving Berlin 's 100th Birthday Celebration Nominated 1991 Damon Wayans In Living Color Nominated Keenen Ivory Wayans Nominated 1992 Natalie Cole Unforgettable , with Love : Natalie Cole Sings the Songs of Nat King Cole ( Great Performances ) Nominated 1994 Whoopi Goldberg The 66th Annual Academy Awards Nominated The 68th Annual Academy Awards Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Performance for a Variety or Music Program . Comic Relief VII Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Performance for a Variety or Music Program . 1999 Chris Rock The Chris Rock Show Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Performance in a Variety or Music Program . 2000 Chris Rock : Bigger and Blacker Nominated 2001 Wayne Brady Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Nominated 2002 Nominated 2003 Won Fourth African - American to win in this category . 2005 Whoopi Goldberg Whoopi Back to Broadway - The 20th Anniversary Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement - Special Class ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement - Special Class Year Name Show Status Milestone 1981 Sarah Vaughan Rhapsody and Song - A Tribute to George Gershwin Won 1982 Andre De Shields Ai n't Misbehavin ' Won Nell Carter Won Gregory Hines I Love Liberty Nominated Casting ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding casting for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special Year Name Show Status Milestone Robi Reed The Tuskegee Airmen Won First African American to win in this category . 1998 Robi Reed Don King : Only in America Nominated 1999 Robi Reed A Lesson Before Dying Nominated Choreography ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Choreography ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography Year Name Show Status Milestone 1976 Lester Wilson Lola ! Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Achievement in Choreography . 1977 Donald McKayle Minstrel Man Nominated 1980 Lester Wilson Uptown - A Musical Comedy History of Harlem 's Apollo Nominated 1981 Sixty Years of Seduction Nominated 1982 Debbie Allen Fame Won Won Lester Wilson Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Nominated 1984 Debbie Allen Fame Takes a Look at Music ' 83 Nominated 1985 Fame Nominated 1989 The Debbie Allen Special Nominated 1990 Polly ( The Magical World of Disney ) Nominated 1991 Motown 30 : What 's Goin ' On ! Won George Faison The Josephine Baker Story Nominated Lester Wilson America 's Dance Honors Nominated 1992 Comic Relief V Nominated Debbie Allen The 64th Annual Academy Awards Nominated 1993 The 65th Annual Academy Awards Nominated 1995 The 67th Annual Academy Awards Nominated Travis Payne , LaVelle Smith 1995 MTV Video Music Awards Nominated 1999 Judith Jamison Dance in America : A Hymn for Alvin Ailey ( Great Performances ) Won Debbie Allen The 71st Annual Academy Awards Nominated 2008 Shane Sparks So You Think You Can Dance Nominated Costume Design ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction or Reality Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Variety , Nonfiction , or Reality Programming Year Name Show Status Milestone 2016 Paul Tazewell The Wiz Live ! Won Directing ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1993 Eric Laneuville Dream On Nominated 2009 Millicent Shelton 30 Rock Nominated Paris Barclay Glee Nominated 2013 Nominated 2014 Nominated 2017 Donald Glover Atlanta Won First Black director to win in this category . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1984 Thomas Carter Hill Street Blues Nominated 1985 Nominated 1989 Midnight Caller Nominated Eric Laneuville L.A. Law Nominated 1990 Thomas Carter Equal Justice Won 1991 Won 1992 Eric Laneuville I 'll Fly Away Won 1993 Nominated 1998 Paris Barclay NYPD Blue Won 1999 Won 2002 The West Wing Nominated 2014 Carl Franklin House of Cards Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or a Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or a Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 1995 Lloyd Richards The Piano Lesson ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Individual Achievement in Directing for a Miniseries or a Special . 2000 Charles S. Dutton The Corner Won Category was known as Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special . 2005 George C. Wolfe Lackawanna Blues Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Dramatic Special . 2015 Dee Rees Bessie Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Directing for Limited Series , Movie or a Dramatic Special . 2016 Anthony Hemingway The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( Manna From Heaven ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special . John Singleton The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( The Race Card ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Nonfiction Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Nonfiction Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2017 Ava DuVernay 13th Nominated Ezra Edelman O.J. : Made In America Won Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1971 Mark Warren Rowan and Martin 's Laugh - In Won Category was known as Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1989 Debbie Allen The Debbie Allen Special Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Directing for a Variety or Music Program . 2016 Chris Rock Amy Schumer : Live at the Apollo Nominated Beyoncé Knowles Carter Lemonade Nominated Hairstyling ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 2015 Lawrence Davis Bessie Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Multi-Camera Series or Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hairstyling for a Multi-Camera Series or Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 2017 Lawrence Davis Hairspray Live ! Won Music ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding main title theme Music ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music Year Name Show Status Milestone 1999 George Clinton , Quincy Jones , La Rita Norman , Marie Norman The PJs Nominated First African - Americans to be nominated in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Music composition for a Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1970 Quincy Jones The Bill Cosby Show Nominated First African - American to be nominated in this category . 1977 Roots Won First African - American to win in this category . Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Music direction ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction Year Name Show Status Milestone 2005 Rickey Minor Genius : A Night For Ray Charles Nominated First African - American to be nominated in this category . 2008 50th Annual Grammy Awards Nominated 2009 The 51st Annual Grammy Awards Nominated 2011 An Evening Of Stars : Tribute To Chaka Khan Nominated 2016 Smithsonian Salutes Ray Charles : In Performance At The White House Nominated 2017 Stayin ' Alive : A Grammy Salute To The Music Of The Bee Gees Nominated Taking The Stage : African American Music And Stories That Changed America Won First African - American to win in this category . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics Year Name Show Song Status Milestone 1985 Debbie Allen Motown Returns to the Apollo Nominated 1990 Michael Jackson ( composer and lyricist ) Sammy Davis , Jr. 's 60th Anniversary Celebration `` You Were There '' Nominated 1997 Kenneth `` Babyface '' Edmonds ( composer ) Centennial Olympic Games : Opening Ceremonies `` The Power of the Dream '' Nominated 2008 Jordan Peele MADtv `` Sad Fitty Cent '' Nominated 2017 Common , Robert Glasper , Karriem Riggins 13th `` Letter To The Free '' Won Chancellor Johnathan Bennett , Kenan Thompson Saturday Night Live `` Last Christmas '' Nominated Producer ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Exceptional Merit in Documentary Filmmaking Year Name Show Status Milestone 2007 Jacqueline Glover , Spike Lee , Samuel D. Pollard When The Levees Broke : A Requiem In Four Acts Won Stanley Nelson Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple ( American Experience ) Nominated 2009 Jacqueline Glover Section 60 : Arlington National Cemetery Nominated Forest Whitaker Brick City Nominated 2011 Stanley Nelson , Laurens Grant Freedom Riders Won 2015 Rashida Jones Hot Girls Wanted Nominated 2016 Stanley Nelson , Laurens Grant The Black Panthers : Vanguard of the Revolution ( Independent Lens ) Nominated Jacqueline Glover Jim : The James Foley Story Won 2017 Ezra Edelman O.J. : Made In America Nominated T.J. Martin LA 92 Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Programming ( One Hour or Less ) ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Programming ( One Hour or Less ) Year Name Show Status Milestone 1999 Larry Wilmore The PJs Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2000 Kevin Hooks The Color of Friendship Won 2005 Michael Carrington That 's So Raven Nominated 2007 Nominated 2011 Jacqueline Glover A Child 's Garden of Poetry Won 2013 A YoungArts Masterclass Nominated 2014 Wynton Marsalis - A YoungArts Masterclass Nominated 2015 Alan Alda And The Actor Within You : A YoungArts Masterclass Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1970 Bill Cosby The Bill Cosby Show Nominated Winifred Hervey The Golden Girls Won 1988 Nominated 2016 Kenya Barris , Anthony Anderson , E. Brian Dobbins , Laurence Fishburne , Helen Sugland , Courtney Lilly , Peter Saji , Jennifer Rice - Genzuk Henry black - ish Nominated 2017 Kenya Barris , Anthony Anderson , Laurence Fishburne , Helen Sugland , E. Brian Dobbins , Courtney Lilly , Jennifer Rice - Genzuk Henry , Kenny Smith , Peter Saji Nominated Donald Glover Atlanta Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding documentary or Nonfiction Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1998 Jacqueline Glover , Spike Lee , Samuel D. Pollard , Daphne McWilliams 4 Little Girls Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Non-Fiction Special . 2000 Jacqueline Glover American Hollow Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Non-Fiction Special . 2003 Jacqueline Glover , Donna Brown Guillaume Unchained Memories : Readings from the Slave Narratives Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Non-Fiction Special ( Traditional ) . Jacqueline Glover Teddy : In His Own Words Won 2012 Gloria : In Her Own Words Nominated 2014 Whoopi Goldberg Whoopi Goldberg Presents Moms Mabley Nominated Oprah Winfrey Running from Crazy Nominated 2015 Samuel D. Pollard Sinatra : All or Nothing at All Nominated 2017 Ava DuVernay 13th Won John Singleton L.A. Burning : The Riots 25 Years Later Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1998 Paris Barclay NYPD Blue Nominated 1999 Nominated 2006 Shonda Rhimes Grey 's Anatomy Nominated 2007 Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Informational Series or Special ( edit ) The award was established in 2013 as the awards restructured previous categories for Outstanding Nonfiction Series and Outstanding Nonfiction Special . Outstanding Informational Series was also awarded prior to 1998 , but from 1998 - 2012 was called Outstanding Nonfiction Series . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Informational Series or Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1993 Oprah Winfrey ( executive producer ) Michael Jackson Talks to ... Oprah Live Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Informational Special . 1995 Debra Martin Chase ( executive producer ) , Denzel Washington ( executive producer ) Hank Aaron : Chasing the Dream Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Informational Special . Quincy Jones ( executive producer ) The History of Rock ' n ' Roll Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Informational Series . 2001 St. Clair Bourne ( executive producer ) , Cecil Cox ( executive producer ) , Jacqueline Glover ( supervising producer ) , Craig Laurence Rice ( executive producer ) , Denzel Washington ( producer ) Half Past Autumn : The Life and Works of Gordon Parks Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Informational Special . 2013 Oprah Winfrey ( executive producer ) Oprah 's Master Class Nominated 2015 Neil deGrasse Tyson ( executive producer / host ) StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson Nominated 2016 Nominated Morgan Freeman ( executive producer / host ) The Story of God with Morgan Freeman Nominated 2017 Neil deGrasse Tyson ( executive producer / host ) StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1989 Suzanne de Passe Lonesome Dove Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Miniseries Oprah Winfrey The Women of Brewster Place Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Miniseries 1993 Suzanne de Passe , Jermaine Jackson The Jacksons : An American Dream Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Miniseries 1995 Suzanne de Passe Buffalo Girls Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Miniseries 1999 The Temptations Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Miniseries 2000 David Mills The Corner Won Category was known as Outstanding Miniseries 2015 John Ridley American Crime Nominated 2016 Nominated Anthony Hemingway The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Won LeVar Burton Roots Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Made for Television Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 1995 August Wilson The Piano Lesson ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated 1997 Laurence Fishburne Miss Evers ' Boys Won 1998 Thomas Carter Don King : Only in America Won 2000 Halle Berry Introducing Dorothy Dandridge Nominated Oprah Winfrey Tuesdays with Morrie Won 2003 Forest Whitaker Door to Door Won 2005 Halle Berry , Ruben Santiago - Hudson Lackawanna Blues Nominated 2008 Susan Batson , Sean Combs A Raisin in the Sun Nominated 2014 Cicely Tyson The Trip to Bountiful Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Television Movie . 2015 Queen Latifah , Shakim Compere Bessie Won Category was known as Outstanding Television Movie . David Oyelowo Nightingale Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Television Movie . 2016 Kerry Washington Confirmation Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Television Movie . 2017 Oprah Winfrey The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Television Movie . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1970 Bill Cosby The Bill Cosby Show Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding reality - competition Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2003 Hayma `` Screech '' Washington , co-executive producer The Amazing Race Won First African - American to be nominated and win in this category . Won 2005 Hayma `` Screech '' Washington , executive producer Won 2006 Won 2007 Won 2008 Won 2009 Won 2017 RuPaul RuPaul 's Drag Race Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 2017 ( 69th ) Sam Bailey Brown Girls Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Variety Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short Form Variety Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 2017 Trevor Noah The Daily Show - Between The Scenes Won Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Short - format live - action entertainment Program ( edit ) The award was retired in 2016 and divided to recognize Outstanding Short Form Comedy or Drama Series and Outstanding Short Form Variety Series . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Short - Format Live - Action Entertainment Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2013 Beyoncé Knowles Carter Super Bowl XLVII Halftime Show Starring Beyoncé Nominated 2015 Keegan - Michael Key , Jordan Peele Key & Peele Presents Van And Mike : The Ascension Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2009 Whoopi Goldberg The 62nd Annual Tony Awards Nominated 2012 LL Cool J The 54th Annual Grammy Awards Nominated 2015 Beyoncé Knowles Carter , Shawn `` Jay Z '' Carter Beyoncé And JAY Z On The Run Nominated Audra McDonald Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street ( Live From Lincoln Center ) Won 2016 Chris Rock The Oscars Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Structured Reality Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Structured Reality Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2016 LL Cool J Lip Sync Battle Nominated 2017 Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Unstructured Reality Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2016 W. Kamau Bell United Shades of America Nominated 2017 Won RuPaul RuPaul 's Drag Race : Untucked Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Variety Series ( edit ) This category was retired in 2015 and was separated into two categories -- Outstanding Variety Sketch Series and Outstanding Variety Talk Series . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1971 Flip Wilson The Flip Wilson Show Won Category was known as Outstanding Variety Series -- Musical . 1972 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety Series -- Musical . 1973 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety Musical Series . 2000 Chris Rock The Chris Rock Show Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Series . 2001 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Series . Dave Chappelle Chappelle 's Show Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Series . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Sketch Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Sketch Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 2015 Keegan - Michael Key , Jordan Peele Key & Peele Nominated 2016 Won Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Variety Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1969 Bill Cosby The Bill Cosby Special Won Category was known as Outstanding Variety or Musical Program . 1970 The Second Bill Cosby Special Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety or Musical Program - Variety and Popular Music . 1971 Harry Belafonte , Lena Horne Harry and Lena Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Single Program - Variety or Musical - Variety and Popular Music . 1972 Flip Wilson The Flip Wilson Show ( Sammy Davis , Jr. , Lily Tomlin and Ed McMahon ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Single Program - Variety or Musical - Variety and Popular Music . Suzanne de Passe Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Won Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Program . 1985 Motown Returns to the Apollo Won Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Program . Lena Horne Lena Horne : The Lady and her Music ( Great Performances ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Program . Quincy Jones The 68th Annual Academy Awards Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 1997 Chris Rock Chris Rock : Bring the Pain Won Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 1998 Debra Martin Chase , Whitney Houston Rodgers & Hammerstein 's Cinderella ( The Wonderful World of Disney ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 2000 Chris Rock Chris Rock : Bigger and Blacker Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . Chris Rock : Never Scared Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 2005 Dave Chappelle Dave Chappelle : For What It 's Worth Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 2007 Wanda Sykes Wanda Sykes : Sick And Tired Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 2009 Chris Rock Chris Rock : Kill the Messenger Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . Wanda Sykes Wanda Sykes : I'ma Be Me Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 2016 Beyoncé Knowles Carter Lemonade Nominated Sound Editing ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1991 Joe Earle Separate But Equal Nominated 1992 Joe Earle Cast a Deadly Spell Nominated 1992 Joe Earle Deadlock Nominated 1992 Joe Earle I 'll Fly Away Nominated 1998 Joe Earle From the Earth to the Moon Nominated 1999 Joe Earle Storm of the Century Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1998 Joe Earle Soldier of Fortune , Inc . Nominated Sound Mixing ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One - Hour ) Year Name Show Status Milestone 2008 Joe Earle Dexter Nominated 2009 Joe Earle Glee Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie Year Name Show Status Milestone 2001 Joe Earle Rodgers & Hammerstein 's South Pacific Nominated 2012 Joe Earle American Horror Story Nominated 2013 Joe Earle American Horror Story : Asylum Nominated 2014 Joe Earle American Horror Story : Coven Nominated 2015 Joe Earle American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated 2016 Joe Earle The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Won Writing ( edit ) Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 2002 Larry Wilmore The Bernie Mac Show Won 2017 Donald Glover Atlanta Nominated Stephen Glover Nominated Lena Waithe Master of None Won First African - American woman to win in this category . Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1957 Louis S. Peterson Goodyear Television Playhouse Nominated Category known as Best Teleplay Writing - One Hour or More . Peterson was first African American writer nominated for an Emmy David Mills NYPD Blue Nominated 1997 Nominated 2006 Shonda Rhimes Grey 's Anatomy Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie or Dramatic Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1995 August Wilson The Piano Lesson ( Hallmark Hall of Fame ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing in a Miniseries or a Special . 2000 David Mills The Corner Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries or a Movie . 2015 Dee Rees Bessie Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie or a Dramatic Special . John Ridley American Crime ( Episode One ) Nominated 2016 Joe Robert Cole The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ( The Race Card ) Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Nonfiction Program ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Nonfiction Program Year Name Show Status Milestone 2017 Ava DuVernay 13th Won Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series Year Name Show Status Milestone 1971 Flip Wilson The Flip Wilson Show Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety or Music . 1972 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety or Music . 1973 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety or Music . 1992 Larry Wilmore In Living Color Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program . 1997 Chris Rock Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program . 1998 Chris Rock , Wanda Sykes The Chris Rock Show Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program . 1999 Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program . 2000 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . 2001 Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . Dave Chappelle Chappelle 's Show Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . 2009 Wyatt Cenac The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Series . Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Series . 2011 Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Series . 2012 Won 2013 Travon Free Nominated 2014 Nominated Keegan - Michael Key , Jordan Peele Key & Peele Nominated 2015 Travon Free The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Won Keegan - Michael Key , Jordan Peele Key & Peele Nominated 2016 Nominated Michael Che Saturday Night Live Nominated Ashley Nicole Black , Mathan Erhardt Full Frontal with Samantha Bee Nominated 2017 Ashley Nicole Black , Mathan Erhardt , Travon Free Nominated Amber Ruffin Late Night with Seth Meyers Nominated Michael Che Saturday Night Live Nominated Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special Year Name Show Status Milestone 1977 Ntozake Shange An Evening with Diana Ross ( The Big Event ) Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing in a Comedy - Variety or Music Special . 1997 Chris Rock Chris Rock : Bring the Pain Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety or Music Program . 2000 Chris Rock : Bigger and Blacker Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . Chris Rock : Never Scared Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Program . 2009 Chris Rock : Kill the Messenger Won Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Special . Wanda Sykes Wanda Sykes : I'ma Be Me Nominated Category was known as Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music or Comedy Special . 2015 Keegan - Michael Key , Jordan Peele Key & Peele Super Bowl Special Nominated 2017 Ashley Nicole Black , Mathan Erhardt , Travon Free Full Frontal with Samantha Bee Presents Not the White House Correspondents ' Dinner Won Jump up ^ `` Mark Warren '' . Emmys . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners Television Academy '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_black_Primetime_Emmy_Award_winners_and_nominees&oldid=805002959 '' Categories : Primetime Emmy Awards Lists of black people Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 13 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | first african-american female actress who won the emmy awards | [
"\n\nPrimetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series\n\n\nYear\nName\nShow\nStatus\nMilestone\n\n\n1970\nGail Fisher\nMannix\nWon\nFirst black actress to be nominated in this category.\nFirst black actress to win in this category.\n\n\n1971\nNominated\n\n\n\n1972\nNominated\n\n\n\n1973\nNominated\n\n\n\n1983\nMadge Sinclair\nTrapper John, M.D.\nNominated\n\n\n\n1984\nNominated\n\n\n\nAlfre Woodard\nHill Street Blues\nWon\nSecond black actress to win in this category.\n\n\n1985\nMadge Sinclair\nTrapper John, M.D.\nNominated\n\n\n\n1991\nGabriel's Fire\nWon\nThird black actress to win in this category.\n\n\n1992\nMary Alice\nI'll Fly Away\nNominated\n\n\n\n1993\nWon\nFourth black actress to win in this category.\n\n\n1997\nCCH Pounder\nER\nNominated\n\n\n\nDella Reese\nTouched by an Angel\nNominated\n\n\n\nGloria Reuben\nER\nNominated\n\n\n\n1998\nDella Reese\nTouched by an Angel\nNominated\n\n\n\nGloria Reuben\nER\nNominated\n\n\n\n2005\nCCH Pounder\nThe Shield\nNominated\n\n\n\n2006\nChandra Wilson\nGrey's Anatomy\nNominated\n\n\n\n2007\nNominated\n\n\n\n2008\nNominated\n\n\n\n2009\nNominated\n\n\n\n2015\nUzo Aduba\nOrange Is the New Black\nWon\nFifth black actress to win in this category.\nWith this win, she becomes first actress to win for same role in both Comedy and Drama categories.\n\n\n2017\nNominated\n\n\n\nThandie Newton\nWestworld\nNominated\n\n\n\nSamira Wiley\nThe Handmaid's Tale\nNominated\n\n\n"
] | [
"Gail Fisher"
] |
-5315459135216219541 | The Farm (The Office) | The Farm ( the Office ) - wikipedia The Farm ( the Office ) `` The Farm '' The Office episode Episode no . Season 9 Episode 17 Directed by Paul Lieberstein Written by Paul Lieberstein Production code 9005 Original air date March 14 , 2013 Running time 22 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Majandra Delfino as Fannie Matt Jones as Zeke Thomas Middleditch as Jeb Blake Garrett Rosenthal as Cammy David Koechner as Todd Packer Allan Havey as Henry Nora Kirkpatrick as Esther Mary Gillis as Aunt Shirley Tom Bower as Heinrich Manheim ( deleted scene ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Moving On '' Next → `` Promos '' The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes `` The Farm '' is the seventeenth episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the 192nd overall . It originally aired on NBC on March 14 , 2013 . The episode guest stars Matt Jones as Dwight 's cousin Zeke , Majandra Delfino as Dwight 's sister Fannie , Blake Garrett Rosenthal as his nephew , and Thomas Middleditch as his brother . The series -- presented as if it were a real documentary -- depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . The episode revolves around Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) and Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) who attend the funeral of Dwight 's Aunt Shirley at Schrute Farms . Dwight receives his aunt 's property , and he and his siblings decide to run it . Meanwhile , Todd Packer ( David Koechner ) returns to the office to get back at them for his firing a year prior . `` The Farm '' was produced to serve as a backdoor pilot for a proposed spin - off series starring Wilson as Dwight , which NBC ultimately did not pick up . The episode received mostly negative reviews from television critics , with many criticizing Dwight 's farm storyline and some critics calling it a `` Frankenstein episode '' . The episode was viewed by 3.54 million viewers and received a 1.9 / 5 rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode ranked fourth in its timeslot , and it was the highest - rated NBC series of the night . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Broadcast and reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) receives news that his Aunt Shirley has died , and he informs the office . The only co-worker he invites to the funeral is Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) , who flees when Dwight begins shooting the corpse with a shotgun to ensure it is really dead . At the funeral , Dwight 's family gathers : his cousins Mose ( Michael Schur ) and Zeke ( Matt Jones ) , his brother Jeb ( Thomas Middleditch ) , his sister Fannie ( Majandra Delfino ) , his nephew Cammy ( Blake Garrett Rosenthal ) , and his uncle Heinrich ( Tom Bower ) . The family learns that Aunt Shirley has willed the siblings her estate on the condition that they all come back home to run it . Despite Dwight 's enthusiasm in inheriting it , Fannie and Jeb are unwilling to move back in due to the lack of sophistication farm life offers . Nevertheless , Dwight convinces them to help him run the farm . Meanwhile , Todd Packer ( David Koechner ) visits the office and announces that he wants to make amends for his past behavior . He makes rude remarks masked as apologies and hands out store - bought cupcakes . Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) argues that they should not eat the cupcakes , to spite Packer . She remains adamant on this point even after Packer leaves , but once Pam goes home the remaining employees eat the cupcakes . Packer reveals to the documentary crew that he spiked the cupcakes with drugs , supposedly as revenge for getting him fired ( though none of the employees present save Nellie had anything to do with his being fired ) . He then visits Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) at Athlead in Philadelphia , pulling the same trick on them . In the morning , Pam returns to the office and announces she is going to eat her cupcake , only to find everyone else reeling from the aftereffects of Packer 's deed . Production ( edit ) Majandra Delfino guest starred as Dwight 's sister . The episode was written and directed by executive producer and former showrunner Paul Lieberstein , marking his thirteenth writing credit , sixth directorial credit and fourth dual credit . `` The Farm '' was the fifth episode produced , but was the seventeenth aired , as noted by its production number . It was originally supposed to act as a backdoor pilot for a spin - off series starring Wilson and focusing on Dwight . As such , Wilson was initially slated to appear in only 13 episodes of The Office 's ninth season before leaving for the spin - off . Paul Lieberstein , the showrunner for The Office for seasons five through eight , stepped down at the start of season nine in order to focus more energy on the potential spin - off . However , upon review , the spin - off was not picked up by NBC . Executive producer Greg Daniels revealed that the episode would have additional material shot so that it fits better into the season , as the original version contained `` certain aspects that were appropriate for a pilot of a new show '' . The episode guest stars Majandra Delfino , Blake Garrett Rosenthal , Thomas Middleditch , Matt Jones , and Tom Bower as members of Dwight 's family ; Delfino plays Dwight 's sister Fannie , Rosenthal plays Dwight 's nephew Cammy , Middleditch portrays Dwight 's brother Jeb , Jones portrays Dwight 's cousin Zeke , and Bower appears as Dwight 's great uncle Heinrich , in a deleted scene . Jones had previously appeared in the ninth season entry , `` Junior Salesman '' . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` The Farm '' originally aired on NBC on March 14 , 2013 , after a four - week hiatus . In its original American broadcast , the episode was viewed by an estimated 3.54 million viewers and received a 1.9 rating / 5 percent share . This means that it was seen by 1.9 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds , and 5 percent of all 18 - to 49 - year - olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a decrease in the ratings from the previous episode , `` Moving On '' . The Office ranked fourth in its timeslot , being beaten by an episode of the CBS police procedural Person of Interest which received a 2.9 / 8 percent rating , an entry of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy which received a 2.6 / 7 percent rating , and an installment of the Fox series Glee which received a 2.0 / 6 percent rating . Despite this , the episode was the highest - rated NBC series for the night . 1.90 million viewers watched the episode via DVR playback , bringing the total viewership to 5.36 million viewers and a 3.0 18 -- 49 rating . Reviews ( edit ) `` Then there was the open - endedness of Dwight walking onto the farm with his brother and sister , the beginning of the new life . The tone did n't match . None of this was necessarily bad on its own , but because we know what we know , it came off less like a weird outing for Dwight and revealed the stitching of people trying to patch in a standalone episode ... which by mere approach made it feel larger and grander , the seams of the monster . '' -- Nick Campbell , TV.com `` The Farm '' received mostly negative reviews from critics , many criticizing Dwight 's farm storyline and some critics calling it a `` Frankenstein episode '' . M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode a C. Alan Sepinwall of HitFix considered NBC 's decision not to pick the spin - off for more episodes the right decision , writing that the characters and scenes were `` barely sketches '' and featured too much `` cartoonishness '' . Sepinwall also criticized the Todd Packer scenes , and only saw Dwight 's interactions with his nephew , Cammy , in a positive light . TV.com columnist Nick Campbell called the farm storyline `` unnatural '' compared to the episode and the series , as a whole , and wrote that the tone to the ending `` did n't match '' . Despite this , he complimented the storyline for `` establishing tone , characters , and direction in literally half the time usually allotted '' . The A.V. Club reviewer Erik Adams complimented the episode for serving as a `` breather '' from the season 's long arcs , and gave good background information into Dwight 's personality . He went on to criticize the pilot 's broad humor , writing that following the scene featuring Dwight shooting a shotgun into his aunt 's casket , `` it would be next to impossible for The Farm to heighten from that point '' . Adams graded the episode a B . Damon Houx of Screen Crush called the two storylines `` two pieces of that ( sic ) did n't work all that well together '' , which all added to a `` dull '' episode . Houx complimented Koechner 's performance , calling him a `` great improviser '' but wrote that the whole plot was lacking . He also considered the farm plotline to be pointless and aimless , especially due to it airing in the last few episodes of the series . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Rainn ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Remember all of these ? # FinalSeason '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uncle Heinrich '' . NBC.com . March 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul Lieberstein ( writer & director ) ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Farm '' . The Office . Season 9 . Episode 17 . NBC . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Greg Daniels and the Future of ' The Office ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Office ' Adds Two EPs for Season 9 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Rainn Wilson 's Office Spinoff , The Farm , Not Picked Up by NBC '' . E ! Online . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Office Boss : Retooled Spin - Off Episode Will Still Air -- and Change Up the Dwangela Plan '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Sean ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Two More People Cast in The Office spinoff The Farm , Including the Wacky Nazi Uncle '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` The Office : `` Junior Salesman '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Office , The on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Community ' Adjusted Up ; ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Total Viewership Gains ; ' 90210 ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase in Week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Nick ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Office `` The Farm '' Review : Try Not to Laugh When We Say `` Backdoor '' `` . TV.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Office : `` The Farm '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ M. Giant ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Office TV Show -- The Office Photos & Videos , The Office Reviews & The Office Recaps TWoP '' . Television Without Pity . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Review : The Office -- The Farm : The spin - off that was n't '' . HitFix . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` '' The Farm '' The Office TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Houx , Damon ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Office ' Review : `` The Farm '' `` . Screen Crush . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` The Farm '' at NBC.com `` The Farm '' on IMDb `` The Farm '' at TV.com The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Farm_(The_Office)&oldid=846827283 '' Categories : 2013 American television episodes The Office ( U.S. season 9 ) episodes Television pilots not picked up as a series Television pilots within series Television episodes about funerals Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018 , at 03 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who plays dwight's brother on the office | [
"\"The Farm\" is the seventeenth episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the 192nd overall. It originally aired on NBC on March 14, 2013. The episode guest stars Matt Jones as Dwight's cousin Zeke, Majandra Delfino as Dwight's sister Fannie, Blake Garrett Rosenthal as his nephew, and Thomas Middleditch as his brother.\n"
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"Thomas Middleditch"
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-2497419160750460313 | Vivek Express | Vivek Express - Wikipedia Vivek Express Jump to : navigation , search Dibrugarh - Kanyakumari Vivek Express 19027 Vivek Express Vivek Express is a chain of express trains on the Indian Railways network . These trains were announced in the Railway Budget of 2011 - 12 by the then Railway Minister . These trains were started to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda , to be held in 2013 . One of the Vivek Express trains , the one from Dibrugarh to Kanyakumari ; is the longest route on the Indian Railways network , in terms of distance and time , and is the 9th longest in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Vivek Express Trains 1.1 Dibrugarh - Kanyakumari Vivek Express 1.2 Okha - Tuticorin Vivek Express 1.3 Bandra Terminus Jammu Tawi Vivek Express 1.4 Santragachi - Mangalore Central Vivek Express 2 Route maps 3 Future plans 4 See also 5 References List of Vivek Express trains ( edit ) As of July 2013 , there are 4 pairs of Vivek Express trains Dibrugarh - Kanyakumari Vivek Express ( edit ) Main article : Dibrugarh - Kanyakumari Vivek Express This weekly train , numbered 15905 / 15906 , is currently the longest train route in the Indian Subcontinent . It joins Dibrugarh in Assam , North - East India to Kanyakumari , Tamil Nadu which is the southernmost tip of Mainland India . It covers a total of 4286 km from Dibrugarh to Kanyakumari . Okha - tuticorin Vivek Express ( edit ) Main article : Okha - Tuticorin Vivek Express This too , is a weekly train , numbered 19567 / 19568 . It connects Okha , Gujarat ( which is the westernmost tip of India ) to Thoothukudi , the `` Pearl City '' , in Tamil Nadu in South India . This train covers 3043 km in 54 : 25 hours . It travels through the states of Gujarat , Maharashtra , Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka and Tamil Nadu . This train is also religiously important , as it joins two places of religious significance , namely Lord Krishna 's Dwarka and Rameswaram , which lies close to Thoothukudi . The train covers important cities en route , namely Rajkot , Ahmedabad , Vadodara , Surat , Mumbai Vasai Road , Kalyan , Pune , Adoni , Bangalore ( Krishnarajpuram ) , Salem , Karur and Madurai . Bandra Terminus Jammu Tawi Vivek Express ( edit ) Main article : Bandra Terminus Jammu Tawi Vivek Express This train seeks its origin from Bandra Terminus , one of the main stations in Mumbai . This train , 19027 / 19028 , like other Vivek Expresses , is also a weekly train from Bandra Terminus , Mumbai to Jammu Tawi in North India . However , unlike other typical North Indian trains , this train bypasses New Delhi or Delhi NCR . It goes via Surat , Vadodara , Ahmedabad , Mehsana , Abu Road , Jodhpur , Degana , Sujangarh , Churu , Sadulpur , Hisar , Ludhiana , Jalandhar and Chakki Bank , thus bypassing Delhi NCR . Santragachi - Mangalore Central Vivek Express ( edit ) Main article : Santragachi - Mangalore Central Vivek Express The 22851 / 22852 Vivek Express links Santragachhi , a town in the vicinity of Howrah , Kolkata in West Bengal to Mangalore Central in Karnataka . This is also a weekly train , which comes under the Superfast category of the Indian Railways , unlike other Vivek Expresses . This train passes through the states of West Bengal , Odisha , Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Karnataka . Important cities en route are Bhubaneswar , Brahmapur , Vizianagaram , Visakhapatnam , Rajahmundry , Eluru , Vijayawada , Coimbatore , Kozhikode and Kannur . Route maps ( edit ) Dibrugarh - Kanyakumari Vivek Express route map Okha - Tuticorin Vivek Express route map Jammu Tawi - Mumbai Vivek Express route map ( Santragachi - Mangalore ) Vivek Express route map Future plans ( edit ) Owing to the positive response to Vivek Express trains by the masses , the Railway Ministry is considering starting a new Vivek Express in the North to East Corridor , between Jammu Tawi and North East India . Earlier Vivek Express trains ran from East to South , South to West , West to North and again East to South India respectively . The new North to East Vivek Express would complete the quadrilateral ; it is expected to be announced in the 2013 -- 2014 Railway Budget . See also ( edit ) Railways in India portal Himsagar Express Tamil Nadu Express Video of Vivek Express References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Now , northeast & south come closer '' . The Hindu . 2011 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Madurai - Dwaraka Vivek Express / 19567 '' . India Rail Info . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 10 . Indian Railways Authority Ministry of Railways Railway Board Zones Central Railway East Central Railway East Coast Railway Eastern Railway North Central Railway North Eastern Railway North Western Railway Northeast Frontier Railway Northern Railway South Central Railway South East Central Railway South Eastern Railway South Western Railway Southern Railway West Central Railway Western Railway Konkan Railway Production units Chittaranjan Locomotive Works , Chittaranjan Diesel Locomotive Works , Varanasi Diesel - Loco Modernisation Works , Patiala Integral Coach Factory , Chennai Modern Coach Factory , Raebareli Rail Coach Factory , Kapurthala Rail Wheel Factory , Bengaluru Rail Wheel Plant , Bela Railway depots Diesel Ernakulam Erode Golden Rock Gooty Guntakal Kalyan Mhow Pune Samastipur Ratlam Vatwa Bandra Marshalling Yard Bhagat ki Kothi Abu Road Phulera Kurla Itarsi Tughlakabad Raipur Tondiarpet Kazipet Maula Ali Krishnarajapuram Vishakhapatnam Shakurbasti Ludhiana Lucknow Mughalsarai Jhansi Gwalior Agra Izzatnagar Malda Town Siliguri Howrah Andal Burdwan Jamalpur Patratu Samastipur Kharagpur Bondamunda Bokaro Steel City Neral Electric Ajni Bhusawal Kalyan Angul Visakhapatnam Mughal Sarai Asansol Howrah Jhansi Gonda Ghaziabad Khanalampura Ludhiana Vijayawada Kazipet Lalaguda Bhilai Bokaro Steel City Bondamunda Santragachi Tatanagar Arakkonam Erode Royapuram Itarsi New Katni Tuglakabad Valsad Vadodara Gomoh MEMU Kollam Vadodara Bhilai Rajahmundry Asansol Palakkad EMU Car Shed Mumbai Central Kandivali Virar Rajahmundry Sanpada Kalwa Tambaram Avadi Maula Ali Ghaziabad Gholsapur Barasat Bandel Howrah Sealdah Sonarpur Tikiapara Panskura Kharagpur Kurla Shakurbasti Subsidiaries BWE BSC Braithwaite & Co . CCI DFCCI HSRI IRFC IRCTC Ircon International KRC MRVC RVNL RailTel RITES Autonomous organisations CORE COFMOW RDSO CRIS RRCB RLDA Training institutes Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering Indian Railway Institute of Electrical Engineering Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Indian Railway Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications Indian Railway Institute of Transportation Management Railway Protection Force Academy Railway Staff College Main / suburban lines Chennai Suburban Railway Chennai MRTS Delhi Suburban Railway Howrah -- Allahabad -- Mumbai line Howrah -- Chennai main line Howrah -- Delhi main line Howrah -- Gaya -- Delhi line Howrah -- Nagpur -- Mumbai line Hyderabad MMTS Kolkata Suburban Railway Mumbai -- Chennai line Mumbai Suburban Railway New Delhi -- Chennai main line New Delhi -- Mumbai main line Pune Suburban Railway Passenger trains Antyodaya Express AC Express Express trains Fast Passenger Double Decker Express Duronto Garib Rath Express Gatimaan Express Humsafar Express Intercity Express Jan Sadharan Express Jan Shatabdi Express Kavi Guru Express Mahamana Express Premium Express ( Suvidha Express ) Rajdhani Express Rajya Rani Express Shatabdi Express Sampark Kranti Express Superfast Express Tejas Express Uday Express Vivek Express Yuva Express Special trains Lifeline Express Red Ribbon Express Sanskriti Express Science Express Luxury trains Deccan Odyssey Fairy Queen Maharajas ' Express Palace on Wheels Royal Orient Train Royal Rajasthan on Wheels Golden Chariot Mahaparinirvan Express Employees All India Station Masters ' Association ( AISMA ) All India Railway Employees ' Confederation ( AIREC ) Related articles Railway Budget Railway Schools Last vehicle board RailRadar Indian Railways Fan Club Templates Portal WikiProject Swami Vivekananda Biography Birthplace Prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar Baranagar Math Swami Vivekananda 's travels in India ( 1888 -- 1893 ) Teachers Ramakrishna Sarada Devi Relationship with Ramakrishna at the Parliament of the World 's Religions ( 1893 ) in California Works and philosophy Teachings and philosophy Teachings and philosophy Vivekananda and meditation Influence and legacy of Vivekananda Neo-Vedanta Books Bibliography Sangeet Kalpataru Bartaman Bharat Inspired Talks Jnana Yoga Karma Yoga Lectures from Colombo to Almora My Master Raja Yoga The East and the West Poems / Songs `` Kali the Mother '' Khandana Bhava -- Bandhana `` My Play is Done '' The Hymn of Samadhi The Song of the Sannyasin To the Fourth of July Nachuk Tahate Shyama Lectures `` Buddhism , the Fulfilment of Hinduism '' Christ , the Messenger Religion not the crying need of India Vedanta Philosophy Miscellaneous Arise , awake , and stop not till the goal is reached Atmano mokshartham jagat hitaya cha Bahujana sukhaya bahujana hitaya cha Foundations Advaita Ashrama Belur Math Ramakrishna Math Ramakrishna Mission Udbodhan Vedanta Society ( New York ) Disciples and friends Monastic disciples Shuddhananda Virajananda Swarupananda Paramananda Other disciples and friends Ajit Singh of Khetri Alasinga Perumal Emma Calvé J.J. Goodwin John Henry Wright Josephine MacLeod Sara Chapman Bull Sister Christine Sister Nivedita Abhayananda William Hastie Memorials Vivekananda Rock Memorial National Youth Day ( India ) Swami Vivekananda Airport Swami Vivekananda Road metro station Swami Vivekanand Nagar Vivekanandar Illam Vivekananda Setu Swami Vivekananda statue ( Golpark , Kolkata ) 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda Swami Vivekananda Youth Employment Week Vivek Express Artistic depictions Films Swami Vivekananda ( 1955 ) Bireswar Vivekananda ( 1964 ) Swami Vivekananda ( 1998 ) Swamiji ( 2012 ) The Light : Swami Vivekananda ( 2013 ) Dramas Biley Bireswar Educational institutions named after Vivekananda Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College Swami Vivekananda Subharti University Swami Vivekanand University , Madhya Pradesh Vivekanda Degree College , Kukatpally Vivekananda Degree College , Puttur Vivekananda Global University Vivekananda Institution Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya Vivekananda Vidya Mandir Books on Vivekananda Swami Vivekananda on Himself Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda Notes of some wanderings with the Swami Vivekananda Swami Vivekananda : Messiah of Resurgent India Swami Vivekananda in the West : New Discoveries Pransakha Vivekananda Rousing Call to Hindu Nation The Master as I Saw Him Researchers Sankari Prasad Basu Mani Shankar Mukherjee WikiProject Commons Wikiquote Wikisource texts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivek_Express&oldid=805995721 '' Categories : Vivek Express trains Rail transport in Assam Named passenger trains of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা മലയാളം मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 00 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which is the longest running train in india | [
"Vivek Express is a chain of express trains on the Indian Railways network. These trains were announced in the Railway Budget of 2011-12 by the then Railway Minister. These trains were started to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda, to be held in 2013. One of the Vivek Express trains, the one from Dibrugarh to Kanyakumari; is the longest route on the Indian Railways network, in terms of distance and time, and is the 9th longest in the world.[1]"
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"One of the Vivek Express trains, the one from Dibrugarh to Kanyakumari"
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-2636623161713410044 | New York Mets | New York Mets - wikipedia New York Mets Jump to : navigation , search `` Mets '' redirects here . For other uses , see Mets ( disambiguation ) . New York Mets 2018 New York Mets season Established in 1962 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1962 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers 14 31 37 41 42 Shea Colors Blue , orange , white Name New York Mets ( 1962 -- present ) Other nicknames The Metropolitans , The Amazin 's , The Metsies The Miracle Mets ( 1969 ) , The Amazin Mets ( 1969 ) , The Bad Guys ( 1986 ) Ballpark Citi Field ( 2009 -- present ) Shea Stadium ( 1964 -- 2008 ) Polo Grounds ( 1962 -- 1963 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 2 ) 1969 1986 NL Pennants ( 5 ) 1969 1973 1986 2000 2015 East Division titles ( 6 ) 1969 1973 1986 1988 2006 2015 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 1999 2000 2016 Front office Owner ( s ) Fred Wilpon ( 52 % ) Several others ( 48 % ) Manager Mickey Callaway General Manager Sandy Alderson President of Baseball Operations Saul Katz The New York Mets are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens . The Mets compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . The Mets are one of two Major League clubs based in New York City ; the other is the New York Yankees of the American League . One of baseball 's first expansion teams , the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York 's departed NL teams , the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants . The Mets ' colors are composed of the Dodgers ' blue and the Giants ' orange , which also form the outer two bands of the New York City flag . During the 1962 and 1963 seasons , the Mets played their home games at the Polo Grounds . From 1964 to 2008 , the Mets ' home ballpark was Shea Stadium . In 2009 , they moved into their current ballpark , Citi Field . In their 1962 inaugural season , the Mets posted a record of 40 -- 120 , the worst regular season record since MLB went to a 162 - game schedule ( two games were canceled ) . The team never finished better than second to last until the 1969 `` Miracle Mets '' beat the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series in what is considered one of the biggest upsets in World Series history . Since then , they have played in four additional World Series , including a dramatic run in 1973 that ended in a seven - game loss to the Oakland Athletics , a second championship in 1986 over the Boston Red Sox , a Subway Series loss against their cross-town rivals the New York Yankees in 2000 , and a five - game loss to the Kansas City Royals in 2015 . The Mets qualified to play in the Major League Baseball postseason in 2006 , when they came within one game of the World Series , losing to the eventual champion St. Louis Cardinals in the NLCS . The Mets missed the playoffs with losses on the last day of the regular season in 2007 and 2008 . The Mets made the playoffs in 2015 for the first time in nine years , and won their first NL pennant in 15 years . The team again returned to the playoffs in 2016 , this time with a wild card berth . This was the team 's second back - to - back playoff appearance , the first occurring during the 1999 and 2000 seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 2 Theme song 3 Mascot 4 Uniform and logo symbolism 4.1 Logo 4.2 Uniform color and design 5 Players of note 5.1 Team captains 5.2 Baseball Hall of Famers 5.3 Retired numbers 5.3. 1 Numbers out of circulation but not retired 6 Rivalries 6.1 Subway Series : New York Yankees 6.2 Atlanta Braves 6.3 Philadelphia Phillies 7 Staff 8 Current roster 9 New York Mets Foundation 10 Owners and executives 11 New York Mets broadcasters 11.1 Television 11.2 Radio 12 Minor league affiliations 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the New York Mets William Shea was instrumental in returning National League baseball to New York City after five years of absence . After the 1957 season , the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants relocated from New York to California to become the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants , respectively , leaving the largest city in the United States with no National League franchise and only one major league team , the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . With the threat of a New York team joining a new third league , the National League expanded by adding the New York Mets following a proposal from William Shea . In a symbolic reference to New York 's earlier National League teams , the new team took as its primary colors the blue of the Dodgers and the orange of the Giants , colors also featured on the Flag of New York City . The nickname `` Mets '' was adopted : it was a natural shorthand to the club 's corporate name , `` The New York Metropolitan Baseball Club , Inc . '' , hearkened back to the `` Metropolitans '' ( a former New York team in the American Association from 1880 to 1887 ) , and its brevity was advantageous for newspaper headlines . Shea Stadium was the Mets ' home field from 1964 to 2008 . For the first two years of its existence , the team played its home games at the historic Polo Grounds in Upper Manhattan . In 1964 , they moved into newly constructed Shea Stadium in Flushing , Queens , where the Mets played until the 2008 season . In 2009 , the club moved into Citi Field , adjacent to the former Shea Stadium site . During their history , the Mets have won two World Series titles ( 1969 and 1986 ) , five National League pennants ( 1969 , 1973 , 1986 , 2000 , 2015 ) and six National League East titles ( 1969 , 1973 , 1986 , 1988 , 2006 , 2015 ) . The Mets also qualified for the postseason as the National League wild card team in 1999 , 2000 , and 2016 . The Mets have appeared in five World Series , more than any other expansion team in MLB history . Their two championships are the most titles among expansion teams , equal to the tallies of the Toronto Blue Jays , Miami Marlins , and Kansas City Royals . The Mets held the New York baseball single - season attendance record for 29 years . They broke the Yankees ' 1948 record by drawing nearly 2.7 million spectators in 1970 . The Mets broke their own record five times before the record was regained by the Yankees in 1999 . Tom Seaver led the Mets to victory in the 1969 World Series . The 1962 Mets posted a 40 -- 120 record , a record for the most losses in a season since 1899 . In 1966 , the Mets famously bypassed future Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson in the amateur draft , instead selecting Steve Chilcott , who never played in the majors . But the following year , they acquired future Hall of Famer Tom Seaver in a lottery . Seaver helped the 1969 `` Miracle Mets '' win the new National League East division title , then defeat the Atlanta Braves to win the National League pennant and the heavily favored Baltimore Orioles to win the 1969 World Series . In 1973 , the Mets rallied from 5th place to win the division , despite a record of only 82 -- 79 . They shocked the heavily favored Cincinnati Reds `` Big Red Machine '' in the NLCS and pushed the defending World Series champion Oakland Athletics to a seventh game , but lost the series . Notably , 1973 was the only NL East title between 1970 and 1980 that was n't won by either the Philadelphia Phillies or the Pittsburgh Pirates . Star pitcher Tom Seaver was traded in 1977 , on a day remembered as `` the Midnight Massacre '' , and the Mets fell into last place for several years . The franchise turned around in the mid-1980s . During this time the Mets also drafted slugger Darryl Strawberry ( # 1 in 1980 ) and 1985 Cy Young Award winner Dwight Gooden ( # 5 in 1982 ) . In addition , former National League MVP and perennial Gold Glove winner Keith Hernandez was obtained by the Mets in 1983 . In 1985 , they acquired Hall of Fame catcher Gary Carter from the Montreal Expos and won 98 games , but narrowly missed the playoffs . In 1986 , they easily won the division with a record of 108 - 54 , one of the best in National League history . They won a dramatic NLCS in six games over the Houston Astros . The sixth game of the series went sixteen innings , the longest playoff game in history until 2005 . They came within one strike of losing the World Series against the Boston Red Sox before a series of hits and defensive miscues ultimately led to an error by Boston 's Bill Buckner which gave the Mets a game 6 victory . They then won Game 7 to win their second World Series title . Mike Piazza playing for the Mets in 2004 . The Mets continued playing well after 1986 and won the division in 1988 , but were eliminated from the playoffs that year and declined into the 1990s . They were out of contention until the 1997 season when they were in wild card contention until the final week of the season . In 1998 , the Mets acquired catcher Mike Piazza in a blockbuster trade and missed the postseason by only one game . In 1999 , they made the playoffs after a one - game playoff but lost the 1999 National League Championship Series to the Atlanta Braves . In 2000 , they easily clinched a wild card spot in the playoffs , and earned a trip to the 2000 World Series against their crosstown rivals , the New York Yankees for a `` Subway Series '' . The Mets were defeated by the Yankees in five games . The Mets had a near playoff miss in 2001 and struggled from 2002 to 2004 . In the aftermath of the 2004 season , the Mets hired a new general manager , Omar Minaya , who immediately turned the franchise around by signing pitcher Pedro Martínez and hiring a new manager , Willie Randolph . The Mets finished 2005 four games over . 500 , and the franchise 's resurgence was complete by 2006 as they won 97 games and the NL East title behind new acquisitions Carlos Beltrán and Carlos Delgado , as well as young superstars José Reyes and David Wright . The Mets advanced to game seven of the 2006 NLCS but lost after Yadier Molina 's game - winning two - run home run in the top of the ninth inning . The Mets loaded the bases with two outs in the bottom of the inning , but Adam Wainwright struck out Beltran looking with a devastating curveball . In 2007 , the Mets entered the final 17 games in the season with a seven - game lead in the division . But the team went on an ill - timed losing streak , losing 11 of the next 15 games and needing to win their final two games to make the playoffs . The Mets won their penultimate game , but on the final day of the season , Tom Glavine gave up seven runs in the first inning en route to an 8 - 1 loss that eliminated the team from contention . The Philadelphia Phillies won the division by one game after a win on the season 's last day . David Wright is the current Mets captain and third baseman . The Mets held a more modest 3.5 - game lead after 145 games of the 2008 season , their final season at Shea Stadium . While their 7 -- 10 mark down the stretch was better than the previous season 's 5 -- 12 , it still allowed the Phillies to pass them once again for the division crown , which they lost by three games . The Mets opened Citi Field in 2009 , but were not a factor due to a rash of injuries to numerous key players including Reyes , Carlos Beltrán , Carlos Delgado , Óliver Pérez and Liván Hernández . The effect of the injuries plummeted the Mets to a 70 -- 92 record . The Mets improved to a 79 - 83 in 2010 , but still finished in fourth place , missing the playoffs for the fourth straight year . After the 2010 season , the Mets fired Minaya and manager Jerry Manuel . Former Oakland Athletics G.M. and MLB executive Sandy Alderson was hired to run the team , who hired Terry Collins as manager . In 2012 , Mets owners Fred Wilpon and Saul Katz settled a lawsuit brought against them on behalf of the victims of Bernard Madoff 's Ponzi scheme for $162 million . As a result of this agreement the liquidator , Irving Picard , agreed to drop the charges that Wilpon and Katz blindly went along with the scheme for their personal benefit . Picard had originally sought to recover $1 billion from the Wilpon family and Katz , but settled for $162 million along with the admission that neither the Wilpons nor Katz had any knowledge of the Ponzi scheme . In 2011 -- 2012 , Mets ownership sold twelve minority 4 % shares ( 48 % ) of the franchise at $20 million apiece to provide a cash infusion of $240 million for the team . Despite yet another losing season , the Mets made history in 2011 when closer Jason Isringhausen converted his 300th save with the team , the third player in franchise history to reach the milestone while with the organization ( after John Franco and Billy Wagner ) . Also , Reyes became the first Met in franchise history to win a National League batting title , posting a . 337 batting average . In 2012 , as the Mets tried to bounce back from three consecutive losing seasons , they lost star shortstop Reyes to free agency , when he signed with the Miami Marlins . The team started out strong , getting a career - year performance from the league 's only knuckleballer , R.A. Dickey , and strong production from Wright . But they faltered midseason and ended with a 74 - 88 record , again finishing fourth in the division . Johan Santana threw the only no - hitter in Mets history in 2012 . Prior to the 2012 season the Mets had yet to throw a no - hitter , and the franchise 's hurlers had gone 8,019 games without pitching one -- longer than any other major - league franchise . They were one of only two major - league teams to never have a pitcher throw a no - hitter ( the other being the San Diego Padres ) . However , on June 1 , 2012 Johan Santana pitched a no - hitter against the St. Louis Cardinals . Averting the spotlight from Carlos Beltrán 's return to Citi Field , Santana turned a routine game into a memorable moment in Mets history . Santana risked being removed from the game after he went over his limit of 110 pitches , placed by the team because of his shoulder surgery . Still Santana stayed in the game and threw 134 total pitches that evening in an 8 - 0 Mets victory , helped by a few great defensive plays as well as a controversial foul - ball call ( coincidentally on Beltran ) , to pull off the first no - hitter in Mets history . That was the high point of 2012 along with pitcher R.A. Dickey winning the National League Cy Young Award . This would be Dickey 's final season as a Mets though as he along with Josh Thole and Mike Nickeas were traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for prospects Travis d'Arnaud , Noah Syndergaard , Wuilmer Becerra , and veteran catcher John Buck . The 2013 season brought another 74 - 88 finish but they were able to finish in 3rd place . The highlight of the season was sweeping the season series between their cross town rivals Yankees , a first since interleague play started in 1997 . Jacob deGrom , the 2014 National League Rookie of the Year . Prior to the start of the 2014 season the Mets made a big splash in the free agent market by signing former New York Yankees outfielder Curtis Granderson to a 4 - year $60 million contract . They also signed former Oakland Athletics starting pitcher Bartolo Colón to a 2 - year deal to help offset losing ace pitcher Matt Harvey for the year after he required Tommy John surgery . They would improve to 79 - 83 and finish the season tied for 2nd place with Atlanta but it was their 6th consecutive season where they finished under . 500 . Pitcher Jacob deGrom would win the National League Rookie of the Year . On April 23 , 2015 the Mets tied a franchise season record of eleven straight wins . For the first time in its history the Mets won ten straight homestand games , becoming the 7th team since 1900 to win at least 10 straight homestand games . On September 26 , 2015 , the Mets clinched the NL East division title , and thus their first postseason berth since 2006 , by defeating the Cincinnati Reds 10 - 2 . They defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS , three games to two , and swept the Chicago Cubs in the NLCS for their first pennant in 15 years . In the 2015 World Series , they were defeated by the Kansas City Royals in five games . After the season ended , pitcher Matt Harvey won the NL Comeback Player of the Year award . Outfielder Yoenis Céspedes won the AL Gold Glove award as a left fielder . Theme song `` Meet the Mets '' is the Mets ' signature song , written in 1961 , one year before the first season , by Bill Katz and Ruth Roberts . It is played on the radio , during television broadcasts and at Mets ' home games . Mascot For more information , see Mr. Met . Mr. Met is the official mascot of the New York Mets . He was introduced on the cover of game programs in 1963 , when the Mets were still playing at the Polo Grounds in northern Manhattan . When the Mets moved to Shea Stadium in 1964 , fans were introduced to a live costumed version . Mr. Met is believed to have been the first mascot in Major League Baseball to exist in human ( as opposed to artistically rendered ) form . Mrs. Met ( formerly Lady Met ) is the female counterpart to Mr. Met , and the couple sometimes appears with 2 - 3 smaller `` children '' . Uniform and logo symbolism Jerry Koosman wearing his late - 1960s ' era Mets jersey , which served as an inspiration for the 2012 - 13 Mets pinstriped uniform . For more information , see Logos and uniforms of the New York Mets . The Mets ' colors are blue and orange , originally chosen to honor the city 's history of National League baseball ; blue for the Brooklyn Dodgers , and orange for the New York Giants . Blue and orange are also the colors of New York City , as seen on its flag . In 1998 , black was officially added to the color scheme , although beginning with 2012 the black elements in the uniform began to be phased out , and were eliminated in 2013 . Logo The cap logo is identical to the logo used by the New York Giants in their final years , and is on a blue cap reminiscent of the caps worn by the Brooklyn Dodgers . In the primary logo , designed by sports cartoonist Ray Gatto , each part of the skyline has special meaning -- at the left is a church spire , symbolic of Brooklyn , the borough of churches ; the second building from the left is the Williamsburgh Savings Bank , the tallest building in Brooklyn ; next is the Woolworth Building ; after a general skyline view of midtown comes the Empire State Building ; at the far right is the United Nations Building . The bridge in the center symbolizes that the Mets , by bringing National League baseball back to New York , represent all five boroughs . With the introduction of black as an official color , an alternate team logo was created in 1999 . It is identical to the original logo , but the skyline is black instead of blue and the `` Mets '' script is blue trimmed in orange and white instead of orange trimmed in white ( the alternate black jerseys displayed the primary blue and orange logo on the left sleeves in 1998 ; in 1999 this was changed to the alternate black and blue logo ) . The logo fell into disuse after the Mets dropped the alternate black jerseys and caps in 2012 . Also in 1999 , the logo received a slight alteration . The `` NY '' to the left of the team script was removed . No other notable changes were made . Uniform color and design Currently , the Mets wear an assortment of uniforms . The home uniforms are white with blue pinstripes , and feature the `` Mets '' script and block lettering and numbers in blue with orange outline . The uniforms are paired with a standard blue cap featuring the `` NY '' script in orange , plus blue undersleeves , belts and socks . The white pinstriped uniforms replaced both the cream pinstriped uniform and the alternate white uniform starting with the 2015 season . The gray road jerseys feature a radially - arched `` NEW YORK '' script in Tiffany style , player numerals and names in blue outlined in orange , and blue placket and sleeve piping . Like the home uniforms , the road grays are worn with blue caps , undersleeves , belts and socks . On November 14 , 2012 , the Mets introduced two new blue alternate jerseys . The home alternate features the `` Mets '' script , player numerals and names in orange outlined in white , while the road alternate feature the `` NEW YORK '' script , player numerals and names in gray outlined in orange . On December 10 , 2012 , the Mets unveiled an alternate blue fielding cap , featuring an orange brim and a white trim around the orange `` NY '' insignia . Currently it is only worn in games featuring the home blue alternates . For 2015 , another alternate blue cap , this time featuring the `` NY '' in gray outlined in orange , was introduced , and is paired with the road blue alternates . In 2017 , the alternate home blue cap was modified to feature a blue brim . For the 2014 season , a Mr. Met sleeve patch was added to the blue alternate jerseys , a feature that was later removed in favor of the primary logo in 2017 . The Mets ' standard blue batting helmet with the `` NY '' in orange is currently used regardless of the cap and jersey design they wear . This was in contrast to previous seasons where they play with alternate batting helmets to match their caps and jerseys . Players of note Team captains Keith Hernandez 1987 -- 1989 Gary Carter 1988 -- 1989 John Franco 2001 -- 2004 David Wright 2013 -- present Baseball Hall of famers John Franco during the final game at Shea Stadium . New York Mets Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum New York Mets Roberto Alomar Richie Ashburn Yogi Berra Gary Carter Tom Glavine Rickey Henderson Pedro Martínez Willie Mays Eddie Murray Mike Piazza Nolan Ryan Tom Seaver Duke Snider Warren Spahn Casey Stengel Joe Torre Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Mets cap insignia . Inducted as an Expo , despite his request that his Hall of Fame plaque show the Mets and Montreal Expos , or just the Mets . New York Mets Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Buck Canel Tim McCarver Bob Murphy Lindsey Nelson Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Mets . * Played as a Met Retired numbers For more information , see List of Major League Baseball retired numbers . Casey Stengel Manager Retired September 2 , 1965 Gil Hodges * 1B Manager Retired June 9 , 1973 Tom Seaver * Retired July 24 , 1988 Mike Piazza * Retired July 30 , 2016 Jackie Robinson All MLB Retired April 15 , 1997 William A . Shea Proponent Honored April 8 , 2008 Ralph Kiner Broadcaster Honored March 31 , 2014 The Mets ' retired numbers at Citi Field , 2016 Major League Baseball retired Jackie Robinson 's number 42 on April 15 , 1997 , when the Mets played the Dodgers at Shea Stadium . Butch Huskey wore the number throughout the rest of his Mets career because of a grandfather clause placed on the retired number by MLB . Mo Vaughn also wore 42 during his stint with the Mets , because of the same clause . On the final opening day at Shea Stadium , April 8 , 2008 , the Mets unveiled a sign bearing the name `` Shea '' next to the team 's retired numbers honoring William Shea and his contributions to the franchise . In 2014 , a special memorial logo honoring broadcaster Ralph Kiner , depicting a microphone along with his name and the years 1922 -- 2014 , was displayed at on the left field wall adjacent to , but not as a part of , the Mets ' retired numbers , from 2014 to 2016 . In the 2016 Mets yearbook , a sidebar in an article on Mike Piazza 's upcoming number retirement implies that Kiner has been `` retired '' a la William A. Shea . This was confirmed when the Mets ' retired numbers were moved to the roof facade during the 2016 season to accommodate Mike Piazza 's # 31 ; the Kiner logo was placed next to the Shea and Jackie Robinson numbers , no longer separated from the others . Numbers out of circulation but not retired 8 : Not issued since Gary Carter was elected to the Hall of Fame in 2003 . When the Mets honored Carter , they did not retire number 8 , but instead gave him a replica of his Hall of Fame plaque depicting him as a Met instead of an Expo . Desi Relaford was the last Mets player to wear No. 8 ; Matt Galante , a coach , later wore the number . After Carter 's death , the Mets honored him in a ceremony on opening day 2012 , where they unveiled the `` Kid 8 '' memorial logo ( also worn on the uniform sleeve ) on the outfield fence . However , the number 8 is still not officially retired . 17 : Since Keith Hernandez 's retirement , his number 17 has been worn by Kevin Appier , Dae - Sung Koo , José Lima , David Newhan , and lastly by Fernando Tatís , who played from the Mets from 2008 -- 2010 . It has not been re-issued to any player or coach since 2010 . 24 : Issued to two players since the retirement of Willie Mays . Then - owner Joan Whitney Payson had promised Mays it would not be issued again . The first time was to first baseman - outfielder Kelvin Torve in 1990 , by mistake . The second was to Rickey Henderson in 1999 -- 2000 as a player and again in 2007 as a coach . Rivalries Subway Series : New York Yankees Main articles : Mets -- Yankees rivalry and Subway Series The Mets -- New York Yankees rivalry is the latest incarnation of the Subway Series , the competition between New York City 's teams , the American League New York Yankees and the National League Mets . Until Interleague play started , the two teams had only met in exhibition games . Since the inception of interleague play the two teams have met every regular season since 1997 , and since 1999 they have met six times each season , playing two three - game series , one in each team 's ballpark . From the 2013 season however the number of games was reduced to four , two at each ballpark with the Mets winning six of the last eight games in that span . They have made the postseason in the same year four times : 1999 , 2000 , 2006 , and 2015 , and faced off in the 2000 World Series . Atlanta Braves Main article : Braves -- Mets rivalry The Braves -- Mets rivalry is a rivalry between two teams in the National League East , featuring the Atlanta Braves and the Mets . Although their first major confrontation occurred when the Mets swept the Braves in the 1969 NLCS , en route to their first World Series championship , the first playoff series won by an expansion team ( also the first playoff appearance by an expansion team ) , the rivalry did not become especially heated until the 1990s , when division realignment put the Mets and the Braves in the same division . The two teams faced each other again in the 1999 NLCS , and the Braves won the series four games to two . However , they would go on to lose to the Yankees in the 1999 World Series . Philadelphia Phillies Main article : Mets -- Phillies rivalry The rivalry between the Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies from 2006 to 2008 was said to be among the `` hottest '' rivalries in the National League . Aside from several brawls in the 1980s , the rivalry remained low - key before the 2006 season , as the teams had seldom been equally good at the same time . Since 2006 , the teams have battled for playoff position . The Mets won the division in 2006 and contended in 2007 and 2008 , while the Phillies won five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 . The Phillies ' 2007 Eastern Division Title was won on the last day of the season as the Mets lost a seven - game lead with 17 games remaining while losing 12 of 18 games that season to the Phillies , including being swept at home in the first 3 games of the remaining 17 , dropping their lead from 7 games to 3.5 . Staff New York Mets staff Office of the Chairman Owner / CEO -- Fred Wilpon President -- Saul Katz Chief Operating Officer -- Jeff Wilpon Front Office General Manager -- Sandy Alderson Vice President , Assistant General Manager -- John Ricco Special Assistant to General Manager -- J.P. Ricciardi Coordinators Director of Player Development - Kevin Morgan Director , Minor League Operations - Ian Levin Coordinator , Minor League & International Operations - Jen Wolf International Field Coordinator - Rafael Landestoy Hitting Coordinator - Lamar Johnson Short - Season Hitting Coordinator - Ryan Ellis Pitching Coordinator - Ron Romanick Short - Season Pitching Coordinator - Miguel Valdes Catching Coordinator - Bob Natal Outfield Coordinator - Benny Distefano Rehabilitation Pitching Coordinator - Phil Regan Medical Coordinator - Mike Herbst Rehabilitation & Physical Therapy Coordinator - David Pearson Strength & Conditioning Coordinator - Jason Craig Mental Skills Coordinator - Dr. Derik Anderson Senior Advisor - Guy Conti Special Instructor - Bobby Floyd Special Catching Instructor - Ozzie Virgil , Sr . Pitching Consultant - Al Jackson Director , Latin America Operations - Juan Henderson Current roster New York Mets roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 48 Jacob deGrom 33 Matt Harvey 67 Seth Lugo 32 Steven Matz 34 Noah Syndergaard Bullpen 39 Jerry Blevins 65 Robert Gsellman 44 A.J. Ramos 35 Jacob Rhame 51 Paul Sewald 38 Anthony Swarzak Closer 27 Jeurys Familia Catchers 18 Travis d'Arnaud 26 Kevin Plawecki Infielders 13 Asdrúbal Cabrera 28 Phillip Evans 4 Wilmer Flores 21 Todd Frazier 23 Adrián González 7 José Reyes 1 Amed Rosario Outfielders 19 Jay Bruce 52 Yoenis Céspedes 12 Juan Lagares 9 Brandon Nimmo Pitchers 62 Tyler Bashlor 63 Gerson Bautista 43 Jamie Callahan 64 Chris Flexen 68 Marcos Molina 55 Corey Oswalt 47 Hansel Robles 40 Jason Vargas 45 Zack Wheeler Catchers 77 Tomas Nido Infielders 2 Gavin Cecchini 60 Luis Guillorme 22 Dominic Smith 5 David Wright Outfielders 30 Michael Conforto Manager 36 Mickey Callaway Coaches 20 Rubén Amaro Jr. ( first base / outfield & baserunning ) 25 Ricky Bones ( bullpen ) 10 Gary DiSarcina ( bench / infield ) 58 Dave Eiland ( pitching ) 78 Eric Langill ( bullpen catcher ) 57 Dave Racaniello ( bullpen catcher ) 6 Pat Roessler ( hitting ) 53 Glenn Sherlock ( third base / catching ) 56 Tom Slater ( assistant hitting ) 60 - day disabled list 50 Rafael Montero 54 T.J. Rivera 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated March 29 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters New York Mets Foundation A registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) charity , the New York Mets Foundation is the philanthropic organization of the New York Mets . Founded in 1963 , it funds and promotes charitable causes in the Mets community . One of these causes is Tuesday 's Children , is a non-profit family service organization that `` has made a long term commitment to meet the needs of every family who lost a loved one in the terrorist attacks on September 11 , 2001 '' . The Mets host the annual Welcome Home Dinner , which raised over $550,000 for the Mets Foundation in 2012 . All proceeds were distributed to Katz Institute for Women 's Health and Katz Women 's Hospitals of North Shore - LIJ Health System and The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society . Owners and executives Main article : List of New York Mets owners and executives New York Mets broadcasters Main article : List of New York Mets broadcasters Television Most Mets games are carried by SportsNet New York ( SNY ) , a joint venture of the Mets and Comcast SportsNet . The team 's terrestrial broadcast home is WPIX , where the team has broadcast games since 1999 . Longtime Mets radio announcer Gary Cohen does the play - by - play , having moved to television with the launch of SNY in 2006 . Former Mets Keith Hernandez and Ron Darling are the color commentators . In early January 2016 , Keith Hernandez re-signed with SNY . Reports indicate that Hernandez received a raise and three - year contract . Radio As of 2014 , the Mets ' radio flagship is WOR . The Mets were previously carried by WFAN , which inherited the team 's broadcast rights from WHN when it took over its frequency in 1987 , and WFAN - FM , which simulcasts the AM signal . Spanish language broadcasts are carried by WEPN . Since 2012 , Howie Rose and Josh Lewin have been the radio broadcast team ; they share play - by - play and analyst duties . Rose , who has spent much of his career covering the Mets , replaced Bob Murphy as Gary Cohen 's partner in 2004 following Murphy 's retirement . Lewin joined the broadcast after the team parted ways with Wayne Hagin following the 2011 season . Pregame and postgame shows are hosted by Wayne Randazzo . Both Rose and Lewin have other broadcasting duties that conflict with their baseball duties . Rose was the television voice of the New York Islanders until 2015 , while Lewin is the radio voice for the San Diego Chargers . In late season NHL games that conflict with Rose 's Mets duties , Jiggs McDonald substitutes for him for Islander games most times , but Lewin will sometimes man a booth with Randazzo . Lewin 's duties with the Chargers prevent him from calling weekend games throughout September , and Rose often calls games with Randazzo in his absence . Minor league affiliations Main article : List of New York Mets minor league affiliates See also : Sterling Award Level Team League Location AAA Las Vegas 51s Pacific Coast League Las Vegas , Nevada AA Binghamton Rumble Ponies Eastern League Binghamton , New York Advanced A St. Lucie Mets Florida State League Port St. Lucie , Florida Columbia Fireflies South Atlantic League Columbia , South Carolina Short Season A Brooklyn Cyclones New York -- Penn League Brooklyn , New York Rookie Kingsport Mets Appalachian League Kingsport , Tennessee GCL Mets Gulf Coast League Port St. Lucie , Florida DSL Mets 1 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic DSL Mets 2 Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic See also Baseball portal New York City portal List of New York Mets managers List of New York Mets seasons List of New York Mets owners and executives New York Mets award winners and league leaders List of World Series champions References Jump up ^ Golenbock , Peter , ed. 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Retrieved October 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ Chandler , Rick , ed . ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Mrs. Met Is Back , And Apparently She 's Into Some Pretty Kinky Stuff '' . Sports Grid . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NY Mets Show Off Two New Blue Alternate Jerseys Chris Creamer 's SportsLogos.Net News and Blog : New Logos and New Uniforms news , photos , and rumours '' . News.sportslogos.net . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets Unveil New Alt Cap at Press Conference Chris Creamer 's SportsLogos.Net News and Blog : New Logos and New Uniforms news , photos , and rumours '' . News.sportslogos.net . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chris Creamer ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mr. Met added to New York Mets 2014 Uniforms '' . News.sportslogos.net . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : DiComo , Anthony , ed . ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wright appointed fourth captain in Mets history '' . MLB . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dubow , Josh ( January 16 , 2003 ) . `` Carter to go into Hall of Fame with Expos hat '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Claire ( April 16 , 1997 ) . `` A Grand Tribute to Robinson and His Moment '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( April 3 , 2008 ) . `` Shea family to be honored at home '' . New York Mets . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2016 New York Mets Yearbook , page 62 , ^ Jump up to : `` Mets by the Numbers '' . Jump up ^ `` Mets honor Carter 's Memory '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Vaccaro , Mike ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` The next four numbers Mets must retire after Piazza '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Noble , Marty ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Mets starting to form 2015 identity '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Olson , Lisa ( July 8 , 2003 ) . `` Crazy scene at Shea takes luster off Mets - Braves rivalry '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( September 16 , 1993 ) . `` Pirates OK new realignment '' . USA Today . p. 1C . The Pirates will switch from the East next season . They opposed the move last week when realignment was approved , but agreed to allow Atlanta to move to the East . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 16 , 1993 ) . `` Pirates Relent on New Alignment '' . New York Times . p . B14 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( April 11 , 2008 ) . `` Mets - Phillies rivalry looking like what Mets - Braves used to be '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Westcott , Rich ( 2010 ) . Philadelphia Phillies Past & Present . MVP Books . p. 10 . ISBN 9780760337844 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( May 24 , 2006 ) . `` Despite long game , rivalry long way off '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Radano , Mike ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` High Phive : Phils clinch fifth straight East title '' . Philadelphia Phillies . MLB . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , Phil . `` Mets , Who We Are '' . Jump up ^ `` Keith Hernandez to return to SNY '' . SNY . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Mets Find New Home at WOR External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Mets . Wikiquote has quotations related to : New York Mets New York Mets official website History of the New York Mets New York Mets Team Index Ultimate Mets Database ( show ) Achievements Preceded by Detroit Tigers 1968 World Series champions New York Mets 1969 Succeeded by Baltimore Orioles 1970 Preceded by Kansas City Royals 1985 World Series champions New York Mets 1986 Succeeded by Minnesota Twins Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1967 and 1968 National League champions New York Mets 1969 Succeeded by Cincinnati Reds 1970 Preceded by Cincinnati Reds 1972 National League champions New York Mets 1973 Succeeded by Los Angeles Dodgers Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 1985 National League champions New York Mets 1986 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals Preceded by Atlanta Braves 1999 National League champions New York Mets 2000 Succeeded by Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 Preceded by San Francisco Giants 2014 National League champions New York Mets 2015 Succeeded by Chicago Cubs 2016 New York Mets Based in Queens , New York Franchise History Expansion Draft Seasons Records Players New York Mets Hall of Fame Award winners and league leaders ( Sterling Award ) Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks SportsNet New York Logos and uniforms No - hitters Ballparks Polo Grounds Shea Stadium Citi Field Spring training Al Lang Stadium First Data Field Culture and lore New York Metropolitans Continental League Ca n't Anybody Here Play This Game ? 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'' Home Run Apple Generation K Sign Man Cowbell Man `` Meet the Mets '' The Odd Couple George Kalinsky Alex Anthony Frequency `` A Leela of Her Own '' ( Futurama episode ) `` Let 's Go Mets Go '' Sidd Finch Game 6 Grand Slam Single No - han The 7 Line Army Key personnel Owner : Fred Wilpon President : Saul Katz COO : Jeff Wilpon General Manager : Sandy Alderson Manager : Mickey Callaway Team Captain : David Wright Rivalries Philadelphia Phillies Atlanta Braves New York Yankees / Subway Series World Series Championships ( 2 ) 1969 1986 National League Pennants ( 5 ) 1969 1973 1986 2000 2015 Division titles ( 6 ) 1969 1973 1986 1988 2006 2015 Wild Card ( 3 ) 1999 ( tie - breaker game ) 2000 2016 Minor league affiliates AAA : Las Vegas 51s AA : Binghamton Rumble Ponies A Adv. : St. Lucie Mets A : Columbia Fireflies Short A : Brooklyn Cyclones Rookie Adv. : Kingsport Mets Rookie : GCL Mets DSL Mets I DSL Mets II Player overview Seasons ( 58 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1993 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles New York Mets retired numbers 14 Gil Hodges 31 Mike Piazza 37 Casey Stengel 41 Tom Seaver SHEA William Shea Members of the New York Mets Hall of Fame Tommie Agee Gary Carter Frank Cashen John Franco Dwight Gooden Jerry Grote Bud Harrelson Keith Hernandez Gil Hodges Davey Johnson Cleon Jones Ralph Kiner Jerry Koosman Ed Kranepool Tug McGraw Bob Murphy Johnny Murphy Lindsey Nelson Joan Whitney Payson Mike Piazza Tom Seaver William Shea Rusty Staub Casey Stengel Darryl Strawberry George Weiss Mookie Wilson Championship navigation boxes New York Mets 1969 World Series champions 1 Bobby Pfeil 3 Bud Harrelson 4 Ron Swoboda 5 Ed Charles 6 Al Weis 7 Ed Kranepool 9 J.C. 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"One of baseball's first expansion teams, the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York's departed NL teams, the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants. The Mets' colors are composed of the Dodgers' blue and the Giants' orange, which also form the outer two bands of the New York City flag.[4] During the 1962 and 1963 seasons, the Mets played their home games at the Polo Grounds. From 1964 to 2008, the Mets' home ballpark was Shea Stadium. In 2009, they moved into their current ballpark, Citi Field.[4]"
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"1962"
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-300553459434573705 | U.S. Route 42 | US route 42 - wikipedia US route 42 Jump to : navigation , search U.S. Route 42 Route information Length : 355 mi ( 571 km ) Existed : 1926 -- present Major junctions West end : US 31E / US 60 in Louisville , KY I - 64 in Louisville , KY I - 71 / I - 75 in Florence , KY , Fort Mitchell , KY , Covington , KY , and Cincinnati , OH I - 71 in Cincinnati , OH , Middleburg Heights , OH , and Cleveland , OH I - 70 near London , OH I - 80 in Strongsville , OH I - 90 in Cleveland , OH North end : US 6 / US 20 / US 322 / US 422 / SR 3 / SR 8 / SR 14 / SR 43 / SR 87 in Cleveland , OH Location States : Kentucky , Ohio Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided Replaced ← US 41 KY KY 43 → ← SR 41 OH SR 42 → U.S. Route 42 ( US 42 ) is an east -- west United States highway that runs southwest - northeast for 355 miles ( 571 km ) from Louisville , Kentucky to Cleveland , Ohio . The route has several names including Pearl Road from Cleveland to Medina in Northeast Ohio , Reading Road in Cincinnati , Cincinnati and Lebanon Pike in southwestern Ohio and Brownsboro Road in Louisville . Traveling east , the highway ends in downtown Cleveland , Ohio ; and traveling west it ends in Louisville . Interstate 71 fully supplanted US 42 as an interurban highway in the early 1960s , relegating US 42 to its current role as an ordinary town - to - town surface road . Additionally , I - 71 passes through Columbus , where US 42 avoids Columbus completely . It remains intact as a route ; no part of it has ever been diverted to any Interstate highway . It is not the `` parent '' of any US route with a related number . In spite of its even number , US 42 is posted north - south in Ohio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route description 1.1 Kentucky 1.2 Ohio 2 Major intersections 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Route description ( edit ) Kentucky ( edit ) U.S. Route 42 starts in Louisville , Kentucky , heading northeast through Prospect on the Oldham County and Jefferson County line . From here US 42 is a two lane road passing through the northern KY hills paralleling between Interstate 71 and the Ohio River . Next , it passes through Goshen and North Oldham High School , which sits off to its north side . U.S. 42 continues through Oldham County into Trimble County . In Bedford US 42 intersects with US 421 and is concurrent through downtown . The route still heading northeast crosses into Carroll County prior to crossing the Kentucky River and entering Carrollton . US 42 follows northeast along the south bank of the Ohio River passing Markland Lock and Dam and KY 1039 Markland Dam Bridge which connects between Kentucky Speedway and Indiana . Heading east US 42 parallels the Ohio River passing through Warsaw , Gallatin County about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) prior to intersecting with U.S. Route 127 starting an extended concurrency . US 127 heads south toward Glencoe , Owenton , and eventually Frankfort . From the intersection with US 127 , US 42 turns away from the Ohio River bank . US 42 enters Boone County about 2.25 miles ( 3.62 km ) prior to intersecting with the western terminus of KY 14 . Continuing North US 42 - 127 in about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) intersects Beaver Road KY 338 creating a wrong - way concurrency between U.S. 127 and KY 338 : when going north , drivers are traveling east on U.S. 42 , north on U.S. 127 , and south on Kentucky 338 . This continues for less than a mile until it intersects with Richwood Pike where KY 338 splits off continuing south . Continuing north for several miles the US 42 - 127 intersects with KY 536 ( Mount Zion Road ) . Prior to KY 536 Ryle High School sits on the road 's west side . Just south of Ryle , U.S. 42 turns from a two - lane country road to a five - lane road . US 42 passes through Union prior to continuing to the northeast with U.S. 127 . After a couple of miles , it crosses Interstate 71 / Interstate 75 . Entering Florence US 42 intersects with KY 842 and KY 237 . Within Florence U.S. Route 25 Dixie Highway joins in a concurrency with US 42 - 127 which takes on the name Dixie Highway . After crossing briefly into Elsmere , the route enters Erlanger . U.S. 42 becomes almost entirely a commercial road for the duration of its length in Erlanger . Prior to leaving Erlanger , U.S. 42 becomes narrower and more congested after it crosses KY 236 . U.S. 42 is primarily a commercial road prior to crossing under I - 275 and proceeds to turn back into an almost purely residential road with a few exceptions while going north . The route intersects with KY 1303 ( Turkeyfoot Road ) northern terminus . The Crestview Hills town center lies just south of I - 275 on the east side of the road , between Dixie Highway and Turkeyfoot Road . Dixie Heights High School is less than a mile down the road on the western side . Two intersections later US 42 is joined with KY 371 for about 500 feet ( 150 m ) . After crossing I - 71 / I - 75 again the road heads in a northeast direction closely parallel to I - 71 / I - 75 . As it heads north U.S. 42 starts off mostly as a residential road , turning more and more into a commercial road . As it winds down from the suburbs into Covington the highway 's name changes from Dixie Highway to Pike Street prior to crossing I - 71 / I - 75 again . US 25 - 42 - 127 turns left on Main St heading north and crossing KY 8 . U.S. 42 crosses into Ohio from Covington on the Clay Wade Bailey Bridge , together with US 25 and US 127 . Ohio ( edit ) U.S. 42 crosses into Ohio from Covington on the Clay Wade Bailey Bridge , together with US 127 , into Cincinnati , Hamilton County . In Ohio the route is classified as 59.3 % rural and 40.7 % urban with only 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) coded as freeway ( while running concurrently with US 23 in Delaware ) of 241.8 miles ( 389.1 km ) total . While heading Northeast out of Cincinnati US 42 parallels between I - 71 and I - 75 intersecting with I - 275 prior to leaving Hamilton County . US 42 continues through Butler , Warren , Greene , Clark , Madison , Union , Delaware , Morrow , Richland , Ashland , Wayne and Medina Counties prior to reaching its terminus in Cleveland , Cuyahoga County . The route barely enters Butler and Wayne Counties with about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) in each . The portion of U.S. 42 in Warren County between Lebanon and Waynesville is designated `` Sergeant Brian Dulle Memorial Highway '' , in honor of a Warren County Sheriff 's deputy who was struck and killed along U.S. 42 on May 10 , 2011 by a stolen car , while he was laying out stop sticks to catch the driver . Major cities along the route are Xenia , London , Delaware , Mansfield , Ashland and Medina prior to reaching the Cleveland Metropolitan area . In London US 42 intersects with I - 70 . Other than a short concurrency at each end , in Delaware are the only other two concurrency with US routes . Entering Delaware from the south US 42 runs concurrent with US 23 in Delaware until the junction with US 36 which it follows east for about . 25 miles ( 0.40 km ) before turning back to the north . The 1.1 miles ( 1.8 km ) concurrence with US 23 is the only stretch of US 42 that is categorized as a limited access freeway in Ohio . Heading into Cuyahoga County at Strongsville , U.S. 42 intersects I - 80 , the Ohio Turnpike , and continues through Middleburg Heights , Parma Heights , and Parma heading into Cleveland and is known locally as Pearl Road . US 42 continues north intersecting with I - 71 and nearby exits to I - 90 . The route is part of the Ohio & Erie Canalway Scenic Byway while continuing north on West 25th . At this point on the route the road is a business district surrounded by varying business and residents of the Ohio City neighborhood . Along this stretch of the route , can be found many historic buildings , including the West Side Market . The last stretch of US 42 is a concurrency with US 6 . The eastern / northern end of U.S. 42 finds its terminus at the intersection of Superior Ave. and Ontario St. in the middle of Public Square in downtown Cleveland . This intersection also serves as the western terminus of US 322 coming from the east on Superior as well as the western termini of US 422 , SR 14 , and SR 87 and the northern terminus of SR 8 coming from the south on Ontario . Major intersections ( edit ) State County Location mi km Destinations Notes Kentucky Jefferson Louisville 0.00 0.00 US 31E north / US 60 west ( East Main Street ) Western terminus ; west end of US 60 overlap I - 64 I - 64 exit 7 US 60 east ( Frankfort Avenue ) East end of US 60 overlap Brownsboro Village -- Druid Hills line KY 1932 south ( Chenoweth Lane ) -- St. Matthews Louisville -- Northfield line I - 264 to I - 71 -- Louisville Zoo I - 264 exit 22 ; former US 460 Byp . Louisville KY 22 east ( Seminary Drive ) Prospect KY 841 south ( Gene Snyder Freeway ) to I - 71 / I - 265 Prospect -- Louisville line KY 329 east ( Covered Bridge Road ) KY 3222 east ( Rose Island Road ) Oldham North Oldham KY 1793 north -- Creasey Mahan Nature Preserve KY 1694 south KY 393 south -- Buckner KY 524 east -- Westport Russell Corner KY 53 south to I - 71 -- La Grange KY 524 west KY 3223 south KY 1488 Henry Sligo KY 153 south to I - 71 Henry -- Trimble county line KY 157 east -- Sulphur Trimble Abbott KY 2868 west ( Morton Ridge ) KY 3175 south Bedford KY 754 west US 421 south -- Frankfort West end of US 421 overlap US 421 north East end of US 421 overlap KY 2871 south ( Connector Road ) KY 3176 north Carroll KY 1226 west KY 36 west -- Milton West end of KY 36 overlap Prestonville KY 55 south Kentucky River Carrollton -- Prestonville Bridge Carrollton KY 320 south KY 36 east / KY 227 south to I - 71 -- Worthville , General Butler State Park East end of KY 36 overlap KY 2350 south KY 2949 south Ghent KY 47 south Gallatin KY 184 KY 1039 to I - 71 -- Markland Dam , Indiana Interchange Warsaw KY 35 south to I - 71 US 127 south West end of US 127 overlap KY 1992 north KY 562 south Boone KY 2850 south Hume KY 14 east Beaverlick KY 338 north / KY 1292 east -- Big Bone Lick State Park West end of KY 338 overlap KY 338 south -- Richwood East end of KY 338 overlap Union KY 3060 east ( Frogtown Road ) KY 536 ( Hathaway Road / Mount Zion Road ) -- Union Business District Florence KY 237 ( Pleasant Valley Road / Gunpowder Road ) KY 842 ( Weaver Road ) Mall Road Former KY 3157 north I - 71 / I - 75 -- Cincinnati , Lexington , Louisville I - 75 exit 180 KY 1829 east ( Industrial Road ) US 25 south ( Dixie Highway ) West end of US 25 overlap KY 1017 north ( Turfway Road ) Kenton Erlanger KY 236 ( Commonwealth Avenue ) to I - 75 south Crestview Hills I - 275 to I - 71 / I - 75 / KY 17 -- Airport I - 275 exit 83 Lakeside Park KY 1303 south ( Turkeyfoot Road ) KY 371 north ( Buttermilk Pike ) West end of KY 371 overlap Fort Mitchell KY 371 south ( Orphanage Road ) East end of KY 371 overlap I - 71 / I - 75 -- Lexington , Louisville , Cincinnati I - 75 exit 188 Fort Wright KY 1072 south ( Kyles Lane ) to I - 71 / I - 75 West end of KY 1072 overlap KY 1072 north ( Sleepy Hollow Road ) East end of KY 1072 overlap Covington I - 71 / I - 75 I - 75 exit 191 5th Street ( KY 8 east ) One - way street 4th Street ( KY 8 west ) One - way street Ohio River 110 0.00 180 0.00 Clay Wade Bailey Bridge ; Kentucky -- Ohio line US 25 end ; east end of US 25 overlap Ohio Hamilton Cincinnati 0.47 0.76 US 27 south / US 52 east ( I - 71 Alt . north ) South end of US 27 / US 52 overlap US 22 / SR 3 begin / US 50 / SR 264 west ( Sixth Street Expressway ) / I - 75 -- Dayton Western terminus of US 22 / SR 3 NB ; ramps to / from US 50 are eastern terminus of SR 264 ; south end of US 22 / SR 3 overlap ; no access to I - 75 south ; I - 75 exit 1C US 27 north / US 52 west / US 127 north ( Central Avenue ) to I - 75 North end of US 27 / US 52 / US 127 overlap 0.98 1.58 Seventh Street east ( US 22 east / SR 3 north ) One - way street ; north end of US 22 / SR 3 overlap 0.98 1.58 Ninth Street west ( US 22 west / SR 3 south ) One - way street 1.22 1.96 US 27 north / US 52 west / US 127 north ( Central Parkway ) North end of southbound US 27 / US 52 / US 127 overlap 2.07 3.33 I - 471 south / Liberty Street -- Newport , KY I - 471 exit 7 ; no left turn northbound 2.58 4.15 I - 71 north -- Columbus I - 71 exit 2 5.70 9.17 SR 4 north ( Paddock Road ) to I - 75 6.90 11.10 SR 562 to I - 71 / I - 75 SR 562 exit 2 8.25 13.28 SR 561 ( East Seymour Avenue ) to I - 75 Reading 9.94 16.00 Galbraith Road To SR 126 Sharonville 16.13 25.96 I - 275 to I - 71 / I - 75 -- Dayton , Columbus I - 275 exit 46 Butler No major junctions Warren Mason 24.48 39.40 SR 741 to I - 71 / I - 75 Lebanon 30.72 49.44 SR 48 south / SR 63 west / SR 123 south ( Main Street ) South end of SR 48 / SR 123 overlap 30.87 49.68 SR 123 north ( Silver Street ) North end of SR 123 overlap 30.94 49.79 SR 48 north ( Broadway ) North end of SR 48 overlap 33.02 53.14 To SR 48 south / I - 71 ( via SR 48T ) Waynesville 39.98 64.34 SR 73 -- Franklin , Wilmington , Caesar Creek Greene 47.30 76.12 SR 725 west -- Spring Valley , Bellbrook , Centerville 52.74 84.88 US 35 -- Dayton , Washington CH Interchange Xenia US 35 Bus . west ( Main Street ) South end of US 35 Bus . overlap 54.77 88.14 US 68 / SR 380 south ( Detroit Street ) US 35 Bus . east ( Main Street ) North end of US 35 Bus . overlap Cedarville 62.74 100.97 SR 72 south ( Main Street ) South end of SR 72 overlap 62.89 101.21 SR 72 north ( North Main Street ) North end of SR 72 overlap Clark South Charleston 74.00 119.09 SR 41 ( Chillicothe Street ) Madison London 84.82 136.50 SR 38 south / SR 56 / SR 665 ( Main Street ) South end of SR 38 / SR 142 overlap 85.03 136.84 SR 142 east North end of SR 142 overlap 85.24 137.18 SR 38 north North end of SR 38 overlap Lafayette 89.39 143.86 US 40 Interchange 91.10 146.61 I - 70 -- Dayton , Columbus I - 70 exit 79 92.12 148.25 SR 29 -- Mechanicsburg , West Jefferson Union Plain City 103.77 167.00 SR 161 104.79 168.64 SR 736 north -- Marysville New California 108.24 174.20 US 33 -- Marysville , Columbus Interchange Delaware 115.11 185.25 SR 257 north / SR 745 south -- Scioto Village South end of SR 257 overlap 115.68 186.17 SR 257 south North end of SR 257 overlap Delaware 120.56 194.02 South Sandusky Street Interchange 120.84 194.47 US 23 south South end of US 23 overlap 122.13 196.55 US 23 north / US 36 west ( William Street / SR 521 ) to SR 37 west / North Sandusky Street -- Toledo , Marion Interchange ; north end of US 23 overlap ; south end of US 36 / SR 37 / SR 521 overlap 122.33 196.87 US 36 east ( East William Street / SR 521 ) North end of US 36 / SR 521 overlap 122.51 197.16 SR 37 ( East Central Avenue ) to US 23 north Ashley 132.21 212.77 SR 229 -- Norton , Marengo Morrow 135.31 217.76 SR 746 north -- Caledonia Cardington 140.13 225.52 SR 529 ( Marion Street ) Mount Gilead 145.43 234.05 SR 61 south to I - 71 South end of SR 61 overlap 146.03 235.01 SR 95 ( Marion Street / SR 95A ) to I - 71 146.15 235.21 SR 95 ( High Street ) -- Mount Gilead State Park 146.38 235.58 SR 61 north ( North Main Street ) North end of SR 61 overlap Williamsport 152.17 244.89 SR 19 -- Galion Johnsville 156.84 252.41 SR 314 -- Shelby , Chesterville Richland Lexington 162.56 261.61 SR 97 west South end of SR 97 overlap 162.63 261.73 SR 546 south 163.37 262.92 SR 97 east to I - 71 -- Bellville North end of SR 97 overlap Mansfield 169.15 272.22 SR 13 south ( South Main Street ) to I - 71 South end of SR 13 overlap 169.39 272.61 SR 13 north ( South Diamond Street ) -- Mansfield Lahm Airport North end of SR 13 overlap ; south end of SR 13 Truck overlap 169.46 272.72 US 42 Truck north / SR 13 Truck north ( South Adams Street ) North end of SR 13 Truck overlap 169.87 273.38 SR 430 west / Lincoln Highway west ( Park Avenue East ) South end of SR 430 overlap ; no left turn northbound 170.14 273.81 SR 430 east / Lincoln Highway east ( Park Avenue East ) North end of SR 430 overlap 170.32 274.10 SR 39 / US 42 Truck south / SR 430 Truck ( East Fifth Street ) 172.50 277.61 US 30 to I - 71 / Beal Road -- Bucyrus , Wooster , Kingwood Center Interchange Ashland 177.53 285.71 SR 603 -- Olivesburg , Mifflin 180.10 289.84 Claremont Avenue - Ashland Interchange ; northbound exit and southbound entrance Ashland 183.05 294.59 SR 60 / SR 511 -- Ashland , Hayesville , Loudonville Interchange 184.44 296.83 US 250 east / SR 96 to I - 71 -- Wooster , Ashland Interchange ; south end of US 250 overlap 185.44 298.44 US 250 west -- Norwalk North end of US 250 overlap 189.88 305.58 SR 89 -- Polk , Jeromesville 191.28 307.84 SR 302 -- Savannah , Wooster 191.39 308.01 SR 604 east Wayne West Salem 197.25 317.44 SR 301 to I - 71 north -- Homerville , Lattasburg Medina 202.28 325.54 US 224 west / SR 421 -- Findlay , Lodi Interchange ; south end of US 224 overlap 206.05 331.61 US 224 east / SR 421 west to I - 71 -- Akron , Lodi Interchange ; north end of US 224 overlap Lafayette 211.23 339.94 SR 162 east ( Wedgewood Road ) -- Akron South end of SR 162 overlap 211.70 340.70 SR 162 west ( Chatham Road ) -- Spencer North end of SR 162 overlap Medina 215.97 347.57 SR 3 south ( South Court Street ) South end of SR 3 overlap 216.23 347.99 SR 3 north / SR 18 east / SR 57 south ( East Washington Street ) North end of SR 3 overlap 216.31 348.12 SR 18 west / SR 57 north ( West Liberty Street ) Brunswick 223.47 359.64 SR 303 ( Center Road ) -- LaGrange , Hinckley Cuyahoga Strongsville 228.80 368.22 SR 82 ( Royalton Road ) 230.64 371.18 I - 80 / Ohio Turnpike Ohio Turnpike exit 161 Middleburg Heights 231.90 373.21 I - 71 to Ohio Turnpike -- Cleveland , Columbus I - 71 exit 234 Parma 237.96 382.96 SR 3 south ( Ridge Road ) to I - 480 South end of SR 3 overlap Parma -- Cleveland line 238.47 383.78 SR 17 ( Brookpark Road ) Cleveland 240.25 386.64 SR 94 south ( State Road ) to I - 480 241.51 388.67 I - 71 to I - 90 I - 71 exit 245 242.74 390.65 I - 90 west -- Toledo I - 90 exit 170A 243.51 391.89 SR 10 ( Lorain Avenue ) 244.06 392.78 US 6 west / US 20 west / US 6 Alt . west ( Detroit Avenue ) Southern end of US 6 / US 20 concurrency ; eastern terminus of US 6 Alt . Detroit -- Superior Bridge over Cuyahoga River 245.04 394.35 US 6 / US 20 east / US 322 east / US 422 east / SR 3 south / SR 8 south / SR 14 east / SR 43 south / SR 87 east ( Public Square ) Northern terminus ; northern end of US 6 / US 20 / SR 3 concurrency ; northern terminus of SR 3 / SR 8 / SR 43 ; western terminus of US 322 / US 422 / SR 14 / SR 87 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Tolled See also ( edit ) List of United States Numbered Highways Roads in Louisville , Kentucky References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Droz , Robert V. U.S. Highways : From US 1 to ( US 830 ) . URL accessed 02 : 55 , 4 July 2006 ( UTC ) . Jump up ^ Google Street View . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.us-highways.com/dixiehwye.htm Dixie Highway East Accessed 23 Apr 14 ^ Jump up to : http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/Planning/TechServ/TIM/Pages/BasicRoadInventory.aspx Ohio Department of Transportation : State System Basic Road Inventory Jump up ^ Google Maps Jump up ^ `` 5533.752 Sergeant Brian Dulle Memorial Highway '' . Ohio Revised Code . LAW Writer . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hensley , Sarah Beth ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Memorial , highway honor Sgt . Brian Dulle two years after his death '' . WCPO - TV . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / U.S. Route 42 KML is from Wikidata Endpoints of U.S. Highway 42 ( hide ) United States Numbered Highway System 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 87 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 163 400 412 425 Mainline highways Divided routes Special routes Routes in italics are no longer a part of the system . Highlighted routes are considered main routes of the system . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Route_42&oldid=795795226 '' Categories : U.S. Route 42 U.S. Highways in Kentucky U.S. Highways in Ohio Transportation in Louisville , Kentucky Transportation in Jefferson County , Kentucky Transportation in Oldham County , Kentucky Transportation in Henry County , Kentucky Transportation in Trimble County , Kentucky Transportation in Carroll County , Kentucky Transportation in Gallatin County , Kentucky Transportation in Boone County , Kentucky Transportation in Kenton County , Kentucky Transportation in Hamilton County , Ohio Transportation in Butler County , Ohio Transportation in Warren County , Ohio Transportation in Greene County , Ohio Transportation in Clark County , Ohio Transportation in Madison County , Ohio Transportation in Union County , Ohio Transportation in Delaware County , Ohio Transportation in Morrow County , Ohio Transportation in Richland County , Ohio Transportation in Ashland County , Ohio Transportation in Wayne County , Ohio Transportation in Medina County , Ohio Transportation in Cuyahoga County , Ohio Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2014 Articles using KML from Wikidata Use dmy dates from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2017 , at 14 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does us route 42 start and end | [
"U.S. Route 42 (US 42) is an east–west United States highway that runs southwest-northeast for 355 miles (571 km) from Louisville, Kentucky to Cleveland, Ohio. The route has several names including Pearl Road from Cleveland to Medina in Northeast Ohio, Reading Road in Cincinnati, Cincinnati and Lebanon Pike in southwestern Ohio and Brownsboro Road in Louisville. Traveling east, the highway ends in downtown Cleveland, Ohio; and traveling west it ends in Louisville."
] | [
"Louisville, Kentucky to Cleveland, Ohio"
] |
662302192330091254 | Fuller House (TV series) | Fuller House ( TV series ) - wikipedia Fuller House ( TV series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Fuller House Genre Sitcom Created by Jeff Franklin Starring Candace Cameron Bure Jodie Sweetin Andrea Barber Michael Campion Elias Harger Soni Nicole Bringas Dashiell and Fox Messitt Juan Pablo Di Pace Scott Weinger John Brotherton Ashley Liao Adam Hagenbuch Theme music composer Jesse Frederick Bennett Salvay Opening theme `` Everywhere You Look '' performed by Carly Rae Jepsen Ending theme `` Everywhere You Look '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jesse Frederick Bennett Salvay Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 35 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jeff Franklin Thomas L. Miller Robert L. Boyett Producer ( s ) John Stamos Kelly Sandefur Coral Hawthorne Cinematography Gregg Heschong Running time 25 -- 36 minutes Production company ( s ) Jeff Franklin Productions Miller - Boyett Productions Distributor Warner Horizon Television Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Full House ( 1987 -- 95 ) External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80051137 Production website www.warnerbros.com/studio/divisions/television/warner-horizon-television Fuller House is an American sitcom created by Jeff Franklin that airs as a Netflix original series , and is a sequel to the 1987 -- 1995 television series Full House . It centers around D.J. Tanner - Fuller , a veterinarian and widowed mother of three sons , whose sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy -- along with her teenage daughter -- live together at the Tanners ' childhood home in San Francisco , California . Most of the original series ensemble cast have reprised their roles on Fuller House , either as regular cast members or in guest appearances , with the exception of Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen , who alternated the role of Michelle Tanner in Full House . The show is produced by Jeff Franklin Productions and Miller - Boyett Productions , in association with Warner Horizon Television . Netflix ordered an initial 13 episodes which were released on February 26 , 2016 worldwide . The third season is split into two parts , with the first half of nine episode being released on September 22 , 2017 , and the second half scheduled for release on December 22 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Reviews 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Like the original series , the show is set in the same house in San Francisco , California . Recently widowed D.J. Tanner - Fuller is a veterinarian and the mother of three young boys . After the unexpected death of her husband , Tommy , who was following his hazardous duties as a firefighter , D.J. accepts the help of her sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy to move in and take part in raising her three sons , 13 - year - old Jackson , 7 - year - old Max , and baby Tommy Jr . Kimmy 's teenage daughter Ramona also moves in . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Main article : List of Full House and Fuller House characters Candace Cameron Bure as Donna Jo `` D.J. '' Tanner - Fuller , a widowed mother who has a full - time job as a veterinarian Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner , D.J. 's younger sister , who leaves her life in London to help D.J. raise her kids Andrea Barber as Kimmy Gibbler , D.J. 's best friend and owner of a party planning business , who moves in with D.J. and Stephanie to help them raise D.J. 's kids Michael Campion as Jackson Fuller , D.J. 's mischievous 13 - year - old son who often engages in reckless stunts Elias Harger as Max Fuller , D.J. 's 7 - year - old son who is bit of neat freak like his grandfather Soni Nicole Bringas as Ramona Gibbler , Kimmy 's 13 - year - old daughter Dashiell & Fox Messitt as Tommy Fuller , Jr. , D.J. 's infant son Juan Pablo Di Pace as Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero , Kimmy 's ex-husband and Ramona 's father ( recurring : season 1 ; main : season 2 -- 3 ) Scott Weinger as Steve Hale , a podiatrist and D.J. 's ex-boyfriend , who tries to get back with her after his unsuccessful marriage ; also the owner of Comet Jr . Jr. ( recurring : season 1 ; main : season 2 -- 3 ) John Brotherton as Matt Harmon , co-worker and love interest of D.J. ( recurring : season 1 ; main : season 2 -- 3 ) Ashley Liao as Lola Wong , Ramona 's best friend and Jackson 's love interest ( recurring : seasons 1 and 3 ; main : season 2 ) Adam Hagenbuch as Jimmy Gibbler , Kimmy 's younger brother and a freelance photographer , who is dating Stephanie ( recurring : season 2 ; main : season 3 ) Recurring ( edit ) John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis , D.J. and Stephanie 's uncle ( Danny 's brother - in - law of his first marriage ) ; the music composer for General Hospital Lori Loughlin as Rebecca Donaldson - Katsopolis , Jesse 's wife and aunt to D.J. and Stephanie , who leaves San Francisco to co-star with Danny on Wake Up USA in Los Angeles Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone , a Vegas comedian who helped Danny raise D.J. and Stephanie , along with Jesse and Becky Bob Saget as Danny Tanner , D.J. and Stephanie 's father , and the grandfather of Jackson , Max & Tommy Jr. , who leaves San Francisco for Los Angeles to star in the new talk show Wake Up USA Robin Thomas as Dr. Fred Harmon , Matt 's father and the owner of Harmon Pet Care , D.J. 's employer Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit as Nicky and Alex Katsopolis , Jesse and Rebecca 's twin sons , and the cousins of DJ and Stephanie , who both spent six years in college and operate a fish taco truck together Gianna DiDonato as Crystal , Matt 's girlfriend for a brief time in season two Virginia Williams as C.J. , Steve 's fiancée who is strikingly similar to D.J. Isaak Presley as Bobby Popko , Jackson 's best friend and a love interest for Ramona Lucas Jaye as Taylor , Max 's intelligent and challenging best friend Mckenna Grace as Rose , C.J. 's daughter and a love interest for Max Marla Sokoloff as Gia Mahan , Stephanie 's old friend Landry Bender as Rocki , Gia 's daughter Guest stars ( edit ) Eva LaRue as Teri Tanner , Danny 's second wife Lanny Cordola and Gary Griffin , original members of Jesse and the Rippers Maksim Chmerkovskiy as himself Valentin Chmerkovskiy as himself Macy Gray as herself Stephen Tobolowsky as Mr. Gerald Jeff B. Davis as Wrestling Announcer Tyne Stecklein as Mandy Ryan McPartlin as Tyler , a brief potential love interest of D.J. Hunter Pence as himself Michael Sun Lee as Harry Takayama , Stephanie 's childhood friend , who is a CPA Steve Talley as Darren , a brief love interest of Stephanie Alan Thicke as Mike , Crystal 's grandfather . Bruno Tonioli as Giuseppe Pignoli , Ramona 's famous Italian dance coach Laura Bell Bundy as Ginger Gladstone , Joey 's wife Finn Carr as Lewis Gladstone , Joey 's son Kingston Foster as Joan Gladstone , Joey 's daughter Noah Salsbury Lipson as Jerry Gladstone , Joey 's son Ruby Rose Turner as Phyllis Gladstone , Joey 's daughter Jonathan Knight , Jordan Knight , Joey McIntyre , Donnie Wahlberg , and Danny Wood , members of New Kids on the Block David Lipper as Viper , D.J. 's ex-boyfriend Anne Marie McEvoy as Kathy Santoni , D.J. and Kimmy 's high school classmate Scott Menville as Duane Moffat , Kimmy 's high school ex-boyfriend who is now a motivational speaker Hal Sparks as Nelson Burkhard , D.J. 's rich high school ex-boyfriend , originally played by Jason Marsden John Aprea as Nick Katsopolis , Jesse 's father and D.J. and Stephanie 's grandfather Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In August 2014 , reports circulated that Warner Bros. Television was considering a series reboot . John Stamos , who had an ownership stake in the show , headed up the attempt to get the series back into production . Creator Jeff Franklin returned as executive producer and showrunner with the collaboration of original executive producers Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett under their Miller - Boyett Productions label . In April 2015 , it was reported that Netflix was close to closing a deal to produce a 13 - episode sequel series tentatively titled Fuller House . A representative for Netflix said that the report was `` just a rumor '' . In response to the report , Bure tweeted , `` While you all ponder over whether the Fuller House show is true or is an April Fools joke , check out ( link to her upcoming TV movie ) '' , and Stamos tweeted , `` Believe none of what you hear , and only half of what you see . '' On April 20 , he appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , confirming the spin - off series had been green - lit by Netflix . On April 21 , Netflix confirmed the series was in development . In a parallel to the original series , Fuller House focuses on D.J. , who is a recently widowed mother of three boys , with her sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy moving in to help raise the boys . The series starts off with a special episode featuring a Tanner family reunion . Filming of the series began in July 2015 and lasted until November 2015 . In December 2015 , the series ' release date was revealed as February 26 , 2016 . Later in the month , Carly Rae Jepsen revealed she and Butch Walker recreated the Full House theme song , `` Everywhere You Look '' ( which was originally performed by Jesse Frederick , who co-wrote the song with Bennett Salvay ) , for the series as its opening theme . On March 2 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a second season , and production for the second season began on May 5 , 2016 . Thirteen new episodes were ordered and were released on December 9 , 2016 . On December 24 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season , to be released in 2017 . and On December 31 , 2016 , it was confirmed that the season was given an 18 - episode order . Production for the third season began on March 18 , 2017 , and ended on September 2 , 2017 . It was announced on June 26 , 2017 that the third season would be split into two parts , with the release of the first part on September 22 , 2017 to consist of nine episodes . It was announced on November 13 , 2017 that the second half , which will also feature nine episodes , will be released on December 22 , 2017 . Casting ( edit ) In addition to Cameron Bure , Sweetin , and Barber reprising their roles , the other main roles went to Michael Campion , Elias Harger , and Soni Bringas , as their children : Jackson and Max Fuller , and Ramona Gibbler , respectively . It was disclosed that John Stamos would have a recurring role as Jesse Katsopolis and would also be producing . Other original main cast members who would be reprising their roles periodically are Lori Loughlin as Becky Katsopolis , Bob Saget as Danny Tanner , and Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone . Dylan and Blake Tuomy - Wilhoit also make an appearance reprising their roles as Nicky and Alex Katsopolis , respectively . On April 19 , 2016 , it was announced Ashley Liao , who plays Ramona 's best friend , had been upgraded to a series regular . Additional cast members recurring regularly throughout the series include Juan Pablo Di Pace , playing Kimmy 's ex-husband , Fernando , and Scott Weinger , reprising the role of Steve Hale , D.J. 's high school boyfriend . Eva LaRue portrays Danny 's wife Teri , and Michael Sun Lee makes an appearance as the adult version of Nathan Nishiguchi 's character , Harry Takayama , who was Stephanie 's childhood friend . Shortly after announcing the spin - off series , it was uncertain whether Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen , who shared the role of Michelle Tanner , would choose to participate . The Olsen twins ultimately rejected the offer because Ashley has not acted in years with no intentions to restart , and Mary - Kate initially considered the part but later declined as it was not feasible with her fashion career at the time . Subsequently , the producers decided to have Michelle reside in New York City , where she is highly focused on her fashion enterprise . By January 2016 , they asked the Olsen twins ' younger sister , Elizabeth , if she had any ambitions to take the part of Michelle , but she ultimately declined as well . Nonetheless , the producers are still prodding the Olsen twins to return and were confident that one of the twins would ultimately decide to reappear during the second season although this did not end up happening . In September 2016 , it was announced that the character Nelson will re-appear on Fuller House , with the character recast to be portrayed by Hal Sparks , who replaces Nelson 's original portrayer , Jason Marsden . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Fuller House episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) 13 December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 18 9 September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 9 December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The first season of Fuller House received generally negative reviews , with most noting the series was very derivative of its source material and was oriented toward fans of the original show . On Rotten Tomatoes , the series has a rating of 32 % , based on 41 reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` After the initial dose of nostalgia , Fuller House has little to offer to anyone except the original series ' most diehard fans . '' On Metacritic the series has an average score of 35 out of 100 , based on 28 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter panned the show , calling it `` a mawkish , grating , broadly played chip off the Full House block . '' He also added that `` It 's doubtful that there will be a more painful 2016 TV episode than the Fuller House pilot , which takes an inexcusable 35 minutes to establish a plot that is just an inversion of the original Full House premise . '' David Weigand of the San Francisco Chronicle reacted similarly , writing : `` The episodes are predictable because they 're unoriginal and the writing is painful . The canned laughter is perhaps the greatest reminder of the ' good old days ' . If only all those recorded voices had something legitimate to laugh at . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote that the show `` continually goes to the well of having cute kids mug for the camera as they practically yell their lines , and just a little of its self - congratulatory , blaring obviousness goes a long way . '' Some parents have complained that the reboot is not family friendly unlike its predecessor because it includes cursing and references to sex and drugs . In a more positive review , Verne Gay from Newsday wrote that the show is like `` Full House 2.0 '' and that while it has the `` same premise , same vibe , mostly same cast '' , it is `` a winner , strictly for fans . '' The second season saw more positive reviews . Jenny Varner of `` IGN '' gave the season a mixed 6.5 / 10 score . She noted that `` Fuller House Season 2 brings a fuller cast , a fuller plot , and a lot more cringe - worthy pop culture jokes . Love it or hate it , the staying power of this heartwarming Netflix staple is stronger than ever . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Comedy Fuller House Won Choice TV Actress : Comedy Candace Cameron Bure Won Choice TV : Chemistry Candace Cameron Bure , Jodie Sweetin and Andrea Barber Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Comedy Series Fuller House Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show -- Family Show Fuller House Won Home Media ( edit ) Warner Home Video released the first season of the series on DVD in Region 1 on February 28 , 2017 . The second season will be released on DVD on December 12 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Fuller House cast is back at work '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Sandy ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Sequel Series ' Fuller House ' Officially Acquired By Netflix '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fuller House ' Begins Filming ! Which Star Broke Down in Tears On Set ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Originals Premiere Dates '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House - Season 1 DVD Information - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` D.J. Tanner Takes Us Into ' Fuller House ' : Candace Cameron Bure on Netflix 's ' Full House ' Spinoff '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Cast Member Candace Cameron Bure Discusses Playing A Mom In Spinoff And Teases Plot Details '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( June 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Reunion Cast Member Jodie Sweetin Hints At How The Show Will Address The Olsen Twins Not Returning '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andriakos , Jacqueline ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full House Is Back : Candace Cameron Bure & Andrea Barber Ca n't Wait to Be ' Best Friends Again ' '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House '' . Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Trailer : Welcome Home Tanner Family '' . / Film . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Photos From ' Fuller House ' Show a Tearful Tanner Family Reunion '' . CBS Television Distribution . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candace Cameron Bure Talks Netflix 's ' Fuller House ' Details '' . MStars News . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Potski , Denise ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Fuller House ' Casts Juan Pablo Di Pace '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` Fuller House Season 2 : D.J. and Kimmy 's Exes Promoted to Series Regulars '' . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Wagmeister ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Brings Back Steve : Scott Weinger Joining Netflix Series '' . Variety . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Swift . `` ' Fuller House ' : John Brotherton Promoted As Matt -- Season 2 Spoilers -- TVLine '' . TVLine . ^ Jump up to : Andy Swift . `` ' Fuller House ' Season 2 Spoilers -- Lola Promoted To Series Regular -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' : Adam Hagenbuch Upped To Regular For Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Have mercy ! Netflix to stream ' Full House ' reunion , spinoff '' . CNN . April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Megan Daley ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Lori Loughlin will return for Fuller House '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney Friedlander ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Bob Saget in ' Fuller House ' : Danny Tanner in ' Full House ' Reboot '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Venable . `` Check Out Danny Tanner 's New Fuller House Wife '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . And hey , while we 're talking cast members , HollywoodLife reports that actor Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit will return to the show to reprise his role of Nicky , and it 's expected that his brother Blake will return to play Alex . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Landry Bender Talks Season 3 Of Fuller House '' . The Daily Shuffle . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linda , Ge ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' to Bring Back Stephanie 's Childhood Friend Harry in Recast Role ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Full House Reunion Series Fuller House Nears 13 - Episode Netflix Order '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' to Return for New Season on Netflix : Report '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Cast Reacting to ' Fuller House ' Reunion Rumors '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Michael ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Have mercy ! Netflix to stream ' Full House ' reunion , spinoff '' . CNN . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orley , Emily ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` The `` Full House '' Spinoff Is Officially Coming To Netflix In 2016 `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Fuller House Officially Snags 13 - Episode Order at Netflix -- Get Details on the Cast and ( Widow ? ! ) Storyline '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Van Luling , Todd ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Olsen Twins Wo n't Be In ' Fuller House , ' Lori Loughlin Confirms '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Carly Rae Jepsen to sing new Fuller House theme song '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House Season 2 Is Coming Sooner Than You Expected '' . Eonline.com. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Season 2 Premiere Date -- Returns In December 2016 '' . TVLine . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` jeff franklin on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Jeff Franklin Mar 18 , 2017 at 9 : 29pm UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Jeff Franklin Sep 2 , 2017 '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ http://netflixlife.com/2017/06/26/fuller-house-season-3-netflix-release-date/ Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Fuller House season 3 , part 2 hits Netflix in December '' . Netflixlife.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitney Friedlander ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Reboot : Dave Coulier Joins ' Fuller House ' on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Jesse and Aunt Becky reunite on Fuller House set '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Fuller House : Meet Danny 's ' Vivacious ' Wife , Kimmy 's ' Scoundrel ' Ex-Husband '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Iredale , Jessica ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Talk Full House Spinoff '' . wwd.com . Fairchild Publishing . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Megan McCluskey . `` Fuller House : Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen 's Absence Explained '' . TIME.com . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix says Olsen twins could still join Full House revival '' . ew.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; Stanhope , Kate ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Not Returning for ' Fuller House ' Revival ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' to Explain Away Michelle Tanner 's Absence in Ironic Fashion '' . TheWarp . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Actually Tried to Get Elizabeth Olsen to Play Michelle '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Full House ' Creator Hopeful for Olsen Twins ' Return in Future ' Fuller House ' Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Randee Dawn ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Olsen twins on 2nd season of ' Fuller House ' ? Why John Stamos has ' a good feeling ' '' . Today . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fuller House ' Recasts DJ Tanner 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . 2016 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Fuller House season 3 , part 2 hits Netflix in December '' . Netflixlife.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House -- Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Dan . `` ' Fuller House ' : TV Review '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigand , David . `` ' Fuller House ' empty of laughs '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen . `` TV Review : ' Fuller House ' '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Victoria . `` ' Fuller House ' Backlash : Angry Parents Slam Netflix Reboot For Cursing , Sex , And Drug References '' . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne . `` ' Fuller House ' review : Netflix reboot strictly for fans '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Varner , Jenny . `` Fuller House : Season 2 Review -- IGN '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : CW Dramas , Pretty Little Liars Lead Early Noms '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : Teen Wolf , Vampire Diaries , PLL , Originals and More Snag Second - Wave Nominations '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards : ' Fuller House , ' ' Ghostbusters ' & More Win Orange Blimps -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House DVD news : Season 1 Announced for 2017 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House Season 2 '' . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Fuller House on IMDb Fuller House at Rotten Tomatoes Fuller House at TV.com Fuller House at Metacritic Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Related articles Fuller House episodes Miller - Boyett Productions Miller - Milkis Productions TV series Petrocelli ( 1974 -- 76 ) Happy Days ( 1974 -- 84 ) Laverne & Shirley ( 1976 -- 83 ) Blansky 's Beauties ( 1977 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1978 -- 82 ) Makin ' It ( 1979 ) Out of the Blue ( 1979 ) $ weepstake $ ( 1979 ) Angie ( 1979 -- 80 ) Films The Heist ( 1972 ) The Weekend Nun ( 1972 ) Silver Streak ( 1976 ) Walkin ' Walter ( 1977 ) Foul Play ( 1978 ) Miller - Milkis - Boyett Productions TV series Goodtime Girls ( 1980 ) Bosom Buddies ( 1980 -- 82 ) Foul Play ( 1981 ) Joanie Loves Chachi ( 1982 -- 83 ) Films The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas ( 1982 ) Miller - Boyett Productions The Hogan Family ( 1986 -- 91 ) Perfect Strangers ( 1986 -- 93 ) Full House ( 1987 -- 95 ) Family Matters ( 1989 -- 98 ) The Family Man ( 1990 -- 91 ) Going Places ( 1990 -- 91 ) Step by Step ( 1991 -- 98 ) Getting By ( 1993 -- 94 ) On Our Own ( 1994 -- 95 ) Fuller House ( 2016 ) Miller - Boyett - Warren Productions Meego ( 1997 ) Two of a Kind ( 1998 -- 99 ) Robert L. Boyett Productions Partners ( 2014 ) See also Charles Fox Jesse Frederick Bickley - Warren Productions Paramount Television CBS Paramount Television CBS Television Studios Lorimar Television Warner Bros. Television This series began being produced under the Miller - Milkis - Boyett banner beginning with the 1980 -- 81 television season . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the second half of fuller house air | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally released\n\n\n\n1\n13\nFebruary 26, 2016 (2016-02-26)\n\n\n\n2\n13\nDecember 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)\n\n\n\n3\n18\n9\nSeptember 22, 2017 (2017-09-22)\n\n\n\n9\nDecember 22, 2017 (2017-12-22)[54]\n\n"
] | [
"December 9, 2016"
] |
7192239213245991780 | Tuberculosis vaccines | Tuberculosis vaccines - wikipedia Tuberculosis vaccines Jump to : navigation , search Tuberculosis ( TB ) vaccines are vaccinations intended for the prevention of tuberculosis . Immunotherapy as a defence against TB was first proposed in 1890 by Robert Koch . Today , the only effective tuberculosis vaccine in common use is bacilli Calmette - Guérin ( BCG ) , first used in 1921 . About three out of every 10,000 people who get the vaccine experience side effects , which are usually minor except in severely immuno - depressed individuals . While BCG immunization provides fairly effective protection for infants and young children , ( including defence against TB meningitis and miliary TB ) , its efficacy in adults is variable , ranging from 0 % to 80 % . Several variables have been considered as responsible for the varying outcomes . Demand for TB immunotherapy advancement exists because the disease has become increasingly drug - resistant . Other tuberculosis vaccines are at various stages of development , including : MVA85A rBCG30 72F fusion protein ESAT6 - Ag85b fusion protein New vaccines are being developed by the Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative , including TBVI and Aeras . Contents ( hide ) 1 Vaccine development 1.1 Divisions 1.2 Sub-unit vaccines 1.3 Delivery alternatives 1.4 Obstacles in development 2 References Vaccine development ( edit ) To promote successful and lasting management of the TB epidemic , effective vaccination is required . Although the World Health Organization ( WHO ) endorses a singular dose of BCG , revaccination with BCG has been standardized in most , but not all countries . However , improved efficacy of multiple dosages has yet to be demonstrated . Divisions ( edit ) New priming vaccine to replace BCG Sub-unit / booster vaccines to supplement BCG Sub-unit vaccines ( edit ) Pre-infection Booster to BCG Post-infection Therapeutic vaccine Since the BCG vaccine does not offer complete protection against TB , vaccines have been designed to bolster BCG 's effectiveness . The industry has now transitioned from developing new alternatives , to selecting the best options currently available to advance into clinical testing . MVA85A is characterized as the `` most advanced ' boost ' candidate '' to date . Delivery alternatives ( edit ) BCG is currently administered intradermally . To improve efficacy , research approaches have been directed at modifying the delivery method of vaccinations . Patients can receive MVA85A intradermally or as an oral aerosol . This particular combination proved to be protective against mycobacterial invasion in animals , and both modes are well tolerated . The design incentive behind aerosol delivery is to target the lungs rapidly , easily and painlessly in contrast to intradermal immunization . In murine studies , intradermal vaccination caused localized inflammation at the site of injection whereas MVA85A did not cause unfavourable effects . A correlation has been found between the mode of delivery and vaccine protection efficacy . Research data suggests aerosol delivery has not only physiological and economic advantages , but also the potential to supplement systemic vaccination . Obstacles in development ( edit ) Treatment and prevention of TB has been delayed compared to the resources and research efforts put into other diseases . Large pharmaceutical companies do not see profitable investment because of TB 's association with the developing world . 2 vaccination are required for tb Progression of vaccine designs relies heavily on outcomes in animal models . Appropriate animal models are scarce because it is difficult to imitate TB in non-human species . It is also challenging finding a species to test on a large - scale . Most animal testing for TB vaccines has been conducted on murine , bovine and non-primate species . Recently , a study deemed zebrafish a potentially suitable model organism for preclinical vaccine development . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Prabowo , S. et al. `` Targeting multidrug - resistant tuberculosis ( MDR - TB ) by therapeutic vaccines . '' Med Microbiol Immunol 202 ( 2013 ) : 95 -- 1041 . Print . ^ Jump up to : White , A. et al. `` Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Candidate Tuberculosis Vaccine , MVA85A , Delivered by Aerosol to the Lungs of Macaques . '' Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20 ( 2013 ) : 663 -- 672 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Oksanen , K. et al. `` An adult zebrafish model for preclinical tuberculosis vaccinedevelopment . '' Elsevier 31 ( 2013 ) : 5202 -- 5209 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Hussey , G , T Hawkridge , and W Hanekom . `` Childhood Tuberculosis : Old And New Vaccines . '' Paediatric Respiratory Reviews 8.2 ( 2007 ) : 148 -- 154 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Verma , Indu , and Ajay Grover . `` Antituberculous Vaccine Development : A Perspective For The Endemic World . '' Expert Review of Vaccines 8.11 ( 2009 ) : 1547 -- 1553 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Karonga Prevention Trial Group . `` Randomised controlled trial of single BCG , repeated BCG , or combined BCG and killed Mycobacterium leprae vaccine for prevention of leprosy and tuberculosis in Malawi . '' The Lancet 348 ( 1996 ) : 17 -- 24 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Tyne , A. et al. `` TLR2 - targeted secreted proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis areprotective as powdered pulmonary vaccines . '' Elsevier 31 ( 2013 ) : 4322 -- 4329 . Print . Jump up ^ Tameris , M. et al. `` Safety and efficacy of MVA85A , a new tuberculosis vaccine , in infants previously vaccinated with BCG : a randomised , placebo - controlled phase 2b trial . '' Lancet 381 ( 2013 ) : 1021 -- 1028 . Print . Artificial induction of immunity / Immunization : Vaccines , Vaccination , Infection , Inoculation ( J07 ) Development Adjuvants List of vaccine ingredients Mathematical modelling Timeline Trials Classes Conjugate vaccine DNA vaccination Inactivated vaccine Live vector vaccine Attenuated vaccine Heterologous vaccine Subunit / component / Peptide / Virus - like particle Toxoid Administration Global : GAVI Alliance Policy Schedule Vaccine injury USA : ACIP Vaccine court Vaccines for Children Program VAERS VSD Vaccines Bacterial Anthrax Brucellosis Cholera Diphtheria Hib Leptospirosis Lyme disease Meningococcus MeNZB NmVac4 - A / C / Y / W - 135 Pertussis Plague Pneumococcal PCV PPSV Q fever Tetanus Tuberculosis BCG Typhoid Ty21a ViCPS Typhus combination : DTwP / DTaP Viral Adenovirus Flu H1N1 ( Pandemrix ) LAIV Hantavirus Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis E HPV Cervarix Gardasil Japanese encephalitis Measles Mumps Mumpsvax Polio Sabin Salk Rabies Rotavirus Rubella Smallpox Dryvax Tick - borne encephalitis Varicella zoster chicken pox shingles ( live ) Yellow fever combination : MMR MMRV research : Chikungunya Cytomegalovirus Dengue Ebola Epstein -- Barr virus Hepatitis C HIV Protozoan Malaria RTS , S research : Trypanosomiasis Helminthiasis research : Hookworm Schistosomiasis Other Androvax ( androstenedione albumin ) Cancer vaccines ALVAC - CEA Hepatitis B HPV Cervarix Gardasil NicVAX Ovandrotone albumin ( Fecundin ) TA - CD TA - NIC Controversy General MMR NCVIA Pox party Thiomersal Andrew Wakefield Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services Alternative vaccination schedule Related Epidemiology Eradication of infectious diseases Every Child by Two List of vaccine topics WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuberculosis_vaccines&oldid=777790330 '' Categories : Tuberculosis vaccines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 April 2017 , at 08 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the vaccine for tuberculosis | [
"Tuberculosis (TB) vaccines are vaccinations intended for the prevention of tuberculosis. Immunotherapy as a defence against TB was first proposed in 1890 by Robert Koch.[1] Today, the only effective tuberculosis vaccine in common use is bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG), first used in 1921.[2] About three out of every 10,000 people who get the vaccine experience side effects, which are usually minor except in severely immuno-depressed individuals. While BCG immunization provides fairly effective protection for infants and young children,[3] (including defence against TB meningitis and miliary TB),[4][5] its efficacy in adults is variable,[6] ranging from 0% to 80%.[4][7] Several variables have been considered as responsible for the varying outcomes.[4] Demand for TB immunotherapy advancement exists because the disease has become increasingly drug-resistant.[1]"
] | [
"bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG)"
] |
-8189846456456795761 | Lake George, New York | Lake George , New York - wikipedia Lake George , New York Jump to : navigation , search For the village located within this town , see Lake George ( village ) , New York . For other uses , see Lake George , New York ( disambiguation ) . Town in New York , United States Lake George Town Downtown Lake George Location of Lake George in Warren County Lake George Location within the state of New York Coordinates : 43 ° 25 ′ 28 '' N 73 ° 42 ′ 55 '' W / 43.42444 ° N 73.71528 ° W / 43.42444 ; - 73.71528 Coordinates : 43 ° 25 ′ 28 '' N 73 ° 42 ′ 55 '' W / 43.42444 ° N 73.71528 ° W / 43.42444 ; - 73.71528 Country United States State New York County Warren Area Total 32.62 sq mi ( 84.48 km ) Land 30.07 sq mi ( 77.88 km ) Water 2.55 sq mi ( 6.60 km ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 3,515 Estimate ( 2016 ) 3,450 Density 114.74 / sq mi ( 44.30 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 12845 Area code ( s ) 518 Website town.LakeGeorge.ny.us Lake George is a town in Warren County , New York , United States . The population was 3,578 at the 2000 census . The town is named after the lake , Lake George . Within the town is a village also named Lake George . The town is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Communities 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The first European to visit the lake was Father Isaac Jogues in August 1642 . He was later captured by Mohawks , escaped , and returned home to France . In 1646 , he was sent on a political mission to the Iroquois to propose a treaty of peace , and at that point named the lake `` Lac du Saint Sacrement '' ( Lake of the Blessed Sacrament ) . In 1755 , the lake was renamed `` Lake George '' by General William Johnson in honor of King George II . Lake George was also the site of Fort William Henry , named in honor of Prince William Henry , grandson of King George II , by General Johnson . The fort , its surrender to the Marquis de Montcalm after a six - day siege by the French and Indians , and the following massacre all in 1757 were used by James Fenimore Cooper as the background for his famous novel The Last of the Mohicans . The fort was reconstructed and opened to the public as a museum in 1953 . The town was established in 1810 as the `` Town of Caldwell '' from parts of the towns of Bolton , Queensbury , and Thurman . In 1962 the town changed its name to Lake George . The town is also home to Wiawaka , a historic retreat center that was founded in 1903 for female textile workers from Troy but operates as a nonprofit for everyone today . The FORWARD shipwreck site ( motor launch ) , Royal C. Peabody Estate , Wiawaka Bateaux Site , and Wiawaka Holiday House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Land Tortoise ( radeau ) Shipwreck Site and Owl 's Nest are National Historic Landmarks . The Lake George Battlefield Park Historic District was listed in 2011 . Geography ( edit ) According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 32.7 square miles ( 84.7 km2 ) , of which 30.2 square miles ( 78.3 km2 ) is land and 2.5 square miles ( 6.3 km2 ) ( 7.49 % ) is water . According to the Lake George Association Lake George is 32 miles in length and a maximum of 2 miles in width . The Adirondack Northway passes through the town . The last remaining Howard Johnson 's restaurant is located in Lake George . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1820 723 -- 1830 797 10.2 % 1840 693 − 13.0 % 1850 752 8.5 % 1860 1,074 42.8 % 1870 1,041 − 3.1 % 1880 1,223 17.5 % 1890 1,377 12.6 % 1900 1,465 6.4 % 1910 1,482 1.2 % 1920 1,297 − 12.5 % 1930 1,730 33.4 % 1940 1,467 − 15.2 % 1950 1,621 10.5 % 1960 2,429 49.8 % 1970 2,806 15.5 % 1980 3,394 21.0 % 3,211 − 5.4 % 2000 3,578 11.4 % 3,515 − 1.8 % Est. 2016 3,450 − 1.8 % U.S. Decennial Census A row of motels in Lake George , 1973 As of the census of 2000 , there were 3,578 people , 1,533 households , and 1,002 families residing in the town . The population density was 118.3 people per square mile ( 45.7 / km2 ) . There were 2,456 housing units at an average density of 81.2 per square mile ( 31.4 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the town was 97.74 % White , 0.53 % Black or African American , 0.25 % Native American , 0.59 % Asian , 0.03 % Pacific Islander , 0.17 % from other races , and 0.70 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.92 % of the population . There were 1,533 households out of which 27.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 50.8 % were married couples living together , 9.8 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 34.6 % were non-families. 28.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9.8 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.84 . In the town , the population was spread out with 21.7 % under the age of 18 , 6.8 % from 18 to 24 , 25.8 % from 25 to 44 , 30.8 % from 45 to 64 , and 14.9 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 42 years . For every 100 females , there were 103.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 100.1 males . The median income for a household in the town was $42,125 , and the median income for a family was $48,789 . Males had a median income of $31,134 versus $22,375 for females . The per capita income for the town was $22,311 . About 3.6 % of families and 6.8 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 7.2 % of those under age 18 and 6.3 % of those age 65 or over . Communities ( edit ) Big Hollow -- A hamlet northwest of Lake George village . Bloody Pond -- A pond in the south part of town that got its name from the Battle of Lake George . Crosbyside -- A hamlet east of Lake George village . Diamond Point -- A hamlet north of Lake George village on the west shore of Lake George . This hamlet has ZIP code 12824 . Fort William Henry -- The reconstructed historic fort is in Lake George village , originally built by the British during the French and Indian War . Lake George -- A village located at the south end of Lake George . Prospect Mountain -- A mountain near Big Hollow . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Areas and Components , 1999 , with FIPS Codes '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Town of Lake George website , `` About Lake George '' . Accessed 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ History of Warren County ( 1885 ) , edited by H.P. Smith , `` Chapter XXXII : History of the Town of Caldwell '' . rootsweb.com . Accessed 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ http://www.lakegeorgeassociation.org Jump up ^ Sharp , David . `` Howard Johnson 's restaurant to close , leaving only 1 more '' . Associated Press . August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lake George . Town of Lake George , NY Lake George Historical Association Lake George Chamber of Commerce ( hide ) Municipalities and communities of Warren County , New York , United States County seat : Queensbury City Glens Falls Towns Bolton Chester Hague Horicon Johnsburg Lake George Lake Luzerne Queensbury Stony Creek Thurman Warrensburg Village Lake George CDPs Bolton Landing Chestertown Glens Falls North Lake Luzerne North Creek Pottersville Warrensburg West Glens Falls Other hamlets Adirondack Bakers Mills Brant Lake Cleverdale Diamond Point East Lake George ‡ Kattskill Bay North River Oneida Corners Pilot Knob ‡ Riparius Silver Bay Wevertown Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_George,_New_York&oldid=841016368 '' Categories : Towns in New York ( state ) Glens Falls metropolitan area Adirondacks Towns in Warren County , New York Populated places established in 1810 1810 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles lacking in - text citations from August 2008 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Cebuano Español Euskara Français Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська اردو 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 15 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is lake george located in new. york | [
"Lake George is a town in Warren County, New York, United States. The population was 3,578 at the 2000 census.[2] The town is named after the lake, Lake George. Within the town is a village also named Lake George. The town is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.[4]"
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"in Warren County"
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-1819836050326839253 | DNA | DNA - wikipedia DNA Jump to : navigation , search For a non-technical introduction to the topic , see Introduction to genetics . For other uses , see DNA ( disambiguation ) . The structure of the DNA double helix . The atoms in the structure are colour - coded by element and the detailed structures of two base pairs are shown in the bottom right . The structure of part of a DNA double helix Deoxyribonucleic acid ( / diˈɒksiˌraɪboʊnjʊˈkliːɪk , - ˈkleɪ. ɪk / ( listen ) ; DNA ) is a thread - like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth , development , functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses . DNA and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) are nucleic acids ; alongside proteins , lipids and complex carbohydrates ( polysaccharides ) , they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life . Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix . The two DNA strands are called polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler monomer units called nucleotides . Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen - containing nucleobases ( cytosine ( C ) , guanine ( G ) , adenine ( A ) or thymine ( T ) ) , a sugar called deoxyribose , and a phosphate group . The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next , resulting in an alternating sugar - phosphate backbone . The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together , according to base pairing rules ( A with T and C with G ) , with hydrogen bonds to make double - stranded DNA . The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups , pyrimidines and purines . In a DNA molecule , the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine , the purines are adenine and guanine . DNA stores biological information . The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage , and both strands of the double - stranded structure store the same biological information . This information is replicated as and when the two strands separate . A large part of DNA ( more than 98 % for humans ) is non-coding , meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences . The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are thus antiparallel . Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases ( informally , bases ) . It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information . RNA strands are created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription . Under the genetic code , these RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation . Within eukaryotic cells , DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes . During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication , providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes . Eukaryotic organisms ( animals , plants , fungi and protists ) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles , such as mitochondria or chloroplasts . In contrast prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm . Within the eukaryotic chromosomes , chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA . These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins , helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed . DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 . Its molecular structure was first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge in 1953 , whose model - building efforts were guided by X-ray diffraction data acquired by Raymond Gosling , who was a post-graduate student of Rosalind Franklin . DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories , such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity . The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro - and nano - fabrication . Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA - based hybrid materials . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 1.1 Nucleobase classification 1.2 Non canonical bases 1.3 Listing of non canonical bases found in DNA 1.4 Grooves 1.5 Base pairing 1.6 Sense and antisense 1.7 Supercoiling 1.8 Alternative DNA structures 1.9 Alternative DNA chemistry 1.10 Quadruplex structures 1.11 Branched DNA 2 Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging 2.1 Base modifications and DNA packaging 2.2 Damage 3 Biological functions 3.1 Genes and genomes 3.2 Transcription and translation 3.3 Replication 3.4 Extracellular nucleic acids 4 Interactions with proteins 4.1 DNA - binding proteins 4.2 DNA - modifying enzymes 4.2. 1 Nucleases and ligases 4.2. 2 Topoisomerases and helicases 4.2. 3 Polymerases 5 Genetic recombination 6 Evolution 7 Uses in technology 7.1 Genetic engineering 7.2 DNA profiling 7.3 DNA enzymes or catalytic DNA 7.4 Bioinformatics 7.5 DNA nanotechnology 7.6 History and anthropology 7.7 Information storage 8 History 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Properties Chemical structure of DNA ; hydrogen bonds shown as dotted lines DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides . The structure of DNA is dynamic along its length , being capable of coiling into tight loops , and other shapes . In all species it is composed of two helical chains , bound to each other by hydrogen bonds . Both chains are coiled round the same axis , and have the same pitch of 34 ångströms ( 3.4 nanometres ) . The pair of chains has a radius of 10 ångströms ( 1.0 nanometre ) . According to another study , when measured in a different solution , the DNA chain measured 22 to 26 ångströms wide ( 2.2 to 2.6 nanometres ) , and one nucleotide unit measured 3.3 Å ( 0.33 nm ) long . Although each individual nucleotide repeating unit is very small , DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions to hundreds of millions of nucleotides . For instance , the DNA in the largest human chromosome , chromosome number 1 , consists of approximately 220 million base pairs and would be 85 mm long if straightened . In living organisms , DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule , but instead as a pair of molecules that are held tightly together . These two long strands entwine like vines , in the shape of a double helix . The nucleotide contains both a segment of the backbone of the molecule ( which holds the chain together ) and a nucleobase ( which interacts with the other DNA strand in the helix ) . A nucleobase linked to a sugar is called a nucleoside and a base linked to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a nucleotide . A polymer comprising multiple linked nucleotides ( as in DNA ) is called a polynucleotide . The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues . The sugar in DNA is 2 - deoxyribose , which is a pentose ( five - carbon ) sugar . The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings . These asymmetric bonds mean a strand of DNA has a direction . In a double helix , the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand : the strands are antiparallel . The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are said to have a directionality of five prime ( 5 ′ ) and three prime ( 3 ′ ) , with the 5 ′ end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3 ′ end a terminal hydroxyl group . One major difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar , with the 2 - deoxyribose in DNA being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA . A section of DNA . The bases lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands ( animated version ) . The DNA double helix is stabilized primarily by two forces : hydrogen bonds between nucleotides and base - stacking interactions among aromatic nucleobases . In the aqueous environment of the cell , the conjugated π bonds of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule , minimizing their interaction with the solvation shell . The four bases found in DNA are adenine ( A ) , cytosine ( C ) , guanine ( G ) and thymine ( T ) . These four bases are attached to the sugar - phosphate to form the complete nucleotide , as shown for adenosine monophosphate . Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine . It was represented by A-T base pairs and G-C base pairs . Nucleobase classification The nucleobases are classified into two types : the purines , A and G , being fused five - and six - membered heterocyclic compounds , and the pyrimidines , the six - membered rings C and T. A fifth pyrimidine nucleobase , uracil ( U ) , usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring . In addition to RNA and DNA , many artificial nucleic acid analogues have been created to study the properties of nucleic acids , or for use in biotechnology . Non canonical bases Uracil is not usually found in DNA , occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine . However , in several bacteriophages , Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages PBS1 and PBS2 and Yersinia bacteriophage piR1 - 37 , thymine has been replaced by uracil . Another phage - Staphylococcal phage S6 - has been identified with a genome where thymine has been replaced by uracil . 5 - hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine , ( hm5dU ) is also known to replace thymidine in several genomes including the Bacillus phages SPO1 , φe , SP8 , H1 , 2C and SP82 . Another modified uracil - 5 - dihydroxypentauracil -- has also been described . Base J ( beta - d - glucopyranosyloxymethyluracil ) , a modified form of uracil , is also found in several organisms : the flagellates Diplonema and Euglena , and all the kinetoplastid genera . Biosynthesis of J occurs in two steps : in the first step , a specific thymidine in DNA is converted into hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine ; in the second , HOMedU is glycosylated to form J. Proteins that bind specifically to this base have been identified . These proteins appear to be distant relatives of the Tet1 oncogene that is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia . J appears to act as a termination signal for RNA polymerase II . In 1976 a bacteriophage - S - 2L - which infects species of the genus Synechocystis was found to have all the adenosine bases within its genome replaced by 2 , 6 - diaminopurine . In 2016 deoxyarchaeosine was found to be present in the genomes of several bacteria and the Escherichia phage 9g . Modified bases also occur in DNA . The first of these recognised was 5 - methylcytosine which was found in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1925 . The complete replacement of cytosine by 5 - glycosylhydroxymethylcytosine in T even phages ( T2 , T4 and T6 ) was observed in 1953 In the genomes of Xanthomonas oryzae bacteriophage Xp12 and halovirus FH the full complement of cystosine has been replaced by 5 - methylcytosine . 6N - methyadenine was discovered to be present in DNA in 1955 . N6 - carbamoyl - methyladenine was described in 1975 . 7 - methylguanine was described in 1976 . N4 - methylcytosine in DNA was described in 1983 . In 1985 5 - hydroxycytosine was found in the genomes of the Rhizobium phages RL38JI and N17 . α - putrescinylthymine occurs in both the genomes of the Delftia phage ΦW - 14 and the Bacillus phage SP10 . α - glutamylthymidine is found in the Bacillus phage SP01 and 5 - dihydroxypentyluracil is found in the Bacillus phage SP15 . The reason for the presence of these non canonical bases in DNA is not known . It seems likely that at least part of the reason for their presence in bacterial viruses ( phages ) is to avoid the restriction enzymes present in bacteria . This enzyme system acts at least in part as a molecular immune system protecting bacteria from infection by viruses . This does not appear to be the entire story . Four modifications to the cytosine residues in human DNA have been reported . These modifications are the addition of methyl ( CH ) - , hydroxymethyl ( CH OH ) - , formyl ( CHO ) - and carboxyl ( COOH ) - groups . These modifications are thought to have regulatory functions . Uracil is found in the centromeric regions of at least two human chromosomes ( 6 and 11 ) . Listing of non canonical bases found in DNA Seventeen non canonical bases are known to occur in DNA . Most of these are modifications of the canonical bases plus uracil . Modified Adenosine N6 - carbamoyl - methyladenine N6 - methyadenine Modified Guanine 7 - Methylguanine Modified Cytosine N4 - Methylcytosine 5 - Carboxylcytosine 5 - Formylcytosine 5 - Glycosylhydroxymethylcytosine 5 - Hydroxycytosine 5 - Methylcytosine Modified Thymidine α - Glutamythymidine α - Putrescinylthymine Uracil and modifications Base J Uracil 5 - Dihydroxypentauracil 5 - Hydroxymethyldeoxyuracil Others Deoxyarchaeosine 2 , 6 - Diaminopurine DNA major and minor grooves . The latter is a binding site for the Hoechst stain dye 33258 . Grooves Twin helical strands form the DNA backbone . Another double helix may be found tracing the spaces , or grooves , between the strands . These voids are adjacent to the base pairs and may provide a binding site . As the strands are not symmetrically located with respect to each other , the grooves are unequally sized . One groove , the major groove , is 22 Å wide and the other , the minor groove , is 12 Å wide . The width of the major groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove than in the minor groove . As a result , proteins such as transcription factors that can bind to specific sequences in double - stranded DNA usually make contact with the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove . This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell ( see below ) , but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form . Base pairing Further information : Base pair In a DNA double helix , each type of nucleobase on one strand bonds with just one type of nucleobase on the other strand . This is called complementary base pairing . Here , purines form hydrogen bonds to pyrimidines , with adenine bonding only to thymine in two hydrogen bonds , and cytosine bonding only to guanine in three hydrogen bonds . This arrangement of two nucleotides binding together across the double helix is called a Watson - Crick base pair . Another type of base pairing is Hoogsteen base pairing where two hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine . As hydrogen bonds are not covalent , they can be broken and rejoined relatively easily . The two strands of DNA in a double helix can thus be pulled apart like a zipper , either by a mechanical force or high temperature . As a result of this base pair complementarity , all the information in the double - stranded sequence of a DNA helix is duplicated on each strand , which is vital in DNA replication . This reversible and specific interaction between complementary base pairs is critical for all the functions of DNA in living organisms . Top , a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds . Bottom , an AT base pair with two hydrogen bonds . Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines . The two types of base pairs form different numbers of hydrogen bonds , AT forming two hydrogen bonds , and GC forming three hydrogen bonds ( see figures , right ) . DNA with high GC - content is more stable than DNA with low GC - content . As noted above , most DNA molecules are actually two polymer strands , bound together in a helical fashion by noncovalent bonds ; this double - stranded ( dsDNA ) structure is maintained largely by the intrastrand base stacking interactions , which are strongest for G , C stacks . The two strands can come apart -- a process known as melting -- to form two single - stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) molecules . Melting occurs at high temperature , low salt and high pH ( low pH also melts DNA , but since DNA is unstable due to acid depurination , low pH is rarely used ) . The stability of the dsDNA form depends not only on the GC - content ( % G , C basepairs ) but also on sequence ( since stacking is sequence specific ) and also length ( longer molecules are more stable ) . The stability can be measured in various ways ; a common way is the `` melting temperature '' , which is the temperature at which 50 % of the ds molecules are converted to ss molecules ; melting temperature is dependent on ionic strength and the concentration of DNA . As a result , it is both the percentage of GC base pairs and the overall length of a DNA double helix that determines the strength of the association between the two strands of DNA . Long DNA helices with a high GC - content have stronger - interacting strands , while short helices with high AT content have weaker - interacting strands . In biology , parts of the DNA double helix that need to separate easily , such as the TATAAT Pribnow box in some promoters , tend to have a high AT content , making the strands easier to pull apart . In the laboratory , the strength of this interaction can be measured by finding the temperature necessary to break the hydrogen bonds , their melting temperature ( also called T value ) . When all the base pairs in a DNA double helix melt , the strands separate and exist in solution as two entirely independent molecules . These single - stranded DNA molecules have no single common shape , but some conformations are more stable than others . Sense and antisense Further information : Sense ( molecular biology ) A DNA sequence is called `` sense '' if its sequence is the same as that of a messenger RNA copy that is translated into protein . The sequence on the opposite strand is called the `` antisense '' sequence . Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA ( i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences ) . In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes , antisense RNA sequences are produced , but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear . One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA - RNA base pairing . A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes , and more in plasmids and viruses , blur the distinction between sense and antisense strands by having overlapping genes . In these cases , some DNA sequences do double duty , encoding one protein when read along one strand , and a second protein when read in the opposite direction along the other strand . In bacteria , this overlap may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription , while in viruses , overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded within the small viral genome . Supercoiling Further information : DNA supercoil DNA can be twisted like a rope in a process called DNA supercoiling . With DNA in its `` relaxed '' state , a strand usually circles the axis of the double helix once every 10.4 base pairs , but if the DNA is twisted the strands become more tightly or more loosely wound . If the DNA is twisted in the direction of the helix , this is positive supercoiling , and the bases are held more tightly together . If they are twisted in the opposite direction , this is negative supercoiling , and the bases come apart more easily . In nature , most DNA has slight negative supercoiling that is introduced by enzymes called topoisomerases . These enzymes are also needed to relieve the twisting stresses introduced into DNA strands during processes such as transcription and DNA replication . From left to right , the structures of A , B and Z DNA Alternative DNA structures Further information : Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids : A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid , Molecular models of DNA , and DNA structure DNA exists in many possible conformations that include A-DNA , B - DNA , and Z - DNA forms , although , only B - DNA and Z - DNA have been directly observed in functional organisms . The conformation that DNA adopts depends on the hydration level , DNA sequence , the amount and direction of supercoiling , chemical modifications of the bases , the type and concentration of metal ions , and the presence of polyamines in solution . The first published reports of A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns -- and also B - DNA -- used analyses based on Patterson transforms that provided only a limited amount of structural information for oriented fibers of DNA . An alternative analysis was then proposed by Wilkins et al. , in 1953 , for the in vivo B - DNA X-ray diffraction - scattering patterns of highly hydrated DNA fibers in terms of squares of Bessel functions . In the same journal , James Watson and Francis Crick presented their molecular modeling analysis of the DNA X-ray diffraction patterns to suggest that the structure was a double - helix . Although the B - DNA form is most common under the conditions found in cells , it is not a well - defined conformation but a family of related DNA conformations that occur at the high hydration levels present in living cells . Their corresponding X-ray diffraction and scattering patterns are characteristic of molecular paracrystals with a significant degree of disorder . Compared to B - DNA , the A-DNA form is a wider right - handed spiral , with a shallow , wide minor groove and a narrower , deeper major groove . The A form occurs under non-physiological conditions in partly dehydrated samples of DNA , while in the cell it may be produced in hybrid pairings of DNA and RNA strands , and in enzyme - DNA complexes . Segments of DNA where the bases have been chemically modified by methylation may undergo a larger change in conformation and adopt the Z form . Here , the strands turn about the helical axis in a left - handed spiral , the opposite of the more common B form . These unusual structures can be recognized by specific Z - DNA binding proteins and may be involved in the regulation of transcription . Alternative DNA chemistry For many years exobiologists have proposed the existence of a shadow biosphere , a postulated microbial biosphere of Earth that uses radically different biochemical and molecular processes than currently known life . One of the proposals was the existence of lifeforms that use arsenic instead of phosphorus in DNA . A report in 2010 of the possibility in the bacterium GFAJ - 1 , was announced , though the research was disputed , and evidence suggests the bacterium actively prevents the incorporation of arsenic into the DNA backbone and other biomolecules . Quadruplex structures Further information : G - quadruplex At the ends of the linear chromosomes are specialized regions of DNA called telomeres . The main function of these regions is to allow the cell to replicate chromosome ends using the enzyme telomerase , as the enzymes that normally replicate DNA can not copy the extreme 3 ′ ends of chromosomes . These specialized chromosome caps also help protect the DNA ends , and stop the DNA repair systems in the cell from treating them as damage to be corrected . In human cells , telomeres are usually lengths of single - stranded DNA containing several thousand repeats of a simple TTAGGG sequence . DNA quadruplex formed by telomere repeats . The looped conformation of the DNA backbone is very different from the typical DNA helix . The green spheres in the center represent potassium ions . These guanine - rich sequences may stabilize chromosome ends by forming structures of stacked sets of four - base units , rather than the usual base pairs found in other DNA molecules . Here , four guanine bases form a flat plate and these flat four - base units then stack on top of each other , to form a stable G - quadruplex structure . These structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the edges of the bases and chelation of a metal ion in the centre of each four - base unit . Other structures can also be formed , with the central set of four bases coming from either a single strand folded around the bases , or several different parallel strands , each contributing one base to the central structure . In addition to these stacked structures , telomeres also form large loop structures called telomere loops , or T - loops . Here , the single - stranded DNA curls around in a long circle stabilized by telomere - binding proteins . At the very end of the T - loop , the single - stranded telomere DNA is held onto a region of double - stranded DNA by the telomere strand disrupting the double - helical DNA and base pairing to one of the two strands . This triple - stranded structure is called a displacement loop or D - loop . Single branch Multiple branches Branched DNA can form networks containing multiple branches . Branched DNA Further information : Branched DNA and DNA nanotechnology In DNA , fraying occurs when non-complementary regions exist at the end of an otherwise complementary double - strand of DNA . However , branched DNA can occur if a third strand of DNA is introduced and contains adjoining regions able to hybridize with the frayed regions of the pre-existing double - strand . Although the simplest example of branched DNA involves only three strands of DNA , complexes involving additional strands and multiple branches are also possible . Branched DNA can be used in nanotechnology to construct geometric shapes , see the section on uses in technology below . Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging cytosine 5 - methylcytosine thymine Structure of cytosine with and without the 5 - methyl group . Deamination converts 5 - methylcytosine into thymine . Base modifications and DNA packaging Further information : DNA methylation and Chromatin remodeling The expression of genes is influenced by how the DNA is packaged in chromosomes , in a structure called chromatin . Base modifications can be involved in packaging , with regions that have low or no gene expression usually containing high levels of methylation of cytosine bases . DNA packaging and its influence on gene expression can also occur by covalent modifications of the histone protein core around which DNA is wrapped in the chromatin structure or else by remodeling carried out by chromatin remodeling complexes ( see Chromatin remodeling ) . There is , further , crosstalk between DNA methylation and histone modification , so they can coordinately affect chromatin and gene expression . For one example , cytosine methylation produces 5 - methylcytosine , which is important for X-inactivation of chromosomes . The average level of methylation varies between organisms -- the worm Caenorhabditis elegans lacks cytosine methylation , while vertebrates have higher levels , with up to 1 % of their DNA containing 5 - methylcytosine . Despite the importance of 5 - methylcytosine , it can deaminate to leave a thymine base , so methylated cytosines are particularly prone to mutations . Other base modifications include adenine methylation in bacteria , the presence of 5 - hydroxymethylcytosine in the brain , and the glycosylation of uracil to produce the `` J - base '' in kinetoplastids . Damage Further information : DNA damage ( naturally occurring ) , Mutation , and DNA damage theory of aging A covalent adduct between a metabolically activated form of benzo ( a ) pyrene , the major mutagen in tobacco smoke , and DNA DNA can be damaged by many sorts of mutagens , which change the DNA sequence . Mutagens include oxidizing agents , alkylating agents and also high - energy electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light and X-rays . The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen . For example , UV light can damage DNA by producing thymine dimers , which are cross-links between pyrimidine bases . On the other hand , oxidants such as free radicals or hydrogen peroxide produce multiple forms of damage , including base modifications , particularly of guanosine , and double - strand breaks . A typical human cell contains about 150,000 bases that have suffered oxidative damage . Of these oxidative lesions , the most dangerous are double - strand breaks , as these are difficult to repair and can produce point mutations , insertions , deletions from the DNA sequence , and chromosomal translocations . These mutations can cause cancer . Because of inherent limits in the DNA repair mechanisms , if humans lived long enough , they would all eventually develop cancer . DNA damages that are naturally occurring , due to normal cellular processes that produce reactive oxygen species , the hydrolytic activities of cellular water , etc. , also occur frequently . Although most of these damages are repaired , in any cell some DNA damage may remain despite the action of repair processes . These remaining DNA damages accumulate with age in mammalian postmitotic tissues . This accumulation appears to be an important underlying cause of aging . Many mutagens fit into the space between two adjacent base pairs , this is called intercalation . Most intercalators are aromatic and planar molecules ; examples include ethidium bromide , acridines , daunomycin , and doxorubicin . For an intercalator to fit between base pairs , the bases must separate , distorting the DNA strands by unwinding of the double helix . This inhibits both transcription and DNA replication , causing toxicity and mutations . As a result , DNA intercalators may be carcinogens , and in the case of thalidomide , a teratogen . Others such as benzo ( a ) pyrene diol epoxide and aflatoxin form DNA adducts that induce errors in replication . Nevertheless , due to their ability to inhibit DNA transcription and replication , other similar toxins are also used in chemotherapy to inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells . Biological functions Location of eukaryote nuclear DNA within the chromosomes DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes , and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes . The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome ; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes . The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes . Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing . For example , in transcription , when a cell uses the information in a gene , the DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence through the attraction between the DNA and the correct RNA nucleotides . Usually , this RNA copy is then used to make a matching protein sequence in a process called translation , which depends on the same interaction between RNA nucleotides . In alternative fashion , a cell may simply copy its genetic information in a process called DNA replication . The details of these functions are covered in other articles ; here the focus is on the interactions between DNA and other molecules that mediate the function of the genome . Genes and genomes Further information : Cell nucleus , Chromatin , Chromosome , Gene , and Noncoding DNA Genomic DNA is tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation , to fit the small available volumes of the cell . In eukaryotes , DNA is located in the cell nucleus , with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts . In prokaryotes , the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid . The genetic information in a genome is held within genes , and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype . A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an organism . Genes contain an open reading frame that can be transcribed , and regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers , which control transcription of the open reading frame . In many species , only a small fraction of the total sequence of the genome encodes protein . For example , only about 1.5 % of the human genome consists of protein - coding exons , with over 50 % of human DNA consisting of non-coding repetitive sequences . The reasons for the presence of so much noncoding DNA in eukaryotic genomes and the extraordinary differences in genome size , or C - value , among species , represent a long - standing puzzle known as the `` C - value enigma '' . However , some DNA sequences that do not code protein may still encode functional non-coding RNA molecules , which are involved in the regulation of gene expression . T7 RNA polymerase ( blue ) producing an mRNA ( green ) from a DNA template ( orange ) Some noncoding DNA sequences play structural roles in chromosomes . Telomeres and centromeres typically contain few genes but are important for the function and stability of chromosomes . An abundant form of noncoding DNA in humans are pseudogenes , which are copies of genes that have been disabled by mutation . These sequences are usually just molecular fossils , although they can occasionally serve as raw genetic material for the creation of new genes through the process of gene duplication and divergence . Transcription and translation Further information : Genetic code , Transcription ( genetics ) , and Protein biosynthesis A gene is a sequence of DNA that contains genetic information and can influence the phenotype of an organism . Within a gene , the sequence of bases along a DNA strand defines a messenger RNA sequence , which then defines one or more protein sequences . The relationship between the nucleotide sequences of genes and the amino - acid sequences of proteins is determined by the rules of translation , known collectively as the genetic code . The genetic code consists of three - letter ' words ' called codons formed from a sequence of three nucleotides ( e.g. ACT , CAG , TTT ) . In transcription , the codons of a gene are copied into messenger RNA by RNA polymerase . This RNA copy is then decoded by a ribosome that reads the RNA sequence by base - pairing the messenger RNA to transfer RNA , which carries amino acids . Since there are 4 bases in 3 - letter combinations , there are 64 possible codons ( 4 combinations ) . These encode the twenty standard amino acids , giving most amino acids more than one possible codon . There are also three ' stop ' or ' nonsense ' codons signifying the end of the coding region ; these are the TAA , TGA , and TAG codons . DNA replication . The double helix is unwound by a helicase and topoisomerase . Next , one DNA polymerase produces the leading strand copy . Another DNA polymerase binds to the lagging strand . This enzyme makes discontinuous segments ( called Okazaki fragments ) before DNA ligase joins them together . Replication Further information : DNA replication Cell division is essential for an organism to grow , but , when a cell divides , it must replicate the DNA in its genome so that the two daughter cells have the same genetic information as their parent . The double - stranded structure of DNA provides a simple mechanism for DNA replication . Here , the two strands are separated and then each strand 's complementary DNA sequence is recreated by an enzyme called DNA polymerase . This enzyme makes the complementary strand by finding the correct base through complementary base pairing and bonding it onto the original strand . As DNA polymerases can only extend a DNA strand in a 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction , different mechanisms are used to copy the antiparallel strands of the double helix . In this way , the base on the old strand dictates which base appears on the new strand , and the cell ends up with a perfect copy of its DNA . Extracellular nucleic acids Naked extracellular DNA ( eDNA ) , most of it released by cell death , is nearly ubiquitous in the environment . Its concentration in soil may be as high as 2 μg / L , and its concentration in natural aquatic environments may be as high at 88 μg / L. Various possible functions have been proposed for eDNA : it may be involved in horizontal gene transfer ; it may provide nutrients ; and it may act as a buffer to recruit or titrate ions or antibiotics . Extracellular DNA acts as a functional extracellular matrix component in the biofilms of several bacterial species . It may act as a recognition factor to regulate the attachment and dispersal of specific cell types in the biofilm ; it may contribute to biofilm formation ; and it may contribute to the biofilm 's physical strength and resistance to biological stress . Cell - free fetal DNA is found in the blood of the mother , and can be sequenced to determine a great deal of information about the developing fetus . Interactions with proteins All the functions of DNA depend on interactions with proteins . These protein interactions can be non-specific , or the protein can bind specifically to a single DNA sequence . Enzymes can also bind to DNA and of these , the polymerases that copy the DNA base sequence in transcription and DNA replication are particularly important . DNA - binding proteins Further information : DNA - binding protein Interaction of DNA ( in orange ) with histones ( in blue ) . These proteins ' basic amino acids bind to the acidic phosphate groups on DNA . Structural proteins that bind DNA are well - understood examples of non-specific DNA - protein interactions . Within chromosomes , DNA is held in complexes with structural proteins . These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin . In eukaryotes , this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones , while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved . The histones form a disk - shaped complex called a nucleosome , which contains two complete turns of double - stranded DNA wrapped around its surface . These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones , making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar - phosphate backbone of the DNA , and are thus largely independent of the base sequence . Chemical modifications of these basic amino acid residues include methylation , phosphorylation , and acetylation . These chemical changes alter the strength of the interaction between the DNA and the histones , making the DNA more or less accessible to transcription factors and changing the rate of transcription . Other non-specific DNA - binding proteins in chromatin include the high - mobility group proteins , which bind to bent or distorted DNA . These proteins are important in bending arrays of nucleosomes and arranging them into the larger structures that make up chromosomes . A distinct group of DNA - binding proteins is the DNA - binding proteins that specifically bind single - stranded DNA . In humans , replication protein A is the best - understood member of this family and is used in processes where the double helix is separated , including DNA replication , recombination , and DNA repair . These binding proteins seem to stabilize single - stranded DNA and protect it from forming stem - loops or being degraded by nucleases . The lambda repressor helix - turn - helix transcription factor bound to its DNA target In contrast , other proteins have evolved to bind to particular DNA sequences . The most intensively studied of these are the various transcription factors , which are proteins that regulate transcription . Each transcription factor binds to one particular set of DNA sequences and activates or inhibits the transcription of genes that have these sequences close to their promoters . The transcription factors do this in two ways . Firstly , they can bind the RNA polymerase responsible for transcription , either directly or through other mediator proteins ; this locates the polymerase at the promoter and allows it to begin transcription . Alternatively , transcription factors can bind enzymes that modify the histones at the promoter . This changes the accessibility of the DNA template to the polymerase . As these DNA targets can occur throughout an organism 's genome , changes in the activity of one type of transcription factor can affect thousands of genes . Consequently , these proteins are often the targets of the signal transduction processes that control responses to environmental changes or cellular differentiation and development . The specificity of these transcription factors ' interactions with DNA come from the proteins making multiple contacts to the edges of the DNA bases , allowing them to `` read '' the DNA sequence . Most of these base - interactions are made in the major groove , where the bases are most accessible . The restriction enzyme EcoRV ( green ) in a complex with its substrate DNA DNA - modifying enzymes Nucleases and ligases Nucleases are enzymes that cut DNA strands by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds . Nucleases that hydrolyse nucleotides from the ends of DNA strands are called exonucleases , while endonucleases cut within strands . The most frequently used nucleases in molecular biology are the restriction endonucleases , which cut DNA at specific sequences . For instance , the EcoRV enzyme shown to the left recognizes the 6 - base sequence 5 ′ - GATATC - 3 ′ and makes a cut at the horizontal line . In nature , these enzymes protect bacteria against phage infection by digesting the phage DNA when it enters the bacterial cell , acting as part of the restriction modification system . In technology , these sequence - specific nucleases are used in molecular cloning and DNA fingerprinting . Enzymes called DNA ligases can rejoin cut or broken DNA strands . Ligases are particularly important in lagging strand DNA replication , as they join together the short segments of DNA produced at the replication fork into a complete copy of the DNA template . They are also used in DNA repair and genetic recombination . Topoisomerases and helicases Topoisomerases are enzymes with both nuclease and ligase activity . These proteins change the amount of supercoiling in DNA . Some of these enzymes work by cutting the DNA helix and allowing one section to rotate , thereby reducing its level of supercoiling ; the enzyme then seals the DNA break . Other types of these enzymes are capable of cutting one DNA helix and then passing a second strand of DNA through this break , before rejoining the helix . Topoisomerases are required for many processes involving DNA , such as DNA replication and transcription . Helicases are proteins that are a type of molecular motor . They use the chemical energy in nucleoside triphosphates , predominantly adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , to break hydrogen bonds between bases and unwind the DNA double helix into single strands . These enzymes are essential for most processes where enzymes need to access the DNA bases . Polymerases Polymerases are enzymes that synthesize polynucleotide chains from nucleoside triphosphates . The sequence of their products is created based on existing polynucleotide chains -- which are called templates . These enzymes function by repeatedly adding a nucleotide to the 3 ′ hydroxyl group at the end of the growing polynucleotide chain . As a consequence , all polymerases work in a 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction . In the active site of these enzymes , the incoming nucleoside triphosphate base - pairs to the template : this allows polymerases to accurately synthesize the complementary strand of their template . Polymerases are classified according to the type of template that they use . In DNA replication , DNA - dependent DNA polymerases make copies of DNA polynucleotide chains . To preserve biological information , it is essential that the sequence of bases in each copy are precisely complementary to the sequence of bases in the template strand . Many DNA polymerases have a proofreading activity . Here , the polymerase recognizes the occasional mistakes in the synthesis reaction by the lack of base pairing between the mismatched nucleotides . If a mismatch is detected , a 3 ′ to 5 ′ exonuclease activity is activated and the incorrect base removed . In most organisms , DNA polymerases function in a large complex called the replisome that contains multiple accessory subunits , such as the DNA clamp or helicases . RNA - dependent DNA polymerases are a specialized class of polymerases that copy the sequence of an RNA strand into DNA . They include reverse transcriptase , which is a viral enzyme involved in the infection of cells by retroviruses , and telomerase , which is required for the replication of telomeres . For example , HIV reverse transcriptase is an enzyme for AIDS virus replication . Telomerase is an unusual polymerase because it contains its own RNA template as part of its structure . It synthesizes telomeres at the ends of chromosomes . Telomeres prevent fusion of the ends of neighboring chromosomes and protect chromosome ends from damage . Transcription is carried out by a DNA - dependent RNA polymerase that copies the sequence of a DNA strand into RNA . To begin transcribing a gene , the RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called a promoter and separates the DNA strands . It then copies the gene sequence into a messenger RNA transcript until it reaches a region of DNA called the terminator , where it halts and detaches from the DNA . As with human DNA - dependent DNA polymerases , RNA polymerase II , the enzyme that transcribes most of the genes in the human genome , operates as part of a large protein complex with multiple regulatory and accessory subunits . Genetic recombination Structure of the Holliday junction intermediate in genetic recombination . The four separate DNA strands are coloured red , blue , green and yellow . Further information : Genetic recombination Recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of two chromosomes ( M and F ) to produce two rearranged chromosomes ( C1 and C2 ) . A DNA helix usually does not interact with other segments of DNA , and in human cells , the different chromosomes even occupy separate areas in the nucleus called `` chromosome territories '' . This physical separation of different chromosomes is important for the ability of DNA to function as a stable repository for information , as one of the few times chromosomes interact is in chromosomal crossover which occurs during sexual reproduction , when genetic recombination occurs . Chromosomal crossover is when two DNA helices break , swap a section and then rejoin . Recombination allows chromosomes to exchange genetic information and produces new combinations of genes , which increases the efficiency of natural selection and can be important in the rapid evolution of new proteins . Genetic recombination can also be involved in DNA repair , particularly in the cell 's response to double - strand breaks . The most common form of chromosomal crossover is homologous recombination , where the two chromosomes involved share very similar sequences . Non-homologous recombination can be damaging to cells , as it can produce chromosomal translocations and genetic abnormalities . The recombination reaction is catalyzed by enzymes known as recombinases , such as RAD51 . The first step in recombination is a double - stranded break caused by either an endonuclease or damage to the DNA . A series of steps catalyzed in part by the recombinase then leads to joining of the two helices by at least one Holliday junction , in which a segment of a single strand in each helix is annealed to the complementary strand in the other helix . The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral junction structure that can be moved along the pair of chromosomes , swapping one strand for another . The recombination reaction is then halted by cleavage of the junction and re-ligation of the released DNA . Only strands of like polarity exchange DNA during recombination . There are two types of cleavage : east - west cleavage and north - south cleavage . The north - south cleavage nicks both strands of DNA , while the east - west cleavage has one strand of DNA intact . The formation of a Holliday junction during recombination makes it possible for genetic diversity , genes to exchange on chromosomes , and expression of wild - type viral genomes . Evolution Further information : RNA world hypothesis DNA contains the genetic information that allows all modern living things to function , grow and reproduce . However , it is unclear how long in the 4 - billion - year history of life DNA has performed this function , as it has been proposed that the earliest forms of life may have used RNA as their genetic material . RNA may have acted as the central part of early cell metabolism as it can both transmit genetic information and carry out catalysis as part of ribozymes . This ancient RNA world where nucleic acid would have been used for both catalysis and genetics may have influenced the evolution of the current genetic code based on four nucleotide bases . This would occur , since the number of different bases in such an organism is a trade - off between a small number of bases increasing replication accuracy and a large number of bases increasing the catalytic efficiency of ribozymes . However , there is no direct evidence of ancient genetic systems , as recovery of DNA from most fossils is impossible because DNA survives in the environment for less than one million years , and slowly degrades into short fragments in solution . Claims for older DNA have been made , most notably a report of the isolation of a viable bacterium from a salt crystal 250 million years old , but these claims are controversial . Building blocks of DNA ( adenine , guanine , and related organic molecules ) may have been formed extraterrestrially in outer space . Complex DNA and RNA organic compounds of life , including uracil , cytosine , and thymine , have also been formed in the laboratory under conditions mimicking those found in outer space , using starting chemicals , such as pyrimidine , found in meteorites . Pyrimidine , like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) , the most carbon - rich chemical found in the universe , may have been formed in red giants or in interstellar cosmic dust and gas clouds . Uses in technology Genetic engineering Further information : Molecular biology , Nucleic acid methods , and Genetic engineering Methods have been developed to purify DNA from organisms , such as phenol - chloroform extraction , and to manipulate it in the laboratory , such as restriction digests and the polymerase chain reaction . Modern biology and biochemistry make intensive use of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology . Recombinant DNA is a man - made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences . They can be transformed into organisms in the form of plasmids or in the appropriate format , by using a viral vector . The genetically modified organisms produced can be used to produce products such as recombinant proteins , used in medical research , or be grown in agriculture . DNA profiling Further information : DNA profiling Forensic scientists can use DNA in blood , semen , skin , saliva or hair found at a crime scene to identify a matching DNA of an individual , such as a perpetrator . This process is formally termed DNA profiling , but may also be called `` genetic fingerprinting '' . In DNA profiling , the lengths of variable sections of repetitive DNA , such as short tandem repeats and minisatellites , are compared between people . This method is usually an extremely reliable technique for identifying a matching DNA . However , identification can be complicated if the scene is contaminated with DNA from several people . DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys , and first used in forensic science to convict Colin Pitchfork in the 1988 Enderby murders case . The development of forensic science and the ability to now obtain genetic matching on minute samples of blood , skin , saliva , or hair has led to re-examining many cases . Evidence can now be uncovered that was scientifically impossible at the time of the original examination . Combined with the removal of the double jeopardy law in some places , this can allow cases to be reopened where prior trials have failed to produce sufficient evidence to convince a jury . People charged with serious crimes may be required to provide a sample of DNA for matching purposes . The most obvious defense to DNA matches obtained forensically is to claim that cross-contamination of evidence has occurred . This has resulted in meticulous strict handling procedures with new cases of serious crime . DNA profiling is also used successfully to positively identify victims of mass casualty incidents , bodies or body parts in serious accidents , and individual victims in mass war graves , via matching to family members . DNA profiling is also used in DNA paternity testing to determine if someone is the biological parent or grandparent of a child with the probability of parentage is typically 99.99 % when the alleged parent is biologically related to the child . Normal DNA sequencing methods happen after birth , but there are new methods to test paternity while a mother is still pregnant . DNA enzymes or catalytic DNA Further information : Deoxyribozyme Deoxyribozymes , also called DNAzymes or catalytic DNA , are first discovered in 1994 . They are mostly single stranded DNA sequences isolated from a large pool of random DNA sequences through a combinatorial approach called in vitro selection or systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment ( SELEX ) . DNAzymes catalyze variety of chemical reactions including RNA - DNA cleavage , RNA - DNA ligation , amino acids phosphorylation - dephosphorylation , carbon - carbon bond formation , and etc . DNAzymes can enhance catalytic rate of chemical reactions up to 100,000,000,000-fold over the uncatalyzed reaction . The most extensively studied class of DNAzymes is RNA - cleaving types which have been used to detect different metal ions and designing therapeutic agents . Several metal - specific DNAzymes have been reported including the GR - 5 DNAzyme ( lead - specific ) , the CA1 - 3 DNAzymes ( copper - specific ) , the 39E DNAzyme ( uranyl - specific ) and the NaA43 DNAzyme ( sodium - specific ) . The NaA43 DNAzyme , which is reported to be more than 10,000-fold selective for sodium over other metal ions , was used to make a real - time sodium sensor in living cells . Bioinformatics Further information : Bioinformatics Bioinformatics involves the development of techniques to store , data mine , search and manipulate biological data , including DNA nucleic acid sequence data . These have led to widely applied advances in computer science , especially string searching algorithms , machine learning , and database theory . String searching or matching algorithms , which find an occurrence of a sequence of letters inside a larger sequence of letters , were developed to search for specific sequences of nucleotides . The DNA sequence may be aligned with other DNA sequences to identify homologous sequences and locate the specific mutations that make them distinct . These techniques , especially multiple sequence alignment , are used in studying phylogenetic relationships and protein function . Data sets representing entire genomes ' worth of DNA sequences , such as those produced by the Human Genome Project , are difficult to use without the annotations that identify the locations of genes and regulatory elements on each chromosome . Regions of DNA sequence that have the characteristic patterns associated with protein - or RNA - coding genes can be identified by gene finding algorithms , which allow researchers to predict the presence of particular gene products and their possible functions in an organism even before they have been isolated experimentally . Entire genomes may also be compared , which can shed light on the evolutionary history of particular organism and permit the examination of complex evolutionary events . DNA nanotechnology The DNA structure at left ( schematic shown ) will self - assemble into the structure visualized by atomic force microscopy at right . DNA nanotechnology is the field that seeks to design nanoscale structures using the molecular recognition properties of DNA molecules . Image from Strong , 2004 . Further information : DNA nanotechnology DNA nanotechnology uses the unique molecular recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self - assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties . DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information . This has led to the creation of two - dimensional periodic lattices ( both tile - based and using the DNA origami method ) and three - dimensional structures in the shapes of polyhedra . Nanomechanical devices and algorithmic self - assembly have also been demonstrated , and these DNA structures have been used to template the arrangement of other molecules such as gold nanoparticles and streptavidin proteins . History and anthropology Further information : Phylogenetics and Genetic genealogy Because DNA collects mutations over time , which are then inherited , it contains historical information , and , by comparing DNA sequences , geneticists can infer the evolutionary history of organisms , their phylogeny . This field of phylogenetics is a powerful tool in evolutionary biology . If DNA sequences within a species are compared , population geneticists can learn the history of particular populations . This can be used in studies ranging from ecological genetics to anthropology . Information storage Main article : DNA digital data storage In a paper published in Nature in January 2013 , scientists from the European Bioinformatics Institute and Agilent Technologies proposed a mechanism to use DNA 's ability to code information as a means of digital data storage . The group was able to encode 739 kilobytes of data into DNA code , synthesize the actual DNA , then sequence the DNA and decode the information back to its original form , with a reported 100 % accuracy . The encoded information consisted of text files and audio files . A prior experiment was published in August 2012 . It was conducted by researchers at Harvard University , where the text of a 54,000 - word book was encoded in DNA . Moreover , in living cells , the storage can be turned active by enzymes . Light - gated protein domains fused to DNA processing enzymes are suitable for that task in vitro . Fluorescent exonucleases can transmit the output according to the nucleotide they have read . History Further information : History of molecular biology James Watson and Francis Crick ( right ) , co-originators of the double - helix model , with Maclyn McCarty ( left ) Pencil sketch of the DNA double helix by Francis Crick in 1953 DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who , in 1869 , discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages . As it resided in the nuclei of cells , he called it `` nuclein '' . In 1878 , Albrecht Kossel isolated the non-protein component of `` nuclein '' , nucleic acid , and later isolated its five primary nucleobases . In 1909 , Phoebus Levene identified the base , sugar , and phosphate nucleotide unit of the RNA ( then named `` yeast nucleic acid '' ) . In 1929 , Levene identified deoxyribose sugar in `` thymus nucleic acid '' ( DNA ) . Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a string of four nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups ( `` tetranucleotide hypothesis '' ) . Levene thought the chain was short and the bases repeated in a fixed order . In 1927 , Nikolai Koltsov proposed that inherited traits would be inherited via a `` giant hereditary molecule '' made up of `` two mirror strands that would replicate in a semi-conservative fashion using each strand as a template '' . In 1928 , Frederick Griffith in his experiment discovered that traits of the `` smooth '' form of Pneumococcus could be transferred to the `` rough '' form of the same bacteria by mixing killed `` smooth '' bacteria with the live `` rough '' form . This system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carries genetic information . In 1933 , while studying virgin sea urchin eggs , Jean Brachet suggested that DNA is found in cell nucleus and that RNA is present exclusively in the cytoplasm . At the time , `` yeast nucleic acid '' ( RNA ) was thought to occur only in plants , while `` thymus nucleic acid '' ( DNA ) only in animals . The latter was thought to be a tetramer , with the function of buffering cellular pH . In 1937 , William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure . In 1943 , Oswald Avery , along with coworkers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty , identified DNA as the transforming principle , supporting Griffith 's suggestion ( Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty experiment ) . DNA 's role in heredity was confirmed in 1952 when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in the Hershey -- Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage . A blue plaque outside The Eagle pub commemorating Crick and Watson Late in 1951 , Francis Crick started working with James Watson at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge . In 1953 , Watson and Crick suggested what is now accepted as the first correct double - helix model of DNA structure in the journal Nature . Their double - helix , molecular model of DNA was then based on one X-ray diffraction image ( labeled as `` Photo 51 '' ) taken by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in May 1952 , and the information that the DNA bases are paired . On 28 February 1953 Crick interrupted patrons ' lunchtime at The Eagle pub in Cambridge to announce that he and Watson had `` discovered the secret of life '' . Months earlier , in February 1953 , Linus Pauling and Robert Corey proposed a model for nucleic acids containing three intertwined chains , with the phosphates near the axis , and the bases on the outside . Experimental evidence supporting the Watson and Crick model was published in a series of five articles in the same issue of Nature . Of these , Franklin and Gosling 's paper was the first publication of their own X-ray diffraction data and original analysis method that partly supported the Watson and Crick model ; this issue also contained an article on DNA structure by Maurice Wilkins and two of his colleagues , whose analysis and in vivo B - DNA X-ray patterns also supported the presence in vivo of the double - helical DNA configurations as proposed by Crick and Watson for their double - helix molecular model of DNA in the prior two pages of Nature . In 1962 , after Franklin 's death , Watson , Crick , and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Nobel Prizes are awarded only to living recipients . A debate continues about who should receive credit for the discovery . In an influential presentation in 1957 , Crick laid out the central dogma of molecular biology , which foretold the relationship between DNA , RNA , and proteins , and articulated the `` adaptor hypothesis '' . Final confirmation of the replication mechanism that was implied by the double - helical structure followed in 1958 through the Meselson -- Stahl experiment . Further work by Crick and coworkers showed that the genetic code was based on non-overlapping triplets of bases , called codons , allowing Har Gobind Khorana , Robert W. Holley , and Marshall Warren Nirenberg to decipher the genetic code . These findings represent the birth of molecular biology . See also Autosome Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software Crystallography Deoxyribozyme DNA - encoded chemical library DNA microarray DNA sequencing Genetic disorder Genetic genealogy Haplotype Macromolecule Meiosis Mitochondrial DNA Nucleic acid double helix Nucleic acid notation Nucleic acid sequence Nuclear DNA Pangenesis Phosphoramidite Ribosomal DNA RNA Southern blot X-ray scattering techniques Xeno nucleic acid References Jump up ^ `` deoxyribonucleic acid '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . 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Francis Crick : discoverer of the genetic code . Ashland , OH : Eminent Lives , Atlas Books . ISBN 0 - 06 - 082333 - X . Olby RC ( 2009 ) . Francis Crick : A Biography . Plainview , N.Y : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 798 - 9 . Rosenfeld I ( 2010 ) . DNA : A Graphic Guide to the Molecule that Shook the World . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 14271 - 7 . Schultz M , Cannon Z ( 2009 ) . The Stuff of Life : A Graphic Guide to Genetics and DNA . Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 8947 - 5 . Stent GS , Watson J ( 1980 ) . The Double Helix : A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95075 - 1 . Watson , James ( 2004 ) . DNA : The Secret of Life . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 945184 - 6 . Wilkins M ( 2003 ) . The third man of the double helix the autobiography of Maurice Wilkins . Cambridge , England : University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860665 - 6 . External links Library resources about DNA Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikiquote has quotations related to : DNA Wikiversity has learning resources about DNA Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` DNA '' dated 2007 - 02 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles DNA at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) DNA binding site prediction on protein DNA the Double Helix Game From the official Nobel Prize web site DNA under electron microscope Dolan DNA Learning Center Double Helix : 50 years of DNA , Nature Proteopedia DNA Proteopedia Forms_of_DNA ENCODE threads explorer ENCODE home page . Nature Double Helix 1953 -- 2003 National Centre for Biotechnology Education Genetic Education Modules for Teachers -- DNA from the Beginning Study Guide PDB Molecule of the Month DNA Clue to chemistry of heredity found The New York Times June 1953 . First American newspaper coverage of the discovery of the DNA structure Olby R ( January 2003 ) . `` Quiet debut for the double helix '' . Nature . 421 ( 6921 ) : 402 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 402O . doi : 10.1038 / nature01397 . PMID 12540907 . DNA from the Beginning Another DNA Learning Center site on DNA , genes , and heredity from Mendel to the human genome project . The Register of Francis Crick Personal Papers 1938 -- 2007 at Mandeville Special Collections Library , University of California , San Diego Seven - page , handwritten letter that Crick sent to his 12 - year - old son Michael in 1953 describing the structure of DNA . See Crick 's medal goes under the hammer , Nature , 5 April 2013 . Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod Types of nucleic acids Constituents Nucleobases Nucleosides Nucleotides Deoxynucleotides Ribonucleic acids ( coding , non-coding ) Translational Messenger precursor , heterogenous nuclear Transfer Ribosomal Transfer - messenger Regulatory Interferential Micro Small interfering Piwi - interacting Antisense Processual Small nuclear Small nucleolar Small Cajal Body RNAs Y RNA Enhancer RNAs Others Guide Ribozyme Small hairpin Small temporal Trans - acting small interfering Subgenomic messenger Deoxyribonucleic acids Complementary Chloroplast Deoxyribozyme Genomic Multicopy single - stranded Mitochondrial Analogues Xeno Glycol Threose Hexose Locked Peptide Morpholino Cloning vectors Phagemid Plasmid Lambda phage Cosmid Fosmid Artificial chromosomes P1 - derived Bacterial Yeast Human Genetics Introduction Outline History Index Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Nucleotide Genome Fields Classical Conservation Ecological Immunogenetics Molecular Population Quantitative Archaeogenetics of the Americas the British Isles Europe Italy the Near East South Asia Related topics Behavioural genetics Epigenetics Geneticist Genomics Genetic code Medical genetics Molecular evolution Reverse genetics Genetic engineering Genetic diversity Heredity Genetic monitoring Genetic genealogy List of genetics research organizations Genetics Molecular and cellular biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=842625567 '' Categories : DNA Genetics Helices Biotechnology Nucleic acids Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template archiveis links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Spoken articles Articles with Curlie links Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 125 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 16 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the structure found in the cell that contains strands of dna is called a(n) | [
"Within eukaryotic cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts.[4] In contrast prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the eukaryotic chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed."
] | [
"chromosomes"
] |
-3135069511934701781 | The Beatles | The Beatles - wikipedia The Beatles This article is about the band . For their eponymous album , see The Beatles ( album ) . For other uses , see The Beatles ( disambiguation ) . `` Fab Four '' redirects here . For other uses , see Fab Four ( disambiguation ) . The Beatles The Beatles in 1964 . Clockwise from top left : John Lennon , Paul McCartney , Ringo Starr and George Harrison Background information Origin Liverpool , England Genres Rock , pop Years active 1960 -- 1970 Labels Parlophone Apple Capitol Associated acts The Quarrymen Tony Sheridan Billy Preston Plastic Ono Band Website thebeatles.com Past members John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr See members section for others The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960 . With members John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr , they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential music band in history . Rooted in skiffle , beat and 1950s rock and roll , the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles , ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock , often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways . In 1963 , their enormous popularity first emerged as `` Beatlemania '' ; as the group 's music grew in sophistication , led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney , the band were integral to pop music 's evolution into an art form and to the development of the counterculture of the 1960s . The Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three - year period from 1960 , with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player . The core trio of Lennon , McCartney and Harrison , together since 1958 , went through a succession of drummers , including Pete Best , before asking Starr to join them in 1962 . Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act , and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings , greatly expanding the group 's popularity in the United Kingdom after their first hit , `` Love Me Do '' , in late 1962 . They acquired the nickname `` the Fab Four '' as Beatlemania grew in Britain over the next year , and by early 1964 became international stars , leading the `` British Invasion '' of the United States pop market . From 1965 onwards , the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings , including the albums Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) , Revolver ( 1966 ) , Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1967 ) , The Beatles ( also known as the `` White Album '' , 1968 ) and Abbey Road ( 1969 ) . After their break - up in 1970 , they each enjoyed success as solo artists . Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980 , and Harrison died of lung cancer in November 2001 . McCartney and Starr remain musically active . The Beatles are the best - selling band in history , with estimated sales of over 800 million physical and digital albums worldwide . They have had more number - one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act . They are also the best - selling music artists in the United States , with 178 million certified units . In 2008 , the group topped Billboard magazine 's list of the all - time most successful artists ; as of 2017 , they hold the record for most number - one hits on the Hot 100 chart with twenty . They have received seven Grammy Awards , an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards . The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 , and all four main members were inducted individually from 1994 to 2015 . They were also collectively included in Time magazine 's compilation of the twentieth century 's 100 most influential people . Contents 1 History 1.1 1957 -- 1962 : Formation , Hamburg , and UK popularity 1.2 1963 -- 1966 : Beatlemania and touring years 1.2. 1 Please Please Me and With the Beatles 1.2. 2 First visit to United States and British Invasion 1.2. 3 A Hard Day 's Night 1.2. 4 1964 world tour , meeting Bob Dylan , and stand on civil rights 1.2. 5 Beatles for Sale , Help ! and Rubber Soul 1.2. 6 Controversy , final tour and Revolver 1.3 1966 -- 1970 : Studio years 1.3. 1 Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band 1.3. 2 Magical Mystery Tour , the White Album and Yellow Submarine 1.3. 3 Abbey Road , Let It Be and separation 1.4 1970 -- present : After the break - up 1.4. 1 1970s 1.4. 2 1980s 1.4. 3 1990s 1.4. 4 2000s 1.4. 5 2010s 2 Musical style and development 2.1 Influences 2.2 Genres 2.3 Contribution of George Martin 2.4 In the studio 3 Legacy 4 Awards and achievements 5 Members 6 Discography 7 Song catalogue 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links History History of the Beatles The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania United Kingdom United States `` More popular than Jesus '' In India Break - up Timeline 1957 -- 1962 : formation , Hamburg , and UK popularity In March 1957 , John Lennon , then aged sixteen , formed a skiffle group with several friends from Quarry Bank High School . They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks , before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a respected local group was already using the other name . Fifteen - year - old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he and Lennon met that July . In February 1958 , McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band . The fifteen - year - old auditioned for Lennon , impressing him with his playing , but Lennon initially thought Harrison was too young to join them . After a month of Harrison 's persistence , during a second meeting , arranged by McCartney , he performed the lead guitar part for the instrumental `` Raunchy '' on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus , and they enlisted him as their lead guitarist . By January 1959 , Lennon 's Quarry Bank friends had left the group , and he began studies at the Liverpool College of Art . The three guitarists , billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs , were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer . Lennon 's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe , who had recently sold one of his paintings and was persuaded to purchase a bass guitar , joined in January 1960 , and it was he who suggested changing the band 's name to Beatals , as a tribute to Buddy Holly and the Crickets . They used the name until May , when they became the Silver Beetles , before undertaking a brief tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer and fellow Liverpudlian Johnny Gentle . By early July , they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles and by the middle of August to the Beatles . Allan Williams , the Beatles ' unofficial manager , arranged a residency for them in Hamburg , but lacking a full - time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960 . The band , now a five - piece , left four days later , contracted to club owner Bruno Koschmider for what would be a 31⁄2 - month residency . Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn writes : `` They pulled into Hamburg at dusk on 17 August , the time when the red - light area comes to life ... flashing neon lights screamed out the various entertainment on offer , while scantily clad women sat unabashed in shop windows waiting for business opportunities . '' Koschmider had converted a couple of strip clubs in the district into music venues , and he initially placed the Beatles at the Indra Club . After closing the Indra due to noise complaints , he moved them to the Kaiserkeller in October . When he learned they had been performing at the rival Top Ten Club in breach of their contract , he gave the band one month 's termination notice , and reported the underage Harrison , who had obtained permission to stay in Hamburg by lying to the German authorities about his age . The authorities arranged for Harrison 's deportation in late November . One week later , Koschmider had McCartney and Best arrested for arson after they set fire to a condom in a concrete corridor ; the authorities deported them . Lennon returned to Liverpool in early December , while Sutcliffe remained in Hamburg until late February with his German fiancée Astrid Kirchherr , who took the first semi-professional photos of the Beatles . During the next two years , the Beatles were resident for periods in Hamburg , where they used Preludin both recreationally and to maintain their energy through all - night performances . In 1961 , during their second Hamburg engagement , Kirchherr cut Sutcliffe 's hair in the `` exi '' ( existentialist ) style , later adopted by the other Beatles . When Sutcliffe decided to leave the band early that year and resume his art studies in Germany , McCartney took up the bass . Producer Bert Kaempfert contracted what was now a four - piece group until June 1962 , and he used them as Tony Sheridan 's backing band on a series of recordings for Polydor Records . As part of the sessions , the Beatles were signed to Polydor for one year . Credited to `` Tony Sheridan & the Beat Brothers '' , the single `` My Bonnie '' , recorded in June 1961 and released four months later , reached number 32 on the Musikmarkt chart . After the Beatles completed their second Hamburg residency , they enjoyed increasing popularity in Liverpool with the growing Merseybeat movement . However , they were also growing tired of the monotony of numerous appearances at the same clubs night after night . In November 1961 , during one of the group 's frequent performances at The Cavern Club , they encountered Brian Epstein , a local record - store owner and music columnist . He later recalled : `` I immediately liked what I heard . They were fresh , and they were honest , and they had what I thought was a sort of presence ... ( a ) star quality . '' Epstein courted the band over the next couple of months , and they appointed him as their manager in January 1962 . Throughout early and mid-1962 , Epstein sought to free the Beatles from their contractual obligations to Bert Kaempfert Productions . He eventually negotiated a one - month - early release from their contract in exchange for one last recording session in Hamburg . Tragedy greeted them on their return to Germany in April , when a distraught Kirchherr met them at the airport with news of Sutcliffe 's death the previous day from what would later be determined to have been a brain hemorrhage . Epstein began negotiations with record labels for a recording contract . In order to secure a UK record contract , Epstein negotiated an early end to the band 's contract with Polydor , in exchange for more recordings backing Tony Sheridan . After a New Year 's Day audition , Decca Records rejected the band with the comment `` Guitar groups are on the way out , Mr. Epstein . '' However , three months later , producer George Martin signed the Beatles to EMI 's Parlophone label . Abbey Road Studios main entrance Martin 's first recording session with the Beatles took place at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London on 6 June 1962 . Martin immediately complained to Epstein about Best 's poor drumming and suggested they use a session drummer in his place . Already contemplating Best 's dismissal , the Beatles replaced him in mid-August with Ringo Starr , who left Rory Storm and the Hurricanes to join them . A 4 September session at EMI yielded a recording of `` Love Me Do '' featuring Starr on drums , but a dissatisfied Martin hired drummer Andy White for the band 's third session a week later , which produced recordings of `` Love Me Do '' , `` Please Please Me '' and `` P.S. I Love You '' . Martin initially selected the Starr version of `` Love Me Do '' for the band 's first single , though subsequent re-pressings featured the White version , with Starr on tambourine . Released in early October , `` Love Me Do '' peaked at number seventeen on the Record Retailer chart . Their television debut came later that month with a live performance on the regional news programme People and Places . After Martin suggested rerecording `` Please Please Me '' at a faster tempo , a studio session in late November yielded that recording , of which Martin accurately predicted , `` You 've just made your first No. 1 . '' In December 1962 , the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency . By 1963 , they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums -- including Starr , despite his restricted vocal range , to validate his standing in the group . Lennon and McCartney had established a songwriting partnership , and as the band 's success grew , their dominant collaboration limited Harrison 's opportunities as a lead vocalist . Epstein , in an effort to maximise the Beatles ' commercial potential , encouraged them to adopt a professional approach to performing . Lennon recalled him saying , `` Look , if you really want to get in these bigger places , you 're going to have to change -- stop eating on stage , stop swearing , stop smoking ... '' Lennon said : `` We used to dress how we liked , on and off stage . He 'd tell us that jeans were not particularly smart and could we possibly manage to wear proper trousers , but he did n't want us suddenly looking square . He 'd let us have our own sense of individuality . '' 1963 -- 1966 : Beatlemania and touring years Please Please Me and with the Beatles Their logo was designed by Ivor Arbiter . On 11 February 1963 , the Beatles recorded ten songs during a single studio session for their debut LP , Please Please Me . The album was supplemented by the four tracks already released on their first two singles . Martin originally considered recording the Beatles ' debut LP live at The Cavern Club , but after deciding that the building 's acoustics were inadequate , he elected to simulate a `` live '' album with minimal production in `` a single marathon session at Abbey Road '' . After the moderate success of `` Love Me Do '' , the single `` Please Please Me '' met with a more emphatic reception . Released in January 1963 , two months ahead of the album of the same name , the song reached number one on every chart in London except Record Retailer , where it peaked at number two . Recalling how the Beatles `` rushed to deliver a debut album , bashing out Please Please Me in a day '' , AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine comments , `` Decades after its release , the album still sounds fresh , precisely because of its intense origins . '' Lennon said little thought went into composition at the time ; he and McCartney were `` just writing songs à la Everly Brothers , à la Buddy Holly , pop songs with no more thought of them than that -- to create a sound . And the words were almost irrelevant . '' `` She Loves You '' Sample of `` She Loves You '' . The song 's repeated use of `` yeah '' exclamations became a signature phrase for the group at the time . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Released in March 1963 , the album initiated a run during which eleven of their twelve studio albums released in the United Kingdom through 1970 reached number one . The band 's third single , `` From Me to You '' , came out in April and was also a chart - topping hit , starting an almost unbroken string of seventeen British number - one singles for the Beatles , including all but one of the eighteen they released over the next six years . Issued in August , the band 's fourth single , `` She Loves You '' , achieved the fastest sales of any record in the UK up to that time , selling three - quarters of a million copies in under four weeks . It became their first single to sell a million copies , and remained the biggest - selling record in the UK until 1978 . Their commercial success brought increased media exposure , to which the Beatles responded with an irreverent and comical attitude that defied the expectations of pop musicians at the time , inspiring even more interest . The band toured the UK three times in the first half of the year : a four - week tour that began in February , the Beatles ' first nationwide , preceded three - week tours in March and May -- June . As their popularity spread , a frenzied adulation of the group took hold . Greeted with riotous enthusiasm by screaming fans , the press dubbed the phenomenon `` Beatlemania '' . Although not billed as tour leaders , the Beatles overshadowed American acts Tommy Roe and Chris Montez during the February engagements and assumed top billing `` by audience demand '' , something no British act had previously accomplished while touring with artists from the US . A similar situation arose during their May -- June tour with Roy Orbison . McCartney , Harrison , Swedish pop singer Lill - Babs and Lennon on the set of the Swedish television show Drop - In , 30 October 1963 In late October , the Beatles began a five - day tour of Sweden , their first time abroad since the final Hamburg engagement of December 1962 . On their return to the UK on 31 October several hundred screaming fans greeted them in heavy rain at Heathrow Airport . Around 50 to 100 journalists and photographers as well as representatives from the BBC also joined the airport reception , the first of more than 100 such events . The next day , the band began its fourth tour of Britain within nine months , this one scheduled for six weeks . In mid-November , as Beatlemania intensified , police resorted to using high - pressure water hoses to control the crowd before a concert in Plymouth . Please Please Me maintained the top position on the Record Retailer chart for 30 weeks , only to be displaced by its follow - up , With the Beatles , which EMI released on 22 November to record advance orders of 270,000 copies . The LP topped a half - million albums sold in one week . Recorded between July and October , With the Beatles made better use of studio production techniques than its predecessor . It held the top spot for 21 weeks with a chart life of 40 weeks . Erlewine described the LP as `` a sequel of the highest order -- one that betters the original '' . In a reversal of then standard practice , EMI released the album ahead of the impending single `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , with the song excluded to maximise the single 's sales . The album caught the attention of music critic William Mann of The Times , who suggested that Lennon and McCartney were `` the outstanding English composers of 1963 '' . The newspaper published a series of articles in which Mann offered detailed analyses of the music , lending it respectability . With the Beatles became the second album in UK chart history to sell a million copies , a figure previously reached only by the 1958 South Pacific soundtrack . When writing the sleeve notes for the album , the band 's press officer , Tony Barrow , used the superlative the `` fabulous foursome '' , which the media widely adopted as `` the Fab Four '' . First visit to United States and British Invasion Main article : The Beatles in the United States EMI 's American subsidiary , Capitol Records , hindered the Beatles ' releases in the United States for more than a year by initially declining to issue their music , including their first three singles . Concurrent negotiations with the independent US label Vee - Jay led to the release of some of the songs in 1963 , but not all . Vee - Jay finished preparation for the album Introducing ... The Beatles , culled from most of the songs of Parlophone 's Please Please Me , but a management shake - up led to the album not being released . Then when it surfaced that the label did not report royalties on their sales , the licence Vee - Jay signed with EMI was voided . A new licence was granted to the Swan label for the single `` She Loves You '' . The record received some airplay in the Tidewater area of Virginia by Gene Loving of radio station WGH and was featured on the `` Rate - a-Record '' segment of American Bandstand , but it failed to catch on nationally . Epstein arranged for a $40,000 US marketing campaign . American chart success began after disc jockey Carroll James of AM radio station WWDC in Washington , DC first played `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' in mid-December 1963 . It was not until the end of the first week of January 1964 that their records were played in New York City ( also accompanied by a major marketing campaign and with similar play frequency ) , and then the rest of the country , initiating their music 's spread across US radio . This caused an increase in demand , leading Capitol to rush - release `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' later that month . Issued on 26 December 1963 , with the band 's previously scheduled debut there just weeks away , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' sold a million copies , becoming a number - one hit in the US by mid-January . In its wake , Vee - Jay released Introducing ... The Beatles to go along with Capitol 's debut album , Meet the Beatles ! , while Swan reactivated production of `` She Loves You '' . The Beatles arriving at John F. Kennedy International Airport , 7 February 1964 On 7 February 1964 , the Beatles left the United Kingdom with an estimated 4,000 fans gathered at Heathrow , waving and screaming as the aircraft took off . Upon landing at New York 's John F. Kennedy Airport , an uproarious crowd estimated at 3,000 greeted them . They gave their first live US television performance two days later on The Ed Sullivan Show , watched by approximately 73 million viewers in over 23 million households , or 34 per cent of the American population . Biographer Jonathan Gould writes that , according to the Nielsen rating service , it was `` the largest audience that had ever been recorded for an American television program '' . The next morning , the Beatles awoke to a largely negative critical consensus in the US , but a day later their first US concert saw Beatlemania erupt at the Washington Coliseum . Back in New York the following day , the Beatles met with another strong reception during two shows at Carnegie Hall . The band then flew to Florida and appeared on the weekly Ed Sullivan Show a second time , before another 70 million viewers , before returning to the UK on 22 February . The Beatles ' first visit to the United States impacted a nation mourning the recent death of President John F. Kennedy . It has been mentioned that for many , particularly the young , it re-ignited the sense of excitement and possibility that momentarily faded in the wake of the assassination , helping set the stage for much of the revolutionary social changes to come in the decade . According to Mikal Gilmore : Within days it was apparent that a genuine upheaval was underway , offering a frenetic distraction to the dread that had set into America after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , and a renewal of the brutally wounded ideal that youthfulness carried our national hope . Their hairstyle , unusually long for the era and mocked by many adults , became an emblem of rebellion to the burgeoning youth culture . Their popularity generated unprecedented interest in British music , and a number of other UK acts subsequently made their own American debuts , successfully touring over the next three years in what was termed the British Invasion . The Beatles ' success in the US opened the door for a successive string of British beat groups and pop acts such as the Dave Clark Five , the Animals , Petula Clark , the Kinks , and the Rolling Stones to achieve success in America . During the week of 4 April 1964 , the Beatles held twelve positions on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart , including the top five . A Hard Day 's Night Capitol Records ' lack of interest throughout 1963 did not go unnoticed , and a competitor , United Artists Records , encouraged their film division to offer the Beatles a three - motion - picture deal , primarily for the commercial potential of the soundtracks in the US . Directed by Richard Lester , A Hard Day 's Night involved the band for six weeks in March -- April 1964 as they played themselves in a mock - documentary . The film premiered in London and New York in July and August , respectively , and was an international success , with some critics drawing comparison with the Marx Brothers . United Artists released a full soundtrack album for the North American market , combining Beatles songs and Martin 's orchestral score ; elsewhere , the group 's third studio LP , A Hard Day 's Night , contained songs from the film on side one and other new recordings on side two . According to Erlewine , the album saw them `` truly coming into their own as a band . All of the disparate influences on their first two albums coalesced into a bright , joyous , original sound , filled with ringing guitars and irresistible melodies . '' That `` ringing guitar '' sound was primarily the product of Harrison 's 12 - string electric Rickenbacker , a prototype given to him by the manufacturer , which made its debut on the record . 1964 world tour , meeting Bob Dylan , and stand on Civil rights Touring internationally in June and July , the Beatles staged 37 shows over 27 days in Denmark , the Netherlands , Hong Kong , Australia and New Zealand . In August and September they returned to the US , with a 30 - concert tour of 23 cities . Generating intense interest once again , the month - long tour attracted between 10,000 and 20,000 fans to each 30 - minute performance in cities from San Francisco to New York . For their scheduled 11 September 1964 show at the Gator Bowl Stadium in Jacksonville , the Beatles said they would refuse to perform unless city leaders agreed the audience would not be segregated . In August , journalist Al Aronowitz arranged for the Beatles to meet Bob Dylan . Visiting the band in their New York hotel suite , Dylan introduced them to cannabis . Gould points out the musical and cultural significance of this meeting , before which the musicians ' respective fanbases were `` perceived as inhabiting two separate subcultural worlds '' : Dylan 's audience of `` college kids with artistic or intellectual leanings , a dawning political and social idealism , and a mildly bohemian style '' contrasted with their fans , `` veritable ' teenyboppers ' -- kids in high school or grade school whose lives were totally wrapped up in the commercialised popular culture of television , radio , pop records , fan magazines , and teen fashion . To many of Dylan 's followers in the folk music scene , the Beatles were seen as idolaters , not idealists . '' Within six months of the meeting , according to Gould , `` Lennon would be making records on which he openly imitated Dylan 's nasal drone , brittle strum , and introspective vocal persona '' ; and six months after that , Dylan began performing with a backing band and electric instrumentation , and `` dressed in the height of Mod fashion '' . As a result , Gould continues , the traditional division between folk and rock enthusiasts `` nearly evaporated '' , as the Beatles ' fans began to mature in their outlook and Dylan 's audience embraced the new , youth - driven pop culture . During the 1964 US tour , the group were confronted with the reality of racial segregation in the country at the time , particularly in the South . When informed that the venue for their 11 September concert , the Gator Bowl in Jacksonville , Florida , was segregated , the Beatles said they would refuse to perform unless the audience was integrated . Lennon stated : `` We never play to segregated audiences and we are n't going to start now ... I 'd sooner lose our appearance money . '' City officials relented and agreed to allow an integrated show . The group also cancelled their reservations at the whites - only Hotel George Washington in Jacksonville . Documents reveal that for their subsequent US tours in 1965 and 1966 , the Beatles included clauses in contracts stipulating that shows be integrated . Beatles for sale , Help ! and Rubber Soul According to Gould , Beatles for Sale , the Beatles ' fourth studio LP , evidenced a growing conflict between the commercial pressures of their global success and their creative ambitions . They had intended the album , recorded between August and October 1964 , to continue the format established by A Hard Day 's Night which , unlike their first two LPs , contained only original songs . They had nearly exhausted their backlog of songs on the previous album , however , and given the challenges constant international touring posed to their songwriting efforts , Lennon admitted , `` Material 's becoming a hell of a problem '' . As a result , six covers from their extensive repertoire were chosen to complete the album . Released in early December , its eight original compositions stood out , demonstrating the growing maturity of the Lennon -- McCartney songwriting partnership . Together in 1965 , celebrating a Grammy win In early 1965 , following a dinner with Lennon , Harrison and their wives , Harrison 's dentist John Riley secretly added LSD to their coffee . Lennon described the experience : `` It was just terrifying , but it was fantastic . I was pretty stunned for a month or two . '' He and Harrison subsequently became regular users of the drug , joined by Starr on at least one occasion . McCartney was initially reluctant to try it , but eventually did so in late 1966 . He became the first Beatle to discuss LSD publicly , declaring in a magazine interview that `` it opened my eyes '' and `` made me a better , more honest , more tolerant member of society '' . Controversy erupted in June 1965 when Queen Elizabeth II appointed all four Beatles Members of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) after Prime Minister Harold Wilson nominated them for the award . In protest -- the honour was at that time primarily bestowed upon military veterans and civic leaders -- some conservative MBE recipients returned their own insignia . The US trailer for Help ! with ( from the rear ) Harrison , McCartney , Lennon and ( largely obscured ) Starr Released in July , the Beatles ' second film , Help ! , was again directed by Lester . Described as `` mainly a relentless spoof of Bond '' , it inspired a mixed response among both reviewers and the band . McCartney said : `` Help ! was great but it was n't our film -- we were sort of guest stars . It was fun , but basically , as an idea for a film , it was a bit wrong . '' The soundtrack was dominated by Lennon , who wrote and sang lead on most of its songs , including the two singles : `` Help ! '' and `` Ticket to Ride '' . The accompanying Help ! album , the group 's fifth studio LP , mirrored A Hard Day 's Night by featuring soundtrack songs on side one and additional songs from the same sessions on side two . The LP contained all original material save for two covers , `` Act Naturally '' and `` Dizzy Miss Lizzy '' ; they were the last covers the band would include on an album , with the exception of Let It Be 's brief rendition of the traditional Liverpool folk song `` Maggie Mae '' . The band expanded their use of vocal overdubs on Help ! and incorporated classical instruments into some arrangements , including a string quartet on the pop ballad `` Yesterday '' . Composed by and sung by McCartney -- none of the other Beatles perform on the recording -- `` Yesterday '' inspired the most cover versions of any song ever written . The group 's third US tour opened with a performance before a world - record crowd of 55,600 at New York 's Shea Stadium on 15 August 1965 -- `` perhaps the most famous of all Beatles ' concerts '' , in Lewisohn 's description . A further nine successful concerts followed in other American cities . At a show in Atlanta , the Beatles gave one of the first live performances ever to make use of a foldback system of on - stage monitor speakers . Towards the end of the tour , they met with Elvis Presley , a foundational musical influence on the band , who invited them to his home in Beverly Hills . September saw the launch of an American Saturday - morning cartoon series , The Beatles , that echoed A Hard Day 's Night 's slapstick antics over its two - year original run . The series was a historical milestone as the first weekly television series to feature animated versions of real , living people . `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' Sample of `` Norwegian Wood '' from Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) . Harrison 's use of a sitar on this song is representative of the Beatles ' incorporation of unconventional instrumentation into rock music . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In mid-October 1965 , the Beatles entered the recording studio ; for the first time when making an album , they had an extended period without other major commitments . Until this time , according to George Martin , `` we had been making albums rather like a collection of singles . Now we were really beginning to think about albums as a bit of art on their own . '' Released in December , Rubber Soul was hailed by critics as a major step forward in the maturity and complexity of the band 's music . Their thematic reach was beginning to expand as they embraced deeper aspects of romance and philosophy . Biographers Peter Brown and Steven Gaines attribute the new musical direction to `` the Beatles ' now habitual use of marijuana '' , an assertion confirmed by the band -- Lennon referred to it as `` the pot album '' , and Starr said : `` Grass was really influential in a lot of our changes , especially with the writers . And because they were writing different material , we were playing differently . '' After Help ! 's foray into the world of classical music with flutes and strings , Harrison 's introduction of a sitar on `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' marked a further progression outside the traditional boundaries of popular music . As their lyrics grew more artful , fans began to study them for deeper meaning . Of `` Norwegian Wood '' Lennon commented : `` I was trying to be sophisticated in writing about an affair ... but in such a smokescreen way that you could n't tell . '' While many of Rubber Soul 's prominent songs were the product of Lennon and McCartney 's collaborative songwriting , it also featured distinct compositions from each , though they continued to share official credit . The song `` In My Life '' , of which each later claimed lead authorship , is considered a highlight of the entire Lennon -- McCartney catalogue . Harrison called Rubber Soul his `` favourite album '' and Starr referred to it as `` the departure record '' . McCartney has said , `` We 'd had our cute period , and now it was time to expand . '' However , recording engineer Norman Smith later stated that the studio sessions revealed signs of growing conflict within the group -- `` the clash between John and Paul was becoming obvious '' , he wrote , and `` as far as Paul was concerned , George could do no right '' . In 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked Rubber Soul fifth among `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' , and AllMusic 's Richie Unterberger describes it as `` one of the classic folk - rock records '' . Controversy , final tour and Revolver At EMI Studios with George Martin in the mid-1960s Capitol Records , from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market , exercised complete control over format , compiling distinct US albums from the band 's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles . In June 1966 , Yesterday and Today , one of Capitol 's compilation albums , caused an uproar with its cover , which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher 's overalls , accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls . It has been incorrectly suggested that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had `` butchered '' the US versions of their albums . Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original ; an unpeeled `` first - state '' copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction . In England , meanwhile , Harrison met sitar maestro Ravi Shankar , who agreed to train him on the instrument . During a tour of the Philippines the month after the Yesterday and Today furore , the Beatles unintentionally snubbed the nation 's first lady , Imelda Marcos , who had expected them to attend a breakfast reception at the Presidential Palace . When presented with the invitation , Epstein politely declined on the band members ' behalf , as it had never been his policy to accept such official invitations . They soon found that the Marcos regime was unaccustomed to taking no for an answer . The resulting riots endangered the group and they escaped the country with difficulty . Immediately afterwards , the band members visited India for the first time . We 're more popular than Jesus now ; I do n't know which will go first -- rock ' n ' roll or Christianity . -- John Lennon to journalist Maureen Cleave , 1966 Almost as soon as they returned home , the Beatles faced a fierce backlash from US religious and social conservatives ( as well as the Ku Klux Klan ) over a comment Lennon had made in a March interview with British reporter Maureen Cleave . `` Christianity will go , '' Lennon had said . `` It will vanish and shrink . I need n't argue about that ; I 'm right and I will be proved right ... Jesus was alright but his disciples were thick and ordinary . It 's them twisting it that ruins it for me . '' The comment went virtually unnoticed in England , but when US teenage fan magazine Datebook printed it five months later -- on the eve of the group 's August US tour -- it sparked a controversy with Christians in the American `` Bible Belt '' . The Vatican issued a protest , and bans on Beatles ' records were imposed by Spanish and Dutch stations and South Africa 's national broadcasting service . Epstein accused Datebook of having taken Lennon 's words out of context ; at a press conference Lennon pointed out , `` If I 'd said television was more popular than Jesus , I might have got away with it . '' Lennon claimed that he was referring to how other people viewed their success , but at the prompting of reporters , he concluded : `` If you want me to apologise , if that will make you happy , then okay , I 'm sorry . '' As preparations were made for the US tour , the Beatles knew that their music would hardly be heard . Having originally used Vox AC30 amplifiers , they later acquired more powerful 100 - watt amplifiers , specially designed by Vox for them as they moved into larger venues in 1964 , but these were still inadequate . Struggling to compete with the volume of sound generated by screaming fans , the band had grown increasingly bored with the routine of performing live . Recognising that their shows were no longer about the music , they decided to make the August tour their last . `` Eleanor Rigby '' Sample of `` Eleanor Rigby '' from Revolver ( 1966 ) . The album involves innovative compositional approaches , arrangements and recording techniques . This song , primarily written by McCartney , prominently features classical strings in a novel fusion of musical styles . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Rubber Soul had marked a major step forward ; Revolver , released in August 1966 a week before the Beatles ' final tour , marked another . Pitchfork 's Scott Plagenhoef identifies it as `` the sound of a band growing into supreme confidence '' and `` redefining what was expected from popular music '' . Revolver featured sophisticated songwriting , studio experimentation , and a greatly expanded repertoire of musical styles , ranging from innovative classical string arrangements to psychedelic rock . Abandoning the customary group photograph , its cover -- designed by Klaus Voormann , a friend of the band since their Hamburg days -- `` was a stark , arty , black - and - white collage that caricatured the Beatles in a pen - and - ink style beholden to Aubrey Beardsley '' , in Gould 's description . The album was preceded by the single `` Paperback Writer '' , backed by `` Rain '' . Short promotional films were made for both songs ; described by cultural historian Saul Austerlitz as `` among the first true music videos '' , they aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops in June 1966 . Among the experimental songs that Revolver featured was `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' , the lyrics for which Lennon drew from Timothy Leary 's The Psychedelic Experience : A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead . Its creation involved eight tape decks distributed about the EMI building , each staffed by an engineer or band member , who randomly varied the movement of a tape loop while Martin created a composite recording by sampling the incoming data . McCartney 's `` Eleanor Rigby '' made prominent use of a string octet ; Gould describes it as `` a true hybrid , conforming to no recognisable style or genre of song '' . Harrison was developing as a songwriter , and three of his compositions earned a place on the record . In 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked Revolver as the third greatest album of all time . During the US tour that followed its release , however , the band performed none of its songs . As Chris Ingham writes , they were very much `` studio creations ... and there was no way a four - piece rock ' n ' roll group could do them justice , particularly through the desensitising wall of the fans ' screams . ' Live Beatles ' and ' Studio Beatles ' had become entirely different beasts . '' The band 's final concert at San Francisco 's Candlestick Park on 29 August was their last commercial concert . It marked the end of a four - year period dominated by almost nonstop touring that included over 1,400 concert appearances internationally . 1966 -- 1970 : studio years Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club band Front cover of Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , `` the most famous cover of any music album , and one of the most imitated images in the world '' Freed from the burden of touring , the Beatles embraced an increasingly experimental approach as they recorded Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , beginning in late November 1966 . According to engineer Geoff Emerick , the album 's recording took over 700 hours . He recalled the band 's insistence `` that everything on Sgt . Pepper had to be different . We had microphones right down in the bells of brass instruments and headphones turned into microphones attached to violins . We used giant primitive oscillators to vary the speed of instruments and vocals and we had tapes chopped to pieces and stuck together upside down and the wrong way around . '' Parts of `` A Day in the Life '' featured a 40 - piece orchestra . The sessions initially yielded the non-album double A-side single `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' / `` Penny Lane '' in February 1967 ; the Sgt . Pepper LP followed in June . The musical complexity of the records , created using relatively primitive four - track recording technology , astounded contemporary artists . Among music critics , acclaim for the album was virtually universal . Gould writes : The overwhelming consensus is that the Beatles had created a popular masterpiece : a rich , sustained , and overflowing work of collaborative genius whose bold ambition and startling originality dramatically enlarged the possibilities and raised the expectations of what the experience of listening to popular music on record could be . On the basis of this perception , Sgt . Pepper became the catalyst for an explosion of mass enthusiasm for album - formatted rock that would revolutionise both the aesthetics and the economics of the record business in ways that far outstripped the earlier pop explosions triggered by the Elvis phenomenon of 1956 and the Beatlemania phenomenon of 1963 . Sgt . Pepper was the first major pop / rock LP to include its complete lyrics , which appeared on the back cover . Those lyrics were the subject of critical analysis ; for instance , in late 1967 the album was the subject of a scholarly inquiry by American literary critic and professor of English Richard Poirier , who observed that his students were `` listening to the group 's music with a degree of engagement that he , as a teacher of literature , could only envy '' . Poirier identified what he termed its `` mixed allusiveness '' : `` It 's unwise ever to assume that they 're doing only one thing or expressing themselves in only one style ... one kind of feeling about a subject is n't enough ... any single induced feeling must often exist within the context of seemingly contradictory alternatives . '' McCartney said at the time : `` We write songs . We know what we mean by them . But in a week someone else says something about it , and you ca n't deny it ... You put your own meaning at your own level to our songs . '' The album 's elaborate cover also attracted considerable interest and study . A collage designed by pop artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth , it depicted the group as the fictional band referred to in the album 's title track standing in front of a crowd of famous people . The heavy moustaches worn by the group reflected the growing influence of hippie style , while cultural historian Jonathan Harris describes their `` brightly coloured parodies of military uniforms '' as a knowingly `` anti-authoritarian and anti-establishment '' display . In 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked it number one on its list of the `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . Brian Epstein was dead ... Paul and George were in complete shock . I do n't think it could have been worse if they had heard that their own fathers had dropped dead ... Brian had found them , believed in them , molded them , turned them into millionaires , and made them famous the world over ... We knew that life would never be the same again . -- Pattie Boyd , wife of George Harrison On 25 June 1967 , the Beatles performed their forthcoming single , `` All You Need Is Love '' , to an estimated 350 million viewers on Our World , the first live global television link . Released a week later , during the Summer of Love , the song was adopted as a flower power anthem . Two months later , the group suffered a loss that threw their career into turmoil . Having been introduced to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi only the previous night in London , on 25 August they travelled to Bangor for his Transcendental Meditation retreat . Two days later , their manager 's assistant , Peter Brown , phoned to inform them that Epstein , only thirty - two years old , had died . The coroner ruled the death an accidental carbitol overdose , although it was widely rumoured to be a suicide . Epstein had been in a fragile emotional state , stressed by personal issues . His death left the group disoriented and fearful about the future . Lennon recalled : `` We collapsed . I knew that we were in trouble then . I did n't really have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music , and I was scared . I thought , ' We 've had it now . ' '' Magical Mystery tour , the White album and Yellow Submarine Filming a sequence for `` I Am the Walrus '' Magical Mystery Tour , the soundtrack to a forthcoming Beatles television film , was released in the UK as a six - track double extended play disc ( EP ) in early December 1967 . In the United States , the six songs were issued on an identically titled LP that also included five tracks from the band 's recent singles . Unterberger says of the US Magical Mystery Tour , `` the psychedelic sound is very much in the vein of Sgt . Pepper , and even spacier in parts ( especially the sound collages of ' I Am the Walrus ' ) '' and he calls its five songs culled from the band 's 1967 singles `` huge , glorious , and innovative '' . In its first three weeks , the album set a record for the highest initial sales of any Capitol LP , and it is the only Capitol compilation later to be adopted in the band 's official canon of studio albums . First aired on Boxing Day , the Magical Mystery Tour film , largely directed by McCartney , brought the group their first major negative UK press . It was dismissed as `` blatant rubbish '' by the Daily Express ; the Daily Mail called it `` a colossal conceit '' ; and The Guardian labelled the film `` a kind of fantasy morality play about the grossness and warmth and stupidity of the audience '' . Gould describes it as `` a great deal of raw footage showing a group of people getting on , getting off , and riding on a bus '' . Although the viewership figures were respectable , its slating in the press led US television networks to lose interest in broadcasting the film . In January 1968 , the Beatles filmed a cameo for the animated movie Yellow Submarine , which featured cartoon versions of the band members and a soundtrack with eleven of their songs , including four unreleased studio recordings that made their debut in the film . Released in June 1968 , the film was praised by critics for its music , humour and innovative visual style . It would be seven months , however , before its soundtrack album appeared . The Beatles , known as the White Album for its minimalist cover , conceived by pop artist Richard Hamilton `` in direct contrast to Sgt . Pepper '' , while also suggesting a `` clean slate '' In the interim came The Beatles , a double LP commonly known as the White Album for its virtually featureless cover . Creative inspiration for the album came from a new direction : without Epstein 's guiding presence , the group had briefly turned to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi as their guru . At his ashram in Rishikesh , India , a `` Guide Course '' scheduled for three months marked one of their most prolific periods , yielding numerous songs including a majority of the 30 included on the album . However , Starr left after only ten days , likening it to Butlins , and McCartney eventually grew bored and departed a month later . For Lennon and Harrison , creativity turned to questioning when an electronics technician known as Magic Alex suggested that the Maharishi was attempting to manipulate them . When he alleged that the Maharishi had made sexual advances to women attendees , a persuaded Lennon left abruptly just two months into the course , bringing an unconvinced Harrison and the remainder of the group 's entourage with him . In anger , Lennon wrote a scathing song titled `` Maharishi '' , renamed `` Sexy Sadie '' to avoid potential legal issues . McCartney said , `` We made a mistake . We thought there was more to him than there was . '' During recording sessions for the White Album , which stretched from late May to mid-October 1968 , relations between the Beatles grew openly divisive . Starr quit for two weeks , and McCartney took over the drum kit for `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' ( on which Harrison and Lennon drummed as well ) and `` Dear Prudence '' . Lennon had lost interest in collaborating with McCartney , whose contribution `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' he scorned as `` granny music shit '' . Tensions were further aggravated by Lennon 's romantic preoccupation with avant - garde artist Yoko Ono , whom he insisted on bringing to the sessions despite the group 's well - established understanding that girlfriends were not allowed in the studio . Describing the double album , Lennon later said : `` Every track is an individual track ; there is n't any Beatle music on it . ( It 's ) John and the band , Paul and the band , George and the band . '' McCartney has recalled that the album `` was n't a pleasant one to make '' . Both he and Lennon identified the sessions as the start of the band 's break - up . Issued in November , the White Album was the band 's first Apple Records album release , although EMI continued to own their recordings . The new label was a subsidiary of Apple Corps , which Epstein had formed as part of his plan to create a tax - effective business structure . The record attracted more than 2 million advance orders , selling nearly 4 million copies in the US in little over a month , and its tracks dominated the playlists of American radio stations . Despite its popularity , it did not receive flattering reviews at the time . According to Gould : The critical response ... ranged from mixed to flat . In marked contrast to Sgt . Pepper , which had helped to establish an entire genre of literate rock criticism , the White Album inspired no critical writing of any note . Even the most sympathetic reviewers ... clearly did n't know what to make of this shapeless outpouring of songs . Newsweek 's Hubert Saal , citing the high proportion of parodies , accused the group of getting their tongues caught in their cheeks . General critical opinion eventually turned in favour of the White Album , and in 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked it as the tenth greatest album of all time . Pitchfork 's Mark Richardson describes it as `` large and sprawling , overflowing with ideas but also with indulgences , and filled with a hugely variable array of material ... its failings are as essential to its character as its triumphs . '' Erlewine comments : `` The ( band 's ) two main songwriting forces were no longer on the same page , but neither were George and Ringo '' , yet `` Lennon turns in two of his best ballads '' , McCartney 's songs are `` stunning '' , Harrison had become `` a songwriter who deserved wider exposure '' , and Starr 's composition was `` a delight '' . The Yellow Submarine LP , issued in January 1969 , contained only the four previously unreleased songs that had debuted in the film , along with the title track ( already issued on Revolver ) , `` All You Need Is Love '' ( already issued as a single and on the US Magical Mystery Tour LP ) and seven instrumental pieces composed by Martin . Because of the paucity of new Beatles music , AllMusic 's Unterberger and Bruce Eder suggest the album might be `` inessential '' but for Harrison 's `` It 's All Too Much '' : `` the jewel of the new songs ... resplendent in swirling Mellotron , larger - than - life percussion , and tidal waves of feedback guitar ... a virtuoso excursion into otherwise hazy psychedelia '' . Abbey Road , Let it be and separation Although Let It Be was the Beatles ' final album release , it was largely recorded before Abbey Road . The project 's impetus came from an idea Martin attributes to McCartney , who suggested they `` record an album of new material and rehearse it , then perform it before a live audience for the very first time -- on record and on film '' . Originally intended for a one - hour television programme to be called Beatles at Work , much of the album 's content came from extensive rehearsals filmed by director Michael Lindsay - Hogg at Twickenham Film Studios , beginning in January 1969 . Martin has said that the project was `` not at all a happy recording experience . It was a time when relations between the Beatles were at their lowest ebb . '' Lennon described the largely impromptu sessions as `` hell ... the most miserable ... on Earth '' , and Harrison , `` the low of all - time '' . Irritated by both McCartney and Lennon , Harrison walked out for five days . Upon returning , he threatened to leave the band unless they `` abandon ( ed ) all talk of live performance '' and instead focused on finishing a new album , initially titled Get Back , using songs recorded for the TV special . He also demanded they cease work at Twickenham and relocate to the newly finished Apple Studio . The other band members agreed , and the idea came about to salvage the footage shot for the TV production for use in a feature film . Apple Corps building at 3 Savile Row , site of the Let It Be rooftop concert American soul musician Billy Preston ( pictured in 1971 ) was , for a short time , considered a fifth Beatle during the recording of Get Back . In an effort to alleviate tensions within the band and improve the quality of their live sound , Harrison invited keyboardist Billy Preston to participate in the last nine days of sessions . Preston received label billing on the `` Get Back '' single -- the only musician ever to receive that acknowledgment on an official Beatles release . At the conclusion of the rehearsals , the band could not agree on a location to film a concert , rejecting several ideas , including a boat at sea , a lunatic asylum , the Tunisian desert , and the Colosseum . Ultimately , what would be their final live performance was filmed on the rooftop of the Apple Corps building at 3 Savile Row , London , on 30 January 1969 . Five weeks later , engineer Glyn Johns , whom Lewisohn describes as Get Back 's `` uncredited producer '' , began work assembling an album , given `` free rein '' as the band `` all but washed their hands of the entire project '' . New strains developed between the band members regarding the appointment of a financial adviser , the need for which had become evident without Epstein to manage business affairs . Lennon , Harrison and Starr favoured Allen Klein , who had managed the Rolling Stones and Sam Cooke ; McCartney wanted Lee and John Eastman -- father and brother , respectively , of Linda Eastman , whom McCartney married on 12 March . Agreement could not be reached , so both Klein and the Eastmans were temporarily appointed : Klein as the Beatles ' business manager and the Eastmans as their lawyers . Further conflict ensued , however , and financial opportunities were lost . On 8 May , Klein was named sole manager of the band , the Eastmans having previously been dismissed as the Beatles ' attorneys . McCartney refused to sign the management contract with Klein , but he was out - voted by the other Beatles . Martin stated that he was surprised when McCartney asked him to produce another album , as the Get Back sessions had been `` a miserable experience '' and he had `` thought it was the end of the road for all of us '' . The primary recording sessions for Abbey Road began on 2 July 1969 . Lennon , who rejected Martin 's proposed format of a `` continuously moving piece of music '' , wanted his and McCartney 's songs to occupy separate sides of the album . The eventual format , with individually composed songs on the first side and the second consisting largely of a medley , was McCartney 's suggested compromise . On 4 July , the first solo single by a Beatle was released : Lennon 's `` Give Peace a Chance '' , credited to the Plastic Ono Band . The completion and mixing of `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' on 20 August 1969 was the last occasion on which all four Beatles were together in the same studio . Lennon announced his departure to the rest of the group on 20 September , but agreed to withhold a public announcement to avoid undermining sales of the forthcoming album . Released six days after Lennon 's declaration , Abbey Road sold 4 million copies within three months and topped the UK charts for a total of seventeen weeks . Its second track , the ballad `` Something '' , was issued as a single -- the only Harrison composition ever to appear as a Beatles A-side . Abbey Road received mixed reviews , although the medley met with general acclaim . Unterberger considers it `` a fitting swan song for the group '' , containing `` some of the greatest harmonies to be heard on any rock record '' . Musicologist and author Ian MacDonald calls the album `` erratic and often hollow '' , despite the `` semblance of unity and coherence '' offered by the medley . Martin has singled it out as his personal favourite of all the band 's albums ; Lennon said it was `` competent '' but had `` no life in it '' . Recording engineer Emerick notes that the replacement of the studio 's valve mixing console with a transistorised one yielded a less punchy sound , leaving the group frustrated at the thinner tone and lack of impact and contributing to its `` kinder , gentler '' feel relative to their previous albums . For the still unfinished Get Back album , one last song , Harrison 's `` I Me Mine '' , was recorded on 3 January 1970 . Lennon , in Denmark at the time , did not participate . In March , rejecting the work Johns had done on the project , now retitled Let It Be , Klein gave the session tapes to American producer Phil Spector , who had recently produced Lennon 's solo single `` Instant Karma ! '' In addition to remixing the material , Spector edited , spliced and overdubbed several of the recordings that had been intended as `` live '' . McCartney was unhappy with the producer 's approach and particularly dissatisfied with the lavish orchestration on `` The Long and Winding Road '' , which involved a fourteen - voice choir and 36 - piece instrumental ensemble . McCartney 's demands that the alterations to the song be reverted were ignored , and he publicly announced his departure from the band on 10 April 1970 , a week before the release of his first , self - titled solo album . On 8 May , the Spector - produced Let It Be was released . Its accompanying single , `` The Long and Winding Road '' , was the Beatles ' last ; it was released in the United States , but not in the UK . The Let It Be documentary film followed later that month , and would win the 1970 Academy Award for Best Original Song Score . Sunday Telegraph critic Penelope Gilliatt called it `` a very bad film and a touching one ... about the breaking apart of this reassuring , geometrically perfect , once apparently ageless family of siblings '' . Several reviewers stated that some of the performances in the film sounded better than their analogous album tracks . Describing Let It Be as the `` only Beatles album to occasion negative , even hostile reviews '' , Unterberger calls it `` on the whole underrated '' ; he singles out `` some good moments of straight hard rock in ' I 've Got a Feeling ' and ' Dig a Pony ' '' , and praises `` Let It Be '' , `` Get Back '' , and `` the folky ' Two of Us ' , with John and Paul harmonising together '' . McCartney filed suit for the dissolution of the Beatles ' contractual partnership on 31 December 1970 . Legal disputes continued long after their break - up , and the dissolution was not formalised until 29 December 1974 , when John Lennon signed the paperwork terminating the partnership while on vacation with his family at Walt Disney World Resort in Florida . 1970 -- Present : after the break - up See also : Collaborations between ex-Beatles 1970s Lennon and McCartney in 1975 and 1976 Lennon , McCartney , Harrison and Starr all released solo albums in 1970 . Their solo records sometimes involved one or more of the others ; Starr 's Ringo ( 1973 ) was the only album to include compositions and performances by all four ex-Beatles , albeit on separate songs . With Starr 's participation , Harrison staged the Concert for Bangladesh in New York City in August 1971 . Other than an unreleased jam session in 1974 , later bootlegged as A Toot and a Snore in ' 74 , Lennon and McCartney never recorded together again . Two double - LP sets of the Beatles ' greatest hits , compiled by Klein , 1962 -- 1966 and 1967 -- 1970 , were released in 1973 , at first under the Apple Records imprint . Commonly known as the `` Red Album '' and `` Blue Album '' , respectively , each have earned a Multi-Platinum certification in the United States and a Platinum certification in the United Kingdom . Between 1976 and 1982 , EMI / Capitol released a wave of compilation albums without input from the ex-Beatles , starting with the double - disc compilation Rock ' n ' Roll Music . The only one to feature previously unreleased material was The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl ( 1977 ) ; the first officially issued concert recordings by the group , it contained selections from two shows they played during their 1964 and 1965 US tours . The music and enduring fame of the Beatles was commercially exploited in various other ways , again often outside their creative control . In April 1974 , the musical John , Paul , George , Ringo ... and Bert , written by Willy Russell and featuring singer Barbara Dickson , opened in London . It included , with permission from Northern Songs , eleven Lennon - McCartney compositions and one by Harrison , `` Here Comes the Sun '' . Displeased with the production 's use of his song , Harrison withdrew his permission to use it . Later that year , the off - Broadway musical Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road opened . All This and World War II ( 1976 ) was an unorthodox nonfiction film that combined newsreel footage with covers of Beatles songs by performers ranging from Elton John and Keith Moon to the London Symphony Orchestra . The Broadway musical Beatlemania , an unauthorised nostalgia revue , opened in early 1977 and proved popular , spinning off five separate touring productions . In 1979 , the band sued the producers , settling for several million dollars in damages . Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1978 ) , a musical film starring the Bee Gees and Peter Frampton , was a commercial failure and an `` artistic fiasco '' , according to Ingham . A wave of Beatles nostalgia and persistent reunion rumours in the United States during the 1970s led several entrepreneurs to make public offers to the Beatles for a reunion concert . Promoter Bill Sargent first offered the Beatles $10 million for a reunion concert in 1974 . He raised his offer to $30 million in January 1976 and then to $50 million the following month . On 24 April 1976 , during a broadcast of Saturday Night Live , producer Lorne Michaels offered the Beatles $3,000 to reunite on the show . Lennon and McCartney were watching the live broadcast at Lennon 's apartment at the Dakota in New York , which was within walking distance of the NBC studio where the show was being broadcast . The former bandmates briefly entertained the idea of going to the studio and surprising Michaels by accepting his offer , but decided not to . Concert promoter Sid Bernstein ran full - page newspaper advertisements in September 1976 , inviting the Beatles to reunite for a concert that would raise $230 million for charity . In June 1976 , entrepreneur Alan Amron created the International Committee to Reunite the Beatles , asking Beatles fans worldwide to send in one dollar to then offer the money to the Beatles to reunite . In January 1977 , Amron partnered with boxer Muhammad Ali for a proposal to the Beatles to reunite to help create a $200 million charity fund . In March 1978 , an environmental group called Project Interspeak announced to the media that they were planning a concert to raise money for anti-whaling efforts and suggested the Beatles would participate . Bernstein again appealed to the Beatles with a full - page newspaper advertisement in September 1979 , asking them to perform three concerts to benefit the Vietnamese boat people . At the same time another effort to reunite the Beatles for the same cause was sponsored by United Nations Secretary - General Kurt Waldheim . Those discussions led to the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea in December featuring Wings but not the rumoured Beatles reunion . 1980s Harrison and Starr performing at the Prince 's Trust All - Star Rock Concert at Wembley Arena , 1987 After the murder of Lennon in December 1980 , Harrison rewrote the lyrics to his song `` All Those Years Ago '' in Lennon 's honour . With Starr on drums and McCartney and his wife , Linda , contributing backing vocals , the song was released as a single in May 1981 . McCartney 's own tribute , `` Here Today '' , appeared on his Tug of War album in April 1982 . In 1987 , Harrison 's Cloud Nine album included `` When We Was Fab '' , a song about the Beatlemania era . When the Beatles ' studio albums were released on CD by EMI and Apple Corps in 1987 , their catalogue was standardised throughout the world , establishing a canon of the twelve original studio LPs as issued in the UK plus the US LP version of Magical Mystery Tour ( 1967 ) . All the remaining material from the singles and EPs which had not appeared on the original studio albums was gathered on the two - volume compilation Past Masters ( 1988 ) . Except for the Red and Blue albums , EMI deleted all its other Beatles compilations -- including the Hollywood Bowl record -- from its catalogue . In 1988 , the Beatles were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , their first year of eligibility . Harrison and Starr attended the ceremony with Lennon 's widow , Yoko Ono , and his two sons , Julian and Sean . McCartney declined to attend , citing unresolved `` business differences '' that would make him `` feel like a complete hypocrite waving and smiling with them at a fake reunion '' . The following year , EMI / Capitol settled a decade - long lawsuit filed by the band over royalties , clearing the way to commercially package previously unreleased material . 1990s Live at the BBC , the first official release of unissued Beatles performances in seventeen years , appeared in 1994 . That same year McCartney , Harrison and Starr collaborated on the Anthology project . Anthology was the culmination of work begun in 1970 , when Apple Corps director Neil Aspinall , their former road manager and personal assistant , had started to gather material for a documentary with the working title The Long and Winding Road . Documenting their history in the band 's own words , the Anthology project included the release of several unissued Beatles recordings . McCartney , Harrison and Starr also added new instrumental and vocal parts to two songs recorded as demos by Lennon in the late 1970s . During 1995 -- 96 , the project yielded a television miniseries , an eight - volume video set , and three two - CD / three - LP box sets featuring artwork by Klaus Voormann . The two songs based on Lennon demos , `` Free as a Bird '' and `` Real Love '' , were issued as new Beatles singles . The releases were commercially successful and the television series was viewed by an estimated 400 million people . In 1999 , to coincide with the re-release of the 1968 film Yellow Submarine , a new soundtrack compilation CD / LP , Yellow Submarine Songtrack , was issued . 2000s The Beatles ' 1 , a compilation album of the band 's British and American number - one hits , was released on 13 November 2000 . It became the fastest - selling album of all time , with 3.6 million sold in its first week and 13 million within a month . It topped albums charts in at least 28 countries , including the UK and US . As of April 2009 , the compilation had sold 31 million copies globally , and is the best - selling album of that decade in the United States . Harrison died from metastatic lung cancer in November 2001 . McCartney and Starr were among the musicians who performed at the Concert for George , organised by Eric Clapton and Harrison 's widow , Olivia . The tribute event took place at the Royal Albert Hall on the first anniversary of Harrison 's death . In addition to songs he composed for the group and during his solo career , the concert included a celebration of Indian classical music , which had significantly influenced Harrison . In 2003 , Let It Be ... Naked , a reconceived version of the Let It Be album , with McCartney supervising production , was released . One of the main differences from the Spector - produced version was the omission of the original string arrangements . It was a top ten hit in both Britain and America . The US album configurations from 1964 to 1965 were released as box sets in 2004 and 2006 -- The Capitol Albums , Volume 1 and Volume 2 included both stereo and mono versions based on the mixes that were prepared for vinyl at the time of the music 's original American release . As a soundtrack for Cirque du Soleil 's Las Vegas Beatles stage revue , Love , George Martin and his son Giles remixed and blended 130 of the band 's recordings to create what Martin called `` a way of re-living the whole Beatles musical lifespan in a very condensed period '' . The show premiered in June 2006 , and the Love album was released that November when McCartney discussed his hope that `` Carnival of Light '' , a fourteen - minute experimental recording made at Abbey Road in 1967 , would receive an official release . A rare live performance involving two ex-Beatles took place in April 2009 at a benefit concert organised by McCartney at New York 's Radio City Music Hall , where he was joined by Starr for three songs . Starr and McCartney introduced the video game The Beatles : Rock Band at the 2009 E3 convention . On 9 September 2009 , the Beatles ' entire back catalogue was reissued following an extensive digital remastering process that lasted four years . Stereo editions of all twelve original UK studio albums , along with Magical Mystery Tour and the Past Masters compilation , were released on compact disc both individually and as a box set . Comparing the new releases with the 1987 CDs , which had been widely criticised for their lack of clarity and dynamism , Mojo 's Danny Eccleston wrote , `` the remastered vocals are purer , more natural - sounding and give the illusion of sitting slightly higher in the mix . '' A second collection , The Beatles in Mono , included remastered versions of every Beatles album released in true mono along with the original 1965 stereo mixes of Help ! and Rubber Soul ( which Martin had remixed for the 1987 editions ) . The Beatles : Rock Band , a music video game in the Rock Band series , was issued on the same day . In December 2009 , the band 's catalogue was officially released in FLAC and MP3 format in a limited edition of 30,000 USB flash drives . 2010s Owing to a long - running royalty disagreement , the Beatles were among the last major artists to sign deals with online music services . Residual disagreement emanating from Apple Corps ' dispute with Apple , Inc. , iTunes ' owners , over the use of the name `` Apple '' was also partly responsible for the delay , although in 2008 , McCartney stated that the main obstacle to making the Beatles ' catalogue available online was that EMI `` want ( s ) something we 're not prepared to give them '' . In 2010 , the official canon of thirteen Beatles studio albums , Past Masters , and the Red and Blue greatest - hits albums were made available on iTunes . In 2012 , EMI 's recorded music operations were sold to Universal Music Group . In order for Universal Music to acquire EMI , the European Union , for antitrust reasons , forced EMI to spin off assets including Parlophone . Universal was allowed to keep the Beatles ' recorded music catalogue , managed by Capitol Records under its Capitol Music Group division . Also in 2012 , the entire original Beatles album catalogue was reissued on vinyl , available either individually or as a box set . In 2013 , a second volume of BBC recordings entitled On Air -- Live at the BBC Volume 2 was released . That December saw the release of another 59 Beatles recordings on iTunes . The set , titled The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963 , had the opportunity to gain a 70 - year copyright extension conditional on the songs being published at least once before the end of 2013 . Apple Records released the recordings on 17 December to prevent them from going into the public domain and had them taken down from iTunes later that same day . Fan reactions to the release were mixed , with one blogger saying `` the hardcore Beatles collectors who are trying to obtain everything will already have these . '' On 26 January 2014 , Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr performed McCartney 's `` Queenie Eye '' in Los Angeles at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . The following day , The Night That Changed America : A Grammy Salute to The Beatles television special was taped in the Los Angeles Convention Center 's West Hall . It aired on 9 February , the exact date of -- and at the same time , and on the same network as -- the original broadcast of the Beatles ' first US television appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , 50 years earlier . The special included performances of Beatles songs by current artists as well as by McCartney and Starr , archival footage , and Paul and Ringo being interviewed by David Letterman at the Ed Sullivan Theater , site of The Ed Sullivan Show . In December 2015 , the Beatles released their catalogue for streaming on various streaming music services . On 18 May 2017 , Sirius XM Radio launched a 24 / 7 radio channel , The Beatles Channel . A week later , Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band was reissued with new stereo mixes and unreleased material for the album 's 50th anniversary . Musical style and development See also : Lennon -- McCartney In Icons of Rock : An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever , Scott Schinder and Andy Schwartz describe the Beatles ' musical evolution : In their initial incarnation as cheerful , wisecracking moptops , the Fab Four revolutionised the sound , style , and attitude of popular music and opened rock and roll 's doors to a tidal wave of British rock acts . Their initial impact would have been enough to establish the Beatles as one of their era 's most influential cultural forces , but they did n't stop there . Although their initial style was a highly original , irresistibly catchy synthesis of early American rock and roll and R&B , the Beatles spent the rest of the 1960s expanding rock 's stylistic frontiers , consistently staking out new musical territory on each release . The band 's increasingly sophisticated experimentation encompassed a variety of genres , including folk - rock , country , psychedelia , and baroque pop , without sacrificing the effortless mass appeal of their early work . In The Beatles as Musicians , Walter Everett describes Lennon and McCartney 's contrasting motivations and approaches to composition : `` McCartney may be said to have constantly developed -- as a means to entertain -- a focused musical talent with an ear for counterpoint and other aspects of craft in the demonstration of a universally agreed - upon common language that he did much to enrich . Conversely , Lennon 's mature music is best appreciated as the daring product of a largely unconscious , searching but undisciplined artistic sensibility . '' Ian MacDonald describes McCartney as `` a natural melodist -- a creator of tunes capable of existing apart from their harmony '' . His melody lines are characterised as primarily `` vertical '' , employing wide , consonant intervals which express his `` extrovert energy and optimism '' . Conversely , Lennon 's `` sedentary , ironic personality '' is reflected in a `` horizontal '' approach featuring minimal , dissonant intervals and repetitive melodies which rely on their harmonic accompaniment for interest : `` Basically a realist , he instinctively kept his melodies close to the rhythms and cadences of speech , colouring his lyrics with bluesy tone and harmony rather than creating tunes that made striking shapes of their own . '' MacDonald praises Harrison 's lead guitar work for the role his `` characterful lines and textural colourings '' play in supporting Lennon and McCartney 's parts , and describes Starr as `` the father of modern pop / rock drumming '' . Influences The band 's earliest influences include Elvis Presley , Carl Perkins , Little Richard and Chuck Berry . During the Beatles ' co-residency with Little Richard at the Star - Club in Hamburg , from April to May 1962 , he advised them on the proper technique for performing his songs . Of Presley , Lennon said , `` Nothing really affected me until I heard Elvis . If there had n't been Elvis , there would not have been the Beatles . '' Other early influences include Buddy Holly , Eddie Cochran , Roy Orbison and the Everly Brothers . The Beatles continued to absorb influences long after their initial success , often finding new musical and lyrical avenues by listening to their contemporaries , including Bob Dylan , the Who , Frank Zappa , the Lovin ' Spoonful , the Byrds and the Beach Boys , whose 1966 album Pet Sounds amazed and inspired McCartney . Referring to the Beach Boys ' creative leader , Martin later stated : `` No one made a greater impact on the Beatles than Brian ( Wilson ) . '' Ravi Shankar , with whom Harrison studied for six weeks in India in late 1966 , had a significant effect on his musical development during the band 's later years . Genres Originating as a skiffle group , the Beatles quickly embraced 1950s rock and roll and helped pioneer the Merseybeat genre , and their repertoire ultimately expanded to include a broad variety of pop music . Reflecting the range of styles they explored , Lennon said of Beatles for Sale , `` You could call our new one a Beatles country - and - western LP '' , while Gould credits Rubber Soul as `` the instrument by which legions of folk - music enthusiasts were coaxed into the camp of pop '' . A Höfner `` violin '' bass guitar and Gretsch Country Gentleman guitar , models played by McCartney and Harrison , respectively ; the Vox AC30 amplifier behind them is the model the Beatles used during performances in the early 1960s . Although the 1965 song `` Yesterday '' was not the first pop record to employ orchestral strings , it marked the group 's first recorded use of classical music elements . Gould observes : `` The more traditional sound of strings allowed for a fresh appreciation of their talent as composers by listeners who were otherwise allergic to the din of drums and electric guitars . '' They continued to experiment with string arrangements to various effect ; Sgt . Pepper 's `` She 's Leaving Home '' , for instance , is `` cast in the mold of a sentimental Victorian ballad '' , Gould writes , `` its words and music filled with the clichés of musical melodrama '' . The band 's stylistic range expanded in another direction with their 1966 B - side `` Rain '' , described by Martin Strong as `` the first overtly psychedelic Beatles record '' . Other psychedelic numbers followed , such as `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' ( recorded before `` Rain '' ) , `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' , `` Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds '' and `` I Am the Walrus '' . The influence of Indian classical music was evident in Harrison 's `` The Inner Light '' , `` Love You To '' and `` Within You Without You '' -- Gould describes the latter two as attempts `` to replicate the raga form in miniature '' . Innovation was the most striking feature of their creative evolution , according to music historian and pianist Michael Campbell : `` ' A Day in the Life ' encapsulates the art and achievement of the Beatles as well as any single track can . It highlights key features of their music : the sound imagination , the persistence of tuneful melody , and the close coordination between words and music . It represents a new category of song -- more sophisticated than pop ... and uniquely innovative . There literally had never before been a song -- classical or vernacular -- that had blended so many disparate elements so imaginatively . '' Philosophy professor Bruce Ellis Benson agrees : `` the Beatles ... give us a wonderful example of how such far - ranging influences as Celtic music , rhythm and blues , and country and western could be put together in a new way . '' Author Dominic Pedler describes the way they crossed musical styles : `` Far from moving sequentially from one genre to another ( as is sometimes conveniently suggested ) the group maintained in parallel their mastery of the traditional , catchy chart hit while simultaneously forging rock and dabbling with a wide range of peripheral influences from country to vaudeville . One of these threads was their take on folk music , which would form such essential groundwork for their later collisions with Indian music and philosophy . '' As the personal relationships between the band members grew increasingly strained , their individual tastes became more apparent . The minimalistic cover artwork for the White Album contrasted with the complexity and diversity of its music , which encompassed Lennon 's `` Revolution 9 '' ( whose musique concrète approach was influenced by Yoko Ono ) , Starr 's country song `` Do n't Pass Me By '' , Harrison 's rock ballad `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' , and the `` proto - metal roar '' of McCartney 's `` Helter Skelter '' . Contribution of George Martin George Martin 's close involvement in his role as producer made him one of the leading candidates for the informal title of the `` fifth Beatle '' . He applied his classical musical training in various ways , and functioned as `` an informal music teacher '' to the progressing songwriters , according to Gould . Martin suggested to a sceptical McCartney that the arrangement of `` Yesterday '' should feature a string quartet accompaniment , thereby introducing the Beatles to a `` hitherto unsuspected world of classical instrumental colour '' , in MacDonald 's description . Their creative development was also facilitated by Martin 's willingness to experiment in response to their suggestions , such as adding `` something baroque '' to a particular recording . In addition to scoring orchestral arrangements for recordings , Martin often performed on them , playing instruments including piano , organ and brass . Collaborating with Lennon and McCartney required Martin to adapt to their different approaches to songwriting and recording . MacDonald comments , `` while ( he ) worked more naturally with the conventionally articulate McCartney , the challenge of catering to Lennon 's intuitive approach generally spurred him to his more original arrangements , of which ' Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite ! ' is an outstanding example . '' Martin said of the two composers ' distinct songwriting styles and his own stabilising influence : Compared with Paul 's songs , all of which seemed to keep in some sort of touch with reality , John 's had a psychedelic , almost mystical quality ... John 's imagery is one of the best things about his work -- ' tangerine trees ' , ' marmalade skies ' , ' cellophane flowers ' ... I always saw him as an aural Salvador Dalí , rather than some drug - ridden record artist . On the other hand , I would be stupid to pretend that drugs did n't figure quite heavily in the Beatles ' lives at that time ... they knew that I , in my schoolmasterly role , did n't approve ... Not only was I not into it myself , I could n't see the need for it ; and there 's no doubt that , if I too had been on dope , Pepper would never have been the album it was . Perhaps it was the combination of dope and no dope that worked , who knows ? Harrison echoed Martin 's description of his stabilising role : `` I think we just grew through those years together , him as the straight man and us as the loonies ; but he was always there for us to interpret our madness -- we used to be slightly avant - garde on certain days of the week , and he would be there as the anchor person , to communicate that through the engineers and on to the tape . '' In the studio See also : The Beatles ' recording technology Making innovative use of technology while expanding the possibilities of recorded music , the Beatles urged experimentation by Martin and his recording engineers . Seeking ways to put chance occurrences to creative use , accidental guitar feedback , a resonating glass bottle , a tape loaded the wrong way round so that it played backwards -- any of these might be incorporated into their music . Their desire to create new sounds on every new recording , combined with Martin 's arranging abilities and the studio expertise of EMI staff engineers Norman Smith , Ken Townsend and Geoff Emerick , all contributed significantly to their records from Rubber Soul and , especially , Revolver onwards . Along with innovative studio techniques such as sound effects , unconventional microphone placements , tape loops , double tracking and vari - speed recording , the Beatles augmented their songs with instruments that were unconventional in rock music at the time . These included string and brass ensembles as well as Indian instruments such as the sitar in `` Norwegian Wood '' and the swarmandal in `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' . They also used novel electronic instruments such as the Mellotron , with which McCartney supplied the flute voices on the `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' intro , and the clavioline , an electronic keyboard that created the unusual oboe - like sound on `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' . Legacy Main article : Cultural impact of the Beatles The Beatles Monument in Almaty , Kazakhstan Former Rolling Stone associate editor Robert Greenfield compared the Beatles to Picasso , as `` artists who broke through the constraints of their time period to come up with something that was unique and original ... ( I ) n the form of popular music , no one will ever be more revolutionary , more creative and more distinctive ... '' The British poet Philip Larkin described their work as `` an enchanting and intoxicating hybrid of Negro rock - and - roĺl with their own adolescent romanticism '' , and `` the first advance in popular music since the War '' . They not only sparked the British Invasion of the US , they became a globally influential phenomenon as well . From the 1920s , the United States had dominated popular entertainment culture throughout much of the world , via Hollywood movies , jazz , the music of Broadway and Tin Pan Alley and , later , the rock and roll that first emerged in Memphis , Tennessee . The Beatles are regarded as British cultural icons , with young adults from abroad naming the band among a group of people that they most associated with UK culture . Their musical innovations and commercial success inspired musicians worldwide . Many artists have acknowledged the Beatles ' influence and enjoyed chart success with covers of their songs . On radio , their arrival marked the beginning of a new era ; in 1968 the programme director of New York 's WABC radio station forbade his DJs from playing any `` pre-Beatles '' music , marking the defining line of what would be considered oldies on American radio . They helped to redefine the album as something more than just a few hits padded out with `` filler '' , and they were primary innovators of the modern music video . The Shea Stadium show with which they opened their 1965 North American tour attracted an estimated 55,600 people , then the largest audience in concert history ; Spitz describes the event as a `` major breakthrough ... a giant step toward reshaping the concert business '' . Emulation of their clothing and especially their hairstyles , which became a mark of rebellion , had a global impact on fashion . According to Gould , the Beatles changed the way people listened to popular music and experienced its role in their lives . From what began as the Beatlemania fad , the group 's popularity grew into what was seen as an embodiment of sociocultural movements of the decade . As icons of the 1960s counterculture , Gould continues , they became a catalyst for bohemianism and activism in various social and political arenas , fuelling movements such as women 's liberation , gay liberation and environmentalism . According to Peter Lavezzoli , after the `` more popular than Jesus '' controversy in 1966 , the Beatles felt considerable pressure to say the right things and `` began a concerted effort to spread a message of wisdom and higher consciousness '' . Other commentators such as Mikal Gilmore and Todd Leopold have traced the inception of their socio - cultural impact earlier , interpreting even the Beatlemania period , particularly on their first visit to the United States , as a key moment in the development of generational awareness . Referring to their appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show Leopold states : `` In many ways , the Sullivan appearance marked the beginning of a cultural revolution ... The Beatles were like aliens dropped into the United States of 1964 '' . According to Gilmore : Elvis Presley had shown us how rebellion could be fashioned into eye - opening style ; the Beatles were showing us how style could have the impact of cultural revelation -- or at least how a pop vision might be forged into an unimpeachable consensus . Awards and achievements See also : List of awards and nominations received by the Beatles In 1965 , Queen Elizabeth II appointed Lennon , McCartney , Harrison and Starr Members of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) . The film Let It Be ( 1970 ) won the 1971 Academy Award for Best Original Song Score . The recipients of seven Grammy Awards and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards , the Beatles have been awarded six Diamond albums , as well as 24 Multi-Platinum albums , 39 Platinum albums and 45 Gold albums in the United States . In the UK , the Beatles have four Multi-Platinum albums , four Platinum albums , eight Gold albums and one Silver album . They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 . The best - selling band in history , the Beatles have sold more than 800 million physical and digital albums as of 2013 . They have had more number - one albums on the UK charts , fifteen , and sold more singles in the UK , 21.9 million , than any other act . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked the Beatles as the best artist of all time . They ranked number one on Billboard magazine 's list of the all - time most successful Hot 100 artists , released in 2008 to celebrate the US singles chart 's 50th anniversary . As of 2017 , they hold the record for most number - one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 , with twenty . The Recording Industry Association of America certifies that the Beatles have sold 178 million units in the US , more than any other artist . They were collectively included in Time magazine 's compilation of the twentieth century 's 100 most influential people . In 2014 , they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Members Further information : List of members of bands featuring members of the Beatles Principal members John Lennon -- vocals , rhythm and lead guitar , keyboards , harmonica , bass guitar ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Paul McCartney -- vocals , bass guitar , rhythm and lead guitar , keyboards , drums ( 1960 -- 1970 ) George Harrison -- lead and rhythm guitar , vocals , sitar , keyboards , bass guitar ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Ringo Starr -- drums , percussion , vocals ( 1962 -- 1970 ) Early members Pete Best -- drums , vocals ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Stuart Sutcliffe -- bass guitar , vocals ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Chas Newby -- bass guitar ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Norman Chapman -- drums ( 1960 ) Tommy Moore -- drums ( 1960 ) Touring musician Jimmie Nicol -- drums ( 1964 ) Timeline Discography Main article : The Beatles discography See also : List of songs recorded by the Beatles Further information : The Beatles ' recording sessions and The Beatles bootleg recordings Please Please Me ( 1963 ) With the Beatles ( 1963 ) A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) Beatles for Sale ( 1964 ) Help ! ( 1965 ) Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) Revolver ( 1966 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1967 ) Magical Mystery Tour ( 1967 ) The Beatles ( `` The White Album '' , 1968 ) Yellow Submarine ( 1969 ) Abbey Road ( 1969 ) Let It Be ( 1970 ) The above albums were reissued on CD in 1987 , followed by the compilations Past Masters - Volume One and Past Masters - Volume Two in 1988 . Together the full set contained every track commercially released up to that time . See also John Lennon discography Paul McCartney discography George Harrison discography Ringo Starr discography Lennon - McCartney Non-Beatles songs Collaborations between ex-Beatles Song catalogue Through 1969 , the Beatles ' catalogue was published almost exclusively by Northern Songs Ltd. , a company formed in February 1963 by music publisher Dick James specifically for Lennon and McCartney , though it later acquired songs by other artists . The company was organised with James and his partner , Emmanuel Silver , owning a controlling interest , variously described as 51 % or 50 % plus one share . McCartney had 20 % . Reports again vary concerning Lennon 's portion -- 19 or 20 % -- and Brian Epstein 's -- 9 or 10 % -- which he received in lieu of a 25 % band management fee . In 1965 , the company went public . Five million shares were created , of which the original principals retained 3.75 million . James and Silver each received 937,500 shares ( 18.75 % of 5 million ) ; Lennon and McCartney each received 750,000 shares ( 15 % ) ; and Epstein 's management company , NEMS Enterprises , received 375,000 shares ( 7.5 % ) . Of the 1.25 million shares put up for sale , Harrison and Starr each acquired 40,000 . At the time of the stock offering , Lennon and McCartney renewed their three - year publishing contracts , binding them to Northern Songs until 1973 . Harrison created Harrisongs to represent his Beatles compositions , but signed a three - year contract with Northern Songs that gave it the copyright to his work through March 1968 , which included `` Taxman '' and `` Within You Without You '' . The songs on which Starr received co-writing credit before 1968 , such as `` What Goes On '' and `` Flying '' , were also Northern Songs copyrights . Harrison did not renew his contract with Northern Songs when it ended , signing instead with Apple Publishing while retaining the copyright to his work from that point on . Harrisongs thus owns the rights to his later Beatles songs such as `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' and `` Something '' . That year , as well , Starr created Startling Music , which holds the rights to his Beatles compositions , `` Do n't Pass Me By '' and `` Octopus 's Garden '' . In March 1969 , James arranged to sell his and his partner 's shares of Northern Songs to the British broadcasting company Associated Television ( ATV ) , founded by impresario Lew Grade , without first informing the Beatles . The band then made a bid to gain controlling interest by attempting to work out a deal with a consortium of London brokerage firms that had accumulated a 14 % holding . The deal collapsed over the objections of Lennon , who declared , `` I 'm sick of being fucked about by men in suits sitting on their fat arses in the City . '' By the end of May , ATV had acquired a majority stake in Northern Songs , controlling nearly the entire Lennon -- McCartney catalogue , as well as any future material until 1973 . In frustration , Lennon and McCartney sold their shares to ATV in late October 1969 . In 1981 , financial losses by ATV 's parent company , ACC , led it to attempt to sell its music division . According to authors Brian Southall and Rupert Perry , Grade contacted McCartney , offering ATV Music and Northern Songs for $30 million . According to an account McCartney gave in 1995 , he met with Grade and explained he was interested solely in the Northern Songs catalogue , if Grade were ever willing to `` separate off '' that portion of ATV Music . Soon afterwards , Grade offered to sell him Northern Songs for £ 20 million , giving the ex-Beatle `` a week or so '' to decide . By McCartney 's account , he and Ono countered with a £ 5 million bid that was rejected . According to reports at the time , Grade refused to separate Northern Songs , and turned down an offer of £ 21 -- 25 million from McCartney and Ono for ATV Music . In 1982 , ACC as a whole was sold to Australian business magnate Robert Holmes à Court for £ 60 million . Three years later , Michael Jackson purchased ATV for a reported $47.5 million . The acquisition gave him control over the publishing rights to more than 200 Beatles songs , as well as 40,000 other copyrights . In 1995 , in a deal that earned him a reported $110 million , Jackson merged his music publishing business with Sony , creating a new company , Sony / ATV Music Publishing , in which he held a 50 % stake . The merger made the new company , then valued at over half a billion dollars , the third largest music publisher in the world . In 2016 , Sony acquired Jackson 's share of Sony / ATV from the Jackson estate for $750 million . Despite the lack of publishing rights to most of their songs , Lennon 's estate and McCartney continue to receive their respective shares of the writers ' royalties , which together are 331⁄3 % of total commercial proceeds in the US and which vary elsewhere around the world between 50 and 55 % . Two of Lennon and McCartney 's earliest songs -- `` Love Me Do '' and `` P.S. I Love You '' -- were published by an EMI subsidiary , Ardmore & Beechwood , before they signed with James . McCartney acquired their publishing rights from Ardmore in the mid-1980s , and they are the only two Beatles songs owned by McCartney 's company MPL Communications . On 18 January 2017 , McCartney filed a suit in the United States district court against Sony / ATV Music Publishing seeking to reclaim ownership of his share of the Lennon -- McCartney song catalogue beginning in 2018 . Under US copyright law , for works published before 1978 the author can reclaim copyrights assigned to a publisher after 56 years . McCartney and Sony agreed to a confidential settlement in June 2017 . Notes Jump up ^ It was `` Mull of Kintyre '' , by McCartney 's post-Beatles band Wings , that surpassed it in sales . Jump up ^ Vee - Jay company president Ewart Abner resigned after it was disclosed he used company funds to cover gambling debts . Jump up ^ During the same week in April 1964 , a third American Beatles LP joined the two already in circulation ; two of the three reached the first spot on the Billboard albums chart , the third peaked at number two . Jump up ^ Harrison 's ringing 12 - string inspired Roger McGuinn , who obtained his own Rickenbacker and used it to craft the trademark sound of the Byrds . Jump up ^ Starr was briefly hospitalised after a tonsillectomy , and Jimmie Nicol sat in on drums for the first five dates . Jump up ^ It was not until Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band in 1967 that a Beatles album was released with identical track listings in both the UK and the US . Jump up ^ It was speculated that he was concerned that the band might not renew his management contract , due to expire in October , over discontent with his supervision of business matters , particularly regarding Seltaeb , the company that handled their US merchandising rights . Jump up ^ The band unsuccessfully attempted to block the 1977 release of Live ! at the Star - Club in Hamburg , Germany ; 1962 . The independently issued album compiled recordings made during the group 's Hamburg residency , taped on a basic recording machine using only one microphone . Citations Jump up ^ Hasted , Nick ( 2017 ) . You Really Got Me : The Story of The Kinks . Omnibus Press . p. 425 . Jump up ^ Frontani 2007 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , pp. 47 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , pp. 93 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 47 ; Spitz 2005 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Miles 1997 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000a , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000b , pp. 742 -- 743 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland 1969 , show 27 , track 4 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 18 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 21 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , p. 23 . 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Retrieved on 6 April 2018 Jump up ^ Lifton , Dave . `` How John Lennon and Paul McCartney Almost Reunited on ' Saturday Night Live ' '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Page ( 3 ) The Times Herald Record September 23 , 1976 . Retrieved on 6 April 2018 Jump up ^ Stanley Johnson AP ( 4 ) September 21 , 1976 Corpus Christi Times . Retrieved on 6 April 2018 Jump up ^ Bruce Meyer UPI ( 5 ) January 16 , 1977 Detroit Free Press . Retrieved on 6 April 2018 Jump up ^ COLUMBIA DAILY SPECTATOR International Committee To Reunite The Beatles , ( 6 ) June 17 , 1976 . Retrieved on 1 April 2018 Jump up ^ BEATLES AGAIN Stan Mieses ( 7 ) Desert Sun Newspaper January 26 , 1977 . Retrieved on 1 April 2018 Jump up ^ CAN 200 MILLION FANS REUNITE THE BEATLES ( 8 ) The daily Herald January 28 , 1977 . Retrieved on 1 April 2018 Jump up ^ Stan Mieses and Donald Flynn. `` The New York Daily News front page news story `` Ali to the Beatles : `` Come Together . '' , New York Daily News , United States , January 15 , 1977 . Retrieved on 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) March 24 , 1978 The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 7 April 2018 Jump up ^ ( 10 ) March 23 , 1978 Press and Sun - Bulletin Binghamton New York . Retrieved on 7 April 2018 Jump up ^ Ed Blanche AP ( 11 ) March 24 , 1978 Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved on 7 April 2018 Jump up ^ Rockwell , John ( 14 September 1979 ) . `` Veteran British rock bands alive and well '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Rodriguez 2010 , pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Badman 1999 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , pp. 412 -- 413 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2009 , p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : EMI & 7 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Harry 2002 , p. 753 . Jump up ^ Kozinn 1989 . Jump up ^ Harry 2002 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000a , pp. 661 -- 663 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000a , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000a , pp. 111 -- 112 , 428 , 907 -- 908 . Jump up ^ Harry 2000a , pp. 111 -- 112 . 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Unterberger , Richie ( 2009b ) . `` Rubber Soul '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Unterberger , Richie ( 2009c ) . `` Magical Mystery Tour '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Unterberger , Richie ( 2009d ) . `` Abbey Road '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Unterberger , Richie ( 2009e ) . `` Let It Be '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Unterberger , Richie ; Eder , Bruce ( 2009 ) . `` Yellow Submarine '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Winn , John C. ( 2008 ) . Way Beyond Compare : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume One , 1957 -- 1965 . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45157 - 6 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Winn , John C. ( 2009 ) . That Magic Feeling : The Beatles ' Recorded Legacy , Volume Two , 1966 -- 1970 . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 45239 - 9 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2007 ) . Long and Winding Roads : The Evolving Artistry of the Beatles . London & New York : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1746 - 6 . Further reading Astley , John ( 2006 ) . Why Do n't We Do It In The Road ? The Beatles Phenomenon . The Company of Writers . ISBN 0 - 9551834 - 7 - 2 . Barrow , Tony ( 2005 ) . John , Paul , George , Ringo & Me : The Real Beatles Story . New York : Thunder 's Mouth . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 882 - 9 . Bramwell , Tony ; Kingsland , Rosemary ( 2006 ) . Magical Mystery Tours : My Life with the Beatles . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 33044 - 6 . Braun , Michael ( 1964 ) . Love Me Do : The Beatles ' Progress ( 1995 reprint ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 002278 - 3 . Carr , Roy ; Tyler , Tony ( 1975 ) . The Beatles : An Illustrated Record . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 52045 - 1 . Epstein , Brian ( 1964 ) . A Cellarful of Noise . Byron Preiss . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 01196 - 3 . OCLC 39211052 . The Beatles : The FBI Files . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Filibust. 2007 . ISBN 1 - 59986 - 256 - 5 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Harry , Bill ( 1985 ) . The Book Of Beatle Lists . Poole , Dorset : Javelin . ISBN 0 - 7137 - 1521 - 9 . Kirchherr , Astrid ; Voormann , Klaus ( 1999 ) . Hamburg Days . Guildford , Surrey : Genesis Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 904351 - 73 - 6 . Lennon , Cynthia ( 2005 ) . John . New York : Crown Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 33855 - 6 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 2013 ) . The Beatles -- All These Years : Volume One : Tune In . Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 0 - 316 - 72960 - 4 . Mansfield , Ken ( 2007 ) . The White Book . Nashville , TN : Thomas Nelson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 101 - 6 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Martin , George ; Pearson , William ( 1994 ) . Summer of Love : The Making of Sgt . Pepper . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 60398 - 2 . Riley , Tim ( 2011 ) . Lennon : The Man , the Myth , the Music -- The Definitive Life . New York : Hyperion / HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 2452 - 0 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1977 ) . The Beatles Forever . Harrisburg , PA : Cameron House . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0225 - 1 . Sheffield , Rob ( 2017 ) . Dreaming the Beatles . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 220765 - 4 . Turner , Steve ( 2005 ) . A Hard Day 's Write : The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Harper Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 06 - 084409 - 4 . External links Listen to this article ( 3 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` The Beatles '' dated 3 July 2015 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutThe Beatlesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website The Beatles at Encyclopædia Britannica The Beatles at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) The Beatles -- FBI file . The Beatles -- Hugo Keesing Collection ( University of Maryland ) . hide The Beatles -- links to related articles hide The Beatles John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Stuart Sutcliffe Pete Best History The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania in the United Kingdom North American releases In the United States More popular than Jesus In Bangor In India Break - up Murder of John Lennon Anthology Love ( Cirque du Soleil ) The Beatles : Rock Band Line - ups Religious views Timeline Live performances 1960 Johnny Gentle Tour Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro UK Tour 1963 Roy Orbison Tour 1964 world tour 1965 European tour 1965 US tour 1965 UK tour 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines 1966 US tour Rooftop concert List of live performances Associated places 34 Montagu Square , Marylebone Abbey Road , London Abbey Road Studios The Bag O'Nails Beatlemania Hamburg Beatles Ashram Beatles - Platz Blue Angel The Casbah Coffee Club Candlestick Park The Cavern Club Kaiserkeller Kinfauns 3 Savile Row The Scotch of St. James Shea Stadium Stanley Street Star - Club Strawberry Field Tittenhurst Park The Top Ten Club Wigmore Street Yellow Submarine sculpture Associated companies Apple Corps Apple Records Harrisongs Lingasong Records Northern Songs Phillips ' Sound Recording Services Seltaeb Startling Music Influence Artists who have covered the Beatles Beatlemania Beatlesque British Invasion Cultural impact The Fest for Beatles Fans The Rutles Tributes Lists Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover songs Discography Instruments Performers Post-breakup collaborations Recording sessions Songs Sgt . Pepper cover Related media Around the Beatles Beat Bugs The Beatles ( TV series ) The Beatles : The Authorised Biography The Beatles Anthology ( book ) The Beatles at Abbey Road The Beatles Channel The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics The Beeb 's Lost Beatles Tapes The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews Everyday Chemistry In My Life Let It Be ( musical ) Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) The Twelfth Album Up Against It Other topics Apple Corps v Apple Computer Apple scruffs Beatle boots Beatles Day Fifth Beatle Lennon -- McCartney Jeff Lynne and the Beatles Paul is dead Recording technology Book Category Portal Ex-members of the Beatles and the Quarrymen Full Timeline Guitarists / Bassists John Lennon ( 1956 -- 69 ) Eric Griffiths ( 1956 -- 58 ) Paul McCartney ( 1957 -- 70 ) George Harrison ( 1958 -- 70 ) Ken Brown ( 1959 -- 60 ) Stuart Sutcliffe ( 1960 -- 61 ) Chas Newby ( December 1960 ) Pianists John `` Duff '' Lowe ( 1958 ) Billy Preston ( 1969 ) Drummers Colin Hanton ( 1956 -- 59 ) Tommy Moore ( 1960 ) Norman Chapman ( 1960 ) Pete Best ( 1960 -- 62 ) Ringo Starr ( 1962 -- 70 ) Andy White ( August 1962 ) Jimmie Nicol ( June 1964 ) Tea - chest bassists Ivan Vaughan ( 1956 ) Nigel Walley ( 1956 -- 57 ) Len Garry ( 1957 ) Other Rod Davis ( bajoist , 1956 - 57 ) Pete Shotton ( washboardist , 1956 -- 57 ) The Beatles album discography Albums in the core catalogue are marked in bold . Studio albums Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band The Beatles ( `` White Album '' ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be US albums Introducing ... The Beatles Meet the Beatles ! The Beatles ' Second Album A Hard Day 's Night Something New The Beatles ' Story Beatles ' 65 The Early Beatles Beatles VI Help ! Rubber Soul Yesterday and Today Revolver Magical Mystery Tour Yellow Submarine Hey Jude Canadian albums Twist and Shout The Beatles ' Long Tall Sally Extended plays Twist and Shout The Beatles ' Hits The Beatles ( No. 1 ) All My Loving Souvenir of Their Visit to America Four by the Beatles Long Tall Sally Extracts from the Film A Hard Day 's Night Extracts from the Album A Hard Day 's Night 4 by the Beatles Beatles for Sale Beatles for Sale No. 2 The Beatles ' Million Sellers Yesterday Nowhere Man Magical Mystery Tour Live albums Live ! at the Star - Club in Hamburg , Germany ; 1962 The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl First Live Recordings Live at the BBC On Air -- Live at the BBC Volume 2 Compilations From Then To You / The Beatles ' Christmas Album Sessions Past Masters Anthology ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) I Saw Her Standing There The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963 Remixes Yellow Submarine Songtrack Let It Be ... Naked Love Box sets The Beatles Collection The Beatles : The Collection The Beatles Box The Beatles Box Set The Capitol Albums vol. 1 The Beatles in Mono The Beatles ( The Original Studio Recordings ) The U.S. Albums The Japan Box The Beatles compilation discography Bert Kaempfert recordings ( with Tony Sheridan ) My Bonnie ( GER , 1962 ) The Beatles with Tony Sheridan and Their Guests ( 1964 ) Ai n't She Sweet ( 1964 ) The Beatles ' First ( GER , 1964 / UK , 1967 ) Very Together ( 1969 ) In the Beginning ( Circa 1960 ) ( 1970 ) The Early Tapes of the Beatles ( 1984 ) Beatles Bop -- Hamburg Days ( 2001 ) I Saw Her Standing There ( 2013 ) Hits Greatest Hits Volume 1 ( Beatles album ) ( AUS , 1966 ) Greatest Hits Volume 2 ( Beatles album ) ( AUS , 1967 ) A Collection of Beatles Oldies ( 1966 ) The Essential Beatles ( AUS , 1972 ) 1962 -- 1966 ( 1973 ) 1967 -- 1970 ( 1973 ) 20 Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) The Number Ones ( AUS , 1983 ) 1 ( 2000 ) Themes Rock ' n ' Roll Music ( 1976 ) Love Songs ( 1977 ) The Beatles Ballads ( 1980 ) Reel Music ( 1982 ) Tomorrow Never Knows ( 2012 ) Non-album tracks Hey Jude ( US , 1970 / UK , 1979 ) Por Siempre Beatles ( ARG , 1971 ) Rarities ( UK , 1978 ) Rarities ( US , 1980 ) Past Masters ( 1988 ) Alternative versions Yellow Submarine Songtrack ( 1999 ) Let It Be ... Naked ( 2003 ) Other Jolly What ! / The Beatles & Frank Ifield on Stage ( US , 1964 ) The Beatles in Italy ( ITA , 1965 ) The Beatles ' Christmas Album ( US ) / From Then to You ( UK ) ( 1970 ) The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews ( 1976 ) Only The Beatles ... ( UK , 1987 , withdrawn ) Love ( 2006 ) The Black Album ( 2014 , unofficial ) Box sets The Singles Collection 1962 -- 1970 ( UK , 1976 ) The Beatles Collection ( UK , 1978 / US , 1979 ) The Beatles Box ( 1980 ) The Beatles EP Collection ( 1981 ) The Beatles : The Collection ( 1982 ) The Beatles Mono Collection ( 1982 ) The Beatles Box Set ( 1988 ) The Capitol Albums , Volume 1 ( 2004 ) The Capitol Albums , Volume 2 ( 2006 ) The Beatles ( The Original Studio Recordings ) ( 2009 ) The Beatles in Mono ( 2009 ) The U.S. Albums ( 2014 ) The Japan Box ( 2014 ) The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1965 `` Rock and Roll Music '' / `` I 'm a Loser '' ( Europe , Australia ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) `` Michelle '' / `` Girl '' ( Europe ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) The Beatles filmography and videography Filmography and videography A Hard Day 's Night Help ! Magical Mystery Tour Yellow Submarine Let It Be Documentaries The First U.S. Visit At Shea Stadium A Salute to the Beatles The Compleat Beatles It Was Twenty Years Ago Today Anthology All Together Now Eight Days a Week -- The Touring Years Promotional films ( music videos ) `` Rain '' `` Paperback Writer '' `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` Penny Lane '' `` A Day in the Life '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' `` Lady Madonna '' `` Hey Jude '' `` Revolution '' `` Something '' `` Free as a Bird '' `` Real Love '' Fictionalised Beatles Ringo Birth of the Beatles Beatlemania Give My Regards to Broad Street John and Yoko : A Love Story Backbeat The Hours and Times The Linda McCartney Story Two of Us In His Life : The John Lennon Story The Killing of John Lennon Chapter 27 Nowhere Boy Lennon Naked Snodgrass Inspired by Beatles The Girls on the Beach All This and World War II Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band I Wanna Hold Your Hand All You Need Is Cash Secrets I Am Sam The Rutles 2 : Ca n't Buy Me Lunch Across the Universe George Harrison Studio albums Wonderwall Music Electronic Sound All Things Must Pass Living in the Material World Dark Horse Extra Texture ( Read All About It ) Thirty Three & 1 / 3 George Harrison Somewhere in England Gone Troppo Cloud Nine Brainwashed Live albums The Concert for Bangladesh Live in Japan Compilations The Best of George Harrison Best of Dark Horse 1976 -- 1989 Let It Roll : Songs by George Harrison Early Takes : Volume 1 Box sets The Dark Horse Years 1976 -- 1992 Collaborations ( with Ravi Shankar ) The Apple Years 1968 -- 75 George Harrison -- The Vinyl Collection Books I , Me , Mine Songs by George Harrison Songs by George Harrison 2 Raga Mala ( as editor ) Related Articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations Asian Music Circle Beware of ABKCO ! ( bootleg ) Bhaktivedanta Manor The Concert for Bangladesh Concert for George Dark Horse Records Friar Park Harrisongs `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '' `` Horse to the Water '' Kinfauns Material World Charitable Foundation Ravi Shankar 's Music Festival from India 1974 North American tour 1991 Japanese tour Wonderful Today People John Barham The Beatles Pattie Boyd ( wife ) Eric Clapton Derek and the Dominos Olivia Harrison ( wife ) Dhani Harrison ( son ) Jim Keltner Jeff Lynne A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Billy Preston The Quarrymen Radha Krishna Temple The Rutles Ravi Shankar Derek Taylor Traveling Wilburys Klaus Voormann Gary Wright Albums Is This What You Want ? 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So Far Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr Icon Singles `` Beaucoups of Blues '' `` It Do n't Come Easy '' / `` Early 1970 '' `` Back Off Boogaloo '' `` Photograph '' `` You 're Sixteen '' `` Oh My My '' `` Only You ( And You Alone ) '' `` No No Song '' / `` Snookeroo '' `` ( It 's All Down to ) Goodnight Vienna '' `` Oh My My '' / `` No No Song '' `` A Dose of Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Hey ! 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( 1985 ) Dire Straits ( 1986 ) Five Star ( 1987 ) Pet Shop Boys ( 1988 ) Erasure ( 1989 ) 1990s Fine Young Cannibals ( 1990 ) The Cure ( 1991 ) The KLF and Simply Red ( 1992 ) Simply Red ( 1993 ) Stereo MCs ( 1994 ) Blur ( 1995 ) Oasis ( 1996 ) Manic Street Preachers ( 1997 ) The Verve ( 1998 ) Manic Street Preachers ( 1999 ) 2000s Travis ( 2000 ) Coldplay ( 2001 ) Travis ( 2002 ) Coldplay ( 2003 ) The Darkness ( 2004 ) Franz Ferdinand ( 2005 ) Kaiser Chiefs ( 2006 ) Arctic Monkeys ( 2007 ) Arctic Monkeys ( 2008 ) Elbow ( 2009 ) 2010s Kasabian ( 2010 ) Take That ( 2011 ) Coldplay ( 2012 ) Mumford & Sons ( 2013 ) Arctic Monkeys ( 2014 ) Royal Blood ( 2015 ) Coldplay ( 2016 ) The 1975 ( 2017 ) Gorillaz ( 2018 ) BIBSYS : 14054897 BNE : XX245663 BNF : cb13901884f ( data ) GND : 2005535 - 3 ISNI : 0000 0001 2170 7484 LCCN : n79018119 MusicBrainz : b10bbbfc - cf9e - 42e0 - be17 - e2c3e1d2600d NKC : ko2002101672 NLA : 36101014 RKD : 427825 SUDOC : 084287195 ULAN : 500372404 VIAF : 141205608 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beatles&oldid=855744203 '' Categories : The Beatles English pop music groups English rock music groups English psychedelic rock music groups Psychedelic pop music groups British Invasion artists Beat groups Proto - prog musicians Musical quartets Musical groups established in 1960 Musical groups disestablished in 1970 George Harrison John Lennon Paul McCartney Ringo Starr Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Grammy Award winners Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Brit Award winners World Music Awards winners Apple Records artists Atco Records artists Capitol Records artists Parlophone artists Swan Records artists United Artists Records artists Vee - Jay Records artists Apple Corps Counterculture of the 1960s Musical groups from Liverpool 1960 establishments in England 1970 disestablishments in England Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from April 2014 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2009 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Spoken articles Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 158 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 14 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who are the surviving members of the beatles | [
"The Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core trio of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison, together since 1958, went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them in 1962. Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act, and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings, greatly expanding the group's popularity in the United Kingdom after their first hit, \"Love Me Do\", in late 1962. They acquired the nickname \"the Fab Four\" as Beatlemania grew in Britain over the next year, and by early 1964 became international stars, leading the \"British Invasion\" of the United States pop market. From 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966), Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), The Beatles (also known as the \"White Album\", 1968) and Abbey Road (1969). After their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed success as solo artists. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of lung cancer in November 2001. McCartney and Starr remain musically active.\n",
"The Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core trio of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison, together since 1958, went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them in 1962. Manager Brian Epstein moulded them into a professional act, and producer George Martin guided and developed their recordings, greatly expanding the group's popularity in the United Kingdom after their first hit, \"Love Me Do\", in late 1962. They acquired the nickname \"the Fab Four\" as Beatlemania grew in Britain over the next year, and by early 1964 became international stars, leading the \"British Invasion\" of the United States pop market. From 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966), Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), The Beatles (also known as the \"White Album\", 1968) and Abbey Road (1969). After their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed success as solo artists. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of lung cancer in November 2001. McCartney and Starr remain musically active.\n"
] | [
"McCartney",
"Starr"
] |
4542022458677765877 | War for the Planet of the Apes | War for the Planet of the Apes - wikipedia War for the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search War for the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Matt Reeves Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Mark Bomback Matt Reeves Based on Characters created by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle ( uncredited ) Starring Andy Serkis Woody Harrelson Steve Zahn Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by William Hoy Stan Salfas Production company Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) ( SVA Theatre ) July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $490.7 million War for the Planet of the Apes is a 2017 American dystopian science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback and Reeves . A sequel to Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) , it is the third installment in the Planet of the Apes reboot series . The film stars Andy Serkis , Woody Harrelson and Steve Zahn , and follows a confrontation between the apes , led by Caesar , and the humans for control of Earth . Like its predecessor , its premise shares several similarities to the fifth film in the original series , Battle for the Planet of the Apes , but it is not a direct remake . Principal photography began on October 14 , 2015 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . War for the Planet of the Apes premiered in New York City on July 10 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on July 14 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film has grossed over $490 million and received critical praise , with many reviewers highlighting the acting ( particularly Serkis ) , visual effects , story , musical score and direction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Apes 2.2 Humans 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 4 Influences 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 Possible fourth film 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after the U.S. military was called to fight off an increasingly intelligent and dangerous tribe of apes , starting a devastating war between the two species , the apes ' clan , led by the chimpanzee Caesar , are attacked in the woods by a rogue paramilitary faction known as Alpha - Omega , led by a mysterious Colonel . Alpha - Omega has in its service apes ( called `` donkeys '' ) that had previously followed Koba , a vengeful , human - hating bonobo who led a failed coup against Caesar and started the war after leading a vengeful attack against human survivors in San Francisco . During Alpha - Omega 's attack , the human soldiers are met by heavy ape resistance . Four soldiers and a `` donkey '' gorilla named Red are captured by the apes . Caesar arrives and releases the human soldiers , telling them to deliver a message to the Colonel - that he killed Koba for starting the war and that he desires peace between the humans and apes . Caesar then orders that Red is to be imprisoned but Red escapes , injuring albino gorilla Winter . Soon after , Caesar 's son , Blue Eyes , and his lieutenant Rocket return from a journey to find a safe haven for the apes . They report that they have found a place across the desert that is perfect for the clan . Winter , still frightened from the soldiers ' attack , wants to leave immediately , but Caesar does not think they are prepared to leave so soon . That night , a group of Alpha - Omega soldiers , led by the Colonel , infiltrates the apes ' home behind a waterfall . The apes discover their presence and kill them all except the Colonel , whom Caesar encounters preparing to escape . Discovering that the Colonel has killed his wife Cornelia along with Blue Eyes , an enraged Caesar lunges at the Colonel but fails to prevent him from escaping out of the waterfall . Upon discovering that Winter has disappeared , Luca , a gorilla and Caesar 's secondary lieutenant , believes that he has betrayed them out of cowardice . Leaving his younger son Cornelius in the care of Blue Eyes ' wife Lake , Caesar departs to exact revenge on the Colonel for the deaths of his wife and oldest son . He is accompanied by Maurice , an orangutan and Caesar 's adviser , Luca , and Rocket . The other apes head for the desert . During their journey , the apes enter an abandoned village , encounter a soldier , and kill him . Caesar , Maurice , Luca , and Rocket search the dead soldier 's home . Maurice discovers a girl who the soldier was looking after . She is apparently unable to speak . Maurice befriends and adopts the girl , giving her a small rag doll . Caesar 's party eventually sneak inside an Alpha - Omega camp on a beach and encounter Winter , who has volunteered to become a `` donkey '' for the soldiers in return for sparing his life . He tells Caesar 's group that the Colonel has departed for a location called the `` border '' , where soldiers further north will meet them . Winter tries to call out to the Alpha - Omega soldiers to save him , and Caesar and the others restrain him from making noise . In the struggle , Caesar accidentally smothers and kills Winter . Caesar begins to worry that he is becoming like Koba by killing his fellow apes and seeking revenge . While following the soldiers to the border , the group discover some soldiers who have been shot and left for dead . Their examination of a soldier who survived reveals that he , like the girl , can not speak . At the soldier 's urging , Caesar kills him . Later , they encounter Bad Ape , a reclusive chimpanzee . Bad Ape reveals that the human soldiers are encamped at the border and hesitantly agrees to lead them there . When the group arrives at the border , they see hundreds of apes held captive inside a former quarantine facility . While getting a closer look , Luca is killed protecting Caesar from an Alpha - Omega patrol , angering Caesar and causing him to proceed alone . Caesar discovers that the captured apes belong to his clan , and are being forced to build a wall with no food or water . After Caesar is captured by Red , the Colonel reveals to Caesar that the Simian Flu virus has mutated and now causes humans who survived the original strain to become mute , which he believes is a sign of devolution to a primitive state . Caesar deduces that the Colonel is barricading the facility to fend off remnants of the U.S. Army from the north who are coming to execute him because he favors massacring any infected humans , including his own son , to stop the spread of the virus . Caesar is commended by the Colonel for his intelligence , and the Colonel explains that he is fighting a `` holy war '' for humanity 's survival . While Caesar is tortured with starvation , the mute girl , whom Maurice names Nova , sneaks into the facility to give Caesar food , water , and her rag doll ( originally given to her by Maurice ) . To prevent Nova from being discovered , Rocket allows himself to be captured as a diversion . The next day , the Colonel comes to see if Caesar is still alive , and confiscates Nova 's doll upon discovering it . Together , Caesar and Rocket are able to work out a means of escape via an underground tunnel that leads out of the facility . Maurice and Bad Ape use the tunnel to rescue the apes , and Caesar orders the others to escape while he goes to confront the Colonel as the facility comes under attack by the northern army . Caesar reaches the Colonel and prepares to kill him , but discovers that Nova 's doll has infected him with the mutated virus , rendering him unable to speak . Caesar spares the Colonel and watches as he uses his pistol to commit suicide . During the battle between Alpha - Omega and the northern army , the escaping apes come under fire from Alpha - Omega . Red watches the apes struggle to escape and being picked off by the humans , and seems to be disturbed by watching his own kind suffer such a fate . Caesar attempts to attack the Alpha - Omega forces from behind , but is shot with a crossbow by Preacher , one of the Alpha - Omega soldiers he had previously set free . In an act of redemption , Red saves Caesar 's life by killing Preacher with a grenade launcher , and gets shot by an Alpha - Omega superior as a result . In the chaos , Caesar blows up a large fuel tank , causing a cascade of explosions which destroys the Alpha - Omega facility , allowing the northern army to win the battle . However , the army is subsequently devastated by an avalanche , which Caesar and the other apes , carrying Nova , survive by climbing nearby trees . The remaining apes depart the facility and cross the desert to find an oasis . While the other apes joyously celebrate their new home , Maurice discovers Caesar 's wound . Maurice then speaks , telling the dying Caesar that Cornelius will know who his father was , what he stood for and what he did to protect the apes . Caesar then slowly and silently succumbs to his wounds , dying peacefully while Maurice mourns his passing as the other apes look on . Cast ( edit ) Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , an intelligent common chimpanzee who is leader to a tribe of genetically enhanced apes . Steve Zahn as `` Bad Ape '' , a common chimpanzee who lived in a zoo before the Simian Flu outbreak , and was a hermit before joining Caesar 's group . Karin Konoval as Maurice , a Bornean orangutan who is Caesar 's adviser . Terry Notary as Rocket , a common chimpanzee who is Caesar 's brother - figure . Ty Olsson as Red , a Western lowland gorilla who was once a follower of Koba , now serving the Colonel to defeat Caesar . Olsson previously played Chief Hamill in Rise . Michael Adamthwaite as Luca , a Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe . Toby Kebbell as Koba , a bonobo who had previously waged war against the humans in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , now appears in Caesar 's hallucinations . Judy Greer as Cornelia , Caesar 's wife . Sara Canning as Lake , a common chimpanzee in Caesar 's tribe , who is also Blue Eyes ' mate and later Cornelius 's caretaker . Max Lloyd - Jones as Blue Eyes , Caesar and Cornelia 's oldest son . Devyn Dalton as Cornelius , Caesar and Cornelia 's youngest son , and Blue Eyes ' younger brother . Dalton previously played Cornelia in Rise . Aleks Paunovic as Winter , an albino Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe who sided with the Colonel out of fear . Humans ( edit ) Woody Harrelson as The Colonel , the leader of the paramilitary organization Alpha - Omega , who is obsessed with wiping out Caesar and his tribe to preserve humans as the dominant species . Amiah Miller as Nova , a mute orphan whom Maurice befriends and cares for . Gabriel Chavarria as Preacher , a human soldier working under the Colonel in Alpha - Omega . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Matt Reeves , Andy Serkis and Dylan Clark at New York Comic - Con 2016 for the War for the Planet of the Apes panel After seeing his cut of Dawn , 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series . In January 2014 , the studio announced the third film , with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback , and Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serving as producers . During an interview in mid-November 2014 with MTV , Andy Serkis said they did not know the next film 's setting . `` ... It could be five years after the event . It could be the night after the events of where we left ' Dawn . ' '' In May 2015 , the title was first given as War of the Planet of the Apes . By October 2015 , it had been retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes . When director Reeves and screenwriter Bomback came on board to helm Dawn , the film already had a release date , which led to an accelerated production schedule . However , with the third installment , Fox wanted to give the duo plenty of time to write and make the film . Taking advantage of this , the two bonded with each other more than before . In interviews for Dawn , Reeves talked about the inevitable war Caesar would have with the humans : `` As this story continues , we know that war is not avoided by the end of Dawn . That is going to take us into the world of what he is grappling with . Where he is going to be thrust into circumstances that he never , ever wanted to deal with , and was hoping he could avoid . And now he is right in the middle of it . The things that happen in that story test him in huge ways , in the ways in which his relationship with Koba haunts him deeply . It 's going to be an epic story . I think you 've probably read that I sort of described it where in the first film was very much about his rise from humble beginnings to being a revolutionary . The second movie was about having to rise to the challenge of being a great leader in the most difficult of times . This is going to be the story that is going to cement his status as a seminal figure in ape history , and sort of leads to an almost biblical status . He is going to become like a mythic ape figure , like Moses . '' Toby Kebbell , who portrayed Koba in Dawn , had expressed interest in reprising his role or performing as other characters . Plans to include Koba in a larger role in the film were abandoned early , with Bomback saying , `` If you stayed until the very end of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , you hear Koba 's breathing . We did that to give us a tiny crack of a possibility that we could revive Koba if we wanted to . Very early on in spitballing , we realized there was nothing more to do with Koba -- certainly nothing that would exceed what he had done in the last story . But we knew we wanted to keep him alive as an idea . In playing out the reality of what happened at the end of the last film , Caesar would be traumatized by having to kill his brother . That would have resonance , and we wanted to make sure that did n't get lost . So the answer was that we could go inside Caesar 's mind at this point and revisit Koba that way . '' Casting ( edit ) In August 2015 , Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria had been cast as one of the humans in the film . In September 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film 's antagonist , and that Chavarria 's role was supporting . In October 2015 , TheWrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film . It was also announced that actress Amiah Miller was cast as one of the film 's humans , with Judy Greer and Karin Konoval reprising their roles as Cornelia and Maurice , while Aleks Paunovic and Sara Canning were cast as new apes . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on October 14 , 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver , under the working title Hidden Fortress . Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016 . Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February . In March , Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions . Visual effects ( edit ) As with Rise and Dawn , the visual effects for War were created by Weta Digital ; the apes were created with a mixture of motion - capture and CGI key - frame animation , as they were performed in motion - capture technology and animated in CGI . Influences ( edit ) At New York Comic - Con 2016 , Reeves explained that he and Bomback were influenced by many films before writing . He said , `` One of the first things that Mark and I did because we had just finished Dawn was that we decided to watch a million movies . We decided to do what people fantasize what Hollywood screenwriters get to do but no one actually does . We got Fox to give us a theater and we watched movie after movie . We watched every Planet of the Apes movie , war movies , westerns , Empire Strikes Back ... We just thought , ' We have to pretend we have all the time in the world , ' even though we had limited time . We got really inspired . '' Additionally , during production , Reeves and Bomback sought broader inspirations from films like Bridge on the River Kwai and The Great Escape . Feeling that there was a need to imbue Biblical themes and elements , they also watched Biblical epics like Ben - Hur and The Ten Commandments . The influences and inspirations were made evident in the relationship between Caesar and Woody Harrelson 's Colonel , a military leader with pretensions toward godhood . Reeves has compared their relationship to the dynamic between Alec Guinness 's British Commander and Sessue Hayakawa 's prison camp Colonel in Bridge on the River Kwai . Another comparison is in Caesar 's journey to find the Colonel , flanked by a posse of close friends -- a situation Reeves explicitly tied to Clint Eastwood 's war - weary soldier in The Outlaw Josey Wales . Influences from the film Apocalypse Now , notably Harrelson 's character and his Alpha - Omega faction being similar to Colonel Kurtz 's renegade army , were also noted by several journalists . Harrelson has also acknowledged the similarities and inspiration . Soundtrack ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino Released July 7 , 2017 ( Digital ) July 21 , 2017 ( Physical ) Recorded 2017 Genre Film score Label Sony Masterworks Michael Giacchino film scores chronology Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 2017 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Coco 2017 On October 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Michael Giacchino , the composer and writer of the soundtrack for Dawn , would return to compose War 's score . The soundtrack was digitally released to iTunes and Amazon on July 7 , 2017 , and in its physical form by Sony Masterworks on July 21 , 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Michael Giacchino . No . Title Length 1 . `` Apes ' Past is Prologue '' 10 : 53 2 . `` Assault of the Earth '' 5 : 29 3 . `` Exodus Wounds '' 4 : 23 4 . `` The Posse Polonaise '' 1 : 39 5 . `` The Bad Ape Bagatelle '' 1 : 13 6 . `` Do n't Luca Now '' 3 : 53 7 . `` Koba Dependent '' 2 : 54 8 . `` The Ecstasy of the Bold '' 1 : 57 9 . `` Apes Together Strong '' 7 : 12 10 . `` A Tide in the Affairs of Apes '' 5 : 31 11 . `` Planet of the Escapes '' 2 : 42 12 . `` The Hating Game '' 2 : 04 13 . `` A Man Named Suicide '' 5 : 32 14 . `` More Red Than Alive '' 2 : 41 15 . `` Migration '' 2 : 03 16 . `` Paradise Found '' 5 : 35 17 . `` End Credits '' 9 : 30 Total length : 75 : 11 Release ( edit ) The film was initially set for a July 29 , 2016 , release . However , in January 2015 , Fox postponed the film 's release date to about a year later on July 14 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Special behind - the - scenes footage for the film was aired on TV on November 22 , 2015 , as part of a contest announcement presented by director Matt Reeves and Andy Serkis . The footage aired during The Walking Dead on AMC . The announcement allowed winners to wear a performance - capture suit and appear in a scene as an ape . The announcement was released on 20th Century Fox 's official YouTube page later the same day . At a New York Comic Con special event on October 6 , Reeves , Serkis and producer Dylan Clark debuted an exclusive look at the film . Serkis has also mentioned that the film would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Home media ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes was released on Digital HD on October 10 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on October 24 , 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes grossed $146.9 million in the United States and Canada and $343.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $490.7 million , against a production budget of $150 million . In North America , the film was projected to gross $50 -- 60 million in its opening weekend , however , given its acclaimed status and strong word - of - mouth , rival studios believed the film had the potential to debut as high as $70 -- 80 million . War was closely monitored by analysts while the summer was witnessing a decline in ticket sales , a situation that they blamed on franchise fatigue for an overabundance of sequels and reboots ( such as Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales , Transformers : The Last Knight and The Mummy ) . However , box office analysts noted that well - reviewed films have tended to perform in - line with estimates ( Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Wonder Woman and Spider - Man : Homecoming ) . The film grossed $5 million from Thursday night previews at 3,021 theaters , up 22 % from the $4.1 million earned by its predecessor , and $22.1 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $56.3 million , topping the box office , albeit with a 22 % drop from Dawn 's $72.6 million debut . In its second weekend , the film grossed $20.9 million ( a drop of 62.9 % , more than the 50.4 % fall Dawn saw ) , finishing 4th at the box office . In its third weekend , the film made $10.5 million ( dropping another 49.9 % ) , finishing 6th at the box office . It was lower than the third weeks of both Rise ( $16.1 million ) and Dawn ( $16.8 million ) . Outside North America , War for the Planet of the Apes received a scattered release in a span of three months ( July -- September ) . The film began its release in about a third of the marketplace on July 14 , albeit only in two major markets , and was projected to have an opening of $50 -- 60 million , with the potential to go higher if smaller Asian markets over-perform , as they have for recent tent poles . The film ended up having an international debut of $44.2 million , including $9.27 million in the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes received critical acclaim for the performances of its cast ( particularly Serkis ) , direction , musical score , visual effects , cinematography and morally complex storyline . On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 93 % , based on 280 reviews , with a rating average of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` War for the Planet of the Apes combines breathtaking special effects and a powerful , poignant narrative to conclude this rebooted trilogy on a powerful -- and truly blockbuster -- note . '' On review aggregator Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , the film has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by its two immediate predecessors . Scott Collura of IGN awarded the film a score of 9.5 out of 10 , saying : `` War for the Planet of the Apes is an excellent closing act to this rebooted trilogy , but also one that does enough world - building that the series can potentially continue from here -- and it 's a rare case where , after three movies , we 're left wanting more . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film , `` `` War for the Planet of the Apes , '' directed by Matt Reeves , is the grimmest episode so far , and also the strongest , a superb example -- rare in this era of sloppily constructed , commercially hedged cinematic universes -- of clear thinking wedded to inventive technique in popular filmmaking , '' and lauded Andy Serkis 's performance in the film , stating that `` Andy Serkis 's performance as Caesar is one of the marvels of modern screen acting . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , and said that Serkis performed `` with a resonant power and depth of feeling that 's nearly Shakespearean . Oscar , get busy : Serkis deserves the gold , '' and went on to say that `` War for the Planet of the Apes -- No. 9 in the simian cinema canon -- is the best of the Apes films since the 1968 original . Eric Kohn of Indiewire gave the film a B+ rating , and praised Matt Reeves 's directing , saying `` It 's a given that an expensive 21st century sci - fi movie with talking animals , exploding tanks , and jarring machine guns would look and sound great , but Reeves applies these effects with such a measured strategy that they 're always working in service of a greater narrative agenda . '' Kohn went on to applaud the visuals , cinematography , and musical score , stating that `` The breathlessly paced montage of flying bullets and angry monkeys raining down on terrified men , aided by Michael Giacchino 's vibrant score , is a strong indicator of the next - level craftsmanship that distinguishes these movies from so many cacophonous Hollywood spectacles ; not only is the action easy to follow , but you care for the motion - captured characters at the center of it , while the humans cower in fear . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Motion / Title Graphics War for the Planet of the Apes : 20th Century Fox , Wild Card Nominated Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster TV Spot Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Hollywood Visual Effects Award Dan Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Erik Winquist Won Hollywood Post Alliance November 16 , 2017 Outstanding Visual Effects - Feature Film Dan Barrett , Anders Langlands , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , Luke Millar , Erik Winquist , and Weta Digital Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Motion Capture Performance Andy Serkis Won Best Motion Capture Performance Steve Zahn Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle December 10 , 2017 Best Actor Andy Serkis Won Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , Dan Barrett , and Joel Whist Won Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society January 3 , 2018 Best Animated / Visual Effect Performance Andy Serkis Pending Best Score Michael Giacchino Best Action / War War for the Planet of the Apes Best Blockbuster Best Visual Effects Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Actor Andy Serkis Pending Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Action Movie War for the Planet of the Apes Pending Best Visual Effects Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21 , 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture War for the Planet of the Apes Pending Annie Awards February 3 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement for Character Animation in a Live Action Production Daniel Barrett , Sidney Kombo - Kintombo , Emile Ghorayeb , Luisma Lavin Peredo , and Alessandro Bonora Pending Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Film Editing William Hoy Pending Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Best Sound War for the Planet of the Apes Best Visual Effects Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was reported that a fourth Planet of the Apes film was being discussed . 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Jump up ^ http://www.awardscircuit.com/2017/12/11/seattle-film-critics-society-nominations-blade-runner-2049-leads-fray/ Jump up ^ http://seattlefilmcritics.com/2017/12/18/get-named-best-picture-2017-seattle-film-critics-society/ Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Film Nominations -- LA Online Film Critics Society '' . laofcs.org . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Nominations '' . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Sandra Gonzalez , . `` SAG Award nominations 2018 : The list '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards - Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . www.sagawards.org . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 30 , 2017 . thewrap.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website War for the Planet of the Apes on IMDb War for the Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Matt Reeves The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_for_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=816034789 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American prison films American science fiction films American sequel films American Sign Language films Apocalyptic films Dystopian films Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films about revenge Films directed by Matt Reeves Films produced by Peter Chernin Films set in California Films set in forests Films set in the future Films shot in Alberta Films shot in Vancouver Performance capture in film Planet of the Apes films Science fiction adventure films Science fiction drama films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 20 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was war on the planet of the apes filmed | [
"Principal photography on the film began on October 14, 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver, under the working title Hidden Fortress.[30][31] Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016.[32] Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February.[33] In March, Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions.[34]"
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"Lower Mainland in Vancouver"
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-7129219817059580789 | Cape of Good Hope | Cape of Good Hope - Wikipedia Cape of Good Hope For other uses , see Cape of Good Hope ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cape of Good Hope looking towards the west , from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point , overlooking Dias beach The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans : Kaap die Goeie Hoop ( ˌkɑːp di ˌχujə ˈɦʊəp ) , Dutch : Kaap de Goede Hoop ( ˌkaːb də ˌɣudə ˈɦoːp ) ( listen ) , Portuguese : Cabo da Boa Esperança ( ˈkaβu ðɐ ˈβoɐ ʃpɨˈɾɐ̃sɐ ) ) is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa . A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa . This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans . Contemporary geographic knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) to the east - southeast . The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm - water Agulhas current meets the cold - water Benguela current and turns back on itself . That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point ( about 1.2 kilometres ( 0.75 mi ) east of the Cape of Good Hope ) . Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap The Cape of Good Hope is at the southern tip of the Cape Peninsula approximately 50 km ( 31 mi ) south of Cape Town , South Africa . When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator , however , the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward . Thus , the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish direct trade relations with the Far East ( although Herodotus mentioned a claim that the Phoenicians had done so far earlier ) . Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas ( `` Cape of Storms '' ; Dutch : Stormkaap ) , which was the original name of the `` Cape of Good Hope '' . As one of the great capes of the South Atlantic Ocean , the Cape of Good Hope has long been of special significance to sailors , many of whom refer to it simply as `` the Cape '' . It is a waypoint on the Cape Route and the clipper route followed by clipper ships to the Far East and Australia , and still followed by several offshore yacht races . The term Cape of Good Hope is also used in three other ways : It is a section of the Table Mountain National Park , within which the cape of the same name , as well as Cape Point , falls . Prior to its incorporation into the national park , this section constituted the Cape Point Nature Reserve . It was the name of the early Cape Colony established by the Dutch in 1652 , on the Cape Peninsula . Just before the Union of South Africa was formed , the term referred to the entire region that in 1910 was to become the Cape of Good Hope Province ( usually shortened to the Cape Province ) . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Fauna 3.1 Chacma baboons 4 Flora 5 Legends 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Eudoxus of Cyzicus ( / ˈjuːdəksəs / ; Greek : Εὔδοξος , Eúdoxos ; fl . c. 130 BC ) was a Greek navigator for Ptolemy VIII , king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt , who found the wreck of a ship in the Indian Ocean that appeared to have come from Gades ( today 's Cádiz in Spain ) , rounding the Cape . When Eudoxus was returning from his second voyage to India the wind forced him south of the Gulf of Aden and down the coast of Africa for some distance . Somewhere along the coast of East Africa , he found the remains of the ship . Due to its appearance and the story told by the natives , Eudoxus concluded that the ship was from Gades and had sailed anti-clockwise around Africa , passing the Cape and entering the Indian Ocean . This inspired him to repeat the voyage and attempt a circumnavigation of the continent . Organising the expedition on his own account he set sail from Gades and began to work down the African coast . The difficulties were too great , however , and he was obliged to return to Europe . After this failure he again set out to circumnavigate Africa . His eventual fate is unknown . Although some , such as Pliny , claimed that Eudoxus did achieve his goal , the most probable conclusion is that he perished on the journey . In the 1450 Fra Mauro map , the Indian Ocean is depicted as connected to the Atlantic . Fra Mauro puts the following inscription by the southern tip of Africa , which he names the `` Cape of Diab '' , describing the exploration by a ship from the East around 1420 : Detail of the Fra Mauro Map describing the construction of the junks that navigate in the Indian Ocean . `` Around 1420 a ship , or junk , from India crossed the Sea of India towards the Island of Men and the Island of Women , off Cape Diab , between the Green Islands and the shadows . It sailed for 40 days in a south - westerly direction without ever finding anything other than wind and water . According to these people themselves , the ship went some 2,000 miles ahead until - once favourable conditions came to an end - it turned round and sailed back to Cape Diab in 70 days '' . `` The ships called junks ( lit . `` Zonchi '' ) that navigate these seas carry four masts or more , some of which can be raised or lowered , and have 40 to 60 cabins for the merchants and only one tiller . They can navigate without a compass , because they have an astrologer , who stands on the side and , with an astrolabe in hand , gives orders to the navigator `` . ( Text from the Fra Mauro map , 09 - P25 . ) Fra Mauro explained that he obtained the information from `` a trustworthy source '' , who traveled with the expedition , possibly the Venetian explorer Niccolò da Conti who happened to be in Calicut , India at the time the expedition left : `` What is more , I have spoken with a person worthy of trust , who says that he sailed in an Indian ship caught in the fury of a tempest for 40 days out in the Sea of India , beyond the Cape of Soffala and the Green Islands towards west - southwest ; and according to the astrologers who act as their guides , they had advanced almost 2,000 miles . Thus one can believe and confirm what is said by both these and those , and that they had therefore sailed 4,000 miles '' . Fra Mauro also comments that the account of the expedition , together with the relation by Strabo of the travels of Eudoxus of Cyzicus from Arabia to Gibraltar through the southern Ocean in Antiquity , led him to believe that the Indian Ocean was not a closed sea and that Africa could be circumnavigated by her southern end ( Text from Fra Mauro map , 11 , G2 ) . This knowledge , together with the map depiction of the African continent , probably encouraged the Portuguese to intensify their effort to round the tip of Africa . Map showing the Cape Peninsula , illustrating the position of the Cape of Good Hope . The main mountains and their peaks , including Table Mountain , and its relation to the City of Cape Town are shown . Map of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas the southernmost point of Africa . Main article : Cape Colony Reproduction of the Cross of Vasco da Gama at the Cape of Good Hope . In the Early Modern Era , the first European to reach the cape was the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias on 12 March 1488 , who named it the `` Cape of Storms '' ( Cabo das Tormentas ) . It was later renamed by John II of Portugal as `` Cape of Good Hope '' ( Cabo da Boa Esperança ) because of the great optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India and the East . The Khoikhoi people lived in the cape area when the Dutch first settled there in 1652 . The Khoikhoi had arrived in this area about fifteen hundred years before . The Dutch called them Hottentots , a term that has now come to be regarded as pejorative . Dutch colonial administrator Jan van Riebeeck established a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company some 50 km north of the cape in Table Bay on 6 April 1652 and this eventually developed into Cape Town . Supplies of fresh food were vital on the long journey around Africa and Cape Town became known as `` The Tavern of the Seas '' . On 31 December 1687 a community of Huguenots ( French Protestants ) arrived at the Cape of Good Hope from the Netherlands . They had escaped from France and fled to the Netherlands to flee religious persecution in France . One example was Pierre Joubert who came from La Motte - d'Aigues . The Dutch East India Company needed skilled farmers at the Cape of Good Hope and the Dutch Government saw opportunities to settle Huguenots at the Cape and sent them there . The Cape colony gradually grew over the next 150 years or so until it stretched for hundreds of kilometres to the north and north - east . During the Napoleonic Wars , the Dutch Republic was occupied by the French in 1795 . Thus the Cape Colony became a French vassal and enemy of the British . Therefore , the United Kingdom invaded and occupied the Cape Colony that same year . The British relinquished control of the territory in 1803 but returned and reoccupied the Colony on 19 January 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg . The Dutch ceded the territory to the British in the Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 The Cape was then administered as the Cape Colony and it remained a British colony until it was incorporated into the independent Union of South Africa in 1910 ( now known as the Republic of South Africa ) . The Portuguese government erected two navigational beacons , Dias Cross and Gama Cross , to commemorate Vasco da Gama and Bartolomeu Dias as explorers who as mentioned were the first explorers to reach the cape . When lined up , the crosses point to Whittle Rock ( 34 ° 21 ′ 24.63 '' S 18 ° 28 ′ 26.36 '' E / 34.3568417 ° S 18.4739889 ° E / - 34.3568417 ; 18.4739889 ) , a large , permanently submerged shipping hazard in False Bay . Two other beacons in Simon 's Town provide the intersection . Geography ( edit ) Sign at the Cape of Good Hope , 2018 The Cape of Good Hope is at the southern tip of the Cape Peninsula , about 2.3 kilometres ( 1.4 mi ) west and a little south of Cape Point on the south - east corner . Cape Town is about 50 kilometres to the north of the Cape , in Table Bay at the north end of the peninsula . The peninsula forms the western boundary of False Bay . Geologically , the rocks found at the two capes , and indeed over much of the peninsula , are part of the Cape Supergroup , and are formed of the same type of sandstones as Table Mountain itself . Both the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Point offer spectacular scenery ; the whole of the southernmost portion of the Cape Peninsula is a wild , rugged , scenic and generally unspoiled national park . The term the Cape has also been used in a wider sense , to indicate the area of the European colony centred on Cape Town , and the later South African province . Since 1994 , it has been broken up into three smaller provinces : the Western Cape , Eastern Cape and Northern Cape ; parts of the province were also absorbed into the North West . Fauna ( edit ) Male ostrich at the Cape of Good Hope With its diverse habitat , ranging from rocky mountain tops to beaches and open sea , the Cape of Good Hope is home to at least 250 species of birds including one of the two mainland colonies of African penguins . `` Bush birds '' tend to be rather scarce because of the coarse , scrubby nature of fynbos vegetation . When flowering , however , proteas and ericas attract sunbirds , sugarbirds , and other species in search of nectar . For most of the year , there are more small birds in coastal thicket than in fynbos . The Cape of Good Hope section of Table Mountain National Park is home to several species of antelope . Bontebok and eland are easily seen , and red hartebeest can be seen in the grazing lawns in Smitswinkel Flats . Grey rhebok are less commonly seen and are scarce , but may be observed along the beach hills at Olifantsbos . Most visitors are unlikely to ever see either Cape grysbok or klipspringer . The Cape of Good Hope section is home to four Cape mountain zebra . They might be seen by the attentive or lucky visitor , usually in Smitswinkel Flats . Dassie at the Cape of Good Hope There are a wealth of small animals such as lizards , snakes , tortoises and insects . Small mammals include rock hyrax , four - striped grass mouse , water mongoose , Cape clawless otter and fallow deer . The area offers excellent vantage points for whale watching . The southern right whale is the species most likely to be seen in False Bay between June and November . Other species are the humpback whale and Bryde 's whale . Seals , dusky dolphins and killer whales have also been seen . The strategic position of the Cape of Good Hope between two major ocean currents , ensures a rich diversity of marine life . There is a difference between the sea life west of Cape Point and that to the east due to the markedly differing sea temperatures . The South African Marine Living Resources Act is strictly enforced throughout the Table Mountain National Park , and especially in marine protected areas . Disturbance or removal of any marine organisms is strictly prohibited between Schusters Bay and Hoek van Bobbejaan , but is allowed in other areas during season and with relevant permits . Chacma baboons ( edit ) Chacma baboons ( Papio ursinus ) are the mammals most intimately associated with the Cape of Good Hope . Baboons inside the Cape of Good Hope section of the park are a major tourist attraction . There are 11 troops consisting of about 375 individuals throughout the entire Cape Peninsula . Six of these 11 troops either live entirely within the Cape of Good Hope section of the park , or use the section as part of their range . The Cape Point , Kanonkop , Klein Olifantsbos , and Buffels Bay troops live entirely inside the Cape of Good Hope section of the Park . The Groot Olifantsbos and Plateau Road troops range into the park . Chacma baboons are widely distributed across southern Africa and are classified as '' least concern '' in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . However , the South African Parks Department states in its publication Mountains in the Sea that the baboon population on the Cape is `` critically endangered . '' This is due to habitat loss , genetic isolation , and conflicts with humans . Cape baboons have been eliminated from the majority of their range across the Cape Peninsula , and the Cape of Good Hope section of Table Mountain National Park provides a sanctuary for the troops that live within its boundaries . It provides relative safety from nearby towns , where people have killed many baboons after the baboons raid their houses looking for food . Baboons are also frequently injured or killed outside of the park by cars and by electrocution on power lines . Inside the park , some management policies such as allowing barbecues and picnics in the baboon home ranges cause detriment to the troops , as they become embroiled in conflicts with guests to the park . Flora ( edit ) Fynbos at Cape Peninsula The Cape of Good Hope is an integral part of the Cape Floristic Kingdom , the smallest but richest of the world 's six floral kingdoms . This comprises a treasure trove of 1100 species of indigenous plants , of which a number are endemic ( occur naturally nowhere else on earth ) . The main type of fynbos ( `` fine bush '' ) vegetation at the Cape of Good Hope is Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos , an endangered vegetation type that is endemic to the Cape Peninsula . Coastal Hangklip Sand Fynbos grows on low - lying alkaline sands and , right by the sea , small patches of Cape Flats Dune Strandveld can be found . Characteristic fynbos plants include proteas , ericas ( heath ) , and restios ( reeds ) . Some of the most striking and well - known members belong to the Proteacae family , of which up to 24 species occur . These include king protea , sugarbush , tree pincushion and golden cone bush ( Leucadendron laureolum ) . Many popular horticultural plants like pelargoniums , freesias , daisies , lilies and irises also have their origins in fynbos . Legends ( edit ) Cape of Good Hope panorama The Cape of Good Hope is the legendary home of The Flying Dutchman . Crewed by tormented and damned ghostly sailors , it is doomed forever to beat its way through the adjacent waters without ever succeeding in rounding the headland . Adamastor is a Greek - type mythological character invented by the Portuguese poet Luís de Camões in his epic poem Os Lusíadas ( first printed in 1572 ) , as a symbol of the forces of nature Portuguese navigators had to overcome during their discoveries and more specifically of the dangers Portuguese sailors faced when trying to round the Cape of Storms . See also ( edit ) Cape Peninsula Cape Horn , its South American counterpart Cape Point Western Cape History of Cape Colony Simon 's Town Postage stamps and postal history of the Cape of Good Hope References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Every word in isolation ( ˌkaːp də ˌɣudə ˈɦoːp ) . Jump up ^ `` Cape of Good Hope , South Africa - 360 ° Aerial Panoramas '' . Jump up ^ The first circumnavigation of Africa . livius.org Jump up ^ Sarah Mytton Maury ( 1848 ) . Englishwoman In America . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way , Francis Chichester ; page 78 . Hodder & Stoughton , 1966 . ISBN 0 - 340 - 00191 - 7 Jump up ^ Map of the Park , showing the Cape of Good Hope section ( retrieved 27 March 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Tozer , Henry F. ( 1997 ) . History of Ancient Geography . Biblo & Tannen . pp. 189 -- 190 . ISBN 0 - 8196 - 0138 - 1 . ; online at Google Books Jump up ^ Tozer , Henry F. ( 1997 ) . History of Ancient Geography . Biblo & Tannen . pp. xxiii . ISBN 0 - 8196 - 0138 - 1 . ; online at Google Books Jump up ^ Marco Polo , p. 409 Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 501 Jump up ^ Ehret , Christopher ( 2001 ) . An African Classical Age . Charlottesville , VA : University of Virginia Press . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2057 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos . Cape Town Biodiversity Factsheets '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Flats Dune Strandveld . Cape Town Biodiversity Factsheets '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cape of Good Hope . List of birds of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve , with paragraph describing each species Cape of Good Hope , Panoramic view Cape of Good Hope is a map by John Arrowsmith in 1842 Cape of Good Hope Tour Coordinates : 34 ° 21 ′ 24.63 '' S 18 ° 28 ′ 26.36 '' E / 34.3568417 ° S 18.4739889 ° E / - 34.3568417 ; 18.4739889 ( Cape of Good Hope ) GND : 4110003 - 7 NARA : 10046271 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_of_Good_Hope&oldid=860480037 '' Categories : Headlands of the Western Cape Geography of Cape Town Maritime history of South Africa Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use South African English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Afrikaans - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2018 , at 23 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who gave the name cape of good hope | [
"In the Early Modern Era, the first European to reach the cape was the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias on 12 March 1488, who named it the \"Cape of Storms\" (Cabo das Tormentas). It was later renamed by John II of Portugal as \"Cape of Good Hope\" (Cabo da Boa Esperança) because of the great optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India and the East.\n"
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"John II of Portugal"
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7564378767966823745 | List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union | List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union - wikipedia List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Jump to : navigation , search Map of the United States with names and borders of states The order in which the original 13 states ratified the 1787 Constitution , then the order in which the others were admitted to the union A state of the United States of America is one of the 50 constituent entities that shares its sovereignty with the federal government . Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside , due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government . Kentucky , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names . States are the primary subdivisions of the United States and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution , such as regulating intrastate commerce , running elections , creating local governments , and ratifying constitutional amendments . Each state has its own constitution grounded in republican principles , and government consisting of executive , legislative , and judicial branches . All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress , a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives . Each state is represented by two Senators , while Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census . Additionally , each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College , the body that elects the President of the United States , equal to the total of Representatives and Senators in Congress from that state . Article IV , Section 3 , Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union . Since the establishment of the United States in 1776 , the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50 . Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states . The following table is a list of all 50 states and their respective dates of statehood . The first 13 became states in July 1776 upon agreeing to the United States Declaration of Independence , and each joined the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781 , upon ratifying the Articles of Confederation , its first constitution . ( A separate table is included below showing AoC ratification dates . ) These states are presented in the order in which each ratified the 1787 Constitution , thus joining the present federal Union of states . The date of admission listed for each subsequent state is the official date set by Act of Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of U.S. states 2 Articles of Confederation ratification dates 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links List of U.S. states ( edit ) State Date ( admitted or ratified ) Formed from Delaware 000000001787 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 1787 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Delaware Pennsylvania 000000001787 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1787 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Pennsylvania New Jersey 000000001787 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1787 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of New Jersey Georgia 000000001788 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Georgia 5 Connecticut 000000001788 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Connecticut 6 Massachusetts 000000001788 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Massachusetts Bay 7 Maryland 000000001788 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Maryland 8 South Carolina 000000001788 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of South Carolina 9 New Hampshire 000000001788 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of New Hampshire 10 Virginia 000000001788 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Virginia 11 New York 000000001788 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1788 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of New York 12 North Carolina 000000001789 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1789 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of North Carolina 13 Rhode Island 000000001790 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1790 ( ratified ) Crown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 14 Vermont 000000001791 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1791 ( admitted ) Vermont ! Vermont Republic 15 Kentucky 000000001792 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1792 ( admitted ) Virginia ( District of Kentucky : Fayette , Jefferson , and Lincoln counties ) 16 Tennessee 000000001796 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1796 ( admitted ) Southwest Territory 17 Ohio 000000001803 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1803 ( admitted ) Northwest Territory ( part ) 18 Louisiana 000000001812 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1812 ( admitted ) Orleans ! Territory of Orleans 19 Indiana 000000001816 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1816 ( admitted ) Indiana Territory 20 Mississippi 000000001817 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1817 ( admitted ) Mississippi Territory 21 Illinois 000000001818 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1818 ( admitted ) Illinois Territory ( part ) 22 Alabama 000000001819 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1819 ( admitted ) Alabama Territory 23 Maine 000000001820 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1820 ( admitted ) Massachusetts ( District of Maine ) 24 Missouri 000000001821 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1821 ( admitted ) Missouri Territory ( part ) 25 Arkansas 000000001836 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1836 ( admitted ) Arkansas Territory 26 Michigan 000000001837 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1837 ( admitted ) Michigan Territory 27 Florida 000000001845 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 1845 ( admitted ) Florida Territory 28 Texas 000000001845 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1845 ( admitted ) Texas ! Republic of Texas 29 Iowa 000000001846 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1846 ( admitted ) Iowa Territory ( part ) 30 Wisconsin 000000001848 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 1848 ( admitted ) Wisconsin Territory ( part ) 31 California 000000001850 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1850 ( admitted ) Unorganized ! unorganized territory ( part ) 32 Minnesota 000000001858 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1858 ( admitted ) Minnesota Territory ( part ) 33 Oregon 000000001859 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1859 ( admitted ) Oregon Territory ( part ) 34 Kansas 000000001861 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1861 ( admitted ) Kansas Territory ( part ) 35 West Virginia 000000001863 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1863 ( admitted ) Virginia ( Trans - Allegheny region counties ) 36 Nevada 000000001864 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 1864 ( admitted ) Nevada Territory 37 Nebraska 000000001867 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1867 ( admitted ) Nebraska Territory 38 Colorado 000000001876 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1876 ( admitted ) Colorado Territory 39 North Dakota 000000001889 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1889 ( admitted ) Dakota Territory ( part ) 40 South Dakota 000000001889 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1889 ( admitted ) Dakota Territory ( part ) 41 Montana 000000001889 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1889 ( admitted ) Montana Territory 42 Washington 000000001889 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1889 ( admitted ) Washington Territory 43 Idaho 000000001890 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1890 ( admitted ) Idaho Territory 44 Wyoming 000000001890 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1890 ( admitted ) Wyoming Territory 45 Utah 000000001896 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 1896 ( admitted ) Utah Territory 46 Oklahoma 000000001907 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1907 ( admitted ) Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory 47 New Mexico 000000001912 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1912 ( admitted ) New Mexico Territory 48 Arizona 000000001912 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1912 ( admitted ) Arizona Territory 49 Alaska 000000001959 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1959 ( admitted ) Alaska ! Territory of Alaska 50 Hawaii 000000001959 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1959 ( admitted ) Hawaii ! Territory of Hawaii Articles of Confederation ratification dates ( edit ) The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states on November 15 , 1777 . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . On March 4 , 1789 , the general government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the present Constitution . State Date 13 ! 1 Virginia 000000001777 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1777 12 ! 2 South Carolina 000000001778 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1778 08 ! 3 New York 000000001778 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1778 11 ! 4 Rhode Island 000000001778 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1778 01 ! 5 Connecticut 000000001778 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1778 03 ! 6 Georgia 000000001778 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1778 06 ! 7 New Hampshire 000000001778 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1778 10 ! 8 Pennsylvania 000000001778 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1778 05 ! 9 Massachusetts 000000001778 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1778 09 ! 10 North Carolina 000000001778 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1778 07 ! 11 New Jersey 000000001778 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1778 02 ! 12 Delaware 000000001779 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1779 04 ! 13 Maryland 000000001781 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1781 See also ( edit ) North America portal United States portal Enabling Act of 1802 , authorizing residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio Missouri Compromise , 1820 federal statute enabling the admission of Missouri ( a slave state ) and Maine ( a free state ) into the Union Toledo War , 1835 -- 36 boundary dispute between Ohio and the adjoining Michigan Territory , which delayed Michigan 's admission to the Union Texas annexation , the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States as a state in the Union Legal status of Texas Compromise of 1850 , a package of congressional acts , one of which provided for the admission of California to the Union Bleeding Kansas , a series of violent conflicts in Kansas Territory involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions in the years preceding Kansas statehood , 1854 -- 61 Enabling Act of 1889 , authorizing residents of Dakota , Montana , and Washington territories to form state governments ( Dakota to be divided into two states ) and to gain admission to the Union Enabling Act of 1906 authorizing residents of Oklahoma , Indian , New Mexico , and Arizona territories to form state governments ( Indian and Oklahoma territories to be combined into one state ) and to gain admission to the Union Alaska Statehood Act , admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3 , 1959 Legal status of Alaska Hawaii Admission Act , admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21 , 1959 Legal status of Hawaii List of states and territories of the United States Federalism in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This list does not account for the secession of 11 states ( Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida , Alabama , Mississippi , Tennessee , Arkansas , Louisiana , and Texas ) during the Civil War to form the Confederate States of America , nor for the subsequent restoration of those states to the Union , or each state 's `` readmission to representation in Congress '' after the war , as the federal government does not give legal recognition to their having left the Union . Also , the Constitution is silent on the question of whether states have the power to secede from the Union , but the Supreme Court held that a state can not unilaterally do so in Texas v. White ( 1869 ) . Jump up ^ Also known as the `` Three Lower Counties Upon Delaware . '' Delaware became a state on June 15 , 1776 , when the Delaware Assembly formally adopted a resolution declaring an end to Delaware 's status as a colony of Great Britain and establishing the three counties as an independent state under the authority of `` the Government of the Counties of New Castle , Kent and Sussex Upon Delaware . '' Jump up ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire , Benning Wentworth , issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River ( in what is today southern Vermont ) , territory that was also claimed by New York . The resulting `` New Hampshire Grants '' dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys , and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic . New Hampshire 's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III , and in 1790 the State of New York ceded its land claim to Vermont for 30,000 Dollars . Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18 , 1789 separating its `` District of Kentucky '' from the rest of the State and approving its statehood . Jump up ^ The exact date upon which Ohio became a state is unclear . On April 30 , 1802 the 7th Congress had passed an act `` authorizing the inhabitants of Ohio to form a Constitution and state government , and admission of Ohio into the Union . '' ( Sess. 1 , ch. 40 , 2 Stat. 173 ) On February 19 , 1803 the same Congress passed an act `` providing for the execution of the laws of the United States in the State of Ohio . '' ( Sess. 2 , ch. 7 , 2 Stat. 201 ) Neither act , however , set a formal date of statehood . An official statehood date for Ohio was not set until 1953 , when the 83rd Congress passed a Joint resolution `` for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union '' , ( Pub. L. 83 -- 204 , 67 Stat. 407 , enacted August 7 , 1953 ) which designated March 1 , 1803 , as that date . Jump up ^ The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19 , 1819 separating the `` District of Maine '' from the rest of the State ( an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19 , 1819 by 17,001 to 7,132 ) ; then , on February 25 , 1820 , passed a follow - up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine 's imminent statehood . Jump up ^ On May 13 , 1862 , the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for creation of West Virginia . Later , by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia ( 1871 ) , the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents necessary to become a separate state . Jump up ^ When President Benjamin Harrison signed the statehood proclamations for North and South Dakota he shuffled the papers on his desk and covered up all but the signature line of the documents . No one knows which state he signed into existence first . North Dakota 's proclamation was published first in the Statutes at Large , as it is first in alphabetical order . ^ Jump up to : Brought into existence within moments of each other on the same day , North and South Dakota are the nation 's only twin - born states . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Erler , Edward . `` Essays on Amendment XIV : Citizenship '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature '' . Minnesota State Legislature . Jump up ^ Kristin D. Burnett . `` Congressional Apportionment ( 2010 Census Briefs C2010BR - 08 ) '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Commerce , Economics and Statistics Administration . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer R. `` Essays on Article II : Presidential Electors '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Doctrine of the Equality of States '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. xi , 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Texas v. White 74 U.S. 700 ( 1868 ) '' . Justia.com . ^ Jump up to : Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( Volume 1 : A-M ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 658 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Delaware Government '' . Delaware.gov . Government Information Center , Delaware Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Overview of Pennsylvania History - 1776 - 1861 : Independence to the Civil War '' . PA.gov . Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission . Jump up ^ `` 1787 Convention Minutes '' . NJ.gov . New Jersey Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : January 9 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : July 26 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : November 21 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` The 14th State '' . Vermont History Explorer . Vermont Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Square Historic Site '' . Danville / Boyle County Convention and Visitors Bureau . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories '' . TheGreenPapers.com . Jump up ^ `` State History Timeline '' . TN.gov . Tennessee Department of State . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blue , Frederick J. ( Autumn 2002 ) . `` The Date of Ohio Statehood '' . Ohio Academy of History Newsletter . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clearing up the Confusion surrounding Ohio 's Admission to Statehood Jump up ^ `` About Louisiana : quick facts '' . louisiana.gov . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome from the Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission '' . Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : December 3 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Alabama History Timeline : 1800 - 1860 '' . alabama.gov . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : March 15 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : August 10 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : June 15 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : January 26 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : May 29 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` California Admission Day September 9 , 1850 '' . CA.gov . California Department of Parks and Recreation . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : May 11 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : January 29 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : June 20 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience : The Creation of West Virginia , Chapter Twelve , Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation '' . Wvculture.org . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Jump up ^ `` Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 ( 1870 ) '' . Justia.com . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : August 1 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ MacPherson , James ; Burbach , Kevin ( November 2 , 2014 ) . `` At 125 years of Dakotas statehood , rivalry remains '' . Bismarck Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Today in History : November 2 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Wishart , David J. ( ed . ) . `` Montana '' . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : November 11 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Thatcher , Linda Thatcher ( 2016 ) . `` Struggle For Statehood Chronology '' . historytogo.utah.gov . State of Utah . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : November 16 '' . loc.gov . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Paul ( 2011 ) . United States Constitutional Law : An Introduction . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6017 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutstatehoodat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity `` U.S. States Videos '' . History.com . `` Dates of statehood '' . 50states.com . United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Forest Geographic centers Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union&oldid=804915918 '' Categories : Lists of states of the United States United States geography - related lists United States history - related lists United States history timelines Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français Ilokano Italiano ქართული Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 22 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the youngest state in the usa | [
"\n\nState\nDate\n(admitted or ratified)\nFormed from\n\n\n1\n Delaware\n000000001787-12-07-0000December 7, 1787[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Delaware[b]\n\n\n2\n Pennsylvania\n000000001787-12-12-0000December 12, 1787[10]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Pennsylvania\n\n\n3\n New Jersey\n000000001787-12-18-0000December 18, 1787[11]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of New Jersey\n\n\n4\n Georgia\n000000001788-01-02-0000January 2, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Georgia\n\n\n5\n Connecticut\n000000001788-01-09-0000January 9, 1788[12]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Connecticut\n\n\n6\n Massachusetts\n000000001788-02-06-0000February 6, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Massachusetts Bay\n\n\n7\n Maryland\n000000001788-04-28-0000April 28, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Maryland\n\n\n8\n South Carolina\n000000001788-05-23-0000May 23, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of South Carolina\n\n\n9\n New Hampshire\n000000001788-06-21-0000June 21, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of New Hampshire\n\n\n10\n Virginia\n000000001788-06-25-0000June 25, 1788[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Virginia\n\n\n11\n New York\n000000001788-07-26-0000July 26, 1788[13]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of New York\n\n\n12\n North Carolina\n000000001789-11-21-0000November 21, 1789[14]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of North Carolina\n\n\n13\n Rhode Island\n000000001790-05-29-0000May 29, 1790[8]\n(ratified)\nCrown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations\n\n\n14\n Vermont\n000000001791-03-04-0000March 4, 1791[15]\n(admitted)\nVermont !Vermont Republic[c]\n\n\n15\n Kentucky\n000000001792-06-01-0000June 1, 1792[16]\n(admitted)\nVirginia (District of Kentucky: Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln counties[d])\n\n\n16\n Tennessee\n000000001796-06-01-0000June 1, 1796[18]\n(admitted)\nSouthwest Territory\n\n\n17\n Ohio\n000000001803-03-01-0000March 1, 1803[19][e]\n(admitted)\nNorthwest Territory (part)\n\n\n18\n Louisiana\n000000001812-04-30-0000April 30, 1812[21]\n(admitted)\nOrleans !Territory of Orleans\n\n\n19\n Indiana\n000000001816-12-11-0000December 11, 1816\n(admitted)\nIndiana Territory\n\n\n20\n Mississippi\n000000001817-12-10-0000December 10, 1817[22]\n(admitted)\nMississippi Territory\n\n\n21\n Illinois\n000000001818-12-03-0000December 3, 1818[23]\n(admitted)\nIllinois Territory (part)\n\n\n22\n Alabama\n000000001819-12-14-0000December 14, 1819[24]\n(admitted)\nAlabama Territory\n\n\n23\n Maine\n000000001820-03-15-0000March 15, 1820[25]\n(admitted)\nMassachusetts (District of Maine[f])\n\n\n24\n Missouri\n000000001821-08-10-0000August 10, 1821[26]\n(admitted)\nMissouri Territory (part)\n\n\n25\n Arkansas\n000000001836-06-15-0000June 15, 1836[27]\n(admitted)\nArkansas Territory\n\n\n26\n Michigan\n000000001837-01-26-0000January 26, 1837[28]\n(admitted)\nMichigan Territory\n\n\n27\n Florida\n000000001845-03-03-0000March 3, 1845\n(admitted)\nFlorida Territory\n\n\n28\n Texas\n000000001845-12-29-0000December 29, 1845\n(admitted)\nTexas !Republic of Texas\n\n\n29\n Iowa\n000000001846-12-28-0000December 28, 1846\n(admitted)\nIowa Territory (part)\n\n\n30\n Wisconsin\n000000001848-05-29-0000May 29, 1848[29]\n(admitted)\nWisconsin Territory (part)\n\n\n31\n California\n000000001850-09-09-0000September 9, 1850[30]\n(admitted)\nUnorganized !unorganized territory (part)\n\n\n32\n Minnesota\n000000001858-05-11-0000May 11, 1858[31]\n(admitted)\nMinnesota Territory (part)\n\n\n33\n Oregon\n000000001859-02-14-0000February 14, 1859\n(admitted)\nOregon Territory (part)\n\n\n34\n Kansas\n000000001861-01-29-0000January 29, 1861[32]\n(admitted)\nKansas Territory (part)\n\n\n35\n West Virginia\n000000001863-06-20-0000June 20, 1863[33]\n(admitted)\nVirginia (Trans-Allegheny region counties[g])\n\n\n36\n Nevada\n000000001864-10-31-0000October 31, 1864\n(admitted)\nNevada Territory\n\n\n37\n Nebraska\n000000001867-03-01-0000March 1, 1867\n(admitted)\nNebraska Territory\n\n\n38\n Colorado\n000000001876-08-01-0000August 1, 1876[36]\n(admitted)\nColorado Territory\n\n\n39[h]\n North Dakota\n000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]\n(admitted)\nDakota Territory (part)\n\n\n40\n South Dakota\n000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]\n(admitted)\nDakota Territory (part)\n\n\n41\n Montana\n000000001889-11-08-0000November 8, 1889[39]\n(admitted)\nMontana Territory\n\n\n42\n Washington\n000000001889-11-11-0000November 11, 1889[40]\n(admitted)\nWashington Territory\n\n\n43\n Idaho\n000000001890-07-03-0000July 3, 1890\n(admitted)\nIdaho Territory\n\n\n44\n Wyoming\n000000001890-07-10-0000July 10, 1890\n(admitted)\nWyoming Territory\n\n\n45\n Utah\n000000001896-01-04-0000January 4, 1896[41]\n(admitted)\nUtah Territory\n\n\n46\n Oklahoma\n000000001907-11-16-0000November 16, 1907[42]\n(admitted)\nOklahoma Territory and Indian Territory\n\n\n47\n New Mexico\n000000001912-01-06-0000January 6, 1912\n(admitted)\nNew Mexico Territory\n\n\n48\n Arizona\n000000001912-02-14-0000February 14, 1912\n(admitted)\nArizona Territory\n\n\n49\n Alaska\n000000001959-01-03-0000January 3, 1959\n(admitted)\nAlaska !Territory of Alaska\n\n\n50\n Hawaii\n000000001959-08-21-0000August 21, 1959\n(admitted)\nHawaii !Territory of Hawaii\n\n"
] | [
"Hawaii"
] |
9144678370464531515 | Colonial empire | Colonial Empire - wikipedia Colonial Empire Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The colonial empires began with a race of exploration between the then most advanced maritime powers , Portugal and Spain , during the 15th century . The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was trade , driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the European Renaissance . Agreements were also made to divide the world up between them in 1479 , 1493 , and 1494 . European imperialism was born out of competition between European Christians and Ottoman Muslims , the latter of which rose up quickly in the 14th century and forced the Spanish and Portuguese to seek new trade routes to India , and to a lesser extent , China . Contents ( hide ) 1 European colonial empires 1.1 Timeline 2 List of colonial empires 3 Maps 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 External links European colonial empires ( edit ) Portugal began establishing the first global trade network and empire under the leadership of Henry the Navigator . The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories distributed across the globe ( especially at one time in the 16th century ) that are now parts of 60 different sovereign states . Portugal would eventually control Brazil , territories such as what is now Uruguay and some fishing ports in north , in the Americas ; Angola , Mozambique , Portuguese Guinea , and São Tomé and Príncipe ( among other territories and bases ) in the North and the Subsaharan Africa ; cities , forts or territories in all the Asian Subcontinents , as Muscat , Ormus and Bahrain ( amongst other bases ) in the Persian Gulf ; Goa , Bombay and Daman and Diu ( amongst other coastal cities ) in India ; Portuguese Ceylon ; Malacca , bases in Southeast Asia and Oceania , as Makassar , Solor , Banda , Ambon and others in the Moluccas , Portuguese Timor ; and the granted entrepôt - base of Macau and the entrepôt - enclave of Dejima ( Nagasaki ) in East Asia , amongst other smaller or short - lived possessions . The territorial evolution of the modern colonial empires During its Siglo de Oro , the Spanish Empire had possession of the Netherlands , Luxembourg , Belgium , most of Italy , parts of Germany , parts of France , and many colonies in the Americas , Africa , and Asia . With the conquest of inland Mexico , Peru , and the Philippines in the 16th century , Spain established overseas dominions on a scale that had never been approached by its predecessors ( the Mongol Empire had been larger but was restricted to Eurasia ) , and with the Iberian Union ( 1580 ) , reached the widest scale in history until then in world distribution . Possessions in Europe , Africa , the Atlantic Ocean , the Americas , the Pacific Ocean , and East Asia qualified the Spanish Empire as attaining a global presence . From 1580 to 1640 the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire were conjoined in a personal union of its Habsburg monarchs during the period of the Iberian Union , but beneath the highest level of government , their separate administrations were maintained . Subsequent colonial empires included the French , English , Dutch and Japanese empires . By the mid-17th century , the Tsardom of Russia , continued later as the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union , became the largest contiguous state in the world , and the modern Russian Federation continues to be so to this day . Russia today has nine time zones , stretching across about half of the world 's longitude . The British Empire , consolidated during the period of British maritime hegemony in the 19th century , became the largest empire in history by virtue of the improved transportation technologies of the time . At its height , the British Empire covered a quarter of the Earth 's land area and comprised a quarter of its population . During the New Imperialism , Italy and Germany also built their colonial empires in Africa . After the Boxer Rebellion in 1901 , Imperial China made concessions to the Eight - Nation Alliance ( all the Great Powers of the time ) . By the end of the 20th century most of the previous colonial empires had been decolonized . Timeline ( edit ) The chart below shows the span of European colonial empires . Black lines mark the year of the empires largest territorial extent of land area . Red represents the empire is a monarchy . Blue represents the empire is not a monarchy . List of colonial empires ( edit ) Further information : United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories and Dependent territory European , Romance : Spanish Empire ( 1492 -- 1975 ) Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish East Indies ( 1565 -- 1898 ) Spanish Guinea ( 1778 -- 1968 ) Spanish Sahara ( 1884 -- 1975 ) Spanish protectorate in Morocco ( 1912 -- 1956 ) French Empire ( 1534 -- 1980 / present ) Kingdom of France ( 1534 -- 1792 ) First French Empire of Napoleon I ( 1804 -- 1814 or 1815 ) Second French Empire of Napoleon III ( 1852 -- 1870 ) French colonization of the Americas List of colonies and possessions of France Portuguese Empire ( 1415 -- 1999 ) Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonization of the Americas Italian Empire ( 1885 -- 1960 ) Italian North Africa ( 1911 -- 1943 ) Italian East Africa ( 1936 -- 1960 ) Knights Hospitaller ( Malta , a vassal of the Kingdom of Sicily ; 1651 -- 1665 ) Hospitaller colonization of the Americas European , Romance / Germanic : Belgian Empire ( 1885 -- 1962 ) Congo Free State ( 1885 -- 1908 ) Ruanda - Urundi ( 1922 -- 1962 ) European / North American , Germanic : British Empire ( 1707 -- 1997 / present ) Evolution of the British Empire British colonization of the Americas Thirteen Colonies East India Company and British Raj Territories and mandates under Australian administration ( 1901 -- present ) The Australia dominion , itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1901 , 1942 and 1986 , was tasked with the government of multiple other British colonies and territories and the mandates of New Guinea and Nauru Realm of New Zealand ( 1907 -- present ) The New Zealand dominion , itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1907 , 1947 and 1986 , was tasked with the government of multiple other British colonies and territories and the mandate of Samoa . It was also nominal co-trustee of the mandate of Nauru . The remaining non-self - governing New Zealand territory is Tokelau . Mandates under South African administration ( 1915 -- 1990 ) The South - West Africa mandate was governed by the South Africa dominion , that itself a colony that gradually increased its independence in 1910 , 1931 and 1961 . English overseas possessions ( 1497 -- 1707 ) Scottish colonization of the Americas ( 1621 -- 1707 ) German colonial initiatives ( 1683 -- 1721 , 1883 -- 1919 ) Colonies of Brandenburg - Prussia ( 1683 -- 1721 ) German colonial empire ( 1884 -- 1918 ) German colonization of the Americas Dutch Empire ( 1602 -- 1975 / present ) Dutch colonization of the Americas , Dutch West India Company , New Netherland , Dutch Guyana and Dutch Brazil Dutch East India Company , Dutch India and Dutch East Indies Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) American Empire ( 1817 -- present ) United States territorial acquisitions American Colonization Society Danish Empire ( 1620 -- 1953 ) , Danish Realm ( 1953 - present ) Danish colonization of the Americas Danish Gold Coast Danish India Danish colony of the Nicobar Islands Swedish Empire ( 1638 -- 1663 and 1784 -- 1878 ) Swedish colonization of the Americas Swedish Gold Coast Norway List of possessions of Norway ( 1920 -- present ) Norway Antarctic and sub-Antarctic possessions ( 1927 -- 1957 ) European , Germanic / Ugric : Colonies of the Habsburg Monarchy and Austria - Hungary ( 1719 -- 1750 , 1778 -- 1783 , 1901 -- 1917 ) Austrian colonial policy Austrian colonisation of Nicobar Islands Austrian East India Company European , Germanic / Baltic / Slavic : Duchy of Courland and Semigallia ( a vassal of the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , 1637 - 1690 ) Couronian colonization Couronian colonization of the Americas European , Slavic : Tsardom of Russia , Russian Empire , Soviet Union , and Russian Federation ( 1580 -- present ) Russian Colonialism , Soviet Empire Russian conquest of Siberia Russian colonization of the Americas Soviet Central Asia South Caucasus Sagallo ( now Djibouti , 1889 ) Asian : Japanese Empire ( 1868 -- 1945 ) Korea ( 1910 -- 1945 ) Taiwan ( 1895 -- 1945 ) Caroline islands ( 1914 - 1945 ) Kingdom of Siam Kingdom of Vientiane ( 1778 -- 1828 ) Kingdom of Luang Prabang ( 1778 -- 1893 ) Kingdom of Champasak ( 1778 -- 1893 ) Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1771 -- 1867 ) Kedah ( 1821 -- 1826 ) Ottoman Empire ( 1453 -- 1922 ) Ottoman territories in Europe Ottoman wars in Africa ( 1516 - 1911 ) Ottoman colonization of the Levant ( 1516 -- 1918 ) Ottoman Arabia ( 1517 -- 1918 ) Muscat and Oman ( 1652 -- 1892 ) Yaruba dynasty ( 1624 - 1742 ) Sultanate of Muscat ( 1652 - 1820 ) Sultanate of Zanzibar ( taken by Oman in 1698 , became capital of the Omani Sultanate or Empire from 1632 or 1640 ; until 1890 ) African : Kingdom of Morocco ( 1975 -- present ) Southern Provinces Maps ( edit ) European , Romance : Spanish Empire French Empire Portuguese Empire Italian Empire Map of the Hospitaller order 's territories in the Caribbean European , Romance / Germanic : Belgian Empire European / North American , Germanic : British Empire German Empire German colonial efforts Dutch Empire American Empire English overseas possessions in 1700 Scottish colonization of the Americas Danish Empire Swedish Empire Norwegian Empire Norwegian Empire , with Greenland not visible European , Germanic / Ugric : Austro - Hungarian colonies and concessions throughout history European , Germanic / Baltic / Slavic : Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Couronian settlements in Africa Couronian settlements in Americas ( New Courland on Tobago ) European , Slavic : Russian Empire Asian : Japanese Empire Ottoman Empire African : Map of Morocco and Western Sahara with the Southern Provinces in a darker color . See also ( edit ) Colonial troops The empire on which the sun never sets History of Western civilization Great Divergence List of largest empires that existed in India Middle Eastern Empires Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Part of the Holy Roman Empire realm before 1804 . Jump up ^ The dependencies of Norway are uninhabited , thus as end date is taken the latest date of full Norwegian sovereignty extension to such territory , instead of the date of decolonization or integration in the administrative structures of the mainland . Bouvet Island claimed in 1927 , under Norway sovereignty since 1930 . Peter I Island claimed in 1929 , under Norway sovereignty since 1933 . Queen Maud Land claimed in 1938 , under Norway sovereignty since 1957 . Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land fall under the scope of the Antarctic Treaty System since 1961 . External links ( edit ) Visualizing western empires decline Empires Ancient Akkadian Egyptian Assyrian Babylonian Carthaginian Chinese Qin Han Jin Northern Wei Hellenistic Macedonian Seleucid Hittite Indian Nanda Maurya Satavahana Shunga Gupta Harsha Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kushan Mongol Xianbei Xiongnu Roman Western Eastern Teotihuacan Post-classical Arab Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Córdoba Aragonese Angevin Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Byzantine Nicaea Trebizond Carolingian Chinese Sui Tang Song Yuan Ethiopian Zagwe Solomonic Georgian Hunnic Inca Indian Chola Gurjara - Pratihara Pala Eastern Ganga dynasty Delhi Vijayanagara Iranian Tahirid Samanid Buyid Sallarid Ziyarid Kanem Khmer Latin Majapahit Malaccan Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Moroccan Idrisid Almoravid Almohad Marinid North Sea Oyo Roman Serbian Somali Ajuran Ifatite Adalite Mogadishan Warsangali Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Turko - Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Vietnamese Ly Tran Le Wagadou Modern Ashanti Austrian Austro - Hungarian Brazilian Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian French First Second German First / Old Reich Second Reich Third Reich Haitian First Second Indian Maratha Sikh Mughal British Raj Iranian Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Japanese Johor Korean Mexican First Second Moroccan Saadi Alaouite Russian USSR Somali Gobroon Majeerteen Hobyo Dervish Swedish Tongan Turkish Ottoman Karaman Ramazan Vietnamese Tay Son Nguyen Vietnam Colonial American Belgian British English Danish Dutch French German Italian Japanese Omani Norwegian Portuguese Spanish Swedish Lists Empires largest ancient great powers medieval great powers modern great powers Colonial empires American Austro - Hungarian Belgian British Couronian Danish Dutch English French German Italian Japanese Sovereign Military Order of Malta Ottoman Portuguese Russian Soviet Spanish Swedish Colonies in antiquity Colonization and decolonization Earth Exploration Europe Americas Africa Asia Oceania Antarctica -- World oceans Colonization Americas Africa Asia Southeast Asia Oceania Antarctica World oceans Subterranea Decolonization Americas Africa Asia Oceania General topics Exploration Maritime history ( European ) Age of Discovery Solar System discovery Colonization Antiquity -- Imperialism Chartered companies Interventionism Colonialism chronology history empires wars Current : Non-Self - Governing Dependent Space Station -- Space Militarization Commercial use of space Empires in Modernity Overseas , major : British Dutch French German Italian Portuguese Spanish Overseas , minor : American Australian Austro - Hungarian Belgian Danish New Zealand Norwegian Polish - Lithuanian Swedish Mostly contiguous : American Chinese Japanese Ottoman Russian South African Decolonization Wars of national liberation -- Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe in South America Sovereign states formation dates Postcolonialism Independence Internal colonialism Nation - building Postcolonialism ( international relations ) Terra nullius Indigenous peoples Uncontacted peoples Outer space Exploration Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Ceres Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Colonization Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_empire&oldid=815623804 '' Categories : History of colonialism Empires Overseas empires Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano मराठी Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Українська Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 00 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why did european countries want empires in the 19th century | [
"The colonial empires began with a race of exploration between the then most advanced maritime powers, Portugal and Spain, during the 15th century. The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was trade, driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the European Renaissance. Agreements were also made to divide the world up between them in 1479, 1493, and 1494. European imperialism was born out of competition between European Christians and Ottoman Muslims, the latter of which rose up quickly in the 14th century and forced the Spanish and Portuguese to seek new trade routes to India, and to a lesser extent, China."
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"trade, driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the European Renaissance"
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-1035319936755846711 | Thompson Twins | Thompson Twins - wikipedia Thompson Twins For the Tintin characters , see Thomson and Thompson . Thompson Twins Alannah Currie and Joe Leeway , 1984 Background information Origin Sheffield , South Yorkshire , England Genres Pop new wave synth - pop post-punk ( early ) Years active 1977 -- 1993 Labels Tee Arista Warner Bros . Associated acts Babble International Observer Past members See below Thompson Twins were a British pop band that formed in April 1977 . Initially a new wave group , they switched to a more mainstream pop sound and achieved considerable popularity from 1983 , scoring a string of hits in the United Kingdom , the United States , and around the globe . In 1993 , they changed their name to Babble , to reflect their change in music from new wave to dub - influenced chill - out . The band was named after the two bumbling detectives Thomson and Thompson in Hergé 's comic strip The Adventures of Tintin . At various stages , the band had up to seven members , but their most known incarnation was as a trio between 1982 and 1986 . They became a prominent act in the Second British Invasion , and in 1985 , the band performed at Live Aid , where they were joined onstage by Madonna . Contents 1 Career 1.1 Early days 1.2 Line - up changes 1.3 Trio 1.4 International success 1.5 Duo 2 After the Twins 3 Tom Bailey solo shows 4 Personnel 4.1 Members 4.2 Line - ups 4.3 Timeline 5 Discography 5.1 Studio albums 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 References Career ( edit ) Early Days ( edit ) In 1977 , the original Thompson Twins line - up consisted of Tom Bailey ( born 18 January 1956 , Halifax , Yorkshire ) on bass and vocals , Pete Dodd on guitar and vocals , John Roog on guitar , and Jon Podgorski ( known as `` Pod '' ) on drums . Dodd and Roog first met when they were both 13 years old . Arriving in London with very little money , they lived as squatters in Lillieshall Road , London . Future Thompson Twins member Alannah Currie ( born 20 September 1957 , Auckland , New Zealand ) lived in another squat in the same street -- which is how she met Bailey . It was in this ramshackle and run - down house that they found an illegal way of `` borrowing '' electricity from the house next door . Bailey described themselves ( laughingly ) as spongers back then , as they were living on very little and scavenging everything they could lay their hands on . He even said that the only instruments they had were bought , or had been stolen or borrowed . Dodd managed to get a council flat ( public housing ) not far away . Their roadie at that time was John Hade , who lived in the same house , and who later became their manager . As Podgorski had decided to stay in the north , the group auditioned for drummers at the Point Studio in Victoria , London . Andrew Edge joined them on drums for less than one year , and went on to join Savage Progress , who later toured with the Thompson Twins as their support act on the 1984 UK tour . In 1980 , the band ( now consisting of Bailey , Dodd , Roog and drummer Chris Bell , who had replaced Edge the previous year ) released their first single , `` Squares and Triangles '' , on their own Dirty Discs label . A follow - up single , `` She 's In Love With Mystery '' , was issued later that year . Line - up changes ( edit ) In 1981 , the line - up became Bailey , Dodd , Roog , Bell and two new members : former band roadie Joe Leeway on congas and percussion , and Jane Shorter on saxophone . This line - up recorded the first Thompson Twins album A Product of ... ( Participation ) , documented in the film , Listen to London ( 1981 ) . Currie , who had been associated with the band for a few years , played and sang on the first album , but was not yet a full member . After the first album , the band 's line - up shifted yet again . Saxophonist Jane Shorter left and was replaced by Currie ( who also played percussion ) , and bassist Matthew Seligman , a former member of The Soft Boys and The Fallout Club , joined ; leaving Bailey to switch to keyboards ; and with Leeway starting to handle vocals on some tracks . The band signed to Arista Records and released the album Set . Thomas Dolby played some keyboards on Set and some live gigs , as Bailey had little experience with synthesizers before then . Set contained the single `` In the Name of Love '' , sung and largely written by Bailey . It became a No. 1 dance club hit in the US , and an album entitled In the Name of Love ( consisting mainly of tracks from Set , with two others from A Product Of ... ( Participation ) ) was released in the US to capitalize on the song 's popularity . It entered the US Billboard 200 . Trio ( edit ) After the success of `` In the Name of Love '' , Bailey , Currie and Leeway , wanting to pursue the single 's different sound , toyed with the idea of starting a new band on the side , which they planned to call ' The Bermuda Triangle ' . When `` In The Name Of Love '' ( and the parent album Set ) failed to make a substantial impact in the UK record charts , this plan was abandoned . However , at the same time , manager Hade convinced Bailey , Leeway and Currie to downsize the Thompson Twins to a core of the three in April 1982 . Accordingly , the other four members of the band were notified that the band was breaking up ; they were each paid £ 500 and were allowed to keep their instruments and equipment in exchange for an undertaking not to perform together under the name `` Thompson Twins '' . The remaining Thompson Twins , who had not in fact `` broken up '' , decided to go abroad to free themselves of any UK influence , as well as to combine the songwriting for their first album as a trio with a long holiday . They first went to Egypt and then to the Bahamas where they recorded at Compass Point Studios in Nassau with the producer Alex Sadkin . Bailey commented on the band 's reduction to a trio in a 1983 interview : `` When we reformed the band , we were making a statement . We were n't going to be a rock ' n ' roll band , we were n't going to have a guitar . We were going to move on . You know , Lou Reed said whenever he played live he ended up going back to heroin music . There are old associations , associations we do n't want because they do n't reflect the way we feel today ... Right now , technology is what 's important , and that 's what our music tries to reflect . '' International success ( edit ) The band broke into the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at the beginning of 1983 with `` Lies '' and `` Love On Your Side '' , which became the band 's first UK Top 10 single . They then released their third album , Quick Step and Side Kick ( called simply Side Kicks in the US ) , which peaked at number 2 in the UK and was later certified platinum . Further singles followed with `` We Are Detective '' ( another Top 10 UK hit ) and `` Watching '' ( UK No. 33 ) . All three band members worked collectively on songwriting with Currie providing lyrics and Bailey melodies . In addition Leeway was responsible for stagecraft , Currie for videos and imagery and Bailey for musicianship and production . During 1983 , the band had the opening spot on The Police concert tour in the US . `` Hold Me Now '' , was released in late 1983 . The song was an international chart success , peaking at No. 4 in their native UK where it became the band 's biggest seller earning a gold disc , and reached No. 3 in the US in the spring of 1984 becoming their biggest American hit . The band 's new album , Into the Gap , was released in early 1984 and became one of the year 's biggest sellers , selling five million copies worldwide . It topped the UK Albums Chart and was later certified double platinum there . Further hit singles from the album followed with `` Doctor ! Doctor ! '' ( UK No. 3 ) and `` You Take Me Up '' ( UK No. 2 , their highest UK singles chart placing and which earned a silver disc ) . Other singles included a new version of the album track `` Sister of Mercy '' ( UK No. 11 ) , and `` The Gap '' ( though this was not released in the UK ) . The band embarked on a world tour in support of the album , which had also made the US top ten . A brand new single , `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' , was released in the UK in late 1984 and reached No. 13 in the UK charts . Following this , the band parted company with their producer Alex Sadkin and opted to produce their new album , Here 's To Future Days , by themselves in Paris . However , in March 1985 , while promoting their new single `` Roll Over '' and the forthcoming album , Bailey collapsed in his London hotel room from nervous exhaustion . The `` Roll Over '' single was then cancelled at the last minute and the new album postponed . Though the band had chosen to produce themselves , the postponement caused them to rethink the project and producer Nile Rodgers was subsequently called in to rework the album with them . The album was eventually released in September 1985 , reaching the UK Top 5 and US Top 20 , though failed to come close to the success of Into The Gap . It was preceded by the single `` Do n't Mess With Doctor Dream '' ( UK No. 15 ) and followed by the single `` King For A Day '' , which peaked at No. 22 in the UK , but reached No. 8 on the US chart . Other singles included a new US version of `` Lay Your Hands On Me '' ( US No. 6 ) , and a cover of The Beatles ' 1968 hit `` Revolution '' , which failed to make the UK Top 40 . Prior to the album 's release , the Thompson Twins performed on the American leg of Live Aid in July 1985 and were joined onstage by Madonna . The planned summer 1985 tour of the UK ( and a headlining appearance at the Glastonbury Festival ) had to be cancelled due to Bailey 's health problems ( fans with tickets received a free live album as compensation ) , though international dates were rescheduled and the latter half of 1985 saw sell out tours for the band in the US and Japan . A second planned tour of the UK in 1985 was also scrapped due to the promoter declaring bankruptcy . Duo ( edit ) Leeway left the band in 1986 , and the remaining duo of Bailey and Currie carried on making music for another seven years . The act 's first release as a duo was the North America - only single `` Nothing In Common '' , issued in July 1986 . It peaked at No. 54 in the US , and No. 68 in Canada . 1987 saw the release of Close to the Bone and the single `` Get That Love '' , which climbed to No. 31 in the US but failed in the UK . `` In the Name of Love '' was given a new lease on life in 1988 , after a remix by Shep Pettibone made the Top 50 in the UK . 1989 saw the release of another album , Big Trash , and a new recording contract with Warner Bros. Records . The single `` Sugar Daddy '' peaked at No. 28 in the US and would be their last brush with mainstream chart success . 1991 's Queer would be the band 's swansong , and was supported by various techno inspired singles under the moniker of Feedback Max ( in the UK ) to disguise the identity of the band to club DJs . The single `` Come Inside '' reached No. 7 in the US Dance Chart and No. 1 in the UK Dance Chart . Prior to this , Bailey and Currie ( who were now a couple ) had their first child together in 1988 , and in the following years they spent a lot of time writing material for other artists including the hit single `` I Want That Man '' for Debbie Harry in 1989 . In 1990 , Bailey and Currie contributed the song `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ? '' to the Cole Porter tribute album Red Hot + Blue produced by the Red Hot Organization . In 1991 , Bailey and Currie were married in Las Vegas and the following year moved to New Zealand with their two children . In 1992 , the Thompson Twins contributed the song `` Play With Me '' to the soundtrack of the Ralph Bakshi film Cool World ; Bailey alone contributed a second track , `` Industry and Seduction '' . The following year , the duo teamed up with engineer Keith Fernley and changed their band name to Babble . They released two albums , in 1993 and 1996 . The Thompson Twins declined to follow the examples of many of their contemporaries and reform to tie - in with a nostalgic rebirth of the 1980s , although Bailey , Currie and Leeway appeared together on the UK Channel 4 show Top Ten Electro Bands in 2001 . The Thompson Twins were placed ninth . After the Twins ( edit ) Babble released two albums -- The Stone ( 1993 ) and Ether ( 1996 ) -- with songs featured in the films Coneheads and With Honors . In the mid-1990s , Currie gave up the music business to set up her own glass - casting studio in Auckland and concentrated on raising her two children . In 2001 , Currie founded and ran the anti-GM group called MAdGE ( Mothers Against Genetic Engineering in food and the environment ) , and networked thousands of women across NZ in a resistance movement , aimed at keeping the biotech industry from using New Zealand as an experimental playground . Currie described this group as a `` rapidly growing network of politically non-aligned women who are actively resisting the use of genetically - engineered material in our food and on our land '' . During that time she designed a billboard to spark a debate on the ethics of genetically cows with human genes to produce a new milk The billboard featuring a young woman with four breasts hooked up to a milking machine caused huge controversy but won several international art awards . Bailey and Currie divorced in 2003 and both left New Zealand to live separately in the UK . Currie later married Jimmy Cauty ( formerly of The KLF ) and now lives and works in London . She is a visual artist who works under the pseudonym `` Miss Pokeno '' , as well as the Armchair Destructivists and The Sisters of Perpetual Resistance . As well as several solo shows in London her work has also been exhibited at both the Guildhall Art Gallery and the Geffrye Museum . In 1999 , Bailey produced and played keyboards on the album Mix by the New Zealand band Stellar * , and won the Producer of the Year Award at the 2000 New Zealand Music Awards . He has also arranged soundtracks and has provided instrumental music for several films . He continues to make music under the moniker International Observer and has released the albums Seen ( 2001 ) , All Played Out ( 2005 ) , and Felt ( 2009 ) . He also performs with the Holiwater group from India . He began performing live again as Thompson Twins ' Tom Bailey in 2014 and has since toured the UK , North America and Japan . In 2016 he released his debut solo single , ' Come So Far ' . Tom remarried artist Lauren Drescher , and he currently resides in France and London . After leaving the Thompson Twins in 1986 , Leeway briefly dabbled in acting and attempted a solo music career , though neither were successful . As of 2006 , he resides in Los Angeles , California , and works in the field of hypnotherapy . He is on the staff at the Hypnosis Motivation Institute ( HMI ) in Tarzana , California , and is also a certified trainer in neuro - linguistic programming . The earlier members went on to do other things : Dodd and Roog formed a band called Big View ( with Edge on drums ) and recorded a single called , `` August Grass '' , which was released on Point Records ( owned by Merton , the Thompson Twins publisher ) in 1982 . Dodd is now living back in Chesterfield working as a freelance journalist -- and has released his own History of Rock album billed as Peter & the Wolves . Dodd still sees Podgorski on a regular basis . Dodd and John Roog play in a band called `` The Flow '' Roog lives in Chesterfield , and was previously in a senior position in Tower Hamlets Adult Services , and the London Borough of Lambeth , until his retirement in 2011 . He now plays in a band with Pete Dodd called The Flow . Seligman worked for a law firm in London and has played in The Soft Boys reunions as well as releasing his own albums . He has moved to Sendai , Japan with his Japanese wife and their daughter and , in 2009 , contributed to the new Thomas Dolby album . In 2012 , he collaborated with Jan Linton on the CD `` Sendai '' , a fundraiser for reconstruction after the March 11 Tōhoku earthquake . Bell moved from London to Bath , and played in or for Spear of Destiny , Gene Loves Jezebel and Hugh Cornwell . He also works as a landscape gardener . Booth is reportedly living in Shanghai and is the general manager of a music publishing company . Podgorski still lives in Chesterfield . Edge has a singing career with Drumsing , as well as being an English Conversation teacher in Linz , Austria . Tom Bailey solo shows ( edit ) Bailey performed Thompson Twins songs live for the first time in 27 years on 17 August 2014 at Temple Island Meadows , Henley - On - Thames , Oxfordshire for the Rewind South Festival . In 2014 , Bailey also took part in the Retro Futura Tour in the USA , along with Howard Jones , Midge Ure , China Crisis and Katrina Leskanich ( formerly of Katrina and the Waves ) . He continues to tour internationally , under the moniker `` Thompson Twins ' Tom Bailey , '' performing in the UK and also in North America in 2016 . In 2016 , Thompson Twins ' Tom Bailey received the Classic Pop magazine 's ' Best Live Show ' award . In 2018 , Bailey is touring the US with The B - 52 's and Culture Club , dubbed The Life Tour . Personnel ( edit ) Members ( edit ) Classic line - up Tom Bailey -- bass , guitar , keyboards , vocals ( 1977 -- 1993 ) Joe Leeway -- congas , percussion , keyboards , vocals ( 1981 -- 1986 ) Alannah Currie -- drums , percussion , vocals ( 1981 -- 1993 ) Other members Pete Dodd -- guitar , vocals ( 1977 -- 1982 ) John Roog -- guitar ( 1977 -- 1982 ) Jon Podgorski -- drums ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Andrew Edge -- drums ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Chris Bell -- drums ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Jane Shorter -- saxophone ( 1981 ) Matthew Seligman -- bass ( 1981 -- 1982 ) Line - ups ( edit ) 1977 -- 1978 1978 -- 1979 1979 -- 1981 1981 Tom Bailey -- bass , keyboards , vocals Pete Dodd -- guitar , vocals John Podgorski -- drums John Roog -- guitar Tom Bailey -- bass , keyboards , vocals Pete Dodd -- guitar , vocals John Roog -- guitar Andrew Edge -- drums Tom Bailey -- bass , keyboards , vocals Pete Dodd -- guitar , vocals John Roog -- guitar Chris Bell -- drums Tom Bailey -- bass , keyboards , vocals Pete Dodd -- guitar , vocals John Roog -- guitar Chris Bell -- drums Joe Leeway -- congas , percussion Jane Shorter -- saxophone 1981 -- 1982 1982 -- 1986 1986 -- 1993 Tom Bailey -- keyboards , vocals Pete Dodd -- guitar , vocals John Roog -- guitar Chris Bell -- drums Joe Leeway -- congas , percussion Alannah Currie -- percussion , saxophone Matthew Seligman -- bass Tom Bailey -- bass , guitar , keyboards , vocals Joe Leeway -- congas , percussion , keyboards , vocals Alannah Currie -- drums , percussion , vocals Tom Bailey -- bass , guitar , keyboards , vocals Alannah Currie -- drums , percussion , vocals Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Thompson Twins discography Studio albums ( edit ) A Product of ... ( Participation ) ( 1981 ) Set ( 1982 ) Quick Step and Side Kick ( 1983 ) Into the Gap ( 1984 ) Here 's to Future Days ( 1985 ) Close to the Bone ( 1987 ) Big Trash ( 1989 ) Queer ( 1991 ) The Stone ( 1993 ) ( as Babble ) Ether ( 1996 ) ( as Babble ) Bibliography ( edit ) The Thompson Twins -- An Odd Couple ( The Official Biography ) by Rose Rouse . Virgin Books , 1985 . Thompson Twin -- An ' 80 's Memoir by Michael White . Publisher : Little , Brown ( 4 May 2000 ) . See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance hits ( United States ) List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart List of Second British Invasion artists References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stephen Thomas Erlewine. `` Thompson Twins Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Zaleski , Anne ( 26 February 2015 ) . `` Where to start with ' 80s U.K. synth - pop '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 1998 ) . Guinness Rockopedia ( 1st ed . ) . London : Guinness Publishing Ltd. p. 448 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 072 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 557 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 18 January 2009 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Diary of Notable Musical Events '' . info net calendar . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Lost '' Listen To London Documentary ! -- 1981 Film about Post Punk Indy Rebellion in UK `` . Listentolondon.net . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thompson Twins Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lost Idols '' . Lost Idols . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Mehler , Mark ( June 1983 ) . `` Either Get Into Context or Butt Out of Life Altogether '' . Record . 2 ( 8 ) : 6 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Gary ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` British Chart Singles : Love On Your Side -- Thompson Twins '' . Britishchartsingles.blogspot.co.uk . Archived from the original on 18 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We Are Detective -- Thompson Twins '' . British Chart Singles . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hear Me Now by Gilbert Wong '' . Theage.com.au . Melbourne . 11 January 2004 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hold Me Now -- Thompson Twins '' . British Chart Singles . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Doctor Doctor -- Thompson Twins '' . British Chart Singles . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ BPI database Archived 15 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tobler , John ( 1992 ) . NME Rock ' N ' Roll Years ( 1st ed . ) . London : Reed International Books Ltd. p. 408 . CN 5585 . Jump up ^ Alannah Currie : Anti-GM Queen Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Investigate Magazine , January 2003 . Jump up ^ DNA : Art & Science / Double Helix , USF Contemporary Art Museum , 2004 . Jump up ^ NZ ' Milked Woman ' Billboard Campaign , Cabi.org , October 2003 . Jump up ^ `` To Die For -- She was the crazy - haired singer in 80s synth - pop band the Thompson Twins . Now Alannah Currie is back , in a new incarnation as artist - upholsterer '' . Guardian.co.uk . London . 26 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ The Armchair Destructivists Action 1 , YouTube , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fire The Potato Cannon ! The Sisters of Perpetual Resistance Take Their Art To The Streets , The Guardian , October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sonia Solicari Talks Us Through Victoriana : The Art of Revival , Time Out London , September 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 10 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rick Anderson ( 8 September 2009 ) . `` Felt -- International Observer Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Holiwater '' . Holiwater.com . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BigViewAugustGrass '' . Discogs . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Flow '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Musicians and singers support Record Store Day by performing at Real Time Live , Chesterfield '' . Matlockmercury.co.uk . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` October Spooktacular Eventide H910 and H949 Harmonizer TDM Plug - in Combo Only 99 '' . Bassplayer.com . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave Thompson . `` Spear of Destiny Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rewind Festival '' . Rewind Festival . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Steve Spears ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Regeneration Tour 2014 to feature Thompson Twins ' Tom Bailey , Howard Jones , Midge Ure and China Crisis Tampa Bay Times '' . Tampabay.com . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thompson Twins ' Tom Bailey Full Concert Listings on '' . Songkick.com . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New issue of Classic Pop on sale now ! - Classic Pop Magazine '' . Classicpopmag.com. 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Life Tour : Boy George & Culture Club and The B - 52s with special guest Thompson Twins ' Tom Bailey '' . Visitrenotahoe.com . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ William Ruhlmann . `` Babble Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Thompson Twins Tom Bailey Joe Leeway Alannah Currie Pete Dodd John Roog Jon Podgorski Andrew Edge Chris Bell Jane Shorter Matthew Seligman Studio albums A Product Of ... ( Participation ) ( 1981 ) Set ( 1982 ) In the Name of Love ( 1982 ) Quick Step and Side Kick ( 1983 ) Into the Gap ( 1984 ) Here 's to Future Days ( 1985 ) Close to the Bone ( 1987 ) Big Trash ( 1989 ) Queer ( 1991 ) Compilations The Best of Thompson Twins : Greatest Mixes ( 1988 ) Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Love on Your Side -- The Best of Thompson Twins ( 2007 ) Singles `` Squares and Triangles '' `` She 's in Love with Mystery '' `` Perfect Game '' `` Animal Laugh '' `` Make Believe '' `` In the Name of Love '' `` Runaway '' `` Lies '' `` Love On Your Side '' `` We Are Detective '' `` Watching '' `` Hold Me Now '' `` Doctor ! Doctor ! '' `` You Take Me Up '' `` Sister of Mercy '' `` The Gap '' `` Lay Your Hands on Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Roll Over '' `` Do n't Mess with Doctor Dream '' `` King for a Day '' `` Revolution '' `` Nothing in Common '' `` Get That Love '' `` Long Goodbye '' `` In the Name of Love ' 88 '' `` Sugar Daddy '' `` Bombers in the Sky '' `` Come Inside '' `` The Saint '' `` Play With Me ( Jane ) '' Related articles Discography Babble The Thompson Twins Adventure Science Fiction BNF : cb13907023g ( data ) GND : 10277574 - 6 ISNI : 0000 0001 0719 7641 LCCN : n85160513 MusicBrainz : 228af6b5 - f691 - 4ed2 - a63b - 10cc6fcc1144 VIAF : 123504099 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thompson_Twins&oldid=857052084 '' Categories : Arista Records artists English new wave musical groups English pop music groups Musical groups from Sheffield Musical groups disestablished in 1993 Musical groups established in 1977 Squatters Synthpop new wave musical groups Warner Bros. Records artists Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use British English from August 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 07 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the thompson twins get their name from | [
"The band was named after the two bumbling detectives Thomson and Thompson in Hergé's comic strip The Adventures of Tintin.[4] At various stages, the band had up to seven members, but their most known incarnation was as a trio between 1982 and 1986. They became a prominent act in the Second British Invasion, and in 1985, the band performed at Live Aid, where they were joined onstage by Madonna.[4]\n"
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"the two bumbling detectives Thomson and Thompson in Hergé's comic strip The Adventures of Tintin"
] |
5627744366042179542 | Don't Stand So Close to Me | Do n't Stand So Close to Me - wikipedia Do n't Stand So Close to Me Jump to : navigation , search For the Grey 's Anatomy episode , see Do n't Stand So Close to Me ( Grey 's Anatomy ) . `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' 1980 single cover Single by The Police from the album Zenyatta Mondatta B - side `` Friends '' ( UK ) `` A Sermon '' ( US ) Released 19 September 1980 Format 7 - inch 45 rpm record Recorded 1980 Genre New wave pop rock Length 4 : 02 Label A&M ( AMS 7564 ) Songwriter ( s ) Sting Producer ( s ) Nigel Gray Stewart Copeland Sting Andy Summers The Police singles chronology `` The Bed 's Too Big Without You '' ( 1980 ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' ( 1980 ) `` De Do Do Do , De Da Da Da '' ( 1980 ) `` The Bed 's Too Big Without You '' ( 1980 ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' ( 1980 ) `` De Do Do Do , De Da Da Da '' ( 1980 ) Alternative cover American single picture sleeve `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' is a hit single by the British rock band The Police , released in September 1980 as the lead single from their third album Zenyatta Mondatta . It concerns a schoolgirl 's crush on her teacher which leads to an affair , which in turn is discovered . The band 's third number one on the UK Singles Chart , it was also the best selling single of 1980 in the UK . The song also charted in the top ten in Australia , Canada and the US . The Police won the 1982 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for this song . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Personnel 3.1 Track listing 3.2 Charts 4 `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Charts 5 Glee cover 6 In other media 7 References Background ( edit ) The music and lyrics of the song were written by the lead singer of The Police , Sting . The song deals with the mixed feelings of lust , fear and guilt that a female student has for a school teacher and vice versa , and inappropriateness leading to confrontation which is unravelled later on in the song . The line `` Just like the old man in that book by Nabokov '' alludes to Vladimir Nabokov 's novel Lolita , which covers somewhat similar issues . After being criticised for rhyming `` cough '' with `` Nabokov , '' Sting replied , `` I 've used that terrible , terrible rhyme technique a few times . Technically , it 's called a feminine rhyme -- where it 's so appalling it 's almost humorous . You do n't normally get those type of rhymes in pop music and I 'm glad ! '' Before joining The Police , Sting had previously worked as an English teacher . Sting said of the song in 1981 : I wanted to write a song about sexuality in the classroom . I 'd done teaching practice at secondary schools and been through the business of having 15 - year - old girls fancying me -- and me really fancying them ! How I kept my hands off them I do n't know ... Then there was my love for Lolita which I think is a brilliant novel . But I was looking for the key for eighteen months and suddenly there it was . That opened the gates and out it came : the teacher , the open page , the virgin , the rape in the car , getting the sack , Nabokov , all that . -- Sting , L'Historia Bandido , 1981 In 1993 , however , he said of the song 's inspiration , `` You have to remember we were blond bombshells at the time and most of our fans were young girls so I started role playing a bit . Let 's exploit that . '' in a 2001 interview for the concert DVD ... All This Time , Sting denied that the song is autobiographical . `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' appeared on The Police 's album Zenyatta Mondatta ( A&M ) , and became a hit No. 1 UK single , along with a corresponding music video . In the US , it reached the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , peaking at No. 10 . In the UK , the track was confirmed by the end of 1980 to have been the biggest selling single of that year . The B - side , `` Friends '' , was written by Andy Summers and is inspired by Stranger in a Strange Land , a science fiction novel by Robert A. Heinlein . Summers described the track as `` Very quirky . A touch of Long John Silver on Acid . '' Sting was asked to perform on Mark Knopfler 's `` Money for Nothing '' as he was in Montserrat at the time , and reused a melody from `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' in the counterpoint lyric `` I want my MTV . '' It was only after this story was related to reporters during promotions for the Brothers in Arms album that lawyers for Sting became involved , and later copies of the album co-credit the song to Sting . The initial pressings list only Knopfler . It is one of only two shared songwriting credits on any Dire Straits album . Composition ( edit ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' features Sting on lead vocals . Like many Police songs , the verses are more subdued , while the chorus is bolder and louder . The song also bears a reggae style , yet another common trait in Police songs . Thematically , the `` wet bus stop '' idea invites comparison with the 1966 hit song `` Bus Stop '' by another English group , The Hollies . The track uses a guitar synthesizer in the middle of the song , which was used by guitarist Andy Summers . Summers said , `` After Sting had put the vocals on ' Do n't Stand So Close To Me ' we looked for something to lift the middle of the song . I came up with a guitar synthesiser . It was the first time we 'd used it . I felt it worked really well . '' The verses and choruses do not feature this effect . Personnel ( edit ) Sting -- lead and backing vocals , bass guitar Andy Summers -- guitars , guitar synthesizer Stewart Copeland -- drums Track listing ( edit ) 7 - inch -- A&M / AMS 7564 ( UK ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- 4 : 03 `` Friends '' -- 3 : 37 7 - inch -- A&M / AMS 2301 ( US ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- 4 : 03 `` A Sermon '' -- 2 : 34 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 -- 81 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart Dutch Top 40 French Singles Chart 7 German Singles Chart 23 Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart NZ Singles Chart Spanish Singles Chart 5 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 10 Canadian Singles Chart `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' ( edit ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' Single by The Police from the album Every Breath You Take : The Singles B - side `` Do n't Stand So Close To Me '' ( Live ) Released October 1986 ( 1986 - 10 ) Format 7 - inch single CD single Recorded 1986 Genre Rock new wave Length 4 : 51 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Sting Producer ( s ) Stewart Copeland Sting Andy Summers Laurie Latham The Police singles chronology `` King of Pain '' ( 1984 ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' ( 1986 ) `` Ca n't Stand Losing You '' ( 1995 ) `` King of Pain '' ( 1984 ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' ( 1986 ) `` Ca n't Stand Losing You '' ( 1995 ) The song was re-recorded in 1986 with a new , brooding arrangement , a different chorus and a more opulent production . The new version appeared as `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' on the album Every Breath You Take : The Singles , and was released as a single , reaching number 24 in the British charts . It also reached number 11 in Ireland , number 14 in New Zealand , number 19 on the Netherlands MegaCharts Singles Chart ( number 20 on Dutch Top 40 ) , number 27 in Canada and number 46 on Billboard Hot 100 ( number 10 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks ) . Because of the decrease in tempo , a slight lyric change is found in the line `` Just like the old man in that book by Nabokov '' ( the word ' famous ' was added ) . A new music video was produced for the reworked song by Godley and Creme , notable for its early use of animated computer graphics . Because drummer Stewart Copeland had broken his collarbone and was unable to drum , he opted to use his Fairlight CMI to program the drum track for the single . While singer / bassist Sting pushed to use the drums on his Synclavier instead , the group 's engineer found the Synclavier 's programming interface difficult -- and it ended up taking him two days to complete the task . Copeland ultimately finished the drum programming and claimed that the Fairlight 's then - legendary `` Page R '' ( the device 's sequencing page ) saved his life and put him on the map as a composer . In a Qantas inflight radio program named `` Reeling in the Years '' , Copeland was quoted as saying that the argument over Synclavier versus Fairlight drums was `` the straw that broke the camel 's back , '' and that this led to the group 's unravelling . As the Police had already disbanded by the time the 1986 single was released , this , aside from the then - unreleased `` De Do Do Do , De Da Da Da ' 86 , '' was the last recording before the band 's reunion and the most recent studio recording the band has released . Track listing ( edit ) 7 - inch -- A&M / AM 354 ( UK ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' -- 4 : 47 `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' ( live ) -- 3 : 40 12 - inch -- A&M / AMY 354 ( UK ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' ( dance mix ) -- 6 : 32 `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' -- 4 : 47 `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' ( original version ) -- 4 : 03 `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' ( live ) -- 3 : 40 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Spain ( Los 40 Principales ) Australian Singles Chart 32 Dutch Top 40 19 Irish Singles Chart 11 UK Singles Chart 24 US Billboard Hot 100 46 Canadian Singles Chart 27 Glee cover ( edit ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' Single by Glee cast from the album Glee : The Music , Volume 2 B - side `` Young Girl '' Released 2009 Format Digital download Recorded 2009 Genre Pop Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Sting Producer ( s ) Ryan Murphy , Adam Anders Glee cast singles chronology `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( 2009 ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' ( 2009 ) `` Crush '' ( 2009 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( 2009 ) `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' ( 2009 ) `` Crush '' ( 2009 ) The song was covered in the episode `` Ballad '' of the American television series Glee in 2009 . It was performed by the character Will Schuester ( played by Matthew Morrison ) as a musical mashup with `` Young Girl '' by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap . It was included on the second soundtrack album from the series . The single version charted at number 67 in Canada , number 64 in the United States and number 50 in Ireland . In other media ( edit ) The song was featured in `` Mars vs. Mars '' , an episode of the American television series Veronica Mars . During several parts of Zoolander 2 , Sting calls Hansel ( who is established as Hansel 's biological father ) on numerous occasions , often quoting songs such as `` Do n't Stand So Close To Me '' , and `` Spirits in the Material World '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ amazon.com , `` Zenyatta Mondatta ( Digipak ) Original recording reissued , Original recording remastered '' . Accessed 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ JR Huffman , JL Huffman ( 1987 ) , `` Sexism and cultural lag : The rise of the jailbait song , 1955 -- 1985 '' , The Journal of Popular Culture , doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.1987. 2102_65. x ^ Jump up to : `` ' Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' / ' Friends ' '' . sting.com . ^ Jump up to : The Police in the UK Charts Archived 26 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , The Official Charts . Jump up ^ amazon.com , `` Every Breath You Take : The Classics '' . Accessed 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada -- Top Singles -- Volume 45 , No. 14 , December 27 1986 Jump up ^ `` The Music of Veronica Mars : Episode 1 -- 14 : `` Mars vs. Mars '' `` . Mars Investigations : The ( In ) Complete Guide to Veronica Mars . 15 February 2005 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Preceded by `` Feels Like I 'm in Love '' by Kelly Marie UK number - one single 27 September 1980 -- 18 October 1980 Succeeded by `` Woman in Love '' by Barbra Streisand Preceded by `` Start ! by The Jam List of number - one singles of 1980 ( Ireland ) 4 October 1980 -- 25 October 1980 Succeeded by `` Woman in Love '' by Barbra Streisand Preceded by `` I Got You '' by Split Enz CHUM Chart 29 November -- 6 December Succeeded by Turning Japanese by The Vapors The Police Stewart Copeland Sting Andy Summers Henry Padovani Studio albums Outlandos d'Amour Reggatta de Blanc Zenyatta Mondatta Ghost in the Machine Synchronicity Live albums Live ! Certifiable : Live in Buenos Aires Compilations Every Breath You Take : The Singles Greatest Hits Every Breath You Take : The Classics The Very Best of Sting & The Police The Police Boxed sets Six Pack Message in a Box : The Complete Recordings Singles `` Fall Out '' `` Roxanne '' `` Ca n't Stand Losing You '' `` So Lonely '' `` Message in a Bottle '' `` Walking on the Moon '' `` Bring on the Night '' `` The Bed 's Too Big Without You '' `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' `` De Do Do Do , De Da Da Da '' `` Invisible Sun '' `` Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic '' `` Spirits in the Material World '' `` Secret Journey '' `` Every Breath You Take '' `` Wrapped Around Your Finger '' `` Synchronicity II '' `` King of Pain '' `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me ' 86 '' `` When the World Is Running Down , You Make the Best of What 's Still Around '' ( Different Gear vs. The Police ) Other songs `` Next to You '' `` Reggatta de Blanc '' `` Driven to Tears '' `` Behind My Camel '' `` Demolition Man '' `` Synchronicity I '' `` Tea in the Sahara '' `` De Do Do Do , De Da Da Da ' 86 '' Tours The Police Around the World Tour Zenyatta Mondatta Tour Ghost in the Machine Tour Synchronicity Tour A Conspiracy of Hope Tour The Police Reunion Tour Related articles Discography Songs Strontium 90 Strontium 90 : Police Academy Brimstone & Treacle ¡ Policia ! : A Tribute to the Police Everyone Stares Book Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Vladimir Nabokov 's Lolita ( 1955 ) Film Lolita ( 1962 ) Lolita ( 1997 ) Stage Lolita , My Love ( 1971 musical ) Lolita ( 1981 play ) Lolita ( 1992 opera ) Lolita 's perspective Lo 's Diary ( 1995 novel ) Roger Fishbite ( 1999 novel ) Music `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' `` Lolita '' ( The Veronicas ) `` Lolita '' ( Belinda ) `` Lolita '' ( Leah LaBelle ) `` Lolita ( trop jeune pour aimer ) '' `` Moi ... Lolita '' Eat Me , Drink Me Related The Enchanter Reading Lolita in Tehran Lolicon Lolita Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Stand_So_Close_to_Me&oldid=825585743 '' Categories : The Police songs 1980 singles 1981 singles 1986 singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Sexuality and age in fiction Songs about sexuality Songs written by Sting ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Nigel Gray Songs about school 1980 songs A&M Records singles Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from May 2015 Use dmy dates from May 2015 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 06 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings don't stand so close to me | [
"\"Don't Stand So Close to Me\" is a hit single by the British rock band The Police, released in September 1980 as the lead single from their third album Zenyatta Mondatta. It concerns a schoolgirl's crush on her teacher which leads to an affair, which in turn is discovered."
] | [
"The Police"
] |
-7015283654075018050 | Man with a Plan (TV series) | Man with a Plan ( TV series ) - wikipedia Man with a Plan ( TV series ) Man with a Plan Genre Sitcom Created by Jackie Filgo and Jeff Filgo Starring Matt LeBlanc Liza Snyder Jessica Chaffin Matt Cook Grace Kaufman Hala Finley Matthew McCann Diana - Maria Riva Kevin Nealon Stacy Keach Composer ( s ) John Kimbrough Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 43 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jackie Filgo Jeff Filgo Matt LeBlanc Michael Rotenberg Troy Zien Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Double Double Bonus Entertainment 3 Arts Entertainment CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) -- present Man with a Plan is an American sitcom series created by Jackie and Jeff Filgo and starring Matt LeBlanc . It was ordered to series on May 13 , 2016 , for the CBS 2016 -- 2017 television season . The series premiered on October 24 , 2016 . On November 14 , 2016 , CBS picked up the series for a full season of 19 episodes . On January 6 , 2017 , CBS ordered three additional episodes , increasing the first season order to 22 . On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for a second season which premiered on November 13 , 2017 . On November 27 , 2017 , CBS ordered eight additional episodes for the second season , bringing the total to 21 episodes . On May 12 , 2018 , CBS renewed the series for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 5 Reception 5.1 Seasonal ratings 6 Ratings 6.1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 6.2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Summary ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( July 2018 ) Adam Burns is a newly construction worker living in suburban Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , with wife Andi , daughters Katie and Emme , and son Teddy . He looks forward to spending time with his family and hanging out with his friends , who are also co-educators : Lowell , Marie and Ms. Rodriguez . However , his elder daughter Katie , who was away at middle school ; Teddy is becoming dimwitted child , whose intelligence is often issues ; and youngest daughter Emme is a innocent child who often knows her parents will never let her get away with a lot issues . An old - school father encounters the modern challenges of parenting three school - aged children , marriage and running a general contracting business with his brother after his supportive wife returns to work . He also has to deal with his overbearing parents . The show is about a dad finds out that parenting is harder than he thought after his wife goes back to work and he 's left at home to take care of the kids . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Matt LeBlanc as Adam Burns : The patriarch of the Burns household . Along with his brother , Don , he owns Burns Brothers Construction . Liza Snyder as Andi Burns : The matriarch of the Burns household . As the series started , Andi went back to work as a medical lab technician . Grace Kaufman as Kate Burns : The eldest Burns child . At the start of the series , Kate is 13 - years - old . She is the sassy , rebellious child , who is often embarrassed by her parents . She 's now 15 in season 2 . Hala Finley as Emme Burns : The youngest child in the Burns family , who is 5 - years - old at the start of the series . Emme is the younger , innocent child , who often knows her parents will never let her get away with a lot . She is 6 - years old as of season 2 . Matthew McCann as Teddy Burns : The middle child in the Burns family , who is 12 - years - old at the start of the series . Teddy is a very dimwitted child , whose intelligence is often ridiculed by the other characters , including his parents . Adam states that Teddy has his Uncle Don 's intelligence . Jessica Chaffin as Marie Faldonado ( episodes 1 -- 13 ) : One of Adam 's fellow room parents , who is a promiscuous divorcee with children in both Emme and Kate 's classes . After episode thirteen , Marie is never seen or mentioned again . Matt Cook as Lowell : The other room parent and the Burns ' friend . Lowell is a stay - at - home dad who relies on statistics and experts to help parent his children . In `` The Three Amigos '' , he begins working with Adam and Don as their tech specialist after helping them land a lucrative job with a video presentation he created . Diana - Maria Riva as Mrs. Rodriguez ( season 1 ) : Emme 's kindergarten teacher and Adam 's enemy . Kevin Nealon as Don Burns : Adam 's older brother , who co-owns Burns Brothers Construction alongside Adam . It is mentioned in `` The Three Amigos '' that Don handles sales for the business . He is very dim - witted like his nephew Teddy . He is married to Marcy , and together they have a son , Mikey , who is an ex-convict living in a studio apartment . Stacy Keach as Joe Burns ( season 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 ) : Adam and Don 's father , who moved his camper into Adam and Andi 's driveway . Recurring ( edit ) Kali Rocha as Marcy Burns , Don 's wife . Swoosie Kurtz as Beverly Burns , Adam and Don 's mother . Christine Woods as Lisa McCaffrey , Adam and Don 's main client on a mall construction project . Sherri Shepherd as Joy , the Burns ' neighbor who is also the building inspector on Adam 's job site . Tim Meadows as Rudy , the Burns ' neighbor and Joy 's husband . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 21 November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' James Burrows Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) 7.42 When her youngest child Emme starts kindergarten , Andi Burns goes back to work , forcing Adam , her contractor husband , to spend more time at home taking care of their three kids . Adam is clearly out of his element , while the kids want their mom back after spending only one day with their father . `` Two Tickets to Paradise '' James Burrows Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) 5.95 When a vendor gives Adam two tickets to a Pittsburgh Steelers game , he offers to take his brother and business partner Don as a thank - you for Don covering him at work while he tends to the kids . Andi later sees the tickets and assumes Adam is taking her to celebrate the anniversary of their first date , which was also at a Steelers game , causing Adam to have to decide whom to disappoint . `` The Puppet Theater '' James Burrows Alex Herschlag November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 6.26 When Mrs. Rodriguez accuses Adam of slacking in his role as Room Parent because he does n't have time to make puppets for Teacher Appreciation Day , Adam threatens to transfer Emme into the other kindergarten class . This does n't sit well with Andi , who considers Mrs. Rodriguez a superior teacher and says she had to do a lot of `` butt kissing '' to get Emme into her class . `` Un-Dressed '' Pamela Fryman Jordan Reddout & Gus Hickey November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 6.18 After repeatedly being forced out of the house by Andi and the kids , Adam and Don want to turn the garage into a `` man cave '' , but there 's a problem -- boxes and boxes of junk that Andi refuses to get rid of because they represent family memories . 5 5 `` Thanksgiving '' James Burrows Mark Gross November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 5.98 Adam brings Emme 's lunch to school and catches Andi secretly meeting with Mrs. Rodriguez about an upcoming Thanksgiving meal for 30 at the school . Andi tells Adam she did n't think he could handle this task , which hurts Adam enough that he wants to prove her wrong . 6 6 `` Holey War '' James Burrows Tommy Johnagin December 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 05 ) 6.18 When the kids put a hole in the wall with their rowdy play , Adam 's and Andi 's different approaches to parenting are put to the test . Each tries to get the kids to turn on each other and identify the culprit , but the resolve of their children is surprisingly strong . 7 7 `` Winter Has Come '' James Burrows Farhan Arshad December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) 6.62 To get out of his usual Christmas chores , Adam convinces Andi 's parents to host a family Christmas at their home in Virginia Beach . He orders all of the kids ' gifts online and has them delivered to Virginia Beach , but his plan backfires when they get snowed in on the day of their trip . Forced to improvise , Adam has to pull off a `` Christmas miracle '' to avoid disappointing the kids and angering Andi . 8 8 `` Adam Steps Up '' Pamela Fryman Gregg Mettler December 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) 6.17 Andi tries to take Emme and Teddy to the zoo , but gets stuck in traffic for hours . This causes Adam to have to deal with Kate getting her first period without Andi 's help . 9 9 `` What About Bob ? '' Pamela Fryman Tommy Johnagin January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) 6.55 After Andi confesses that one of her new work friends is a man named Bob ( Gary Anthony Williams ) , she is surprised and a little hurt when Adam does n't exhibit his usual jealousy . She then tells fake stories to enhance Bob 's charm and talents , not knowing that Adam was jealous all along and was just trying to hide it . 10 10 `` A Dinner Gone Wrong '' Pamela Fryman Mark Gross January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 7.70 The Burns ' plans for a couples trip to Las Vegas with Don and Marcy are put in jeopardy when Andi realizes that Marcy is the girl who teased her and gave her an unflattering nickname back in high school . Meanwhile , Teddy stops hanging out with the few friends he has in school to spend all of his free time with his online gaming buddies , making his parents concerned . 11 11 `` The Talk '' Pamela Fryman Alex Herschlag January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 7.69 When Andi and Adam find a topless woman 's photo on Teddy 's tablet , Andi makes Adam have `` the talk '' with his son , saying she took care of it with Kate . After an uncomfortable talk that shocks Teddy , Adam learns that the newly body - conscious Kate was the one looking at the topless photo out of curiosity , and that Kate learned about sex from a school health class , not from Andi . 12 12 `` The Three Amigos '' Phill Lewis Jordan Reddout & Gus Hickey February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 7.25 Adam is less than thrilled when Andi invites Lowell over to watch the hockey game with him and Don , but Adam 's attitude changes when he learns Lowell can make a killer multimedia presentation for a construction client the Burns Brothers are trying to woo . Don takes this as a slap in the face , given that he 's always handled sales his own way . Elsewhere , Mrs. Rodriguez confesses to Andi that she had an erotic dream about Adam . 13 13 `` Valentine 's Day '' James Burrows Gregg Mettler February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 7.20 Adam has every detail for a fancy Valentine 's Day dinner with Andi planned out , except getting a babysitter . After striking out with Marie and Lowell , Kate reminds her dad that she 's 13 and can babysit . This pleases Adam , but Andi is n't so sure that Kate is ready . After Andi reluctantly agrees , she and Adam go to the restaurant and find that Don has stolen Adam 's reservation . 14 14 `` Kate 's First Date '' Pamela Fryman Farhan Arshad February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 6.75 Kate is excited about going on her first date with a classmate named Royce , something that Andi approved without consulting Adam . After Adam checks Royce 's Instagram page and sees that he may be a bit of a `` player '' , he tries to scare the boy away . Meanwhile , Don ca n't think of a good gift for Marcy 's birthday , so he seeks help from Lowell . 15 15 `` Assisted Living '' Pamela Fryman Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 6.61 Adam 's parents , Joe ( Stacy Keach ) and Bev ( Swoosie Kurtz ) , stop by in their motor home for a visit . After Joe learns that Adam is now taking care of the kids , he and Bev propose they stay to help , and they begin to live in the Burns ' driveway . 16 16 `` The A Team '' Pamela Fryman Alex Herschlag March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 6.34 Andi and Adam have Lowell and his wife Jen over for dinner , fully expecting Jen to be as lame as Lowell is , but Jen ( Jenna Dewan Tatum ) turns out to be pretty and interesting . Later , after Jen and Lowell appear to make up an excuse to leave , Andi and Adam start to think it is themselves who have become the lame couple . 17 17 `` Doctor No '' Pamela Fryman Gregg Mettler March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 5.32 When Adam discovers that Joe has n't been to the doctor in almost ten years , he urges his father to make an appointment . Andi soon also discovers that the doctor Adam says he 's been going to annually retired five years ago . Joe , Adam and Don all get checkups with a new doctor , and the result is that Joe needs a colonoscopy . Meanwhile , Bev takes advantage of Lowell 's kind nature by asking him to drive her everywhere . 18 18 `` The Blame Game '' James Burrows Tommy Johnagin April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 5.33 Adam and Don learn their wives do n't get as mad at their screw - ups if they simply blame them on each other . Things take a turn for the worse for Adam when Andi finds out their scheme , especially because it dredges up baggage from their past . 19 19 `` Spring Fling '' Pamela Fryman Story by : Mark Gross April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 5.42 A problem arises when Lisa ( Christine Woods ) , the mall construction client , tells Adam that Don is n't professional enough to attend an upcoming meeting with HR and executives , causing Adam to try to find a way to let his brother down easy . With Adam busy , Andi offers to take some time off and be room parent for a while , mainly because she wants to schmooze Mrs. Rodriguez into recommending Emme for the `` good '' first grade class . Andi regrets this when Mrs. Rodriguez asks her to organize the entire Spring Fling for the kindergarteners . 20 20 `` Dirty Money '' James Burrows Story by : Farhan Arshad Teleplay by : Jordan Reddout & Gus Hickey May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 5.36 Adam and Andi regret accepting a loan from Joe after he uses it as an excuse to insert himself into their lives . Bev and Marcy battle over who should host Don 's birthday party . Meanwhile , Don panics when he learns from Lowell that Marcy donated his old laptop to the library . 21 21 `` Operation False Freedom '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 5.16 Convinced that Kate lied to them about going to the library , but unable to prove it , Adam and Andi activate the GPS tracker on her phone . Kate discovers their ploy and throws them off her trail by planting the phone in Don 's pocket . Andi and Adam find Kate innocently hanging out with friends at a coffee shop . While still mad that she deceived them , the two agree that Kate should have more freedom now that she 's turned 14 . 22 22 `` Buzzer Beater '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Gregg Mettler May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 5.73 Upon seeing Don and Marcy with their new granddaughter , Andi gets the itch to have another child . Adam insists they are too old , but after Emme refuses to kiss him when he drops her off at kindergarten , he also gets on board . When they later see Don and Marcy completely frazzled from spending a couple days with an infant , Adam and Andi regret their decision and have to sweat out the results of a pregnancy test . Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` The Silver Fox '' Andy Cadiff Mark Gross November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 5.38 To give Kate a break from babysitting , Andi hires a young volunteer from her hospital named Sophia ( Victoria Justice ) to watch the kids . While Adam worries that Sophia will become attracted to a `` silver fox '' like himself , Andi is more jealous that Kate goes to Sophia for advice . Sophia later tells Adam she has the hots for him , but when he tells Andi , she does n't believe him . 24 `` Andi 's Boyfriend '' Andy Cadiff Tommy Johnagin November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 5.44 Adam gets a visit from Pastor Carl ( Jonathan Adams ) , who is making amends for a past gambling addiction . Pastor Carl says he gambled away money that he was supposed to use to renew his license to wed people , meaning Adam and Andi are not legally married . Making matters worse , Pastor Carl was not Andi 's first choice , but the frugal Adam hired him because he was cheaper . Adam tries to set up a renewal of vows with a licensed official , without telling Andi about Carl . 25 `` The Parents Strike Back '' Andy Cadiff Rob Des Hotel November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 5.70 Frustrated by the messes in their kids ' bedrooms , Adam and Andi decide to withhold allowances until the rooms are cleaner . Kate convinces her younger siblings they can break their parents by just letting the filth build up even more , so the kids tell mom and dad they are on strike . Taking a tip from Joe , Adam and Andi decide to retaliate by making things as miserable as possible for their children . 26 `` Into the Weeds '' Gail Mancuso Jeff Filgo & Jackie Filgo December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 6.42 When Adam finds out that a boy Kate is dating was caught by his mother possessing marijuana , he wants to be strict with Kate while Andi opts for a more relaxed approach . Adam learns that Joe , who was always strict with him and Don about drugs , has a pot prescription for his arthritis . Things get interesting when Adam unknowingly eats some of Joe 's `` special '' gummy candy . 27 5 `` Battle of the Sexists '' Andy Cadiff Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) 5.70 Andi accuses Adam and Don of being sexist when they only interview male candidates for a shop foreman position on the mall project . Adam soon hires a female named Zara ( Lilah Richcreek ) , partly to please Andi but also because she is the most qualified for the job . Andi regrets her accusation against Adam when Don recognizes the pretty new shop foreman as a former dancer at a strip club . Meanwhile , Adam and Andi fight the school to allow Kate to play on the boys soccer team . 28 6 `` Adam Gets Neighborly '' Victor Gonzalez Tommy Johnagin & Farhan Arshad December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) 5.61 After Adam has alienated most of the neighbors , Andi suggests they start fresh with new neighbors Joy ( Sherri Shepherd ) and Rudy ( Tim Meadows ) , who have just moved in . But there 's a problem : Adam has already gotten on the bad side of Joy , a building inspector , when she visited his job site . 29 7 `` We Can Be Heroes '' Victor Gonzalez Gregg Mettler January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 6.68 Adam and Andi experience money problems with Teddy needing glasses and Kate needing braces . The two make a budget and decide to give up some luxuries , mainly Adam 's cable sports subscription , which has Don , Joe and Lowell upset because they are always at the house watching games . Adam later forces Andi to give up her expensive hairdresser , after Joe discovers she had it listed as a necessity , not a luxury . 30 8 `` Lice Lice Baby '' Gail Mancuso Farhan Arshad January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 6.74 Adam worries about how Lisa , his boss at the mall job site , will react when he has to bring Teddy and Emme to work . He gets even more worried when the Burns kids are diagnosed with lice , and he later sees Lisa scratching her head at an awards banquet . Meanwhile , Andi realizes how distant she 's become from her kids when she is the only family member to not catch lice from them . 31 9 `` The Gunfight '' Andy Cardiff Gregg Mettler January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) 6.64 Joe and Beverly prepare to watch the kids for a few days so that Adam and Andi can take a much - needed trip to Las Vegas . Andi worries a bit when Joe says he plans to teach Teddy to shoot Adam 's old BB gun , then wants to pull the plug on the vacation when she learns that Joe also has real guns in the house . Joe and Adam take Andi to a shooting range to show her that guns are okay in responsible hands , but then it 's Adam who worries when he sees Joe mistake his gun for his cellphone . Elsewhere , Don brings the BB gun to Lowell 's house to help eradicate the woodchuck that is eating Lowell 's tomatoes , but he ends up shooting Lowell . 32 10 `` Adam 's Turtle - y Awesome Valentine 's Day '' Gail Mancuso Jessica Runck February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 6.46 When Andi convinces Adam that she does not want to exchange gifts for Valentine 's Day , Adam takes the gold necklace with pictures of their three children that he 'd already bought for Andi and gives it to Beverly . Unknown to Adam , Andi had just discovered the hidden necklace moments before Adam 's decision , and she is now looking forward to receiving it . Beverly is so giddy about the necklace that Adam is stuck with a difficult decision . 33 11 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Breakfast , Lunch and Dinner '' Victor Gonzalez Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 5.92 When Adam gets tired of constantly having to accompany Beverly at bingo , he suggests to Andi that she get his mom a job as a hospital volunteer . Beverly loves the job , only to make Joe feel lonely . To compensate for his loneliness , Joe starts spending his time with Adam and Andi and expects them to wait on him like Beverly used to do . 34 12 `` Everybody 's a Winner '' Joanna Kerns Mark Gross March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) 5.90 When a senior asks Kate to the spring dance at school , Adam is staunchly against it while Andi says Kate is mature enough to let her go . While discussing the issue with Joe , Lowell and Don , Adam learns Joe 's `` silent negotiation '' technique . Adam tries it on Andi and , sure enough , she talks herself into realizing it 's a bad idea to let Kate go on the date . But neighbor Joy soon tips off Andi to what Adam did , because her husband uses it on her , and she gives Andi a way to fight back . 35 13 `` The Party Planner '' Ben Weiss Rob DesHotel March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 6.35 Following several years of failed , uninspired gifts for Andi 's birthday , Adam decides to throw her a party with their family members , as well as Lowell and his wife Jen . When Don and Marcy pass on the party because of Marcy 's previous engagement , Adam replaces them with Joy and Rudy , despite Andi 's protest that they should reschedule . While Adam insists that he can handle planning the party , Don and Marcy meet Joy and Rudy at a grocery store , throwing a wrench into Adam 's scheme . 36 14 `` March Madness '' Victor Gonzalez Tommy Johnagin March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 5.45 When their schedules do n't line up and they realize the kids will be alone for two hours after school , Adam and Andi hire Rudy to install security cameras inside and outside the house . Adam and Andi inadvertently make a sex tape , which inspires them to make another . The two then go on a wild chase for the tablet that has the footage when Beverly borrows it because hers broke down , then gives it to Don to give back to Adam . The tablet is subsequently picked up by Lowell , who mistook it for his own when he was at Don 's house . 37 15 `` Out With The In - Laws '' Victor Gonzalez Jackie Filgo & Jeff Filgo March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 5.44 Adam and Andi think they can finally be happily alone for a holiday when their feuding parents each back out of coming to the house on Easter Sunday because the other set of parents will be there . But the plans are threatened when Joe and Bev scheme to take the kids to Disney World for the holiday , while Andi 's parents ( Dan Lauria and Nancy Lenehan ) arrive a day early to claim `` Easter Eve '' for themselves . 38 16 `` April Fools '' Pamela Fryman Ethan Sandler & Adrian Wenner April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 5.48 While Adam , the kids , Don and Joe all enjoy pulling April Fool 's pranks , Andi reminds Adam that she hates pranks due to a traumatic experience with one when she was seven years old . Adam is sure that an unscary , funny prank will change Andi 's mind , but his attempts fail . Adam would have done better to be on his guard , because Andi has a surprise up her sleeve . 39 17 `` King for a Day '' Victor Gonzalez Jessica Runck April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) 5.06 After Andi discourages Adam from giving Emme a princess gown because it reinforces undesired female stereotypes , she mentions a lie she told Kate years ago for the same reason . Andi then defends her practice of protecting her children through little white lies , which she calls `` love bubbles '' . Adam seems to accept her explanation , until he realizes that Andi does the same to him , particularly with regard to a recliner he wanted to buy that she said was unsafe . 40 18 `` The Burns System '' Victor Gonzalez Farhan Arshad April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) 4.79 Adam is excited when Joe needs a new car and takes him along to learn the `` Burns System '' at the dealership , given that Joe has always had Don accompany him before . But when they get there , Adam is upset to learn that Joe asked Don to arrive at the last minute and be the `` closer '' . Elsewhere , Andi and Marcy try to get rid of a pet snake that Emme brought home . 41 19 `` We Hate Money '' Victor Gonzalez Rob Des Hotel May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) 4.91 Mall client Lisa tells Adam and Don that she has to go away to work on herself , and that her replacement wants a different contractor to take over for Burns Brothers . With no other prospects , Adam and Don decide they need to make a commercial , with Lowell 's help . When the filming starts , Don is fine but Adam freezes on camera , leading to his part having to be played by local actor Leif Forrest ( Geoff Stults ) . Meanwhile , as the only current breadwinner , Andi is determined to ask for a raise at her job , only to learn that her department is being gutted and she 's getting laid off . 42 20 `` We Got a Girl '' Pamela Fryman Mark Gross May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) 5.46 After Adam and Andi determine that Lisa 's issues stem from her being lonely , they enlist help from Don , Marcy and Lowell to find a man for her in hopes of getting Adam back to work . They ultimately decide to set up Lisa with Leif Forrest , who helped on the Burns Brothers commercial , only to later learn that Leif is Lisa 's ex-husband . 43 21 `` Family Business '' Victor Gonzalez Gregg Mettler May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) 5.69 When Andi successfully helps Bev and Joe design their kitchen remodel and Adam builds it , Andi and Adam begin to think they might have a future working together professionally rebuilding and selling old houses . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On February 3 , 2016 , the production officially received a pilot order and James Burrows would direct the pilot . The pilot was written by Jackie and Jeff Filgo who was also set to executive produce alongside with Michael Rotenberg and Troy Zien . Production companies involved with the pilot include Double Double Bonus Entertainment , CBS Television Studios , and 3 Arts Entertainment . On May 12 , 2016 , it was announced that CBS had given the production , now titled Man with a Plan , a series order . A day after that , it was announced that the series would premiere in the fall of 2016 and air on Mondays at 8 : 30 P.M. On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for a second season which premiered on November 13 , 2017 . On November 27 , 2017 , CBS ordered eight additional episodes for the second season , bringing the total to 21 episodes . On May 12 , 2018 , CBS renewed the series for a third season . Casting ( edit ) Casting for the main cast started in February 2016 with Matt LeBlanc and ended the next month with Matt Cook and Grace Kaufman . On May 13 , 2016 , it was reported that Jenna Fischer , who was originally cast to play the female lead opposite LeBlanc in the series , had exited and her role would be recast . On August 1 , it was announced Liza Snyder would replace Fischer in the role . On August 2 , 2016 , it was reported that Kevin Nealon had joined the cast in a main role . Reception ( edit ) Man with a Plan has received generally negative reviews from critics . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 21 % , based on 28 reviews , with an average rating of 3.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Man with a Plan 's flawed , unimaginative writing fails to properly showcase the charm of its unfortunately underperforming lead . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the series has a score 36 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Seasonal ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 30 pm 22 October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) 7.42 May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 5.73 2016 -- 17 47 7.41 1.5 21 November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 5.38 May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) 5.69 2017 -- 18 61 6.78 Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 24 , 2016 1.6 / 5 7.42 `` Two Tickets to Paradise '' October 31 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.95 `` The Puppet Theatre '' November 7 , 2016 1.4 / 4 6.26 `` Un-Dressed '' November 14 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.18 5 `` Thanksgiving '' November 21 , 2016 1.3 / 5 5.98 6 `` Holey War '' December 5 , 2016 1.2 / 4 6.18 7 `` Winter Has Come '' December 12 , 2016 1.2 / 4 6.62 8 `` Adam Steps Up '' December 19 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.17 9 `` What About Bob ? '' January 2 , 2017 1.2 / 4 6.55 10 `` A Dinner Gone Wrong '' January 16 , 2017 1.5 / 5 7.70 11 `` The Talk '' January 23 , 2017 1.6 / 5 7.69 12 `` The Three Amigos '' February 6 , 2017 1.4 / 5 7.25 13 `` Valentine 's Day '' February 13 , 2017 1.4 / 5 7.20 14 `` Kate 's First Date '' February 20 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.75 15 `` Assisted Living '' February 27 , 2017 1.2 / 4 6.62 16 `` The A Team '' March 13 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.34 17 `` Doctor No '' March 20 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.32 18 `` The Blame Game '' April 10 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.33 19 `` Spring Fling '' April 17 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.42 20 `` Dirty Money '' May 1 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.36 21 `` Operation False Freedom '' May 8 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.16 22 `` Buzzer Beater '' May 15 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.73 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` The Silver Fox '' November 13 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.38 `` Andi 's Boyfriend '' November 20 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.44 `` The Parents Strike Back '' November 27 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.70 `` Into the Weeds '' December 4 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.42 5 `` Battle of the Sexists '' December 11 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.70 6 `` Adam Gets Neighborly '' December 18 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.61 7 `` We Can Be Heroes '' January 15 , 2018 1.2 / 5 6.68 8 `` Lice Lice Baby '' January 22 , 2018 1.2 / 4 6.74 9 `` The Gunfight '' January 29 , 2018 1.1 / 4 6.64 10 `` Adam 's Turtle - y Awesome Valentine 's Day '' February 5 , 2018 1.1 / 4 6.46 11 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Breakfast , Lunch and Dinner '' February 26 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.92 12 `` Everybody 's a Winner '' March 5 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.90 13 `` The Party Planner '' March 12 , 2018 1.0 / 4 6.35 14 `` March Madness '' March 19 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.45 15 `` Out With the In - Laws '' March 26 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.44 16 `` April Fools '' April 9 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.48 17 `` King for a Day '' April 16 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.06 18 `` The Burns System '' April 30 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.79 19 `` We Hate Money '' May 7 , 2018 0.9 / 4 4.91 20 `` We Got a Girl '' May 14 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.46 21 `` Family Business '' May 21 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.69 See also ( edit ) Kevin Can Wait , another CBS sitcom often compared and partnered with Man with a Plan Friends 8 Simple Rules , an old sitcom also compared with Man with a Plan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Training Day ' , ' Bull ' , ' MacGyver ' , ' The Great Indoors ' , Matt LeBlanc Comedy & Jason Katims Drama Picked Up By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2016 Premiere Dates , Slates JonBenet Ramsey Limited Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Orders More Episodes Of ' Man With A Plan ' , ' The Great Indoors ' & ' Code Black ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` Freshman Comedies ' Kevin Can Wait ' , ' The Great Indoors ' & ' Man With A Plan ' Get More Episodes At CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Me , Myself & I Essentially Cancelled at CBS ; Man With a Plan Called Off Bench '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Man With a Plan , Superior Donuts Get Full - Season Orders at CBS '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man With A Plan ' Renewed For Season 3 By CBS , No Word Yet On ' Kevin Can Wait ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbs.com/shows/man-with-a-plan/about/ ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust up , ' Christmas Light Fight ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless ' and ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' finale adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jimmy Kimmel Live 's ' ' Bachelor ' special adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Howie Mandel Comedy Gala ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Superior Donuts ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor ' finale down from 2016 : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' Bachelor ' special and ' Better Late than Never ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' The Year in Memoriam , ' ' Popstar 's Best of 2017 ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` 2.21 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Matt LeBlanc to Star In CBS Comedy Pilot with Series Commitment '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Training Day ' , ' Bull ' , ' MacGyver ' , ' The Great Indoors ' , Matt LeBlanc Comedy & Jason Katims Drama Picked Up By CBS '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Me , Myself & I Essentially Cancelled at CBS ; Man With a Plan Called Off Bench '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . 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-4260008091319214858 | MGM Resorts International | MGM Resorts International - wikipedia MGM Resorts International Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Las Vegas , Nevada based casino / resort operator Resorts International Holdings , and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , the film studio . MGM Resorts International Formerly called Grand Name Co. ( 1986 -- 1987 ) MGM Grand Inc. ( 1987 -- 2000 ) MGM Mirage ( 2000 -- 2010 ) Type Public Traded as NYSE : MGM S&P 500 component Industry Gaming Hospitality Tourism Founded 1986 ; 32 years ago ( 1986 ) Founder Kirk Kerkorian Headquarters Paradise , Nevada , United States Key people James J. Murren Chairman of the Board CEO Products Casinos Hotels Entertainment Resorts Brands MGM MGM Grand Park MGM The Mansion The Signature Skylofts Bellagio Revenue $ 9.810 billion ( 2013 ) Operating income $1.1 billion ( 2013 ) Net income $3.114 billion ( 2013 ) Total assets $26.1 billion ( 2013 ) Total equity $7.9 billion ( 2013 ) Owners Tracinda Corporation ( 16.1 % ) T. Rowe Price ( 13.9 % ) Number of employees 61,396 ( December 2011 ) Subsidiaries MGM Resorts Vacations MGM HAKKASAN Diaoyutai MGM Hospitality Website mgmresorts.com MGM Resorts International is an American global hospitality and entertainment company operating destination resorts in Las Vegas , Mississippi , Maryland , New Jersey , and Detroit , including Bellagio , MGM Grand , Mandalay Bay and The Mirage . The company most recently opened MGM National Harbor in Maryland and is developing MGM Springfield in Massachusetts . It has a majority interest in MGM China Holdings Limited , which owns the MGM Macau resort and casino and is developing a gaming resort in Cotai . MGM Resorts owns 50 percent of CityCenter in Las Vegas , which features ARIA Resort & Casino . It has a majority controlling interest in MGM Growth Properties , a real estate investment trust . The company began operations in 1987 as MGM Grand , Inc. , and became MGM Mirage in 2000 , after acquiring Mirage Resorts . In the mid-2000s , growth of its non-gaming ( lodging , food , retail ) revenue began to outpace gaming receipts and demand for high - rise condominiums was surging , with median property prices in Las Vegas twice the national average . The company shifted its focus from owning and operating resorts and casinos , to developing and building real estate in the leisure and gaming industry -- launching the massive CityCenter mixed - use project , which was at the time of its construction the world 's largest construction site and ranks as one of the most expensive real estate projects in history . City Center 's development coincided with the global financial crisis , causing writedowns in its valuation . In June 2010 , the company changed to its present name , to reflect its latest strategy of expanding worldwide , including licensing its brand and expertise to develop non-gaming hotels and residences . Billionaire investor Kirk Kerkorian and his Tracinda Corporation were , until 2009 , the majority shareholders of MGM Mirage ; Kerkorian was the former owner of the Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer movie studio , from which MGM Grand derived its name . Following a one - billion - dollar stock offering by MGM Mirage amidst the global credit crunch , Tracinda 's shares were diluted from 53.8 percent to 39 percent . On June 15 , 2010 , shareholders voted for MGM Mirage to change its name to `` MGM Resorts International '' , which emphasizes the brand 's global scope and increased non-gaming strategy . In 2013 , MGM won state licenses to build a $1 - billion resort in National Harbor , Maryland and a $950 - million resort in downtown Springfield , Massachusetts . In May 2014 , MGM broke ground on a $375 - million arena on the Las Vegas Strip with sports and entertainment company AEG . MGM Resorts is the majority owner of MGM Growth Properties LLC ( NYSE : MGP ) , a real estate investment trust that owns ten casino properties and leases them to MGM Resorts . It became a separate , publicly traded company in April 2016 . Among the company 's management ranks , more than 38 percent are minorities and nearly 43 percent are women . The company continues to receive wide recognition for its diversity and inclusion initiatives , such as : 40 Best Companies for Diversity ( Black Enterprise Magazine ) , Top 10 Companies for Latinos ( DiversityInc Magazine ) , Best Places to Work for LGBT Equality ( Human Rights Campaign Foundation ) , Top 10 Regional Companies ( DiversityInc ) Top 100 Companies for MBA Students ( Universum Global ) and Top Corporation for Women 's Business Enterprises ( Women 's Business Enterprise National Council ) . FORTUNE magazine has named MGM Resorts one of the World 's Most Admired Companies . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background and early ventures ( 1969 -- 1988 ) 1.2 First casino developments ( 1989 -- 1999 ) 1.3 Mirage Resorts merger ( 2000 ) 1.4 Stalled developments ( 2001 -- 2004 ) 1.5 Mandalay merger ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 1.6 Later developments ( 2004 -- 2006 ) 1.7 Dubai World investment ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 1.8 Name change and recent years ( 2010 -- present ) 2 MGM Hospitality 3 MGM Resorts International properties 3.1 Las Vegas Strip 3.2 Other properties 3.3 Golf courses 3.4 Sports 3.5 Subsidiaries 3.6 Former properties 3.7 MGM Mirage Aviation 4 Staff and management 5 Awards and recognition 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Background and early ventures ( 1969 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) The company 's background can be traced to 1969 , when airline and casino tycoon Kirk Kerkorian bought a controlling stake in the Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer film studio . In 1970 and 1971 , Kerkorian struggled with debt from his acquisitions of MGM and Western Airlines , and was forced to sell a majority of his casino company , International Leisure , to Hilton Hotels at a steep discount . When the Las Vegas Hilton , the casino he had built , subsequently became the most successful hotel in Las Vegas , Kerkorian was inspired to lead the studio into the gambling industry . It opened the original MGM Grand Hotel and Casino ( now Bally 's Las Vegas ) in 1973 . The MGM Grand Reno followed in 1978 . By 1979 , the two hotel - casinos accounted for most of MGM 's income , and the company announced a plan to split itself in two . The next year , the film studio was spun off as a new company , while the original company , renamed as MGM Grand Hotels Inc. , retained the two hotel - casinos . Kerkorian held a 47 percent stake in both companies . In 1985 , Kerkorian began seeking a buyer for MGM Grand Hotels , to allow him to concentrate on running United Artists and on developing new properties under the MGM Grand name . A deal was reached for Bally Manufacturing to buy the company ; the deal closed in April 1986 , and the two casinos were renamed under the Bally 's brand . The terms of the sale allowed Kerkorian to retain rights to the MGM Grand name , and plans were announced to offer the stockholders of MGM Grand Hotels shares in a new company that would hold the naming rights . The company now known as MGM Resorts International was formed in 1986 as Grand Name Co. as a subsidiary of Kerkorian 's Tracinda Corporation . It was renamed the following year as MGM Grand , Inc . The company 's first venture was MGM Grand Air , a luxury airline offering service between New York and Los Angeles , which launched in September 1987 . The company also made an offer to take over financially struggling Pan American World Airways , but it was rejected by Pan Am 's board in November 1987 for being too conditional . In August 1987 , MGM Grand bid $152 million for the bankrupt Dunes Hotel in Las Vegas , but was beat out by Japanese billionaire Masao Nangaku . Instead , the company acquired the Desert Inn and Sands casinos in February 1988 from Summa Corporation for $167 million . The Sands was promptly sold to Sheldon Adelson 's Interface Group for $110 million in April 1989 . First casino developments ( 1989 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) In September 1989 , the company announced plans for a $700 - million Hollywood - themed complex , including a 4,000 - room hotel and a theme park . The Desert Inn site was initially considered as a location for the project , but within weeks the location was finalized as the Marina Hotel and Casino and the Tropicana Country Club , which MGM Grand acquired for $93 million plus $30 million in stock . The company put the Desert Inn up for sale to focus efforts on the new project , but found no outside bidders , and agreed to sell it to Tracinda for $130 million . Construction on the MGM Grand Las Vegas and the MGM Grand Adventures theme park began in October 1991 , and the property opened in December 1993 at a final cost of $1 billion . The park permanently closed in 2002 due to a lack of interest . The company moved its headquarters from Beverly Hills to Las Vegas in July 1992 . During construction of the MGM Grand , the company acquired an option to buy an 18 - acre site across the street from the project . Gary Primm of Primadonna Resorts approached MGM president Bob Maxey in 1994 with an idea for the site : a casino recreating the New York skyline . A joint venture was formed between the two companies , and construction began in March 1995 . Completed at a cost of $460 million , the New York - New York Hotel and Casino opened in January 1997 . With New York - New York under development , MGM Grand made moves to expand in several other markets . An exploratory agreement to develop two casinos on the Chinese island of Hainan was announced in August 1994 , but came to nothing . In Darwin , Australia , a lucrative market attracting high rollers from Pacific Rim countries , the company considered building a hotel , but instead bought the Diamond Beach Hotel and Casino , renaming it as the MGM Grand Darwin . MGM announced plans for an Atlantic City casino in July 1996 . In Michigan , where voters approved casinos in November 1996 , MGM made plans for a bid on one of the three available gaming licenses , which would eventually be approved and open in July 1999 as the MGM Grand Detroit . In South Africa , with casino gambling newly authorized , MGM announced plans in August 1996 to develop 15 properties in conjunction with Tsogo Sun . The first , a temporary casino in Johannesburg 's Sundome , opened in October 1998 . Three more casinos followed before MGM agreed to sell out its interest in the properties to Tsogo Sun in November 2001 . Since the initiation of New York - New York , analysts had speculated that MGM Grand or Primadonna would buy out the other 's interest in the project . Instead of making such a cash - intensive purchase , however , MGM agreed to buy Primadonna outright for $276 million in stock plus $336 million in assumed debt . The merger closed in March 1999 , giving MGM ownership of three casinos and two golf courses at the Nevada -- California state line , in addition to full control of New York - New York . Mirage Resorts merger ( 2000 ) ( edit ) In February 2000 , MGM Grand made an unsolicited offer of $17 a share to buy Mirage Resorts , which had foundered due to disappointing results at its new Beau Rivage and Bellagio resorts . Analysts expected a protracted battle , with Mirage founder Steve Wynn seen as unwilling to give up control but under pressure from institutional investors . Mirage rejected the offer , but Wynn met with Kerkorian the next day and named a price of $21 a share . The companies agreed on the higher price , for a total of $4.4 billion plus $2 billion in assumed debt . The merger closed in May 2000 , giving MGM ownership of the Mirage , Treasure Island , Bellagio , Boardwalk , and Golden Nugget casinos in Las Vegas , the Golden Nugget in Laughlin , and the Beau Rivage in Mississippi , and a half share of the Monte Carlo . The company changed its name to MGM Mirage in August 2000 . Mirage had also owned a half stake in the Borgata , a planned casino in Atlantic City , in a joint venture managed by Boyd Gaming . Work on the Borgata continued apace , and it would open in July 2003 . Stalled developments ( 2001 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) In 2001 and 2002 , following the merger with Mirage , the company explored options for its next major development project , including opportunities in the Las Vegas , Atlantic City , Chicago , and Macau markets . The 55 - acre site of the Boardwalk casino on the Las Vegas Strip was earmarked for a technologically advanced megaresort targeting a Generation X demographic . In Atlantic City , MGM shifted focus from its previously announced boardwalk site to a proposed billion - dollar hotel and casino on a 55 - acre tract adjacent to the Borgata , where Wynn had planned to build the Le Jardin casino . In the Chicago market , MGM agreed to pay $600 million to buy the unfinished Emerald Casino in Rosemont , Illinois , whose investors had been accused of ties to organized crime . The deal was rejected , however , by state gaming regulators , and MGM then backed off its effort , saying that Illinois 's casino tax was too high . In Macau , where Stanley Ho 's 40 - year government - granted monopoly on gambling was coming to an end , MGM submitted a bid for one of three available gaming concessions , but it was not selected , losing out to Ho , Las Vegas Sands , and Wynn Resorts . MGM made moves into the United Kingdom market after a 2001 government report called for loosening of the country 's gambling regulations . It opened an online casino , playmgmmirage.com , licensed in the Isle of Man , a British dependency , and it applied for a license to run an online sports betting site in the U.K. It acquired a twenty - five percent stake in a company developing the small Triangle Casino in Bristol , which went on to open its doors in February 2004 . It inked deals to build casinos at the Olympia Exhibition Centre in London , St James ' Park in Newcastle , Meadowhall Shopping Centre in Sheffield , the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham , Sportcity in Manchester , Glasgow Harbour , King 's Waterfront in Liverpool , and at a proposed stadium in Salford . The company also signed a $490 - million deal to acquire Wembley plc , owner of seven greyhound tracks in Britain and four in the United States . The British expansion plans ultimately amounted to nothing . MGM closed its online casino after less than two years , citing uncertainty in American regulations and competition from established British brands . The Wembley acquisition turned into a bidding war , with MGM finally losing out to an investors group including Kerzner International . The Triangle Casino was sold off to Stanley Leisure in 2006 . The company 's other development plans were scuttled as the government scaled down , and eventually abandoned , the plan to allow large `` super-casinos '' . On December 20 , 2003 , MGM and Turnberry Associates announced the formation of a partnership to build the luxury condo hotel , stating that they would build up to six towers each rising up to 40 stories . On May 12 , 2006 , the first tower opened for occupancy . The successful opening of The Signature at MGM Grand appears to be aided by its connection to the resources and amenities of The MGM Grand Hotel & Casino . In 2004 , the company disposed of some of its smaller properties , selling the two Golden Nugget casinos ( Golden Nugget Las Vegas and Golden Nugget Laughlin ) to Poster Financial Group for $215 million , and the MGM Grand Darwin to Skycity Entertainment for $140 million . Mandalay merger ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) MGM entered into quiet merger talks with Mandalay Resort Group in early 2004 . The potential acquisition , which would give MGM control of more than half the hotel rooms on the Las Vegas Strip , was seen as a `` vote '' for Las Vegas as the strongest gambling market in the world . Mandalay assets attractive to MGM included low - end casinos like Excalibur and Circus Circus to broaden MGM 's `` high roller '' appeal ; the Mandalay Bay Convention Center , which would allow MGM to compete directly with the Sands Expo center in the convention market ; and at least two prime developable sites on the Strip . The talks went public in June , when MGM announced an offer worth $7.65 billion . Mandalay rejected that offer because of a clause allowing MGM to back out if antitrust regulators demanded the sale of any properties . Analysts speculated that another bidder such as Harrah 's or Boyd might enter , but none did , and MGM and Mandalay soon agreed on a $7.9 billion deal . MGM executives were confident that antitrust regulators would not require the sale of any of the two companies ' properties . Michigan law , however , forbade one company from owning multiple casinos , requiring the sale of either the MGM Grand Detroit or Mandalay 's 54 percent stake in the MotorCity Casino . After some vacillation about which property to sell , Mandalay accepted a $525 - million offer for its interest in MotorCity from Marian Ilitch , the casino 's second largest shareholder . Meanwhile , in Illinois , where MGM needed regulatory approval to take over Mandalay 's 50 percent interest in the Grand Victoria Casino , a lack of quorum on the state Gaming Board threatened to delay the merger . MGM considered a sale to the casino 's other owner , the Pritzker family , but ultimately gained approval for a plan to place the property under control of a trustee until completion of the licensing process . The FTC approved the merger as predicted , and MGM obtained a $7 billion line of credit to finance it . The sale closed on April 25 , 2005 for a total of $7.9 billion , including $3 billion in assumed debt . The Mandalay acquisition made MGM Mirage the largest gaming company in the world , but it was surpassed just two months later when Harrah 's Entertainment acquired Caesars Entertainment in a deal that had been spurred on by news of the MGM - Mandalay merger . Later developments ( 2004 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) MGM Mirage 's Corporate Support Center in Paradise , Nevada Despite MGM 's initial failure to win a gaming concession in Macau , the company had remained interested in the burgeoning gaming market . Rumors of a possible partnership with Stanley Ho were reported in 2003 , but Nevada gaming regulators informally vetoed the idea because of the alleged involvement of organized crime triads in his casinos . Another possibility emerged when the government allowed the three gaming concessionaires to each sell a sub-concession . In June 2004 , MGM formed a joint venture with Pansy Ho , Stanley 's daughter , to develop a casino - hotel under a sub-concession from Stanley . Despite initial concerns about whether Pansy Ho was subject to her father 's influence , the Nevada Gaming Commission eventually approved the partnership . Construction of the MGM Grand Macau began in June 2005 . The property opened in December 2007 , completed at a cost of $1.25 billion . In 2004 , MGM solidified its plans for the Boardwalk site on the Strip , announcing Project CityCenter , an $8 - billion high - density project including hotels , condominiums , a casino , and a shopping mall . The Boardwalk was closed in January 2006 to make way for the redevelopment , and CityCenter construction began the following June . Singapore emerged in 2004 as the next major new Asian gaming market , calling for proposals to build two `` integrated resort '' casinos at Marina Bay and the island of Sentosa . MGM partnered with CapitaLand in an estimated $3 billion bid for the Marina Bay site . Their bid advanced to the final stage against three competitors , and was seen as the favorite to win . The government awarded the license , however , to Las Vegas Sands , citing its strength in the meetings and conventions sector . On April 25 , 2006 , MGM Mirage announced with Foxwoods Resort and Casino a joint partnership in developing an expansion plan at Foxwoods that will include a casino using the MGM Grand brand . On October 16 , 2006 , MGM Mirage announced that it planned to sell its properties in Laughlin ( Colorado Belle Hotel & Casino and Edgewater Hotel and Casino ) to a partnership of Anthony Marnell III and Sher Gaming . The sale price was $200 million . The sale closed on June 1 , 2007 . On October 31 , 2006 , MGM Mirage announced plans to sell Primm Valley Resorts to Herbst Gaming for $400 million . The proposed sale would not include the Primm Valley Golf Club . The sale closed on April 10 , 2007 . The Nevada Landing Hotel and Casino closed a month earlier than planned on March 20 , 2007 . Dubai World investment ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) On April 19 , 2007 the company announced that it planned to purchase a 7.6 - acre ( 31,000 m ) site from Concord Wilshire Partners for $130 million and a 25.8 - acre ( 104,000 m ) site from Gordon Gaming for $444 million . The two parcels give the company complete control of the southwest corner of the Sahara and Las Vegas Boulevard intersection . When combined with underused parts of the Circus Circus site , the company will have a 68 - acre ( 280,000 m ) site for future development . The Concord site had been the proposed location for the Maxim Casino . On August 22 , 2007 , Dubai World said it would buy a 9.5 percent stake in MGM for about $2.4 billion . It would also invest about $2.7 billion to acquire a 50 percent stake in MGM 's CityCenter project . Dubai World would pay MGM Mirage an additional $100 million if the project opened on time and on budget . The investment firm would buy 14.2 million shares from MGM Mirage . The firm would also issue a public tender for an additional 14.2 million shares at the same price . Old MGM Mirage logo On October 29 , 2008 , MGM Mirage halted a $5 billion Atlantic City project on land next to the Borgata . At about the same time , New Jersey gambling regulators were evaluating MGM Mirage 's suitability to operate casinos in New Jersey , and were unconvinced that MGM Mirage 's Macau partner , Pansy Ho , could operate independently from influence of her father , Stanley Ho . The latter was often accused of ties with Chinese organized crime and letting the gangs operate in his casinos ' VIP rooms . Faced with not complying with New Jersey gaming regulations , MGM Mirage decided to divest the highly profitable Borgata in order to continue pursuing the even more lucrative Chinese market . MGM Mirage subsequently transferred its 50 % share in the Borgata to a divestiture trust through which it received all benefit of the ownership . The trust was responsible for selling MGM 's interest within 30 months , although MGM had the right to direct the trustee during the first 18 months . On December 16 , 2008 , MGM Mirage announced the sale of its Las Vegas Treasure Island resort and casino to billionaire Phil Ruffin . The sale was completed on March 20 , 2009 for $600 million in cash plus a $175 million promissory note . On March 23 , 2009 Dubai World and Infinity World announced that they had filed a lawsuit in the Delaware Chancery Court seeking to be released from their CityCenter joint venture agreement with MGM Mirage after the company filed its annual report stating that `` there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern , '' and `` it can not provide assurance that its business would generate sufficient cash flow from operation . '' Starting on April 6 , 2009 news reports surfaced that MGM Mirage had hired investment firm Morgan Stanley to assist the company in finding possible buyers for the MGM Grand Detroit and the Beau Rivage . Name change and recent years ( 2010 -- present ) ( edit ) On June 15 , 2010 , shareholders approved a name change from MGM Mirage to `` MGM Resorts International '' , to emphasize the brand 's global scope and increased non-gaming strategy . In April 2011 an initial public offering was announced for the MGM Macau property . Under the agreement , Pansy Ho would receive a 29 percent stake in the company , MGM China Holdings Ltd , which was created as a listing vehicle for the IPO . MGM Resorts would hold 51 percent and the public would receive 20 percent . MGM China raised $1.5 billion from its IPO on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange . In January 2013 , MGM China received government approval to build its second resort in Macau . The venture would pay a land premium of MOP $ 1.29 billion ( US $162 million ) and annual rent of MOP $2.15 million to develop a five - star hotel and a casino resort . The new project would be MGM 's first resort in Macau 's Cotai area . The casino resort , with 1,600 hotel rooms , 500 gaming tables , and 2,500 slots , would take 36 months and US $2.5 billion to build . In December 2013 , a state commission awarded a casino license to MGM Resorts to build a $1 - billion resort at National Harbor in Prince George 's County , Maryland . Throughout 2013 , MGM Resorts conducted a significant refinancing of company debt , and by March 2014 the debt load was reduced to $13.4 billion . In late 2013 , Foxwoods and MGM ended their relationship , and the MGM Grand at Foxwoods was renamed the Fox Tower . In mid-2013 , the Company also embarked on a remodeling and rebranding of THEhotel at Mandalay Bay into Delano Las Vegas . Delano opened in September 2014 . On May 1 , 2014 , the company broke ground on the $375 - million T - Mobile Arena located behind New - New York Hotel and Casino , in partnership with AEG Live . T - Mobile Arena celebrated its grand opening on April 6 , 2016 , with a concert featuring local favorites The Killers , Wayne Newton and Shamir . Two days earlier on April 4 , MGM unveiled The Park , an outdoor dining and entertainment district that serves a gateway to the arena . In September 2014 , MGM Resorts International agreed to sell the Railroad Pass Casino to Joseph DeSimone , a Henderson - based real estate broker and developer . The sale was completed in April 2015 , with Marcus Suan assuming operation of the casino while Joseph DeSimone pursued a gaming license . On October 16 , 2014 , MGM agreed to sell the Gold Strike for $12 million to Jett Gaming , owned by the Herbst family . On April 23 , 2015 , the Nevada Gaming Commission approved the sale of Gold Strike from MGM to Jett Gaming . On May 4 , 2015 , the sale of Gold Strike from MGM to Jett Gaming was completed . On September 24 , 2014 , MGM has closed on a 20 - year naming rights deal for the new Biloxi ballpark , resulting in MGM Park . In November 2014 , the Massachusetts Gaming Commission approved a license for MGM Springfield , an $800 - million project . The Las Vegas Festival Grounds was developed by MGM Resorts International , Cirque du Soleil , and Ron Burkle 's Yucaipa Companies , primarily to serve as the site of the biannual music festival Rock in Rio USA , which held its inaugural edition in 2015 . In July 2015 , MGM agreed to sell its properties in Reno ( Circus Circus Reno and a 50 percent stake in the Silver Legacy ) to Eldorado Resorts for $72.5 million . In April 2016 , MGM held an initial public offering for MGM Growth Properties LLC , a new real estate investment trust ( REIT ) with ownership of ten of the company 's casinos ; the parent company would continue to operate the casinos under a lease agreement . The offering raised $1.05 billion , and left MGM Resorts with 76 percent ownership of the REIT . In May 2016 . MGM Resorts International and MGM Growth Properties LLC acquired the Borgata Hotel Casino & Spa in exchange for $900 million . In June 2016 , MGM announced a joint venture with Sydell Group that the Monte Carlo would be renovated and rebranded as the Park MGM , named after the adjacent dining and entertainment district , The Park , that opened in April 2016 , and the NoMad Hotel would occupy the top floors . It will feature the new Eataly restaurant . Both hotels will begin construction at the end of 2016 and will open in 2018 . In May 2017 , MGM launched playMGM , a Nevada - facing online sportsbook . In August 2017 , MGM launched its first full - featured real - money online casino in New Jersey . Also under the brand name playMGM , the online gambling site went live with over 200 slot games and over 20 table games , including 11 new games not found at other online casinos . MGM Hospitality ( edit ) In 2007 , MGM Hospitality was established to operate hotels , resorts and residences in key destinations around the globe using the brands of Bellagio , MGM Grand and SKYLOFTS . In 2009 , the Company formed Diaoyutai MGM Hospitality , a joint venture between Diaoyutai State Guesthouse of China , the Chinese Foreign Ministry 's venue for VIPs , and MGM Resorts International . This joint venture is developing and operating 5 - star hotels and resorts in China . On April 15 , 2014 , MGM Resorts International and Hakkasan Group announced the formation of a joint venture hotel management company , to be named MGM HAKKASAN Hospitality . The strategic alliance focuses on the design , development and management of luxury and upper upscale non-gaming hotels , resorts and residential offerings under the Bellagio , Hakkasan , MGM Grand and SKYLOFTS brands in key international gateway cities and prime resort destinations across the globe . All of the hotel and resort projects currently under development by each group will be contributed to the joint venture , including MGM projects in the Americas , Middle East , and Asia , and Hakkasan projects in Abu Dhabi and Dubai . Projects in China will continue to be developed and operated by Diaoyutai MGM Hospitality . MGM Resorts International properties ( edit ) All properties are wholly owned by MGM Resorts International except where indicated . Las Vegas Strip ( edit ) Bellagio Circus Circus Las Vegas Adventuredome Slots - A-Fun Casino CityCenter ( 50 % joint venture with Dubai World ) Aria Resort & Casino Mandarin Oriental Vdara Veer Towers Excalibur Luxor Mandalay Bay Delano Las Vegas Mandalay Bay Convention Center Mandalay Bay Events Center MGM Grand Las Vegas MGM Grand Garden Arena Skylofts at MGM Grand The Mansion at MGM Grand The Signature at MGM Grand ( 50 % joint venture with Turnberry Associates ) The Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York T - Mobile Arena ( 50 % joint venture with AEG ) Las Vegas Festival Grounds ( joint venture with Cirque du Soleil and Yucaipa Companies ) Other properties ( edit ) Beau Rivage -- Biloxi , Mississippi Bellagio Shanghai - Shanghai , China Borgata -- Atlantic City , New Jersey The Water Club Gold Strike Casino Resort -- Tunica Resorts , Mississippi Grand Victoria -- Elgin , Illinois ( 50 % owned and operated by RBG , LLP , a subsidiary of Hyatt ) MGM Cotai - Cotai Strip ( opening 2017 ) 72 acres ( 29 ha ) of land for the undeveloped MGM Grand Atlantic City MGM Grand Detroit -- Detroit , Michigan ( 98 % owner in partnership with Partners Detroit , L.L.C. ) MGM Grand Sanya -- Sanya , Hainan , China MGM Macau -- Macau , China ( 50 % joint venture with Pansy Ho , opened 2007 ) ( 51 % after IPO ) MGM National Harbor -- National Harbor , Maryland ( opened December 2016 ) MGM Springfield -- Springfield , Massachusetts ( opening 2018 ) Golf courses ( edit ) Topgolf Las Vegas -- at MGM Grand in Las Vegas , Nevada Shadow Creek Golf Course -- Las Vegas , Nevada Reflection Bay Golf Course -- Las Vegas , Nevada Dragon Ridge Country Club -- Las Vegas , Nevada Fallen Oak Golf Course -- Saucier , Mississippi Sports ( edit ) Las Vegas Aces − WNBA team from Las Vegas Subsidiaries ( edit ) Diaoyutai MGM Hospitality MGM HAKKASAN Projects in the Americas , Middle East , Asia , Abu Dhabi MGM Resorts Vacations , Milwaukee , Wisconsin Former properties ( edit ) Boardwalk Hotel and Casino -- Las Vegas , Nevada Circus Circus , Reno , Nevada Colorado Belle , Laughlin , Nevada Desert Inn Edgewater , Laughlin , Nevada Gold Strike Hotel and Gambling Hall , Jean , Nevada Golden Nugget Las Vegas Golden Nugget Laughlin MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park MGM Grand Air MGM Grand Darwin - Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia MGM Grand at Foxwoods Nevada Landing Hotel and Casino -- Jean , Nevada Primm Valley Resorts Railroad Pass , Henderson , Nevada Sands Hotel and Casino Silver Legacy , Reno , Nevada ( 50 % owner in partnership with Eldorado Resorts ) The Shops at Crystals Treasure Island Hotel and Casino -- Las Vegas , Nevada MGM Mirage Aviation ( edit ) The MGM Resorts International Aviation fleet comprises five aircraft ( as of August 2017 ) : a Gulfstream G550 , two Embraer Legacy 500 , and two Embraer Lineage 1000 . Staff and management ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) The Company 's top executives include ; James Murren , Chairman and Chief Executive Officer ; Bill Hornbuckle , President and Chief Marketing Officer ; Corey I. Sanders , Chief Operating Officer and John McManus , Executive Vice President and General Counsel . Among the company 's management ranks , more than 38 percent are minorities and nearly 43 percent are women . Awards and recognition ( edit ) The company continues to receive wide recognition for its diversity and inclusion initiatives , such as : 40 Best Companies for Diversity ( Black Enterprise Magazine ) in 2012 , Best Places to Work for LGBT Equality ( Human Rights Campaign Foundation ) in 2013 , Top 10 Regional Companies ( DiversityInc ) in 2014 , Top 10 Companies for Latinos ( DiversityInc Magazine ) , and top 100 Companies for MBA Students ( Universum Global ) in 2014 . Fortune has named MGM Resorts one of the World 's Most Admired Companies . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Securities Exchange Commission Form 10 - K - March 3 , 2014 . '' secdatabase.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Schedule 14 - A : Proxy Statement ( Report ) . MGM Resorts International . April 20 , 2016 . p. 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MGM Resorts Homepage '' . Jump up ^ Rodkin , Dennis ( 2004 - 04 - 02 ) . `` HAVENS ; Condo Hotels Move Beyond Resort Towns '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Walshe , Sadhbh ( 2009 - 07 - 29 ) . `` In Las Vegas , the house loses '' . London : Guardian . Jump up ^ A. Eugene Kohn ; John D. Macomber ; Ben Creo ( 2009 - 01 - 12 ) . `` CityCenter ( A ) : Vision and Design '' . Harvard Business Review : 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ A. Eugene Kohn ; John D. Macomber ; Ben Creo ( 2009 - 01 - 13 ) . `` CityCenter ( B ) : Economics and Delivery '' . Harvard Business Review : 2 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Biggest Construction Site '' ( PDF ) . 2.citycenter.com . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ MGM Mirage to Take More Than $1 Billion in Write - Downs Wall Street Journal Jump up ^ MGM Mirage changes name , now MGM Resorts Int'l Archived October 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` MGM Mirage shareholders approve name change '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` MGM Mirage exports its brand to foreign lands '' . Las Vegas Sun . 2010 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kerkorian Stake in MGM Mirage Shrinks Wall Street Journal Jump up ^ MGM To Pay Back $825.6 Million In Debt Following Stock , Note Sales Archived 2009 - 05 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . CNN Jump up ^ Finnegan , Amanda . `` MGM Mirage changes name , now MGM Resorts International '' , `` Las Vegas Sun '' , Las Vegas , 15 June 2010 . Retrieved on 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Freedom du Lac , J. and Wagner , John . `` MGM gets the nod to build Maryland 's sixth casino at National Harbor in Prince George 's '' , `` The Washington Post '' , National , Harbor , MD. 20 December 2013 . Retrieved on 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MGM Springfield to get state 's 1st casino license '' . Boston Globe Media . June 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` MGM selects Whiting - Turner to build $1 B National Harbor casino - resort ( Video ) '' . Washington Business Journal . June 24 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard . `` Massachusetts voters approve MGM Resorts ' casino plan '' , `` The Las Vegas Review - Journal '' , Las Vegas , NV . 18 July 2013 . Retrieved on 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Snell , Alan . `` Shovels in the ground , confetti in the air '' , `` The Las Vegas Review - Journal '' , Las Vegas , NV . 1 May 2014 . Retrieved on 22 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` MGM `` Resorts '' `` . Mgmresorts.com . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Black Enterprise Magazine `` '' ( PDF ) . Cdn.blackenterprise.com . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , DiversityInc . `` The DiversityInc Top 50 Companies for Diversity '' . ^ Jump up to : ( `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . `` Human Rights Campaign '' . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , DiversityInc . `` The DiversityInc Top 11 Regional Companies '' . Jump up ^ `` America 's Top Corporations for WBEs - Current Recipients '' . WBENC . ^ Jump up to : `` MGM Resorts International '' . Fortune.com . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MGM / UA under Kerkorian meant 20 years of change '' . Los Angeles Times . March 8 , 1990 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Leroy F. Aarons ( December 9 , 1973 ) . `` MGM 's tale of woe and wizardry '' . Washington Post . -- via ProQuest ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Paul E. Steiger ( March 12 , 1971 ) . `` Hilton to buy 6 % more of International Leisure '' . Los Angeles Times . -- via ProQuest ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Leroy F. Aarons ( December 7 , 1973 ) . `` Flat opening for a Grand hotel '' . Washington Post . -- via ProQuest ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Lou Cannon ( May 6 , 1978 ) . `` High rolling in Reno '' . Washington Post . -- via ProQuest ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Al Delugach ( November 15 , 1979 ) . `` MGM may split , become movie - TV , casino firms '' . Los Angeles Times . -- via ProQuest ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Pamela G. Hollie ( June 3 , 1980 ) . `` MGM Film offer made , withdrawn '' . New York Times . -- via ProQuest ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Richard W. Stevenson ( November 18 , 1985 ) . `` Bally - MGM Grand deal announced '' . New York Times . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Bally completes purchase of MGM Grand Hotels '' . Wall Street Journal . April 28 , 1986 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Lewis Lazare ( May 18 , 1987 ) . `` Bally Plays Nevada Game Before Rolling Dice Again '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` MGM Grand holders will be offered stock in new company '' . Dow Jones News Service . December 30 , 1985 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Form 10 - K ( Report ) . MGM Grand Inc . March 29 , 1994 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Roy J. Harris , Jr . ( July 29 , 1987 ) . `` Tracinda names new president , unveils MGM unit '' . Wall Street Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Gellene , Denise ( September 7 , 1987 ) . `` MGM Grand Air takes a flier in luxury service '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Kerkorian drops bid for Pan American , but Braniff continues to show interest '' . Wall Street Journal . November 20 , 1987 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Japanese bid wins Las Vegas casino '' . New York Times . AP . August 5 , 1987 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Tracinda unit completes buy '' . Wall Street Journal . February 3 , 1988 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` MGM Grand 's sale of Sands '' . Wall Street Journal . May 1 , 1989 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Turner , Richard ( September 20 , 1989 ) . `` Kerkorian plans movie theme park , hotel in Las Vegas '' . Wall Street Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Jefferson , David J. ( October 4 , 1989 ) . `` MGM Grand expands its plan to build Las Vegas studio theme park and hotel '' . Wall Street Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Jefferson , David J. ( October 26 , 1989 ) . `` MGM Grand to pay $93 million , stock for resort site '' . Wall Street Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` MGM Grand seeks a buyer for hotel '' . New York Times . August 29 , 1990 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Inn bought by Tracinda '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . July 24 , 1991 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Dye , Tom ( October 8 , 1991 ) . `` MGM park officially under way '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Palermo , Dave ( December 19 , 1993 ) . `` MGM draws glittering reviews '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Clifford - Cruz , Rebecca ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Sun 's list of shuttered family - friendly Vegas attractions '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MGM to move headquarters '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . June 4 , 1992 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Burbank , Jeff ( November 14 , 1992 ) . `` Kerkorian to buy corner of Tropicana , Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Palermo , Dave ( August 5 , 1994 ) . `` New resort to join Strip lineup '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Green , Marian ( March 31 , 1995 ) . `` Las Vegas gets taste of Big Apple '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Berns , Dave ( January 4 , 1997 ) . `` Visitors rush to see little Big Apple '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Vegas gaming company considering projects in China '' . Associated Press . August 9 , 1994 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Palermo , Dave ( March 18 , 1995 ) . `` MGM Grand shows interest in buying Australian casino '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Smith , Fiona ( March 7 , 1995 ) . `` MGM Grand project joins rush to end Darwin hotel squeeze '' . Australian Financial Review . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Gambling concern acquires Australian casino , hotel '' . Wall Street Journal . 8 September 1995 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Orwall , Bruce ( July 10 , 1996 ) . `` MGM to Build Atlantic City casino , joining others heading for resort area '' . Wall Street Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Tourtellotte , Bob ( January 10 , 1997 ) . `` MGM Grand plans aggressive move in Detroit '' . Reuters . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Meredith , Robyn ( July 30 , 1999 ) . `` Detroit , still blighted , puts hopes in casinos '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Orwall , Bruce ( August 1 , 1996 ) . `` MGM Grand to seek casino licenses in South Africa '' . Wall Street Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` MGM Grand , Inc. opens casino in Johannesburg , South Africa '' ( Press release ) . MGM Grand . October 2 , 1998 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ritter , Ken ( November 8 , 2001 ) . `` MGM Mirage selling management operations in South Africa '' . Associated Press . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Smith , Hubble ( November 10 , 1998 ) . `` MGM makes $600 million offer to buy Primadonna '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Berns , Dave ( October 15 , 1998 ) . `` Primadonna declines MGM buyout '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ `` MGM Grand agrees to buy Primadonna in $276.1 million deal '' . Wall Street Journal . November 10 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` MGM Grand / Primadonna Resorts Buy - 2 : In Stock Swap '' . Dow Jones News Service . March 1 , 1999 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( February 24 , 2000 ) . `` MGM Grand makes $3.3 billion unsolicited offer for Mirage '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Severance Package Set for Mirage Chief '' . The New York Times . March 14 , 2000 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , Christina ; Deogun , Nikhil ( February 24 , 2000 ) . `` Playing in Vegas : two titans in takeover drama '' . Wall Street Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Simpson , Jeff ( March 1 , 2000 ) . `` Mirage rejects MGM Grand bid '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Berns , Dave ( March 27 , 2000 ) . `` Wynn pushed Mirage price up '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Gogoi , Pailavi ; Calamba , Shella ( March 6 , 2000 ) . `` Financing , Wynn role seen keys in Mirage - MGM merger '' . Capital Markets Report . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Macy , Robert ( May 30 , 2000 ) . `` Stockholders , Nevada regulators approve $6.4 billion merger '' . Associated Press Newswires . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Stock listing changes '' . Wall Street Journal . August 2 , 2000 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Berns , Dave ; Simpson , Jeff ( September 21 , 2000 ) . `` Joint Jersey project to start '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Batt , Tony ( July 3 , 2003 ) . `` Borgata opens doors '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` MGM Mirage sees Atlantic City as next big project '' . Reuters News . February 12 , 2002 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Dave Berns ( January 18 , 2001 ) . `` MGM Mirage shifts gears , will delay Strip development '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Judy DeHaven ( November 12 , 2000 ) . `` MGM Grand plans second Atlantic City , N.J. , casino '' . Knight Ridder Tribune Business News . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Jeff Simpson ( July 26 , 2003 ) . `` MGM Mirage chief patient on development '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Patricia Richardson ( January 21 , 2002 ) . `` MGM rolling dice on Rosemont '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Shamus Toomey ; Cass Cliatt ( March 23 , 2002 ) . `` State kills MGM , Emerald casino deal '' . Chicago Daily Herald . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Douglas Holt ( June 5 , 2002 ) . `` Casino buyout off the table '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Macau draws 21 bids for casino licences '' . Reuters News . December 7 , 2001 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Elaine Kurtenbach ( February 9 , 2002 ) . `` U.S. casinos break monopoly in Macau '' . Honolulu Advertiser . AP . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Liz Benston ( May 27 , 2003 ) . `` MGM Mirage entering U.K. 's casino market '' . Las Vegas Sun . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Jeff Simpson ( October 2 , 2002 ) . `` New Web casino taking bets '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` MGM Mirage moves in on UK bookies with licence request '' . New Media Age . November 15 , 2001 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` 500 sign up for casino '' . Bristol Evening Post . March 10 , 2004 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Liz Benston ( October 28 , 2003 ) . `` MGM Mirage in deal for U.K. casino '' . Las Vegas Sun . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Newcastle United Forms Joint Venture With MGM Mirage '' . Dow Jones International News . November 15 , 2003 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Adam Goldman ( February 3 , 2004 ) . `` MGM Mirage signs deal to build casino in United Kingdom '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` MGM Mirage chosen for Birmingham , England , casino '' . Reuters News . December 13 , 2005 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Ken Ritter ( April 19 , 2004 ) . `` US casino company , British firm plan projects in four UK cities '' . Associated Press Newswires . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Liz Benston ( January 27 , 2004 ) . `` MGM Mirage buying track , slot firm for $490 million '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Liz Benston ( June 4 , 2003 ) . `` Casino giant exiting Internet gaming '' . Las Vegas Sun . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Scott Mayerowitz ( May 6 , 2004 ) . `` MGM Mirage drops bid for Lincoln Park , leaving one bidder '' . Providence Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Stanley Leisure buys MLG Investments for GBP29. 8M '' . Dow Jones International News . January 25 , 2006 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rod Smith ( November 17 , 2004 ) . `` British government deals losing hand to Harrah 's , MGM Mirage '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Arnold M. Knightly ( March 30 , 2007 ) . `` Las Vegas companies undeterred by U.K. vote '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Simpson , Jeff ( January 23 , 2004 ) . `` New owners took over Golden Nugget while you slept '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` MGM Mirage completes sale of Darwin hotel and casino '' ( Press release ) . MGM Mirage . July 23 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ian Mylchreest ( June 14 , 2004 ) . `` Gaming giants come together '' . Las Vegas Business Press . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Christina Binkley ( June 7 , 2004 ) . `` In bid for Mandalay Resort , MGM Mirage could become biggest casino powerhouse '' . Wall Street Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Richard N. Velotta ( June 7 , 2004 ) . `` Kerkorian strikes again '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Hubble Smith ; Rod Smith ( June 6 , 2004 ) . `` Tale of two companies '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Liz Benston ( June 16 , 2004 ) . `` Combined MGM Mirage , Mandalay vow to grow '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Rod Smith ( June 12 , 2004 ) . `` Casino merger talks fizzle '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rod Smith ( June 15 , 2004 ) . `` Buyout gets OK '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Liz Benston ( June 15 , 2004 ) . `` MGM Mirage cites ' juggernaut ' '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Joel J. Smith ( June 17 , 2004 ) . `` MotorCity Casino to be sold '' . Detroit News . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Howard Stutz ( December 4 , 2004 ) . `` MGM Mirage changes tactics in Detroit '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ R.J. King ; Joel J. Smith ( March 16 , 2005 ) . `` Ilitch sews up deal for MotorCity Casino '' . Detroit News . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Liz Benston ( March 23 , 2005 ) . `` MGM Mirage delays closing of Mandalay buyout '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kristina Buchthal ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Pritzkers up casino ante '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Howard Stutz ( April 22 , 2005 ) . `` Megadeal close to completion '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Liz Benston ; Richard N. Velotta ( February 17 , 2005 ) . `` FTC signs off on MGM Mirage 's buyout of Mandalay Resort Group '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Rod Smith ( November 13 , 2004 ) . `` Credit line OK '' d `` . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Rod Smith ( April 26 , 2005 ) . `` MGM scales top of heap '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Howard Stutz ( June 14 , 2005 ) . `` Gaming goliath springs to life '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rod Smith ( June 14 , 2005 ) . `` Documents detail how deal came to be '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Jeff Simpson ( March 5 , 2003 ) . `` MGM Mirage deal in Macau possible '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Jane Ann Morrison ( April 18 , 2005 ) . `` MGM Mirage partner has familiar last name in Macau gaming circles '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rose , I.N. ( 2010 ) . `` Victim of Its Own Success '' . Gaming Law Review and Economics . 14 ( 7 ) : 511 -- 512 . doi : 10.1089 / glre. 2010.14701 . Jump up ^ Liz Benston ( June 21 , 2004 ) . `` MGM Mirage in deal to build casino in China '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Howard Stutz ( March 24 , 2007 ) . `` Commission finds venture suitable '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Howard Stutz ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` MGM Mirage 's project in Macau under way '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Cassie Biggs ( December 18 , 2007 ) . `` MGM to open casino in Macau '' . USA Today . AP . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` MGM makes payment for Vegas CityCenter project '' . Reuters . March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hubble Smith ( November 10 , 2004 ) . `` Strip `` metropolis '' planned `` . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Howard Stutz ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` Bye bye , Boardwalk '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Liz Benston ( June 30 , 2006 ) . `` CityCenter forges ahead '' . In Business Las Vegas . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Steven Mihailovich ( January 31 , 2005 ) . `` MGM finds partner to dance in Singapore '' . Las Vegas Business Press . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Singapore officials receive bids for casino licence '' . Agence France Presse . March 29 , 2006 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas giants in tight race for Singapore casino licence '' . Agence France Presse . March 26 , 2006 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Arti Mulchand ( May 27 , 2006 ) . `` Why Las Vegas Sands won Marina Bay bid '' . Straits Times . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` MGM Grand hotel will open at Foxwoods as part of partnership '' . USA TODAY . Associated Press . 2006 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Howard , Stutz ( 2006 - 10 - 17 ) . `` MGM Mirage selling two Laughlin casinos '' . Las Vegas Gaming Wire . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard ( November 1 , 2006 ) . `` Herbst Gaming to buy Primm properties '' . Gaming Wire . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Best Vegas Hotels '' . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard ( April 19 , 2007 ) . `` MGM buys parcels for new center '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . pp. A1 + A8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` MGM inks $5 B deal with Dubai World '' . Reuters . August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Asian casino magnate denies organized crime ties ( AOL ) Jump up ^ MGM 's plan to exit Borgata is approved Philadelphia Inquirer Jump up ^ `` MGM Mirage Chooses Macao Over New Jersey '' . Jump up ^ `` MGM Mirage may leave New Jersey in dispute over Macau partner '' . Las Vegas Sun . February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MGM Mirage completes sale of Treasure Island '' . Forbes . March 20 , 2000 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ MGM Mirage 10 - K ( Annual Report ) filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Jump up ^ Dubai World Says Unit Files Lawsuit Against MGM Mirage ( Wall Street Journal ) Jump up ^ `` Articles '' . Gamingtoday.com . Jump up ^ MGM Mirage Said to Hire Morgan Stanley to Evaluate Casino Bids ( bloomberg.com ) Jump up ^ With Casino Stocks , Traders Know When to Fold ' Em ( Wall Street Journal ) Jump up ^ GARCIA , OSKAR ( 2010 - 06 - 15 ) . `` MGM Mirage Changes Name To MGM Resorts Int'l '' . Jump up ^ `` MGM China prices $1.5 billion IPO at top end as sector booms '' . Reuters. 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Vinicy Chan ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` MGM China Gets Formal Approval For New Casino in Macau '' . Bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ Wagner , John ( 8 May 2013 ) . `` MGM confirms plans to bid for Prince George 's County casino '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . Jump up ^ du Lac , J. Freedom ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` MGM gets the dealfor Maryland 's sixth casino , at National Harbor in Prince George 's '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard . `` Big Rewards in China create flexibility for MGM Resorts '' , `` Las Vegas Review - Journal '' , Las Vegas , 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sturdevant , Matthew . `` MGM Grand At Foxwoods Renamed The Fox Tower '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard . `` , `` Las Vegas Review Journal '' , Las Vegas , September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rindels , Michelle . `` MGM , AEG break ground on Las Vegas Strip arena '' Archived May 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , `` Associated Press '' , Las Vegas , May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile Arena lives up to the hype -- PHOTOS '' . 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MGM celebrates opening of the Park entertainment district '' . 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Form 10 - K : Annual Report ( Report ) . MGM Resorts International . March 2 , 2015 . p. 76 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 06 -- via EDGAR . Jump up ^ Arnold M. Knightly ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` Developer buying Railroad Pass from MGM '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ J.D. Morris ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` MGM Resorts finalizes sale of Railroad Pass '' . Vegas Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Form 10 - K : Annual Report ( Report ) . MGM Resorts International . March 2 , 2015 . p. 76 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 -- via EDGAR . Jump up ^ Morris , J.D. ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` MGM Resorts selling Gold Strike in Jean '' . Vegas Inc . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris , J.D. ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Gaming Commission approves sale of Gold Strike in Jean '' . Vegas Inc . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lars ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` MGM / Jett Gaming LLC close on Gold Strike Casino '' . World Casino News . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://ballparkdigest.com/2014/09/24/its-official-new-biloxi-ballpark-to-be-mgm-park/ Jump up ^ Robbins , Carolyn . `` Massachusetts Gaming Commission OKs licenses for MGM Springfield , Wynn Resorts '' , `` masslive.com '' , Boston , November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Howard Stutz ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` MGM sells Reno casino holdings for $72.5 million '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ J.D. Morris ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` MGM Resorts announces restructuring plan involving 10 properties '' . Vegas Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Lauren Hirsch ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` MGM Growth raises $1.05 billion in IPO '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Reuters . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Heitner , Darren . `` MGM Buys Boyd Gaming 's Share Of Borgata For $900 Million '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Olmsted , Larry . `` Bye Bye Monte Carlo : Las Vegas Casino Resort Being Replaced '' . Jump up ^ `` MGM Looks To Shake Up An Already - Competitive Nevada Market With New playMGM Mobile Sports Betting App '' . Legal Sports Report . 2017 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ International , MGM Resorts . `` MGM Resorts International Introduces Real - Money Online Gaming In New Jersey On playMGM.com Platform '' . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Duren , J.R. ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) . `` MGM Launches Its First Branded , Real - Money Online Gambling Site In NJ '' . NJ Gambling Websites . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Michael , `` MGM Mirage forms subsidiary to develop luxury hotels '' , `` Travel Weekly '' , May 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ti , Zhuan . `` Diaoyutai MGM Hospitality Expands Presence in China '' , `` China Daily '' , July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Mac , Ryan . `` MGM Joins Venture with Hakkasan to Build Non-Gaming Hotels Worldwide '' `` Forbes '' , April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Mac , Ryan ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` MGM Resorts Joins Venture with Hakkasan Group to Build Non-Gaming Hotels Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MGM Resorts Vacations - The Best Resorts & Casinos in Las Vegas '' . Mgmmiragevacations.com . Jump up ^ `` Top MBA Employers 2013 : Full list '' . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to MGM Resorts International . Official website MGM Resorts International California Primm Valley Golf Club Illinois Grand Victoria ( 50 % stake ) Maryland MGM National Harbor Mississippi Gold Strike Tunica Beau Rivage Michigan MGM Grand Detroit New Jersey Borgata Las Vegas Bellagio Circus Circus Adventuredome Slots - A-Fun CityCenter Aria Mandarin Oriental Vdara Veer Excalibur Festival Grounds Las Vegas Aces Luxor Mandalay Bay Delano Convention Center Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena Signature Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Shadow Creek T - Mobile Arena ( 50 % stake ) China MGM Macau Former Circus Circus Reno Colorado Belle Crystals Edgewater Gold Strike Jean The Harmon MGM Grand Atlantic City Nevada Landing Primm Valley Resorts Railroad Pass Silver Legacy Treasure Island Under construction MGM Springfield Las Vegas Aces Formerly the Utah Starzz , the San Antonio Silver Stars , and the San Antonio Stars Founded in 1997 Based in Las Vegas , Nevada Franchise Utah Starzz San Antonio Stars Current season Arenas Delta Center AT&T Center Freeman Coliseum Mandalay Bay Events Center Head coaches Denise Taylor Frank Layden Fred Williams Candi Harvey Shell Dailey Dee Brown Sandy Brondello Dan Hughes Vickie Johnson Bill Laimbeer Administration Owners Larry H. Miller Peter Holt MGM Resorts International General Managers Jay Francis Dan Hughes Ruth Riley All - Stars Danielle Adams Jayne Appel Adrienne Goodson Marie Ferdinand - Harris Becky Hammon Shannon Johnson Kayla McBride Danielle Robinson Michelle Snow Sophia Young - Macolm Natalie Williams Seasons 2001 2017 2018 Playoff appearances 2001 2002 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2014 Conference Championships 2008 WNBA Championships None Rivals Houston Comets Los Angeles Sparks Media Announcers Tai Dillard Andrew Monaco Brenda VanLengen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MGM_Resorts_International&oldid=835986266 '' Categories : MGM Resorts International 1986 establishments in Nevada Companies based in Paradise , Nevada Companies established in 2000 Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Gambling companies of the United States Hospitality companies of the United States Las Vegas Aces owners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles to be expanded from April 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 00 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who owns mgm resorts international in las vegas | [
"\nMGM Resorts International\n\n\n\n\n\nFormerly called\n\n\n\n\nGrand Name Co. (1986–1987)\nMGM Grand Inc. (1987–2000)\nMGM Mirage (2000–2010)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nType\n\nPublic\n\n\nTraded as\n\n\n\nNYSE: MGM\nS&P 500 component\n\n\n\n\n\nIndustry\nGaming\nHospitality\nTourism\n\n\nFounded\n1986; 32 years ago (1986)\n\n\nFounder\nKirk Kerkorian\n\n\nHeadquarters\nParadise, Nevada, United States\n\n\n\nKey people\n\nJames J. Murren\nChairman of the Board CEO\n\n\nProducts\nCasinos\nHotels\nEntertainment\nResorts\n\n\nBrands\nMGM\nMGM Grand\nPark MGM\nThe Mansion\nThe Signature\nSkylofts\nBellagio\n\n\nRevenue\n $9.810 billion (2013) [1]\n\n\n\nOperating income\n\n $1.1 billion (2013)[1]\n\n\n\nNet income\n\n $3.114 billion (2013)[1]\n\n\nTotal assets\n $26.1 billion (2013)[1]\n\n\nTotal equity\n $7.9 billion (2013)[1]\n\n\nOwners\nTracinda Corporation (16.1%)[2]\nT. Rowe Price (13.9%)[2]\n\n\n\nNumber of employees\n\n61,396 (December 2011)[1]\n\n\nSubsidiaries\nMGM Resorts Vacations\nMGM HAKKASAN\nDiaoyutai MGM Hospitality\n\n\nWebsite\nmgmresorts.com\n\n",
"\nMGM Resorts International\n\n\n\n\n\nFormerly called\n\n\n\n\nGrand Name Co. (1986–1987)\nMGM Grand Inc. (1987–2000)\nMGM Mirage (2000–2010)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nType\n\nPublic\n\n\nTraded as\n\n\n\nNYSE: MGM\nS&P 500 component\n\n\n\n\n\nIndustry\nGaming\nHospitality\nTourism\n\n\nFounded\n1986; 32 years ago (1986)\n\n\nFounder\nKirk Kerkorian\n\n\nHeadquarters\nParadise, Nevada, United States\n\n\n\nKey people\n\nJames J. Murren\nChairman of the Board CEO\n\n\nProducts\nCasinos\nHotels\nEntertainment\nResorts\n\n\nBrands\nMGM\nMGM Grand\nPark MGM\nThe Mansion\nThe Signature\nSkylofts\nBellagio\n\n\nRevenue\n $9.810 billion (2013) [1]\n\n\n\nOperating income\n\n $1.1 billion (2013)[1]\n\n\n\nNet income\n\n $3.114 billion (2013)[1]\n\n\nTotal assets\n $26.1 billion (2013)[1]\n\n\nTotal equity\n $7.9 billion (2013)[1]\n\n\nOwners\nTracinda Corporation (16.1%)[2]\nT. Rowe Price (13.9%)[2]\n\n\n\nNumber of employees\n\n61,396 (December 2011)[1]\n\n\nSubsidiaries\nMGM Resorts Vacations\nMGM HAKKASAN\nDiaoyutai MGM Hospitality\n\n\nWebsite\nmgmresorts.com\n\n"
] | [
"Tracinda Corporation",
"T. Rowe Price"
] |
7934439293245066280 | Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour | Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour - wikipedia Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on The Ten Commandments I am the LORD thy God No other gods before me No graven images or likenesses Not take the LORD 's name in vain Remember the sabbath day Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness Thou shalt not covet Related articles Tablets of Stone Ritual Decalogue Catholic theology You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor , Lucas Cranach the elder `` Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour '' is the ninth ( respectively the eighth according to the Catholic and Lutheran count ) of the Ten Commandments , which are widely understood as moral imperatives by Jewish scholars , Catholic scholars , and Post-Reformation scholars . Today , most cultures retain a distinction between lying in general ( which is discouraged under most , but not all , circumstances ) versus perjury ( which is always unlawful under criminal law and liable to punishment ) . Similarly , historically in Jewish tradition , a distinction was made between lying in general and bearing false witness ( perjury ) specifically . On the one hand , bearing false witness ( perjury ) was always prohibited according to the decalogue 's commandement against bearing false witness , yet on the other hand , lying in general was acknowledged to be , in certain circumstances `` permissible or even commendable '' when it was a white lie , and it was done while not under oath , and it was not `` harmful to someone else '' . The book of Exodus describes the Ten Commandments as being spoken by God , inscribed on two stone tablets by the finger of God , broken by Moses , and rewritten on replacements stones by the LORD . There are six things that the LORD strongly dislikes , seven that are an abomination to him : haughty eyes , a lying tongue , and hands that shed innocent blood , a heart that devises wicked plans , feet that make haste to run to evil , a false witness who breathes out lies , and one who sows discord among brothers . -- Proverbs 6 : 16 -- 19 The command against false testimony is seen as a natural consequence of the command to `` love your neighbor as yourself '' . This moral prescription flows from the command for holy people to bear witness to their deity . Offenses against the truth express by word or deed a refusal to commit oneself to moral uprightness : they are fundamental infidelities to God and , in this sense , they undermine the foundations of covenant with God . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient understanding 2 Jewish doctrine 3 New Testament doctrine 4 Orthodox view 5 Roman Catholic doctrine 6 Reformation and Post-Reformation doctrines 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Ancient understanding ( edit ) You shall not spread a false report . You shall not join hands with a wicked man to be a malicious witness . You shall not fall in with the many to do evil , nor shall you bear witness in a lawsuit , siding with the many , so as to pervert justice , nor shall you be partial to a poor man in his lawsuit . -- Exodus 23 : 1 - 2 The Hebrew Bible contains a number prohibitions of false witness , lying , spreading false reports , etc . For a person who had a charge brought against them and were brought before a religious prosecution , the charge was considered as established only on the evidence of two or three sworn witnesses . In cases where false testimony was suspected , the religious judges were to make a thorough investigation , and if false testimony were proven , the false witness was to receive the punishment he had intended to bring on the person falsely accused . For example , since murder was a capital crime , giving false testimony in a murder case was subject to the death penalty . Those eager to receive or listen to false testimony were also subject to punishment . False witness is among the six things God hates , king Solomon says . False testimony is among the things that defile a person , Jesus says . The witness who hid what he had seen or what he knew bore his iniquity ; if he realized his guilt , he had to confess his sin , brought to the Lord a female lamb or goat from the flock ( or two turtledoves or two pigeons , or a tenth of an ephah of fine flour ) for a sin offering as his compensation for the sin he committed . The lying witness is a deceitful man , who mocks at justice . He is like a war club , or a sword , or a sharp arrow . '' A false witness will not go unpunished . '' king Solomon says . '' A false witness will perish '' if he does not repent . Some of those who belonged to the synagogue of the Freedmen and of the Cyrenians , and of the Alexandrians , and of those from Cilicia and Asia came upon Stephen and seized him and brought him before the council and set up false witnesses against him . These false witnesses said : `` This man never ceases to speak words against this holy place ( Temple of Jerusalem ) and the law , for we have heard him say that this Jesus of Nazareth will destroy this place ( Stephen said that the temple of Jesus ′ body had been destroyed by others but raise it up by Him in three days , according with what Jesus had said ) and the customs that Moses delivered to us . '' ( Stephen said what Jesus had said namely He had come to fulfil the Law of Moses and the Prophets ) And gazing at him , all who sat in the council saw Stephen ′ s face was like the face of an angel . Many testified falsely against Jesus , but their statements did not agree . At last two witnesses said they had heard Him saying He would destroy that temple and in three days built another , not made with hands , ( He really had meant the resurrection of His body , as a temple of the Holy Spirit , destroyed by others but raise it up by Him ) . Yet even about this their testimony did not agree . The narrative in 1 Kings 21 describes a case of false testimony . King Ahab of Israel tried to convince Naboth the Jezreelite to sell him the vineyard Naboth owned adjacent to the king 's palace . Ahab wanted the land to use as a vegetable garden , but Naboth refused to sell or trade the property to Ahab saying , `` The LORD forbid that I should give up to you what I have inherited from my fathers ! '' Ahab 's wife Jezebel then conspired to obtain the vineyard by writing letters in Ahab 's name to the elders and nobles in Naboth 's town instructing them to have two scoundrels bear false witness claiming that Naboth has cursed both God and the king . After Naboth was subsequently stoned to death , Ahab seized possession of Naboth 's vineyard . The text describes the LORD as very angry with Ahab , and the prophet Elijah pronounces judgment on both Ahab and Jezebel . The narrative in 2 Samuel 1 also contains a narrative which is often interpreted as false testimony . The 1 Samuel narrative had described Saul as killing himself by falling on his own sword after having been wounded by the Philistines on Mount Gilboa and being in a situation with no hope of victory or escape . However , 2 Samuel tells of an Amalekite , who was probably on Mount Gilboa to strip the dead of their possessions , appearing to David with Saul 's crown and royal arm band and giving testimony that he had himself killed king Saul . David immediately ordered that the Amalekite be put to death , saying , `` Your blood be on your head , for your own mouth has testified against you , saying , ' I have killed the LORD 's anointed . ' '' The truth of the Amalekite 's testimony did not need to be determined for the sentence to be carried out : either the Amalekite had killed King Saul , or he had given false testimony to David regarding Saul 's death . Both crimes were seen as equally deserving of the death penalty . The ancient understanding of false testimony not only includes testifying with false words , but also failing to come forward with relevant testimony in response to a public charge . `` If a person sins because he does not speak up when he hears a public charge to testify regarding something he has seen or learned about , he will be held responsible . '' Jewish doctrine ( edit ) Jewish law enumerates 613 Mitzvot or commandments , including several commandments related to honest testimony as related to judicial procedure . 570 . Anybody who knows evidence must testify in court ( Leviticus 5 : 1 ) 571 . Carefully interrogate the witness ( Deuteronomy 13 : 14 ) 572 . A witness must not serve as a judge in capital crimes ( Deuteronomy 19 : 17 ) 573 . Not to accept testimony from a lone witness ( Deuteronomy 19 : 15 ) 574 . Transgressors must not testify ( Exodus 23 : 1 ) 575 . Relatives of the litigants must not testify ( Deuteronomy 24 : 16 ) 576 . Not to testify falsely ( Exodus 20 : 16 ) 577 . Punish the false witnesses as they tried to punish the defendant ( Deuteronomy 19 : 19 ) -- Sefer Hamitzvot by Maimonides Maimonides ( the Rambam ) further explained that if false testimony was calculated to occasion a monetary loss , the court should inflict a monetary loss of equal value on the false witness . Likewise , if the false testimony was calculated to result in death , the false witness is to suffer the same kind of death . In Sefer Hachinuch , one who fails to testify when one is aware of evidence is compared to one who stands idly by the blood of one 's neighbor . The severity of breaking the ninth commandment is reflected in a midrash : One who bears false witness against one 's neighbor commits as serious a sin as if one had borne false witness against God , saying that God did not create the world . -- Mechilta to Exodus 20 : 13 New Testament doctrine ( edit ) According to the New Testament , Jesus explains that obedience to the prohibition against false testimony from the ten commandments is a requirement for eternal life . According to Jesus , false testimony comes from the sinful desires of the heart and makes people unclean . The New Testament narrative also describes several occasions where people testify falsely against Jesus and his disciples . When Jesus was on trial before the Sanhedrin , the chief priests were looking for evidence to justify putting Jesus to death , and the narrative in Matthew 's Gospel states that many false witnesses ( Greek : πολλων ψευδομαρτυρων ) came forward . Jesus remained silent until the high priest charged him under oath to answer whether Jesus is `` the Christ , the Son of God '' . Jesus answered affirmatively . The Acts of the Apostles describes the disciple Stephen being seized and brought before the Sanhedrin . Those who opposed Stephen persuaded false witnesses to testify that Stephen was guilty of blasphemy against Moses and against God . Stephen used the occasion of his trial to remind the Sanhedrin of the Old Testament testimony of rebellion , idolatry , and persecution of the prophets that culminated in the murder of Jesus . The crowd was so angry that Stephen was stoned to death . The New Testament depicts the Apostles as being appointed as true witnesses to the ministry and resurrection of Jesus Christ . The Apostle Paul uses the Old Testament prohibition of false testimony to describe his fear of God if found to be a false witness about God regarding the resurrection . But if it is preached that Christ has been raised from the dead , how can some of you say that there is no resurrection of the dead ? If there is no resurrection of the dead , then not even Christ has been raised . And if Christ has not been raised , our preaching is useless and so is your faith . More than that , we are then found to be false witnesses about God , for we have testified about God that he raised Christ from the dead . But he did not raise him if in fact the dead are not raised . For if the dead are not raised , then Christ has not been raised either . And if Christ has not been raised , your faith is futile ; you are still in your sins . -- The Apostle Paul In Romans 13 : 9 , Paul lists a number of the ten commandments which can be summed up in the saying `` You shall love your neighbor as yourself '' . The Textus Receptus and the King James Bible include `` You shall not bear false witness '' , but this commandment is missing from some early manuscripts containing Romans 13 and the Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges suggests that it is `` perhaps to be omitted , on documentary evidence '' . Orthodox view ( edit ) The Orthodox Christian is expected to uphold truth , at all times and in all places , without exception . Slander and gossip are equally evil , and the initial speaker is responsible for any further damage caused as the report is spread . Unless there is a compelling reason to speak ill of someone , as is the case of protect oneself or others against harm , it is not permissible even if the account be true . Saint Dorotheus of Gaza said , `` You may well know about the sin , but you do not know about the repentance . '' Roman Catholic doctrine ( edit ) The Roman Catholic Church interprets the command against `` false witness '' more broadly than the Jewish historical context of perjury , and considers it as a broad prohibition against misrepresenting the truth in one 's relation with others . This commandment enjoins truthfulness and respect for other 's good name , even the dead . It prohibits detraction ( true faults ) , calumny ( false faults ) , gossip , rash judgment , lying , and the violation of secrets . The Catechism of the Catholic Church ( § 2469 ) states , `` ... The virtue of truth gives another his just due . Truthfulness keeps to the just mean between what ought to be expressed and what ought to be kept secret : it entails honesty and discretion . In justice , `` as a matter of honor , one man owes it to another to manifest the truth . '' Catholic teaching describes truth as uprightness in human action and speech and is the virtue which consists of showing oneself true in deeds and truthful in words , and in guarding against duplicity , dissimulation , and hypocrisy . The person of truth gives another his just due . Truthfulness balances what ought to be expressed and what ought to be kept secret : it entails both honesty and discretion . In justice , one man owes it to another to manifest the truth . The disciple of Christ consents to `` live in the truth , '' that is , in the simplicity of a life in conformity with the Lord 's example , abiding in his truth . `` If we say we have fellowship with him while we walk in darkness , we lie and do not live according to the truth . '' ( 1 John 1 : 6 ) To keep `` a clear conscience toward God and toward men '' ( Acts 24 : 16 ) , Christians must follow Christ 's example `` to bear witness to the truth . '' ( John 18 : 37 ) The Christian is not to `` be ashamed then of testifying to our Lord . '' ( 2 Timothy 1 : 8 ) In situations that require witness to the faith , the Christian must profess it without equivocation . Christian witness to the Gospel and the obligations that flow from it are an act of justice that establishes the truth or makes it known . Catholic teaching regards martyrdom as the supreme witness given to the truth of the faith : it means bearing witness even unto death . Christ 's disciples have `` put on the new man , created after the likeness of God in true righteousness and holiness . '' ( Ephesians 4 : 24 ) By `` putting away falsehood , '' they are to `` put away all malice and all guile and insincerity and envy and all slander . '' ( Ephesians 4 : 25 , 1 Peter 2 : 1 ) Public statements contrary to the truth take on a particular gravity . In court it becomes false witness . ( Proverbs 19 : 9 ) False statements under oath are perjury . Acts such as these contribute to condemnation of the innocent , exoneration of the guilty , or the increased punishment of the accused . ( Proverbs 18 : 5 ) These are great sins , because they gravely compromise the exercise of justice and the fairness of judicial decisions . Respect for the reputation of persons forbids every attitude and word likely to cause unjust injury . One is guilty of rash judgment who assumes the moral fault of a neighbor without sufficient foundation . One is guilty of detraction who discloses another 's faults and failings to persons who did not know them without objectively valid reason . One is guilty of calumny ( a misrepresentation intended to harm another 's reputation ) who harms the reputation of others and gives occasion for false judgments concerning them by remarks contrary to the truth . These sins violate both the commandment against false witness , as well as the command to love one 's neighbor as oneself . Not only are gossip and slander held to be covered by the commandment against false witness , Catholic teaching also holds that `` every word or attitude is forbidden which by flattery , adulation , or complaisance encourages and confirms another in malicious acts and perverse conduct . Adulation is a grave fault if it makes one an accomplice in another 's vices or grave sins . Neither the desire to be of service nor friendship justifies duplicitous speech . '' Furthermore , boasting and bragging are viewed as offenses against truth . So is irony aimed at disparaging someone by maliciously caricaturing ( mocking ) some aspect of his behavior . The Catholic Church teaches that `` A lie consists in speaking a falsehood with the intention of deceiving . '' According to the Bible , the Lord denounces lying as the work of the devil : `` You are of your father the devil , ... there is no truth in him . When he lies , he speaks according to his own nature , for he is a liar and the father of lies . '' ( John 8 : 44 ) Lying is the most direct offense against the truth . To lie is to speak or act against the truth in order to lead someone into error . By injuring man 's relation to truth and to his neighbor , a lie offends against the fundamental relation of man and of his word to the Lord . Lying is a mortal sin when it does grave injury to the virtues of justice and charity . Lying is a profanation of speech , whereas the purpose of speech is to communicate known truth to others . The deliberate intention of leading a neighbor into error by saying things contrary to the truth constitutes a failure in justice and charity . The culpability is greater when the intention of deceiving entails the risk of deadly consequences for those who are led astray . By violating the virtue of truthfulness , a lie does real violence to another . It affects his ability to know , which is a condition of every judgment and decision . It contains the seed of discord and all consequent evils . Lying is destructive of society ; it undermines trust among men and tears apart the fabric of social relationships . However , the right to the communication of the truth is not unconditional in Catholic teaching . Everyone must conform his life to the Gospel precept of fraternal love . In concrete situations one should judge whether or not it is appropriate to reveal the truth to someone who asks for it . Charity and respect for the truth should dictate the response to every request for information or communication . The good and safety of others , respect for privacy , and the common good are sufficient reasons for being silent about what ought not be known or for making use of a discreet language . The duty to avoid scandal often commands strict discretion . No one is bound to reveal the truth to someone who does not have the right to know it . The golden rule helps one discern , in concrete situations , whether or not it would be appropriate to reveal the truth to someone who asks for it . The sacrament of confession is inviolable . Reformation and Post-Reformation doctrines ( edit ) John Calvin taught that the commandment against false witness prohibits all calumnies ( gossip and slander ) and false accusations which might injure our neighbor 's good name , and any falsehood which might impair his fortune . Christians must assert only the truth with pure motives for the maintenance of our neighbor 's good name and estate . By malignant or vicious detraction , we sin against our neighbor 's good name : by lying , sometimes even by casting a slur upon him , we injure him in his estate . It makes no difference whether you suppose that formal and judicial testimony is here intended , or the ordinary testimony which is given in private conversation . For we must always recur to the consideration , that for each kind of transgression one species is set forth by way of example , that to it the others may be referred , and that the species chiefly selected , is that in which the turpitude of the transgression is most apparent . -- John Calvin Calvin asserted that God 's intent in the prohibition of false witness extended `` more generally to calumny and sinister insinuations by which our neighbors are unjustly aggrieved . '' Since perjury in court is amply prohibited by the third commandment ( against swearing falsely ) , the commandment against false witness must extend to protection of one 's good name . `` The equity of this is perfectly clear . For if a good name is more precious than riches , a man , in being robbed of his good name , is no less injured than if he were robbed of his goods ; while , in the latter case , false testimony is sometimes not less injurious than rapine committed by the hand . '' Nay , the commandment extends so far as to include that scurrilous affected urbanity , instinct with invective , by which the failings of others , under an appearance of sportiveness , are bitterly assailed , as some are wont to do , who court the praise of wit , though it should call forth a blush , or inflict a bitter pang . By petulance of this description , our brethren are sometimes grievously wounded . But if we turn our eye to the Lawgiver , whose just authority extends over the ears and the mind , as well as the tongue , we can not fail to perceive that eagerness to listen to slander , and an unbecoming proneness to censorious judgements are here forbidden . -- John Calvin Martin Luther explained that this commandment is given `` first of all that every one shall help his neighbor to secure his rights , and not allow them to be hindered or twisted , but shall promote and strictly maintain them , no matter whether he be judge or witness . '' Luther also asserted that this command extends to the spiritual jurisdiction and prohibited slander against preachers and Christians by calling them heretics , apostates , seditious , wicked , etc . Thirdly , he described the commandment against false witness to prohibit the public judgment and reproof of his neighbor . One can indeed see and hear the neighbor sin , but one has no command to report it to others . If one judges and passes sentence , one falls into a sin which is greater than his ( except for judges , parents , and preachers . ) Over and above our own body , spouse , and temporal possessions , we have yet another treasure , namely , honor and good report ( the illustrious testimony of an upright and unsullied name and reputation ) , with which we can not dispense . For it is intolerable to live among men in open shame and general contempt . Therefore God wishes the reputation , good name , and upright character of our neighbor to be taken away or diminished as little as his money and possessions , that every one may stand in his integrity before wife , children , servants , and neighbors . And in the first place , we take the plainest meaning of this commandment according to the words ( Thou shalt not bear false witness ) , as pertaining to the public courts of justice , where a poor innocent man is accused and oppressed by false witnesses in order to be punished in his body , property , or honor . -- Martin Luther , The Large Catechism Slanderers are not content with knowing a thing , but `` proceed to assume jurisdiction , and when they know a slight offense of another , carry it into every corner , and are delighted and tickled that they can stir up another 's displeasure ( baseness ) , as swine roll themselves in the dirt and root in it with the snout . '' Luther describes this as meddling with the judgment and office of God , and pronouncing sentence and punishment with the most severe verdict . Without wielding the sword , the slanderer employs a poisonous tongue to the shame and hurt of your neighbor . God therefore would have it prohibited that any one speak evil of another even though he be guilty , and the latter know it right well ; much less if he do not know it , and have it only from hearsay . But you say : Shall I not say it if it be the truth ? Answer : Why do you not make accusation to regular judges ? Ah , I can not prove it publicly , and hence I might be silenced and turned away in a harsh manner ( incur the penalty of a false accusation ) . `` Ah , indeed , do you smell the roast ? '' If you do not trust yourself to stand before the proper authorities and to make answer , then hold your tongue . But if you know it , know it for yourself and not for another . For if you tell it to others , although it be true , you will appear as a liar , because you can not prove it , and you are , besides acting like a knave . For we ought never to deprive any one of his honor or good name unless it be first taken away from him publicly . -- Martin Luther , The Large Catechism Matthew Henry taught that the prohibition against false witness concerns our own and our neighbor 's good name . `` Thou shalt not bear false witness '' forbids : `` 1 . Speaking falsely in any matter , lying , equivocating , and any way devising and designing to deceive our neighbor . 2 . Speaking unjustly against our neighbor , to the prejudice of his reputation ; and ( which involves the guilty of both ) . 3 . Bearing false witness against him , laying to his charge things that he knows not , either judicially , upon oath ( by which the third commandment , and the sixth and eighth , as well as this , are broken ) , or extrajudicially , in common converse , slandering , backbiting , tale - bearing , aggravating what is done amiss and making it worse than it is , and any way endeavoring to raise our own reputation upon the ruin of our neighbor 's . '' See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patrick . `` Counting the Ten Commandments '' , Bible Study Magazine , October 31 , 2004 Jump up ^ Exodus 20 : 1 - 21 , Deuteronomy 5 : 1 - 23 , Ten Commandments , New Bible Dictionary , Second Edition , Tyndale House , 1982 pp. 1174 - 1175 Jump up ^ Posner , Richard A. , How Judges Think , Harvard University Press , 2008 , p. 322 ; ' ' Ten Commandments ' ' , New Bible Dictionary , Second Edition , Tyndale House , 1982 pp. 1174 - 1175 Jump up ^ Bromiley , Geoffrey W. , The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia , 1988 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Williams , J. Rodman , Renewal theology : systematic theology from a charismatic perspective , 1996 p. 240 ; Making moral decisions : a Christian approach to personal and social ethics , Paul T. Jersild , 1991 , p. 24 Jump up ^ http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1049008/jewish/Telling-the-Truth-and-When-It-Is-Permissible-to-Be-Less-Than-Honest.htm Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 10 : 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ `` Leviticus 19 : 18 , Romans 13 : 9 , Catechism of the Catholic Church 2464 '' . Jump up ^ Exodus 23 : 1 - 2 ( ESV ) Jump up ^ Exodus 20 : 16 , Deuteronomy 5 : 20 , Exodus 23 : 1 - 2 , Proverbs 19 : 5 , Isaiah 29 : 20 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Bible Gateway '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 19 : 17 - 19 Jump up ^ Proverbs 21 : 28 Jump up ^ `` Proverbs 6.16 - 19 ESV ; NIVUK ; ASV - There are six things that the LORD '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew15. 18 - 20 ESV ; NIVUK ; ASV - But what comes out of the mouth '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Exodus23. 1 , Proverbs 12.17 , 14.5 , 14.25 , 24.28 , Psalm 27.12 , 35.11 ESV ; NIVUK ; ASV - `` You shall not spread a false report . '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Proverbs 19.28 ESV ; NIVUK ; ASV - A worthless witness mocks at justice '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Proverbs 25.18 ESV ; NIVUK ; ASV - A man who bears false witness against '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Prov19. 5 , 9 ESV ; NIVUK ; ASV - A false witness will not go unpunished '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Prov21. 28 ESV ; NIVUK ; ASV - A false witness will perish , but the '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` John 2.18 - 22 ESV ; NIVUK ; ASV - So the Jews said to him , `` What sign '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew 5.17 ESV ; NIVUK ; ASV - Christ Came to Fulfill the Law - `` Do '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Acts6. 8 - 15 ESV ; NIVUK ; ASV - Stephen Is Seized - And Stephen , full '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Mark14. 55 - 65 , Matthew26. 59 - 66 ESV ; NIVUK ; ASV - Now the chief priests and the whole '' . Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ 1 Kings 21 : 4 ( JPS ) Jump up ^ 1 Kings 21 : 20 - 23 Jump up ^ Commentary on 2 Samuel 1 , The NIV Study Bible . 1995 . Barker , Kenneth , Burdick , Donald ; Stek , John ; Wessel , Walter ; Youngblood , Ronald , eds . Zondervan . Grand Rapids , MI , USA Jump up ^ `` Matthew Henry 's Commentary on 2 Samuel 1 '' . Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 31 Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 1 : 16 ESV Jump up ^ Leviticus 5 : 1 NIV Jump up ^ `` Matthew Henry 's Commentary on Leviticus 5 '' . Jump up ^ The Commandments Vol. 1 p. 193 as quoted and discussed in Teaching Mitzvot : Concepts , Values , and Activities by Bruce Kadden , 2003 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ The Commandments Vol. 2 p. 77 as quoted and discussed in Teaching Mitzvot : Concepts , Values , and Activities by Bruce Kadden , 2003 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Matthew 19 : 18 , Mark 10 : 19 , Luke 18 : 20 Jump up ^ `` Matthew Henry 's Commentary on Matthew 19 '' . Jump up ^ Matthew 15 : 18 - 19 Jump up ^ Matthew 26 : 59 - 61 Jump up ^ Matthew 26 : 63 - 64 Jump up ^ Acts 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Commentary on Acts 6 - 7 , The NIV Study Bible , Zondervan ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Matthew Henry 's Commentary on Acts 6 - 7 '' . Jump up ^ Acts 1 Jump up ^ `` Matthew Henry 's Commentary on Acts 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Henry 's Commentary on 1 Corinthians 15 '' . Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 15 : 12 - 17 Jump up ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Romans 13 , accessed 30 September 2016 Jump up ^ Dorotheos of Gaza , Discourses and Sayings , trans . Eric P. Wheeler ( Kalamazoo , MI : Cistercian Publications , 1977 ) , p. 135 Jump up ^ Donovan , Colin B. , `` The Ten Commandments '' Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church § 2469 '' . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church 2468 - 2470 '' . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church 2471 - 2474 '' . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church 2474 - 2476 '' . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church 2477 - 2479 , 2510 '' . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church 2480 - 2481 '' . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church 2482 - 2486 '' . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church 2487 , 2510 - 2511 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` John Calvin , Institutes of the Christian Religion , Book Two , Chapter 8 , Section 47 '' . ^ Jump up to : The Large Catechism by Martin Luther , Translated by F. Bente and W.H.T. Dau . Published in : Triglot Concordia : The Symbolical Books of the Ev . Lutheran Church ( St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1921 ) pp. 565 - 773 . Jump up ^ The Large Catechism by Martin Luther , Translated by F. Bente and W.H.T. Dau . Published in : Triglot Concordia : The Symbolical Books of the Ev . Lutheran Church ( St. Louis : Concordia Publishing House , 1921 ) pp. 565 - 773 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Henry 's Commentary on Exodus 20 : 15 '' . Further reading ( edit ) The Jewish Study Bible , Tanakh Translation. 2004 . Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Fishbane , Michael , eds . Jewish Publication Society , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 529751 - 2 `` Matthew Henry 's Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible '' . Retrieved 2 September 2009 . The Holy Bible , English Standard Version . 2007 . Crossway Bibles , Wheaton , IL . ISBN 1 - 58134 - 379 - 5 `` New Jerusalem Bible '' . 1985 . Retrieved 28 August 2009 . Barker , Kenneth , Burdick , Donald ; Stek , John ; Wessel , Walter ; Youngblood , Ronald , eds. ( 1995 ) . The NIV Study Bible . Zondervan . Grand Rapids , MI , USA . ISBN 0 - 310 - 92709 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) U.S. Catholic Church . Catechism of the Catholic Church . Doubleday Religion . 2003 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 50819 - 0 . Retrieved 1 September 2009 . External links ( edit ) Yalkut Shimoni Tanakh ( Holy Scriptures ) , Jewish Publication Society ( JPS ) 1917 Explanation of Torah , Mishnah , Talmud versions Brief explanations of Talmudic works and their origins Catechism of the Catholic Church New Jerusalem Bible ( Catholic ) Matthew Henry 's Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible John Wesley 's notes on the Bible John Calvin 's commentary on the Bible Bible Gateway online reading and research tool ; several versions are available Judaism 101 Love and Brotherhood ( hide ) Ten Commandments Commandments I am the Lord thy God Thou shalt have no other gods before me Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour Thou shalt not covet Modern media The Ten Commandments : The Musical K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments Les Dix Commandements ( musical ) 2007 film 2010 film The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1923 film ) Related articles 613 Mitzvot Alternatives Catholic theology Finger of God Ritual Decalogue Seven Laws of Noah Tablets of Stone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thou_shalt_not_bear_false_witness_against_thy_neighbour&oldid=800499065 '' Categories : Ten Commandments Hebrew Bible words and phrases Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Suomi ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 23 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour mean | [
"Today, most cultures retain a distinction between lying in general (which is discouraged under most, but not all, circumstances) versus perjury (which is always unlawful under criminal law and liable to punishment). Similarly, historically in Jewish tradition, a distinction was made between lying in general and bearing false witness (perjury) specifically. On the one hand, bearing false witness (perjury) was always prohibited according to the decalogue's commandement against bearing false witness, yet on the other hand, lying in general was acknowledged to be, in certain circumstances \"permissible or even commendable\" when it was a white lie, and it was done while not under oath, and it was not \"harmful to someone else\".[6]"
] | [
"perjury"
] |
-3473775450746635037 | 2018 FIFA World Cup Final | 2018 FIFA World Cup final - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup final 2018 FIFA World Cup Final The France team holds the World Cup trophy Event 2018 FIFA World Cup France Croatia Date 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) Venue Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Man of the Match Antoine Griezmann ( France ) Referee Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Attendance 78,011 Weather Partly cloudy 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) 51 % humidity ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 15 July 2018 to determine the winners of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . It was the final of the 21st FIFA World Cup , a quadrennial tournament contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA . The match was contested by France and Croatia , and held at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , Russia . Before 2018 , France 's only World Cup victory was in 1998 -- though they had also reached the final in 2006 -- while Croatia were playing in their first World Cup final . Both teams had defeated former World Cup champions on their way to the final : France defeated 1930 and 1950 winners Uruguay , Croatia defeated 1966 winners England and both teams defeated 1978 and 1986 winners Argentina . Croatia became the third Eastern European nation to reach the World Cup final , and the first since Czechoslovakia lost the final in 1962 to Brazil . France won the match 4 -- 2 , having taken a 2 -- 1 lead during the first half on an own goal and penalty awarded by the video assistant referee ( VAR ) , both firsts in a World Cup final . France also became the second team in the 32 - team World Cup to win all their knockout matches without any extra time or penalty shoot - out after Brazil in 2002 . As winners , France qualified for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup . Contents 1 Venue 2 Background 3 Route to the final 3.1 France 3.2 Croatia 4 Pre-match 4.1 Match ball 4.2 Officials 4.3 Closing ceremony 5 Match 5.1 Summary 5.2 Details 5.3 Statistics 6 Post-match 7 Viewership 7.1 Europe 7.2 Rest of the world 7.3 Advertising 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Venue ( edit ) Further information : Luzhniki Stadium The final was played at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , located in the Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug . An expanded version of the stadium was named as the provisional final venue in Russia 's World Cup bid , which was selected by FIFA on 2 December 2010 . Luzhniki Stadium was confirmed as the final venue on 14 December 2012 , following a meeting of the now - erswthile FIFA Executive Committee held in Tokyo , Japan . The stadium also hosted six other matches , including the opening match on 14 June , three group stage matches , a round of 16 match , and the second semi-final match . The exterior of the Luzhniki Stadium at night with Moscow State University in the background . The Luzhniki Stadium , previously known as the Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium until 1992 , originally opened in 1956 as part of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex to host the USSR Summer Spartakiade . The stadium has served as the national stadium of the country , hosting many matches for the Russia national team and its predecessor , the Soviet Union national team . In the past , the stadium has been used as the home ground at various times for CSKA Moscow , Torpedo Moscow , and Spartak Moscow . However , there are currently no clubs based at the stadium . The stadium has hosted numerous international sporting events . The stadium was the main venue for the 1980 Summer Olympics , hosting the opening and closing ceremonies , athletics , football ( four matches , including the gold medal match ) , and the Individual Jumping Grand Prix . The stadium hosted the 1999 UEFA Cup Final , as well as the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final . Other events staged include the Spartakiad , the final game of the 1957 Ice Hockey World Championships , the 1973 Summer Universiade , the Friendship Games in 1984 , the 1986 Goodwill Games , and the 1998 World Youth Games . In 2013 , the Rugby World Cup Sevens and World Athletics Championships were held at the ground in front of sparse crowds . The stadium has also served as a venue for many concerts , including Western artists after the fall of the Soviet Union , as well as political rallies . Rated as a category 4 stadium by UEFA , the Luzhniki Stadium is the largest in Russia and at the 2018 World Cup ; it usually has a maximum capacity of 81,006 , but was reduced to 78,011 for the World Cup . This also makes the stadium the largest in Eastern Europe , and among the largest in Europe . To prepare for the World Cup , the stadium was closed for extensive renovations in August 2013 . The spectator stands were moved closer to the pitch , which was converted from artificial turf to natural grass , after the removal of the athletic track . The historic facade of the stadium was preserved due to its architectural value , while the roof was upgraded using a new polycarbonate skin with exterior lighting . The Luzhniki did not host any matches at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup due to the ongoing project . The renovation project cost € 341 million , and the stadium officially reopened with an international friendly between Russia and Argentina on 11 November 2017 . Background ( edit ) After Uruguay and Brazil were eliminated in the quarter - finals , a European side was ensured to win the World Cup for a fourth consecutive tournament . The match was also the ninth all - European World Cup final , which most recently occurred in 2006 and 2010 . The match was the third World Cup final for France , first appearing in the 1998 final as hosts , winning 3 -- 0 against reigning champions Brazil . France also contested the 2006 final , where they lost to Italy in a penalty shoot - out following a 1 -- 1 draw . Only Germany ( eight ) and Italy ( six ) have reached more finals among European nations . Didier Deschamps became the fourth person to reach a World Cup final as both a player and as a manager , after Franz Beckenbauer , Rudi Völler , and Mário Zagallo . The match was the first World Cup final for Croatia in their fifth World Cup appearance . They are the 10th European country and 13th overall to reach a World Cup final , and the first new finalist since Spain in 2010 . With a population of 4.17 million , Croatia is the second least - populated country to play in a World Cup final , behind Uruguay ( victors in 1930 and 1950 ) . Croatia 's previous best performance was as World Cup debutants in 1998 , when they finished in third place , losing 2 -- 1 to hosts France in the semi-finals before beating the Netherlands 2 -- 1 in the third place play - off . The final was the sixth meeting between France and Croatia , with France undefeated in the previous fixtures with three wins and two draws . The two sides first met in the 1998 World Cup semi-final , with hosts France winning 2 -- 1 . Their only other competitive meeting was during the group stage of Euro 2004 , which finished as a 2 -- 2 draw . Their next , and most recent , meeting was in a March 2011 friendly match , which finished as a 0 -- 0 draw . Route to the final ( edit ) Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup France Round Croatia Opponents Result Group stage Opponents Result Australia 2 -- 1 Match 1 Nigeria 2 -- 0 Peru 1 -- 0 Match 2 Argentina 3 -- 0 Denmark 0 -- 0 Match 3 Iceland 2 -- 1 Group C winners Pos Team Pld Pts France 7 Denmark 5 Peru Australia Source : FIFA Final standings Group D winners Pos Team Pld Pts Croatia 9 Argentina Nigeria Iceland Source : FIFA Opponents Result Knockout stage Opponents Result Argentina 4 -- 3 Round of 16 Denmark 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Uruguay 2 -- 0 Quarter - finals Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 3 p ) Belgium 1 -- 0 Semi-finals England 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) France ( edit ) France entered the 2018 World Cup as one of the favourites to win the tournament , particularly for their strong squad featuring several youth talents . The team finished as runners - up to Portugal at Euro 2016 , which the country hosted . The team qualified for the World Cup proper after finishing first in their qualification group , ahead of Sweden and the Netherlands . At the World Cup , France were drawn into Group C alongside Australia , Denmark , and Peru . The team defeated Australia 2 -- 1 in its opening match in Kazan , with a penalty called by the video assistant referee and scored by Antoine Griezmann followed by an own goal deflected by Australian defender Aziz Behich . In its second match , France won 1 -- 0 over Peru on a goal scored by 19 - year - old Kylian Mbappé , who became France 's youngest goalscorer at a major tournament . The victory over Peru qualified France for the knockout stage , allowing manager Didier Deschamps to rest several starting players for the final group stage match against Denmark . The match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow finished in a scoreless draw marked by misplaced passes and goalkeeping mistakes . The team 's group stage performance was characterised as lacking cohesion and failing to use its star players effectively . Finishing as winners of Group C , France were matched in the round of 16 with Group D runners - up Argentina . France won 4 -- 3 on two goals scored by Mbappé , who also won a penalty in the opening minutes . Defender Benjamin Pavard also scored in the match , with his strike later voted as goal of the tournament . Mbappé 's performance drew comparisons to Brazilian stars Ronaldo and Pelé , who in 1958 was the most recent teenager to score twice in a World Cup match . In the quarter - finals , France defeated Uruguay 2 -- 0 on a goal and assist by Griezmann . The team advanced to a semi-final match against Belgium in St. Petersburg , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win for the French with a corner kick headed into the goal by defender Samuel Umtiti . The French team , particularly Mbappé , were criticised for timewasting and other unsportsmanlike conduct in the semi-finals after taking the lead in the second half . Croatia ( edit ) The 2017 -- 18 Croatia national squad , dubbed the `` Second Golden Generation '' , posing with Vladimir Putin and Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović after the final against France . Croatia entered the 2018 World Cup as dark horses , with their golden generation led by forward Mario Mandžukić and midfielders Marcelo Brozović , Mateo Kovačić , Luka Modrić , Ivan Perišić , and Ivan Rakitić . The team had been eliminated in the group stage at the 2014 tournament , but reached the round of 16 at Euro 2016 . In their qualification group , Croatia scored 15 goals and finished second to Iceland after appointing manager Zlatko Dalić amid a series of poor away results . However , Croatia managed to advance past Greece in the qualifying play - offs , winning the first leg 4 -- 1 and drawing 0 -- 0 in the second . Croatia were drawn into Group D with Argentina , Iceland , and Nigeria , considered a difficult draw due to Argentina 's talent and Nigeria 's historic performances . In their opening match , the team earned a 2 -- 0 victory over Nigeria , with an own goal by Oghenekaro Etebo caused by Mandžukić and a penalty scored by Modrić . Striker Nikola Kalinić refused to enter the match as a substitute , citing back pain as his reason for not playing , and was expelled from the team by Dalić , leaving Croatia with only 22 players for the remainder of the tournament . Croatia went on to upset Argentina with a 3 -- 0 win , thanks to an effective game plan that used the `` height and strength of their players to dominate the game in aerial duels '' , playing a `` pressing game , counter-attacking , and more direct play in possession '' to counter Lionel Messi , scoring all their goals in the second half . Croatia finished atop the group with a 2 -- 1 win over Iceland , resting several starting players in the final group match . In the round of 16 , Croatia played Denmark and earned a 1 -- 1 draw after the two teams exchanged goals in the opening five minutes and a missed penalty from Modrić in extra time . Croatia won the subsequent penalty shootout 3 -- 2 , with three saves by goalkeeper Danijel Subašić and two saves by Danish goalkeeper Kasper Schmeichel . The team advanced to a quarter - final fixture with hosts Russia , who had defeated Spain in the round of 16 , in Sochi . The Russians scored their first in the 31st minute , but Andrej Kramarić equalised for Croatia eight minutes later and kept the score at 1 -- 1 through the end of regular time . Croatia took a 2 -- 1 lead in extra time with a header by Domagoj Vida , but Russian defender Mário Fernandes equalised in stoppage time to trigger a penalty shootout . The shootout was won 4 -- 3 by Croatia after two misses by Russia and a shot by Modrić that rebounded off the post and into the goal . Croatia became the second team in World Cup to win two shootouts in a tournament , after Argentina in 1990 . After the match , a video of Vida saying `` Glory to Ukraine '' prompted controversy among Russians and a warning from FIFA 's disciplinary committee , which enforces a ban on political slogans . Croatia 's semi-final match against England at the Luzhniki began as they conceded a free kick goal by English defender Kieran Trippier in the fifth minute . Croatia resisted several attempts by England to score a second goal in the first half . Croatia managed an equalising goal of their own through a shot by Perišić in the 68th minute . The match was won 2 -- 1 by Croatia after a 109th - minute goal by Mandžukić . This made Croatia the first team to earn three come - from - behind victories in the FIFA World Cup , all three matches also going into extra time . Pre-match ( edit ) Match ball ( edit ) The official match ball for the final was the Telstar Mechta ( Russian : Мечта ; lit . dream or ambition ) , a red - coloured variant of the Adidas Telstar 18 introduced for the knockout stage . The Telstar family , a homage to the original 1970 Telstar , was designed similarly to 2014 's Brazuca , but with longer seams and additional panels . Officials ( edit ) Néstor Pitana officiated the final . Argentine referee Néstor Pitana was selected to lead the officiating team for the final , which was announced on 12 July 2018 by the FIFA Referees Committee . The final is Pitana 's fifth match as referee during the tournament , becoming only the second referee to officiate the opening match and the final . Pitana officiated an additional group stage match , along with two knockout stage matches in the round of 16 and quarter - finals . Pitana has been a FIFA referee since 2010 , and officiated four matches at the 2014 FIFA World Cup . His compatriots Hernán Maidana and Juan Pablo Belatti were chosen as assistant referees . Björn Kuipers of the Netherlands was chosen as the fourth official , with his fellow countryman Erwin Zeinstra as the reserve assistant . Italian Massimiliano Irrati was named the video assistant referee , presiding over the first use of the technology at a World Cup final . Argentine Mauro Vigliano was chosen as the assistant video assistant referee , while Carlos Astroza of Chile was appointed as the second assistant and Danny Makkelie of the Netherlands as the third assistant . Closing ceremony ( edit ) The tournament 's closing ceremony was held prior to the start of the match , featuring a performance of `` Live It Up '' , the official song of the tournament , by Will Smith , Nicky Jam , and Era Istrefi . Jam also performed `` X ( Equis ) '' , wearing a shirt honouring J Balvin . Opera singer Aida Garifullina sang the Russian folk song `` Kalinka '' , accompanied by a children 's choir and percussion section that featured a cameo by Brazilian star Ronaldinho . Match ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) Teams lined up prior to kick - off Croatia kicked off the final at 18 : 00 local time ( 15 : 00 UTC ) , with the ground temperature reported at 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) . The match was played through a minor thunderstorm , which produced several visible lightning strikes . An audience of 78,011 spectators at the Luzhniki Stadium watched the match , including ten heads of state , among them Russian president Vladimir Putin , French president Emmanuel Macron , and Croatian president Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović . The starting line - ups for both teams were identical to those fielded in the semi-finals . Antoine Griezmann , named the man of the match after scoring one goal and assisting another Croatia had the majority of possession and chances early in the first half , with the ball staying mostly in France 's half . An attack by French midfielder Antoine Griezmann was stopped by a challenge from Marcelo Brozović , which was called as a foul despite claims that Griezmann dived . In the incident , Griezmann began falling before Brozović made contact . Griezmann took the ensuing 30 - yard ( 27 m ) free kick , which was diverted by the head of Mario Mandžukić into the left corner of his own net to give France the lead in the 18th minute . It was the first own goal to be scored in a World Cup final and the 12th of the tournament , the most of any World Cup . Ten minutes later , Croatia equalised with a left - footed strike by Ivan Perišić to the right corner of the net , assisted by Domagoj Vida after a free kick by Luka Modrić on the right . In the 34th minute , a penalty was awarded against Croatia after Perišić 's handball in the box from a corner on the right was reviewed by the video assistant referee . Griezmann scored the penalty in the 38th minute with a low finish to the left , giving France a 2 -- 1 lead at half - time ; the first half 's three goals were the most of any World Cup final since 1974 . France led at half - time despite having only one shot on goal and with only 34 % of possession . A Croatian counter-attack was stopped early in the second half after several pitch invaders were chased onto the field by security officers ; Russian feminist rock band and protest group Pussy Riot claimed responsibility for the interruption . In the 59th minute , France extended their lead to 3 -- 1 with a left - foot strike to the left of the net from the edge of the penalty area by Paul Pogba after his initial shot had been blocked . Six minutes later , Kylian Mbappé scored France 's fourth goal , with a low right - foot shot from outside the box to the left of the net ; Mbappé became the first teenager to score in a World Cup final since Pelé in 1958 . Croatia scored their second goal in the 69th minute , as from a back - pass , France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris failed to dribble around Mandžukić , who poked the loose ball into the unguarded net with his right leg . Despite a late push by Croatia , the match finished as a 4 -- 2 victory for France and the highest - scoring World Cup final since 1966 . Details ( edit ) 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) France Croatia GK Hugo Lloris ( c ) RB Benjamin Pavard CB Raphaël Varane CB 5 Samuel Umtiti LB 21 Lucas Hernández 41 ' CM 6 Paul Pogba CM 13 N'Golo Kanté 27 ' 55 ' RW 10 Kylian Mbappé AM 7 Antoine Griezmann LW 14 Blaise Matuidi 73 ' CF 9 Olivier Giroud 81 ' Substitutions : MF 15 Steven Nzonzi 55 ' MF 12 Corentin Tolisso 73 ' FW 18 Nabil Fekir 81 ' Manager : Didier Deschamps GK 23 Danijel Subašić RB Šime Vrsaljko 90 + 2 ' CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB 21 Domagoj Vida LB Ivan Strinić 81 ' CM 7 Ivan Rakitić CM 11 Marcelo Brozović RW 18 Ante Rebić 71 ' AM 10 Luka Modrić ( c ) LW Ivan Perišić CF 17 Mario Mandžukić Substitutions : FW 9 Andrej Kramarić 71 ' FW 20 Marko Pjaca 81 ' Manager : Zlatko Dalić Man of the Match : Antoine Griezmann ( France ) Assistant referees : Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Fourth official : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Reserve assistant referee : Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Video assistant referee : Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Assistant video assistant referees : Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Match rules 90 minutes 30 minutes of extra time if necessary Penalty shoot - out if scores still level Maximum of twelve named substitutes Maximum of three substitutions , with a fourth allowed in extra time Statistics ( edit ) First half Statistic France Croatia Goals scored Total shots 7 Shots on target Saves 0 0 Ball possession 39 % 61 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 8 7 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Second half Statistic France Croatia Goals scored Total shots 7 8 Shots on target 5 Saves Ball possession 39 % 61 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 6 6 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Overall Statistic France Croatia Goals scored Total shots 8 15 Shots on target 6 Saves Ball possession 39 % 61 % Corner kicks 6 Fouls committed 14 13 Offsides Yellow cards Red cards 0 0 Post-match ( edit ) Fan celebrations on the streets of Paris ( left ) and at the Arc de Triomphe ( right ) after the match . France became the sixth country to win the World Cup more than once and qualified for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup with their win . Didier Deschamps became the third person to have won the World Cup as both a player and manager , after Franz Beckenbauer and Mário Zagallo . The final was the highest scoring since 1966 , and the highest score in regular time since 1958 . The winner 's medals were presented on the pitch stage to the French team by presidents Putin , Macron , and Grabar - Kitarović amid a heavy rainstorm . FIFA president Gianni Infantino handed the trophy to French captain Hugo Lloris . As Lloris raised the trophy , a short version of the tournament 's official song `` Live It Up '' was played . Croatian captain Luka Modrić won the Golden Ball as best player of the tournament . France 's Antoine Griezmann , the final 's man of the match , also won the Bronze Ball and the Silver Boot award with four goals and two assists . Kylian Mbappé won the Best Young Player award for the tournament . Large crowds , including 90,000 people at the Eiffel Tower fanzone and an estimated million on the Champs - Élysées , celebrated the victory in Paris . The celebrations were marred by instances of rioting that were broken up by police , as well as the deaths of at least two people during celebrations elsewhere in the country , one man died after diving into a shallow canal and another died after crashing his car into a tree , RATP , the operator of the Paris Métro system , temporarily renamed several stations in honour of the team and its World Cup victory . On 16 July , more than 550,000 fans welcomed the Croatian team home in the capital city of Zagreb , in the single largest public gathering in Croatia 's history , where a six - hour - long bus tour brought them from Zagreb Airport to Ban Jelačić Square . Viewership ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) In France , the final was televised on TF1 and BeIN Sports and drew an average of 26.1 million viewers , making it the most watched event ever in French television history . In England , the final had an average viewership of 10.5 million and a peak viewership of 13.8 million , split between free - to - air broadcasters BBC One and ITV , almost half that of the viewership of England -- Croatia semi-final . In Germany , the match drew a viewership of 21.3 million , which was around 76 % of the market share , on state - owned ZDF . In Spain , the match had a 57.3 % share , with 8.2 million viewers on Mediaset España Comunicación 's Telecinco . In Croatia , the match drew around 1.538 million viewers -- more than 38 % of the population -- on national broadcaster HTV2 for a 89.3 % market share . In Italy , it drew 11.7 million viewers on Canale 5 . In the Netherlands , the match had a viewership of 3.1 million on NPO1 . In the host nation of Russia , the final was the third-most watched match of the 2018 World Cup and accounted for around 50 % of the nation 's population . In total , the final drew more than 160 million viewers in 20 European territories , including Russia , the United Kingdom and Germany . Rest of the World ( edit ) In the United States of America , the match was broadcast on NBCUniversal - owned Telemundo and 21st Century Fox - owned Fox and Fox Sports , the match averaged 16.6 million viewers combined , with Telemundo reaching a total of 57 % of the country 's Latino population . In India , 70 million viewers streamed the match online , through Sony Picture Networks India 's ( SPN ) Sony Liv application , which was a record for a football match ; an additional 22.4 million viewers watched the match on Sony Ten 2 , Sony Ten 3 and Sony ESPN . In China , the match drew a combined of 56 million viewers on state - broadcasters CCTV - 1 and CCTV - 5 , the most - watched sporting event in China since 2008 Beijing Olympics ; an additional 24 million viewers streamed the match through Youku , a video - service and an Alibaba Group subsidiary . In Australia , the final was watched by an average of 2.2 million viewers -- with a peak of 3.4 million viewers -- on national public broadcaster SBS . Whereas , in Canada , the final was watched by an average of 3.9 million viewers , with a peak of 5.4 million viewers on CTV , TSN and RDS . Advertising ( edit ) In the United States , Fox received between US $ 399,000 and $750,000 for a 30 - second advertisement spot during the World Cup final ; whereas in France , TF1 got up to $300,000 for a 30 - second ad - spot . See also ( edit ) 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` France v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . 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Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` France lift second World Cup after winning classic final 4 -- 2 '' . Reuters. 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pussy Riot claim responsibility for World Cup Final pitch invasion '' . Evening Standard . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - up -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations -- 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match report : Half - time -- Final -- France v Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Prince - Wright , Joe ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` France win World Cup after classic final '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soaked but smiling , Croatian president wins admirers at World Cup final '' . Reuters. 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Young , Joyful France Beats Croatia 4 -- 2 to Win 2nd World Cup '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Piala Dunia 2018 - FINAL CLOSING CEREMONY '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Formidable France secure second title '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luka Modric wins World Cup Golden Ball ; Mbappe and Courtois also honoured '' . ESPN . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Felix , Bate ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Paris fanzone fills with 90,000 willing ' Les Bleus ' to World Cup victory '' . Reuters . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Chrisafis , Angelique ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Paris celebrates World Cup win as one million fans fill Champs - Élysées '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Henry ; Chandler - Wilde , Helen ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Two dead amid World Cup final victory celebrations in France '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Paris police arrest 102 people after World Cup celebrations turn violent '' . ESPN . 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : Paris renames stations for France heroes ' welcome '' . BBC Sport. 16 July 2018 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ilic , Igor ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia takes to streets to toast soccer team 's historic run '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 26 , 1 millions de télespectateurs au total devant la finale de la Coupe du Monde '' . L'Équipe. 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final Scores 22.3 M Peak In France As TF1 Secures Best Ratings Since 2016 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keslassy , Elsa ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Global Broadcasters Score Big With Live World Cup Final Ratings '' . Variety . Leo Barraclough , Stewart Clarke , John Hopewell , Vivarelli and Joseph Otterson . London , Madrid , Rome , Los Angeles : Michelle Sobrino - Stearns . ISSN 0042 - 2738 . OCLC 810134503 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Doherty , Christian ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Eurodata : World Cup Final reached 163 m viewers in Europe '' . Digital TV Europe . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Briel , Robert ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final attracted 163 m viewers in 20 territories '' . Broadband TV News . London . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` More Croats watched World Cup semi with England than historic first - ever final -- FIFA '' . RT International . 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Final third most popular match among Russian viewers '' . FourFourTwo Australia . Sputnik News . 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Briel , Robert ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final attracted 163m viewers in 20 territories '' . Broadband TV News . London . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Doherty , Christian ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Eurodata : World Cup Final reached 163m viewers in Europe '' . Digital TV Europe . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Keslassy , Elsa ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Global Broadcasters Score Big With Live World Cup Final Ratings '' . Variety . Leo Barraclough , Stewart Clarke , John Hopewell , Vivarelli and Joseph Otterson . London , Madrid , Rome , Los Angeles : Michelle Sobrino - Stearns . ISSN 0042 - 2738 . OCLC 810134503 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Nicolaou , Anna ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup final ratings flop for Fox '' . Financial Times . New York City . ISSN 0307 - 1766 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` TV Ratings : World Cup Final Drops 32 Percent From 2014 , Posts Fox Best '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lynne Segall . ISSN 0018 - 3660 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Christopher ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup Final delivers 17 million viewers across FOX and Telemundo combined '' . World Soccer Talk . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Basu , Rith ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` World Cup over but surfeit of sport to beat hangover '' . The Telegraph . Kolkata . OCLC 271717941 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Laghate , Gaurav ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Record 70 million viewers watched FIFA World Cup on SonyLIV '' . The Economic Times . Mumbai : The Times Group . OCLC 61311680 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhaskar , Rohith ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` SonyLiv 's stream of the FIFA world cup shows that soccer is gaining on cricket in popularity '' . PCMag India . ISSN 2373 - 2830 . OCLC 34196174 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tao , Li ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Online streamers score after a surge in Chinese viewers during the 2018 World Cup football tournament '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Yining , Ding ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Suning Sports raises US $600 m '' . SHINE . Shanghai Daily . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McDonnell , Josh ( 19 July 2018 ) . `` SBS scores big with World Cup coverage reaching 9.1 m viewers '' . Ad News . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup TV Ratings : SBS scores with 9.1 million viewers across 57 matches '' . Mediaweek . Mediaweek. 19 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 25.8 Million Canadians Make the FIFA WORLD CUP TM on CTV , TSN , and RDS a Resounding Success '' ( Press release ) . Toronto : TSN. 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Preliminary overnight data from Numeris confirms that an average audience of 3.9 million viewers watched the FIFA WORLD CUP TM Final on Sunday . Audiences peaked at 5.4 million viewers at 12 : 53 p.m. ET as France secured their second - ever FIFA WORLD CUP TM victory . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Fox Sports Says Its World Cup Has Been an Ad Revenue Success , Even Without the U.S. Team '' . Adweek . ISSN 0199 - 2864 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Sarah ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Fox Sports Says the World Cup Brought in Plenty of Ad Dollars -- Despite a Rocky Ratings Start '' . Fortune . ISSN 0015 - 8259 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lafayette , Jon ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Fox Nears Sellout for World Cup Final Match '' . Broadcasting & Cable . ISSN 1068 - 6827 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 FIFA World Cup Final . Official website Official documents and match documents 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . France national football team matches FIFA World Cup Finals 1998 2006 2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Finals 2003 UEFA European Championship Finals 1984 2000 2016 Other matches Belgium 3 -- 3 France ( 1904 ) West Germany 3 -- 3 ( a.e.t. , 5 -- 4 pen . ) France ( 1982 ) Ireland 1 -- 2 ( agg . ) France ( 2009 ) France 2 -- 0 Germany ( 2015 ) Croatia national football team General Croatian Football Federation Statistics Results Hat - tricks Players 20 + caps World Cup Finals Summary 2018 FIFA World Cup Final European Finals Summary Notable matches SR Croatia 5 -- 2 Indonesia ( 1956 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 United States ( 1990 ) Other teams Men 's Under - 21 Under - 20 Under - 19 Under - 17 Women 's Under - 19 Under - 17 Association football portal Russia portal Moscow portal 2010s portal France portal Croatia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Final&oldid=856945241 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup finals 2017 -- 18 in Russian football Sports competitions in Moscow Football in Moscow 2018 in Moscow France national football team matches Croatia national football team matches Croatia -- France relations France at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Croatia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Pages with login required references or sources Use dmy dates from July 2018 EngvarB from July 2018 Articles containing Russian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 15 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won fifa world cup 2018 final match | [
"A Croatian counter-attack was stopped early in the second half after several pitch invaders were chased onto the field by security officers; Russian feminist rock band and protest group Pussy Riot claimed responsibility for the interruption.[98] In the 59th minute, France extended their lead to 3–1 with a left-foot strike to the left of the net from the edge of the penalty area by Paul Pogba after his initial shot had been blocked. Six minutes later, Kylian Mbappé scored France's fourth goal, with a low right-foot shot from outside the box to the left of the net; Mbappé became the first teenager to score in a World Cup final since Pelé in 1958.[91] Croatia scored their second goal in the 69th minute, as from a back-pass, France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris failed to dribble around Mandžukić, who poked the loose ball into the unguarded net with his right leg. Despite a late push by Croatia, the match finished as a 4–2 victory for France and the highest-scoring World Cup final since 1966.[90][97]\n"
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"France"
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7358204214359544494 | Signing of the United States Constitution | Signing of the United States Constitution - wikipedia Signing of the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Howard Chandler Christy 's painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Signing of the United States Constitution occurred on September 17 , 1787 , at Independence Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , when 39 delegates to the Constitutional Convention , representing 12 states ( all but Rhode Island , which declined to send delegates ) , endorsed the Constitution created during the four - month - long convention . In addition to signatures , this endorsement , the Constitution 's eschatocol , included a brief declaration that the delegates ' work has been successfully completed and that those whose signatures appear on it subscribe to the final document . Included are , a statement pronouncing the document 's adoption by the states present , a formulaic dating of its adoption , along with the signatures of those endorsing it . Additionally , the convention 's secretary , William Jackson , signed the document to authenticate the validity of the delegate signatures . He also made a few secretarial notes . The language of the concluding endorsement , conceived by Gouverneur Morris and presented to the convention by Benjamin Franklin , was made intentionally ambiguous in hopes of winning over the votes of dissenting delegates . Advocates for the new frame of government , realizing the impending difficulty of obtaining the consent of the states needed for it to become operational , were anxious to obtain the unanimous support of the delegations from each state . It was feared that many of the delegates would refuse to give their individual assent to the Constitution . Therefore , in order that the action of the Convention would appear to be unanimous , the formula , Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present ... was devised . The U.S. Constitution lays out the frame of the nation 's federal government and delineates how its 3 branches ( legislative , executive , and judicial ) are to function . Of those who signed it , virtually every one had taken part in the American Revolution ; seven had signed the Declaration of Independence , and thirty had served on active military duty . In general , they represented a cross-section of 18th - century American leadership , with individuals having experience in local or colonial and state government . Jonathan Dayton , age 26 , was the youngest to sign the Constitution , while Benjamin Franklin , age 81 , was the oldest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 About the endorsement 4 About the signers 5 Accompanying documents 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Text ( edit ) Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth . In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names , George Washington -- President and deputy from Virginia Delaware ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) George Read Gunning Bedford , Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) John Blair James Madison North Carolina ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) William Few Abraham Baldwin New Hampshire ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) Alexander Hamilton New Jersey ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) William Livingston David Brearly William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania ( ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( cases ) \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ end ( cases ) ) ) Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris The closing endorsement section of the United States Constitution The Word `` the '' , being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page , The Word `` Thirty '' being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page . The Words `` is tried '' being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word `` the '' being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page . Attest William Jackson Secretary Background ( edit ) Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States , by Howard Chandler Christy On July 24 , 1787 convention delegates selected a Committee of Detail to write - up a draft constitution reflective of the resolutions passed by the convention up to that point . The final report of this committee , a twenty - three article ( plus a preamble ) document , became the first draft of the constitution . Overall , the draft produced by the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the Convention , though some portions were rephrased during the process . Even after it issued this report , the committee continued to meet off and on until early September . The draft constitution was discussed , section by section and clause by clause . Details were attended to , and further compromises were effected . On September 8 , 1787 , a Committee of Style , with different members , was impaneled to distill a final draft constitution from the twenty - three approved articles . The final draft , presented to the convention on September 12 , contained seven articles , a preamble , and a closing statement , cleverly written by Gouverneur Morris so as to make the constitution seem unanimous . The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to the Congress of the Confederation . The final document , engrossed by Jacob Shallus , was taken up on Monday , September 17 , at the Convention 's final session . Several delegates were disappointed by the numerous compromises contained in the final document , believing that they had impaired its quality . Alexander Hamilton called the Constitution a `` weak and worthless fabric '' , certain to be superseded . Luther Martin regarded it as a stab in the back of the goddess of liberty . The most that Madison and the majority of delegates hoped , was that this practical , workable constitution , planned to meet the immediate needs of thirteen states with approximately four million people , would last a generation . In all , twelve of the thirteen states sent delegates to the Constitutional Convention ; a total of 74 were named , 55 attended and 39 signed . Several attendees left before the signing ceremony , and three that did not refused to sign . Benjamin Franklin summed up the sentiments of those who did sign , stating : `` There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve , but I am not sure I shall never approve them . '' He would accept the Constitution , `` because I expect no better and because I am not sure that it is not the best '' . About the endorsement ( edit ) Gouverneur Morris , author of the Constitution 's closing endorsement The closing endorsement of the U.S. Constitution serves an authentication function only . It neither assigns powers to the federal government nor does it provide specific limitations on government action . It does however , provide essential documentation of the Constitution 's validity , a statement of `` This is what was agreed to . '' It records who signed the Constitution , plus when and where they signed . It also describes the role played by the signers in developing the document . Due to this limited function , it is frequently overlooked and no court has ever cited it when reaching a judicial decision . On the final day of the Constitutional Convention , Benjamin Franklin delivered an address ( read by James Wilson ) strongly endorsing the Constitution despite any perceived imperfections . Hoping to gain the support of critics and create a sense of common accord , Franklin then proposed , and the convention agreed , that the Constitution be endorsed by the delegates as individual witnesses of the unanimous consent of the states present . Thus the signers subscribed their names as witnesses to what was done in convention ( rather than on the part and behalf of particular states , as they had in the Articles of Confederation ) . The signers ' names are , with the exception of Convention President George Washington , grouped by state , with the listing of states arraigned geographically , from north to south . About the signers ( edit ) Seventy - four individuals were selected to attend the Constitutional Convention , but a number of them could not attend or chose not to attend . In all , fifty - five delegates participated in the convention , though thirteen of them dropped out , either for personal reasons in protest over decisions made during the deliberations . Three individuals remained engaged in the work of the convention until its completion , but then refused to sign the final draft . The names of thirty - nine delegates are inscribed upon the proposed constitution . Among them is John Dickinson , who , indisposed by illness , authorized George Read to sign his name by proxy . Additionally , the convention 's secretary , William Jackson , while not himself a delegate , signed the document to authenticate the results of the Convention 's sessions and the signatures . George Washington , as president of the Convention , signed first , followed by the other delegates , grouped by states in progression from north to south . Washington , however , signed near the right margin of the page , and when the delegates ran out of space they began a second column of signatures to the left . Jonathan Dayton , aged 26 , was the youngest to sign the Constitution , while Benjamin Franklin , aged 81 , was the oldest . Franklin was also the first signer to die , in April 1790 , while James Madison was the last , dying in June 1836 . Virtually every signer had taken part in the Revolution ; at least 29 had served in the Continental forces , most of them in positions of command . All but seven were native to the thirteen colonies : Pierce Butler , Thomas Fitzsimons , James McHenry , and William Paterson were born in Ireland , Robert Morris in England , James Wilson in Scotland , and Alexander Hamilton in the West Indies . Independence Hall 's Assembly Room , where both the Constitution and Declaration of Independence were debated and signed . The Syng inkstand , used at the signing of the Constitution and , eleven years earlier , the Declaration of Independence . Accompanying documents ( edit ) When the Constitutional Convention adjourned on September 17 , 1787 William Jackson was ordered to carry the Constitution to Congress in New York City . He also carried two letters with him . One was a resolution , adopted by the delegates , that the recommendation of the Constitutional Convention be received by Congress and distributed to the states , for their approval or disapproval . The other was written by George Washington , on behalf of the delegates , to the President of the Continental Congress , Arthur St. Clair , regarding the proposed Constitution . ( show ) Resolution to the Continental Congress IN CONVENTION Monday September 17 . 1787 PRESENT The States of New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Connecticut , Mr. Hamilton from New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina and Georgia . RESOLVED THAT the preceding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled , and that it is the Opinion of this Convention , that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates , chosen in each State by the People thereof , under the Recommendation of its Legislature , for their Assent and Ratification ; and that each Convention assenting to , and ratifying the Same , should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled . Resolved , That it is the Opinion of this Convention , that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution , the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same , and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President , and the Time and place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution . That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed , and the Senators and Representatives elected : That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President , and should transmit their votes certified signed , sealed and directed , as the Constitution requires , to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled , that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned ; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate , for the sole Purpose of receiving , opening and counting the Votes for President ; and , that after he shall be chosen , the Congress , together with the President , should , without Delay , proceed to execute this Constitution . By the Unanimous Order of the Convention , GEORGE WASHINGTON President . William Jackson Secretary ( show ) Letter to the President of the Continental Congress IN CONVENTION , September 17 , 1787 . Sir , We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States in Congress assembled , that Constitution which has appeared to us the most advisable . The friends of our country have long seen and desired , that the power of making war , peace and treaties , that of levying money and regulating commerce , and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities should be fully and effectually vested in the general government of the Union : but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident -- Hence results the necessity of a different organization . It is obviously impracticable in the federal government of these States , to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each , and yet provide for the interest and safety of all -- Individuals entering into society , must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest . The magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance , as on the object to be obtained . It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered , and those which may be reserved ; and on the present occasion this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situation , extent , habits , and particular interests . In all our deliberations on this subject we kept steadily in our view , that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American , the consolidation of our Union , in which is involved our prosperity , felicity , safety , perhaps our national existence . This important consideration , seriously and deeply impressed on our minds , led each State in the Convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude , than might have been otherwise expected ; and thus the Constitution , which we now present , is the result of a spirit of amity , and of that mutual deference and concession which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable . That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State is not perhaps to be expected ; but each will doubtless consider , that had her interest alone been consulted , the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or injurious to others ; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected , we hope and believe ; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to us all , and secure her freedom and happiness , is our most ardent wish . With great respect , We have the honor to be . SIR , Your Excellency 's most Obedient and humble Servants , GEORGE WASHINGTON , PRESIDENT . By unanimous Order of the Convention . See also ( edit ) America 's Critical Period Constitution Day ( United States ) Founding Fathers of the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wright , Jr. , Robert K. ; MacGregor , Jr. , Morris J. ( 1987 ) . `` Soldier - Statesmen of the Constitution '' . Army historical series . Washington , D.C. : Center of Military History , United States Army . pp. 33 -- 45 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Committees at the Constitutional Convention '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates August 6 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Assignments Chart and Commentary '' . Ashland , Ohio : TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Founding Fathers - Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 311 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 12 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( Volume 1 : A-M ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 705 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Debates September 15 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spaulding , Matthew . `` Attestation Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.usconstitution.net/constnotes.html#Sigs Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers : Delegates to the Constitutional Convention '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Convention , Resolution and Letter to the Continental Congress '' . The Founders ' Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . pp. 194 -- 195 , Volume 1 , Chapter 6 , Document 11 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Founding Fathers of the United States . The Founding Fathers : Delegates to the Constitutional Convention National Constitution Center ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=824782800 '' Categories : United States Constitution 1787 in American politics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español עברית Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 13 : 27 . About Wikipedia | when did delegates begin to sign the completed document | [
"The Signing of the United States Constitution occurred on September 17, 1787, at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, when 39 delegates to the Constitutional Convention, representing 12 states (all but Rhode Island, which declined to send delegates), endorsed the Constitution created during the four-month-long convention. In addition to signatures, this endorsement, the Constitution's eschatocol, included a brief declaration that the delegates’ work has been successfully completed and that those whose signatures appear on it subscribe to the final document. Included are, a statement pronouncing the document's adoption by the states present, a formulaic dating of its adoption, along with the signatures of those endorsing it. Additionally, the convention's secretary, William Jackson, signed the document to authenticate the validity of the delegate signatures. He also made a few secretarial notes."
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"September 17, 1787"
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-5101966032583297805 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | Land Ordinance of 1785 - wikipedia Land Ordinance of 1785 Jump to : navigation , search The Land Ordinance of 1785 was adopted by the United States Congress of the Confederation on May 20 , 1785 . It set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west . Congress at the time did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation , so land sales provided an important revenue stream . The Ordinance set up a survey system that eventually covered over three - fourths of the area of the continental United States . The earlier Ordinance of 1784 was a resolution written by Thomas Jefferson ( delegate from Virginia ) calling for Congress to take action . The land west of the Appalachian Mountains , north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River was to be divided into ten separate states . However , the 1784 resolution did not define the mechanism by which the land would become states , or how the territories would be governed or settled before they became states . The Ordinance of 1785 put the 1784 resolution in operation by providing a mechanism for selling and settling the land , while the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 addressed political needs . The 1785 ordinance laid the foundations of land policy until passage of the Homestead Act in 1862 . The Land Ordinance established the basis for the Public Land Survey System . The initial surveying was performed by Thomas Hutchins . After he died in 1789 , responsibility for surveying was transferred to the Surveyor General . Land was to be systematically surveyed into square townships , six miles ( 9.656 km ) on a side . Each of these townships were sub-divided into thirty - six sections of one square mile ( 2.59 km2 ) or 640 acres . These sections could then be further subdivided for re-sale by settlers and land speculators . The ordinance was also significant for establishing a mechanism for funding public education . Section 16 in each township was reserved for the maintenance of public schools . Many schools today are still located in section sixteen of their respective townships , although a great many of the school sections were sold to raise money for public education . In later States , section 36 of each township was also designated as a `` school section '' . The Point of Beginning for the 1785 survey was where Ohio ( as the easternmost part of the Northwest Territory ) , Pennsylvania and Virginia ( now West Virginia ) met , on the north shore of the Ohio River near East Liverpool , Ohio . There is a historical marker just north of the site , at the state line where Ohio State Route 39 becomes Pennsylvania Route 68 . Plan for numbering sections of a township adopted May 20 , 1785 General Land Office plan for numbering sections of a standard survey township , adopted May 18 , 1796 Diagram of the 1785 Land Ordinance showing how the method of subdivision can be applied from the scale of the country down to the scale of a single lot Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Public education 3 Layout of townships 4 Influence 5 Motive 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References and further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The Confederation Congress appointed a committee consisting of the following men : Thomas Jefferson ( Virginia ) Hugh Williamson ( North Carolina ) David Howell ( Rhode Island ) Elbridge Gerry ( Massachusetts ) Jacob Read ( South Carolina ) On May 7 , 1784 , the committee reported `` An ordinance for ascertaining the mode of locating and disposing of lands in the western territories , and for other purposes therein mentioned . '' The ordinance required the land be divided into `` hundreds of ten geographical miles square , each mile containing 6086 and 4 - 10ths of a foot '' and `` sub-divided into lots of one mile square each , or 850 and 4 - 10ths of an acre '' , numbered starting in the northwest corner , proceeding from west to east , and east to west , consecutively . After debate and amendment , the ordinance was reported to Congress April 26 , 1785 . It required surveyors `` to divide the said territory into townships seven miles square , by lines running due north and south , and others crossing these at right angles . -- The plats of the townships , respectively , shall be marked into sections of one mile square , or 640 acres . '' This is the first recorded use of the terms `` township '' and `` section . '' On May 3 , 1785 , William Grayson of Virginia made a motion seconded by James Monroe to change `` seven miles square '' to `` six miles square . '' The ordinance was passed on May 20 , 1785 . The sections were to be numbered starting at 1 in the southeast and running south to north in each tier to 36 in the northwest . The surveys were to be performed under the direction of the Geographer of the United States , ( Thomas Hutchins ) . The Seven Ranges , the privately surveyed Symmes Purchase , and , with some modification , the privately surveyed Ohio Company of Associates , all of the Ohio Lands were the surveys completed with this section numbering . Locations in Ohio using Land Ordinance of 1785 Section Numbering The Act of May 18 , 1796 , provided for the appointment of a surveyor - general to replace the office of Geographer of the United States , and that `` sections shall be numbered , respectively , beginning with number one in the northeast section , and proceeding west and east alternately , through the township , with progressive numbers till the thirty - sixth be completed . '' All subsequent surveys were completed with this boustrophedonical section numbering system , except the United States Military District of the Ohio Lands which had five mile ( 8 km ) square townships as provided by the Act of June 1 , 1796 , and amended by the Act of March 1 , 1800 . Howe and others give Thomas Hutchins credit for conceiving the rectangular system of lots of one square mile in 1764 while a captain in the Sixtieth , or , Royal American , Regiment , and engineer to the expedition under Col. Henry Bouquet to the forks of the Muskingum , in what is now Coshocton County , Ohio . It formed part of his plan for military colonies north of the Ohio , as a protection against Indians . The law of 1785 embraced most of the new system . Treat , on the other hand , notes that tiers of townships were familiar in New England , and insisted on by the New England legislators . Public education ( edit ) Public Education in Land Grants in the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Background :* The Land Ordinance of 1785 , adopted May 20 , 1785 by the Continental Congress , set the stage for an organized and community - based westward expansion in the United States in the years after the American Revolution . The Land Ordinance of 1785 , coming on the heels of the Ordinance of 1784 , was the effort of a five - person committee led by Thomas Jefferson . The ordinance established a systematic and ubiquitous process for surveying , planning and selling townships in the western frontier . ( There is no reference to `` Education '' in this section - other than the title . It should be removed , or updated and properly cited . ) Layout of townships ( edit ) Each western township contained thirty - six square miles of land , planned as a square measuring six miles on each side , which was further subdivided into thirty six lots , each lot containing one square mile of land . The mathematical precision of the planning was the concerted effort of surveyors . Each township contained dedicated space for public education and other government uses , as five of the thirty six lots were reserved for government or public purposes . The thirty six lots of each township were numbered accordingly on each township 's survey . The centermost land of each township corresponded to lot numbers 15 , 16 , 21 and 22 on the township survey , with lot number 16 dedicated specifically to public education . As the Land Ordinance of 1785 stated : `` There shall be reserved the lot No. 16 , of every township , for the maintenance of public schools within the said township . '' Knepper notes : `` Sections number 8 , 11 , 26 , and 29 in every township were reserved for future sale by the federal government when , it was hoped , they would bring higher prices because of developed land around them . Congress also reserved one third part of all gold , silver , lead , and copper mines to its own use , a bit of wishful thinking as regards Ohio lands . '' The ordinance also said `` That three townships adjacent to Lake Erie be reserved , to be hereafter disposed of by Congress , for the use of the officers , men , and others , refugees from Canada , and the refugees from Nova Scotia , who are or may be entitled to grants of land under resolutions of Congress now existing. `` This was not possible , as the area next to Lake Erie was property of Connecticut , so the Canadians had to wait until the establishment of the Refugee Tract in 1798 . Influence ( edit ) Many historians recognize the influences of the colonial experience in the land ordinances of the 1780s . The committees that formulated these ordinances were inspired by the individual colonial experiences of the states that they represented . The committees attempted to implement the best practices of such states to solve the task at hand . The surveyed townships of the Land Ordinance of 1785 , writes historian Jonathan Hughes , `` represented an amalgam of the colonial experience and ideals . '' Two geographically and ideologically distinct colonial land systems were competing at such time in history -- the New England system and the Southern system . While the primary influence on the Land Ordinance of 1785 was the New England land system of the colonial era , marked by its emphasis on community development and systematic planning , the exceedingly individualistic Southern land system also played a role . Even though Jefferson 's committee had a Southern majority , it recommended the New England survey system . The highly planned and surveyed western townships established in the Land Ordinance of 1785 , were heavily influenced by the New England settlements of the colonial era , particularly the land grant provisions of the Ordinances which dedicated land towards public education and other government uses . In colonial times , New England settlements contained dedicated public space for schools and churches , which often held a central role in the community . For instance , the 1751 royal charter for Marlboro Vermont provides : `` one Shear ( share ) for the First Settled Minister one Shear for the benefit of the School forever . '' By time of the Land Ordinance of 1785 was enacted , the New England states had used land grants for over a century to support public education and build new schools . The clause in the Land Ordinance of 1785 which dedicated `` Lot Number 16 '' of each western township for public education reflected this regional New England experience . In addition , the use of surveyors to precisely chart out the new townships in the westward expansion was directly influenced by the New England land system , which similarly relied on surveyors and local committees to clearly delineate property boundaries . Defined property boundary lines and an established land title system , provided colonials with a sense of security in their land ownership , by minimizing the likelihood of ownership or boundary disputes . This was an important consideration in the Land Ordinance of 1785 . One of the primary purposes of the Ordinance was to raise funds for the increasingly insolvent government . Providing land speculators security in their purchases encouraged additional demand for the western lands . In addition , the organized and communal nature of the western settlements , allowed the government to reserve a number of well - defined plots of land for future government development . Since the rest of the township would have been developed by the time the government decided to develop such reserved lands , there was an already built - in assurance of land value appreciation for the reserved lands . This had the effect of increasing the value of government assets without much further investment by the government . The New England land system , while the primary influence on the great land ordinances of the 1780s , was not the only land system influence . The Southern land system , marked by individualism and personal initiative , also helped shape the ordinance . While the New England land system was premised on community - based development , the Southern land system was premised on individual frontiersman appropriating undeveloped land to call their own . The Southern pioneer claimed property and the local surveyor would demarcate it for him . The system did not protect people from competing claims or set up an orderly chain of title . The process was called ' indiscriminate location '' . This system encouraged individuals to amass large plantations instead of settling into dense communal development . This system was supported by the use of slave labor . Perhaps the committee 's resistance against indiscriminate location and support for limited and disciplined land settlement was an implicit attempt to create a structural barrier to developing a plantation economy that was dependent on slave labor . The committee could have been attempting to effectively eradicate slavery in the West after Jefferson failed to outlaw it in the Land Ordinance of 1784 . While the Land Ordinance of 1785 created a New England style land system , the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 determined how the townships would be administered . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , like the Land Ordinance of 1785 , was inspired by the New England colonial settlements , and manifested this influence by further encouraging the worship of religion and the spread of education . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 stated , `` Religion , morality , and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind , schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged . '' However , the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also contained Southern characteristics of municipal governance . The Southern influence can be felt in the Western townships in that once the federal land was dedicated to the particular township , the township was relatively free of the influence of the federal government , and the local municipality was left to govern itself . This manifested itself in public education as well . Once the land was dedicated , the actual development of the public schools was the responsibility of the local township or the particular state . Although the great Ordinances of the 1780s set the framework for a national system of schools by dedicating land across the West , the devolved development and administration by the state and local government led to unique results . Motive ( edit ) Retaining central land in each township ensured that these lands would create value for the federal government . Instead of disbursing funds to the new states to create public education systems , dedicating a central lot in each township provided the new townships with the means to develop educational institutions without any transfer of funds . This was a practical and necessary way to achieve the committee 's goal in a pre-Constitution America . Aside from raising funds for a financially struggling government , the westward expansion outlined in the Land Ordinances of the 1780s also provided a framework for spreading democratic ideals . Jefferson proposed an article in the Ordinance of 1784 that would have outlawed slavery in the new states after the year 1800 . However he could not amass enough votes to pass the anti-slavery article . Later Jefferson did succeed , however , in ensuring public funding of education by dedicating land to education in the Land Ordinance of 1785 . Public education was an ideal already developed in the New England colonial settlements . New Englanders provided for public education in their land grants due to a belief that public education could be used to further unite the young nation and spread democratic ideals . The systematic and highly organized westward settlements , with their local governments and central square dedicated towards public education were a concerted effort to inspire civic duty and participation in the democratic process . Usher relates this initiative to `` the Supreme Court in Cooper v. Roberts ( 1855 ) , ' plant in the heart of every community the same sentiments of grateful reverence for the wisdom , forecast , and magnanimous statesmanship of those who framed the institutions of these new States . '' The westward expansion therefore was not only a tool for raising much needed funds , but also a tool in a grand socializing experiment to inoculate the settlers to democratic ideals . The hope was that the unique planning of each township with a public school centrally located , coupled with the obligation of each township 's local citizens to take part in the civic process of governing the township , teaching and building the schools , and maintaining order , would instill the democratic ideals crucial to the nation 's success . See also ( edit ) Northwest Ordinance Public Land Survey System Northwest Territory Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vernon Carstensen , `` Patterns on the American Land . '' Journal of Federalism , ( 19870 18 # 4 pp 31 -- 39 Jump up ^ Richard P. McCormick , `` The ' Ordinance ' of 1784 ? , '' William and Mary Quarterly , Jan 1993 , Vol. 50 Issue 1 , pp 112 -- 22 Jump up ^ Journal of Continental Congress , Vol. 28 , p. 375 , May 20 , 1785 Library of congress Jump up ^ C. Albert White , A History of the Rectangular Survey System ( Bureau of Land Management , 1983 ) Jump up ^ White , A History of the Rectangular Survey System Jump up ^ Williamson 1880 : 226 Jump up ^ The Oregon Territory Act ( August 14 , 1848 ) 9 Stat. 323 initiated practice of setting aside section 36 for schools : Section 20 `` And be it further enacted , That when the lands in the said Territory shall be surveyed under the direction of the Government of the United States , preparatory to bringing the same into market , sections numbered sixteen and thirty - six in each township in said Territory shall be , and the same is hereby , reserved for the purpose of being applied to schools in said Territory , and in the States and Territories hereafter to be erected out of the same . '' Jump up ^ Journal of Continental Congress , Vol. 27 , p. 446 , May 28 , 1784 Library of congress ^ Jump up to : Higgins 1887 : 33 -- 34 , 78 -- 82 Jump up ^ Peters 1918 : 58 Jump up ^ 1 Stat. 464 -- Text of Act of May 18 , 1796 Library of Congress Jump up ^ 1 Stat. 490 -- Text of Act of June 1 , 1796 Library of Congress Jump up ^ 2 Stat. 14 -- Text of Act of March 1 , 1800 Library of Congress Jump up ^ Howe 1907 : 134 Jump up ^ Treat 1910 : 179 -- 182 Jump up ^ http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/twiki/bin/view/AmLegalHist/PublicEducationInLandGrantsSGrenbaum Jump up ^ Knepper 2002 : 9 Jump up ^ Knepper 2002 : 51 Jump up ^ See Payson Jackson Treat . The National Land System . William S Hein and Co. , 2003 . and Jonathan Hughes `` The Great Land Ordinances . '' Minnesota Legal History Project http://www.minnesotalegalhistoryproject.org/assets/hughes.pdf ( accessed March 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Treat , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Hughes , p. 11 Jump up ^ Treat p. 26 Jump up ^ Hughes , p. 13 Jump up ^ David Carleton , Landmark Congressional Laws on Education . Connecticut , Greenwood Press , 2002 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ See Treat p. 25 Jump up ^ The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 , Article 3 . http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=8 ( Accessed March 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Alexandra Usher , `` Public Schools in the Original Federal Land Grant Program '' The Center on Education Policy ; April 2011 p. 8 http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED518388&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED518388 ( Accessed March 2013 ) Jump up ^ Usher , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Carleton , p. 15 Jump up ^ Usher , p. 7 References and further reading ( edit ) Higgins , Jerome S. ( 1887 ) . Subdivisions of the Public Lands , Described and Illustrated , with Diagrams and Maps . Higgins & Co . Howe , Henry ( 1907 ) . Historical Collections of Ohio , The Ohio Centennial Edition . 1 . The State of Ohio . Knepper , George W ( 2002 ) . The Official Ohio Lands Book ( PDF ) . State of Ohio . Peters , William E ( 1918 ) . Ohio Lands and Their Subdivision . W.E. Peters . Treat , Payson Jackson ( 1910 ) . The National Land System 1785 -- 1820 . E.B. Treat and Co . Williamson , James A. ; Donaldson , Thomas ( 1880 ) . The Public Domain . Its History , with Statistics . Government Printing Office . Johnson , Hildegard Binder . Order upon the Land : The U.S. Rectangular Land Survey and the Upper Mississippi Country ( 1977 ) Geib , George W ... `` The Land Ordinance of 1785 : A Bicentennial Review , '' Indiana Magazine of History , March 1985 , Vol. 81 Issue 1 , pp 1 -- 13 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Land Ordinance of 1785 Wikisource has original text related to this article : Land Ordinance of 1785 ( supplement ) Library of Congress -- Ordinance Text Indiana Historical Bureau -- Ordinance Text Ohio History Central -- Land Ordinance of 1785 Bureau of Land Management -- Principal Meridians and Base Lines Map The Great American Grid -- 1785 Land Ordinance Diagram Photographs of the Principal Meridians Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_Ordinance_of_1785&oldid=815700967 '' Categories : 1785 in law 1785 in the United States History of the Midwestern United States United States federal public land legislation History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) Land surveying of the United States Ordinances of the Continental Congress Pre-statehood history of Ohio Settlement schemes Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Français 한국어 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 14 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | within the townships created by the land ordinance of 1785 one section was set aside for | [
"The ordinance was also significant for establishing a mechanism for funding public education. Section 16 in each township was reserved for the maintenance of public schools. Many schools today are still located in section sixteen of their respective townships[citation needed], although a great many of the school sections were sold to raise money for public education. In later States, section 36 of each township was also designated as a \"school section\".[5][6][7]"
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"the maintenance of public schools"
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-7342269743586270398 | List of Cleveland Browns seasons | List of Cleveland Browns seasons - wikipedia List of Cleveland Browns seasons Jump to : navigation , search The Cleveland Browns were a charter member club of the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) when the league was founded in 1946 . From 1946 to 1949 , the Browns won each of the league 's four championships . The National Football League ( NFL ) does not recognize the Browns ' AAFC championships ; however , the Pro Football Hall of Fame does recognize the team 's championships , which is reflected in this list . When the AAFC folded in 1949 , the Browns were absorbed into the NFL in 1950 . The Browns went on to win three NFL championships , nearly dominating the NFL in the 1950s , and won one more NFL championship in 1964 . The team has yet to appear in a Super Bowl , however . Overall , the team has won eight championships : four in the AAFC , and four in the NFL . In 1996 , then - Browns owner Art Modell made the decision to move the team from Cleveland , Ohio to Baltimore , Maryland . An agreement between the city of Cleveland and the NFL kept the team 's history , name and colors in Cleveland , while Modell 's new team would be regarded as an expansion team . The Baltimore Ravens would begin play in 1996 , and the Browns would return to the league in 1999 . For record - keeping purposes , the Browns are considered to have suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , which is reflected in this list . The Cleveland Browns are the second team in NFL History to reach an 0 - 16 record . For a complete team history , see History of the Cleveland Browns . AAFC champions ( 1946 -- 1949 ) NFL champions ( 1950 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference champions Division champions Wild Card berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season results Postseason results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties All - America Football Conference 1946 1946 AAFC Western 1st 12 0 Won AAFC championship ( 1 ) ( Yankees ) 14 -- 9 1947 1947 AAFC Western 1st 12 Won AAFC championship ( 2 ) ( at Yankees ) 14 -- 3 1948 1948 AAFC Western 1st 14 0 0 Won AAFC championship ( 3 ) ( Bills ) 49 -- 7 1949 1949 AAFC 1st 9 Won AAFC playoff game ( Bills ) 31 -- 21 Won AAFC championship ( 4 ) ( 49ers ) 21 -- 7 Paul Brown ( COY ) National Football League ( 1950 -- 1995 ; 1999 -- present ) 1950 1950 NFL American T - 1st 10 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Giants ) 8 -- 3 Won NFL Championship ( 5 ) ( Rams ) 30 -- 28 1951 1951 NFL American 1st 11 0 Lost NFL Championship ( at Rams ) 17 -- 24 Paul Brown ( COY ) Otto Graham ( MVP ) 1952 1952 NFL American 1st 8 0 Lost NFL Championship ( Lions ) 7 -- 17 1953 1953 NFL Eastern 1st 11 0 Lost NFL Championship ( at Lions ) 16 -- 17 Paul Brown ( COY ) Otto Graham ( MVP ) 1954 1954 NFL Eastern 1st 9 0 Won NFL Championship ( 6 ) ( Lions ) 56 -- 10 1955 1955 NFL Eastern 1st 9 Won NFL Championship ( 7 ) ( at Rams ) 38 -- 14 Otto Graham ( MVP ) 1956 1956 NFL Eastern T - 4th 5 7 0 1957 1957 NFL Eastern 1st 9 Lost NFL Championship ( at Lions ) 14 -- 59 Paul Brown ( COY ) Jim Brown ( MVP , ROY ) 1958 1958 NFL Eastern T - 1st 9 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( at Giants ) 0 -- 10 Jim Brown ( MVP ) 1959 1959 NFL Eastern T - 2nd 7 5 0 1960 1960 NFL Eastern 2nd 8 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 3rd 8 5 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 3rd 7 6 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 2nd 10 0 Jim Brown ( BBA , MVP ) 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 1st 10 Won NFL Championship ( 8 ) ( Colts ) 27 -- 0 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 1st 11 0 Lost NFL Championship ( at Packers ) 12 -- 23 Jim Brown ( MVP , MVP ) 1966 1966 NFL Eastern T - 2nd 9 5 0 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Century 1st 9 5 0 Lost Conference Championship ( at Cowboys ) 14 -- 52 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Century 1st 10 0 Won Conference Championship ( Cowboys ) 31 -- 20 Lost NFL Championship ( Colts ) 0 -- 34 Leroy Kelly ( MVP ) 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Century 1st 10 Won Conference Championship ( at Cowboys ) 38 -- 14 Lost NFL Championship ( at Vikings ) 7 -- 27 1970 1970 NFL AFC Central 2nd 7 7 0 1971 1971 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Colts ) 3 -- 20 1972 1972 NFL AFC Central 2nd 10 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Dolphins ) 14 -- 20 1973 1973 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 5 NFL AFC Central 4th 10 0 NFL AFC Central 4th 11 0 1976 1976 NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 5 0 Forrest Gregg ( COY ) 1977 1977 NFL AFC Central 4th 6 8 0 1978 1978 NFL AFC Central 3rd 8 8 0 1979 1979 NFL AFC Central 3rd 9 7 0 Sam Rutigliano ( COY ) 1980 1980 NFL AFC Central 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Raiders ) 12 -- 14 Sam Rutigliano ( COY ) Brian Sipe ( MVP , MVP , POY ) 1981 1981 NFL AFC Central 4th 5 11 0 1982 1982 NFL AFC 8th 5 0 Lost First Round Playoffs ( at Raiders ) 10 -- 27 Chip Banks ( Def . ROY ) NFL AFC Central 2nd 9 7 0 1984 1984 NFL AFC Central 3rd 5 11 0 1985 1985 NFL AFC Central 1st 8 8 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Dolphins ) 21 -- 24 Kevin Mack ( ROY ) 1986 1986 NFL AFC Central 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Jets 23 -- 20 ) ( 2 OT ) Lost AFC Championship ( Broncos ) 20 -- 23 ( OT ) Marty Schottenheimer ( COY ) NFL AFC Central 1st 10 5 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Colts ) 38 -- 21 Lost AFC Championship ( at Broncos ) 33 -- 38 1988 1988 NFL AFC Central 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Oilers ) 23 -- 24 1989 1989 NFL AFC Central 1st 9 6 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bills ) 34 -- 30 Lost AFC Championship ( at Broncos ) 21 -- 37 Michael Dean Perry ( Def . POY ) 1990 1990 NFL AFC Central 4th 13 0 1991 1991 NFL AFC Central 3rd 6 10 0 1992 1992 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 1993 1993 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 1994 1994 NFL AFC Central 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Patriots ) 20 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Steelers ) 9 -- 29 1995 1995 NFL AFC Central 4th 5 11 0 Inactive from 1996 to 1998 1997 1998 1999 1999 NFL AFC Central 6th 14 0 2000 2000 NFL AFC Central 6th 13 0 2001 2001 NFL AFC Central 3rd 7 9 0 2002 2002 NFL AFC North 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( at Steelers ) 33 -- 36 2003 2003 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2005 2005 NFL AFC North 4th 6 10 0 2006 2006 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2007 2007 NFL AFC North 2nd 10 6 0 2008 2008 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2009 2009 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0 NFL AFC North 3rd 5 11 0 2011 2011 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2012 2012 NFL AFC North 4th 5 11 0 2013 2013 NFL AFC North 4th 12 0 2014 2014 NFL AFC North 4th 7 9 0 2015 2015 NFL AFC North 4th 13 0 2016 2016 NFL AFC North 4th 15 0 2017 2017 NFL AFC North 4th 0 16 0 Totals 4 AAFC championships 4 NFL championships 12 conference titles 9 NFL division titles 47 All - America Football Conference regular season results 5 0 0 AAFC postseason results 462 482 10 National Football League regular season results 11 20 0 NFL postseason results 525 506 13 AAFC and NFL regular and postseason results Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The NFL does not recognize the Browns ' AAFC championships . For the purposes of this list , however , they are included in final totals . Jump up ^ The Browns are one of only four teams to have never appeared in a Super Bowl . The other three teams are the Detroit Lions , the Houston Texans , and the Jacksonville Jaguars . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1950 NFL season , the Browns and Giants had identical 10 -- 2 -- 0 records . To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game , the NFL held a one - game conference playoff . The Browns won , 8 -- 3 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1956 season , the Browns and the Steelers ended the season with identical 5 -- 7 records . There were no tie - breaking procedures , so the teams ended the season tied . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1958 NFL season , the Browns and Giants had identical 9 -- 3 -- 0 records . To determine the team that would play in the NFL Championship Game , the NFL held a one - game conference playoff . The Giants shut the Browns out 10 -- 0 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1959 season , the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 5 -- 7 records . There were no tie - breaking procedures , so the teams ended the season tied . Jump up ^ The Browns ' championship win in 1964 is the second most recent championship won by any sports team from the Cleveland area . The most recent being the Cleveland Cavaliers Championship win over the Golden State Warriors in 2016 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1966 season , the Browns and the Eagles ended the season with identical 9 -- 5 records . There were no tie - breaking procedures , so the teams ended the season tied . Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . Jump up ^ This game involved the play Red Right 88 in its final minutes . Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . Jump up ^ The 1987 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Drive , in which quarterback John Elway , over the span of 5 minutes and 2 seconds , lead the Broncos on a 98 - yard drive to tie the game with 37 seconds remaining in regulation . The Broncos won the game in overtime with a field goal , 23 -- 20 . Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 . Jump up ^ The 1988 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos is best remembered for The Fumble , in which , while on a potentially game - winning drive , the Browns ' running back Ernest Byner fumbled the ball at the Broncos 3 - yard line with 65 seconds remaining on the clock . The Broncos recovered the ball , allowed the Browns to get an intentional safety , and won the game , 38 -- 33 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1988 season , the Browns and the Oilers ended the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based on a better division record . Jump up ^ The 1990 Conference Championship game between the Browns and the Broncos marked the third time in four years that John Elway defeated Bernie Kosar and the Browns in the AFC championship game . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2001 season , the Browns and the Titans ended the season with identical 7 -- 9 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Cleveland finished ahead of Tennessee based on a better division record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2005 season , the Browns and the Ravens ended the season with identical 6 -- 10 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Baltimore finished ahead of Cleveland based on a better division record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2007 season , the Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers ended the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , the Steelers finished ahead of the Browns based on winning both games against the Browns during the season . ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Browns Team Encyclopedia - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . References ( edit ) `` Year By Year Season Results '' . Cleveland Browns official Web site . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Cleveland Browns ( 1950 -- ) '' . databaseFootball.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Cleveland Browns History '' . JT-SW.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 13 . `` NFL History -- Past Standings '' . National Football League official Web site . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Franchise History -- Cleveland Browns '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame official Web site . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Cleveland Browns ( 1946 -- 1995 ; 1999 -- Present ) '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 12 . `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . `` History of the Cleveland Browns '' . Football @ JT-SW.com . John Troan . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Cleveland Browns Founded in 1946 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Headquartered in Berea , Ohio Franchise History Players Head coaches Seasons Logos and uniforms First - round draft picks 1999 expansion draft Starting quarterbacks Pro Bowlers Stadiums Cleveland Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium Key personnel Owners : Jimmy Haslam Dee Haslam President ( de facto ) : Paul DePodesta General manager : John Dorsey Head coach : Hue Jackson Culture and lore Art Modell Cleveland sports curse Dawg Pound Draft Day Hot Tub Time Machine Kardiac Kids Marty Ball Miracle at the Met Paul Brown Red Right 88 Relocation controversy `` The Best Man '' The Drive The Express The Fortune Cookie The Fumble Rivalries Cincinnati Bengals Pittsburgh Steelers Playoff appearances ( 28 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1971 1972 1980 1982 1985 1986 1988 1989 1994 2002 Division championships ( 12 ) 1946 1947 1948 1967 1968 1969 1971 1980 1985 1986 1989 Conference championships ( 11 ) 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1964 1965 1968 1969 League championships ( 8 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1954 1955 1964 Retired numbers 14 32 45 46 76 Hall of Fame inductees Players : Brown DeLamielleure Ford Gatski Graham Groza Hickerson Kelly Lavelli McCormack Mitchell Motley Newsome Warfield Willis Coach : Brown Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WKNR WKRK - FM WNCX Television : WEWS - TV SportsTime Ohio Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1950 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Former league affiliation League : All - America Football Conference ( 1946 -- 1949 ) Seasons ( 69 ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Cleveland Browns seasons 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Bold indicates AAFC championship ( through 1949 ) or NFL championship ( 1950 -- 1969 ) NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks NFL on Sports Network Incorporated ( SNI ) Related programs NFL on CBS ( 1959 ) Related articles Carling Beer Hughes Television Network NFL on television ( history ) Seasons 1955 1956 1957 1958 ( The Browns ' SNI arrangement from 1956 to 1958 was national in scope . ) 1959 1960 1961 ( For 1960 and 1961 seasons , the Browns - SNI network was reduced to a Midwest regional network . ) Commentators Ken Coleman Jimmy Dudley Otto Graham Cliff Lewis Curly Morrison Bob Wolff Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Cleveland_Browns_seasons&oldid=823213703 '' Categories : Cleveland Browns seasons National Football League teams seasons Cleveland Browns lists Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 22 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time browns had a winning record | [
"\n\nSeason\nTeam\nLeague\nConference\nDivision\nRegular season results\nPostseason results\nAwards\n\n\nFinish\nWins\nLosses\nTies\n\n\nAll-America Football Conference\n\n\n1946\n1946\nAAFC\n\nWestern\n1st\n12\n2\n0\nWon AAFC championship (1) (Yankees) 14–9\n\n\n\n1947\n1947\nAAFC\n\nWestern\n1st\n12\n1\n1\nWon AAFC championship (2) (at Yankees) 14–3\n\n\n\n1948\n1948\nAAFC\n\nWestern\n1st\n14\n0\n0\nWon AAFC championship (3) (Bills) 49–7\n\n\n\n1949\n1949\nAAFC\n\n\n1st\n9\n1\n2\nWon AAFC playoff game (Bills) 31–21\nWon AAFC championship (4) (49ers) 21–7\nPaul Brown (COY)\n\n\nNational Football League (1950–1995; 1999–present)\n\n\n1950\n1950\nNFL\nAmerican\n\nT-1st[3]\n10\n2\n0\nWon Conference Playoffs (Giants) 8–3\nWon NFL Championship (5) (Rams) 30–28\n\n\n\n1951\n1951\nNFL\nAmerican\n\n1st\n11\n1\n0\nLost NFL Championship (at Rams) 17–24\nPaul Brown (COY)\nOtto Graham (MVP)\n\n\n1952\n1952\nNFL\nAmerican\n\n1st\n8\n4\n0\nLost NFL Championship (Lions) 7–17\n\n\n\n1953\n1953\nNFL\nEastern\n\n1st\n11\n1\n0\nLost NFL Championship (at Lions) 16–17\nPaul Brown (COY)\nOtto Graham (MVP)\n\n\n1954\n1954\nNFL\nEastern\n\n1st\n9\n3\n0\nWon NFL Championship (6) (Lions) 56–10\n\n\n\n1955\n1955\nNFL\nEastern\n\n1st\n9\n2\n1\nWon NFL Championship (7) (at Rams) 38–14\nOtto Graham (MVP)\n\n\n1956\n1956\nNFL\nEastern\n\nT-4th[4]\n5\n7\n0\n\n\n\n\n1957\n1957\nNFL\nEastern\n\n1st\n9\n2\n1\nLost NFL Championship (at Lions) 14–59\nPaul Brown (COY)\nJim Brown (MVP, ROY)\n\n\n1958\n1958\nNFL\nEastern\n\nT-1st[5]\n9\n3\n0\nLost Conference Playoffs (at Giants) 0–10\nJim Brown (MVP)\n\n\n1959\n1959\nNFL\nEastern\n\nT-2nd[6]\n7\n5\n0\n\n\n\n\n1960\n1960\nNFL\nEastern\n\n2nd\n8\n3\n1\n\n\n\n\n1961\n1961\nNFL\nEastern\n\n3rd\n8\n5\n1\n\n\n\n\n1962\n1962\nNFL\nEastern\n\n3rd\n7\n6\n1\n\n\n\n\n1963\n1963\nNFL\nEastern\n\n2nd\n10\n4\n0\n\nJim Brown (BBA, MVP)\n\n\n1964\n1964\nNFL\nEastern\n\n1st\n10\n3\n1\nWon NFL Championship (8)[7] (Colts) 27–0\n\n\n\n1965\n1965\nNFL\nEastern\n\n1st\n11\n3\n0\nLost NFL Championship (at Packers) 12–23\nJim Brown (MVP, MVP)\n\n\n1966\n1966\nNFL\nEastern\n\nT-2nd[8]\n9\n5\n0\n\n\n\n\n1967\n1967\nNFL\nEastern\nCentury\n1st\n9\n5\n0\nLost Conference Championship (at Cowboys) 14–52\n\n\n\n1968\n1968\nNFL\nEastern\nCentury\n1st\n10\n4\n0\nWon Conference Championship (Cowboys) 31–20\nLost NFL Championship (Colts) 0–34\nLeroy Kelly (MVP)\n\n\n1969\n1969\nNFL\nEastern\nCentury\n1st\n10\n3\n1\nWon Conference Championship (at Cowboys) 38–14\nLost NFL Championship (at Vikings) 7–27\n\n\n\n1970\n1970\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n2nd\n7\n7\n0\n\n\n\n\n1971\n1971\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n1st\n9\n5\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 3–20\n\n\n\n1972\n1972\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n2nd\n10\n4\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (at Dolphins) 14–20\n\n\n\n1973\n1973\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n3rd\n7\n5\n2\n\n\n\n\n1974\n1974\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n4th\n4\n10\n0\n\n\n\n\n1975\n1975\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n4th\n3\n11\n0\n\n\n\n\n1976\n1976\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n2nd\n9\n5\n0\n\nForrest Gregg (COY)\n\n\n1977\n1977\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n4th\n6\n8\n0\n\n\n\n\n1978[9]\n1978\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n3rd\n8\n8\n0\n\n\n\n\n1979\n1979\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n3rd\n9\n7\n0\n\nSam Rutigliano (COY)\n\n\n1980\n1980\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n1st\n11\n5\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (Raiders) 12–14[10]\nSam Rutigliano (COY)\nBrian Sipe (MVP, MVP, POY)\n\n\n1981\n1981\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n4th\n5\n11\n0\n\n\n\n\n1982[11]\n1982\nNFL\nAFC\n\n8th\n4\n5\n0\nLost First Round Playoffs (at Raiders) 10–27\nChip Banks (Def. ROY)\n\n\n1983\n1983\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n2nd\n9\n7\n0\n\n\n\n\n1984\n1984\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n3rd\n5\n11\n0\n\n\n\n\n1985\n1985\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n1st\n8\n8\n0\nLost Divisional Playoffs (at Dolphins) 21–24\nKevin Mack (ROY)\n\n\n1986\n1986\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n1st\n12\n4\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Jets 23–20) (2 OT)\nLost AFC Championship[12] (Broncos) 20–23 (OT)\nMarty Schottenheimer (COY)\n\n\n1987[13]\n1987\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n1st\n10\n5\n0\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Colts) 38–21\nLost AFC Championship[14] (at Broncos) 33–38\n\n\n\n1988\n1988\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n2nd[15]\n10\n6\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (Oilers) 23–24\n\n\n\n1989\n1989\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n1st\n9\n6\n1\nWon Divisional Playoffs (Bills) 34–30\nLost AFC Championship[16] (at Broncos) 21–37\nMichael Dean Perry (Def. POY)\n\n\n1990\n1990\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n4th\n3\n13\n0\n\n\n\n\n1991\n1991\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n3rd\n6\n10\n0\n\n\n\n\n1992\n1992\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n3rd\n7\n9\n0\n\n\n\n\n1993\n1993\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n3rd\n7\n9\n0\n\n\n\n\n1994\n1994\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n2nd\n11\n5\n0\nWon Wild Card Playoffs (Patriots) 20–13\nLost Divisional Playoffs (at Steelers) 9–29\n\n\n\n1995\n1995\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n4th\n5\n11\n0\n\n\n\n\n1996\nInactive from 1996 to 1998\n\n\n1997\n\n\n1998\n\n\n1999\n1999\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n6th\n2\n14\n0\n\n\n\n\n2000\n2000\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n6th\n3\n13\n0\n\n\n\n\n2001\n2001\nNFL\nAFC\nCentral\n3rd[17]\n7\n9\n0\n\n\n\n\n2002\n2002\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n2nd\n9\n7\n0\nLost Wild Card Playoffs (at Steelers) 33–36\n\n\n\n2003\n2003\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th\n5\n11\n0\n\n\n\n\n2004\n2004\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th\n4\n12\n0\n\n\n\n\n2005\n2005\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th[18]\n6\n10\n0\n\n\n\n\n2006\n2006\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th\n4\n12\n0\n\n\n\n\n2007\n2007\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n2nd[19]\n10\n6\n0\n\n\n\n\n2008\n2008\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th\n4\n12\n0\n\n\n\n\n2009\n2009\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th\n5\n11\n0\n\n\n\n\n2010\n2010\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n3rd\n5\n11\n0\n\n\n\n\n2011\n2011\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th\n4\n12\n0\n\n\n\n\n2012\n2012\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th\n5\n11\n0\n\n\n\n\n2013\n2013\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th\n4\n12\n0\n\n\n\n\n2014\n2014\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th\n7\n9\n0\n\n\n\n\n2015\n2015\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th\n3\n13\n0\n\n\n\n\n2016\n2016\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th\n1\n15\n0\n\n\n\n\n2017\n2017\nNFL\nAFC\nNorth\n4th\n0\n16\n0\n\n\n\n\nTotals\n4 AAFC championships\n4 NFL championships\n12 conference titles\n9 NFL division titles\n\n\n47\n4\n3\nAll-America Football Conference regular season results[20]\n\n\n5\n0\n0\nAAFC postseason results\n\n\n462\n482\n10\nNational Football League regular season results[20]\n\n\n11\n20\n0\nNFL postseason results[20]\n\n\n525\n506\n13\nAAFC and NFL regular and postseason results\n\n"
] | [
"1994"
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-2818752047724383556 | Riverdale (2017 TV series) | Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) - Wikipedia Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) Riverdale Genre Teen drama Mystery Based on Characters by Archie Comics Developed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Starring KJ Apa Lili Reinhart Camila Mendes Cole Sprouse Marisol Nichols Madelaine Petsch Ashleigh Murray Mädchen Amick Luke Perry Mark Consuelos Casey Cott Skeet Ulrich Narrated by Cole Sprouse Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Sherri Chung Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 35 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jon Goldwater Sarah Schechter Greg Berlanti Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Producer ( s ) J.B. Moranville Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Stephen Jackson David Lanzenberg Editor ( s ) Paul Karasick Harry Jierjian Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 -- 46 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions Archie Comics Warner Bros. Television CBS Television Studios Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Riverdale is an American teen drama television series based on the characters of Archie Comics . The series was adapted for The CW by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and CBS Television Studios , in association with Berlanti Productions and Archie Comics . Originally conceived as a feature film adaptation for Warner Bros. Pictures , the idea was re-imagined as a television series for Fox . In 2015 , development on the project moved to The CW , where the series was ordered for a pilot . Filming takes place in Vancouver , British Columbia . The series features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics , with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews ; Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper , Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge , and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones , the series ' narrator . The cast also features Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom , Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy and Casey Cott as Kevin Keller . Other characters in the series include the parents of the main characters : Luke Perry as Fred Andrews , Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper , Marisol Nichols and Mark Consuelos as Hermione and Hiram Lodge , and Skeet Ulrich as FP Jones . The series debuted on January 26 , 2017 to positive reviews . A 22 - episode second season premiered on October 11 , 2017 , and concluded on May 16 , 2018 . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Homages to other films and TV series 5 Music 5.1 Season 1 5.2 Season 2 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Marketing 6.3 Comic - book adaptation 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Ratings 7.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 7.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 7.3 Awards and nominations 8 Spin - off 9 References 10 External links Premise The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image . Cast and characters Main article : List of Riverdale characters KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : A high school football player who has a passion for music . He is best friends with Jughead Jones and Betty Cooper . Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A smart girl with a longtime crush on Archie , she becomes friends with Veronica Lodge to help upend her perfect life . Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A former socialite from New York who moves to Riverdale and becomes friends with Archie and Betty . Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who is Archie 's best friend . Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter following the incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge . Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who is a classmate of Archie and his friends . Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : The lead singer of Josie and the Pussycats and a classmate of Archie and his friends . Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Betty and Polly 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper . Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction company . Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge : Veronica 's father , who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities . Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one . Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie , Betty and Veronica and is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season . Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : Jughead 's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season . Episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38 During an eventful summer , including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the daughter of Hermione and Hiram , a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body , which has a gunshot wound to the head , by the lake . `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15 Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff , Kevin 's father . Archie asks his father , Fred , for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death . At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against the wishes of her mother , Alice , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July . `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Krieger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20 Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents , Clifford and Penelope , that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning . Betty , upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , The Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton , whom she had one date with , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk . `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13. 20304 1.14 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98 Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away , Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason 's memorial , but Cheryl does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , Rose , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged . While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father , Hal , is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09 With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03 Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her , which fails . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house . Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99 Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live . Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion , and when he refuses to let her come back , Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms . 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13. 20309 0.91 As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him . 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87 Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his father returns home with his mother , Mary . 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89 While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death . 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98 Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , making Jason and Polly 's relationship technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P. 's associates , but finds him dead of an apparent overdose . The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , which they tell Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery . 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96 It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out . Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business . F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder , but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that , in high school , she found out she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . Devastated by her father 's secrets and suicide , Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River , but Archie , along with Veronica , Betty , and Jughead , saves her . Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . The next day , Archie meets Fred at Pop 's , where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred . Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) T13. 20801 2.34 After being shot , Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie , who is soon joined by his friends . Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup , but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter . When Veronica searches Fred 's belongings , Archie sees that his wallet is missing . Betty and Jughead visit Pop 's to look for the wallet but find nothing ; instead , they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register , meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred . Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting , but to no avail . Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred , but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth . Meanwhile , Cheryl intimidates Penelope -- who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized -- into lying that it was an accident . Fred survives his shooting . Hiram returns to Riverdale , further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family . In the nearby town of Greendale , Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred 's shooter . 15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' Allison Anders Michael Grassi October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) T13. 20802 1.76 After learning of Ms. Grundy 's murder , an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred 's shooting , which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley . Following the shooting , business at Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined , leading Pop to consider selling the diner , but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business . Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody , a Serpent lawyer , who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P. 's behalf . Cheryl initially refuses , but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason 's murder . With Cheryl 's testimony , the judge decides to revisit F.P 's sentence . Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop , but tells Veronica he made a `` charitable donation '' . In the woods , Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle ( a new drug to Riverdale ) , and as they do so , they are shot by Fred 's shooter . 16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' Kevin Sullivan Ross Maxwell October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) T13. 20803 1.62 Kevin , who was in the forest , hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying . Moose , who shielded Midge from the gunfire , is hospitalized and survives . Following the incident , Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle , to protect Riverdale High students . The Coopers receive a letter from `` the Black Hood '' , taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy , and detailing his intentions to target sinners . Polly leaves town , fearing for her babies . Meanwhile , Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High , befriends Toni Topaz , a Serpent , and refounds the school newspaper , the Red and Black , under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips . Kevin keeps going out late at night , which concerns Betty . Betty follows him on one of his runs , which leads to him lashing out at her . Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood 's main weapons for the Red Circle . Inspired by this , the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood . 17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' Jason Stone Amanda Lasher November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) T13. 20804 1.51 Archie 's viral video results in negative repercussions , as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle . Though Archie refuses , the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble , in which Dilton is injured . Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun . Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood , revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve . Mayor Sierra McCoy ( Josie 's mother ) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood , in which Alice blames the Serpents , but Fred argues against letting fear rule them . Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated , before showing the letter to her parents , Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy . Later , Betty receives a call from the Black Hood . 18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' Ellen Pressman Aaron Allen November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) T13. 20805 1.47 The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice , which she does . Hiram invites the St. Clair 's , friends of the Lodges from New York . On the Southside , Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening . The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood . At the Lodge 's open house event , Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her , but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats . Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer , where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over ; they kiss . Back at Betty 's house , the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a `` sinner '' to kill , to which Betty names Nick St. Clair . 19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' Maggie Kiley Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) T13. 20806 1.43 The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman , who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale . Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick , whom the Black Hood did not attack , but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair 's . Archie goes to Southside High , where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller . Tall Boy , F.P. 's right hand man , reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies , the dealers of jingle jangle . Jughead and Archie visit F.P. , who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race . During the race , Archie pulls the brake on Jughead 's car , and reveals he called Sheriff Keller , who arrests the Ghoulies leader . Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair 's , while Cheryl does the same with Penelope . Later , the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair 's have been run off the road , but will recover in months . Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips ; Cheryl later tells Betty , who exposes him in the Blue and Gold . Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail . 20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' Dawn Wilkinson James DeWille November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) T13. 20807 1.45 After killing Phillips , the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop 's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning , or he will kill again . Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help , which he does with Archie . She says this is a one - time thing , but Jughead later finds she was lying . Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer , implied to be Cheryl , including a box with a pig 's heart . Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late , revealing she has received death threats . Betty , realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff 's office , believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood . She investigates , but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood . However , Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy . Archie , Jughead , Betty , Veronica , Josie , and Cheryl all gather at Pop 's . After Jughead leaves to visit F.P. , the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge , and Pop grimly announces that `` The reckoning is upon us '' . 21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' Kevin Sullivan Yolonda Lawrence December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) T13. 20808 1.48 F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop 's , intending to quit the Serpents . Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a `` retirement '' party at the Whyte Worm , so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work . While Jughead reconnects with his dad , Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party . There , she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead . Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper , who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob . Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family , which they discover to be the school 's janitor , Joseph Svenson . Archie and Veronica confront Svenson , but decide he is n't the Black Hood . At the party , F.P. , who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody , decides to stay with the Serpents . Outside , Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love . Jughead , not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents ' business , also ends their relationship . 22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' Rob Seidenglanz Shepard Boucher December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) T13. 20809 1.43 Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000 . Failing to convince her parents to help Fred , Veronica sneaks into Hiram 's study and finds out that he bought Pop 's . She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred . Jughead rallies the younger Serpents , who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo . Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood , containing Svenson 's finger . They then receive a call from the Black Hood , who challenges them to find Svenson . They are able to find Svenson 's location , but instead find an empty coffin . The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive , but flees when the police arrive . After a chase , Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape . The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself . Later , with the Black Hood dead , Veronica and Archie get back together , while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson , but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier . 23 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' Tim Hunter Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) T13. 20810 1.44 The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High , causing Jughead , Toni , Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High , putting them at odds with other students . Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams , who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram 's criminal dealings . Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred . Archie investigates Nick , who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash , which broke both of his legs . Despite Hal 's objections , Betty and Alice track down Alice 's son she gave up for adoption , Chic . Chic initially refuses to come with them , but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault , bringing him to the Cooper household . Jughead , following advice from F.P. , gets his fellow Serpents to lay low . Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood . That night , Chic lurks in Betty 's room while she sleeps . 24 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' Gregg Araki Greg Murray & Devon Turner January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) T13. 20811 1.39 Pickens ' Day , a day in remembrance of Riverdale 's founder , nears . Archie tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram , a former wrestler . Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model , and attempts to reach out to him . Jughead interviews Toni 's grandfather for a school project , learning that he is a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens . Jughead publishes the story , escalting tensions with the two sides . At the Pickens ' Day fest , the Serpents protest the event , but Hiram spins their words positively . That night , Archie meets with Hiram , who offers him his business tutelage , which Archie accepts . The next morning , Mayor McCoy , Sheriff Keller , and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens , which has been decapitated . 25 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' Rachel Talalay Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) T13. 20812 1.34 Veronica 's confirmation nears , bringing many Lodge family members and business associates to Riverdale . While serving at a poker game with Hiram and his associates , Archie learns that Hiram is a mobster and his associates are planning his ' removal ' after Veronica 's confirmation . Archie alerts Hiram to this , and Hiram later arranges that mobster 's death . Meanwhile , Mayor McCoy orchestrates the eviction of all Serpents from their trailer park . Jughead and Betty are alerted to the location of the Pickens head by a scrapyard owner , who gives them evidence that Tall Boy decapitated the statue . Jughead and F.P. put Tall Boy on trial , who reveals that Hiram assisted him launching a mutiny so that Tall Boy could remove F.P. and Jughead from the Serpents . Betty and Jughead get back together . A strange man comes to the Cooper house asking for Chic . Later , Betty returns home to find Alice cleaning up the man 's blood . 26 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' Julie Plec Michael Grassi February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) T13. 20813 1.28 Betty and Alice clean up the man 's body and dispose of it with help from Jughead and F.P. Jughead sends the Pickens ' statue head to the Lodges , which Hiram believes may be a declaration of war . Mayor McCoy attempts to take control of her deal with the Lodges , and the Lodges prepare to expose her affair with Sheriff Keller . Veronica , however , warns her of this , and McCoy resigns from office . Agent Adams attempts to strong - arm Archie into giving him the information , including blackmailing Archie in order for him to plant a bug in Hiram 's office . Archie instead reveals this to Hiram . Hiram 's driver takes Archie to a private location to meet with `` the boss '' , revealed to be Hermione . Hermione tells Archie that Adams is actually one of the Lodges ' capos and it was a test , which Archie has passed . Hermione welcomes him to the family . 27 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' David Katzenberg Ross Maxwell March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) T13. 20814 1.26 Hiram suggests Archie , Veronica , Betty , and Jughead go to the Lodge 's lake house for a romantic getaway . Cheryl , upset over not being invited , calls Jughead and informs him of Betty 's kiss with Archie , which causes tension within the group . Veronica and Jughead kiss to `` level the playing field '' . Later , the girls go into town while the guys have a discussion over the close mutual bonds between the four . Back in Riverdale , Josie informs Kevin of their parents affair . Cheryl reveals to Toni that she had a `` friendship - turned - lesbian - relationship '' broken up by Penelope . At the lake house , tensions arise again when Jughead and Betty learn that Hiram bought the trailer park and the Riverdale Register . A group of men that Veronica interacted with in town break into the house , but Veronica activates a silent alarm . One of Hiram 's men arrive and kills one of the intruders , and the four return to Riverdale . 28 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' Mark Piznarski Aaron Allen March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) T13. 20815 1.19 Jughead keeps investigating the Lodges ' plans , but he can not use what he finds . Hiram and Hermione want Fred to run for mayor , including financing his run . Hal asks Alice for a divorce , and Polly comes back to Riverdale . Clifford 's secret will is read , which entitles money to anyone of Blossom 's blood . Clifford 's twin brother Claudius returns . When Chic refuses the DNA test , Betty steals his dental floss to do her own test and discovers that Chic is not who he says to be . After Smithers points Jughead to Shankshaw Prison , F.P. 's inside contact allows them to learn the truth about the Lodge 's plans : they want to turn Southside High into a private prison and the housing Fred is building will be for the employees of the prison . After the Lodges are forced to tell Fred , he refuses to run for Mayor , so Hermione announces her run instead . Archie undergoes a blood ritual with Hiram , pledging loyalty . Meanwhile , Claudius and Penelope plot to get their house `` in order '' , including Nana and Cheryl , who overhears the plan . 29 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' Sherwin Shilati James DeWille March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) T13. 20816 1.16 Jughead learns Southside High will be turned into a prison , and goes on a hunger strike to protest . Hiram accelerates the timeline for demolition , but the high school Serpents chain themselves to the school . Fred attempts to end his contract with the Lodges , leading to a legal dispute . Hiram asks Archie to cut the Serpents ' chains , which Archie does in exchange for Fred being released from his contract . Betty learns Chic 's father is not Hal . Penelope and Claudius attempt to kill Nana Rose , but she survives . Veronica runs for student president , but everyone seems to be against her . Jughead also considers running with Betty . Betty moves in with Jughead to avoid Chic . Cheryl tells Penelope she knows what she did , leading Penelope to get Cheryl committed . Free of his contract with the Lodges , Fred announces he is running for mayor against Hermione . 30 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' Alexis Ostrander Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) T13. 20817 0.96 Hermione 's run for mayor is considered risky by fellow mobsters Kowalski and Martin , believing it may lead to unwanted investigation . They demand a 25 % cut of the prison 's profits , which Hiram refuses . Kowalski and Martin , however , turn Hiram 's capo Adams into hospitalizing Andre , leaving the Lodges shorthanded on security . Archie scares the two into abandoning the deal with the help of Reggie and other Riverdale athletes . Meanwhile , the car belonging to the man Chic killed is found . The owner of the car demands $10,000 from the Coopers to prevent her from going to the police , but Jughead and the Serpents scare her away . Alice sends Chic away and apologizes the Serpents for her years of badmouthing them . Toni and Veronica discover that Cheryl has been admitted into conversion therapy , and with help from Nana Rose , find out she 's at Sisters of the Quiet Mercy . Toni , Veronica , and Kevin rescue Cheryl , and Toni and Cheryl kiss . Cheryl soon returns to Riverdale High , which she declares ' will burn ' . 31 18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' Jason Stone Arabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh Williams April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) T13. 20818 1.10 During a rehearsal of Riverdale High 's musical production of Carrie , Cheryl calls out those who question her ability to play the lead role of Carrie White by demonstrating her singing ability . After rehearsal , Kevin confides in Jughead that he received several threats demanding that the role of Carrie be recast , supposedly from the Black Hood . Kevin gives in , and Midge replaces Cheryl as Carrie . Tensions arise between Archie and Fred after he finds out that Hiram bought Archie his first car , to which Archie warns Hiram not to get between him and his father . Cheryl , doused in blood , confronts her mother for her actions against the family and demands that she be emancipated . During the performance , a set wall is moved up to reveal Midge hung up to the wall with knives , murdered by the Black Hood who leaves a warning of his return . 32 19 `` Chapter Thirty - Two : Prisoners '' Jennifer Phang Cristine Chambers April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) T13. 20819 1.17 Following Midge 's funeral , her mother , Cheryl and the River Vixens blame Sheriff Keller for her death , causing him to consider resigning . Archie is abducted by Nick St. Clair , who demands a ransom from the Lodges . With her parents unwilling to pay and lacking the money herself , Veronica pretends to surrender herself to Nick but drugs him . Archie manages to escape and they hold Nick for ransom instead . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead investigate Chic and learn from the Sisters of the Quiet Mercy that he is an impostor , resulting in his imprisonment . Betty is secretly contacted by the Black Hood , who offers to get rid of Chic . Betty gets Chic to confess that he murdered her real brother , Charles , by accident and then hands him over to the Black Hood , leaving him to die . Betty lies to Alice that Chic left town before learning that Hal was absent at the time of the exchange , leading her to suspect him as the Black Hood . 33 20 `` Chapter Thirty - Three : Shadow of a Doubt '' Gregory Smith Yolanda E. Lawrence May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) T13. 20820 1.11 Betty tells Cheryl that she believes Hal is the Black Hood . Hiram restarts The Red Circle in hopes of causing unrest , and help Hermione 's campaign . Moose reveals that Midge was having an affair with Fangs . A body , first thought to be Chic 's , is found and Betty reveals she feels guilty for his presumed death . Fangs is arrested at school . Members of The Red Circle damage The Whyte Worm , and Reggie later reveals that Hiram is paying them against each other . Betty and Cheryl visit a room being paid for by Hal and find the same book used as a cipher previously . After the Black Hood attacks the Mayoral debate , Veronica wants her mother to stop running but she insists on continuing . Betty confronts her father , and arranges a meeting with him later . The Black Hood then appears at Cheryl 's door . Fangs is released from prison , but is accidentally shot amidst the protesters outside . 34 21 `` Chapter Thirty - Four : Judgment Night '' Cherie Nowlan Shepard Boucher May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) T13. 20821 1.00 The Black Hood attacks Cheryl , but she wounds him with a bow - and - arrow . Reggie is accused to be Fangs ' shooter , but it is later revealed to be Midge 's mother . Veronica searches Hiram 's study , where she finds that Hiram planned to reveal Hermione 's affair with Fred , but Hermione reveals her involvement , as it would destroy Fred 's campaign . The son of the mobster whose death Hiram arranged attacks the Lodges , killing Andre , but Hermione shoots him dead . The Ghoulies are released from prison and attack Pop 's . Meanwhile , Hal reveals himself as the Black Hood to Betty and Alice . After admitting he did not attack the debate , he is subdued by Betty and arrested . Fred , who is wearing a bullet proof vest , is shot by a man in a black hood , and Betty and Archie realize the man was not Hal . Penny Peabody resurfaces and holds Toni captive but Jughead and Cheryl help her escape . F.P. alerts the Serpents of Fangs ' death , and the Serpents decide to fight the Ghoulies . Jughead turns himself over to avoid bloodshed , but Penny breaks her promise , and the Ghoulies attack Jughead . Learning of this , F.P. goes to save him . Later , Archie , Cheryl , Betty , and the Serpents find F.P. carrying Jughead 's bloodied , unconscious body . 35 22 `` Chapter Thirty - Five : Brave New World '' Steven A. Adelson Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) T13. 20822 1.28 Jughead survives his assault and F.P. reveals Fangs is alive . Sheriff Minetta reveals the second Black Hood to be Tall Boy , who was killed by one of his officers . Cheryl discovers Penelope and Claudius meeting with Hiram ; Cheryl reveals this to Veronica , who reveals this to Hermione . Hermione , believing it to be conceivable that Hiram would have planned the attack at the debate , reveals to Veronica that Hiram attempts to consolidate the entire Southside , and is attempting to buy the Whyte Worm to set his plan fully into motion . Jughead , Archie , and Cheryl lead the Serpents to the Northside , where they are offered asylum . Veronica buys the Worm , and trades it with Hiram for Pop 's . F.P. retires from the Serpents , naming Jughead the new King , who later asks Betty to be his queen . Cheryl joins the Serpents . Hermione wins the mayoral election . Hiram secretly meets with several shady people from around Riverdale ( Penny , Penelope , Claudius , Sheriff Minetta , and Malachi , the leader of the Ghoulies ) and they discuss joining forces for their sinister plans for the new Southside High . Archie is elected student body president , but during his inauguration , he is wrongfully arrested by the corrupt Sheriff Minetta ( on the vindictive Hiram 's orders ) for the murder of one of the intruders from the lake house . Production Development Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013 , after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition . The duo brought the project to Warner Bros. , where a VP recommended a more high - concept direction involving time travel or interdimensional portals , suggesting Louis C.K. to portray an older Archie . Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project , which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at the studio towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series . Riverdale was originally in development at Fox , with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty . However , Fox did not go forward with the project . In 2015 , the show 's development was moved to The CW , which officially ordered a pilot on January 29 , 2016 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . On April 2 , 2018 , The CW renewed the series for a third season . Casting Casting Archie was a difficult process , with Aguirre - Sacasa stating `` I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way . '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network , which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation . In April 2017 , it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father , Hiram Lodge . The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1 , 2017 . The next month , it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . It was also announced that Casey Cott , who played Kevin Keller , was promoted to a series regular . In July 2017 , it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody , an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law . In August 2017 , it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair , Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York . In March 2018 , Andy Cohen appeared in the sixteenth episode of the second season as himself . In the series , he and Hermione are friends . He previously offered her a role as a cast member on The Real Housewives of New York City ; however , Hermione turned down the offer to keep things private for the Lodge family . In May 2018 , it was announced that Charles Melton and Vanessa Morgan , who play Reggie Mantle and Toni Topaz , respectively , would both be promoted to series regulars in the third season . Filming The Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe set in Vancouver , Canada Filming of the pilot began on March 14 , 2016 , and ended on April 1 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 , 2016 , in Vancouver . Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe , a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there , believing that it was open . Season two was also filmed in Vancouver and the nearby Fraser Valley . The aerial view of Riverdale is actually drawn from stock footage used in the series Pretty Little Liars , Gilmore Girls , and the landmark setting are the same utilized in both of the aforementioned series as well as in Hart of Dixie . Filming for the second season started on June 22 , 2017 , and concluded on March 27 , 2018 . Homages to other films and TV series Several reviewers had noted that the series ' episode titles , are often taken directly or slightly altered from the titles of older films . For example , De Elizabeth of TeenVogue points out that Riverdale 's pilot episode was named `` River 's Edge '' after the 1986 film of the same name , and the season finale also takes its name from 1997 's The Sweet Hereafter . Executive producer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa notes that this is a deliberate choice , in order to hint at what will happen in that episode . References to the fictional setting of the Black Mirror episode `` San Junipero '' can be seen in viewed in season one as well as heard amongst dialogue in season two . Additionally , Katie - Kouise Smith , of Popbuzz , notes that the opening credits for Riverdale mirror those of the Twin Peaks television series , and are intended as an homage to that series ' creator , David Lynch . Music Musical performances are featured throughout the series , a blend of cover versions and originals . Songs performed in episodes are released as digital singles after broadcast ; WaterTower Music released a digital compilation of the season 1 songs on May 12 , 2017 . An album of Blake Neely 's scoring for season 1 was released on compact disc by La - La Land Records and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music on July 18 , 2017 . WaterTower Music released the songs performed in the musical episode in a separate digital album on April 19 , 2018 . A vinyl edition will be released at Urban Outfitters stores on July 13 , 2018 . Season 1 show Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Song That Everyone Sings '' KJ Apa 3 : 46 2 . `` Fear Nothing '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 3 . `` All Through The Night '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 37 4 . `` Dance Dance Dance '' KJ Apa 1 : 00 5 . `` Candy Girl ( Sugar Sugar ) '' ( Cover of the Inner Circle version feat . Flo Rida ; full - length version , Petsch is not heard on the aired version . ) Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch 2 : 19 6 . `` I Feel Love '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 11 7 . `` I 'll Try '' KJ Apa 3 : 15 8 . `` I Got You '' KJ Apa and Hayley Law 3 : 32 9 . `` Kids in America '' KJ Apa and Camila Mendes 2 : 55 10 . `` Our Fair Riverdale '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law 1 : 19 11 . `` Astronaut '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 28 12 . `` These Are the Moments I Remember '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law , Camila Mendes and KJ Apa 2 : 58 show Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Television Score ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Riverdale '' Blake Neely 2 : 58 2 . `` If You Love Me '' Blake Neely 2 : 06 3 . `` Viral Gossip in Town '' Blake Neely 3 : 08 4 . `` Everyone a Suspect '' Blake Neely 2 : 33 5 . `` Receiving the Jersey '' Blake Neely 1 : 56 6 . `` Doubts and Accusations '' Blake Neely 2 : 24 7 . `` All is OK With Milkshakes '' Blake Neely 2 : 48 8 . `` Long Reach '' Blake Neely 3 : 47 9 . `` Ended Up Drowning '' Blake Neely 4 : 11 10 . `` Irreconcilable '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 11 . `` So Many Questions '' Blake Neely 2 : 42 12 . `` A Gift / Forced to Leave '' Blake Neely 3 : 23 13 . `` Not Making the Play '' Blake Neely 3 : 25 14 . `` Overwhelming Evidence '' Blake Neely 3 : 53 15 . `` Realizations '' Blake Neely 2 : 02 16 . `` Do You Feel Guilty ? '' Blake Neely 2 : 38 17 . `` Into the Woods '' Blake Neely 3 : 21 18 . `` Name of the Game '' Blake Neely 3 : 38 19 . `` Angry and Vulnerable Girls '' Blake Neely 2 : 52 20 . `` Results of the Father '' Blake Neely 4 : 39 21 . `` Your Father Was Arrested '' Blake Neely 2 : 44 22 . `` The Recording '' Blake Neely 4 : 12 23 . `` Oh , Mommy ! '' Blake Neely 3 : 51 24 . `` What Floats Beneath '' Blake Neely 3 : 29 25 . `` Never Safe '' Blake Neely 1 : 59 Season 2 show Riverdale : Season 2 ( Original Television Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Milkshake '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield and Madelaine Petsch 2 : 56 2 . `` Out Tonight '' Ashleigh Murray , Asha Bromfield , Hayley Law and Camila Mendes 3 : 47 3 . `` Spooky '' Ashleigh Murray 2 : 40 4 . `` Mad World '' KJ Apa , Camila Mendes and Lili Reinhart 3 : 08 5 . `` God Rest You Merry , Gentlemen '' Ashleigh Murray and Casey Cott 2 : 10 6 . `` Union of the Snake '' Camila Mendes , Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law 2 : 43 7 . `` Bitter Sweet Symphony '' Ashleigh Murray and Camila Mendes 4 : 05 8 . `` Sufferin ' Till Suffrage '' Ashleigh Murray and Camila Mendes 1 : 42 9 . `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Madelaine Petsch 1 : 50 Release Season DVD and Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2017 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2017 000000002018 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2018 000000002018 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2018 TBA Broadcast Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale , making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast . Marketing In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series , where they premiered the first episode `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' . The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016 . The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos , where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe . Comic - book adaptation Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017 , Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale , featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity . The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself , along with various other writers from the show . Alongside a one - shot pilot issue , illustrated by Alitha Martinez , released in March 2017 , the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017 . In addition to the adaptation , Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale . This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line , introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it . Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines . The first volume was released in March 2017 . Reception Critical response Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 88 % ( 54 reviews ) 68 ( 36 reviews ) 87 % ( 13 reviews ) TBD The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a fresh rating of 88 % based on 54 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.27 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie , odd , daring , and above all addictive . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a `` B + '' saying that it turned , `` out to be an artfully crafted , instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential . '' Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters . While reviewing the first season , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared `` the show marginalizes and ignores the ( people of color ) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there . '' In an article for Vulture , Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats ( who are each played by African Americans ) , noting , `` They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message . Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past , even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting . '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted , `` Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices , it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town . '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown , but declared `` Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us '' . Ratings Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 2.34 May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 1.28 2017 -- 18 173 2.12 0.8 Riverdale : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38 `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91 `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90 `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' October 11 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.34 0.6 1.40 1.4 3.74 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' October 18 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.76 0.6 1.34 1.2 3.10 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' October 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.6 1.32 1.2 2.94 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' November 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.30 1.1 2.80 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' November 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.47 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.70 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' November 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 0.5 1.23 1.0 2.66 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' November 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.45 0.5 1.19 1.0 2.64 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' December 6 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.48 0.6 1.20 1.1 2.68 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' December 13 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.43 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' January 17 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.5 1.14 1.0 2.59 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' January 24 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.39 0.5 1.15 1.0 2.54 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' January 31 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.5 1.06 1.0 2.40 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' February 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.28 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.24 14 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven : The Hills Have Eyes '' March 7 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.26 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.22 15 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight : There Will Be Blood '' March 14 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.19 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.10 16 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine : Primary Colors '' March 21 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.16 0.4 0.94 0.8 2.10 17 `` Chapter Thirty : The Noose Tightens '' March 28 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.96 0.4 0.91 0.7 1.87 18 `` Chapter Thirty - One : A Night to Remember '' April 18 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.10 0.3 0.83 0.7 1.93 19 `` Chapter Thirty - Two : Prisoners '' April 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.17 0.4 0.81 0.8 1.97 20 `` Chapter Thirty - Three : Shadow of a Doubt '' May 2 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.11 0.4 0.93 0.8 2.04 21 `` Chapter Thirty - Four : Judgment Night '' May 9 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.00 0.3 0.90 0.7 1.91 22 `` Chapter Thirty - Five : Brave New World '' May 16 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 0.4 0.76 0.8 2.04 Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won Leo Awards Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series Tyler Harron for `` Pilot - Chapter 1 '' Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Breakout TV Star KJ Apa Nominated Lili Reinhart Won Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won Choice TV Ship Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse Won 2018 Dorian Awards Campy TV Show of the Year Riverdale Nominated Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Pending Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Pending Lili Reinhart Pending Cole Sprouse Pending MTV Movie & TV Awards Show of the Year Riverdale Nominated Best Kiss KJ Apa and Camila Mendes Nominated Scene Stealer Madelaine Petsch Won Best Musical Moment Riverdale Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Pending Choice Drama TV Actor KJ Apa Pending Cole Sprouse Pending Choice Drama TV Actress Camila Mendes Pending Lili Reinhart Pending Spin - off Main article : Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( TV series ) In September 2017 , it was reported that a live - action television series was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions , with a planned release in the 2018 -- 2019 television season . Based on the comic series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch , the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot , which will be written by Aguirre - Sacasa . Both are executive producers along with Berlanti , Schechter , and Goldwater . In December 2017 , it was reported that the project had moved to Netflix under a yet - to - be-announced new title . Two seasons , comprising ten episodes each , have been ordered by the streaming service . In January 2018 , it was announced that the lead role of Sabrina Spellman would be portrayed by Kiernan Shipka , and CW president Mark Pedowitz noted that , `` at the moment , there is no discussion about crossing over '' with Riverdale . Filming for first season began on March 19 , 2018 , just as filming of the second season of Riverdale concludes , which will allow the same crew members to work on both series . It is expected to film back - to - back with the second season . References Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` CW Picks Up Four Pilots Including Greg Berlanti 's Archie Comics Project ' Riverdale ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Veronica '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Hermione Lodge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Cheryl Blossom '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Casts Mädchen Amick As Alice Cooper '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Luke Perry To Play Archie 's Dad in Archie Comics CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ CWRiverdaleNews ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Episode 10 is called ' The Lost Weekend ' It confirms Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton and the recasting of Dilton Doily . And Mary Andrews 😱 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Scream 's Skeet Ulrich Joins Riverdale -- As Jughead 's Dad ? '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Skeet Ulrich Upped To Series Regular For Season 2 of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise , ' ' Life in Pieces ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Match Game ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Bob ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` A Touch of Evil with creator and show runner Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa '' . Welcome to Riverdale : Official Podcast ( Podcast ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` For a Bizarre Moment , Riverdale Was Almost a Time - Travel Movie Starring Louis C.K. '' io9 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama Series ' Riverdale ' Set at Fox With Greg Berlanti Producing '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama ' Riverdale ' Moved To CW With Greg Berlanti Producing -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' , ' Transylvania ' , ' No Tomorrow ' & Mars Drama Get CW Pilot Orders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Renewed For Season 2 By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` How Riverdale Found Its ( Hot ) Archie Andrews '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Pitch Cancelled After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' Casts Its New Reggie '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Brit Morgan Set To Recur in Season 2 of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' : Meet Veronica 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Casts The Good Wife Alum as Veronica 's Ex '' . TV Guide . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` How Did Andy Cohen End Up on Riverdale ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Ups Vanessa Morgan & Charles Melton to Series Regulars for Season 3 '' . NTVB Media , Inc . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ RIVERDALE NEWS ! ( @ CWRiverdaleNews ) ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` # RIVERDALE has officially wrapped filming ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2016 : Los Angeles Continues Rebound , New York Tally Slips '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV Shows Filming in Vancouver Soon '' . Whatsfilming.ca . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Sprouse on Riverdale , your drunk uncle at Thanksgiving , and Jughead 's Asexuality '' . New York . Jump up ^ Lehn , Don . `` Riverdale `` Pop 's Chock - Lit Shoppe '' Season 2 Premiere Screening in Mission Thursday October 12 ( VIDEO ) `` . FraserValleyNewsNetwork . FVN . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Katie - Louise . `` 17 Surprising Facts About `` Riverdale '' That We Bet You Did n't Even Know `` . Popbuzz . Popbuzz.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Archie Comics ( @ ArchieComics ) ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a behind the scenes shot from the first day of filming # Riverdale Season 2 as @ kj_apa and @ CamilaMendes meet some very happy fans ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Morgan , Vanessa ( @ VanessaMorgan ) ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` & That 's a wrap on Season 2 ! 💕 📽 # Riverdale '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , russ . `` The Movies That Will Inspire Riverdale Season 2 '' . ComicBook / tv . Comicbook.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyte , Woodrow . `` Riverdale Has Been Dropping Massive Clues About The Plot And You 've 100 % Missed Them '' . Popbuzz . Popbuzz . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth , De . `` What the Episode Titles of `` Riverdale '' Really Mean `` . TeenVogue.com . Vogue . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/riverdale/news/a827870/black-mirror-reference-riverdale/ Jump up ^ https://www.soundtrack.net/album/riverdale-season-1/ Jump up ^ https://tvsourcemagazine.com/2017/07/riverdale-season-1-score-gets-limited-edition-cd-release/ Jump up ^ `` The River 's Edge ( from Riverdale ) - Single by Riverdale Cast '' . iTunes. April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale 's Carrie : The Musical Soundtrack Is Now Available '' . denofgeek.com. April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( Original Televisión Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/riverdale-season-1-original-television-score/1259595742 Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Cast on Apple Music '' . iTunes. April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale DVD News : Press Release from The Complete 1st Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale S1 ( DVD ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale - Season 1 3 DVD JB Hi - Fi '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale DVD news : Press Release for The Complete 2nd Season TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 2 ( DVD ) ( 2018 ) : Amazon product page for the DVD Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix UK Acquires The CW 's ' Riverdale ' , Freeform 's ' Beyond ' & Polyamorous Comedy ' You Me Her ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Riverdale pilot things to know '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Trailer : `` Every Corpse Has A Tale To Tell '' `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tastemade ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` '' New Girl in Town '' Cherry Chocolate Malt # Sponsored by @ TheCWRiverdale , tonight 9 / 8c on The CW ... '' Retrieved February 23 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Tasetmade ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Archie Original '' Bacon Burger # Sponsored by @ TheCWRiverdale , Thurs Jan 26 on The CW ... '' Retrieved February 23 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Tasetmade ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` '' Blonde Next Door '' Creamy Shake # Sponsored by @ TheCWRiverdale , Thurs Jan 26 on The CW `` . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ C. , Ron ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Check out a preview of RIVERDALE ONE SHOT and more new Archie Comics on sale 3 / 1 / 17 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. , Ron ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Get a sneak peek at the Archie Comics solicitations for April 2017 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Review : Archie Gets a Dark , Moody Update ... and Surprise , It Works ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Kadeen ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Has A Huge Representation Problem Despite Its Amazingly Diverse Cast '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Teen Dramas Like ' Riverdale ' Keep Sidelining Black Female Characters ? '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Monique ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's ' Woke Report Card '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 winners and nominees by name '' . Leo Awards . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Award Winners '' . MTV . June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards Nominations 2018 '' . Hollywood Life . June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Companion Series ' The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ' In the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series Picked Up By Netflix With 2 - Season Order '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Kiernan Shipka To Star in Netflix 's Sabrina The Teenage Witch Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Why the Sabrina the Teenage Witch series went to Netflix over the CW '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Hollywood North : Magical time for Vancouver TV production '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Offshoot ' Sabrina ' Moves to Netflix With 2 - Season Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . 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"The series debuted on January 26, 2017 to positive reviews. A 22-episode second season premiered on October 11, 2017, and concluded on May 16, 2018. On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a third season."
] | [
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-7679196595402128552 | The Lego Movie | The Lego Movie - Wikipedia The Lego Movie Jump to : navigation , search `` Lego Movie '' redirects here . For the franchise , see The Lego Movie ( franchise ) . For stop motion films made using Lego bricks , see Brickfilm . For other Lego movies , see List of Lego films and TV series . The Lego Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Phil Lord Christopher Miller Produced by Dan Lin Roy Lee Screenplay by Phil Lord Christopher Miller Story by Dan Hageman Kevin Hageman Phil Lord Christopher Miller Based on Lego Construction Toys Starring Chris Pratt Will Ferrell Elizabeth Banks Will Arnett Nick Offerman Alison Brie Charlie Day Liam Neeson Morgan Freeman Music by Mark Mothersbaugh Cinematography Pablo Plaisted Edited by David Burrows Chris McKay Production companies Warner Animation Group Village Roadshow Pictures RatPac - Dune Entertainment Lego System A / S Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures Animal Logic Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( Worldwide ) Roadshow Films ( Australia ) Release date February 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 01 ) ( Fox Theater , Westwood Village ) February 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 06 ) ( Denmark ) February 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 07 ) ( United States ) April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) ( Australia ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Australia Denmark Language English Budget $60 million Box office $469.2 million The Lego Movie is a 2014 3D computer - animated adventure comedy film written for the screen and directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a story by Lord , Miller , and Dan and Kevin Hageman , and starring the voices of Chris Pratt , Will Ferrell , Elizabeth Banks , Will Arnett , Nick Offerman , Alison Brie , Charlie Day , Liam Neeson , and Morgan Freeman ; although the film features few live - action scenes , it is primarily an animated film . Based on the Lego line of construction toys , the story focuses on an ordinary Lego minifigure who finds himself being the only one to help a resistance group stop a tyrannical businessman from gluing everything in the Lego worlds into his vision of perfection . The Lego Movie was the first film produced by Warner Animation Group since the release of Looney Tunes : Back in Action in 2003 , and was an international co-production between the United States , Australia and Denmark . The film was released on February 7 , 2014 by Warner Bros. Pictures to near - unanimous acclaim ; critics praised its visual style , humor , voice cast and heartwarming message . It earned more than $257 million in the U.S. and Canada and $210 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of over $469 million . The film won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film , the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature , and the Saturn Award for Best Animated Film ; it was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song for `` Everything Is Awesome '' . The film has since expanded into a major franchise which ties into the Lego brand , with a sequel to the film , entitled The Lego Movie Sequel , scheduled for release on February 8 , 2019 . A spin - off film , The Lego Batman Movie , was released to theaters on February 10 , 2017 , with a second spin - off , The Lego Ninjago Movie , set to be released later in the year , and a third spin - off , The Billion Brick Race , planned for development . The film was dedicated to the memory of Kathleen Fleming , the former director of entertainment development of the Lego company , following her death in Cancun , Mexico in April 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Box office performance 5.3 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Theme song 7 Expanded franchise 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In a Lego world populated by anthropomorphic minifigures , the evil Lord Business finds a super weapon called the `` Kragle '' . The wizard Vitruvius attempts to stop him , but is blinded by Business ' robots . Before Business leaves with the weapon , Vitruvius prophesies that a person called `` the Special '' will find the Piece of Resistance , a brick capable of stopping the Kragle . Eight and a half years later , construction worker Emmet Brickowski finds a woman called Wyldstyle searching for something at his construction site after hours . When he investigates , Emmet falls into a hole and finds the Piece of Resistance . Compelled to touch it , Emmet experiences vivid visions and passes out . He awakens with the Piece of Resistance attached to his back , in the custody of Bad Cop , Lord Business 's lieutenant . Wyldstyle rescues Emmett , believing him to be the Special , and takes him to meet Vitruvius in the Old West . Emmet learns that Wyldstyle and Vitruvius are `` Master Builders '' -- people capable of building anything from their imagination without the need of instructions -- who oppose Business . Wyldstyle explains Business wants to use the Kragle , a tube of Krazy Glue with a weathered label , to freeze the world into perfection . Though disappointed to find Emmet is not a Master Builder , Wyldstyle and Vitruvius are convinced of his potential when he recalls visions of a seemingly human deity referred to as `` the Man Upstairs '' . Emmet , Wyldstyle , and Vitruvius evade Bad Cop 's forces with the aid of Batman , Wyldstyle 's boyfriend . They go to the hidden Cloud Cuckoo Land , a realm where minifigures can create whatever they desire , to attend a council of Master Builders , all of whom are unimpressed with Emmet and refuse to fight Business . Bad Cop 's forces attack , having placed a tracking device on Emmett , and capture everyone except Emmet and a small team of Master Builders . Escaping , Emmet devises a plan to infiltrate Business 's office tower and disarm the Kragle , but the group is captured and imprisoned in the Think Tank , where all the Master Builders are forced to make instructions . Trying to retaliate , Vitruvius is decapitated by Business , who sets a self - destruct protocol and leaves everyone to die , including Bad Cop . As he dies , Vitruvius reveals he made up the prophecy . He soon reappears to Emmet as a ghost and tells him that his belief makes him the Special . Strapped to the self - destruct mechanism 's battery , Emmet jumps into the abyss outside the tower and severs the connection , saving his friends . Inspired by Emmet 's sacrifice , Wyldstyle rallies the Lego people across the universe to use whatever creativity they have to build machines and weapons to fight against Lord Business 's forces . Emmet finds himself in the human world as a Lego minifigure unable to move . The events of the story are being played out by a little boy named Finn on his father 's expansive Lego set in their basement . His father -- `` the Man Upstairs '' -- comes home from work and chastises his son for ruining the set by creating variations of different playsets , and proceeds to permanently rebuild and glue his perceived perfect creations together . Realizing the danger his friends are in , Emmet wills himself to move and gains Finn 's attention . Finn returns Emmet and the Piece of Resistance to the set , where Emmet now possesses the powers of a Master Builder and confronts Business . Meanwhile , Finn 's father looks at his son 's creations and realizes that Finn had based the villainous Business on him and his perfectionism . Through a speech Emmet gives Business , Finn tells his father that he is special and has the power to change everything . Finn reconciles with his father , which plays out as Business having a change of heart , capping the Kragle , and ungluing his victims with mineral spirits . Emmet is hailed as a hero , and begins a relationship with Wyldstyle with Batman 's blessing . As a result of Finn 's father allowing Finn 's younger sister to join them in playing with his Lego sets , aliens from the planet Duplon beam down and announce their plans to destroy them . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of characters in The Lego Movie Chris Pratt as Emmet Brickowski , an everyman and construction worker from Bricksburg Will Ferrell as Lord Business , president of the Octan Corporation under the name President Business Ferrell also plays `` The Man Upstairs , '' a Lego collector in the live - action part of the film Elizabeth Banks as Lucy / Wyldstyle , a Master Builder Will Arnett as Bruce Wayne / Batman , a DC Comics superhero who is a Master Builder Nick Offerman as Metal Beard , a giant makeshift pirate and Master Builder Alison Brie as Princess Unikitty , a unicorn - horned kitten and Master Builder from Cloud Cuckoo Land Charlie Day as Benny , a `` 1980 - something space guy '' who is a Master Builder Liam Neeson as Bad Cop / Good Cop , a double - headed police officer that leads the Super Secret Police Neeson also voices Pa Cop , Bad Cop / Good Cop 's father Morgan Freeman as Vitruvius , a blind old wizard who is one of the Master Builders Channing Tatum as Clark Kent / Superman , a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders Jonah Hill as Hal Jordan / Green Lantern , a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders Cobie Smulders as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman , a DC Comics superhero who is one of the Master Builders Jadon Sand as Finn , The Man Upstairs ' young son in the live - action part of the film In addition , Anthony Daniels and Billy Dee Williams reprise their Star Wars roles as C - 3PO and Lando Calrissian respectively , with Keith Ferguson voicing Han Solo ( whom he previously voiced in Robot Chicken and Mad ) . Shaquille O'Neal voices a Lego version of himself who is a Master Builder alongside two generic members of the 2002 NBA All - Stars . Will Forte , Dave Franco , Jake Johnson , Keegan - Michael Key , Chris McKay , and Jorma Taccone provide voice cameos in the film . Co-director Christopher Miller cameos as a TV presenter in the studio that films the Where Are My Pants ? TV series . Production ( edit ) Creators of the film at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con International : Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , writers and directors ; Chris McKay , co-director ; and Dan Lin , producer . Dan Lin conceived of the idea for the film and began discussing it with Roy Lee before leaving Warner Bros. to form his own production company , Lin Pictures , in 2008 . Meanwhile , Warner Bros. home entertainment executive Kevin Tsujihara had recognized the value of the Lego franchise by engineering the studio 's purchase of Lego video game licensee Traveller 's Tales in 2007 , thought the success of the Lego - based video games indicated a Lego - based film was a good idea , and reportedly `` championed '' the development of the film . By August 2009 , Dan and Kevin Hageman were writing the script described as `` action adventure set in a Lego world . '' Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were in talks in June 2010 to write and direct the film . Warner Bros. green - lit the film by November 2011 , with a planned 2014 release date . The Australian studio Animal Logic was contracted to provide the animation , which was expected to comprise 80 % of the film . By this time Chris McKay , the director of Robot Chicken , had also joined Lord and Miller to co-direct . McKay explained that his role was to supervise the production in Australia once Lord and Miller left to work on 22 Jump Street . In March 2012 , Lord and Miller revealed the film 's working title , Lego : The Piece of Resistance , and a storyline . In April 2012 , Warner Bros. scheduled the film for release on February 28 , 2014 , a date that subsequently changed . `` We wanted to make the film feel like the way you play , the way I remember playing . We wanted to make it feel as epic and ambitious and self - serious as a kid feels when they play with LEGO . We took something you could claim is the most cynical cash grab in cinematic history , basically a 90 minute LEGO commercial , and turned it into a celebration of creativity , fun and invention , in the spirit of just having a good time and how ridiculous it can look when you make things up . And we had fun doing it . ' '' -- Animation supervisor Chris McKay By June 2012 , Chris Pratt had been cast as the voice of Emmet , the lead Lego character , and Will Arnett voicing Lego Batman ; the role of Lego Superman was offered to Channing Tatum . By August 2012 , Elizabeth Banks was hired to voice Lucy ( later getting the alias `` Wyldstyle '' ) and Morgan Freeman to voice Vitruvius , an old mystic . In October 2012 , Warner Bros. shifted the release date for the film , simply titled Lego , to February 7 , 2014 . In November 2012 , Alison Brie , Will Ferrell , Liam Neeson , and Nick Offerman signed on for roles . Brie voices Unikitty , a member of Emmet 's team ; Ferrell voices the antagonist President / Lord Business ; Neeson voices Bad Cop ; and Offerman voices Metal Beard , a pirate seeking revenge on Business . In July 2012 , a Lego - user contest announced on the film 's Facebook page would choose a winning Lego vehicle to appear in the film . Miller 's childhood Space Village playset is utilized in the film . Animal Logic tried to make the film 's animation replicate a stop motion film even if everything was done through computer graphics , with the animation rigs following the same articulation limits actual Lego figures have . The camera systems also tried to replicate live action cinematography , including different lenses and a Steadicam simulator . The scenery was projected through The Lego Group 's own Lego Digital Designer , which as CG supervisor Aidan Sarsfield detailed , `` uses the official LEGO Brick Library and effectively simulates the connectivity of each of the bricks . '' The saved files were then converted to design and animate in Maya and XSI . At times the minifigures were even placed under microscopes to capture the seam lines , dirt and grime into the digital textures . Benny the spaceman was based on the line of Lego space sets sold in the 1980s , and his design includes the broken helmet chin strap , a common defect of the space sets at that time . The film 's total cost , including production , promotion and advertising ( P&A ) , was $100 million . Half of the film 's cost was financed by Village Roadshow Pictures . The rest was covered by Warner Bros. , with RatPac - Dune Entertainment providing a smaller share as part of its multi-year financing agreement with Warner Bros. Initially Warner Bros. turned down Village Roadshow Pictures when it asked to invest in the film . However , Warner Bros. later changed its mind , reportedly due to lack of confidence in the film , initially offering Village Roadshow Pictures the opportunity to finance 25 % of the film , and later , an additional 25 % . Release ( edit ) The Lego Movie premiered at the Regency Village Theatre in Los Angeles , California on February 1 , 2014 , and was released in theaters on February 7 , 2014 . The film was released in Australia by the film 's co-producer , Roadshow Films . Marketing ( edit ) Over twenty Lego sets inspired by scenes from the film were released for the film including a set of Collectible Minifigures . A website was opened up so fans could make minifigure versions of themselves , and later , put that in the film 's official trailer . The company recruited a roster of global partners to a broad , multi-category licensing program to support the film . Official Lego Brand Stores also scheduled events . Each week of January 2014 , a new character poster ( Wyldstyle , Batman , Emmet , Lord Business ) came with every purchase . By building a creative model in - store , people received a free accessory pack . Barnes & Noble hosted a themed event in January , February , and March . On February 7 , 2014 , McDonald 's released eight collectible holographic / 3D cups in Happy Meals to promote the film . A video game based on the film , The Lego Movie Videogame , by TT Fusion for Xbox 360 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Wii U , Nintendo 3DS , PlayStation Vita , and Windows , was released on February 4 , 2014 . An exclusive `` Wild West Emmet '' minifigure was released with preorders of the game at GameStop . Home Media ( edit ) The Lego Movie was released on Digital HD on May 20 , 2014 . It was released by Warner Home Video on DVD and Blu - ray ( 2D and 3D ) on June 17 , 2014 . A special Blu - ray 3D `` Everything is Awesome Edition '' also includes an exclusive Vitruvius minifigure and a collectible 3D Emmett photo . Reception ( edit ) The film 's live - action set as publicly exhibited at Legoland California during 2014 . Critical reception ( edit ) The Lego Movie was met with `` nearly unanimous positive reviews . '' Review - aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 96 % approval rating with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 based on 226 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Boasting beautiful animation , a charming voice cast , laugh - a-minute gags , and a surprisingly thoughtful story , The Lego Movie is colorful fun for all ages . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 83 ( indicating `` universal acclaim '' ) based on 43 reviews . According to CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , the average grade cinemagoers gave The Lego Movie was A on an A+ to F scale . Filmmaker Edgar Wright , and TIME Magazine film critic Richard Corliss , each named The Lego Movie as one of their favorite films of 2014 . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter wrote , `` Arriving at a time when feature animation was looking and feeling mighty anemic ... The LEGO Movie shows ' em how it 's done , '' with Peter Debruge of Variety adding that Lord and Miller `` irreverently deconstruct the state of the modern blockbuster and deliver a smarter , more satisfying experience in its place , emerging with a fresh franchise for others to build upon . '' Tom Huddleston of Time Out said , `` The script is witty , the satire surprisingly pointed , and the animation tactile and imaginative . '' Drew Hunt of the Chicago Reader said the filmmakers `` fill the script with delightfully absurd one - liners and sharp pop culture references '' , with A.O. Scott of The New York Times noting that , `` Pop - culture jokes ricochet off the heads of younger viewers to tickle the world - weary adults in the audience , with just enough sentimental goo applied at the end to unite the generations . Parents will dab their eyes while the kids roll theirs . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News said the filmmakers `` do n't sink into cynicism . Their computer animation embraces the retro look and feel of the toys to both ingenious and adorable effect . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today called the film `` a spirited romp through a world that looks distinctively familiar , and yet freshly inventive . '' Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail asked , `` Can a feature - length toy commercial also work as a decent kids ' movie ? The bombast of the G.I. Joe and Transformers franchises might suggest no , but after an uninspired year for animated movies , The Lego Movie is a 3 - D animated film that connects . '' Joel Arnold of NPR acknowledged that the film `` may be one giant advertisement , but all the way to its plastic - mat foundation , it 's an earnest piece of work -- a cash grab with a heart . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film `` sassy enough to shoot well - aimed darts at corporate branding . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post said that , `` While clearly filled with affection for -- and marketing tie - ins to -- the titular product that 's front and center , it 's also something of a sharp plastic brick flung in the eye of its corporate sponsor . '' On the negative side , Kyle Smith of the New York Post called the film `` more exhausting than fun , too unsure of itself to stick with any story thread for too long . '' Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times , while generally positive , found `` it falls apart a bit near the end . '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap said the film `` will doubtless tickle young fans of the toys . It 's just too bad that a movie that encourages you to think for yourself does n't follow its own advice . '' Television personality , author , filmmaker , radio host and conservative political commentator Glenn Beck praised the film for avoiding `` the double meanings and adult humor I just hate . '' Oscar host Neil Patrick Harris referenced The Lego Movie not being nominated Best Animated Feature , which many critics considered a major snub , saying prior to the award 's presentation `` If you 're at the Oscar party with the guys who directed ' The Lego Movie , ' now would be a great time to distract them . '' U.S. Senator Ron Johnson criticized the film 's anti-corporate message , saying that it taught children that `` government is good and business is bad '' , citing the villain 's name of Lord Business . `` That 's done for a reason '' , Johnson told WisPolitics.com . `` They 're starting that propaganda , and it 's insidious '' . The comments were criticized by many , and Russ Feingold brought up the comments on the campaign trail during his 2016 Senate bid against Johnson . Box Office performance ( edit ) The Lego Movie grossed $257.8 million in the U.S. and Canada , and $210.3 million internationally , for a worldwide total of $469.2 million . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of $229 million . In the U.S. and Canada , the film opened at number one in its first weekend with over $69 million , which was the second highest weekend debut in February , at the time , behind The Passion of the Christ ( $83.8 million ) . The movie retained the top spot at box office in its second weekend by declining only 28 % and grossing $49.8 million . The Lego Movie was number one again in its third weekend while declining 37 % and grossing $31.3 million . In its fourth weekend , the film dropped to number three grossing $20.8 million . Elsewhere , The Lego Movie was released in 34 markets in February 7 , 2014 -- the same weekend as its U.S. release . It made $18.7 million on its opening weekend from 5,695 screens from 34 countries . On its opening weekend , which varies depending on the country , it earned $3.8 million in Mexico , $2 million in Spain , $1.8 million in Brazil . With a total gross of £ 34.3 million , it was the second highest - grossing film in the UK and Ireland in 2014 . The popularity of the film led to a shortage of Lego products by September 2014 . Accolades ( edit ) List of Accolades Award / Film Festival Category Recipient ( s ) Result AACTA Awards Best Visual Effects or Animation Chris McKay , Amber Naismith , Aidan Sarsfield and Grant Freckelton Won Academy Awards Best Original Song `` Everything is Awesome '' written by Shawn Patterson Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Animated Feature Film David Burrows , Chris McKay Won 42nd Annual Annie Awards Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Nominated Animated Effects in an Animated Feature Production Jayandera Danappal , Matt Ebb , Christian Epunan Hernandez , Danielle Brooks , and Raphael Gadot Nominated Directing in an Animated Feature Production Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , Directors ; Chris McKay , Co-Director Nominated Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Grant Freckelton Nominated Writing in an Animated Feature Production Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Won Editorial in an Animated Feature Production David Burrows , Todd Hansen , Doug Nicholas , Jonathan Tappin and Courtney O'Brien - Brown Nominated Austin Film Critics Association Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won BAFTA Awards Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won Black Reel Awards Best Voice Performance Morgan Freeman Won 45th Annual British Academy Children 's Awards Kid 's Vote -- Film in 2014 The Lego Movie Nominated Children 's Feature Film in 2014 The Lego Movie Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Won Best Song `` Everything Is Awesome '' Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Won Dallas - Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won Dublin Film Critics Circle Top Ten Films The Lego Movie 4th Place Empire Awards Best Comedy Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle Best Animated Film Won Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Nominated Golden Tomato Awards 2014 Best Animated Film Won Best Wide Release 2014 2nd Place Grammy Awards Best Song Written for Visual Media `` Everything Is Awesome '' Nominated Heartland Film Festival 2014 Truly Moving Picture Award Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Won Houston Film Critics Society Best Animated Feature Film The Lego Movie Won Best Original Song `` Everything is Awesome '' Won Kerrang ! Awards Best Film The Lego Movie Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie The Lego Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Will Arnett ( also for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ) Nominated National Board of Review Best Original Screenplay Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Won Top Ten Films The Lego Movie Won New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won New York Film Critics Online Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won Online Film Critics Society Best Picture The Lego Movie Nominated Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie The Lego Movie Nominated Producers Guild of America Best Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures Dan Lin Won San Diego Film Critics Society Best Animated The Lego Movie Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Won Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture Animated or Mixed Media The Lego Movie Nominated Best Original Screenplay Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Nominated Best Original Song `` Everything Is Awesome '' Nominated Saturn Awards Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Animated Film The Lego Movie Won 16th SXSW Film Festival SXSW Film Design Award ( Special Jury Recognition ) Brian Mah ( Designer ) Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Animated The Lego Movie Nominated Choice Movie : Voice Chris Pratt Toronto Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Runner - Up Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Animated Feature The Lego Movie Won Best Original Screenplay Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) The Lego Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Mark Mothersbaugh , various artists Released February 4 , 2014 Recorded 2013 Trackdown Studios ( Sydney ) Genre Film soundtrack , film score Length 58 : 10 Label WaterTower Music Producer Mark Mothersbaugh , Shawn Patterson , Bartholomew Mark Mothersbaugh chronology Last Vegas ( 2013 ) Last Vegas 2013 The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) 22 Jump Street ( 2014 ) 22 Jump Street 2014 Singles from The Lego Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Everything Is Awesome '' Released : January 27 , 2014 The film 's original score was composed by Mark Mothersbaugh , who had previously worked with Lord and Miller on Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs and 21 Jump Street . The Lego Movie soundtrack contains the score as the majority of its tracks . Also included is the song `` Everything Is Awesome ! ! ! '' written by Shawn Patterson ( El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera and Robot Chicken ) , Joshua Bartholomew and Lisa Harriton , who also perform the song in the movie under the name , Jo Li . The single , released on January 27 , 2014 , is performed by Tegan and Sara featuring The Lonely Island ( Andy Samberg , Akiva Schaffer and Jorma Taccone ) who wrote the rap lyrics , and is the first song played in the end credits of the movie . The soundtrack was released on February 4 , 2014 by WaterTower Music . Track listing No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Everything Is Awesome ! ! ! '' Tegan and Sara featuring The Lonely Island 2 : 43 2 . `` Prologue '' 2 : 28 3 . `` Emmett 's Morning '' 1 : 59 4 . `` Emmett Falls in Love '' 1 : 11 5 . `` Escape '' 3 : 27 6 . `` Into the Old West '' 1 : 00 7 . `` Wyldstyle Explains '' 1 : 21 8 . `` Emmett 's Mind '' 2 : 17 9 . `` The Transformation '' 1 : 46 10 . `` Saloons and Wagons '' 3 : 38 11 . `` Batman '' 1 : 23 12 . `` Middle Zealand '' 0 : 28 13 . `` Cloud Cuckooland and Ben the Spaceman '' 1 : 25 14 . `` Emmett 's Speech '' 2 : 02 15 . `` Submarines and Metal Beard '' 1 : 49 16 . `` Requiem for Cuckooland '' 1 : 23 17 . `` Reaching the Kragle '' 2 : 35 18 . `` Emmett 's Plan '' 1 : 54 19 . `` The Truth '' 3 : 16 20 . `` Wyldstyle Leads '' 2 : 46 21 . `` Let 's Put It All Back '' 2 : 02 22 . `` I Am a Master Builder '' 2 : 48 23 . `` My Secret Weapon '' 4 : 19 24 . `` We Did It ! '' 1 : 31 25 . `` Everything Is Awesome ! ! ! '' Jo Li ( Joshua Bartholomew and Lisa Harriton ) 1 : 26 26 . `` Everything Is Awesome ! ! ! ( unplugged ) '' Shawn Patterson and Sammy Allen 1 : 24 27 . `` Untitled Self Portrait '' Will Arnett 1 : 08 28 . `` Everything Is Awesome ! ! ! ( instrumental sing - a-long ) '' 2 : 41 Total length : 58 : 10 Chart positions Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 82 UK Independent Album Breakers ( OCC ) 8 US Billboard 200 37 US Independent Albums ( Billboard ) 8 US Top Soundtracks ( Billboard ) Theme song ( edit ) The film 's theme song , `` Everything is Awesome ! ! ! '' , has been critically praised and has undergone some close analysis . Eric Brown , writing in the International Business Times , describes the song as a parody of fascism , saying that the song `` seems little more than an infectiously catchy parody of watered - down radio pop , right down to the faux - dubstep breakdown . There 's a lot more happening under the surface , however . '' In an interview with Fox News , producer Mark Mothersbaugh says the song `` was supposed to be like mind control early in the film . It 's totally irritating , this kind of mindless mantra to get people up and working . '' Expanded franchise ( edit ) Main article : The Lego Movie ( franchise ) Because of its critical and commercial success , The Lego Movie has been turned into a franchise and a shared fictional universe . It consists of two spin - off films , The Lego Batman Movie and The Lego Ninjago Movie , both with 2017 release dates , a sequel scheduled for release in 2019 , and a third spin - off titled The Billion Brick Race . A 4 - D ride attraction , based on the film itself , titled The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure , opened at select Legoland theme parks across the globe in the summer of 2016 . On May 10 , 2017 , Warner Bros. and Lego announced that the character Unikitty would receive a spin - off television series on Cartoon Network , with Tara Strong voicing the character . The premiere date is yet to be announced . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Lego Movie ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lego Movie '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lego Movie ' Can Save Warner Bros. Animation '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The LEGO Movie ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . February 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Kathleen Fleming , Lego Production Exec , Dies at 39 '' . Variety . May 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 06 . 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Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Brick - by - brick : how Animal Logic crafted The LEGO Movie '' . fxguide . February 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 19 ' Lego Movie ' Easter Eggs to Look Out For '' . Yahoo ! Movies . February 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Lego Movie ' Backer Village Roadshow Cut Out of Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Warner Bros Sets RatPac - Dune To Co-Finance Slates After Legendary Exit '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Inside the ' Lego Movie ' Premiere With Chris Pratt and Will Arnett '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Movie tops Aussie box office for its opening week '' . MediaDay. April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Surprise ! Lego group announces special sets in promotion of ' Lego Movie ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` First - Look : New Lego Set Based on the Upcoming Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Free exclusive ' Lego Movie ' poster with any purchase '' . Freehold Raceway Mall . January 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Barnes & Noble to Host In - Store Activities Campaign for ' The Lego Movie ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tran , Allen ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` The LEGO Movie McDonald 's Happy Meal `` Toy '' Revealed `` . The Brick Fan . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` TT Games doing a Lego Movie video game '' . Eurogamer.net . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Movie Videogame '' . GameStop . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Movie is Headed for DVD and Blu - ray on June 17 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 17 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Lego Movie ' a colorful , outside - the - box adventure , reviews say '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Movie '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Box office report : ' The Lego Movie ' stacks up $69.1 million for ' bad ' debut , ' Monuments Men ' steals second with $22.7 million '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Gregory ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 Best Movies Of 2014 , According To Edgar Wright '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Top 10 from Time 's Richard Corliss '' . Awards Daily . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Movie : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Peter Debruge ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie ' Review : The Tiny Toy Bricks Get the Bigscreen Movie They Deserve '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Tom Huddleston ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` The LEGO Movie '' . Time Out . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Drew . `` The LEGO Movie '' . Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie , ' From Phil Lord and Christopher Miller '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lego Movie ' : Movie review '' . Daily News . February 2 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lego Movie ' builds family fun from clever satire '' . USA Today . August 17 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Liam Lacey . `` The Lego Movie : a subversively flippant story about thinking outside the blocks '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Joel ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Movie Review -- ' The Lego Movie ' -- A Goofy Toy Story That Genuinely Clicks '' . NPR . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers . `` ' The Lego Movie ' Review Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie ' review : Toy - themed adventure celebrates creativity '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie ' is a blockheaded adventure '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Moira ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie ' : a primary - colored paradise for kids '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lego Movie ' Review : Funny Pieces Do n't Click With Heavy - Handed Message ( Video ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Arit John ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Glenn Beck Wants to Escape the Cutthroat Cynicism of Politics by Making it in the Movie Business '' . The Wire . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Acknowledges ' Lego Movie ' Oscar Snub Ahead of ' Big Hero 6 ' Win ( Video ) '' . February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Johnson , '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` No. 3 ' The Lego Movie ' -- 2014 Most Valuable Blockbuster Movie Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers . `` Weekend Report : Everything Is Awesome For ' The LEGO Movie ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers . `` Weekend Report : ' LEGO Movie ' Dominates President 's Day Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers . `` Weekend Report : ' LEGO ' Obliterates ' 3 Days , ' ' Pompeii ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for February 28 -- March 2 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . March 2 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` International Box Office : ' Frozen ' Hits China , ' 47 Ronin ' To Pass $100 M , ' RoboCop ' No. 1 in 10 Markets '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Movie was top UK and Ireland film of 2014 '' . BBC News . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Deschamps , Tara ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` Lego shortage leaves toy stores between a block and a hard place '' . The Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 42nd Annual Annie Awards Winners '' . Annie Awards . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Movie wins Best Animated Film at the Baftas after Oscars snub '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2014 '' . BAFTA . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland film . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` New York Film Critics Circle Awards Winners -- ' Boyhood ' Wins Best Film -- Deadline '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 : Full List Of Nominees '' . One Three Digital , LLC . November 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 SAN FRANCISCO FILM CRITICS AWARDS : Full List of Nominees '' . San Francisco Film Critics Circle. 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW 2014 Film Award Winners '' . South By Southwest ® . November 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards '' . www.imdb.com . November 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 WAFCA Award Nominations '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` SOCAN presents first - ever film & TV No. 1 Song Award to Josh Bartholomew for The LEGO Movie theme '' . March 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 57th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees '' . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Lego Movie ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . January 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gavin Ryan ( April 12 , 2014 ) . `` INXS Just Beats Ball Park Music ARIA Album Chart '' . Noise 11 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive '' . UK Indie Breakers Chart . February 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : The Lego Movie ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) -- Mark Mothersbaugh . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How ' The Lego Movie ' And ' Everything Is Awesome ' Parody Creeping Everyday Fascism '' . International Business Times . February 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Nicki Gostin ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Devo lead singer dishes on creating catchy ' Lego ' song '' . Fox News . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Lego Batman Movie ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros Dates Lego Spinoff ' Ninjago ' For Fall 2016 . '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lego Movie 2 ' Pushed Nine Months to Winter 2019 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` New ' Lego ' Spinoff Movie in the Works From Jason Segel , ' Iron Man 3 ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' THE LEGO ® MOVIE TM 4D A NEW ADVENTURE ' at LEGOLAND Florida Resort '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lego Movie 's ' Unikitty Gets Animated Series at Cartoon Network '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Film portal Animation portal Lego portal Cartoon portal 2010s portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lego Movie . 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The Eiffel Tower Tour Eiffel The Eiffel Tower seen from the Champ de Mars Location within Paris Record height Tallest in the world from 1889 to 1930 General information Type Observation tower Broadcasting tower Location 7th arrondissement , Paris , France Coordinates 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E / 48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E / 48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Construction started 28 January 1887 Completed 15 March 1889 Opening 31 March 1889 ( 129 years ago ) Owner City of Paris , France Management Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) Height Architectural 300 m ( 984 ft ) Tip 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) Top floor 276 m ( 906 ft ) Technical details Floor count Lifts / elevators 8 Design and construction Architect Stephen Sauvestre Structural engineer Maurice Koechlin Émile Nouguier Main contractor Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel Website toureiffel. paris References I. ^ Eiffel Tower at Emporis The Eiffel Tower ( / ˈaɪfəl / EYE - fəl ; French : tour Eiffel ( tuʁ ‿ ɛfɛl ) ( listen ) ) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris , France . It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel , whose company designed and built the tower . Constructed from 1887 -- 89 as the entrance to the 1889 World 's Fair , it was initially criticized by some of France 's leading artists and intellectuals for its design , but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world . The Eiffel Tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world ; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015 . The tower is 324 metres ( 1,063 ft ) tall , about the same height as an 81 - storey building , and the tallest structure in Paris . Its base is square , measuring 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side . During its construction , the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man - made structure in the world , a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930 . Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957 , it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres ( 17 ft ) . Excluding transmitters , the Eiffel Tower is the second tallest structure in France after the Millau Viaduct . The tower has three levels for visitors , with restaurants on the first and second levels . The top level 's upper platform is 276 m ( 906 ft ) above the ground -- the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union . Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels . The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps , as is the climb from the first level to the second . Although there is a staircase to the top level , it is usually accessible only by lift . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Artists ' protest 1.3 Construction 1.3. 1 Lifts 1.4 Inauguration and the 1889 exposition 1.5 Subsequent events 2 Design 2.1 Material 2.2 Wind considerations 2.3 Accommodation 2.4 Passenger lifts 2.5 Engraved names 2.6 Aesthetics 2.7 Maintenance 3 Tourism 3.1 Transport 3.2 Popularity 3.3 Restaurants 4 Replicas 5 Communications 5.1 FM radio 5.2 Digital television 6 Illumination copyright 7 Taller structures 7.1 Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower 7.2 Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History Origin The design of the Eiffel Tower was the product of Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier , two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel , after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle , a world 's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution . Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853 . In May 1884 , working at home , Koechlin made a sketch of their idea , described by him as `` a great pylon , consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top , joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals '' . Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm , but he did approve further study , and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre , the head of company 's architectural department , to contribute to the design . Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower , a glass pavilion to the first level , and other embellishments . First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as Notre Dame de Paris , the Statue of Liberty and the Vendôme Column The new version gained Eiffel 's support : he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin , Nougier , and Sauvestre had taken out , and the design was exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name . On 30 March 1885 , Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils ; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower , he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise , Not only the art of the modern engineer , but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living , and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789 , to which this monument will be built as an expression of France 's gratitude . Little progress was made until 1886 , when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade . A budget for the exposition was passed and , on 1 May , Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition , which effectively made the selection of Eiffel 's design a foregone conclusion , as entries had to include a study for a 300 m ( 980 ft ) four - sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars . ( A 300 - meter tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort ) . On 12 May , a commission was set up to examine Eiffel 's scheme and its rivals , which , a month later , decided that all the proposals except Eiffel 's were either impractical or lacking in details . After some debate about the exact location of the tower , a contract was signed on 8 January 1887 . This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company , and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs : less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs . Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years . He later established a separate company to manage the tower , putting up half the necessary capital himself . Artists ' protest Caricature of Gustave Eiffel comparing the Eiffel tower to the Pyramids The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy , drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds . These objections were an expression of a long - standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering . It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars : a `` Committee of Three Hundred '' ( one member for each metre of the tower 's height ) was formed , led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the arts , such as Adolphe Bouguereau , Guy de Maupassant , Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet . A petition called `` Artists against the Eiffel Tower '' was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition , Charles Alphand , and it was published by Le Temps on 14 February 1887 : We , writers , painters , sculptors , architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris , protest with all our strength , with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste , against the erection ... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower ... To bring our arguments home , imagine for a moment a giddy , ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack , crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame , the Tour Saint - Jacques , the Louvre , the Dome of les Invalides , the Arc de Triomphe , all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream . And for twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal . A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids : `` My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man . Will it not also be grandiose in its way ? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris ? '' These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand , ironically saying , `` Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms , the beauty of the metaphors , the elegance of its delicate and precise style , one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time '' , and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before , and construction on the tower was already under way . Indeed , Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals , and had raised no objection . Eiffel was similarly unworried , pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings , that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them , and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower : `` Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony ? '' Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built ; others remained unconvinced . Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower 's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible . By 1918 , it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower ( a calligram ) to express his feelings about the war against Germany . Today , it is widely considered to be a remarkable piece of structural art , and is often featured in films and literature . Construction Foundations of the Eiffel Tower Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887 . Those for the east and south legs were straightforward , with each leg resting on four 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) concrete slabs , one for each of the principal girders of each leg . The west and north legs , being closer to the river Seine , were more complicated : each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed - air caissons 15 m ( 49 ft ) long and 6 m ( 20 ft ) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m ( 72 ft ) to support the concrete slabs , which were 6 m ( 20 ft ) thick . Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork . Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm ( 4 in ) in diameter and 7.5 m ( 25 ft ) long . The foundations were completed on 30 June , and the erection of the ironwork began . The visible work on - site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes : the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed . The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required : the position of rivet holes was specified to within 0.1 mm ( 0.0039 in ) and angles worked out to one second of arc . The finished components , some already riveted together into sub-assemblies , arrived on horse - drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret and were first bolted together , with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed . No drilling or shaping was done on site : if any part did not fit , it was sent back to the factory for alteration . In all , 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets . At first the legs were constructed as cantilevers , but about halfway to the first level , construction was paused in order to create a substantial timber scaffold . This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower , and sensational headlines such as `` Eiffel Suicide ! '' and `` Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad : He Has Been Confined in an Asylum '' appeared in the tabloid press . At this stage , a small `` creeper '' crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg . They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs . The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888 . Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail , provision had been made to carry out small adjustments in order to precisely align the legs ; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg , capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes , and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary , being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold . Although construction involved 300 on - site employees , only one person died thanks to Eiffel 's stringent safety precautions and the use of movable gangways , guardrails and screens . The start of the erection of the metalwork . 7 December 1887 : Construction of the legs with scaffolding . 20 March 1888 : Completion of the first level . 15 May 1888 : Start of construction on the second stage . 21 August 1888 : Completion of the second level . 26 December 1888 : Construction of the upper stage . 15 March 1889 : Construction of the cupola . Lifts The Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction . Note the drive sprockets and chain in the foreground Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition . Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level , or even the second , lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent . Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward : the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track , and a contract was given to the French company Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs . Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid , articulated links to which the car was attached . Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car 's weight . The car was pushed up from below , not pulled up from above : to prevent the chain buckling , it was enclosed in a conduit . At the bottom of the run , the chains passed around 3.9 m ( 12 ft 10 in ) diameter sprockets . Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains . The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible . No French company wanted to undertake the work . The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected : the fair 's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower . The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward , and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887 . Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs . The car was divided into two superimposed compartments , each holding 25 passengers , with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level . Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m ( 41 ft 7 in ) long and 96.5 cm ( 38.0 in ) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m ( 35 ft 6 in ) : this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves . Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg , producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse , multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated . The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level . After being exhausted from the cylinder , the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg . This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level . The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux . A pair of 81 m ( 266 ft ) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level , reaching nearly halfway up to the third level . One lift car was mounted on top of these rams : cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car . Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway . The 10 - ton cars each held 65 passengers . Inauguration and the 1889 exposition General view of the Exposition Universelle The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and , on 31 March , Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials , accompanied by representatives of the press , to the top of the tower . Because the lifts were not yet in operation , the ascent was made by foot , and took over an hour , with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features . Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels , but a few , including the structural engineer , Émile Nouguier , the head of construction , Jean Compagnon , the President of the City Council , and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré , completed the ascent . At 2 : 35 pm , Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25 - gun salute fired at the first level . There was still work to be done , particularly on the lifts and facilities , and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May ; even then , the lifts had not been completed . The tower was an instant success with the public , and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710 - step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May . Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level , 3 for the second , and 5 for the top , with half - price admission on Sundays , and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors . After dark , the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps , and a beacon sent out three beams of red , white and blue light . Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition . The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top . Illumination of the tower at night during the exposition On the second level , the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press , where a special souvenir edition , Le Figaro de la Tour , was made . There was also a pâtisserie . At the top , there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit . Graffitists were also catered for : sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower . Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ( `` truly curious '' ) . Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales , Sarah Bernhardt , `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody ( his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition ) and Thomas Edison . Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower , where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs , a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition . Edison signed the guestbook with this message : To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu , Thomas Edison . Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years . It was to be dismantled in 1909 , when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris . The City had planned to tear it down ( part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle ) but as the tower proved to be valuable for communication purposes , it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit . Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations , and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies . Subsequent events Play media Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the Lumière brothers , 1898 Play media Franz Reichelt 's preparations and jump from the Eiffel Tower For the 1900 Exposition Universelle , the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives - Lille . These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level , and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism to the Otis lifts , although this was situated at the base of the tower . Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism . At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level . The layout of both first and second levels was modified , with the space available for visitors on the second level . The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later . On 19 October 1901 , Alberto Santos - Dumont , flying his No. 6 airship , won a 100,000 - franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour . Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century . In 1910 , Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower . He found more at the top than expected , incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays . Just two years later , on 4 February 1912 , Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower ( a height of 57 metres ) to demonstrate his parachute design . In 1914 , at the outbreak of World War I , a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications , seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . From 1925 to 1934 , illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower 's sides , making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time . In April 1935 , the tower was used to make experimental low - resolution television transmissions , using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power . On 17 November , an improved 180 - line transmitter was installed . On two separate but related occasions in 1925 , the con artist Victor Lustig `` sold '' the tower for scrap metal . A year later , in February 1926 , pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower . His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station . A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929 . In 1930 , the tower lost the title of the world 's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed . In 1938 , the decorative arcade around the first level was removed . American soldiers watch the French flag flying on the Eiffel Tower , c. 25 August 1944 Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940 , the lift cables were cut by the French . The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946 . In 1940 , German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika - centered Reichskriegsflagge , but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later , and was replaced by a smaller one . When visiting Paris , Hitler chose to stay on the ground . When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944 , Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz , the military governor of Paris , to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city . Von Choltitz disobeyed the order . On 25 June , before the Germans had been driven out of Paris , the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum , who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet , who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans . A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956 , damaging the top of the tower . Repairs took a year , and in 1957 , the present radio aerial was added to the top . In 1964 , the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs , André Malraux . A year later , an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar . According to interviews , in 1967 , Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67 . The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location . Base of the Eiffel Tower In 1982 , the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service . These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze . The new cars operate in pairs , with one counterbalancing the other , and perform the journey in one stage , reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes . At the same time , two new emergency staircases were installed , replacing the original spiral staircases . In 1983 , the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant . The Fives - Lille lifts in the east and west legs , fitted in 1899 , were extensively refurbished in 1986 . The cars were replaced , and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts . The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil - filled hydraulic system , and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system . A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later . Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984 . In 1987 , A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower , using a special cord he had helped develop . Hackett was arrested by the police . On 27 October 1991 , Thierry Devaux , along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac , performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower . Facing the Champ de Mars , Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor . When firemen arrived , he stopped after the sixth jump . The tower is the focal point of New Year 's Eve and Bastille Day ( 14 July ) celebrations in Paris . For its `` Countdown to the Year 2000 '' celebration on 31 December 1999 , flashing lights and high - powered searchlights were installed on the tower . Fireworks were set off all over it . An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event . The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris 's night sky , and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour . The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium On 31 December 2000 . The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001 . The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003 , and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing . The tower received its 200,000,000 th guest on 28 November 2002 . The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors since 2003 . In 2004 , the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level . A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment . Design Material The Eiffel Tower from below The puddled iron ( wrought iron ) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons , and the addition of lifts , shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tons . As a demonstration of the economy of design , if the 7,300 tons of metal in the structure were melted down , it would fill the square base , 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side , to a depth of only 6.25 cm ( 2.46 in ) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tons per cubic metre . Additionally , a cubic box surrounding the tower ( 324 mx 125 mx 125 m ) would contain 6,200 tons of air , weighing almost as much as the iron itself . Depending on the ambient temperature , the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm ( 7 in ) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun . Wind considerations When it was built , many were shocked by the tower 's daring form . Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering . However , Eiffel and his team -- experienced bridge builders -- understood the importance of wind forces , and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world , they had to be sure it could withstand them . In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887 , Eiffel said : Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony ? ... Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower ? It was wind resistance . Well then ! I hold that the curvature of the monument 's four outer edges , which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be ... will give a great impression of strength and beauty , for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole . He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind , rather than a mathematical formula . Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape . All parts of the tower were over-designed to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces . The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework . In the years since it was completed , engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design . The most recent , devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English , is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point . The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ) in the wind . Accommodation Gustave Eiffel 's apartment When originally built , the first level contained three restaurants -- one French , one Russian and one Flemish -- and an `` Anglo - American Bar '' . After the exposition closed , the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250 - seat theatre . A promenade 2.6 - metre ( 8 ft 6 in ) wide ran around the outside of the first level . At the top , there were laboratories for various experiments , and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests , which is now open to the public , complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests . In May 2016 , an apartment was created on the first level to accommodate four competition winners during the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament in Paris in June . The apartment has a kitchen , two bedrooms , a lounge , and views of Paris landmarks including the Seine , the Sacre Coeur , and the Arc de Triomphe . Passenger lifts The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower 's history . Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings , each lift , in normal service , takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip , spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level . The average journey time between levels is 1 minute . The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs . Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance , public access is often restricted . The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift . Engraved names Main article : List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower Names engraved on the tower Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists , engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower . Eiffel chose this `` invocation of science '' because of his concern over the artists ' protest . At the beginning of the 20th century , the engravings were painted over , but they were restored in 1986 -- 87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel , a company operating the tower . Aesthetics The tower is painted in three shades : lighter at the top , getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky . It was originally reddish brown ; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as `` Eiffel Tower Brown '' . The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill - work arches , added in Sauvestre 's sketches , which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition . A pop - culture movie cliché is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower . In reality , since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys , only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower . Maintenance Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting . The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built . Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment . Panorama of Paris and its suburbs from the top of the Eiffel Tower Tourism Transport The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir - Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars - Tour Eiffel . The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna . Popularity Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004 More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889 . In 2015 , there were 6.91 million visitors . The tower is one the most - visited paid monument in the world . An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can result in long queues . Restaurants The tower has two restaurants : Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level , and Le Jules Verne , a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level . This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide . It is run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse and owes its name to the famous science - fiction writer Jules Verne . Additionally , there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower . Replicas Replica at the Paris Las Vegas Hotel , Nevada , United States Main article : List of Eiffel Tower replicas As one of the most iconic landmarks in the world , the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers . An early example is Blackpool Tower in England . The mayor of Blackpool , Sir John Bickerstaffe , was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town . It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 metres ( 518 ft ) tall . Tokyo Tower in Japan , built as a communications tower in 1958 , was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower . There are various scale models of the tower in the United States , including a half - scale version at the Paris Las Vegas , Nevada , one in Paris , Texas built in 1993 , and two 1 : 3 scale models at Kings Island , Ohio , and Kings Dominion , Virginia , amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively . Two 1 : 3 scale models can be found in China , one in Durango , Mexico that was donated by the local French community , and several across Europe . In 2011 , the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full - size replica of the tower would cost approximately US $480 million to build . Communications Top of the Eiffel Tower The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century . Until the 1950s , sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars . These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers . In 1909 , a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar , which still exists today . On 20 November 1913 , the Paris Observatory , using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial , exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory , which used an aerial in Arlington , Virginia . The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington , D.C. Today , radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower . FM radio Frequency kW Service 87.8 MHz 10 France Inter 89.0 MHz 10 RFI Paris 89.9 MHz 6 TSF Jazz 90.4 MHz 10 Nostalgie 90.9 MHz Chante France Digital television A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957 , increasing its height by 18.7 m ( 61.4 ft ) . Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m ( 17.4 ft ) , giving the current height of 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) . Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011 . Frequency VHF UHF kW Service 182.25 MHz 6 -- 100 Canal+ 479.25 MHz -- 22 500 France 2 503.25 MHz -- 25 500 TF1 527.25 MHz -- 28 500 France 3 543.25 MHz -- 30 100 France 5 567.25 MHz -- 33 100 M6 Illumination copyright The Eiffel Tower illuminated in 2015 The tower and its image have long been in the public domain . In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower 's 100th anniversary was an `` original visual creation '' protected by copyright . The Court of Cassation , France 's judicial court of last resort , upheld the ruling in March 1992 . The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright . As a result , the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use . The imposition of copyright has been controversial . The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SNTE ) , Stéphane Dieu , commented in 2005 : `` It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image , so that it is n't used in ways ( of which ) we do n't approve '' . SNTE made over € 1 million from copyright fees in 2002 . However , it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night , as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower . French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented , a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule . Therefore , SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower . Taller structures The Eiffel Tower was the world 's tallest structure when completed in 1889 , a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out . The tower has lost its standing both as the world 's tallest structure and the world 's tallest lattice tower but retains its status as the tallest freestanding ( non-guyed ) structure in France . Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest towers in the world and Observation deck Name Pinnacle height Year Country Town Remarks Tokyo Skytree 634 m ( 2,080 ft ) 2011 Japan Tokyo Kiev TV Tower 385 m ( 1,263 ft ) 1973 Ukraine Kiev Dragon Tower 336 m ( 1,102 ft ) 2000 China Harbin Tokyo Tower 333 m ( 1,093 ft ) 1958 Japan Tokyo Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest structures in France Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Town Remarks Longwave transmitter Allouis 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) Guyed mast Allouis HWU transmitter 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) ? Guyed mast Rosnay Military VLF transmitter ; multiple masts Viaduc de Millau 343 m ( 1,125 ft ) Bridge pillar Millau TV Mast Niort - Maisonnay 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast Niort Transmitter Le Mans - Mayet 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) Guyed mast Mayet La Regine transmitter 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1973 Guyed mast Saissac Military VLF transmitter Transmitter Roumoules 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) Guyed mast Roumoules Spare transmission mast for longwave ; insulated against ground See also Eiffel Tower in popular culture List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest towers in the world Paris portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Eiffel Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . ^ Jump up to : Eiffel Tower at Emporis ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower at a glance '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . 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The New York Times . 22 November 1913 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Schlackman ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` Do night photos of the Eiffel Tower violate copyright ? '' . Art Law Journal . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cour de cassation 3 mars 1992 , Jus Luminum n ° J523975 '' ( in French ) . Jus Luminum . Archived from the original on 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Wales ( 3 July 2015 ) . `` If you want to keep sharing photos for free , read this '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower image rights '' . Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel . Jump up ^ Hugh Morris ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Freedom of panorama : EU proposal could mean holiday snaps breach copyright '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower : Repossessed '' . Fast Company . 2 February 2005 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ James Arnold ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` Are things looking up for the Eiffel Tower ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Notions Fondamentales Du Droit D'auteur ( in French ) . World Intellectual Property Organization . 2002 . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 805 - 1013 - 3 . La représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Building - Piercing the Sky '' . CBS Forum . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Bibliography Chanson , Hubert ( 2009 ) . `` Hydraulic engineering legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower '' . In Jerry R. Rogers . Great Rivers History : Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium . American Society of Civil Engineers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 1032 - 5 . Frémy , Dominique ( 1989 ) . Quid de la tour Eiffel . R. Laffont . ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 06488 - 7 . The Engineer : The Paris Exhibition . XLVII . London : Office for Advertisements and Publication. 3 May 1889 . Harriss , Joseph ( 1975 ) . The Eiffel Tower : Symbol of an Age . London : Paul Elek . ISBN 0236400363 . Harvie , David I. ( 2006 ) . Eiffel : The Genius Who Reinvented Himself . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3309 - 7 . Jonnes , Jill ( 2009 ) . Eiffel 's Tower : The Thrilling Story Behind Paris 's Beloved Monument ... . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 05251 - 8 . Loyrette , Henri ( 1985 ) . Eiffel , un Ingenieur et Son Oeuvre . Rizzoli . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 0631 - 7 . Musée d'Orsay ( 1989 ) . 1889 : la Tour Eiffel et l'Exposition Universelle . Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Ministère de la Culture , de la Communication , des Grands Travaux et du Bicentenaire . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 2244 - 7 . Vogel , Robert M. ( 1961 ) . `` Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower , 1889 '' . United States National Museum Bulletin . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . 228 : 20 -- 21 . Watson , William ( 1892 ) . Paris Universal Exposition : Civil Engineering , Public Works , and Architecture . Washington , D.C. : Government Publishing Office . External links Find more aboutEiffel Towerat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website Eiffel Tower at Structurae Sketches and plans of the tower 's construction at MailOnline Images of the 2014 refurbishment at ArchDaily History of transmitters at the Eiffel Tower by Pierre Dessapt ( in French ) Records Preceded by Washington Monument World 's tallest structure 1889 -- 1931 300.24 m Succeeded by Chrysler Building 7th arrondissement of Paris Neighbourhoods Faubourg Saint - Germain Quartier du Gros - Caillou Primary and secondary schools Lycée et collège Victor Duruy Établissement La Rochefoucauld Institut de l'Alma Lycée - collège Paul - Claudel Lycée d'Hulst Lycée Sainte - Jeanne Elisabeth Lycée Saint - Thomas - d'Aquin Lycée Thérèse - Chappuis Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci Colleges and universities American University of Paris Sciences Po Landmarks American Church in Paris Eiffel Tower Hôtel de Boisgelin Hôtel Matignon Les Invalides Musée de l'Armée Musée des Plans - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the eiffel tower finished being built | [
"\n\nThe Eiffel Tower\n\n\nTour Eiffel\n\n\n\nThe Eiffel Tower seen from\nthe Champ de Mars\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLocation within Paris\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRecord height\n\n\nTallest in the world from 1889 to 1930[I]\n\n\nGeneral information\n\n\nType\nObservation tower\nBroadcasting tower\n\n\nLocation\n7th arrondissement, Paris, France\n\n\nCoordinates\n48°51′29.6″N 2°17′40.2″E / 48.858222°N 2.294500°E / 48.858222; 2.294500Coordinates: 48°51′29.6″N 2°17′40.2″E / 48.858222°N 2.294500°E / 48.858222; 2.294500\n\n\nConstruction started\n28 January 1887\n\n\nCompleted\n15 March 1889\n\n\nOpening\n31 March 1889 (129 years ago)\n\n\nOwner\nCity of Paris, France\n\n\nManagement\nSociété d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SETE)\n\n\nHeight\n\n\nArchitectural\n300 m (984 ft)[1]\n\n\nTip\n324 m (1,063 ft)[1]\n\n\nTop floor\n276 m (906 ft)[1]\n\n\nTechnical details\n\n\nFloor count\n3[2]\n\n\nLifts/elevators\n8[2]\n\n\nDesign and construction\n\n\nArchitect\nStephen Sauvestre\n\n\nStructural engineer\nMaurice Koechlin\nÉmile Nouguier\n\n\nMain contractor\nCompagnie des Etablissements Eiffel\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\ntoureiffel.paris\n\n\nReferences\n\n\nI. ^ Eiffel Tower at Emporis\n\n"
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"15 March 1889"
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-4358473753587174560 | Democratic Party (United States) | Democratic Party ( United States ) - Wikipedia Democratic Party ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Democrat Party ( United States ) '' redirects here . For the implied slur in that appellation , see Democrat Party ( epithet ) . Democratic Party Chairperson Tom Perez ( MD ) Secretary Jason Rae ( WI ) Deputy Chair Keith Ellison ( MN ) Senate leader Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( NY ) House leader Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( CA ) Chair of Governors Association Dan Malloy ( CT ) Founded January 8 , 1828 ; 189 years ago ( 1828 - 01 - 08 ) Preceded by Democratic - Republican Party Headquarters 430 South Capitol St. SE , Washington , D.C. , 20003 Student wing College Democrats of America Youth wing Young Democrats of America Women 's wing National Federation of Democratic Women Overseas wing Democrats Abroad LGBT wing Stonewall Democrats Membership ( 2017 ) 44,706,349 Ideology Majority : Modern liberalism Social liberalism Factions : Centrism Conservatism Left - wing populism Progressivism Social democracy Colors Blue Seats in the Senate 45 / 100 Seats in the House 193 / 435 Governorships 15 / 50 State Upper House Seats 804 / 1,972 State Lower House Seats 2,339 / 5,411 Territorial Governorships 2 / 6 Territorial Upper Chamber Seats 31 / 97 Territorial Lower Chamber Seats 0 / 91 Website www.democrats.org Politics of United States Political parties Elections Part of a series on Progressivism History ( show ) Atomic Age Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age Progressive Era Space Age Ideas ( show ) Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Linear history Modernity Philosophical progress Progressive education in Latin America Progressive rationalism Reform movement Social organization Social progress List of countries Scientific progress Social change Sustainable design Ecological engineering Self - determination Scientific management Scientific method Sustainable development Technological change Techno - progressivism Welfare Women 's suffrage People ( show ) Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Sophonisba Breckinridge William Jennings Bryan Marquis de Condorcet Charles Evans Hughes Robert M. La Follette , Sr . Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill Theodore Roosevelt Al Smith William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Long Yun By region ( show ) In the Muslim world In South Korea In the United States Philosophy portal Politics portal The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with the Republican Party ( GOP ) . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic - Republican Party , the modern - day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest political party . The Democrats ' dominant worldview was once social conservatism and economic liberalism , while -- especially in the rural South -- populism was its leading characteristic . In 1912 , Theodore Roosevelt ran as a third - party candidate in the Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) Party , leading to a switch of political platforms between the Democratic and Republican Party and Woodrow Wilson being elected as the first fiscally progressive Democrat . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has also promoted a social liberal platform , supporting social justice . Today , the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists , with a smaller minority of conservative Democrats . The party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy . These interventions , such as the introduction of social programs , support for labor unions , affordable college tuitions , moves toward universal health care and equal opportunity , consumer protection and environmental protection form the core of the party 's economic policy . The party has united with smaller liberal regional parties throughout the country , such as the Farmer -- Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative - populist anti-business wings . The New Deal Coalition of 1932 -- 1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction -- many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal of the 1930s , the pro-business wing withered outside the South . After the racial turmoil of the 1960s , most Southern whites and many Northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level . The once - powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s . Racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. , such as Jewish Americans , Hispanic Americans , Arabic Americans and African Americans , tend to support the Democratic Party much more than they support the rival Republican Party , giving the Democratic Party its current membership lead over the Republicans . Fifteen Democrats have served as President under 16 administrations : the first was seventh President Andrew Jackson , who served from 1829 to 1837 ; Grover Cleveland served two nonconsecutive terms from 1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897 ; and is thus counted twice ( as the 22nd and 24th President ) . The most recent was the 44th President Barack Obama , who held the office from 2009 to 2017 . Currently , the Democrats are the opposition party , due to having the minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate , as well as having the minority of governorships ( 16 / 50 ) and state legislatures ( full control of 13 / 50 , split control of five others ) . However , they control the mayoralty of major U.S. cities such as New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , Houston , Philadelphia , and Washington , D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1828 -- 1860 1.2 1860 -- 1900 1.3 1900 -- 1930 1.4 1930 -- 1960 1.5 1960 -- 1980 1.6 1980 -- present 2 Name and symbols 3 Current structure and composition 3.1 National committee 3.2 State parties 3.3 Major party groups 4 Ideology 4.1 Centrists 4.2 Conservatives 4.3 Liberals 4.4 Progressives 5 Political positions 5.1 Economic issues 5.1. 1 Fiscal policy 5.1. 2 Minimum wage 5.1. 3 Health care 5.1. 4 Education 5.1. 5 Environment 5.1. 6 Renewable energy and fossil fuels 5.1. 7 Trade agreements 5.2 Social issues 5.2. 1 Equal opportunity 5.2. 2 Voting rights 5.2. 3 Abortion and reproductive rights 5.2. 4 Immigration 5.2. 5 LGBT rights 5.2. 6 Civil Rights -- United States Citizens in Puerto Rico 5.3 Legal issues 5.3. 1 Gun control 5.3. 2 Death penalty 5.3. 3 Torture 5.3. 4 Patriot Act 5.3. 5 Right to privacy 5.4 Foreign policy issues 5.4. 1 Iraq War 5.4. 2 Iran sanctions 5.4. 3 Invasion of Afghanistan 5.4. 4 Israel 6 Voter base 6.1 Professionals 6.2 Academia 6.3 Youth 6.4 Women 6.5 Relation to marital status and parenthood 6.6 LGBTQ Americans 6.7 Labor 6.8 Working class 6.9 Secular Americans 6.10 African Americans 6.11 Hispanic and Latino Americans 6.12 Native Americans 6.13 Jewish Americans 6.14 Arab and Muslim Americans 6.15 Asian Americans 7 Democratic presidents 8 Recent electoral history 8.1 In presidential elections : 1828 -- present 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Organizations 12.2 Platforms , charter , and bylaws History Main article : History of the United States Democratic Party See also : Democratic Party ( United States ) § Recent electoral history Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic President of the United States The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic - Republican Party , founded by Thomas Jefferson , James Madison and other influential opponents of the Federalists in 1792 . That party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans . Organizationally , the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s , with the election of Andrew Jackson . Since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896 , the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues . They have been more liberal on civil rights issues since 1948 . On foreign policy both parties changed position several times . 1828 -- 1860 The Democratic Party evolved from the Jeffersonian Republican or Democratic - Republican Party organized by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in opposition to the Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton and John Adams . The party favored republicanism , a weak federal government , states ' rights , agrarian interests ( especially Southern planters ) and strict adherence to the Constitution ; it opposed a national bank , close ties to Great Britain and business and banking interests . The Democratic - Republican Party , came to power in the election of 1800 . After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the only national political party left was the Democratic - Republicans . The era of one - party rule in the United States , known as the Era of Good Feelings , lasted from 1816 until the early 1830s , when the Whig Party became a national political group to rival the Democratic - Republicans . The Democratic - Republican party still had its own internal factions , however . They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe , and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles , led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , became the modern Democratic Party . As Norton explains the transformation in 1828 : Jacksonians believed the people 's will had finally prevailed . Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties , political leaders , and newspaper editors , a popular movement had elected the president . The Democrats became the nation 's first well - organized national party ... and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth - century American politics . Opposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party . The Democratic Party had a small but decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s , when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery . In 1854 , angry with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , anti-slavery Democrats left the party and joined Northern Whigs to form the Republican Party . Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats : The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society . They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty . The 1824 `` corrupt bargain '' had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power . They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special - interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich . They sought to restore the independence of the individual -- the artisan and the ordinary farmer -- by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency , which they distrusted . Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative , and Jackson 's political power was largely expressed in negative acts . He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined . Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement . Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government . But Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform mid the establishment of a public education system . They believed , for instance , that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools . Nor did Jackson share reformers ' humanitarian concerns . He had no sympathy for American Indians , initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears . 1860 -- 1900 The Democrats split over the choice of a successor to President James Buchanan along Northern and Southern lines ; factions of the party provided two separate candidacies for president in the election of 1860 , in which the Republican Party gained ascendancy . The radical pro-slavery Fire - Eaters led a walkout at both the April Democratic convention in Charleston 's Institute Hall and the June convention in Baltimore when the national party would not adopt a resolution supporting the extension of slavery into territories even if the voters of those territories did not want it . These Southern Democrats nominated the pro-slavery incumbent vice president , John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky , for president and General Joseph Lane , former Governor of Oregon , for vice president . The Northern Democrats nominated Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for president and former Governor of Georgia Herschel V. Johnson for vice president , while some southern Democrats joined the Constitutional Union Party , backing its nominees ( who had both been prominent Whig leaders ) , former Senator , Speaker of the House , and Secretary of War John Bell of Tennessee for president and the politician , statesman , and educator Edward Everett of Massachusetts for vice president . This fracturing of the Democrats led to a Republican victory , and Abraham Lincoln was elected the 16th President of the United States . As the American Civil War broke out , Northern Democrats were divided into War Democrats and Peace Democrats . The Confederate States of America , whose political leadership , mindful of the welter prevalent in antebellum American politics and with a pressing need for unity , largely viewed political parties as inimical to good governance ; consequently the Confederacy had none , or at least none with the wide organization inherent to other American parties . Most War Democrats rallied to Republican President Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans ' National Union Party in the election of 1864 , which featured Andrew Johnson on the Republican ticket even though he was a Democrat from the South . Johnson replaced Lincoln in 1865 , but stayed independent of both parties . The Democrats benefited from white Southerners ' resentment of Reconstruction after the war and consequent hostility to the Republican Party . After Redeemers ended Reconstruction in the 1870s , and following the often extremely violent disenfranchisement of African Americans led by such white supremacist Democratic politicians as Benjamin Tillman of South Carolina in the 1880s and 1890s , the South , voting Democratic , became known as the `` Solid South '' . Though Republicans won all but two presidential elections , the Democrats remained competitive . The party was dominated by pro-business Bourbon Democrats led by Samuel J. Tilden and Grover Cleveland , who represented mercantile , banking , and railroad interests ; opposed imperialism and overseas expansion ; fought for the gold standard ; opposed bimetallism ; and crusaded against corruption , high taxes , and tariffs . Cleveland was elected to non-consecutive presidential terms in 1884 and 1892 . 1900 -- 1930 The three leaders of the Democratic Party during the first half of the 20th century on June 14 , 1913 : President Woodrow Wilson ( nominated in 1912 and 1916 ) ; Secretary of State William J. Bryan ( nominated in 1896 , 1900 and 1908 ) ; Josephus Daniels ; Breckinridge Long ; William Phillips ; and Franklin D. Roosevelt ( nominated for Vice President in 1920 and for President in 1932 , 1936 , 1940 and 1944 ) Agrarian Democrats demanding free silver overthrew the Bourbon Democrats in 1896 and nominated William Jennings Bryan for the presidency ( a nomination repeated by Democrats in 1900 and 1908 ) . Bryan waged a vigorous campaign attacking Eastern moneyed interests , but he lost to Republican William McKinley . The Democrats took control of the House in 1910 and elected Woodrow Wilson as President in 1912 and 1916 . Wilson effectively led Congress to put to rest the issues of tariffs , money and antitrust , which had dominated politics for 40 years , with new progressive laws . 1930 -- 1960 Franklin D. Roosevelt , 32nd President of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) The Great Depression in 1929 that occurred under Republican President Herbert Hoover and the Republican Congress set the stage for a more liberal government ; the Democrats controlled the House of Representatives nearly uninterrupted from 1930 until 1994 and won most presidential elections until 1968 . Franklin D. Roosevelt , elected to the presidency in 1932 , came forth with government programs called the New Deal . New Deal liberalism meant the regulation of business ( especially finance and banking ) and the promotion of labor unions , as well as federal spending to aid to the unemployed , help distressed farmers , and undertake large - scale public works projects . It marked the start of the American welfare state . The opponents , who stressed opposition to unions , support for business , and low taxes , started calling themselves `` conservatives '' . Until the 1980s , the Democratic Party was a coalition of two parties divided by the Mason -- Dixon line : liberal Democrats in the North and culturally conservative voters in the South , who though benefitting from many of the New Deal public works projects , opposed increasing Civil Rights initiatives advocated by Northeastern liberals . The polarization grew stronger after Roosevelt died . Southern Democrats formed a key part of the bipartisan conservative coalition in an alliance with most of the Midwestern Republicans . The economically activist philosophy of Franklin D. Roosevelt , which has strongly influenced American liberalism , shaped much of the party 's economic agenda after 1932 . From the 1930s to the mid-1960s , the liberal New Deal coalition usually controlled the Presidency while the conservative coalition usually controlled Congress . Issues facing parties and the United States after World War II included the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement . Republicans attracted conservatives and white Southerners from the Democratic coalition with their use of the Southern strategy and resistance to New Deal and Great Society liberalism . African Americans had traditionally supported the Republican Party because of the anti-slavery policies of Abraham Lincoln and the civil rights policies of his successors , such as Ulysses S. Grant . But they began supporting Democrats following the ascent of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration , the New Deal , the integration of the military and embrace of proposed civil rights legislation by President Harry Truman in 1947 -- 48 , and the postwar Civil Rights movement . The Democratic Party 's main base of support shifted to the Northeast , marking a dramatic reversal of history . 1960 -- 1980 John F. Kennedy , 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) The election of President John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts in 1960 was a partial reflection of this shift . In the campaign , Kennedy attracted a new generation of younger voters . In his agenda dubbed the New Frontier , Kennedy introduced a host of social programs and public works projects , along with enhanced support of the space program , proposing a manned spacecraft trip to the moon by the end of the decade . He pushed for civil rights initiatives and proposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , but with his assassination in November 1963 , was not able to see its passage . Lyndon B. Johnson , 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Kennedy 's successor Lyndon B. Johnson was able to persuade the largely conservative Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and , with a more progressive Congress in 1965 , passed much of the Great Society , which consisted of an array of social programs designed to help the poor . Kennedy and Johnson 's advocacy of civil rights further solidified black support for the Democrats , but had the effect of alienating southern whites , who would eventually gravitate towards the Republican party , particularly after the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidency in 1980 . The United States ' involvement in the Vietnam War in the 1960s was another divisive issue that further fractured the fault lines of the Democrats ' coalition . After the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964 , President Johnson committed a large contingency of combat troops to Vietnam , but the escalation failed to drive the Viet Cong from South Vietnam , resulting in an increasing quagmire , which by 1968 had become the subject of widespread anti-war protests in the United States and elsewhere . With increasing casualties and nightly news reports bringing home troubling images from Vietnam , the costly military engagement became increasingly unpopular , alienating many of the kinds of young voters that the Democrats had attracted the early 1960s . The protests that year along with assassinations of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. and Democratic presidential candidate Sen. Robert F. Kennedy ( younger brother of John F. Kennedy ) climaxed in turbulence at the hotly contested Democratic National Convention that summer in Chicago ( which , amongst the ensuing turmoil inside and outside of the convention hall , nominated Vice President Hubert Humphrey ) , in a series of events that proved to mark a significant turning point in the decline of the Democratic party 's broad coalition . Republican presidential nominee Richard Nixon was able to capitalize on the Democrat 's confusion that year and won the 1968 election to become the 37th president , and would win again in 1972 against Democratic nominee George McGovern , who like Robert Kennedy reached out to the younger anti-war and counterculture voters , but unlike Kennedy , was not able to appeal to the party 's more traditional white working class constituencies . During Nixon 's second term , his presidency was rocked by the Watergate scandal , which forced him to resign in 1974 , being succeeded by vice president Gerald Ford , who served a brief tenure . Watergate offered the Democrats an opportunity to recoup , and their nominee Jimmy Carter won the 1976 presidential election . With the initial support of evangelical Christian voters in the South , Carter was temporarily able to re-unite the disparate factions within the party , but inflation and the Iran Hostage Crisis of 1979 -- 1980 took their toll , resulting in a landslide victory for Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan in 1980 , which shifted the tectonic plates of the political landscape in favor of the Republicans for years to come . 1980 -- present Bill Clinton , 42nd President of the United States ( 1993 -- 2001 ) With the ascendancy of the Republicans under Ronald Reagan , the Democrats searched for ways to respond , but were unable to succeed by running traditional candidates , such as former Vice President and Democratic presidential nominee Walter Mondale who lost to Reagan in the 1984 presidential election . Many Democrats attached their hopes to the future star of Gary Hart , who had challenged Mondale in the 1984 primaries running on a theme of `` New Ideas '' , and in the subsequent 1988 primaries , he became the de facto front - runner and virtual `` shoe - in '' for the Democratic presidential nomination , before his campaign was ended by a sex scandal . The party nevertheless began to seek out a younger generation of leaders , who like Hart had been inspired by the pragmatic idealism of John F. Kennedy . Arkansas governor Bill Clinton was one such figure , who was elected President in 1992 as the Democratic nominee . He labeled himself and governed as a `` New Democrat '' . The party adopted a centrist economic but socially progressive agenda , with the voter base after Reagan having shifted considerably to the right . In an effort to appeal to both liberals and fiscal conservatives , Democrats began to advocate for a balanced budget and market economy tempered by government intervention ( mixed economy ) , along with a continued emphasis on social justice and affirmative action . The economic policy adopted by the Democratic Party , including the former Clinton administration , has been referred to as `` Third Way '' . The Democrats lost control of Congress in the election of 1994 to the Republican Party . Re-elected in 1996 , Clinton was the first Democratic President since Franklin Roosevelt to be elected to two terms . Following twelve years of Republican rule , the Democrats regained majority control of both the House and the Senate in the 2006 elections . Barack Obama , 44th President of the United States ( 2009 -- 2017 ) In the wake of the 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attacks and with growing concern over global warming , some of the party 's key issues in the early 21st century have included the methods of how to combat terrorism , homeland security , expanding access to health care , labor rights , environmentalism , and the preservation of liberal government programs . Barack Obama won the Democratic Party 's nomination and was elected as the first African American president in 2008 . The Democrats gained control of both chambers of Congress in the wake of the 2007 economic recession . The Democratic Party under the Obama presidency moved forward reforms including an Economic Stimulus package , the Dodd - Frank financial reform act , and the Affordable Care Act . In the 2010 elections , the Democratic Party lost control of the House and lost its majority in state legislatures and state governorships . In the 2012 elections , President Obama was re-elected but the party kept its minority in the House of Representatives , and in 2014 the party lost control of the Senate for the first time since 2006 . After the 2016 election of Donald Trump , the Democratic Party transitioned into the role of an opposition party and currently hold neither the Presidency nor a majority in the House or Senate . According to a Pew Research poll , the Democratic Party has become more socially liberal and secular compared to how it was in 1987 . Based on a poll conducted in 2014 , Gallup found that 30 % of Americans identified as Democrats , 23 % as Republicans , and 45 % as Independents . In the same poll , a survey of registered voters stated that 47 % identified as Democrats or leaned towards the party ; the same poll found that 40 % of registered voters identified as Republicans or leaned towards the Republican party . Name and symbols `` A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion '' by Thomas Nast. Harper 's Weekly , January 19 , 1870 . The donkey party logo is still a well - known symbol for the Democratic Party , despite not being the official logo of the party . The Democratic donkey party logo in a modernized `` kicking donkey '' form The Democratic - Republican Party splintered in 1824 into the short - lived National Republican Party , and the Jacksonian movement , which in 1828 became the Democratic Party . Under the Jacksonian era , the term `` The Democracy '' was in use by the party ; the name `` Democratic Party '' was eventually settled upon and became the official name in 1844 . Members of the party are called `` Democrats '' or `` Dems '' . The term `` Democrat Party '' has also been in local use but has usually been used by opponents since 1952 as a disparaging term . The most common mascot symbol for the party has been the donkey , or jackass . Andrew Jackson 's enemies twisted his name to `` jackass '' as a term of ridicule regarding a stupid and stubborn animal . However , the Democrats liked the common - man implications and picked it up too , so the image persisted and evolved . Its most lasting impression came from the cartoons of Thomas Nast from 1870 in Harper 's Weekly . Cartoonists followed Nast and used the donkey to represent the Democrats , and the elephant to represent the Republicans . In the early 20th century , the traditional symbol of the Democratic Party in Indiana , Kentucky , Oklahoma and Ohio was the rooster , as opposed to the Republican eagle . This symbol still appears on Oklahoma , Kentucky , Indiana , and West Virginia ballots . The rooster was adopted as the official symbol of the national Democratic party . In New York , the Democratic ballot symbol is a five - pointed star . Although both major political parties ( and many minor ones ) use the traditional American colors of red , white , and blue in their marketing and representations , since election night 2000 , blue has become the identifying color for the Democratic Party , while red has become the identifying color for the Republican Party . That night , for the first time , all major broadcast television networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map : blue states for Al Gore ( Democratic nominee ) and red states for George W. Bush ( Republican nominee ) . Since then , the color blue has been widely used by the media to represent the party . This is contrary to common practice outside of the United States where blue is the traditional color of the right and red the color of the left . For example , in Canada , red represents the Liberals , while blue represents the Conservatives . In the United Kingdom , red denotes the Labour Party and blue symbolizes the Conservative Party . Blue has also been used both by party supporters for promotional efforts -- ActBlue , BuyBlue , BlueFund , as examples -- and by the party itself in 2006 both for its `` Red to Blue Program '' , created to support Democratic candidates running against Republican incumbents in the midterm elections that year , and on its official website . In September 2010 , the Democratic Party unveiled its new logo , which featured a blue D inside a blue circle . It was the party 's first official logo , as the donkey logo had only been semi-official . Jefferson - Jackson Day is the annual fundraising event ( dinner ) held by Democratic Party organizations across the United States . It is named after Presidents Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson , whom the party regards as its distinguished early leaders . The song `` Happy Days Are Here Again '' is the unofficial song of the Democratic Party . It was used prominently when Franklin D. Roosevelt was nominated for president at the 1932 Democratic National Convention and remains a sentimental favorite for Democrats today . For example , Paul Shaffer played the theme on the Late Show with David Letterman after the Democrats won Congress in 2006 . `` Do n't Stop '' by Fleetwood Mac was adopted by Bill Clinton 's presidential campaign in 1992 , and has endured as a popular Democratic song . Also , the emotionally similar song `` Beautiful Day '' by the band U2 has become a favorite theme song for Democratic candidates . John Kerry used the song during his 2004 presidential campaign , and several Democratic Congressional candidates used it as a celebratory tune in 2006 . The 2016 campaign of US Democratic Party presidential candidate Bernie Sanders used the hopeful Simon & Garfunkel song `` America '' for one of its campaign advertisements , with the complete permission of the still - active duo of popular American musicians . As a traditional anthem for its Presidential nominating convention , Aaron Copland 's `` Fanfare for the Common Man '' is traditionally performed at the beginning of the Democratic National Convention . Current Structure and composition National Committee The Democratic National Committee ( DNC ) is responsible for promoting Democratic campaign activities . While the DNC is responsible for overseeing the process of writing the Democratic Platform , the DNC is more focused on campaign and organizational strategy than public policy . In presidential elections , it supervises the Democratic National Convention . The national convention is , subject to the charter of the party , the ultimate authority within the Democratic Party when it is in session , with the DNC running the party 's organization at other times . The DNC is chaired by former U.S. Labor Secretary Tom Perez . State parties Main article : List of state parties of the Democratic Party ( United States ) Each state also has a state committee , made up of elected committee members as well as ex-officio committee members ( usually elected officials and representatives of major constituencies ) , which in turn elects a chair . County , town , city , and ward committees generally are composed of individuals elected at the local level . State and local committees often coordinate campaign activities within their jurisdiction , oversee local conventions and in some cases primaries or caucuses , and may have a role in nominating candidates for elected office under state law . Rarely do they have much funding , but in 2005 , DNC Chairman Dean began a program ( called the `` 50 State Strategy '' ) of using DNC national funds to assist all state parties and pay for full - time professional staffers . Major Party groups The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ( DCCC ) assists party candidates in House races ; its current chairman ( selected by the party caucus ) is Rep. Ben Ray Lujan of New Mexico . Similarly , the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee ( DSCC ) , headed by Senator Chris Van Hollen of Maryland , raises large sums for Senate races . The Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee ( DLCC ) , chaired by Tina Kotek of Oregon , is a smaller organization with much less funding that focuses on state legislative races . The DNC sponsors the College Democrats of America ( CDA ) , a student - outreach organization with the goal of training and engaging a new generation of Democratic activists . Democrats Abroad is the organization for Americans living outside the United States ; they work to advance the goals of the party and encourage Americans living abroad to support the Democrats . The Young Democrats of America ( YDA ) is a youth - led organization that attempts to draw in and mobilize young people for Democratic candidates , but operates outside of the DNC . The Democratic Governors Association ( DGA ) , chaired by Governor Dan Malloy of Connecticut , is an organization supporting the candidacies of Democratic gubernatorial nominees and incumbents . Likewise , the mayors of the largest cities and urban centers convene as the National Conference of Democratic Mayors . 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Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations ( show ) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) European Party for Individual Liberty ( EPIL ) International Alliance of Libertarian Parties ( IALP ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants ( show ) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics ( show ) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal Upon foundation , the Democratic Party supported agrarianism , and the Jacksonian democracy movement of President Andrew Jackson , representing farmers and rural interests , and traditional Jeffersonian democrats . Since the 1890s , the party has favored liberal positions ( the term `` liberal '' in this sense describes modern liberalism , rather than classical liberalism or economic liberalism ) . In recent exit polls , the Democratic Party has had broad appeal across all socio - ethno - economic demographics . Historically , the party has represented farmers , laborers , labor unions , and religious and ethnic minorities ; it has opposed unregulated business and finance , and favored progressive income taxes . In foreign policy , internationalism ( including interventionism ) was a dominant theme from 1913 to the mid-1960s . In the 1930s , the party began advocating welfare spending programs targeted at the poor . The party had a fiscally conservative , pro-business wing , typified by Grover Cleveland and Al Smith , and a Southern conservative wing that shrank after President Lyndon B. Johnson supported the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The major influences for liberalism were labor unions ( which peaked in the 1936 -- 1952 era ) , and the African American wing , which has steadily grown since the 1960s . Since the 1970s , environmentalism has been a major new component . The Democratic Party , once dominant in the Southeastern United States , is now strongest in the Northeast ( Mid-Atlantic and New England ) , Great Lakes region , and the West Coast ( including Hawaii ) . The Democrats are also very strong in major cities ( regardless of region ) . Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue , `` the Democratic party , nationally , moved from left - center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved further toward the right - center in the 1970s and 1980s . '' According to historian Walter Scheidel , both major political parties shifted towards promoting free market capitalism in the 1970s , with Republicans moving further to the political right than Democrats to the political left . He contends Democrats played a significant role in the financial deregulation of the 1990s and have pushed social welfare issues to the periphery while increasingly focusing on issues pertaining to identity politics . Centrists Centrist Democrats , or New Democrats , are an ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H.W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election . They are an economically liberal and `` Third Way '' faction which dominated the party for around 20 years starting in the late 1980s after the US populace turned much further to the political right . They are represented by organizations such as the New Democrat Network and the New Democrat Coalition . The New Democrat Coalition is a pro-business , pro-growth , and fiscally conservative congressional coalition . Compared to other Democratic factions , they are mostly more supportive of the use of military force , including the war in Iraq , are more supportive of free trade , and are more willing to reduce government welfare , as indicated by their support for welfare reform and tax cuts . One of the most influential centrist groups was the Democratic Leadership Council ( DLC ) , a nonprofit organization that advocated centrist positions for the party . The DLC hailed President Bill Clinton as proof of the viability of `` Third Way '' politicians and a DLC success story ; the DLC disbanded in 2011 . Much of the former DLC is now represented in the think tank Third Way . While not representing a majority of the Democratic Party electorate , a decent amount of Democratic elected officials have self - declared as being centrists . Some of these Democrats are former President Bill Clinton , former Vice President Al Gore , Senator Mark Warner , former Pennsylvania governor Ed Rendell , former senator Jim Webb , Vice President Joe Biden , congresswoman Ann Kirkpatrick and former congressman Dave McCurdy . The New Democrat Network supports socially moderate , fiscally conservative Democratic politicians and operates the congressional New Democrat Coalition in the House and Senate . Congressman Ron Kind is the chairperson of the coalition and former senator and 2016 Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton was a member while in Congress . Before he became president , Senator Barack Obama was self - described as a New Democrat . Conservatives Main article : Conservative Democrat A Conservative Democrat is a member of the Democratic Party with conservative political views , or with views relatively conservative with respect to those of the national party . While such members of the Democratic Party can be found throughout the nation , actual elected officials are disproportionately found within the Southern states , and to a lesser extent within rural regions of the United States generally , more commonly in the West . Historically , Southern Democrats were generally much more ideologically conservative than conservative Democrats are now . Many conservative Southern Democrats defected to the Republican Party , beginning with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the general leftward shift of the party . Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , Billy Tauzin of Louisiana , Kent Hance and Ralph Hall of Texas , and Richard Shelby of Alabama are examples of this . The influx of conservative Democrats into the Republican Party is often cited as a reason for the GOP 's shift further to the right during the late 20th century , as well as the shift of its base from the Northeast and Midwest to the South . The Democratic Party had a conservative element , mostly from the South and Border regions , into the 1980s . Their numbers declined sharply as the Republican Party built up its Southern base . They were sometimes humorously called `` Yellow dog Democrats , '' or `` boll weevils , '' `` Dixiecrats . '' In the House , they form the Blue Dog Coalition , a caucus of fiscal conservatives and social conservatives and moderates , primarily southerners , willing to broker compromises with the Republican leadership . They have acted as a unified voting bloc in the past , giving its forty plus members some ability to change legislation . There was a split vote among many conservative Southern Democrats in the 1970s and 1980s . Some supported local and statewide conservative Democrats while simultaneously voting for Republican presidential candidates . Liberals See also : Modern liberalism in the United States Eleanor Roosevelt at the 1956 Democratic National Convention in Chicago Social liberals ( modern liberals ) and progressives constitute the majority of the Democratic voter base . Liberals thereby form the largest united demographic within the Democratic base . According to the 2012 exit poll results , liberals constituted 25 % of the electorate , and 86 % of American liberals favored the candidate of the Democratic Party . White - collar college - educated professionals were mostly Republican until the 1950s ; they now compose a vital component of the Democratic Party . A large majority of liberals favor universal health care , with many supporting a single - payer system . A majority also favor diplomacy over military action , stem cell research , the legalization of same - sex marriage , stricter gun control , and environmental protection laws as well as the preservation of abortion rights . Immigration and cultural diversity is deemed positive ; liberals favor cultural pluralism , a system in which immigrants retain their native culture in addition to adopting their new culture . They tend to be divided on free trade agreements and organizations such as the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . Most liberals oppose increased military spending and the mixing of church and state . This ideological group differs from the traditional organized labor base . According to the Pew Research Center , a plurality of 41 % resided in mass affluent households and 49 % were college graduates , the highest figure of any typographical group . It was also the fastest growing typological group between the late 1990s and early 2000s . Liberals include most of academia and large portions of the professional class . Progressives See also : Progressivism in the United States Progressives are a left - leaning , pro-labor union faction in the party who have long supported a strong regulation of business , social - welfare programs , and workers ' rights . Many progressive Democrats are descendants of the New Left of Democratic presidential candidate Senator George McGovern of South Dakota ; others were involved in the 2016 presidential candidacy of Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders . In 2014 , progressive Senator Elizabeth Warren set out an `` Eleven Commandments of Progressivism '' , being tougher regulation on corporations , affordable education , scientific investment and environmentalism , network neutrality , increased wages , equal pay , collective bargaining rights , defending social safety - net programs , marriage equality , immigration reform , and unabridged access to reproductive healthcare . Additionally , progressives strongly oppose political corruption , and therefore seek to advance electoral reform including campaign finance reform and voting rights . Today many progressives have made a fight against economic inequality their top priority . Progressives are generally considered to be synonymous with Liberals ; however , the two groups differ on a variety of issues . The Congressional Progressive Caucus is a caucus of progressive Democrats , and is the single largest Democratic caucus in the House of Representatives . Its current chairs are Mark Pocan of Wisconsin and Raúl Grijalva of Arizona . Its members have included Representatives Dennis Kucinich of Ohio , John Conyers of Michigan , Jim McDermott of Washington , John Lewis of Georgia , Barbara Lee of California , and the late Senator Paul Wellstone of Minnesota . Senators Sherrod Brown of Ohio , Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin , Mazie Hirono of Hawaii , and Ed Markey of Massachusetts were all members of the caucus when in the House of Representatives . Today , no Democratic Senators belong to the Progressive Caucus ; however , Independent Senator Bernie Sanders is a member . Political positions Main article : Political positions of the Democratic Party Economic policy : Expand social security and safety net programs . Increase top capital gains tax and dividend tax rates to above 28 % . Across the board tax - cuts for the low and middle class and small businesses . Change tax rules to not encourage shipping jobs overseas . Increase federal minimum wage . Modernize and expand access to public education , and provide universal preschool education . Support for universal health care . Greater investment in infrastructure development . Increase investments in scientific and technological research and development . Expand the use of renewable energy and diminish the use of fossil fuels . Implement a carbon tax . Uphold labor protections and the right to unionize . Reform the student loan system and allow for refinancing student loans . Mandate equal pay for equal work regardless of gender , race , or ethnicity . Social policy : Uphold network neutrality . Implement campaign finance reform and electoral reform . Uphold voting rights and easy access to voting . Supports for same - sex marriage and civil unions . Allow legal access to abortions and women 's reproductive health care . Reform the immigration system and allow for a pathway to citizenship . Support for gun background checks and stricter gun control regulations . Improve privacy laws and curtail government surveillance . Opposition to the use of torture . Recognize and defend Internet freedom worldwide . Economic issues Equal economic opportunity , a base social safety net provided by the welfare state , and strong labor unions have historically been at the heart of Democratic economic policy . The welfare state supports a progressive tax system , higher minimum wages , social security , universal health care , public education , and public housing . They also support infrastructure development and government sponsored employment programs in an effort to achieve economic development and job creation , while stimulating private sector job creation . Additionally however , since the 1990s the party has at times supported centrist economic reforms , which cut the size of government and reduced market regulations . The party has continuously rejected laissez - faire economics as well as market socialism , instead favoring Keynesian economics within a capitalist market - based system . Fiscal policy Democrats support a more progressive tax structure to provide more services and reduce economic inequality by making sure that the wealthiest Americans pay the highest amount in taxes . Democrats support more government spending on social services while spending less on the military . They oppose the cutting of social services , such as Social Security , Medicare , Medicaid , and various other welfare programs , believing it to be harmful to efficiency and social justice . Democrats believe the benefits of social services , in monetary and non-monetary terms , are a more productive labor force and cultured population , and believe that the benefits of this are greater than any benefits that could be derived from lower taxes , especially on top earners , or cuts to social services . Furthermore , Democrats see social services as essential towards providing positive freedom , i.e. freedom derived from economic opportunity . The Democratic - led House of Representatives reinstated the PAYGO ( pay - as - you - go ) budget rule at the start of the 110th Congress . Minimum wage See also : United States minimum wage The Democratic Party favors raising the minimum wage . They call for a $10.10 / hour national minimum wage and think the minimum wage should be adjusted regularly . The Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 was an early component of the Democrats ' agenda during the 110th Congress . In 2006 , the Democrats supported six state ballot initiatives to increase the minimum wage ; all six initiatives passed . In May 2017 , senate Democrats introduced the Raise the Wage Act , which would raise the minimum wage to $15 an hour by 2024 , and marks a leftward turn in Democratic economic policies . Health care President Barack Obama signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act into law at the White House on March 23 , 2010 Democrats call for `` affordable and quality health care , '' and many advocate an expansion of government intervention in this area . Democrats favor national health insurance or universal health care in a variety of forms to address the rising costs of modern health insurance . Some Democrats , such as Representatives John Conyers and John Dingell , have called for a single - payer program of Medicare for All . The Progressive Democrats of America , a group operating inside the Democratic Party , has made single - payer universal health care one of their primary policy goals . The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , signed into law by President Obama on March 23 , 2010 , has been one of the most significant pushes for universal health care to become a reality . By April 2014 , more than 10 million Americans had enrolled in healthcare coverage since the launch of the Affordable Care Act . Education Democrats favor improving public education by raising school standards and reforming the head start program . They also support universal preschool and expanding access to primary education , including through charter schools . They call for slashes in student loan debt and support reforms to force down tuition fees . Other proposed reforms have included nationwide universal preschool education , tuition - free college , and reform of standardized testing . Democrats have the long - term aim of having low - cost , publicly funded college education with low tuition fees ( like in much of Europe and Canada ) , which should be available to every eligible American student . Alternatively , they encourage expanding access to post-secondary education by increasing state funding for student financial aid such as Pell Grants and college tuition tax deductions . Environment Main article : Environmental policy of the United States Democrats believe that the government should protect the environment and have a history of environmentalism . In more recent years , this stance has had as its emphasis alternative energy generation as the basis for an improved economy , greater national security , and general environmental benefits . The Democratic Party also favors expansion of conservation lands and encourages open space and rail travel to relieve highway and airport congestion and improve air quality and economy ; it `` believe ( s ) that communities , environmental interests , and government should work together to protect resources while ensuring the vitality of local economies . Once Americans were led to believe they had to make a choice between the economy and the environment . They now know this is a false choice . '' The most important environmental concern of the Democratic Party is climate change . Democrats , most notably former Vice President Al Gore , have pressed for stern regulation of greenhouse gases . On October 15 , 2007 , he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to build greater knowledge about man - made climate change , and laying the foundations for the measures needed to counteract these changes asserting that `` the climate crisis is not a political issue , it is a moral and spiritual challenge to all of humanity . '' Renewable energy and fossil fuels Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development , including wind and solar power farms , in an effort to reduce carbon pollution . The party 's platform calls for an `` all of the above '' energy policy including clean energy , natural gas and domestic oil , with the desire of becoming energy independent . The party has supported higher taxes on oil companies and increased regulations on coal power plants , favoring a policy of reducing long - term reliance on fossil fuels . Additionally , the party supports stricter fuel emissions standards to prevent air pollution . Trade agreements Many Democrats support fair trade policies when it comes to the issue of international trade agreements , and some in the party have started supporting free trade in recent decades . In the 1990s , the Clinton administration and a number of prominent Democrats pushed through a number of agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . Since then , the party 's shift away from free trade became evident in the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) vote , with 15 House Democrats voting for the agreement and 187 voting against . Social issues Shirley Chisholm was the first major party African - American candidate to run nationwide primary campaigns The modern Democratic party emphasizes egalitarianism and social equality through liberalism . They support voting rights and minority rights , including LGBT rights , multiculturalism , and religious secularism . A longstanding social policy is upholding civil rights , which affect ethnic and racial minorities and includes voting rights , equal opportunity , and racial equality . The party championed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which for the first time outlawed segregation . Democrats made civil rights and anti-racism a core party philosophy . Carmines and Stimson say , `` the Democratic Party appropriated racial liberalism and assumed federal responsibility for ending racial discrimination . '' Ideological social elements in the party include cultural liberalism , civil libertarianism , and feminism . Other Democratic social policies are internationalism , open immigration , electoral reform , and women 's reproductive rights . Equal opportunity The Democratic Party supports equal opportunity for all Americans regardless of sex , age , race , ethnicity , sexual orientation , gender identity , religion , creed , or national origin . Many Democrats support affirmative action programs to further this goal . Democrats also strongly support the Americans with Disabilities Act to prohibit discrimination against people based on physical or mental disability . As such , the Democrats pushed as well the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 , a legal expansion that became law . Voting rights The party is very supportive of improving voting rights as well as election accuracy and accessibility . They support ending voter ID laws and increasing voting time , including making election day a holiday . They support reforming the electoral system to eliminate gerrymandering as well as passing comprehensive campaign finance reform . They supported the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and as a party have often been pioneers for democracy in the United States . Abortion and reproductive rights See also : Abortion law in the United States The Democratic Party believe that all women should have access to birth control , and support public funding of contraception for poor women . The Democratic Party , in its national platforms from 1992 to 2004 , has called for abortion to be `` safe , legal and rare '' -- namely , keeping it legal by rejecting laws that allow governmental interference in abortion decisions , and reducing the number of abortions by promoting both knowledge of reproduction and contraception , and incentives for adoption . The wording changed in the 2008 platform . When Congress voted on the Partial - Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003 , Congressional Democrats were split , with a minority ( including former Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid ) supporting the ban , and the majority of Democrats opposing the legislation . The Democratic Party opposes attempts to reverse the 1973 Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade , which declared abortion covered by the constitutionally protected individual right to privacy under the Ninth Amendment , and Planned Parenthood v. Casey , which lays out the legal framework in which government action alleged to violate that right is assessed by courts . As a matter of the right to privacy and of gender equality , many Democrats believe all women should have the ability to choose to abort without governmental interference . They believe that each woman , conferring with her conscience , has the right to choose for herself whether abortion is morally correct . Former Senate Minority Leader Harry Reid identified himself as ' pro-life ' , while President Barack Obama and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi self - identify as ' pro-choice ' . Groups such as Democrats for Life of America represent the pro-life faction of the party , while groups such as EMILY 's List represent the pro-choice faction . A Newsweek poll from October 2006 found that 25 % of Democrats were pro-life while a 69 % majority was pro-choice . Immigration See also : Immigration to the United States and Illegal immigration to the United States President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Immigration Act of 1965 as Vice President Hubert Humphrey , Senators Edward M. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy and others look on Many Democratic politicians have called for systematic reform of the U.S. immigration system such that residents that have come into the U.S. illegally have a pathway to legal citizenship . President Obama remarked in November 2013 that he felt it was `` long past time to fix our broken immigration system '' , particularly to allow `` incredibly bright young people '' that came over as students to become full citizens . The Public Religion Research Institute found in a late 2013 study that 73 % of Democrats supported the pathway concept , compared to 63 % of Americans as a whole . In 2013 , Democrats in the Senate passed S. 744 , which would reform immigration policy to allow citizenship for illegal immigrants in the US and improve the lives of all immigrants currently living in the United States . LGBT rights The Democratic Party is supportive of LGBT rights . Most support for same - sex marriage in the United States has come from Democrats , although some favor civil unions instead or oppose same - sex marriage . Support for same - sex marriage has increased in the past decade according to ABC News . An April 2009 ABC News / Washington Post public opinion poll put support among Democrats at 62 % , while a June 2008 Newsweek poll found that 42 % of Democrats support same - sex marriage while 23 % support civil unions or domestic partnership laws and 28 % oppose any legal recognition at all . A broad majority of Democrats have supported other LGBT - related laws such as extending hate crime statutes , legally preventing discrimination against LGBT people in the workforce , and repealing Do n't ask , do n't tell . A 2006 Pew Research Center poll of Democrats found that 55 % supported gays adopting children with 40 % opposed while 70 % support gays in the military with only 23 % opposed . Gallup polling from May 2009 stated that 82 % of Democrats support open enlistment . The 2004 Democratic National Platform stated that marriage should be defined at the state level and it repudiated the Federal Marriage Amendment . The 2008 platform , while not stating support of same - sex marriage , called for repeal of the Defense of Marriage Act , which banned federal recognition of same - sex marriage and removed the need for interstate recognition , supported antidiscrimination laws and the extension of hate crime laws to LGBT people , and opposed the do n't ask , do n't tell military policy . The 2012 platform included support for same - sex marriage and for the repeal of DOMA . On May 9 , 2012 , Barack Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to say he supports same - sex marriage . Previously , he had opposed restrictions on same - sex marriage such as the Defense of Marriage Act , which he promised to repeal , California 's Prop 8 , and a constitutional amendment to ban same - sex marriage ( which he opposed saying that `` decisions about marriage should be left to the states as they always have been . '' ) but also stated that he personally believed marriage to be between a man and a woman and that he favored civil unions that would `` give same - sex couples equal legal rights and privileges as married couples '' . Earlier , when running for the Illinois Senate in 1996 , he said that he `` unequivocally support ( ed ) gay marriage '' and `` favor ( ed ) legalizing same - sex marriages , and would fight efforts to prohibit such marriages . '' Senator John Kerry , Democratic presidential candidate in 2004 , did not support same - sex marriage . Former presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter and former vice presidents Joe Biden , Al Gore , and Walter Mondale also support gay marriage . Civil rights -- United States citizens in Puerto Rico The 2016 Democratic Party Platform declares : We are committed to addressing the extraordinary challenges faced by our fellow citizens in Puerto Rico . Many stem from the fundamental question of Puerto Rico 's political status . Democrats believe that the people of Puerto Rico should determine their ultimate political status from permanent options that do not conflict with the Constitution , laws , and policies of the United States . Democrats are committed to promoting economic opportunity and good - paying jobs for the hardworking people of Puerto Rico . We also believe that Puerto Ricans must be treated equally by Medicare , Medicaid , and other programs that benefit families . Puerto Ricans should be able to vote for the people who make their laws , just as they should be treated equally . All American citizens , no matter where they reside , should have the right to vote for the President of the United States . Finally , we believe that federal officials must respect Puerto Rico 's local self - government as laws are implemented and Puerto Rico 's budget and debt are restructured so that it can get on a path towards stability and prosperity . Legal issues Gun control With a stated goal of reducing crime and homicide , the Democratic Party has introduced various gun control measures , most notably the Gun Control Act of 1968 , the Brady Bill of 1993 , and Crime Control Act of 1994 . However , some Democrats , especially rural , Southern , and Western Democrats , favor fewer restrictions on firearm possession and warned the party was defeated in the 2000 presidential election in rural areas because of the issue . In the national platform for 2008 , the only statement explicitly favoring gun control was a plan calling for renewal of the 1994 Assault Weapons Ban . Death penalty The Democratic Party supports the death penalty far less than the Republican Party . Though most Democrats in Congress have never seriously moved to overturn the rarely used federal death penalty , both Russ Feingold and Dennis Kucinich have introduced such bills with little success . Democrats have led efforts to overturn state death penalty laws , particularly in New Jersey and in New Mexico . They have also sought to prevent reinstatement of the death penalty in those states which prohibit it , including Massachusetts and New York . During the Clinton administration , Democrats led the expansion of the federal death penalty . These efforts resulted in the passage of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 , signed into law by President Clinton ; the law heavily limited appeals in death penalty cases . In 1992 , 1993 , and 1995 , Democratic Texas Congressman Henry González unsuccessfully introduced the Death Penalty Abolition Amendment which prohibited the use of capital punishment in the United States . Democratic Missouri Congressman William Lacy Clay , Sr. cosponsored the amendment in 1993 . During his Illinois Senate career , former President Barack Obama successfully introduced legislation intended to reduce the likelihood of wrongful convictions in capital cases , requiring videotaping of confessions . When campaigning for the presidency , Obama stated that he supports the limited use of the death penalty , including for people who have been convicted of raping a minor under the age of 12 , having opposed the Supreme Court 's ruling in Kennedy v. Louisiana that the death penalty was unconstitutional in child rape cases . Obama has stated that he thinks the `` death penalty does little to deter crime '' , and that it is used too frequently and too inconsistently . In June 2016 , the Democratic Platform Drafting Committee unanimously adopted an amendment to abolish the death penalty , marking the first time the party had done so in its history . Torture Many Democrats are opposed to the use of torture against individuals apprehended and held prisoner by the U.S. military , and hold that categorizing such prisoners as unlawful combatants does not release the U.S. from its obligations under the Geneva Conventions . Democrats contend that torture is inhumane , decreases the United States ' moral standing in the world , and produces questionable results . Democrats largely spoke out against waterboarding . Torture became a very divisive issue in the party after Barack Obama was elected president . Many centrist Democrats and members of the party 's leadership supported the use of torture while the liberal wings continued to be steadfastly opposed to it . Patriot Act Many Democrats are opposed to the Patriot Act , however when the law was passed most Democrats were supportive of it and all but two Democrats in the U.S. Senate voted for the original Patriot Act legislation in 2001 . The lone nay vote was from Russ Feingold of Wisconsin ; Mary Landrieu of Louisiana did not vote . In the House the Democrats voted for the Act by 145 yea and 62 nay . Democrats split on the renewal in 2006 . In the Senate , Democrats voted 34 for the 2006 renewal , and 9 against . In the House , Democrats voted 66 voted for the renewal , and 124 against . Right to privacy The Democratic Party believes that individuals should have a right to privacy . For example , many Democrats have opposed the NSA warrantless surveillance of U.S. citizens . Some Democratic officeholders have championed consumer protection laws that limit the sharing of consumer data between corporations . Most Democrats oppose sodomy laws and believe that government should not regulate consensual noncommercial sexual conduct among adults as a matter of personal privacy . Foreign policy issues The foreign policy of the voters of the two major parties has largely overlapped since the 1990s . A Gallup poll in early 2013 showed broad agreement on the top issues , albeit with some divergence regarding human rights and international cooperation through agencies such as the UN . In June 2014 , the Quinnipiac Poll asked Americans which foreign policy they preferred : A ) The United States is doing too much in other countries around the world , and it is time to do less around the world and focus more on our own problems here at home . B) The United States must continue to push forward to promote democracy and freedom in other countries around the world because these efforts make our own country more secure . Democrats chose A over B by 65 % to 32 % ; Republicans chose A over B by 56 % to 39 % ; independents chose A over B by 67 % to 29 % . Iraq War See also : Iraq War In 2002 , Congressional Democrats were divided on the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq : 147 voted against it ( 21 in the Senate and 126 in the House ) and 110 voted for it ( 29 in the Senate , 81 in the House ) . Since then , many prominent Democrats , such as former Senator John Edwards , have expressed regret about this decision , and have called it a mistake , while others , such as Senator Hillary Clinton have criticized the conduct of the war but not repudiated their initial vote for it ( though Clinton later went on to repudiate her stance during the 2008 primaries ) . Referring to Iraq , in April 2007 Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid declared the war to be `` lost '' while other Democrats ( especially during the 2004 presidential election cycle ) accused the president of lying to the public about WMDs in Iraq . Among lawmakers , Democrats are the most vocal opponents of Operation Iraqi Freedom and campaigned on a platform of withdrawal ahead of the 2006 midterm elections . A March 2003 CBS News poll taken a few days before the invasion of Iraq found that 34 % of Democrats nationwide would support it without United Nations backing , 51 % would support it only with its backing , and 14 % would not support it at all . The Los Angeles Times stated in early April 2003 that 70 % of Democrats supported the decision to invade while 27 % opposed it . The Pew Research Center stated in August 2007 that opposition increased from 37 % during the initial invasion to 74 % . In April 2008 , a CBS News poll found that about 90 % of Democrats disapprove of the Bush administration 's conduct and want to end the war within the next year . Democrats in the House of Representatives near - unanimously supported a non-binding resolution disapproving of President Bush 's decision to send additional troops into Iraq in 2007 . Congressional Democrats overwhelmingly supported military funding legislation that included a provision that set `` a timeline for the withdrawal of all US combat troops from Iraq '' by March 31 , 2008 , but also would leave combat forces in Iraq for purposes such as targeted counter-terrorism operations . After a veto from the president , and a failed attempt in Congress to override the veto , the U.S. Troop Readiness , Veterans ' Care , Katrina Recovery , and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act , 2007 was passed by Congress and signed by the president after the timetable was dropped . Criticism of the Iraq War subsided after the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 led to a dramatic decrease in Iraqi violence . The Democratic - controlled 110th Congress continued to fund efforts in both Iraq and Afghanistan . Presidential candidate Barack Obama advocated a withdrawal of combat troops within Iraq by late 2010 with a residual force of peacekeeping troops left in place . He stated that both the speed of withdrawal and the amount of troops left over would be `` entirely conditions - based . '' On February 27 , 2009 , President Obama announced , `` As a candidate for president , I made clear my support for a timeline of 16 months to carry out this drawdown , while pledging to consult closely with our military commanders upon taking office to ensure that we preserve the gains we 've made and protect our troops ... Those consultations are now complete , and I have chosen a timeline that will remove our combat brigades over the next 18 months . '' Around 50,000 non-combat - related forces will remain . Obama 's plan drew wide bipartisan support , including that of defeated Republican presidential candidate Senator John McCain . Iran sanctions See also : U.S. sanctions against Iran The Democratic Party has been critical of the Iran 's nuclear weapon program and supported economic sanctions against the Iranian government . In 2013 , the Democratic led administration worked to reach a diplomatic agreement with the government of Iran to halt the Iranian nuclear weapon program in exchange for international economic sanction relief . As of 2014 negotiations had been successful and the party called for more cooperation with Iran in the future . In 2015 , the Obama administration agreed to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , which provides sanction relief in exchange for international oversight of the Iranian nuclear program . Invasion of Afghanistan See also : Afghanistan -- United States relations and International public opinion on the war in Afghanistan Democrats in the House of Representatives and in the Senate near - unanimously voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists against `` those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States '' in Afghanistan in 2001 , supporting the NATO coalition invasion of the nation . Most elected Democrats continue to support the Afghanistan conflict , and some , such as a Democratic National Committee spokesperson , have voiced concerns that the Iraq War shifted too many resources away from the presence in Afghanistan . Since 2006 , Democratic candidate Barack Obama has called for a `` surge '' of troops into Afghanistan and , since 2008 , Republican candidate John McCain has also called for a `` surge '' . As President , Obama sent a `` surge '' force of additional troops to Afghanistan . Troop levels were 94,000 in December 2011 , and are falling , with a target of 68,000 by fall 2012 . Obama plans to bring all the troops home by 2014 . Support for the war among the American people has diminished over time , and many Democrats have changed their opinion and now oppose a continuation of the conflict . In July 2008 , Gallup found that 41 % of Democrats called the invasion a `` mistake '' while a 55 % majority disagreed ; in contrast , Republicans were more supportive of the war . The survey described Democrats as evenly divided about whether or not more troops should be sent -- 56 % support it if it would mean removing troops from Iraq and only 47 % support it otherwise . A CNN survey in August 2009 stated that a majority of Democrats now oppose the war . CNN polling director Keating Holland said , `` Nearly two thirds of Republicans support the war in Afghanistan . Three quarters of Democrats oppose the war . '' An August 2009 Washington Post poll found similar results , and the paper stated that Obama 's policies would anger his closest supporters . Israel See also : Israel -- United States relations The Democratic Party has both recently and historically supported Israel . Former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi said in 2009 , `` When it comes to Israel , Republicans and Democrats speak with one voice . '' A 2008 Gallup poll found that 64 % say that they have a favorable image of Israel while only 16 % say that they have a favorable image of the Palestinian Authority . Within the party , the majority view is held by the Democratic leadership although some members such as John Conyers Jr. , George Miller , Nick Rahall , Dave Obey , Pete Stark , Dennis Kucinich , and Jim McDermott as well as former President Jimmy Carter are less or not supportive of Israel . The party leadership refers to the few Democrats unsympathetic to Israel as a `` fringe '' . The 2008 Democratic Party Platform acknowledges a `` special relationship with Israel , grounded in shared interests and shared values , and a clear , strong , fundamental commitment to the security of Israel , our strongest ally in the region and its only established democracy . '' It also included : It is in the best interests of all parties , including the United States , that we take an active role to help secure a lasting settlement of the Israeli - Palestinian conflict with a democratic , viable Palestinian state dedicated to living in peace and security side by side with the Jewish State of Israel . To do so , we must help Israel identify and strengthen those partners who are truly committed to peace , while isolating those who seek conflict and instability , and stand with Israel against those who seek its destruction . The United States and its Quartet partners should continue to isolate Hamas until it renounces terrorism , recognizes Israel 's right to exist , and abides by past agreements . Sustained American leadership for peace and security will require patient efforts and the personal commitment of the President of the United States . The creation of a Palestinian state through final status negotiations , together with an international compensation mechanism , should resolve the issue of Palestinian refugees by allowing them to settle there , rather than in Israel . All understand that it is unrealistic to expect the outcome of final status negotiations to be a full and complete return to the armistice lines of 1949 . Jerusalem is and will remain the capital of Israel . The parties have agreed that Jerusalem is a matter for final status negotiations . It should remain an undivided city accessible to people of all faiths . A January 2009 Pew Research Center study found that , when asked `` which side do you sympathize with more '' , 42 % of Democrats and 33 % of liberals ( a plurality in both groups ) sympathize most with the Israelis . Around half of all political moderates or independents sided with Israel . Recent years have brought more discussion of the party 's stance on Israel as polls reported declining support for Israel among the party faithful . Gallup suggested that the decline in support might be due to tensions between Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and President Barack Obama . Voter base Further information : Factions in the Democratic Party ( United States ) § Voter base Self - identified Democrats ( blue ) versus self - identified Republicans ( red ) ( January -- June 2010 data ) Professionals Professionals , those who have a college education , and those whose work revolves around the conceptualization of ideas have supported the Democratic Party by a slight majority since 2000 . Between 1988 and 2000 , professionals favored Democrats by a 12 - percentage point margin . While the professional class was once a stronghold of the Republican Party , it has become increasingly split between the two parties , leaning in favor of the Democratic Party . The increasing support for Democratic candidates among professionals may be traced to the prevalence of social liberal values among this group . `` Professionals , who are , roughly speaking , college - educated producers of services and ideas , used to be the most staunchly Republican of all occupational groups ... now chiefly working for large corporations and bureaucracies rather than on their own , and heavily influenced by the environmental , civil - rights , and feminist movements -- began to vote Democratic . In the four elections from 1988 to 2000 , they backed Democrats by an average of 52 percent to 40 percent . '' A study on the political attitudes of medical students , for example , found that `` U.S. medical students are considerably more likely to be liberal than conservative and are more likely to be liberal than are other young U.S. adults . Future U.S. physicians may be more receptive to liberal messages than current ones , and their political orientation may profoundly affect their health system attitudes . '' Similar results are found for professors , who are more strongly inclined towards liberalism and the Democratic Party than other occupational groups . The Democratic Party also has strong support among scientists , with 55 % identifying as Democrats , 32 % as independents , and 6 % as Republicans and 52 % identifying as liberal , 35 % as moderate , and 9 % as conservative . Academia See also : Higher education in the United States Academics , intellectuals , and the highly educated overall constitute an important part of the Democratic voter base . Academia in particular tends to be progressive . In a 2005 survey , nearly 72 % of full - time faculty members identified as liberal , while 15 % identified as conservative . The social sciences and humanities were the most liberal disciplines while business was the most conservative . Male professors at more advanced stages of their careers as well as those at elite institutions tend to be the most liberal . Another survey by UCLA conducted in 2001 / 02 , found 47.6 % of scholars identifying as liberal , 34.3 % as moderate , and 18 % as conservative . Percentages of professors who identified as liberal ranged from 49 % in business to over 80 % in political science and the humanities . Social scientists , such as Brett O'Bannon of DePauw University , have claimed that the `` liberal '' opinions of professors seem to have little , if any , effect on the political orientation of students . Those with graduate education , have become increasingly Democratic beginning in the 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2004 , and 2008 elections . Intellectualism , the tendency to constantly reexamine issues , or in the words of Edwards Shields , the `` penetration beyond the screen of immediate concrete experience , '' has also been named as an explanation why academia is strongly democratic and liberal . In the past , a self - identified Republican was more likely to have a 4 - year college degree ; however , according to some recent surveys , similar percentages of Republicans and Democrats are likely to have 4 - year college degrees , and Democrats are more likely to hold post-graduate degrees . An analysis of 2008 through 2012 survey data from the General Social Survey , the National Election Studies , and the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press led to a slightly different assessment of the overall educational status of self - identified Democrats and Republicans : On average , self - identified Republicans have more years of education ( 4 to 8 months each , depending on the survey ) and are probably more likely to hold , at the least , a 4 - year college degree . ( One major survey indicates that they are more likely , while the results of another survey are statistically insignificant . ) It also appears that Republicans continue to out - test Democrats in surveys that assess political knowledge and / or current events . With respect to post-graduate studies , the educational advantage is shifting towards self - identified Democrats . They are now more likely to hold post-graduate college degrees . ( One major survey indicates that they are more likely , while the results of another survey are statistically insignificant . ) Youth Studies have shown that younger voters tend to vote mostly for Democratic candidates in recent years . Despite supporting Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush , the young have voted in favor of the Democratic presidential candidate in every election since Bill Clinton in 1992 , and are more likely to identify as liberals than the general population . In the 2004 presidential election , Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry received 54 % of the vote from voters of the age group 18 -- 29 , while Republican George W. Bush received 45 % of the vote from the same age group . In the 2006 midterm elections , the Democrats received 60 % of the vote from the same age group . Polls suggest that younger voters tend to be more liberal than the general population and have more liberal views than the public on same - sex marriage and universal healthcare , helping Barack Obama carry 66 % of their votes in 2008 . The Young Democrats of America are an affiliated organization of members of the party younger than 36 that advocates for youth issues and works for youth voter turnout . Women Jerry Brown at a campaign rally in Sacramento two days before the election Although the gender gap has varied over many years , women of all ages are more likely than men to identify as Democrats . Recent polls have indicated that 41 % of women identify as Democrats while only 25 % of women identify as Republicans and 26 % as independents , while 32 % of men identify as Democrats , 28 % as Republicans and 34 % as independents . Among ethnic minorities , women also are more likely than males to identify as Democrats . Also , American women that identified as single , living with a domestic partner , divorced , separated , or widowed are more likely than men in these categories to vote Democratic , in contrast to married Americans , which split about equally between Democrat and Republican . Again , women in these categories are significantly more likely than males in these categories to vote Democratic . The National Federation of Democratic Women is an affiliated organization meant to advocate for women 's issues . The Woman 's National Democratic Club works to promote the Democratic party . National women 's organizations that support Democratic candidates are Emily 's List , which aims to help elect pro-choice Democratic female candidates to office , and often but not always the National Organization for Women . Relation to marital status and Parenthood Americans that identify as single , living with a domestic partner , divorced , separated , or widowed are more likely to vote Democratic , in contrast to married Americans , which split about equally between Democrat and Republican . GSS surveys of more than 11,000 Democrats and Republicans conducted between 1996 and 2006 came to the result that the differences in fertility rates are not statistically significant between these parties , with the average Democrat having 1.94 children and the average Republican having 1.91 children . However , there is a significant difference in fertility rates between the two related groups liberals and conservatives , with liberals reproducing at a much lower rate than conservatives . Lgbtq Americans `` Gay Rights are Human Rights '' , a quote by Democratic Secretary of State and U.S. Senator from New York Hillary Clinton LGBT votes for Democratic presidential candidates Year Candidate Vote Bill Clinton 71 % 2000 Al Gore 70 % John Kerry 77 % 2008 Barack Obama 70 % 2012 Barack Obama 76 % 2016 Hillary Clinton 78 % LGBT Americans typically vote Democratic in national elections within the 70 -- 77 % range , according to national media exit polling . In heavily gay precincts in large cities across the nation , the average was higher , ranging from 85 -- 94 % . This trend has continued since 1996 , when Bill Clinton won 71 % of the LGBT vote compared to Bob Dole 's 16 % and 13 % for others . In 2000 , Al Gore won 70 % to George W. Bush 's 25 % with 5 % for others , in 2004 John Kerry won 77 % to George W. Bush 's 23 % , in 2008 Barack Obama won 70 % to John McCain 's 27 % with 3 % to others and in 2012 Barack Obama won 76 % to Mitt Romney 's 22 % with 2 % to others . Patrick Egan , a professor of politics at New York University specializing in LGBT voting patterns , calls this a `` remarkable continuity '' . Saying `` about three - fourths vote Democratic and one - fourth Republican from year to year . '' Notable LGBT Democrats include current Senator Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin and current Representatives Jared Polis of Colorado and David Cicilline of Rhode Island . The late activist and San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk was a Democrat as is former Representative Barney Frank of Massachusetts . The National Stonewall Democrats is an LGBT advocacy group associated with the Democratic Party . The LGBT Equality Caucus is a congressional caucus of 97 Democrats and 3 Republicans that work and advocate for LGBT rights within the House of Representatives . Labor Since the 1930s , a critical component of the Democratic Party coalition has been organized labor . Labor unions supply a great deal of the money , grass roots political organization , and voting base of support for the party . Democrats are far more likely to be represented by unions , although union membership has declined , in general , during the last few decades . This trend is depicted in the following graph from the book , Democrats and Republicans -- Rhetoric and Reality . It is based on surveys conducted by the National Election Studies ( NES ) . The historic decline in union membership over the past half century has been accompanied by a growing disparity between public sector and private sector union membership percentages . The three most significant labor groupings in the Democratic coalition today are the AFL - CIO and Change to Win labor federations , as well as the National Education Association , a large , unaffiliated teachers ' union . Both the AFL - CIO and Change to Win have identified their top legislative priority for 2007 as passage of the Employee Free Choice Act . Other important issues for labor unions include supporting industrial policy ( including protectionism ) that sustains unionized manufacturing jobs , raising the minimum wage and promoting broad social programs such as Social Security and universal health care . Working class Further information : Social class in the United States While the American working class has lost much of its political strength with the decline of labor unions , it remains a stronghold of the Democratic Party and continues as an essential part of the Democratic base . Today , roughly a third of the American public is estimated to be working class with around 52 % being either members of the working or lower classes . Yet , as those with lower socioeconomic status are less likely to vote , the working and lower classes are underrepresented in the electorate . The working class is largely distinguished by highly routinized and closely supervised work . It consists mainly of clerical and blue - collar workers . Even though most in the working class are able to afford an adequate standard of living , high economic insecurity and possible personal benefit from an extended social safety net , make the majority of working class person left - of - center on economic issues . Most working class Democrats differ from most liberals , however , in their more socially conservative views . Working class Democrats tend to be more religious and likely to belong to an ethnic minority . Socially conservative and disadvantaged Democrats are among the least educated and lowest earning ideological demographics . In 2005 , only 15 % had a college degree , compared to 27 % at the national average and 49 % of liberals , respectively . Together socially conservative and the financially disadvantaged comprised roughly 54 % of the Democratic base . The continued importance of the working class votes manifests itself in recent CNN exit polls , which shows that the majority of those with low incomes and little education vote for the Democratic Party . However , since at least 1980 , there has been a noticeable decline in support for the Democratic Party among white working class voters . In the 2008 presidential election , Barack Obama carried 40 % of white voters without college degrees to John McCain carrying 58 % . In the 2010 midterms , Democratic candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives only carried 33 % of the white working class vote compared to 63 % for the Republican candidates . In the 2012 presidential election , Barack Obama carried 36 % of white working class voters to Mitt Romney carrying 61 % . In the 2014 midterms , Democratic candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives carried 34 % of the white working class vote compared to 64 % for the Republican candidates . In the 2016 presidential election , Hillary Clinton only carried 28 % of white working class voters to Donald Trump carrying 67 % . Secular Americans Main article : Irreligion in the United States The Democratic Party receives support from secular organizations such as the Secular Coalition for America , and many agnostic and atheist Americans . Exit polls from the 2008 election showed that voters with a religious affiliation of `` none '' accounted for the 12 % of the electorate and overwhelmingly voted for Obama by a 75 -- 25 % margin . In his inaugural address , Obama acknowledged atheists by saying that the United States is not just `` Christians and Muslims , Jews and Hindus but non-believers as well . '' In the 2012 election cycle , Obama has moderate to high rankings with the Secular Coalition for America , whereas the majority of the Republican candidates have ratings in the low - to - failing range . Atheists and secular people , although a diverse group themselves , may include individuals who are fiscally conservative . In this case , fiscally conservative atheists and secularists will come together due to their opposition to the religiously bound social policies of the Christian right . There is still a social stigma relating to atheism in the nation and polls show that a majority of the American people would be more comfortable voting for a Muslim or gay candidate than an atheist . African Americans Bill Clinton at a Democratic `` Get out the vote '' rally in Los Angeles From the end of the Civil War , African Americans primarily favored the Republican Party due to its overwhelming political and more tangible efforts in achieving the abolition of slavery , particularly through President Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation . The south had long been a Democratic stronghold , favoring a state 's right to legal slavery . In addition , the ranks of the fledgling Ku Klux Klan were composed almost entirely of white Democrats who were angry over the poor treatment they had received at the hands of northerners and who were also bent on reversing the policies of Reconstruction . However , African Americans began drifting to the Democratic Party when Franklin Roosevelt was elected president . Support for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s by Democratic presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson helped give the Democrats even larger support among the African - American community , which consistently vote between 85 - 95 % Democratic . Prominent modern - day African - American Democratic politicians include Jim Clyburn , Elijah Cummings , Maxine Waters , John Lewis , Barbara Lee , Charles Rangel , John Conyers , Senator Cory Booker , and the former President of the United States , Barack Obama , who managed to net over 95 % of the African - American vote in the 2008 election . Despite being unaffiliated , the NAACP often participates in organizing and voter turnout drives and advocates for progressive causes , especially those that affect people of color . Within the House of Representatives , the Congressional Black Caucus , consisting of 44 black Democrats , serves to represent the interests of African Americans and advocate on issues that affect them . Hispanic and Latino Americans The Hispanic population , particularly the large Mexican American population in the Southwest and the large Puerto Rican and Dominican populations in the Northeast , have been strong supporters of the Democratic Party . In the 1996 presidential election , Democratic President Bill Clinton received 72 % of the Hispanic vote . In following years , however , the Republican Party gained increasing support from the Hispanic community , especially among Hispanic Protestants and Pentecostals . With his much more liberal views on immigration , President Bush was the first Republican president to gain 40 % of the Hispanic vote ( he did so in the 2004 presidential election ) . Yet the Republican Party 's support among Hispanics eroded in the 2006 midterm elections , dropping from 44 % to 30 % , with the Democrats gaining in the Hispanic vote from 55 % in 2004 to 69 % in 2006 . Democrats increased their share of the Hispanic vote in the 2008 presidential election , with Barack Obama receiving 67 % . According to exit polls by Edison Research , Obama increased his support again in 2012 , winning 71 % of Hispanic voters . Cuban Americans still tend to vote Republican , though there has been a noticeable change starting with the 2008 elections . During the 2008 elections Barack Obama received 47 % of the Cuban American vote in Florida . According to Bendixen 's exit polls , 84 % of Miami - Dade Cuban American voters 65 or older backed McCain , while 55 % of those 29 or younger backed Obama , showing that the younger Cuban - American generation has become more liberal . Throughout the decade of the 2000s , 60 % or more of Hispanic Roman Catholics who were registered to vote identified as either Democratic or leaning towards the Party . Unaffiliated Hispanic advocacy groups that often support progressive candidates and causes include the National Council of La Raza and the League of United Latin American Citizens . In the House of Representatives , the Democratic caucus of Hispanic Americans is the Congressional Hispanic Caucus . Native Americans Carl Venne , Crow Indian Tribal Chairman , shows support for Democratic Presidential nominee Barack Obama in 2008 The Democratic Party also has strong support among the Native American population , particularly in Arizona , New Mexico , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Washington , Alaska , Idaho , Minnesota , Wisconsin , Oklahoma and North Carolina . Though now a small percentage of the population ( virtually non-existent in some regions ) , most Native American precincts vote Democratic in margins exceeded only by African - Americans . Modern - day Democratic Native American politicians include former Congressman Brad Carson of Oklahoma and Lieutenant Governor Byron Mallott of Alaska , as well as Principal Chief Bill John Baker of the Cherokee Nation and Governor Bill Anoatubby of the Chickasaw Nation . Jewish Americans See also : National Jewish Democratic Council Democratic President Barack Obama at a Conference with Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations Jewish American communities tend to be a stronghold for the Democratic Party , with more than 70 % of Jewish voters having cast their ballots for the Democrats in the 2004 and 2006 elections . Al Gore received 79 % of the Jewish votes in 2000 , and Barack Obama won about 77 % of the Jewish vote in 2008 . Support tends to vary among specific sectarian groups . For example , only 13 % of Orthodox Jews supported Barack Obama in 2008 while around 60 % of Conservative Jews and Reform Jews did so . A 2010 poll by the Pew Research Center found that 60 % of self - described Jews identified as Democratic or leaning towards the party , compared to 33 % with those feelings towards Republicans . Jews as an important Democratic constituency are especially politically active and influential in large cities such as New York City , Los Angeles , Boston , Chicago ; and play critical roles in large cities within presidential swing states , such as Philadelphia , Miami , and Las Vegas . Many prominent national Democrats in recent decades have been Jewish , including Chuck Schumer , Carl Levin , Abraham Ribicoff , Ben Cardin , Henry Waxman , Martin Frost , Joseph Lieberman , Bernie Sanders , Dianne Feinstein , Barney Frank , Barbara Boxer , Paul Wellstone , Rahm Emanuel , Russ Feingold , Herb Kohl , and Howard Metzenbaum . Arab and Muslim Americans Arab Americans and Muslim Americans have leaned Democratic since the Iraq War . Zogby found in June 2007 that 39 % of Arab Americans identify as Democrats , 26 % as Republicans , and 28 % as independents . Arab Americans , who are in general socially conservative , but with more diverse economic views , historically voted Republican until recent years , having supported George W. Bush over Al Gore in 2000 . A 2012 poll found that 68 % of Muslim Americans surveyed support Barack Obama . Asian Americans The Democratic Party also has considerable support in the small but growing Asian American population . The Asian American population had been a stronghold of the Republican Party until the United States presidential election of 1992 in which George H.W. Bush won 55 % of the Asian American vote , compared to Bill Clinton winning 31 % , and Ross Perot winning 15 % of the Asian vote . Originally , the vast majority of Asian Americans consisted of strongly anti-communist , pro-democracy Vietnamese refugees , Chinese Americans , Taiwanese Americans , Korean Americans , and socially conservative Filipinos who fled Ferdinand Marcos in the 1960s through the 1980s , and the general Republican Party 's socially conservative , fervently anti-communist position strongly resonated with this original demographic . The Democratic party made gains among the Asian American population starting with 1996 and in 2006 , won 62 % of the Asian American vote . Exit polls after the 2008 presidential election indicated that Democratic candidate , Barack Obama won 62 % of the Asian American vote nationwide . In the 2012 Presidential election , 73 % of the Asian American electorate voted for Obama 's re-election . Barack Obama has the support of 85 % of Indian Americans , 68 % of Chinese Americans , and 57 % of Filipino Americans . The Asian American community 's increasing number of young voters has also helped to erode traditionally reliably Republican voting blocs such as Vietnamese and Filipino Americans , leading to an increase in support for Democrats . Prominent Asian - American Democrats include Senators Tammy Duckworth , Daniel Inouye , Daniel Akaka and Mazie Hirono , former Governor and Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke , and Representatives Mike Honda , Judy Chu , Doris Matsui , and Norman Mineta . Democratic presidents As of 2017 , there have been a total of 15 Democratic Party presidents : # Name Portrait State Presidency start date Presidency end date 7 Andrew Jackson Tennessee March 4 , 1829 March 4 , 1837 8 Martin Van Buren New York March 4 , 1837 March 4 , 1841 11 James K. Polk Tennessee March 4 , 1845 March 4 , 1849 14 Franklin Pierce New Hampshire March 4 , 1853 March 4 , 1857 15 James Buchanan Pennsylvania March 4 , 1857 March 4 , 1861 17 Andrew Johnson Tennessee April 15 , 1865 March 4 , 1869 22 Grover Cleveland New York March 4 , 1885 March 4 , 1889 24 March 4 , 1893 March 4 , 1897 28 Woodrow Wilson New Jersey March 4 , 1913 March 4 , 1921 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt New York March 4 , 1933 April 12 , 1945 33 Harry S. Truman Missouri April 12 , 1945 January 20 , 1953 35 John F. Kennedy Massachusetts January 20 , 1961 November 22 , 1963 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Texas November 22 , 1963 January 20 , 1969 39 Jimmy Carter Georgia January 20 , 1977 January 20 , 1981 42 Bill Clinton Arkansas January 20 , 1993 January 20 , 2001 44 Barack Obama Illinois January 20 , 2009 January 20 , 2017 Recent electoral History This article may overuse or misuse color , making it hard to understand for color - blind users . Please remove or fix instances of distracting or hard - to - read colors . See the category page and WP : COLOR for guidelines . ( October 2017 ) House of Representatives President Senate Election year # of seats won + / -- # of seats won + / -- Election year 1950 235 / 435 28 Harry S. Truman 49 / 96 5 1950 1952 213 / 435 22 Dwight D. Eisenhower 47 / 96 1952 1954 232 / 435 19 49 / 96 1954 1956 234 / 435 49 / 96 0 1956 1958 283 / 435 49 64 / 98 15 1958 1960 262 / 435 21 John F. Kennedy 64 / 100 1960 1962 258 / 435 66 / 100 1962 1964 295 / 435 37 Lyndon B. Johnson 68 / 100 1964 1966 248 / 435 47 64 / 100 1966 1968 243 / 435 5 Richard Nixon 57 / 100 5 1968 1970 255 / 435 12 54 / 100 1970 1972 242 / 435 13 56 / 100 1972 291 / 435 49 Gerald Ford 60 / 100 1976 292 / 435 Jimmy Carter 61 / 100 0 1976 1978 277 / 435 15 58 / 100 1978 1980 243 / 435 34 Ronald Reagan 46 / 100 12 1980 1982 269 / 435 26 46 / 100 1982 1984 253 / 435 16 47 / 100 1984 1986 258 / 435 5 55 / 100 8 1986 1988 260 / 435 George H.W. Bush 55 / 100 1988 1990 267 / 435 7 56 / 100 1990 1992 258 / 435 9 Bill Clinton 57 / 100 0 1992 1994 204 / 435 54 48 / 100 8 1994 206 / 435 45 / 100 1998 211 / 435 5 45 / 100 0 1998 2000 212 / 435 George W. Bush 50 / 100 2000 2002 204 / 435 7 49 / 100 2002 202 / 435 45 / 100 2006 233 / 435 31 51 / 100 6 2006 2008 257 / 435 21 Barack Obama 59 / 100 8 2008 193 / 435 63 53 / 100 6 2012 201 / 435 8 55 / 100 2012 2014 188 / 435 13 46 / 100 9 2014 2016 194 / 435 6 Donald Trump 48 / 100 2016 In presidential elections : 1828 -- present Note : When `` in the Electoral College '' is mentioned that means that while the Republicans secured a victory in the Electoral College , they did not receive the most popular votes . Election Candidates Votes Vote % Electoral votes + / - Outcome of election 1828 Andrew Jackson 642,553 56.0 178 / 261 178 Democratic victory 1832 Andrew Jackson 701,780 54.2 219 / 286 41 Democratic victory 1836 Martin Van Buren 764,176 50.83 170 / 294 49 Democratic victory 1840 Martin Van Buren 1,128,854 46.8 60 / 294 110 Whig victory 1844 James K. Polk 1,339,494 49.5 170 / 275 110 Democratic victory 1848 Lewis Cass 1,223,460 42.5 127 / 290 43 Whig victory 1852 Franklin Pierce 1,607,510 50.8 254 / 296 127 Democratic victory 1856 James Buchanan 1,836,072 45.3 174 / 296 80 Democratic victory 1860 Stephen A. Douglas 1,380,202 29.5 12 / 303 162 Republican victory 1864 George B. McClellan 1,812,807 45.0 21 / 233 9 Republican victory 1868 Horatio Seymour 2,706,829 47.3 80 / 294 59 Republican victory 1872 Horace Greeley ( Liberal Republican ) 2,834,761 43.8 69 / 352 11 Republican victory , supported Liberal Republican candidate 1876 Samuel J. Tilden 4,288,546 50.9 184 / 369 115 Republican victory ( in Electoral College ) 1880 Winfield Scott Hancock 4,444,260 48.25 155 / 369 29 Republican victory 1884 Grover Cleveland 4,914,482 48.9 219 / 401 64 Democratic victory 1888 Grover Cleveland 5,534,488 48.6 168 / 401 51 Republican victory ( in Electoral College ) 1892 Grover Cleveland 5,556,918 46.0 277 / 444 109 Democratic victory 1896 William Jennings Bryan 6,509,052 46.70 176 / 447 101 Republican victory 1900 William Jennings Bryan 6,370,932 45.5 155 / 447 21 Republican victory 1904 Alton B. Parker 5,083,880 37.6 140 / 476 15 Republican victory 1908 William Jennings Bryan 6,408,984 43.0 162 / 483 22 Republican victory 1912 Woodrow Wilson 6,296,284 41.8 435 / 531 273 Democratic victory 1916 Woodrow Wilson 9,126,868 49.2 277 / 531 158 Democratic victory 1920 James M. Cox 9,139,661 34.2 127 / 531 150 Republican victory 1924 John W. Davis 8,386,242 28.8 136 / 531 9 Republican victory 1928 Al Smith 15,015,464 40.8 87 / 531 49 Republican victory 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt 22,821,277 57.4 472 / 531 385 Democratic victory 1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt 27,747,636 60.8 523 / 531 51 Democratic victory 1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt 27,313,945 54.7 449 / 531 74 Democratic victory 1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt 25,612,916 53.4 432 / 531 17 Democratic victory 1948 Harry S. Truman 24,179,347 49.6 303 / 531 129 Democratic victory 1952 Adlai Stevenson 27,375,090 44.3 89 / 531 214 Republican victory 1956 Adlai Stevenson 26,028,028 42.0 73 / 531 16 Republican victory 1960 John F. Kennedy 34,220,984 49.72 303 / 537 230 Democratic victory 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson 43,127,041 61.1 486 / 538 183 Democratic victory 1968 Hubert Humphrey 31,271,839 42.7 191 / 538 295 Republican victory 1972 George McGovern 29,173,222 37.5 17 / 538 174 Republican victory 1976 Jimmy Carter 40,831,881 50.1 297 / 538 280 Democratic victory 1980 Jimmy Carter 35,480,115 41.0 49 / 538 248 Republican victory 1984 Walter Mondale 37,577,352 40.6 13 / 538 36 Republican victory 1988 Michael Dukakis 41,809,074 45.6 111 / 538 98 Republican victory 1992 Bill Clinton 44,909,806 43.0 370 / 538 259 Democratic victory Bill Clinton 47,401,185 49.2 379 / 538 9 Democratic victory 2000 Al Gore 50,999,897 48.4 266 / 538 113 Republican victory ( in Electoral College ) John Kerry 59,028,444 48.3 251 / 538 15 Republican victory 2008 Barack Obama 69,498,516 52.9 365 / 538 114 Democratic victory 2012 Barack Obama 65,915,795 51.1 332 / 538 33 Democratic victory 2016 Hillary Clinton 65,844,610 48.0 227 / 538 105 Republican victory ( in Electoral College ) See also Liberalism portal Politics portal United States portal Democratic Party ( United States ) organizations List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets Political party strength in U.S. states Politics of the United States References Jump up ^ Donald B. 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Liberty thus exists when all citizens have access to basic necessities such as education , health care , and economic opportunities . '' Jump up ^ Levy , Jonah ( 2006 ) . The State after Statism : New State Activities in the Age of Liberalization . Florence : Harvard University Press . p. 198 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 50112 - 3 . In the corporate governance area , the center - left repositioned itself to press for reform . The Democratic Party in the United States used the postbubble scandals and the collapse of share prices to attack the Republican Party ... Corporate governance reform fit surprisingly well within the contours of the center - left ideology . The Democratic Party and the SPD have both been committed to the development of the regulatory state as a counterweight to managerial authority , corporate power , and market failure . Jump up ^ `` A Mixed Economy : The Role of the Market '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prendergast , William B. ( 1999 ) . 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Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obama backs same - sex marriage '' . CBS News . May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sam Stein ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Obama Backs Gay Marriage '' . The Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Same - sex Marriage - Issues - Election Center 2008 - CNN.com '' . Cnn.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Obama Opposes Gay Marriage Ban . The Washington Post . By Perry Bacon Jr . July 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Obama Statement on Vote Against Constitutional Amendment to Ban Gay Marriage Archived December 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Senate Official Website . June 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Linkins , Jason ( January 13 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Once Supported Same - Sex Marriage ' Unequivocally ' '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Clinton shifts on gay marriage '' . CNN . September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Raushenbush , Paul ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` President Jimmy Carter Authors New Bible Book , Answers Hard Biblical Questions '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gay men and women should have the same rights / / Current '' . Current.com . January 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mondale , Walter ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Mondale and Dukakis Back Marriage Equality '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Party Platform 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abramsky , Sasha ( April 18 , 2005 ) . `` Democrat Killer ? '' . The Nation . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2005 . Retrieved October 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` THE DRAFT 2008 DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL PLATFORM : RENEWING AMERICA 'S PROMISE '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obama Backs Death Penalty for Child Rapists '' . Newser , June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Candidates on the Death Penalty '' . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Platform Drafting Meeting Concludes '' . DNCC . June 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kenneth T. Walsh . `` Obama and Democrats ' Torture Problem '' . US News & World Report . Jump up ^ Senate roll call on passage of the PATRIOT Act Jump up ^ Ashtari , Shadee ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Here 's The Medieval - Sounding Sodomy Law That Helped Ken Cuccinelli Lose In Virginia '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Republicans , Democrats Agree on Top Foreign Policy Goals '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See `` July 3 , 2014 - Iraq - Getting In Was Wrong ; Getting Out Was Right , U.S. Voters Tell Quinnipiac University National Poll '' Quinnipiac University Poll item # 51 Jump up ^ `` Archive page # 16 of polls '' . Pollingreport.com . June 1 , 2003 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archive page # 15 of polls '' . Pollingreport.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pew Research Center : Along the Iraq - Vietnam Parallel . Pew Research Center . August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Recent polls from Pollingreport . Jump up ^ Flaherty , Anne ( April 26 , 2007 ) . `` Congress passes Iraq bill , veto awaits '' . The Boston Globe . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Democrats push for 2008 Iraq exit '' . Reuters. April 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Democrats fail to override Bush on war funding '' . International Herald Tribune . May 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2007 . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Obama says conditions to dictate final Iraq force . Reuters . July 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Top Republicans embrace Iraq plan . The Politico . February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Accord Reached With Iran to Halt Nuclear Program '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Democratic donors urge Congress : Back off Iran sanctions '' . Haaretz.com . February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pelosi , Schumer Express Support for Troop Surge in Afghanistan '' CNS News . August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2008 . Archived September 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Democrats say McCain forgot Afghanistan '' . Boston Globe . July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Archived August 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` John McCain & Barack Obama urge Afghanistan surge '' . New York Daily News . July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. plans major shift to advisory role in Afghanistan , '' Los Angeles Times , December 13 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Most Americans oppose Afghanistan war : poll . The Australian . August 7 , 2009 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afghan War Edges Out Iraq as Most Important for U.S. '' by Frank Newport . Gallup . July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Public Opinion in U.S. Turns Against Afghan War . By Jennifer Agiesta and Jon Cohen . Washington Post . August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Americans ' Most and Least Favored Nations . By Lydia Saad . Gallup . March 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Left could push pro-Israel voters to GOP . By Jennifer Rubin . The Politico . July 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Glazov , Jamie ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Dershowitz vs. Melanie Phillips '' . FrontPage Magazine . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Renewing America 's Promise : Democratic Party Platform , 2008 '' . Democrats.org . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ideological Gaps Over Israel on Both Sides of Atlantic '' . PewGlobal.org . January 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kendall Breitman ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Gallup poll : Democrats losing sympathy for Israel '' . POLITICO . Jump up ^ Judis , J.B. ; Teixeira , R. ( June 19 , 2007 ) . `` Back to the Future '' . The American Prospect . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frank , E. , Carrera , J. & Dharamsi , S. ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` Political Self - characterization of U.S. Medical Students '' . Journal of General Internal Medicine . 22 : 514 -- 517 . doi : 10.1007 / s11606 - 007 - 0108 - 5 . Retrieved September 26 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Public Praises Science ; Scientists Fault Public , Media Section 4 : Scientists , Politics and Religion . Jump up ^ `` Shea , C. ( October 12 , 2003 ) . What liberal academia ? The Boston Globe '' . The Boston Globe . December 10 , 2003 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` O'Bannon , B.R. ( August 27 , 2003 ) . In Defense of the ' Liberal ' Professor . Indianapolis Star '' . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved July 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` George , D.L. & Medler , J.F. ( 1996 ) . College Faculty as an Inconsequential Agent of Political Socialization . Department of Political Science , Cal Poly State University , San Louis Obispo '' . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exit Polls - Election Results 2008 '' . The New York Times . November 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Local Exit Polls - Election Center 2008 - Elections & Politics from CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shields , E ( 1958 ) . `` The Intellectuals and the Powers : Some Perspectives for Comparative Analysis '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 1 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Lipset , S.M. ; Ladd , E.C. ( 1972 ) . `` The Politics of American Sociologists '' . American Journal of Sociology. 78 ( 67 ) : 67 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Politics of Going to College '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Educational differences between Democrats and Republicans '' . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nagourney , A. ( June 27 , 2007 ) . Young Americans are leaning left , new poll finds . The New York Times '' . Retrieved April 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women More Likely to Be Democrats , Regardless of Age '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Page 16 in : Fried , Joseph . ( 2008 ) . Democrats and Republicans -- rhetoric and reality : comparing the voters in statistics and anecdote . New York : Algora Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 603 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` press '' . Law.ucla.edu . November 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Micah ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Gay Vote Proved a Boon for Obama '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LGBT Equality Caucus Membership List '' . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fried , Joseph , Democrats and Republicans : Rhetoric and Reality ( New York : Algora Publishing , 2008 ) , 126 . Jump up ^ Zweig , Michael ( 2004 ) . What 's Class Got To Do With It , American Society in the Twenty - First Century . New York , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8899 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Dennis ( 1998 ) . The American Class Structure . New York : Wadsworth Publishing . ISBN 0 - 534 - 50520 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thompson , William ; Joseph Hickey ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston , MA : Pearson . ISBN 0 - 205 - 41365 - X . Jump up ^ Tyson , Alec ; Maniam , Shiva ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Behind Trump 's victory : Divisions by race , gender and education '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Nate ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Obama 's Problem With White , Non-College Educated Voters is Getting Worse '' . The New Republic . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Demise of the White Democratic Voter '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drum , Kevin ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Can We Talk ? Here 's Why the White Working Class Hates Democrats '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bouie , Jamelle ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Why Democrats Ca n't Win Over White Working - Class Voters '' . Slate . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Teixeira , Ruy ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Democrats ' Problem : White , Working - Class Voters '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Steve Inskeep . NPR . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Judis , John B. ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` The Emerging Republican Advantage '' . National Journal . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Local Exit Polls 2008 - Election Center 2008 Elections & Politics from CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senate , House , Governor Races - Election Center 2010 - Elections & Politics from CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Teixeira , Ruy ; Halpin , John ( December 2012 ) . `` The Obama Coalition in the 2012 Election and Beyond '' ( PDF ) . Center for American Progress . p. 5 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. House results -- 2014 Election Center -- Elections and Politics from CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exit Polls 2016 '' . CNN . November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2016 : Exit Polls '' . The New York Times . November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Election News , Candidates & Polls - NBC News '' . NBC News . November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Secular Coalition Flunks U.S. House on Religious Freedom Issues '' . secular.org . Jump up ^ `` Local Exit Polls - Election Center 2008 - Elections & Politics from CNN.com '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` An inaugural first : Obama acknowledges ' non-believers ' '' . USA Today . January 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Presidential Primary Candidate Scorecard '' . secular.org . Jump up ^ Austin Cline . `` Atheists & Voting : How Can Atheists Vote to Positively Influence Government ? '' . About.com Religion & Spirituality . Jump up ^ Austin Cline . `` Polls & Other Surveys on American Attitudes Towards Atheists '' . About.com Religion & Spirituality . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Brooks . `` Blacks and the Democratic Party '' . FactCheck.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ku Klux Klan - History '' . Anti-Defamation League . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Teixeira , Ruy ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` Digging into the 2008 Exit Polls '' . Taking Note . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Association for the Advancement of Colored People '' . encyclopedia.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cillizza , Chris ( September 18 , 2011 ) . `` With Hispanic support for Obama waning , could Latino vote be up for grabs in 2012 ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Latino vote key to Obama 's re-election '' . CNN . November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cave , Damien ( April 21 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. Overtures Find Support Among Cuban - Americans '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Woods , Casey . ( November 6 , 2008 ) Presidential and Congressional Candidate Cuba Watch : Analysis of Cuban American vote . Candidatecubawatch.blogspot.com . Retrieved on July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Growing Number of Americans Say Obama is a Muslim : Religion , Politics and the President ( 5 Sections ) '' . Pew Research Center for the People & the Press . People-press.org . August 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paying Attention to the Native American Vote '' . www.pbs.org . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dems woo Native American vote . Politico . May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama wins 77 percent of Jewish vote , exit polls show '' . Haaretz Daily . November 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Survey . American Jewish Committee September 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Arab - American Voters Say Iraq Top Issue in 2008 Campaign . By Mohamed Elshinnawi . Voice of America . July 23 , 2007 , Archived March 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mideast , Civil Liberties Concern Arab - Americans Archived August 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... By James Q. Lynch . The Gazette ( Cedar Rapids - Iowa City ) . Reprinted by the Arab - American Institute . July 19 , 2003 Archived August 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` American Muslims supported Obama : poll '' . Business Standard . October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dissecting the 2008 Electorate : Most Diverse in U.S. History '' . Pew Research Center . April 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Presidential Race - 2012 Election Center - President : Full Results - Exit Polls '' . CNN . November 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 85 % Indian - Americans support Obama for second term : Survey '' . The Times Of India . May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vice President Dick Cheney provided tie breaking vote , giving Republicans a majority ^ Jump up to : Includes two Independents caucusing with the Democrats . Further reading Baker , Jean H. Affairs of party : The political culture of northern Democrats in the mid-nineteenth century ( Fordham UP , 1998 ) . Bartlett , Bruce ( 2008 ) . Wrong on Race : The Democratic Party 's Buried Past . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . Bass Jr , Harold F. Historical dictionary of United States political parties ( Scarecrow Press , 2009 ) . Black , Merle ( 2004 ) . `` The transformation of the southern Democratic Party '' . Journal of Politics . 66 ( 4 ) : 1001 -- 1017 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2508.2004. 00287. x . Burner , David . The Politics of Provincialism : The Democratic Party in Transition , 1918 -- 1932 ( Knopf , 1968 ) . Congressional Quarterly . National Party Conventions , 1831 -- 2000 ( 2001 ) . Craig , Douglas . `` Newton D. Baker and the Democratic Malaise , 1920 -- 1937 . '' Australasian Journal of American Studies ( 2006 ) : 49 - 64 . in JSTOR Dowe , Pearl K. Ford , et al. Remaking the Democratic Party : Lyndon B. Johnson as a Native - Son Presidential Candidate ( University of Michigan Press , 2016 ) . Feller , David . `` Politics and Society : Toward a Jacksonian Synthesis '' Journal of the Early Republic 10 # 2 ( 1990 ) , pp. 135 -- 161 in JSTOR Frymer , Paul . Black and blue : African Americans , the labor movement , and the decline of the Democratic party ( Princeton UP , 2008 ) . Gerring , John . `` A chapter in the history of American party ideology : The nineteenth - century Democratic Party ( 1828 -- 1892 ) . '' Polity 26.4 ( 1994 ) : 729 - 768 . online Landis , Michael Todd . Northern Men with Southern Loyalties : The Democratic Party and the Sectional Crisis . ( Cornell University Press , 2014 ) . Lawrence , David G . The collapse of the democratic presidential majority : Realignment , dealignment , and electoral change from Franklin Roosevelt to Bill Clinton . ( Westview Press , 1997 ) . McGuire , John Thomas ( 2014 ) . `` Beginning an ' Extraordinary Opportunity ' : Eleanor Roosevelt , Molly Dewson , and the expansion of women 's boundaries in the Democratic Party , 1924 -- 1934 '' . Women 's History Review . 23 ( 6 ) : 922 -- 937 . doi : 10.1080 / 09612025.2014. 906841 . Maisel , L. Sandy , and Jeffrey M. Berry , eds . The Oxford handbook of American political parties and interest groups ( Oxford UP , 2010 ) . Neal , Steven . Happy Days are Here Again : The 1932 Democratic Convention , the Emergence of FDR -- and how America was Changed Forever ( Harper Collins , 2010 ) . Remini , Robert V. Martin Van Buren and the making of the Democratic Party ( Columbia UP , 1961 ) . Savage , Sean J. Roosevelt : The Party Leader , 1932 -- 1945 ( U Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Savage , Sean J. JFK , LBJ , and the Democratic Party ( SUNY Press , 2012 ) . Savage , Sean J. Truman and the Democratic Party ( U Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Woods , Randall B. Prisoners of Hope : Lyndon B. Johnson , the Great Society , and the Limits of Liberalism ( Basic Books , 2016 ) . 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"Fifteen Democrats have served as President under 16 administrations: the first was seventh President Andrew Jackson, who served from 1829 to 1837; Grover Cleveland served two nonconsecutive terms from 1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897; and is thus counted twice (as the 22nd and 24th President). The most recent was the 44th President Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017."
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"Andrew Jackson"
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3481852888481640213 | Promontory, Utah | Promontory , Utah - wikipedia Promontory , Utah Not to be confused with Promontory Point , Utah . Promontory , Utah Location of Promontory , Utah A.J. Russell 's famous picture , recording the meeting of the First Transcontinental Railroad . Locale Box Elder County , Utah Dates of operation May 10 , 1869 -- September 1942 Successor Lucin Cutoff , January 1905 Track gauge 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge Website Golden Spike National Historic Site Promontory is an area of high ground in Box Elder County , Utah , 32 mi ( 51 km ) west of Brigham City and 66 mi ( 106 km ) northwest of Salt Lake City . Rising to an elevation of 4,902 feet ( 1,494 m ) above sea level , it lies to the north of the Promontory Mountains and the Great Salt Lake . It is notable as the location of Promontory Summit , where the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was officially completed on May 10 , 1869 . By the summer of 1868 , the Central Pacific ( CP ) had completed the first rail route through the Sierra Nevada mountains , and was now moving down towards the Interior Plains and the Union Pacific ( UP ) line . More than 4,000 workers , of whom two thirds were Chinese , had laid more than 100 mi ( 160 km ) of track at altitudes above 7,000 ft ( 2,100 m ) . In May 1869 , the railheads of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads finally met at Promontory Summit , Utah Territory . A specially - chosen Chinese and Irish crew had taken only 12 hours to lay the final 10 mi ( 16 km ) of track in time for the ceremony . Contents 1 Golden Spike 2 Later use 3 Decline 4 Preservation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Golden Spike ( edit ) Promontory Summit had been agreed upon as the point where the two railheads would officially meet , following meetings in Washington , D.C. in April 1869 , where it was also agreed that a ceremony would be held to drive in the Last Spike to commemorate the occasion . However , the original date of May 8 had to be postponed for two days , because of bad weather and a labor dispute on the Union Pacific side . The trains carrying the railroads ' officials were drawn by , respectively , Union Pacific 's No. 119 and Central Pacific 's No. 60 ( officially named the Jupiter ) locomotives , neither of which had been originally chosen for the ceremony . The Central Pacific had originally chosen their no . 29 , the Antelope , to attend the ceremony , while the Union Pacific had also chosen another , unidentified engine for their train . However , both engines had encountered unforeseen mishaps while enroute to the ceremony , thus necessitating the Jupiter and 119 to carry their trains . On May 10 , the Jupiter and 119 were drawn up face - to - face on Promontory Summit , separated only by the width of a single tie . It is unknown how many people attended the event ; estimates run from as low as 500 to as many as 3,000 government and railroad officials , and track workers . Social historians later thought the lack of Chinese workers seen in the official portrait was due to racism ; however , their absence may well have been simply the result of poor timing : The more famous A.J. Russell photograph could not include the Chinese workers photographed earlier participating in the joining of the rails ceremony , because at the moment the famous photo was being taken it was after the conclusion of the ceremony and the Chinese workers were away from the two locomotives to dine at J.H. Strobridge 's boarding car , being honored and cheered by the CPRR ( Central Pacific Railroad ) management . Fifty years later , three of the eight Chinese workers who brought up the last rail were guests of honor at the Promontory Summit 's golden anniversary celebrations in Ogden , Utah , in May 1919 . The Last Spike , by Thomas Hill , ( 1881 ) The event at Promontory Summit , which was billed as the `` wedding of the rails '' , was officiated by the Reverend John Todd . Three spikes were driven : one ( and probably the most famous ) was the golden spike , one was silver , and one was a mix of gold , silver , and iron . In 1898 , the golden spike was donated to the Stanford Museum ( now Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts ) . The last laurel tie was destroyed in fires caused by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Stanford University loaned the original 1869 gold spike to Cecil B. DeMille for the film Union Pacific ( 1939 ) . It was held aloft in the scene commemorating the actual event ( a brass prop was used for the hammering sequence ) . Despite Promontory Summit historically marking the site where the First Transcontinental Railroad was officially completed , a direct coast - to - coast rail journey on this route was not achieved until 1873 . On the West Coast , the Mossdale Bridge , which spanned the San Joaquin River near Lathrop , California , was completed in September 1869 , connecting Sacramento , California to the network . To the East , passengers had to cross the Missouri River , between Council Bluffs , Iowa and Omaha , Nebraska , by boat until the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge was built in 1873 . In the meantime , the first uninterrupted coast - to - coast railroad was completed in August 1870 at Strasburg , Colorado , with the completion of the Denver extension of the Kansas Pacific Railway . Later use ( edit ) Promontory Summit in the 1870s . Promontory was the site of Promontory City during and shortly after the construction of the transcontinental railroad . However , by December 1869 , the shops , tents , and store fronts were being dismantled as the traders and merchants moved to other towns . In January 1870 , the train crews from the CP and UP had been relocated to Ogden , Utah , where Union Station had effectively become the meeting point of the two railroads . Promontory Station had a CP station agent and telegraph operator , a Chinese section gang , and gravel train crew . By June 1870 , the population at Promontory Summit had been reduced to about 40 people . Most were employees of the CP railroad . The only exceptions were a hotel / eatery owner , his family , and a miner . The CP carried out extensive redevelopment of the rail infrastructure on Promontory Summit . The track was realigned , a roundhouse and turntable were built , and a freight depot and locomotive yard were added . It also gained extensive support facilities for workers , including a railroad eating stop , engine helper station , and quarters for the Chinese section crew . In the final decades of the 19th century , Promontory Station was used by large ranching firms , such as those of John W. Kerr , John L. Edwards , and Charles Crocker , to ship their cattle to the stockyards in San Francisco and Chicago . At the turn of the 20th century , wheat farmers had begun to change the landscape around Promontory with farms and families . Promontory had a one - room school , as well as a commercial store / post office ; it had become the main crossroads stop for small farms . However , during the droughts of the 1930s , individual farmers moved away from Promontory , leading to the consolidation of the land holdings . Decline ( edit ) Aerial view of the trestle over the northern part of the Great Salt Lake west of Ogden in Box Elder County , Utah in August 1972 . The replacement causeway is to the right . The railroad across Promontory Summit remained in continuous use for 35 years . However , despite its historic importance , it was part of a large detour undertaken by the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads because of the Great Salt Lake . As trains became longer and heavier , additional engines were often required to pull them up to the summit . Although Union Pacific engineers had initially considered a direct route across the lake , they opted for the surveyed line through Promontory due to cost and schedule reasons . This changed when the Southern Pacific , which had acquired Central Pacific operations in 1885 , built a wooden railroad trestle across the Great Salt Lake between Ogden and Lucin , between February 1902 and March 1904 . The 102.9 mi ( 165.6 km ) Lucin Cutoff completely bypassed Promontory Summit . The last regularly scheduled transcontinental passenger train to pass through Promontory station was on Sunday , September 18 , 1904 . When the Great Depression led to a dramatic fall in revenues from railroad traffic , the Southern Pacific decided to abandon the line when it failed to meet its operating costs . On September 8 , 1942 , an `` unspiking '' ceremony was held to commemorate the lifting of the last rail over Promontory Summit ; the old steel rails were used for the war effort in World War II . By crossing the lake , the cutoff avoided the curvatures and grades over Promontory Summit . In the 1950s , the wooden trestle was replaced with a parallel concrete - stone causeway built by the Morrison - Knudsen construction company . Southern Pacific continued to maintain the wooden trestle as a backup for several decades , although its last significant rail traffic was in the early 1960s . By the 1980s , the trestle 's condition had begun to seriously deteriorate . Beginning in March 1993 , the timber from the trestle has been salvaged and removed . Preservation ( edit ) The Golden Spike National Historic Site , with replicas of the Central Pacific 's Jupiter ( left ) and the Union Pacific 's No. 119 facing each other during a re-enactment of the Golden Spike ceremony . By the early 1950s , a number of re-enactments of the driving of the last spike had been held at Promontory Summit . The renewed interest led to a concerted effort to save the historic site . In 1957 , local campaigners succeeded in getting the area recognized by the federal government , but without federal land ownership . The Southern Pacific , which still owned the right of way , agreed to give its holdings to the federal management . On July 30 , 1965 the Act for the Golden Spike National Historic Site was signed into law . The area is administered by the National Park Service . On the 110th anniversary of the `` Golden Spike '' on May 10 , 1979 , two purpose - built replicas of the UP # 119 and the Jupiter # 60 were brought together on a specially relaid 1.5 - mile section of track . As the original Jupiter had been scrapped for iron in 1901 and No. 119 had been broken up two years later , the two replica locomotives were built in California with $1.5 million of federal funds . They were reconstructed using scaled - up measurements taken from photographs of the original engines . The park , which has a visitor center and an engine house , is open throughout the year . Several walking trails and audio driving tours allow visitors to see the old cuts along the permanent way , highlighting the effort needed to construct the railroad over Promontory Summit . On every Saturday and holiday between May 1 and Labor Day , the two replica locomotives are lined up to re-enact the `` Golden Spike '' ceremony . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden Spike National Historic Site . See also ( edit ) Trains portal Utah portal List of heritage railroads in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pacific Railroad Act - Transcontinental Railroad and Land Grants '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Promontory '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ceremony at `` Wedding of the Rails , '' May 10 , 1869 at Promontory Point , Utah `` . World Digital Library . 1869 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chinese - American Contribution to Transcontinental Railroad '' . Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific '' . Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Brian Sullivan , `` Day 98 : Rev. John Todd , '' Berkshire Eagle , April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John Todd , John Todd : The Story of his Life , ( Harper & brothers , 1876 ) , 403 - 404 . Jump up ^ Bowman , J.N. `` Driving the Last Spike at Promontory , 1869 '' California Historical Society Quarterly , Vol . XXXVI , No. 2 , June 1957 , pp. 96 -- 106 , and Vol . XXXVI , No. 3 , September 1957 , pp. 263 -- 274 . Jump up ^ `` DeMille Borrows Golden Spike '' The United Press ( Wire Service ) , January 19 , 1939 Jump up ^ Mildred Brooke Hoover , Douglas E. Kyle ( 2002 ) . Historic spots in California . Stanford University Press . p. 378 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4482 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : L. Spude , Robert & Todd Delyea ( 2005 ) . Promontory Summit , May 10 , 1869 . National Park Service . pp. 41 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Trestlewood Furniture Story '' . Daniel S. Dawdy and Ribbon Rail Productions . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hofsommer , Don L. ( 1986 ) . The Southern Pacific , 1901 - 1985 . Texas A & M University Press . p. 192 . Jump up ^ `` The Trestlewood Story '' . Trestlewood . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Everlasting Steam : The Story of Jupiter and No. 119 '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Outdoor Activities '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) L. Spude , Robert & Todd Delyea ( 2005 ) . Promontory Summit , May 10 , 1869 ( PDF ) . National Park Service . If this link fails , see http://cprr.org/Museum/Promontory_Summit_NPS.pdf or at http://www.npshistory.com/publications/gosp/promontory-summit.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Promontory , Utah . `` Producer Q&A : A conversation with Ken Verdoia , producer of `` Promontory '' `` . KUED.com . Archived from the original on 2002 - 06 - 20 . National Park Service : Golden Spike National Historic Site Pribonic , Mark A . `` The Myth of the Great Railroad Meetup . '' Mises Daily , April 4 , 2007 . Municipalities and communities of Box Elder County , Utah , United States County seat : Brigham City Cities Bear River City Brigham City Corinne Garland Honeyville Perry Tremonton Willard Towns Deweyville Elwood Fielding Howell Mantua Plymouth Portage Snowville CDPs Riverside South Willard Thatcher Unincorporated areas Beaver Dam Bothwell Collinston Etna Grouse Creek Harper Ward Lynn Park Valley Penrose Promontory Rosette Standrod Yost Ghost towns Blue Creek Cedar Creek Golden Hardup Jackson Kelton Lucin Matlin Russian Settlement Terrace Washakie Indian reservation Northwestern Shoshone Reservation Coordinates : 41 ° 37 ′ 07 '' N 112 ° 32 ′ 51 '' W / 41.61861 ° N 112.54750 ° W / 41.61861 ; - 112.54750 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Promontory,_Utah&oldid=864352807 '' Categories : Unincorporated communities in Box Elder County , Utah Populated places established in 1869 Unincorporated communities in Utah First Transcontinental Railroad 1869 establishments in Utah Territory Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Norsk Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 17 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is promontory point utah on a map | [
"Promontory is an area of high ground in Box Elder County, Utah, 32 mi (51 km) west of Brigham City and 66 mi (106 km) northwest of Salt Lake City. Rising to an elevation of 4,902 feet (1,494 m) above sea level, it lies to the north of the Promontory Mountains and the Great Salt Lake.[2] It is notable as the location of Promontory Summit, where the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was officially completed on May 10, 1869.\n",
"Promontory is an area of high ground in Box Elder County, Utah, 32 mi (51 km) west of Brigham City and 66 mi (106 km) northwest of Salt Lake City. Rising to an elevation of 4,902 feet (1,494 m) above sea level, it lies to the north of the Promontory Mountains and the Great Salt Lake.[2] It is notable as the location of Promontory Summit, where the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was officially completed on May 10, 1869.\n",
"Promontory is an area of high ground in Box Elder County, Utah, 32 mi (51 km) west of Brigham City and 66 mi (106 km) northwest of Salt Lake City. Rising to an elevation of 4,902 feet (1,494 m) above sea level, it lies to the north of the Promontory Mountains and the Great Salt Lake.[2] It is notable as the location of Promontory Summit, where the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was officially completed on May 10, 1869.\n"
] | [
"in Box Elder County",
"32 mi (51 km) west of Brigham City",
"66 mi (106 km) northwest of Salt Lake City"
] |
-2804063678554976039 | Second law of thermodynamics | Second law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia Second law of thermodynamics Thermodynamics The classical Carnot heat engine Branches ( show ) Classical Statistical Chemical Quantum thermodynamics Equilibrium / Non-equilibrium Laws ( hide ) Zeroth First Second Third Systems ( show ) State Equation of state Ideal gas Real gas State of matter Equilibrium Control volume Instruments Processes Isobaric Isochoric Isothermal Adiabatic Isentropic Isenthalpic Quasistatic Polytropic Free expansion Reversibility Irreversibility Endoreversibility Cycles Heat engines Heat pumps Thermal efficiency System properties ( show ) Note : Conjugate variables in italics Property diagrams Intensive and extensive properties Process functions Work Heat Functions of state Temperature / Entropy ( introduction ) Pressure / Volume Chemical potential / Particle number Vapor quality Reduced properties Material properties ( show ) Property databases Specific heat capacity c = ( \ displaystyle c = ) T ( \ displaystyle T ) ∂ S ( \ displaystyle \ partial S ) N ( \ displaystyle N ) ∂ T ( \ displaystyle \ partial T ) Compressibility β = − ( \ displaystyle \ beta = - ) 1 ( \ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \ displaystyle \ partial V ) V ( \ displaystyle V ) ∂ p ( \ displaystyle \ partial p ) Thermal expansion α = ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = ) 1 ( \ displaystyle 1 ) ∂ V ( \ displaystyle \ partial V ) V ( \ displaystyle V ) ∂ T ( \ displaystyle \ partial T ) Equations ( show ) Carnot 's theorem Clausius theorem Fundamental relation Ideal gas law Maxwell relations Onsager reciprocal relations Bridgman 's equations Table of thermodynamic equations Potentials ( show ) Free energy Free entropy Internal energy U ( S , V ) ( \ displaystyle U ( S , V ) ) Enthalpy H ( S , p ) = U + p V ( \ displaystyle H ( S , p ) = U + pV ) Helmholtz free energy A ( T , V ) = U − T S ( \ displaystyle A ( T , V ) = U-TS ) Gibbs free energy G ( T , p ) = H − T S ( \ displaystyle G ( T , p ) = H - TS ) History Culture ( show ) History General Heat Entropy Gas laws `` Perpetual motion '' machines Philosophy Entropy and time Entropy and life Brownian ratchet Maxwell 's demon Heat death paradox Loschmidt 's paradox Synergetics Theories Caloric theory Theory of heat Vis viva ( `` living force '' ) Mechanical equivalent of heat Motive power Key publications `` An Experimental Enquiry Concerning ... Heat '' `` On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances '' `` Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire '' Timelines Thermodynamics Heat engines Art Education Maxwell 's thermodynamic surface Entropy as energy dispersal Scientists ( show ) Bernoulli Boltzmann Carnot Clapeyron Clausius Carathéodory Duhem Gibbs von Helmholtz Joule Maxwell von Mayer Onsager Rankine Smeaton Stahl Thompson Thomson van der Waals Waterston Book : Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time . The total entropy can remain constant in ideal cases where the system is in a steady state ( equilibrium ) , or is undergoing a reversible process . In all spontaneous processes , the total entropy always increases and the process is irreversible . The increase in entropy accounts for the irreversibility of natural processes , and the asymmetry between future and past . Historically , the second law was an empirical finding that was accepted as an axiom of thermodynamic theory . Statistical mechanics , classical or quantum , explains the microscopic origin of the law . The second law has been expressed in many ways . Its first formulation is credited to the French scientist Sadi Carnot , who in 1824 showed that there is an upper limit to the efficiency of conversion of heat to work , in a heat engine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Various statements of the law 2.1 Carnot 's principle 2.2 Clausius statement 2.3 Kelvin statement 2.4 Equivalence of the Clausius and the Kelvin statements 2.5 Planck 's proposition 2.6 Relation between Kelvin 's statement and Planck 's proposition 2.7 Planck 's statement 2.8 Principle of Carathéodory 2.9 Planck 's principle 2.10 Statement for a system that has a known expression of its internal energy as a function of its extensive state variables 3 Corollaries 3.1 Perpetual motion of the second kind 3.2 Carnot theorem 3.3 Clausius Inequality 3.4 Thermodynamic temperature 3.5 Entropy 3.6 Energy , available useful work 4 History 4.1 Account given by Clausius 5 Statistical mechanics 6 Derivation from statistical mechanics 6.1 Derivation of the entropy change for reversible processes 6.2 Derivation for systems described by the canonical ensemble 7 Living organisms 8 Gravitational systems 9 Non-equilibrium states 10 Arrow of time 11 Irreversibility 11.1 Loschmidt 's paradox 11.2 Poincaré recurrence theorem 11.3 Maxwell 's demon 12 Quotations 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Bibliography of citations 15 Further reading 16 External links Introduction ( edit ) Heat flow from hot water to cold water . The first law of thermodynamics provides the basic definition of internal energy , associated with all thermodynamic systems , and states the rule of conservation of energy . The second law is concerned with the direction of natural processes . It asserts that a natural process runs only in one sense , and is not reversible . For example , heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder bodies , and never the reverse , unless external work is performed on the system . The explanation of the phenomena was given in terms of entropy . Total entropy ( S ) can never decrease over time for an isolated system because the entropy of an isolated system spontaneously evolves toward thermodynamic equilibrium : the entropy should stay the same or increase . In a fictive reversible process , an infinitesimal increment in the entropy ( dS ) of a system is defined to result from an infinitesimal transfer of heat ( δQ ) to a closed system ( which allows the entry or exit of energy - but not matter ) divided by the common temperature ( T ) of the system and the surroundings which supply the heat : d S = δ Q T ( closed system , idealized fictive reversible process ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( d ) S = ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , ( \ text ( ( closed system , idealized fictive reversible process ) ) ) . ) Different notations are used for infinitesimal amounts of heat ( δ ) and infinitesimal amounts of entropy ( d ) because entropy is a function of state , while heat , like work , is not . For an actually possible infinitesimal process without exchange of matter with the surroundings , the second law requires that the increment in system entropy be greater than that : d S > δ Q T ( closed system , actually possible , irreversible process ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( d ) S > ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , ( \ text ( ( closed system , actually possible , irreversible process ) . ) ) ) This is because a general process for this case may include work being done on the system by its surroundings , which must have frictional or viscous effects inside the system , and because heat transfer actually occurs only irreversibly , driven by a finite temperature difference . Indroducing a set of internal variables ξ ( \ displaystyle \ xi ) to describe the deviation of a thermodynamic system from the equilibrium state , one can record the equality d S = δ Q T − 1 T ∑ j Ξ j δ ξ j ( closed system , actually possible , irreversible process ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( d ) S = ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \ sum _ ( j ) \ , \ Xi _ ( j ) \ , \ delta \ xi _ ( j ) \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , \ , ( \ text ( ( closed system , actually possible , irreversible process ) . ) ) ) The second term represents work of internal variables that can be perturbed by external influences , but the system can not perform any positive work via internal variables . This statement introduces the impossibility of the reversion of evolution of the thermodynamic system in time and can be considered as a formulation of the second principle of thermodynamics -- the formulation , which is , of course , equivalent to the formulation of the principle in terms of entropy . The zeroth law of thermodynamics in its usual short statement allows recognition that two bodies in a relation of thermal equilibrium have the same temperature , especially that a test body has the same temperature as a reference thermometric body . For a body in thermal equilibrium with another , there are indefinitely many empirical temperature scales , in general respectively depending on the properties of a particular reference thermometric body . The second law allows a distinguished temperature scale , which defines an absolute , thermodynamic temperature , independent of the properties of any particular reference thermometric body . Various statements of the law ( edit ) The second law of thermodynamics may be expressed in many specific ways , the most prominent classical statements being the statement by Rudolf Clausius ( 1854 ) , the statement by Lord Kelvin ( 1851 ) , and the statement in axiomatic thermodynamics by Constantin Carathéodory ( 1909 ) . These statements cast the law in general physical terms citing the impossibility of certain processes . The Clausius and the Kelvin statements have been shown to be equivalent . Carnot 's principle ( edit ) The historical origin of the second law of thermodynamics was in Carnot 's principle . It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine , fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static , so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium . The Carnot engine is an idealized device of special interest to engineers who are concerned with the efficiency of heat engines . Carnot 's principle was recognized by Carnot at a time when the caloric theory of heat was seriously considered , before the recognition of the first law of thermodynamics , and before the mathematical expression of the concept of entropy . Interpreted in the light of the first law , it is physically equivalent to the second law of thermodynamics , and remains valid today . It states The efficiency of a quasi-static or reversible Carnot cycle depends only on the temperatures of the two heat reservoirs , and is the same , whatever the working substance . A Carnot engine operated in this way is the most efficient possible heat engine using those two temperatures . Clausius statement ( edit ) The German scientist Rudolf Clausius laid the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics in 1850 by examining the relation between heat transfer and work . His formulation of the second law , which was published in German in 1854 , is known as the Clausius statement : Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change , connected therewith , occurring at the same time . The statement by Clausius uses the concept of ' passage of heat ' . As is usual in thermodynamic discussions , this means ' net transfer of energy as heat ' , and does not refer to contributory transfers one way and the other . Heat can not spontaneously flow from cold regions to hot regions without external work being performed on the system , which is evident from ordinary experience of refrigeration , for example . In a refrigerator , heat flows from cold to hot , but only when forced by an external agent , the refrigeration system . Kelvin statement ( edit ) Lord Kelvin expressed the second law as It is impossible , by means of inanimate material agency , to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects . Equivalence of the Clausius and the Kelvin statements ( edit ) Derive Kelvin Statement from Clausius Statement Suppose there is an engine violating the Kelvin statement : i.e. , one that drains heat and converts it completely into work in a cyclic fashion without any other result . Now pair it with a reversed Carnot engine as shown by the figure . The net and sole effect of this newly created engine consisting of the two engines mentioned is transferring heat Δ Q = Q ( 1 η − 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ Delta Q = Q \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ eta ) ) - 1 \ right ) ) from the cooler reservoir to the hotter one , which violates the Clausius statement . Thus a violation of the Kelvin statement implies a violation of the Clausius statement , i.e. the Clausius statement implies the Kelvin statement . We can prove in a similar manner that the Kelvin statement implies the Clausius statement , and hence the two are equivalent . Planck 's proposition ( edit ) Planck offered the following proposition as derived directly from experience . This is sometimes regarded as his statement of the second law , but he regarded it as a starting point for the derivation of the second law . It is impossible to construct an engine which will work in a complete cycle , and produce no effect except the raising of a weight and cooling of a heat reservoir . Relation between Kelvin 's statement and Planck 's proposition ( edit ) It is almost customary in textbooks to speak of the `` Kelvin - Planck statement '' of the law , as for example in the text by ter Haar and Wergeland . One text gives a statement very like Planck 's proposition , but attributes it to Kelvin without mention of Planck . One monograph quotes Planck 's proposition as the `` Kelvin - Planck '' formulation , the text naming Kelvin as its author , though it correctly cites Planck in its references . The reader may compare the two statements quoted just above here . The Kelvin -- Planck statement ( or the heat engine statement ) of the second law of thermodynamics states that It is impossible to devise a cyclically operating device , the sole effect of which is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a single thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent amount of work . Planck 's statement ( edit ) Planck stated the second law as follows . Every process occurring in nature proceeds in the sense in which the sum of the entropies of all bodies taking part in the process is increased . In the limit , i.e. for reversible processes , the sum of the entropies remains unchanged . Rather like Planck 's statement is that of Uhlenbeck and Ford for irreversible phenomena . ... in an irreversible or spontaneous change from one equilibrium state to another ( as for example the equalization of temperature of two bodies A and B , when brought in contact ) the entropy always increases . Principle of Carathéodory ( edit ) Constantin Carathéodory formulated thermodynamics on a purely mathematical axiomatic foundation . His statement of the second law is known as the Principle of Carathéodory , which may be formulated as follows : In every neighborhood of any state S of an adiabatically enclosed system there are states inaccessible from S . With this formulation , he described the concept of adiabatic accessibility for the first time and provided the foundation for a new subfield of classical thermodynamics , often called geometrical thermodynamics . It follows from Carathéodory 's principle that quantity of energy quasi-statically transferred as heat is a holonomic process function , in other words , δ Q = T d S ( \ displaystyle \ delta Q = TdS ) . Though it is almost customary in textbooks to say that Carathéodory 's principle expresses the second law and to treat it as equivalent to the Clausius or to the Kelvin - Planck statements , such is not the case . To get all the content of the second law , Carathéodory 's principle needs to be supplemented by Planck 's principle , that isochoric work always increases the internal energy of a closed system that was initially in its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium . Planck 's principle ( edit ) In 1926 , Max Planck wrote an important paper on the basics of thermodynamics . He indicated the principle The internal energy of a closed system is increased by an adiabatic process , throughout the duration of which , the volume of the system remains constant . This formulation does not mention heat and does not mention temperature , nor even entropy , and does not necessarily implicitly rely on those concepts , but it implies the content of the second law . A closely related statement is that `` Frictional pressure never does positive work . '' Using a now - obsolete form of words , Planck himself wrote : `` The production of heat by friction is irreversible . '' Not mentioning entropy , this principle of Planck is stated in physical terms . It is very closely related to the Kelvin statement given just above . It is relevant that for a system at constant volume and mole numbers , the entropy is a monotonic function of the internal energy . Nevertheless , this principle of Planck is not actually Planck 's preferred statement of the second law , which is quoted above , in a previous sub-section of the present section of this present article , and relies on the concept of entropy . A statement that in a sense is complementary to Planck 's principle is made by Borgnakke and Sonntag . They do not offer it as a full statement of the second law : ... there is only one way in which the entropy of a ( closed ) system can be decreased , and that is to transfer heat from the system . Differing from Planck 's just foregoing principle , this one is explicitly in terms of entropy change . Removal of matter from a system can also decrease its entropy . Statement for a system that has a known expression of its internal energy as a function of its extensive state variables ( edit ) The second law has been shown to be equivalent to the internal energy U being a weakly convex function , when written as a function of extensive properties ( mass , volume , entropy , ... ) . Corollaries ( edit ) Perpetual motion of the second kind ( edit ) Main article : Perpetual motion Before the establishment of the second law , many people who were interested in inventing a perpetual motion machine had tried to circumvent the restrictions of first law of thermodynamics by extracting the massive internal energy of the environment as the power of the machine . Such a machine is called a `` perpetual motion machine of the second kind '' . The second law declared the impossibility of such machines . Carnot theorem ( edit ) Carnot 's theorem ( 1824 ) is a principle that limits the maximum efficiency for any possible engine . The efficiency solely depends on the temperature difference between the hot and cold thermal reservoirs . Carnot 's theorem states : All irreversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are less efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs . All reversible heat engines between two heat reservoirs are equally efficient with a Carnot engine operating between the same reservoirs . In his ideal model , the heat of caloric converted into work could be reinstated by reversing the motion of the cycle , a concept subsequently known as thermodynamic reversibility . Carnot , however , further postulated that some caloric is lost , not being converted to mechanical work . Hence , no real heat engine could realise the Carnot cycle 's reversibility and was condemned to be less efficient . Though formulated in terms of caloric ( see the obsolete caloric theory ) , rather than entropy , this was an early insight into the second law . Clausius inequality ( edit ) The Clausius theorem ( 1854 ) states that in a cyclic process ∮ δ Q T ≤ 0 . ( \ displaystyle \ oint ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \ leq 0 . ) The equality holds in the reversible case and the ' < ' is in the irreversible case . The reversible case is used to introduce the state function entropy . This is because in cyclic processes the variation of a state function is zero from state functionality . Thermodynamic temperature ( edit ) Main article : Thermodynamic temperature For an arbitrary heat engine , the efficiency is : η = W n q H = q H − q C q H = 1 − q C q H ( 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ eta = ( \ frac ( W_ ( n ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( q_ ( H ) - q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = 1 - ( \ frac ( q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) \ qquad ( 1 ) ) where W is for the net work done per cycle . Thus the efficiency depends only on q / q . Carnot 's theorem states that all reversible engines operating between the same heat reservoirs are equally efficient . Thus , any reversible heat engine operating between temperatures T and T must have the same efficiency , that is to say , the efficiency is the function of temperatures only : q C q H = f ( T H , T C ) ( 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( q_ ( C ) ) ( q_ ( H ) ) ) = f ( T_ ( H ) , T_ ( C ) ) \ qquad ( 2 ) . ) In addition , a reversible heat engine operating between temperatures T and T must have the same efficiency as one consisting of two cycles , one between T and another ( intermediate ) temperature T , and the second between T andT . This can only be the case if f ( T 1 , T 3 ) = q 3 q 1 = q 2 q 3 q 1 q 2 = f ( T 1 , T 2 ) f ( T 2 , T 3 ) . ( \ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) = ( \ frac ( q_ ( 3 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( q_ ( 2 ) q_ ( 3 ) ) ( q_ ( 1 ) q_ ( 2 ) ) ) = f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 2 ) ) f ( T_ ( 2 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) . ) Now consider the case where T 1 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 1 ) ) is a fixed reference temperature : the temperature of the triple point of water . Then for any T and T , f ( T 2 , T 3 ) = f ( T 1 , T 3 ) f ( T 1 , T 2 ) = 273.16 ⋅ f ( T 1 , T 3 ) 273.16 ⋅ f ( T 1 , T 2 ) . ( \ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 2 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) = ( \ frac ( f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) ) ( f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 273.16 \ cdot f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) ) ( 273.16 \ cdot f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) Therefore , if thermodynamic temperature is defined by T = 273.16 ⋅ f ( T 1 , T ) ( \ displaystyle T = 273.16 \ cdot f ( T_ ( 1 ) , T ) \ , ) then the function f , viewed as a function of thermodynamic temperature , is simply f ( T 2 , T 3 ) = T 3 T 2 , ( \ displaystyle f ( T_ ( 2 ) , T_ ( 3 ) ) = ( \ frac ( T_ ( 3 ) ) ( T_ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) and the reference temperature T will have the value 273.16 . ( Any reference temperature and any positive numerical value could be used -- the choice here corresponds to the Kelvin scale . ) Entropy ( edit ) Main article : entropy ( classical thermodynamics ) According to the Clausius equality , for a reversible process ∮ δ Q T = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ oint ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) = 0 ) That means the line integral ∫ L δ Q T ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( L ) ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) ) is path independent . So we can define a state function S called entropy , which satisfies d S = δ Q T ( \ displaystyle dS = ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \ ! ) With this we can only obtain the difference of entropy by integrating the above formula . To obtain the absolute value , we need the third law of thermodynamics , which states that S = 0 at absolute zero for perfect crystals . For any irreversible process , since entropy is a state function , we can always connect the initial and terminal states with an imaginary reversible process and integrating on that path to calculate the difference in entropy . Now reverse the reversible process and combine it with the said irreversible process . Applying Clausius inequality on this loop , − Δ S + ∫ δ Q T = ∮ δ Q T < 0 ( \ displaystyle - \ Delta S+ \ int ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) = \ oint ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) < 0 ) Thus , Δ S ≥ ∫ δ Q T ( \ displaystyle \ Delta S \ geq \ int ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \ , \ ! ) where the equality holds if the transformation is reversible . Notice that if the process is an adiabatic process , then δ Q = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ delta Q = 0 ) , so Δ S ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ Delta S \ geq 0 ) . Energy , available useful work ( edit ) See also : Exergy An important and revealing idealized special case is to consider applying the Second Law to the scenario of an isolated system ( called the total system or universe ) , made up of two parts : a sub-system of interest , and the sub-system's surroundings . These surroundings are imagined to be so large that they can be considered as an unlimited heat reservoir at temperature T and pressure P -- so that no matter how much heat is transferred to ( or from ) the sub-system , the temperature of the surroundings will remain T ; and no matter how much the volume of the sub-system expands ( or contracts ) , the pressure of the surroundings will remain P . Whatever changes to dS and dS occur in the entropies of the sub-system and the surroundings individually , according to the Second Law the entropy S of the isolated total system must not decrease : d S t o t = d S + d S R ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle dS_ ( \ mathrm ( tot ) ) = dS + dS_ ( R ) \ geq 0 ) According to the first law of thermodynamics , the change dU in the internal energy of the sub-system is the sum of the heat δq added to the sub-system , less any work δw done by the sub-system , plus any net chemical energy entering the sub-system d ∑ μ N , so that : d U = δ q − δ w + d ( ∑ μ i R N i ) ( \ displaystyle dU = \ delta q - \ delta w + d ( \ sum \ mu _ ( iR ) N_ ( i ) ) \ , ) where μ are the chemical potentials of chemical species in the external surroundings . Now the heat leaving the reservoir and entering the sub-system is δ q = T R ( − d S R ) ≤ T R d S ( \ displaystyle \ delta q = T_ ( R ) ( - dS_ ( R ) ) \ leq T_ ( R ) dS ) where we have first used the definition of entropy in classical thermodynamics ( alternatively , in statistical thermodynamics , the relation between entropy change , temperature and absorbed heat can be derived ) ; and then the Second Law inequality from above . It therefore follows that any net work δw done by the sub-system must obey δ w ≤ − d U + T R d S + ∑ μ i R d N i ( \ displaystyle \ delta w \ leq - dU + T_ ( R ) dS+ \ sum \ mu _ ( iR ) dN_ ( i ) \ , ) It is useful to separate the work δw done by the subsystem into the useful work δw that can be done by the sub-system , over and beyond the work p dV done merely by the sub-system expanding against the surrounding external pressure , giving the following relation for the useful work ( exergy ) that can be done : δ w u ≤ − d ( U − T R S + p R V − ∑ μ i R N i ) ( \ displaystyle \ delta w_ ( u ) \ leq - d ( U-T_ ( R ) S + p_ ( R ) V - \ sum \ mu _ ( iR ) N_ ( i ) ) \ , ) It is convenient to define the right - hand - side as the exact derivative of a thermodynamic potential , called the availability or exergy E of the subsystem , E = U − T R S + p R V − ∑ μ i R N i ( \ displaystyle E = U-T_ ( R ) S + p_ ( R ) V - \ sum \ mu _ ( iR ) N_ ( i ) ) The Second Law therefore implies that for any process which can be considered as divided simply into a subsystem , and an unlimited temperature and pressure reservoir with which it is in contact , d E + δ w u ≤ 0 ( \ displaystyle dE+ \ delta w_ ( u ) \ leq 0 \ , ) i.e. the change in the subsystem 's exergy plus the useful work done by the subsystem ( or , the change in the subsystem 's exergy less any work , additional to that done by the pressure reservoir , done on the system ) must be less than or equal to zero . In sum , if a proper infinite - reservoir - like reference state is chosen as the system surroundings in the real world , then the Second Law predicts a decrease in E for an irreversible process and no change for a reversible process . d S t o t ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle dS_ ( tot ) \ geq 0 ) Is equivalent to d E + δ w u ≤ 0 ( \ displaystyle dE+ \ delta w_ ( u ) \ leq 0 ) This expression together with the associated reference state permits a design engineer working at the macroscopic scale ( above the thermodynamic limit ) to utilize the Second Law without directly measuring or considering entropy change in a total isolated system . ( Also , see process engineer ) . Those changes have already been considered by the assumption that the system under consideration can reach equilibrium with the reference state without altering the reference state . An efficiency for a process or collection of processes that compares it to the reversible ideal may also be found ( See second law efficiency . ) This approach to the Second Law is widely utilized in engineering practice , environmental accounting , systems ecology , and other disciplines . History ( edit ) See also : History of entropy Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in the traditional uniform of a student of the École Polytechnique . The first theory of the conversion of heat into mechanical work is due to Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1824 . He was the first to realize correctly that the efficiency of this conversion depends on the difference of temperature between an engine and its environment . Recognizing the significance of James Prescott Joule 's work on the conservation of energy , Rudolf Clausius was the first to formulate the second law during 1850 , in this form : heat does not flow spontaneously from cold to hot bodies . While common knowledge now , this was contrary to the caloric theory of heat popular at the time , which considered heat as a fluid . From there he was able to infer the principle of Sadi Carnot and the definition of entropy ( 1865 ) . Established during the 19th century , the Kelvin - Planck statement of the Second Law says , `` It is impossible for any device that operates on a cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and produce a net amount of work . '' This was shown to be equivalent to the statement of Clausius . The ergodic hypothesis is also important for the Boltzmann approach . It says that , over long periods of time , the time spent in some region of the phase space of microstates with the same energy is proportional to the volume of this region , i.e. that all accessible microstates are equally probable over a long period of time . Equivalently , it says that time average and average over the statistical ensemble are the same . There is a traditional doctrine , starting with Clausius , that entropy can be understood in terms of molecular ' disorder ' within a macroscopic system . This doctrine is obsolescent . Account given by Clausius ( edit ) Rudolf Clausius In 1856 , the German physicist Rudolf Clausius stated what he called the `` second fundamental theorem in the mechanical theory of heat '' in the following form : ∫ δ Q T = − N ( \ displaystyle \ int ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) = - N ) where Q is heat , T is temperature and N is the `` equivalence - value '' of all uncompensated transformations involved in a cyclical process . Later , in 1865 , Clausius would come to define `` equivalence - value '' as entropy . On the heels of this definition , that same year , the most famous version of the second law was read in a presentation at the Philosophical Society of Zurich on April 24 , in which , in the end of his presentation , Clausius concludes : The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum . This statement is the best - known phrasing of the second law . Because of the looseness of its language , e.g. universe , as well as lack of specific conditions , e.g. open , closed , or isolated , many people take this simple statement to mean that the second law of thermodynamics applies virtually to every subject imaginable . This is not true ; this statement is only a simplified version of a more extended and precise description . In terms of time variation , the mathematical statement of the second law for an isolated system undergoing an arbitrary transformation is : d S d t ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) \ geq 0 ) where S is the entropy of the system and t is time . The equality sign applies after equilibration . An alternative way of formulating of the second law for isolated systems is : d S d t = S _̇ i ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) with S _̇ i ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) \ geq 0 ) with S _̇ i ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) the sum of the rate of entropy production by all processes inside the system . The advantage of this formulation is that it shows the effect of the entropy production . The rate of entropy production is a very important concept since it determines ( limits ) the efficiency of thermal machines . Multiplied with ambient temperature T a ( \ displaystyle T_ ( a ) ) it gives the so - called dissipated energy P d i s s = T a S _̇ i ( \ displaystyle P_ ( diss ) = T_ ( a ) ( \ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) . The expression of the second law for closed systems ( so , allowing heat exchange and moving boundaries , but not exchange of matter ) is : d S d t = Q _̇ T + S _̇ i ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ dot ( Q ) ) ( T ) ) + ( \ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) with S _̇ i ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) \ geq 0 ) Here Q _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( Q ) ) ) is the heat flow into the system T ( \ displaystyle T ) is the temperature at the point where the heat enters the system . The equality sign holds in the case that only reversible processes take place inside the system . If irreversible processes take place ( which is the case in real systems in operation ) the > - sign holds . If heat is supplied to the system at several places we have to take the algebraic sum of the corresponding terms . For open systems ( also allowing exchange of matter ) : d S d t = Q _̇ T + S _̇ + S _̇ i ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dS ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ dot ( Q ) ) ( T ) ) + ( \ dot ( S ) ) + ( \ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) ) with S _̇ i ≥ 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( S ) ) _ ( i ) \ geq 0 ) Here S _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( S ) ) ) is the flow of entropy into the system associated with the flow of matter entering the system . It should not be confused with the time derivative of the entropy . If matter is supplied at several places we have to take the algebraic sum of these contributions . Statistical mechanics ( edit ) Statistical mechanics gives an explanation for the second law by postulating that a material is composed of atoms and molecules which are in constant motion . A particular set of positions and velocities for each particle in the system is called a microstate of the system and because of the constant motion , the system is constantly changing its microstate . Statistical mechanics postulates that , in equilibrium , each microstate that the system might be in is equally likely to occur , and when this assumption is made , it leads directly to the conclusion that the second law must hold in a statistical sense . That is , the second law will hold on average , with a statistical variation on the order of 1 / √ N where N is the number of particles in the system . For everyday ( macroscopic ) situations , the probability that the second law will be violated is practically zero . However , for systems with a small number of particles , thermodynamic parameters , including the entropy , may show significant statistical deviations from that predicted by the second law . Classical thermodynamic theory does not deal with these statistical variations . Derivation from statistical mechanics ( edit ) Further information : H - theorem The first mechanical argument of the Kinetic theory of gases that molecular collisions entail an equalization of temperatures and hence a tendency towards equilibrium was due to James Clerk Maxwell in 1860 ; Ludwig Boltzmann with his H - theorem of 1872 also argued that due to collisions gases should over time tend toward the Maxwell - Boltzmann distribution . Due to Loschmidt 's paradox , derivations of the Second Law have to make an assumption regarding the past , namely that the system is uncorrelated at some time in the past ; this allows for simple probabilistic treatment . This assumption is usually thought as a boundary condition , and thus the second Law is ultimately a consequence of the initial conditions somewhere in the past , probably at the beginning of the universe ( the Big Bang ) , though other scenarios have also been suggested . Given these assumptions , in statistical mechanics , the Second Law is not a postulate , rather it is a consequence of the fundamental postulate , also known as the equal prior probability postulate , so long as one is clear that simple probability arguments are applied only to the future , while for the past there are auxiliary sources of information which tell us that it was low entropy . The first part of the second law , which states that the entropy of a thermally isolated system can only increase , is a trivial consequence of the equal prior probability postulate , if we restrict the notion of the entropy to systems in thermal equilibrium . The entropy of an isolated system in thermal equilibrium containing an amount of energy of E ( \ displaystyle E ) is : S = k B ln ( Ω ( E ) ) ( \ displaystyle S = k_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) \ ln \ left ( \ Omega \ left ( E \ right ) \ right ) \ , ) where Ω ( E ) ( \ displaystyle \ Omega \ left ( E \ right ) ) is the number of quantum states in a small interval between E ( \ displaystyle E ) and E + δ E ( \ displaystyle E+ \ delta E ) . Here δ E ( \ displaystyle \ delta E ) is a macroscopically small energy interval that is kept fixed . Strictly speaking this means that the entropy depends on the choice of δ E ( \ displaystyle \ delta E ) . However , in the thermodynamic limit ( i.e. in the limit of infinitely large system size ) , the specific entropy ( entropy per unit volume or per unit mass ) does not depend on δ E ( \ displaystyle \ delta E ) . Suppose we have an isolated system whose macroscopic state is specified by a number of variables . These macroscopic variables can , e.g. , refer to the total volume , the positions of pistons in the system , etc . Then Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) will depend on the values of these variables . If a variable is not fixed , ( e.g. we do not clamp a piston in a certain position ) , then because all the accessible states are equally likely in equilibrium , the free variable in equilibrium will be such that Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) is maximized as that is the most probable situation in equilibrium . If the variable was initially fixed to some value then upon release and when the new equilibrium has been reached , the fact the variable will adjust itself so that Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) is maximized , implies that the entropy will have increased or it will have stayed the same ( if the value at which the variable was fixed happened to be the equilibrium value ) . Suppose we start from an equilibrium situation and we suddenly remove a constraint on a variable . Then right after we do this , there are a number Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) of accessible microstates , but equilibrium has not yet been reached , so the actual probabilities of the system being in some accessible state are not yet equal to the prior probability of 1 / Ω ( \ displaystyle 1 / \ Omega ) . We have already seen that in the final equilibrium state , the entropy will have increased or have stayed the same relative to the previous equilibrium state . Boltzmann 's H - theorem , however , proves that the quantity H increases monotonically as a function of time during the intermediate out of equilibrium state . Derivation of the entropy change for reversible processes ( edit ) The second part of the Second Law states that the entropy change of a system undergoing a reversible process is given by : d S = δ Q T ( \ displaystyle dS = ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) ) where the temperature is defined as : 1 k B T ≡ β ≡ d ln ( Ω ( E ) ) d E ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( k_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) T ) ) \ equiv \ beta \ equiv ( \ frac ( d \ ln \ left ( \ Omega \ left ( E \ right ) \ right ) ) ( dE ) ) ) See here for the justification for this definition . Suppose that the system has some external parameter , x , that can be changed . In general , the energy eigenstates of the system will depend on x . According to the adiabatic theorem of quantum mechanics , in the limit of an infinitely slow change of the system 's Hamiltonian , the system will stay in the same energy eigenstate and thus change its energy according to the change in energy of the energy eigenstate it is in . The generalized force , X , corresponding to the external variable x is defined such that X d x ( \ displaystyle Xdx ) is the work performed by the system if x is increased by an amount dx . E.g. , if x is the volume , then X is the pressure . The generalized force for a system known to be in energy eigenstate E r ( \ displaystyle E_ ( r ) ) is given by : X = − d E r d x ( \ displaystyle X = - ( \ frac ( dE_ ( r ) ) ( dx ) ) ) Since the system can be in any energy eigenstate within an interval of δ E ( \ displaystyle \ delta E ) , we define the generalized force for the system as the expectation value of the above expression : X = − ⟨ d E r d x ⟩ ( \ displaystyle X = - \ left \ langle ( \ frac ( dE_ ( r ) ) ( dx ) ) \ right \ rangle \ , ) To evaluate the average , we partition the Ω ( E ) ( \ displaystyle \ Omega \ left ( E \ right ) ) energy eigenstates by counting how many of them have a value for d E r d x ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dE_ ( r ) ) ( dx ) ) ) within a range between Y ( \ displaystyle Y ) and Y + δ Y ( \ displaystyle Y+ \ delta Y ) . Calling this number Ω Y ( E ) ( \ displaystyle \ Omega _ ( Y ) \ left ( E \ right ) ) , we have : Ω ( E ) = ∑ Y Ω Y ( E ) ( \ displaystyle \ Omega \ left ( E \ right ) = \ sum _ ( Y ) \ Omega _ ( Y ) \ left ( E \ right ) \ , ) The average defining the generalized force can now be written : X = − 1 Ω ( E ) ∑ Y Y Ω Y ( E ) ( \ displaystyle X = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ Omega \ left ( E \ right ) ) ) \ sum _ ( Y ) Y \ Omega _ ( Y ) \ left ( E \ right ) \ , ) We can relate this to the derivative of the entropy with respect to x at constant energy E as follows . Suppose we change x to x + dx . Then Ω ( E ) ( \ displaystyle \ Omega \ left ( E \ right ) ) will change because the energy eigenstates depend on x , causing energy eigenstates to move into or out of the range between E ( \ displaystyle E ) and E + δ E ( \ displaystyle E+ \ delta E ) . Let 's focus again on the energy eigenstates for which d E r d x ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dE_ ( r ) ) ( dx ) ) ) lies within the range between Y ( \ displaystyle Y ) and Y + δ Y ( \ displaystyle Y+ \ delta Y ) . Since these energy eigenstates increase in energy by Y dx , all such energy eigenstates that are in the interval ranging from E -- Y dx to E move from below E to above E. There are N Y ( E ) = Ω Y ( E ) δ E Y d x ( \ displaystyle N_ ( Y ) \ left ( E \ right ) = ( \ frac ( \ Omega _ ( Y ) \ left ( E \ right ) ) ( \ delta E ) ) Ydx \ , ) such energy eigenstates . If Y d x ≤ δ E ( \ displaystyle Ydx \ leq \ delta E ) , all these energy eigenstates will move into the range between E ( \ displaystyle E ) and E + δ E ( \ displaystyle E+ \ delta E ) and contribute to an increase in Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) . The number of energy eigenstates that move from below E + δ E ( \ displaystyle E+ \ delta E ) to above E + δ E ( \ displaystyle E+ \ delta E ) is given by N Y ( E + δ E ) ( \ displaystyle N_ ( Y ) \ left ( E+ \ delta E \ right ) ) . The difference N Y ( E ) − N Y ( E + δ E ) ( \ displaystyle N_ ( Y ) \ left ( E \ right ) - N_ ( Y ) \ left ( E+ \ delta E \ right ) \ , ) is thus the net contribution to the increase in Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) . Note that if Y dx is larger than δ E ( \ displaystyle \ delta E ) there will be the energy eigenstates that move from below E to above E + δ E ( \ displaystyle E+ \ delta E ) . They are counted in both N Y ( E ) ( \ displaystyle N_ ( Y ) \ left ( E \ right ) ) and N Y ( E + δ E ) ( \ displaystyle N_ ( Y ) \ left ( E+ \ delta E \ right ) ) , therefore the above expression is also valid in that case . Expressing the above expression as a derivative with respect to E and summing over Y yields the expression : ( ∂ Ω ∂ x ) E = − ∑ Y Y ( ∂ Ω Y ∂ E ) x = ( ∂ ( Ω X ) ∂ E ) x ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial \ Omega ) ( \ partial x ) ) \ right ) _ ( E ) = - \ sum _ ( Y ) Y \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial \ Omega _ ( Y ) ) ( \ partial E ) ) \ right ) _ ( x ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial \ left ( \ Omega X \ right ) ) ( \ partial E ) ) \ right ) _ ( x ) \ , ) The logarithmic derivative of Ω ( \ displaystyle \ Omega ) with respect to x is thus given by : ( ∂ ln ( Ω ) ∂ x ) E = β X + ( ∂ X ∂ E ) x ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial \ ln \ left ( \ Omega \ right ) ) ( \ partial x ) ) \ right ) _ ( E ) = \ beta X+ \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial X ) ( \ partial E ) ) \ right ) _ ( x ) \ , ) The first term is intensive , i.e. it does not scale with system size . In contrast , the last term scales as the inverse system size and will thus vanishes in the thermodynamic limit . We have thus found that : ( ∂ S ∂ x ) E = X T ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial S ) ( \ partial x ) ) \ right ) _ ( E ) = ( \ frac ( X ) ( T ) ) \ , ) Combining this with ( ∂ S ∂ E ) x = 1 T ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial S ) ( \ partial E ) ) \ right ) _ ( x ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \ , ) Gives : d S = ( ∂ S ∂ E ) x d E + ( ∂ S ∂ x ) E d x = d E T + X T d x = δ Q T ( \ displaystyle dS = \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial S ) ( \ partial E ) ) \ right ) _ ( x ) dE+ \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial S ) ( \ partial x ) ) \ right ) _ ( E ) dx = ( \ frac ( dE ) ( T ) ) + ( \ frac ( X ) ( T ) ) dx = ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) \ , ) Derivation for systems described by the canonical ensemble ( edit ) If a system is in thermal contact with a heat bath at some temperature T then , in equilibrium , the probability distribution over the energy eigenvalues are given by the canonical ensemble : P j = exp ( − E j k B T ) Z ( \ displaystyle P_ ( j ) = ( \ frac ( \ exp \ left ( - ( \ frac ( E_ ( j ) ) ( k_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) T ) ) \ right ) ) ( Z ) ) ) Here Z is a factor that normalizes the sum of all the probabilities to 1 , this function is known as the partition function . We now consider an infinitesimal reversible change in the temperature and in the external parameters on which the energy levels depend . It follows from the general formula for the entropy : S = − k B ∑ j P j ln ( P j ) ( \ displaystyle S = - k_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) \ sum _ ( j ) P_ ( j ) \ ln \ left ( P_ ( j ) \ right ) ) that d S = − k B ∑ j ln ( P j ) d P j ( \ displaystyle dS = - k_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) \ sum _ ( j ) \ ln \ left ( P_ ( j ) \ right ) dP_ ( j ) ) Inserting the formula for P j ( \ displaystyle P_ ( j ) ) for the canonical ensemble in here gives : d S = 1 T ∑ j E j d P j = 1 T ∑ j d ( E j P j ) − 1 T ∑ j P j d E j = d E + δ W T = δ Q T ( \ displaystyle dS = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \ sum _ ( j ) E_ ( j ) dP_ ( j ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \ sum _ ( j ) d \ left ( E_ ( j ) P_ ( j ) \ right ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) \ sum _ ( j ) P_ ( j ) dE_ ( j ) = ( \ frac ( dE+ \ delta W ) ( T ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ delta Q ) ( T ) ) ) Living organisms ( edit ) There are two principal ways of formulating thermodynamics , ( a ) through passages from one state of thermodynamic equilibrium to another , and ( b ) through cyclic processes , by which the system is left unchanged , while the total entropy of the surroundings is increased . These two ways help to understand the processes of life . This topic is mostly beyond the scope of this present article , but has been considered by several authors , such as Erwin Schrödinger , Léon Brillouin and Isaac Asimov . It is also the topic of current research . To a fair approximation , living organisms may be considered as examples of ( b ) . Approximately , an animal 's physical state cycles by the day , leaving the animal nearly unchanged . Animals take in food , water , and oxygen , and , as a result of metabolism , give out breakdown products and heat . Plants take in radiative energy from the sun , which may be regarded as heat , and carbon dioxide and water . They give out oxygen . In this way they grow . Eventually they die , and their remains rot . This can be regarded as a cyclic process . Overall , the sunlight is from a high temperature source , the sun , and its energy is passed to a lower temperature sink , the soil . This is an increase of entropy of the surroundings of the plant . Thus animals and plants obey the second law of thermodynamics , considered in terms of cyclic processes . Simple concepts of efficiency of heat engines are hardly applicable to this problem because they assume closed systems . From the thermodynamic viewpoint that considers ( a ) , passages from one equilibrium state to another , only a roughly approximate picture appears , because living organisms are never in states of thermodynamic equilibrium . Living organisms must often be considered as open systems , because they take in nutrients and give out waste products . Thermodynamics of open systems is currently often considered in terms of passages from one state of thermodynamic equilibrium to another , or in terms of flows in the approximation of local thermodynamic equilibrium . The problem for living organisms may be further simplified by the approximation of assuming a steady state with unchanging flows . General principles of entropy production for such approximations are subject to unsettled current debate or research . Nevertheless , ideas derived from this viewpoint on the second law of thermodynamics are enlightening about living creatures . Gravitational systems ( edit ) In systems that do not require for their descriptions the general theory of relativity , bodies always have positive heat capacity , meaning that the temperature rises with energy . Therefore , when energy flows from a high - temperature object to a low - temperature object , the source temperature is decreased while the sink temperature is increased ; hence temperature differences tend to diminish over time . This is not always the case for systems in which the gravitational force is important and the general theory of relativity is required . Such systems can spontaneously change towards uneven spread of mass and energy . This applies to the universe in large scale , and consequently it may be difficult or impossible to apply the second law to it . Beyond this , the thermodynamics of systems described by the general theory of relativity is beyond the scope of the present article . Non-equilibrium states ( edit ) Main article : Non-equilibrium thermodynamics The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized . A main postulate or assumption , often not even explicitly stated , is the existence of systems in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium . In general , a region of space containing a physical system at a given time , that may be found in nature , is not in thermodynamic equilibrium , read in the most stringent terms . In looser terms , nothing in the entire universe is or has ever been truly in exact thermodynamic equilibrium . For purposes of physical analysis , it is often enough convenient to make an assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium . Such an assumption may rely on trial and error for its justification . If the assumption is justified , it can often be very valuable and useful because it makes available the theory of thermodynamics . Elements of the equilibrium assumption are that a system is observed to be unchanging over an indefinitely long time , and that there are so many particles in a system , that its particulate nature can be entirely ignored . Under such an equilibrium assumption , in general , there are no macroscopically detectable fluctuations . There is an exception , the case of critical states , which exhibit to the naked eye the phenomenon of critical opalescence . For laboratory studies of critical states , exceptionally long observation times are needed . In all cases , the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium , once made , implies as a consequence that no putative candidate `` fluctuation '' alters the entropy of the system . It can easily happen that a physical system exhibits internal macroscopic changes that are fast enough to invalidate the assumption of the constancy of the entropy . Or that a physical system has so few particles that the particulate nature is manifest in observable fluctuations . Then the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium is to be abandoned . There is no unqualified general definition of entropy for non-equilibrium states . There are intermediate cases , in which the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium is a very good approximation , but strictly speaking it is still an approximation , not theoretically ideal . For non-equilibrium situations in general , it may be useful to consider statistical mechanical definitions of other quantities that may be conveniently called ' entropy ' , but they should not be confused or conflated with thermodynamic entropy properly defined for the second law . These other quantities indeed belong to statistical mechanics , not to thermodynamics , the primary realm of the second law . Even though the applicability of the second law of thermodynamics is limited for non-equilibrium systems , the laws governing such systems are still being discussed . One of the guiding principles for systems which are far from equilibrium is the maximum entropy production principle . It states that a system away from equilibrium evolves in such a way as to maximize entropy production , given present constraints . The physics of macroscopically observable fluctuations is beyond the scope of this article . Arrow of time ( edit ) Further information : Entropy ( arrow of time ) Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time See also : Arrow of time The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law that is not symmetric to reversal of the time direction . This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics , namely CPT symmetry , since the second law applies statistically , it is hypothesized , on time - asymmetric boundary conditions . The second law has been proposed to supply a partial explanation of the difference between moving forward and backwards in time , such as why the cause precedes the effect ( the causal arrow of time ) . Irreversibility ( edit ) Irreversibility in thermodynamic processes is a consequence of the asymmetric character of thermodynamic operations , and not of any internally irreversible microscopic properties of the bodies . Thermodynamic operations are macroscopic external interventions imposed on the participating bodies , not derived from their internal properties . There are reputed `` paradoxes '' that arise from failure to recognize this . Loschmidt 's paradox ( edit ) Main article : Loschmidt 's paradox Loschmidt 's paradox , also known as the reversibility paradox , is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time - symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system . In the opinion of Schrödinger , `` It is now quite obvious in what manner you have to reformulate the law of entropy -- or for that matter , all other irreversible statements -- so that they be capable of being derived from reversible models . You must not speak of one isolated system but at least of two , which you may for the moment consider isolated from the rest of the world , but not always from each other . '' The two systems are isolated from each other by the wall , until it is removed by the thermodynamic operation , as envisaged by the law . The thermodynamic operation is externally imposed , not subject to the reversible microscopic dynamical laws that govern the constituents of the systems . It is the cause of the irreversibility . The statement of the law in this present article complies with Schrödinger 's advice . The cause -- effect relation is logically prior to the second law , not derived from it . Poincaré recurrence theorem ( edit ) Main article : Poincaré recurrence theorem The Poincaré recurrence theorem considers a theoretical microscopic description of an isolated physical system . This may be considered as a model of a thermodynamic system after a thermodynamic operation has removed an internal wall . The system will , after a sufficiently long time , return to a microscopically defined state very close to the initial one . The Poincaré recurrence time is the length of time elapsed until the return . It is exceedingly long , likely longer than the life of the universe , and depends sensitively on the geometry of the wall that was removed by the thermodynamic operation . The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics . More obviously , however , it is simply a microscopic model of thermodynamic equilibrium in an isolated system formed by removal of a wall between two systems . For a typical thermodynamical system , the recurrence time is so large ( many many times longer than the lifetime of the universe ) that , for all practical purposes , one can not observe the recurrence . One might wish , nevertheless , to imagine that one could wait for the Poincaré recurrence , and then re-insert the wall that was removed by the thermodynamic operation . It is then evident that the appearance of irreversibility is due to the utter unpredictability of the Poincaré recurrence given only that the initial state was one of thermodynamic equilibrium , as is the case in macroscopic thermodynamics . Even if one could wait for it , one has no practical possibility of picking the right instant at which to re-insert the wall . The Poincaré recurrence theorem provides a solution to Loschmidt 's paradox . If an isolated thermodynamic system could be monitored over increasingly many multiples of the average Poincaré recurrence time , the thermodynamic behavior of the system would become invariant under time reversal . James Clerk Maxwell Maxwell 's demon ( edit ) Main article : Maxwell 's demon James Clerk Maxwell imagined one container divided into two parts , A and B. Both parts are filled with the same gas at equal temperatures and placed next to each other , separated by a wall . Observing the molecules on both sides , an imaginary demon guards a microscopic trapdoor in the wall . When a faster - than - average molecule from A flies towards the trapdoor , the demon opens it , and the molecule will fly from A to B . The average speed of the molecules in B will have increased while in A they will have slowed down on average . Since average molecular speed corresponds to temperature , the temperature decreases in A and increases in B , contrary to the second law of thermodynamics . One response to this question was suggested in 1929 by Leó Szilárd and later by Léon Brillouin . Szilárd pointed out that a real - life Maxwell 's demon would need to have some means of measuring molecular speed , and that the act of acquiring information would require an expenditure of energy . Maxwell 's demon repeatedly alters the permeability of the wall between A and B. It is therefore performing thermodynamic operations on a microscopic scale , not just observing ordinary spontaneous or natural macroscopic thermodynamic processes . Quotations ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Second law of thermodynamics The law that entropy always increases holds , I think , the supreme position among the laws of Nature . If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell 's equations -- then so much the worse for Maxwell 's equations . If it is found to be contradicted by observation -- well , these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes . But if your theory is found to be against the second law of thermodynamics I can give you no hope ; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation . -- Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington , The Nature of the Physical World ( 1927 ) There have been nearly as many formulations of the second law as there have been discussions of it . -- Philosopher / Physicist P.W. Bridgman , ( 1941 ) Clausius is the author of the sibyllic utterance , `` The energy of the universe is constant ; the entropy of the universe tends to a maximum . '' The objectives of continuum thermomechanics stop far short of explaining the `` universe '' , but within that theory we may easily derive an explicit statement in some ways reminiscent of Clausius , but referring only to a modest object : an isolated body of finite size . -- Truesdell , C. , Muncaster , R.G. ( 1980 ) . Fundamentals of Maxwell 's Kinetic Theory of a Simple Monatomic Gas , Treated as a Branch of Rational Mechanics , Academic Press , New York , ISBN 0 - 12 - 701350 - 4 , p. 17 . See also ( edit ) Thermodynamic equilibrium Heat death of the universe Clausius -- Duhem inequality Fluctuation theorem History of thermodynamics Jarzynski equality Quantum thermodynamics Laws of thermodynamics Maximum entropy thermodynamics Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire Thermal diode Relativistic heat conduction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Atkins and de Paula , p. 78 Jump up ^ Zohuri , Bahman ( 2016 ) . Dimensional Analysis Beyond the Pi Theorem . Springer . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 45726 - 0 . Jump up ^ Planck , M. ( 1897 / 1903 ) , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Munster A. ( 1970 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 , 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Mandl 1988 Jump up ^ Planck , M. ( 1897 / 1903 ) , pp. 79 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , M. ( 1994 ) , Section 71 , pp. 113 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , M. ( 1994 ) , p. 120 . 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This source is partly verbatim from Planck 's statement , but does not cite Planck . This source calls the statement the principle of the increase of entropy . Jump up ^ Uhlenbeck , G.E. , Ford , G.W. ( 1963 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Carathéodory , C. ( 1909 ) . Jump up ^ Buchdahl , H.A. ( 1966 ) , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Sychev , V.V. ( 1991 ) . The Differential Equations of Thermodynamics . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56032 - 121 - 7 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Lieb & Yngvason ( 1999 ) , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Planck , M. ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Buchdahl , H.A. ( 1966 ) , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Uffink , J. ( 2003 ) , pp. 129 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Truesdell , C. , Muncaster , R.G. ( 1980 ) . Fundamentals of Maxwell 's Kinetic Theory of a Simple Monatomic Gas , Treated as a Branch of Rational Mechanics , Academic Press , New York , ISBN 0 - 12 - 701350 - 4 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Planck , M. ( 1897 / 1903 ) , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Planck , M. ( 1926 ) , p. 457 , Wikipedia editor 's translation . Jump up ^ Lieb , E.H. , Yngvason , J. ( 2003 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Borgnakke , C. , Sonntag. , R.E. ( 2009 ) , p. 304 . Jump up ^ van Gool , W. ; Bruggink , J.J.C. ( Eds ) ( 1985 ) . Energy and time in the economic and physical sciences . North - Holland . pp. 41 -- 56 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 87748 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Grubbström , Robert W. ( 2007 ) . `` An Attempt to Introduce Dynamics Into Generalised Exergy Considerations '' . Applied Energy . 84 : 701 -- 718 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apenergy. 2007.01. 003 . Jump up ^ Clausius theorem at Wolfram Research Jump up ^ Denbigh , K.G. , Denbigh , J.S. ( 1985 ) . Entropy in Relation to Incomplete Knowledge , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge UK , ISBN 0 - 521 - 25677 - 1 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Grandy , W.T. , Jr ( 2008 ) . 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( 2015 ) . `` Self - Assembled Wiggling Nano - Structures and the Principle of Maximum Entropy Production '' . Sci. Rep. 5 . Bibcode : 2015NatSR ... 5E8323B . doi : 10.1038 / srep08323 . Jump up ^ Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time , https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/time-thermo/ Jump up ^ Halliwell , J.J. ; et al. ( 1994 ) . Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry . Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56837 - 4 . chapter 6 Jump up ^ Schrödinger , E. ( 1950 ) , p. 192 . Bibliography of citations ( edit ) Adkins , C.J. ( 1968 / 1983 ) . Equilibrium Thermodynamics , ( 1st edition 1968 ) , third edition 1983 , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge UK , ISBN 0 - 521 - 25445 - 0 . Atkins , P.W. , de Paula , J. ( 2006 ) . Atkins ' Physical Chemistry , eighth edition , W.H. Freeman , New York , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 8759 - 4 . Attard , P. ( 2012 ) . 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The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge UK . Bridgman , P.W. ( 1943 ) . The Nature of Thermodynamics , Harvard University Press , Cambridge MA . Callen , H.B. ( 1960 / 1985 ) . Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics , ( 1st edition 1960 ) 2nd edition 1985 , Wiley , New York , ISBN 0 - 471 - 86256 - 8 . Čápek , V. , Sheehan , D.P. ( 2005 ) . Challenges to the Second Law of Thermodynamics : Theory and Experiment , Springer , Dordrecht , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3015 - 0 . C. Carathéodory ( 1909 ) . `` Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Thermodynamik '' . Mathematische Annalen. 67 : 355 -- 386 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01450409 . Axiom II : In jeder beliebigen Umgebung eines willkürlich vorgeschriebenen Anfangszustandes gibt es Zustände , die durch adiabatische Zustandsänderungen nicht beliebig approximiert werden können . ( p. 363 ) . A translation may be found here . Also a mostly reliable translation is to be found at Kestin , J. ( 1976 ) . The Second Law of Thermodynamics , Dowden , Hutchinson & Ross , Stroudsburg PA . Carnot , S. ( 1824 / 1986 ) . Reflections on the motive power of fire , Manchester University Press , Manchester UK , ISBN 0 - 7190 - 1741 - 6 . Also here . Chapman , S. , Cowling , T.G. ( 1939 / 1970 ) . The Mathematical Theory of Non-uniform gases . An Account of the Kinetic Theory of Viscosity , Thermal Conduction and Diffusion in Gases , third edition 1970 , Cambridge University Press , London . Clausius , R. ( 1850 ) . `` Ueber Die Bewegende Kraft Der Wärme Und Die Gesetze , Welche Sich Daraus Für Die Wärmelehre Selbst Ableiten Lassen '' . Annalen der Physik. 79 : 368 -- 397 , 500 -- 524 . Bibcode : 1850AnP ... 155 ... 500C . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 18501550403 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Translated into English : Clausius , R. ( July 1851 ) . `` On the Moving Force of Heat , and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom '' . London , Edinburgh , and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science . 4th . 2 ( VIII ) : 1 -- 21 ; 102 -- 119 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Clausius , R. ( 1854 ) . `` Über eine veränderte Form des zweiten Hauptsatzes der mechanischen Wärmetheorie '' ( PDF ) . Annalen der Physik . Poggendoff . xciii : 481 -- 506 . Bibcode : 1854AnP ... 169 ... 481C . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 18541691202 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Translated into English : Clausius , R. ( July 1856 ) . `` On a Modified Form of the Second Fundamental Theorem in the Mechanical Theory of Heat '' . London , Edinburgh , and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science . 4th . 2 : 86 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Reprinted in : Clausius , R. ( 1867 ) . The Mechanical Theory of Heat -- with its Applications to the Steam Engine and to Physical Properties of Bodies . London : John van Voorst . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Denbigh , K. ( 1954 / 1981 ) . The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium . 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Modern Thermodynamics : From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures , John Wiley & Sons , Chichester , ISBN 0 - 471 - 97393 - 9 . Lebon , G. , Jou , D. , Casas - Vázquez , J. ( 2008 ) . Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics : Foundations , Applications , Frontiers , Springer - Verlag , Berlin , ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 74252 - 4 . Lieb , E.H. ; Yngvason , J. ( 1999 ) . `` The Physics and Mathematics of the Second Law of Thermodynamics '' ( PDF ) . Physics Reports . 310 : 1 -- 96 . arXiv : cond - mat / 9708200 . Bibcode : 1999PhR ... 310 ... 1L . doi : 10.1016 / S0370 - 1573 ( 98 ) 00082 - 9 . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Lieb , E.H. , Yngvason , J. ( 2003 ) . The Entropy of Classical Thermodynamics , pp. 147 -- 195 , Chapter 8 of Entropy , Greven , A. , Keller , G. , Warnecke ( editors ) ( 2003 ) . Mandl , F. ( 1988 ) . Statistical physics ( second ed . ) . Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 91533 - 1 . Maxwell , J.C. ( 1867 ) . `` On the dynamical theory of gases '' . Phil . Trans . R. Soc . Lond. 157 : 49 -- 88 . Müller , I. ( 1985 ) . Thermodynamics , Pitman , London , ISBN 0 - 273 - 08577 - 8 . Müller , I. ( 2003 ) . Entropy in Nonequilibrium , pp. 79 -- 109 , Chapter 5 of Entropy , Greven , A. , Keller , G. , Warnecke ( editors ) ( 2003 ) . Münster , A. ( 1970 ) , Classical Thermodynamics , translated by E.S. Halberstadt , Wiley -- Interscience , London , ISBN 0 - 471 - 62430 - 6 . Pippard , A.B. ( 1957 / 1966 ) . Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics , original publication 1957 , reprint 1966 , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge UK . Planck , M. ( 1897 / 1903 ) . Treatise on Thermodynamics , translated by A. Ogg , Longmans Green , London , p. 100 . Planck . M. ( 1914 ) . The Theory of Heat Radiation , a translation by Masius , M. of the second German edition , P. Blakiston 's Son & Co. , Philadelphia . Planck , M. ( 1926 ) . Über die Begründung des zweiten Hauptsatzes der Thermodynamik , Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Physikalisch - mathematische Klasse : 453 -- 463 . Pokrovskii V.N. ( 2005 ) Extended thermodynamics in a discrete - system approach , Eur. J. Phys . vol. 26 , 769 - 781 . Pokrovskii V.N. ( 2013 ) A derivation of the main relations of non-equilibrium thermodynamics . Hindawi Publishing Corporation : ISRN Thermodynamics , vol. 2013 , article ID 906136 , 9 p. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/906136 . Quinn , T.J. ( 1983 ) . Temperature , Academic Press , London , ISBN 0 - 12 - 569680 - 9 . Rao , Y.V.C. ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to thermodynamics . Universities Press . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7371 - 461 - 0 . Roberts , J.K. , Miller , A.R. ( 1928 / 1960 ) . Heat and Thermodynamics , ( first edition 1928 ) , fifth edition , Blackie & Son Limited , Glasgow . Schrödinger , E. ( 1950 ) . Irreversibility , Proc. R. Ir. Acad. , A53 : 189 -- 195 . ter Haar , D. , Wergeland , H. ( 1966 ) . Elements of Thermodynamics , Addison - Wesley Publishing , Reading MA . Thomson , W. ( 1851 ) . `` On the Dynamical Theory of Heat , with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule 's equivalent of a Thermal Unit , and M. Regnault 's Observations on Steam '' . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . XX ( part II ) : 261 -- 268 ; 289 -- 298 . Also published in Thomson , W. ( December 1852 ) . `` On the Dynamical Theory of Heat , with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule 's equivalent of a Thermal Unit , and M. Regnault 's Observations on Steam '' . Philos . Mag. 4 . IV ( 22 ) : 13 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Thomson , W. ( 1852 ) . On the universal tendency in nature to the dissipation of mechanical energy Philosophical Magazine , Ser. 4 , p. 304 . Tisza , L. ( 1966 ) . Generalized Thermodynamics , M.I.T Press , Cambridge MA . Truesdell , C. ( 1980 ) . The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics 1822 -- 1854 , Springer , New York , ISBN 0 - 387 - 90403 - 4 . Uffink , J. ( 2001 ) . Bluff your way in the second law of thermodynamics , Stud . Hist . Phil . Mod . Phys. , 32 ( 3 ) : 305 -- 394 . Uffink , J. ( 2003 ) . Irreversibility and the Second Law of Thermodynamics , Chapter 7 of Entropy , Greven , A. , Keller , G. , Warnecke ( editors ) ( 2003 ) , Princeton University Press , Princeton NJ , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11338 - 6 . Uhlenbeck , G.E. , Ford , G.W. ( 1963 ) . Lectures in Statistical Mechanics , American Mathematical Society , Providence RI . Zemansky , M.W. ( 1968 ) . Heat and Thermodynamics . An Intermediate Textbook , fifth edition , McGraw - Hill Book Company , New York . Further Reading ( edit ) Goldstein , Martin , and Inge F. , 1993 . The Refrigerator and the Universe . Harvard Univ . Press . Chpts. 4 -- 9 contain an introduction to the Second Law , one a bit less technical than this entry . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 75324 - 2 Leff , Harvey S. , and Rex , Andrew F. ( eds . ) 2003 . Maxwell 's Demon 2 : Entropy , classical and quantum information , computing . Bristol UK ; Philadelphia PA : Institute of Physics . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 49237 - 7 Halliwell , J.J. ( 1994 ) . Physical Origins of Time Asymmetry . Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56837 - 4 . ( technical ) . Carnot , Sadi ( 1890 ) . Thurston , Robert Henry , ed . Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat and on Machines Fitted to Develop That Power . New York : J. Wiley & Sons . ( full text of 1897 ed . ) ( html ) Stephen Jay Kline ( 1999 ) . The Low - Down on Entropy and Interpretive Thermodynamics , La Cañada , CA : DCW Industries . ISBN 1 - 928729 - 01 - 0 . Kostic , M ( 2011 ) . `` Revisiting The Second Law of Energy Degradation and Entropy Generation : From Sadi Carnot 's Ingenious Reasoning to Holistic Generalization '' . AIP Conf . Proc. 1411 : 327 -- 350 . Bibcode : 2011AIPC. 1411 ... 327K . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3665247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7354 - 0985 - 9 . also at ( 1 ) . External links ( edit ) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy : `` Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics '' -- by Lawrence Sklar . Second law of thermodynamics in the MIT Course Unified Thermodynamics and Propulsion from Prof. Z.S. Spakovszky E.T. Jaynes , 1988 , `` The evolution of Carnot 's principle , '' in G.J. Erickson and C.R. Smith ( eds . ) Maximum - Entropy and Bayesian Methods in Science and Engineering , Vol 1 : p. 267 . Caratheodory , C. , `` Examination of the foundations of thermodynamics , '' trans . by D.H. Delphenich The Second Law of Thermodynamics , BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Gribbin , Peter Atkins & Monica Grady ( In Our Time , Dec. 16 , 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_law_of_thermodynamics&oldid=844651904 '' Categories : Concepts in physics Laws of thermodynamics Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 07 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who came up with the 2nd law of thermodynamics | [
"The second law has been expressed in many ways. Its first formulation is credited to the French scientist Sadi Carnot, who in 1824 showed that there is an upper limit to the efficiency of conversion of heat to work, in a heat engine."
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6459671538353113891 | Lost in Space (2018 TV series) | Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series ) - Wikipedia Lost in Space ( 2018 TV series ) This article is about the 2018 TV series . For the 1960s ' TV series , see Lost in Space . For other uses , see Lost in Space ( disambiguation ) . Lost in Space Series logotype Genre Science fiction Adventure Family drama Created by Irwin Allen Developed by Matt Sazama Burk Sharpless Starring Molly Parker Toby Stephens Maxwell Jenkins Taylor Russell Mina Sundwall Ignacio Serricchio Parker Posey Composer ( s ) Christopher Lennertz John Williams ( original theme ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Zack Estrin Kevin Burns Jon Jashni Matt Sazama Burk Sharpless Neil Marshall Marc Helwig Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Sam McCurdy Running time 47 -- 65 minutes Production company ( s ) Sazama Sharpless Productions Applebox Entertainment Synthesis Entertainment Clickety - Clack Productions Legendary Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Lost in Space ( 1965 TV series ) Lost in Space ( 1998 film ) External links Website Lost in Space is an American science fiction television series based on a re-imagining of the 1965 series of the same name ( itself a re-imagining of the 1812 novel The Swiss Family Robinson ) , following the adventures of a family of pioneering space colonists whose ship veers off - course . It is written by Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless and consists of ten episodes produced by Legendary Television , Synthesis Entertainment , Clickety - Clack Productions , and Applebox Entertainment , with Zack Estrin serving as showrunner . Netflix released the series on April 13 , 2018 . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in Season 1 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Filming 5 Release 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) In the year 2048 the Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute , an interstellar spacecraft which will carry selected families to colonize a new world . The Resolute was built after a celestial object , dubbed `` The Christmas Star '' by the media , crashed into Earth a few years earlier , threatening humanity 's survival on Earth . Before they reach their destination , an alien robot breaches the Resolute 's hull . Some of the families are forced to evacuate the mothership in their short - range Jupiter spacecraft . The Robinsons and other colonists crash - land on a nearby habitable planet , where they battle the strange new environment and their own personal demons as they attempt to find a way back to the Resolute . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Molly Parker as Maureen Robinson , a fearless and brilliant aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri for a new life on a better world . She is a mission commander . She is married to John Robinson and is the biological mother of all three children . Toby Stephens as John Robinson , a former U.S. Navy SEAL , and husband to Maureen . He is the biological father of Maureen 's two youngest children . Maxwell Jenkins as Will Robinson , the 11 - year - old son and youngest child of Maureen and John Robinson . He forms a tight bond with the Robot , whom he saves from destruction during a forest fire . Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson , Maureen 's 18 - year - old biracial daughter and eldest child . She is a mission doctor , having received accelerated medical training . Mina Sundwall as Penny Robinson , the 15 - year - old daughter and middle Robinson child . Ignacio Serricchio as Don West , a mechanic who also smuggles luxury goods . He has a chicken named Debbie , which he claims to be lucky . Parker Posey as Dr. Smith . She is a criminal and a psychopath who uses other people 's identities to claim their belongings . Dr. Smith , whose real name is June Harris , stole her sister Jessica 's identity and place on the colony ship . There she impersonates a Dr. Zachary Smith , to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship . After landing on the planet , Dr. Smith attempts to sabotage the Jupiters ' chances of being rescued by the Resolute while manipulating and gaslighting the survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes . The theft of the doctor 's identity is a reference to the corresponding Dr. Smith character of the original TV series . Brian Steele as the Robot , an alien mechanoid being that Will encounters on the planet that his family crash lands on . The robot has a different form from the ones on the previous series and movie . Recurring ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Raza Jaffrey as Victor Dhar , an educated and officious man with a sense of entitlement . Victor has been a career - builder and politician from a young age . His arrogance and impatience masks an underlying fear that it will be discovered that he is not quite good enough . Ajay Friese as Vijay Dhar , Victor 's son and Penny 's love interest . Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Hiroki Watanabe , a scientist and friend of Maureen . Kiki Sukezane as Aiko Watanabe , Hiroki 's daughter . Yukari Komatsu as Naoko Watanabe , Hiroki 's wife . Veenu Sandhu as Prisha Dhar , Victor 's wife . Sibongile Mlambo as Angela Goddard , a survivor struggling from post tramatic stress syndrome following her husband 's death during the Resolute attack . Adam Greydon Reid as Peter Beckert , a survivor . Amelia Burstyn as Diane , a survivor . Iain Belcher as Evan , a survivor . Shaun Parkes as Captain Radic , commander of the Resolute . Guest ( edit ) Selma Blair as Jessica Harris , June 's wealthy younger sister . Bill Mumy as Dr. Zachary Smith , the real Dr. Smith , whose identity June steals . Episodes ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Impact '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The spacecraft Resolute , a large ferris wheel style ship , is carrying colonists , including the Robinson family , to Alpha Centauri . The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their `` family home '' Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole , crash - landing on an Earth - like planet . The Robinsons ' craft , Jupiter 2 , crashes into a glacial bed . The family evacuates with some supplies before their craft sinks in rapidly freezing water . Eldest Robinson child , Judy , a doctor , dives to the ship to retrieve power equipment . She becomes encased in ice , and with five hours of oxygen left in Judy 's suit , John and son , Will , set out to collect magnesium that will melt the ice . Judy guides her sister , Penny , through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother , Maureen . Inside a cave , Will falls down a chasm , landing at the edge of a forest . John radios Will , saying he will return after saving Judy . Alone , Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dismembered robot that he helps to self - repair . In return , it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them . The family attempt to free Judy , but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress . Will and the Robot arrive , and the Robot rescues Judy . In a flashback scene , a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing craft , along with Don West and Tam Roughneck . `` Diamonds in the Sky '' Neil Marshall Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Don West , Smith , and Debbie the chicken survive the Jupiter 18 landing . While looking for other survivors , they find Angela Goddard , who is barely alive . When a storm approaches , Don and Angela take cover while Smith heads out . Meanwhile , the robot melts more ice to allow the Robinsons to start the process of recovering the Jupiter 2 . Maureen , John , Will and the robot hike to another Jupiter crash site and then later to the robot 's ship . They leave Penny and Judy behind , instructing them how to carefully raise the ship out of the ice . Inside the alien ship , a holographic map of the planet is activated , showing John and Maureen they are in an unidentified galaxy . Outside , the robot touches the ship 's hull , creating a mental connection to Will who learns what really happened on the Resolute . He decides to say nothing to his parents about the vision . When Penny sees the storm approaching and is unable to reach her parents to warn them , she raises the Jupiter 2 enough that the garage can be opened . She drives the ship 's Chariot all - terrain vehicle to reach her family just in front of the storm . As they head back to Jupiter 2 , they pass Don who sees them only to discover his flare gun is missing . The Robinsons see a flare and find Smith , who claims to be alone , returning with her to the Jupiter 2 . `` Infestation '' Tim Southam Zack Estrin April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) In a flashback , Dr. Smith is revealed to be June Harris , the older , ex-con sister of Jess Harris , a successful businesswoman . Jess offers June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth , but June drugs Jess and assumes her sister 's identity . Aboard the Resolute , she bumps into her sister 's lover and there is a struggle ending in him getting blown out an airlock . June is arrested but escapes during the robot 's attack . In the present , Maureen explains they are trillions of light years from Earth . At night , the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks , endangering the ship . They rush to complete repairs , but the engines are losing fuel . When Will and the robot discover large eel - like creatures in the conduits , the robot locks Will , along with Smith , in the storeroom for safety . The glacier shifts , which forces the crew to make an emergency take - off after flushing the eels from the engines . They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region . Comms pick up radio communication from other Jupiter survivors and also from Resolute , who are searching for survivors . Somebody hacks the onboard 3D printer to make a gun . Will finds it , and hides the gun under his mattress , unaware Smith is watching . `` The Robinsons Were Here '' Alice Troughton Katherine Collins April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Stuck without fuel , the family initiates Jupiter 2 's colonization expansion protocol . Smith and Will discuss the robot , who does Will 's bidding . Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family ; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela . She tells Judy about the attack on Resolute . The Robinsons learn none of the other surviving families can fly due to the giant eels consuming fuel . John notices that one crash site is not a Jupiter ship . Maureen , John , and Don go there and discover the Resolute 's comm dish . They realize the Resolute can not hear them . Maureen also discovers contraband whiskey that Don smuggled aboard . Judy confronts Will about the robot , and he reveals he knew it attacked the Resolute . They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave , unaware Smith is following them . On the way , they are spotted by Vijay Dhar , the son of another survivor group . Penny blackmails him to say nothing about the robot , having found and keeping an item he dropped . While away , Maureen and John discuss their marital problems . The next morning , the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents arrive . Smith talks to the robot inside the cave , attempting to instill distrust in it about Will . When John and Maureen return home , the kids tell them that the robot wandered away . 5 `` Transmission '' Deborah Chow Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) The surviving colonists build a light tower to try to signal the Resolute . Maureen , noticing strange weather phenomena , conducts an experiment using a weather balloon . She discovers the sun is paired with a deadly black hole , and that the disturbances will only get worse until the planet is entirely unhabitable . Will ignores Penny and Judy 's advice to tell their father about the Robot . Penny develops a crush on Vijay , flirting with him as they move supplies . Don confronts Dr. Smith about the stolen flare gun , though she claims she took it by mistake . In a flashback , Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri . Judy and Don discuss his smuggling activities . He also reveals his suspicions about Dr. Smith 's identity . Judy confronts Dr. Smith about this , but she lies and instead casts doubt on Don . When the colonists activate the light signal , Dr. Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence , allowing a large reptilian creature to enter the camp and destroy the light tower . Smith tells John about the kids hiding the robot . When another creature shows up , Dr. Smith tells Will to call the robot . It does save the survivors , but only after Will tells it to defend itself against the creatures . It assumes its original multi-limb form to do this . The colonists witness all of this and recognize the robot from the attack on the Resolute . 6 `` Eulogy '' Vincenzo Natali Ed McCardie April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen tells her family about the black hole but is afraid the other colonists might panic . John has a heated argument with the other survivors about the robot . In the end , despite an enraged Angela claiming it killed her husband , John convinces the community to allow the robot to stay and takes Will on a hike to discuss Will 's responsibility for the robot 's actions . He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties . Don takes the community leader and Vijay 's father , Victor Dhar , to his Jupiter which crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel - like creatures , and wants money for its fuel . Don also retrieves identification of the real Dr. Smith , later showing Judy . Maureen learns that Hiroki also knows the planet is dying . Penny tells Vijay about the black hole but swears him to secrecy , and they share a kiss . Back at camp , Dr. Smith makes the distraught Angela recount the horrifying details of the robot attack . The emotional Angela enters the hub with the gun Dr. Smith has taken from Will 's bunk and arranged for her to find . When she shoots at the robot it goes into attack mode and accidentally injures John before Will gets it to stop . Distraught , Will takes the robot to a cliff and orders it to walk off . He then places a stone on the memorial for the robot . 7 `` Pressurized '' Tim Southam Vivian Lee April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) While driving back to Jupiter 2 , Judy is about to tell Dr. Smith she knows the truth about her when Don stops her . When Will is confronted by his mother , he confirms the robot 3D - printed the gun and that he hid it . Anyone could have taken the gun , though . Dr. Smith refuses blame for Angela 's attack , and suggests Victor Dhar might have taken the gun . John and Maureen 's rover gets stuck in a tar pit . As they sink to the bottom , Maureen admits to doctoring Will 's test results . To escape the vehicle , Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface . Meanwhile , Smith locates the destroyed robot , but can not get it to reassemble . Don 's group speeds through a dangerous geyser field but a tube shakes loose and when Evan fixes the problem , a geyser blast flips the tanker on top of him . Victor realizes that a rock has punctured the tanker and if they move it they 'll lose most of the fuel . Despite this Don reluctantly sides with Judy and lifts the tanker , spilling the fuel , but Evan dies anyway . Back on Jupiter 2 , Dr. Smith finally manages to reactivate the robot . When Victor returns home , Vijay tells him about the planet 's coming demise . Victor decides to use what fuel they did retrieve to launch their own Jupiter 4 . 8 `` Trajectory '' Stephen Surjik Katherine Collins & Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Maureen can not talk Victor out of launching , but John sneaks aboard the Dhar 's Jupiter 4 and triggers the emergency shut down . Later , he explains to the gathered colonists how the planet is about to become uninhabitable . Penny breaks off with Vijay for him telling his father . Maureen has a plan on how to launch despite the limited fuel , stripping out non-essential modules , and relying on old - school manual piloting . Judy tells Maureen the truth about the real Dr. Smith aboard Don 's Jupiter . Returning to Jupiter 2 , Maureen confines Dr. Smith to a holding cell . Dr. Smith now claims she is really Jessica Harris , a physicist . Maureen tells John about Smith , and he tells her that Don believes the Jupiter 4 is still too heavy to take off . With life support also removed , the pilot now needs a spacesuit and will need to withstand extreme G - forces . They select John , but not even he can regain consciousness fast enough to make all the maneuvers alone . When the Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation they must leave the planet 's orbit within 24 hours , Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship . With his assistance the test run is a success . As John and Don launch in the Jupiter 4 , Dr. Smith tricks Will and escapes to knock out Maureen right when John needs her instructions . With everyone watching , the ship explodes mid-air and John and Don are presumed dead . 9 `` Resurrection '' Tim Southam Story by : Daniel McLellan Teleplay by : Kari Drake April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Will tries to signal his father using his radio , convinced he survived the explosion . Dr. Smith drives Maureen to the alien wreck , where she tells Maureen she did not know Maureen was needed for the ship launch , and when she knocked her out , the ship exploded . She does promise to help Maureen get her children off the planet , if she in return helps Dr. Smith with the alien ship . Will discovers that the rocks he collected in the cave are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach the Resolute . While the colonists gather to harvest the biomass , Judy leaves to find Maureen . The colonists find enough biomass to power all the Jupiters , but they must sneak it out quietly so as to not wake winged predators roosting in the cave . When John manages to send a signal , Penny and others are trapped inside the cave after the creatures wake up . Throughout the episode , flashbacks reveal the Christmas Star not to be a meteor but an alien craft , and that its engine was used to build The Resolute . The robot 's attack was an attempt to retrieve the stolen engine . The group trapped in the cave manage to narrowly escape . Judy tracks Smith and Maureen . She manages to disable Dr. Smith , but the robot reactivates and is revealed to obey the Doctor 's commands . 10 `` Danger , Will Robinson '' David Nutter Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit , with only a few hours of oxygen left . Will is upset to learn the robot now serves Dr. Smith . John responds to Will , confirming that he and Don are still alive . Will tries to bond with the robot again but is rejected . Victor Dhar hails them from the Resolute , telling them it will leave in just over an hour . Maureen traps Dr Smith and the robot in order to search for John and Don . Just as they are about to retrieve them , Dr Smith and the robot escape . Maureen leads the robot into the garage , as an alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine . When the alien robot is about to kill Will , his robot remembers him and attacks the alien robot , saving Will . In the fight , both robots are flung out into space and the garage ramp is damaged . Will goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch . Afterwards , he loses his grip but is saved by his father , who was rescued by Dr. Smith . With everyone safely back on the Jupiter , Maureen is grateful to Dr. Smith , but still locks her up . Before they can dock with the Resolute , the alien engine aboard the Jupiter 2 sends it and the Robinsons to a different galaxy . Will recognizes its shape from the robot 's sand drawing : Danger . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In October 2014 , it was announced that Legendary Television and Synthesis Entertainment were developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the pilot episodes . In November 2015 , Netflix landed the project . On June 29 , 2016 , Netflix ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space , with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner . Sazama , Sharpless , Kevin Burns , Jon Jashni , Neil Marshall , and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers . Toby Stephens , speaking about the distinction between the original series and the new show : `` It 's a very clever , modern reworking of a great story . Lost in Space is Swiss Family Robinson in space , so it was a story that existed before Lost in Space . The fundamental story is that it 's a family that is lost in a difficult , life - threatening situation and how it challenges them and brings them closer together . That is essentially what the story of this is , it 's just the context is a lot more modern . It 's a more modern take on the ' 60s version . If you look at it now , it 's charming , but it seems so innocent . Whereas this is a version that is for our time . I 'm hoping it will still have humour and humanity in it , but it has obviously got ta be for a modern audience . '' Filming ( edit ) Production on the first season began in February 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and concluded in July 2017 . Release ( edit ) The series was released on April 13 , 2018 , on Netflix . On March 31 , 2018 , the pilot of the series was screened at Awesome Con in Washington , D.C. , followed by a Q&A session with series executive producers and writers Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless . Reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 69 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.21 / 10 , based on 65 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Lost in Space 's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci - fi adventure fans , while the story 's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring - do . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5 / 10 calling it `` an excellent sci - fi adventure with a slight villain problem , '' giving particular praise to the Robinson family , while criticizing Parker Posey 's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one - dimensional character that lacks redeeming qualities . In contrast , Jen Chaney of Vulture characterized Posey 's performance as providing `` understated , sly comedic touches '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Reveals Lost in Space Reboot Premiere Date , First Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lost in Space ' Reboot Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Molly Parker To Star In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Transmission '' . Lost in Space ( 2018 ) . Series 1 . Episode 5 . 13 April 2018 . Event occurs at 00 : 18 : 46 . Netflix . He came into the picture after I was born . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Toby Stephens To Topline Lost in Space Netflix Remake , Maxwell Jenkins To Co-Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2018/04/12/5-things-help-you-take-off-netflixs-new-lost-space/505788002/ ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lost in Space : Netflix Remake Casts Falling Skies Alum as Judy Robinson '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Mina Sundwall To Play Penny Robinson In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Ignacio Serricchio To Play Don West In Netflix Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Dr. Smith Is Hiding On Netflix 's Lost in Space '' . 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Lost In Space : Parker Posey Joins Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Lost in Space 2018 robot actor : Who plays the robot in Lost in Space 2018 ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Estrin , Zack ( November 11 , 2017 ) . `` Not quite 50 shades of grey , but ... Testing metal colors for The Robot at # SpectralMotion . # LostInSpace # Netflix '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Lost In Space : Raza Jaffrey Set To Recur In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Lost In Space Series Reboot In Works At Legendary TV With Dracula Writers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space TV Series Remake In Works At Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ; Ching , Albert ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Lost in Space Remake in Development at Netflix '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Lost In Space Remake Picked Up To Series By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leane , Rob ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Lost In Space : Toby Stephens teases Netflix 's ' modern ' retelling '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver Screen Scene : Lost in Space , Van Helsing , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ian ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Vancouver 's TV boom starts to fizzle as some shows move to California '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hildebrand , David ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix gave a first look of their Lost in Space remake at Awesome Con '' . Adventures in Poor Taste . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lost in Space ( 2018 ) : Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's Lost in Space : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . 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-4947150851036787277 | Mike Trout | Mike Trout - Wikipedia Mike Trout Jump to : navigation , search Mike Trout Trout with the Los Angeles Angels in 2014 Los Angeles Angels -- No. 27 Center fielder Born : ( 1991 - 08 - 07 ) August 7 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Vineland , New Jersey Bats : Right Throws : Right MLB debut July 8 , 2011 , for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim MLB statistics ( through 2017 season ) Batting average . 306 Hits 1,040 Home runs 201 Runs batted in 569 Stolen bases 165 Teams Los Angeles Angels ( 2011 -- present ) Career highlights and awards 6 × All - Star ( 2012 -- 2017 ) 2 × AL MVP ( 2014 , 2016 ) 5 × Silver Slugger Award ( 2012 -- 2016 ) AL Hank Aaron Award ( 2014 ) AL Rookie of the Year ( 2012 ) AL RBI leader ( 2014 ) AL stolen base leader ( 2012 ) 30 -- 30 club ( 2012 ) Michael Nelson Trout ( born August 7 , 1991 ) is an American professional baseball center fielder for the Los Angeles Angels of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Trout is a six - time MLB All - Star , and received the American League ( AL ) Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award in 2014 and 2016 ( finishing second in the 2012 , 2013 and 2015 votes ) . Trout was a first - round pick by the Angels in the 2009 MLB draft and made a brief major league appearance in 2011 as a teenager . He became a regular player for the Angels the subsequent season and won the 2012 AL Rookie of the Year Award unanimously . He is under contract with the Angels through 2020 . Nicknamed `` The Millville Meteor '' , Trout 's MLB performances have received praise from both the mainstream media and sabermetricians . He is regarded as one of the most outstanding young players in the history of baseball , as well as one of the best current players in all of MLB . Trout has led the American League in wins above replacement ( WAR ) in each of his first five full seasons ( according to Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Amateur career 3 Professional career 3.1 Draft and minors 3.2 Los Angeles Angels 3.2. 1 2011 3.2. 2 American League Rookie of the Year ( 2012 ) 3.2. 3 2013 3.2. 4 American League Most Valuable Player Award ( 2014 ) 3.2. 5 2015 3.2. 6 Second AL MVP ( 2016 ) 3.2. 7 2017 4 Awards and achievements 4.1 Awards and exhibition team selections 4.2 Statistical achievements 5 Player profile 6 Off the field 6.1 Endorsements 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in Vineland , New Jersey , to Jeff and Debbie Trout , he has two older siblings , sister Teal and brother Tyler . His father , Jeff ( born January 7 , 1961 ) , played baseball at the University of Delaware and was a fifth - round draft pick as a second baseman by the Minnesota Twins in 1983 . Jeff played four years of minor league baseball before a torn plantar fascia and knee injuries ended his career . Mike grew up a die - hard Philadelphia Phillies fan and attended their World Series parade in 2008 . Trout began playing baseball in Cal Ripken Baseball , A Division of Babe Ruth League . His main position as a youth baseball player was the shortstop position . He wore # 2 in honor of his childhood hero , New York Yankees shortstop Derek Jeter . He would switch to # 1 in high school . Mike attended Lakeside Middle School and is a 2009 graduate of Millville Senior High School . Amateur career ( edit ) Trout attended Millville Senior High School in Millville , New Jersey where he played both baseball and basketball , earning five letters ( three in baseball and two in basketball ) . In his junior year , he threw a no - hitter against Egg Harbor Township High School . The Thunderbolts made it to the state playoffs and were defeated by Cherry Hill High School East . He started as a pitcher and shortstop , and was shifted to the outfield during his senior year . That year , he hit 18 home runs , a New Jersey high school record . Trout had committed to play baseball at East Carolina University prior to the 2009 MLB Draft . Millville initially planned to retire Trout 's jersey number , but instead began awarding it to the team captain , starting in 2012 . Trout played travel ball with Tri-State Arsenal , one of the premier travel programs in the Northeast . He began working with the coaches at Arsenal at age 14 . Trout played in various tournaments with Tri-State Arsenal , including the Perfect Game WWBA Championships in Jupiter , Florida in 2007 and 2008 . In the summer before his senior year , Trout attended the Area Code Games in southern California , where he went 6 - for - 11 against some of the best players in the country . Angels scout Greg Morhardt , who had played in the minor leagues with Trout 's father , claimed Mike was the fastest and strongest 17 - year - old he had ever seen . Professional career ( edit ) Draft and minors ( edit ) Trout was drafted by the Angels , using their compensation pick from the New York Yankees for their signing of Mark Teixeira , 25th overall in the 2009 MLB draft . He started his professional career in 2009 playing for the Arizona Angels of the rookie - level Arizona League , hitting . 360 with a . 418 OBP and . 506 SLG with one home run , 25 runs batted in ( RBIs ) , and 13 stolen bases in 187 plate appearances over 39 games . He was beaten out in being named AZL Most Valuable Player by Cody Decker . He finished the season playing for the Cedar Rapids Kernels of the Class A Midwest League , hitting . 267 over 20 plate appearances in five games . Trout with the Angels in 2011 Before the 2010 season , Trout was considered the Angels ' third - best prospect and the 85th - best in all of baseball by Baseball America . He started the season playing for Cedar Rapids , where he hit . 362 with a . 454 on - base percentage ( OBP ) and a . 526 slugging percentage ( SLG ) with six home runs , 39 RBIs , and 45 stolen bases in 82 games . He was selected to play in the All - Star Futures Game . In July , Baseball America named Trout the second - best overall baseball prospect . After the Futures game , he was promoted to the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes of the Class A-Advanced California League . After the 2010 season , Trout was named 2010 J.G. Taylor Spink Award as the Topps Minor League Player of the Year . At just 19 years and two months , he was the youngest player to win this award . He was also named a Baseball America All - Star as well as a Topps Class A All - Star . Prior to the 2011 season , Trout was ranked number one by ESPN 's Keith Law in his 2011 top 100 prospects list and by MLB 's Jonathan Mayo . Trout started the 2011 season with the Arkansas Travelers of the Class AA Texas League . He hit . 324 with nine home runs , 27 RBIs , and 28 stolen bases in his first 75 games . Los Angeles Angels ( edit ) 2011 ( edit ) The Los Angeles Angels promoted Trout on July 8 , 2011 , to replace the injured Peter Bourjos in center field . He made his major league debut that night , going 0 - for - 3 . In his next game , Trout recorded his first career major league hit , an infield single against Seattle Mariners pitcher Michael Pineda in the bottom of the third inning . He hit his first major league home run against Baltimore Orioles pitcher Mark Worrell on July 24 . Trout was sent back to Double - A Arkansas on August 1 , 2011 after hitting . 163 with one home run and six runs batted in 12 starts for the Angels . After spending time back in Double - A Arkansas , Trout was recalled by the Angels on August 19 , 2011 . That night , he went 1 - for - 4 with a home run , his first at Angel Stadium . On August 30 , Trout became the youngest Angel to hit two home runs in one game , homering off of Mariners pitcher Anthony Vazquez in the top of the second inning and again in the top of the fourth inning . In his 40 - game rookie big league stint in 2011 , Trout 's batting average was . 220 , while his on - base percentage was . 281 and his slugging percentage . 390 . For the 2011 season , of the 13 votes cast for the USA Today Minor League Player of the Year Award , Trout received the 2 votes allocated to the fan poll . He was named Baseball America Minor League Player of the Year after hitting . 326 /. 414 /. 544 with 11 home runs , 38 RBIs , 82 runs scored , and 33 stolen bases in 91 games . He was again named an outfielder on Baseball America 's 2011 Minor League All Star team . American League rookie of the year ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Trout robs J.J. Hardy of a home run , June 27 , 2012 Trout began the 2012 season with the Salt Lake Bees of the Triple - A Pacific Coast League . On April 28 , he was again brought up from the minors , this time to replace Bobby Abreu ( who was batting . 208 in 24 at - bats ) . At that time , Trout had a . 403 batting average , a . 467 on - base percentage , and a . 623 slugging percentage in 20 games with Salt Lake . Trout recorded his first career four - hit game on June 4 ( and his second 15 days later ) . In the process , he scored all four times and two of his four hits went for doubles . Trout , along with Angels right fielder Torii Hunter , was named American League co-Player of the Week from June 4 -- 10 . During that stretch , Trout went 13 - for - 25 for a . 520 batting average to go along with 10 runs scored and four stolen bases . On June 27 against the Baltimore Orioles , Trout had his third career four - hit game in the same month . In the same game , he showed off his defensive skills when he robbed Orioles shortstop J.J. Hardy of a home run as he leaped up in the center field wall to make a spectacular catch in the bottom of the first inning . Trout broke both an Angels ' franchise and American League rookie record when he crossed home plate in 14 consecutive games after scoring a run in a game on July 22 . Trout 's 26 stolen bases tied Jerry Remy for the team 's rookie record for most stolen bases by the All - Star Break . Playing in his first All - Star Game , Trout singled off of New York Mets pitcher R.A. Dickey in the bottom of the 6th inning and drew a base on balls against Cincinnati Reds pitcher Aroldis Chapman in the bottom of the 7th . In the month of June , Trout batted . 372 with three home runs and 16 RBI and was named AL Player of the Month and AL Rookie of the Month . Angels manager Mike Scioscia explained Trout 's impact by saying , `` It 's a pleasant surprise only with the fact that you see very few guys come up and do this much . Is it surprising that Mike Trout 's talent is able to produce what 's happening on the field ? No , that 's not a surprise . He 's an extraordinary talent . '' Trout 's 34 runs scored in July tied the Major League rookie record with Cleveland Indians first baseman Hal Trosky in 1934 . He had a . 392 batting average , 10 home runs , and 23 runs batted in . In addition , Trout continued to show his speed by stealing nine bases and scoring 32 runs in July . Trout also became the first rookie to drive in at least 55 runs and score 80 runs in 81 games since Joe DiMaggio in 1936 . '' Against the Chicago White Sox on August 4 , Trout made another highlight catch , robbing second baseman Gordon Beckham of a home run in the second inning . White Sox catcher A.J. Pierzynski told reporters after the game that Trout `` makes those catches in the outfield look so good . '' . On August 21 , Trout went 2 - for - 4 in a victory over the Boston Red Sox , raising his batting average to . 344 . With the . 344 average , Trout set the rookie record for batting average through 100 games . Trout finished the month of August with a . 284 batting average , seven home runs , 19 runs batted in , 11 stolen bases , and an . 866 OPS . Trout was again named AL Rookie of the Month for August , his fourth time winning the honor . In winning the award for the fourth time , Trout became the first American League rookie since Ichiro Suzuki in 2001 to win Rookie of the Month four times during a single season . Trout became the youngest player ever to hit at least 20 home runs and steal at least 40 bases in a season . Houston Astros center fielder César Cedeño had been the youngest player to accomplish the feat , doing so in 1972 . He also became the youngest hitter ever to hit at least 20 home runs and steal at least 30 bases in a season . Trout scored his 100th run of the season on August 26 , becoming the second Angels rookie to score at least 100 runs in a season after Devon White . Trout set a new Angels record for runs scored in a rookie season , passing White . Trout scored three runs that day , the tenth time in the 2012 season where he scored three or more runs in one game , the most since Sammy Sosa 's 11 games in 2001 . On September 9 , in a game against the Detroit Tigers , Trout became the first player in baseball history under the age of 22 to hit a leadoff home run in back - to - back games . On September 21 , Trout became the first rookie to score 120 or more runs since Ichiro Suzuki and the fourth rookie to accomplish that feat since 1964 . On September 30 , Trout became the youngest player in Major League Baseball history to join the 30 -- 30 club when he belted a 7th - inning home run off of Texas Rangers pitcher Yu Darvish , helping the Angels win the game by a score of 5 -- 4 . Trout became the first player in MLB history to hit 30 home runs , steal 45 bases , and score 125 runs in one season . Trout set the Angels ' club record for most runs scored in a season , surpassing Vladimir Guerrero . He also set the Angels rookie record for most hits in a season with 173 , passing Wally Joyner . Trout became the first rookie ever to hit 30 home runs and steal 40 bases in the same season . In addition , Trout finished second in the AL in batting average (. 326 ) , third in slugging percentage (. 564 ) , third in on - base percentage (. 399 ) , second in OPS (. 963 ) , 9th in hits ( 182 ) , and first in OPS+ ( 171 ) . He became the first Angels player to lead the league in stolen bases since Chone Figgins did so in 2005 with 49 stolen bases . According to Baseball-Reference.com , Trout finished with a wins above replacement ( WAR ) value of 10.9 , 2.4 better than second - place finisher Robinson Canó of the Yankees . Trout was the first position player to have a WAR above 10.0 since Barry Bonds for the San Francisco Giants in 2004 . Trout led the Angels in batting average , runs scored , hits ( 182 ) , triples , stolen bases , total bases ( 315 ) , base on balls , batting average , on - base percentage , slugging percentage , and on - base plus slugging despite playing in just 139 games . He was tied with Pujols for second place on the team in home runs behind Mark Trumbo and was fourth in runs batted in . On November 12 , 2012 , Trout won the BBWAA Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year Award , receiving 28 of 28 first place votes , becoming the first Angels player to win the award since Tim Salmon won it in 1993 and the youngest player to win the AL Rookie of the Year Award . Trout became just the 18th Rookie of the Year winner to win the award unanimously . On November 13 , Trout won the Heart and Hustle Award , given to the player who `` demonstrates a passion for the game of baseball and best embodies the values , spirit and traditions of the game . '' Trout was one of three outfielders in the American League to win the Silver Slugger for being the best offensive players at their position ; the others were then - Ranger Josh Hamilton and Josh Willingham of the Minnesota Twins . He also won a Fielding Bible Award as the best fielding center fielder in MLB . Trout 's high WAR value led many to support his candidacy for American League Most Valuable Player . Trout 's main competition for the award was Miguel Cabrera , who became the first player since Carl Yastrzemski in 1967 to win the triple crown by leading the AL in batting average , home runs , and runs batted in . The race between Trout and Cabrera created controversy amongst baseball fans and writers , and was described by many as a clash between new - age sabermetrics and supporters of more `` traditional '' statistics . In supporting Trout 's case , Jayson Stark wrote , `` We just understand that Trout 's insane 10.5 WAR are one more clear indication that he 's a better baseball player than even one of the greatest hitters of our lifetimes ... If you want to toss in his slash line , his 62 extra-base hits , his 92.3 percent stolen - base success rate or any other item on his stat sheet , you 'll find that no player in the history of baseball has combined this much excellence in so many areas in the same season . '' Meanwhile , Scott Miller of CBS Sports wrote , `` Nobody combined overall statistics , badass lineup presence and value to his team more than Triple Crown winner Miguel Cabrera . '' On November 15 , Cabrera won the MVP decisively , winning twenty - two of twenty - eight first place votes to Trout 's six . 2013 ( edit ) Trout began the 2013 season as a left fielder , in order to accommodate for Peter Bourjos in center field . Trout started the 2013 season slowly , hitting . 261 with two home runs and 16 RBIs in April . During a game on April 20 against the Detroit Tigers , Trout hit his first career grand slam off pitcher Rick Porcello , capping a 10 - run inning for the Angels , their highest - scoring inning in almost 18 years . Trout in 2013 On April 30 , Bourjos injured his hamstring , and Trout was moved back to center field . In May , Trout regained his rookie - year form , batting . 327 with 8 home runs , 21 RBIs , and 27 runs scored . Trout stated that he had struggled early in the season because he was chasing pitches out of the strike zone and pressing too much on himself . On May 21 , 2013 Trout became the youngest player to hit for the cycle in American League history and sixth youngest in Major League history , doing so at home against the Seattle Mariners . On May 30 , Angels manager Mike Scioscia announced that Trout would return to left field after Bourjos returned from the disabled list . This decision caused some controversy , as some believed that Trout 's successful May was a direct result of his move back to center field . Scioscia , however , believed that Trout 's numbers as a center fielder had to do with his batting - order position and hype subsiding . On June 8 , with shortstop Erick Aybar struggling at the leadoff spot , Trout began batting leadoff , marking his first time hitting in the leadoff spot since April 14 . In his first game batting leadoff since mid-April , Trout went 3 for 5 , with two doubles , a run batted in , scored two runs , had a base on balls , and stole a base , helping the Angels win the game over the Boston Red Sox in the first game of a double - header . Trout indeed moved back to left field after Bourjos returned to the Angels ' lineup on June 10 . In his 249th career game , he scored his 200th career run , becoming the fastest player to accomplish this since Ted Williams ( 225 games ) and Barney McCosky ( 236 games ) did it in 1940 . Trout represented the Angels in the 2013 Major League Baseball All - Star Game . He was the leading vote - getter among all AL outfielders and the first Angels position player to start in the All - Star Game since Vladimir Guerrero in 2007 . In the month of July , Trout led all of baseball with an on - base percentage of . 475 and OPS of 1.108 . In addition , he was the only player in the American League to reach base in every game of the month and became the first Angels player to have two consecutive streaks of reaching base in at least 33 games . Trout continued his strong play in August , batting . 337 with 6 home runs and an on - base percentage of . 500 . As in 2012 , Trout 's play declined somewhat in September , as he batted . 281 with 4 home runs and 4 stolen bases . According to Baseball - Reference , Trout finished the 2013 season with 9.2 WAR , again the highest in baseball . Notably , Trout 's walk rate increased from 10.5 % in 2012 to 15.4 % in 2013 . Trout 's 110 bases on balls led the American League . Echoing the 2012 season , Miguel Cabrera won the 2013 AL MVP with twenty - three first - place votes , while Trout finished second with five . American League most Valuable player Award ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Rumors of a contract extension surfaced in February 2014 , as news outlets reported that the Angels were considering offering Trout a six - year $150 million contract . Instead , he signed a one - year , $1 million contract . That figure is the highest ever for a player not yet eligible for salary arbitration . On March 28 , 2014 , the Angels announced they had signed Trout to a 6 - year , $144.5 million extension . On April 19 , 2014 , Trout went 0 - 4 with four consecutive strikeouts against Max Scherzer , giving him his first golden sombrero after playing in 353 games . On May 15 , Trout hit his first career walk - off home run in a 6 - 5 victory over the Tampa Bay Rays . On July 15 , Trout appeared in his third All - Star Game at Target Field in Minnesota . He went 2 for 3 , with a double , a triple , and two RBIs . He was named the Most Valuable Player of the game , making him the second - youngest All - Star Game MVP behind Ken Griffey Jr. in 1992 . On June 27 , Trout hit the longest home run of the 2014 season , according to ESPN. com 's Home Run Tracker . The ball was hit 489 feet into left - center field at Kauffman Stadium , Kansas City , Missouri . Playing in 157 games in 2014 , Trout batted . 287 with 36 home runs , 39 doubles , nine triples , an AL - leading 111 RBIs , 16 stolen bases and an MLB - leading 115 runs scored . He also struck out a league - high 184 times . In an interview with Ken Rosenthal , Trout attributed his increased strikeouts to a `` golf - swing . '' Nevertheless , Trout added he is working with staff to fix correct the strikeout tendency , and what may have been the only significant flaw of his all - around game . In Game 3 of the 2014 American League Division Series against the Kansas City Royals , Trout hit his first career postseason home run in the first inning off of James Shields . Later on in the ninth inning , Trout was the final batter of the Angels to strike out as the team lost to the Royals in a three - game sweep of the series . On November 13 , 2014 , the Baseball Writers ' Association of America announced that Trout was unanimously selected as the AL MVP , becoming the sixth player in MLB history to win both the regular season MVP and the All - Star Game MVP in the same season . Further , at the time , he was the fifth - youngest MVP ever , the 17th to win unanimously , and the fifth in Angels ' franchise history , following Vladimir Guerrero in 2004 . 2015 ( edit ) On April 17 , 2015 , Trout became the youngest player in MLB history to reach 100 home runs and 100 stolen bases . He was 23 years and 253 days old when he reached the milestone , passing the previous record - holder , Alex Rodriguez , who had achieved it at the age of 23 years and 309 days in 1999 . Trout led off the 2015 MLB All - Star Game with a home run , becoming the fourth player in All - Star Game history to do so . For the second year in a row , Trout won the All - Star Game MVP Award , becoming the first player ever to win it in consecutive years . On September 22 , Trout hit his 40th home run , becoming only the second Angels player to hit 40 home runs in a season . Trout led the AL in WAR for the fourth straight year . Trout finished the season with 41 home runs and 90 RBIs . He also led all American League players in slugging percentage , and OPS with a slashline of . 299 /. 402 /. 590 /. 991 . For his offensive performance , Trout would go on to win his fourth Silver Slugger Award in as many seasons . In doing so , he became only the second player since Mike Piazza to win four straight Silver Slugger Awards to start off a career . He also won the Best Major League Baseball Player ESPY Award . On November 10 , it was announced that Trout , along with Royals outfielder Lorenzo Cain and Blue Jays third baseman Josh Donaldson , were finalists for the AL MVP . Trout became the first player since Barry Bonds to be among the top three in MVP voting in four straight seasons . On November 19 , Trout finished second to MVP winner Josh Donaldson , making it the third time he finished second in MVP voting in his four big league seasons . Second AL MVP ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Trout hitting a home run off the Mets ' Tommy Milone in an interleague game in 2017 In June 2016 , Sporting News named Trout `` baseball 's best player '' for the season . According to Fangraphs , he had accumulated more WAR through his age - 24 season ( on August 12 , 2016 ) than any other player since 1913 , with 45 . Mickey Mantle was second with 41.1 , followed by Mel Ott , Jimmie Foxx , and Ted Williams . A close contemporary of Trout 's , Alex Rodriguez , was seventh . In 159 games of 2016 , Trout led the MLB with walks ( 116 ) , runs scored ( 123 ) , and on - base percentage (. 441 ) . He also had a . 315 batting average , 29 home runs , 30 stolen bases , and 100 RBI . On November 17 , Trout was announced as the 2016 AL MVP , winning the award for the second time in his career . Trout also joined Barry Bonds as the only other player in MLB history to finish top 2 for the MVP in five straight seasons . He was the 2016 Esurance MLB / This Year in Baseball Award winner for Best Major Leaguer . At the conclusion of the 2016 season , Trout was 12th among active position players in Total Wins Above Replacement through just five full seasons . Mike Trout in 2017 2017 ( edit ) On May 28 , 2017 , Trout left the game after spraining his left thumb . Two days later , an MRI revealed that the thumb had a torn ulnar collateral ligament , and was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his major league career . The injury required surgery , and he was ruled out for six to eight weeks . Prior to the injury , Trout was batting . 337 and had led the Angels with 16 home runs . On May 31 , he underwent successful thumb surgery . He was voted to be a starting outfielder for the American League in the All - Star Game , but did not participate due to his thumb injury . Trout was activated from the disabled list on July 14 after missing 39 games . On August 7 , the date of his 26th birthday , he doubled down the third - base line for his 1,000 th career hit . In his next at - bat , he hit a home run for his 1001st hit . It marked the fourth time in six seasons that Trout had homered on his birthday . On September 6 , 2017 , versus the Oakland Athletics , Trout drew a walk in his 14th consecutive contest to pass Albie Pearson for the franchise record of 13 set in 1961 . He hit his 200th career home run versus Marco Gonzales of the Seattle Mariners on September 29 , 2017 . Trout became the seventh player in history to reach 200 or more home runs before the end of his age - 25 season , following Foxx , Matthews , Mantle , Ott , Robinson , Rodriguez , and Pujols . Awards and achievements ( edit ) Awards and exhibition team selections ( edit ) All - Star Futures Game selection ( 2010 ) 2 × American League Most Valuable Player ( 2014 , 2016 ) 4 × American League Player of the Month ( Jul. 2012 , Jun. 2014 , Jul. 2015 , Apr. 2017 ) 3 × American League Player of the Week ( Jun. 11 , 2012 ; Jul. 13 , 2014 ; Jul , 12 , 2015 ) 4 × American League Rookie of the Month ( May -- August 2012 ) American League Rookie of the Year ( 2012 ) 2 × Baseball America Major League Player of the Year ( 2012 , 2013 ) 2 × Baseball America Minor League Baseball All - Star Team selection ( 2010 , 2011 ) Baseball America Minor League Player of the Year ( 2011 ) 3 × Baseball America Top 100 prospect ( 2010 -- 12 ) ESPY Award for Best Major League Baseball Player ( 2015 ) Fielding Bible Award at center field ( 2012 ) Hank Aaron Award ( 2014 ) Heart & Hustle Award ( 2012 ) J.G. Taylor Spink Award ( 2010 ) 6 × Major League Baseball All - Star Game selection ( 2012 − 17 ) 2 × Major League Baseball All - Star Game Most Valuable Player ( 2014 , 2015 ) MLB.com Top 100 prospect ( 2012 ) Players Choice Award for American League Outstanding Player ( 2014 ) Players Choice Award for American League Outstanding Rookie ( 2012 ) 5 × Silver Slugger Award at outfield ( 2012 -- 16 ) Sporting News Rookie of the Year ( 2012 ) This Year in Baseball Award for Best Major Leaguer ( 2016 ) This Year in Baseball Hitter of the Year ( 2014 ) This Year in Baseball Award for Rookie of the Year ( 2012 ) Topps Minor League Baseball All - Star ( 2010 ) USA Today Minor League Player of the Year ( 2011 ) Wilson American League Defensive Player of the Year ( 2012 ) Statistical achievements ( edit ) Notes : Through 2016 season . Per Baseball-Reference.com . American League statistical leader Times Seasons Adjusted OPS+ leader 2012 , 2015 , 2016 Bases on balls leader 2013 , 2016 Extra base hits leader 2014 On - base plus slugging leader 2015 Runs batted in leader 2014 Runs scored leader 2012 − 14 , 2016 Slugging percentage leader 2015 Stolen bases leader 2012 Total bases leader 2014 On - base percentage leader 2016 Player Profile ( edit ) Trout 's exceptional performance at an early age has drawn comparisons with Ted Williams , and Trout 's combination of power and speed has been compared to the skillset of Hall of Fame center fielder Mickey Mantle . Between 2012 and 2016 , Trout was second in on - base plus slugging , and was MLB 's most productive batter per plate appearance when adjusted for park factors ( among all batters who had 1000 or more plate appearances ) . During this period Trout combined a high average (. 310 , fifth among 340 players ) , high isolated power (. 255 , sixth ) and high walk rate ( 13.7 % , twelfth ) . Trout is particularly able to hit pitches that are low in the strike zone , but in 2015 acknowledged a vulnerability against high pitches . However , Trout later appeared to fix this vulnerability , greatly improving his contact rate and slugging percentage against high fastballs . In 2014 , Trout recorded the most strikeouts ever during an MVP season , and later expressed a wish to reduce his strikeout rate . After having MLB 's 14th highest strikeout rate in 2014 , Trout improved to 26th in 2015 , and 59th in 2016 . Trout has been graded as a roughly average defender across the outfield positions ( according to ultimate zone rating ) and he is also a valuable baserunner , stealing 142 bases between 2012 and 2016 at a success rate of 83 percent . Off the field ( edit ) Trout 's nicknames include `` Prince Fish '' , `` God 's Gift '' and `` King Fish 2.0 '' , in reference to retired Angel Tim Salmon . He adopted the nickname `` Millville Meteor '' after a prankster edited his Wikipedia article and the name caught on . In February 2014 , President Barack Obama used Trout as an analogy for the 2014 U.S. Farm Bill . To emphasize the versatility and utility of the bill , Obama remarked that it was `` like Mike Trout , for those of you who know baseball ... somebody who 's got a lot of tools . '' `` Who is Mike Trout ? '' was an answer on a February 2013 episode of the quiz show Jeopardy ! during the show 's teen tournament . Trout is a season ticket holder of the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League . Endorsements ( edit ) Trout has been a partner and investor in Bodyarmor SuperDrink , a sports drink , since 2012 . He has sponsorship agreements with Subway and SuperPretzel and in 2014 , Nike began selling Mike Trout branded shoes . See also ( edit ) Biography portal New Jersey portal Baseball portal 30 -- 30 club List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders List of Major League Baseball career on - base percentage leaders List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders List of Major League Baseball runs records List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle Major League Baseball titles leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jazayerli , Rany ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Trout 's Opening Act '' . Grantland.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Trout is the game 's best young player since Ted Williams '' . SI.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Trout And Bryce Harper Are Baseball 's Best Young Position - Player Duo Ever '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berg , Ted ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Happy birthday to Mike Trout , the best young player in Major League history '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Trout Minor League Statistics & History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball Announces 2009 - 10 Recruiting Class '' . ecupirates.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Ken ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` How Los Angeles Angels hooked Mike Trout in MLB Draft '' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McGarry , Michael ( March 30 , 2008 ) . `` Millville star Mike Trout was born to play '' . Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Condran , Ed . `` HOW GOOD IS MIKE TROUT ? '' . Maxim Media Inc . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hyduke , PJ . `` Trying to Imagine Mike Trout on the Philadelphia Phillies '' . Outside Pitch Sports Network LLC . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey hometown in love affair with Angels ' Mike Trout '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike Trout -- Biography '' . JockBio . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In Mike Trout 's hometown of Millville , he 's just a regular guy '' . NJ.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Millville 's Trout just as intense on basketball court '' . NJ.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout is New Jersey 's finest baseball player '' . NJ.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shelburne , Ramona ( July 11 , 2010 ) . `` Angels ' Trout a diamond in the rough '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Alden ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` Brother of Trout 's girlfriend drafted by Angels '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley : The Legend of Mike Trout continues to grow '' . NJ.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout Baseball Profile -- Perfect Game USA '' . perfectgame.org . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Area Code Games Wrap - up '' . MaxPreps.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rich Schultz ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Millville 's Mike Trout picked 25th overall by Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the major league baseball draft '' . NJ.com . Associated Press . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cody Decker Wins AZL Player of Year Honors - MiLB.com News - The Official Site of Minor League Baseball '' . MiLB.com . Jump up ^ `` Cody Decker MiLB 's Best Short - Season Hitter - MiLB.com News - The Official Site of Minor League Baseball '' . MiLB.com . Jump up ^ Eddy , Matt ( January 18 , 2010 ) . `` Angels Top 10 Prospects '' . Baseball America . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball America Top 100 Prospects '' . Baseball America . February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Midseason Updated Top 25 Prospects '' . Baseball America . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DiGiovanna , Mike ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` Angels promote top prospect Mike Trout to Rancho Cucamonga '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trout named 2010 Spink Award winner '' . MiLB.com . October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike Trout Stats , Bio , Photos , Highlights '' . Minorleaguebaseball.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Law : Top 100 prospects of 2011 ( Nos. 1 -- 25 ) '' . ESPN.com . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking down MLB. com 's 2011 Top 50 Prospects list '' . MLB.com . January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Garretson , Jordan ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Trout makes highly anticipated Majors debut '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Torii Hunter homers twice as Angels blow away Michael Pineda , M 's '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout 's first big league homer helps Angels pull away from Orioles '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Angels OF Mike Trout headed back to minor leagues '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Torri Hunter 's 2 HRs help Dan Haren , Angels handle O 's '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . August 19 , 2011 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout 's 2 homers lead Angels ' rout of Mariners '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Kevin ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Mike Trout powers Angels past Mariners , 13 -- 6 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout Stats -- Los Angeles Angels '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fans like Trout as top minor leaguer '' . USA Today . August 31 -- September 6 , 2011 . p. 24 . Mike Trout won the fan poll with 46 % of the 3,271 votes cast at USATODAY.com . ^ Jump up to : Baxter , Kevin ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Angels FYI : Mike Trout is Minor League Player of the Year '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cooper , J.J. ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 Minor League Player Of The Year Mike Trout '' . Baseball America . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , J.J. ; Eddy , Matt ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 Minor League All - Star Team '' . Baseball America . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout Minor League Statistics & History '' . www.baseball-reference.com . baseball-reference.com . March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albert Pujols , Mike Trout help Angels rally past Dodgers '' . ESPN.com . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Angels cap two - game sweep of Orioles with 13 -- 1 dismantling '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Alden ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Haren , Angels take rubber match from Rangers '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout -- Facts '' . JockBio . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jul 10 , 2012 , NL All - Stars at AL All - Stars Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twice as good : Trout again AL Rookie of Month '' . MLB.Com . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout 2012 Baseball Splits '' . Baseball Reference . Associated Press . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Woodburn ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Angels ' Mike Trout In Elite Company In Rookie Season '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols homers again as Angels edge White Sox in 10 '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout 2012 Batting Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Associated Press . June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Riley Breckenridge ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Angels Mike Trout Wins AL Rookie Of The Month , Again '' . SBNation.com . Associated Press . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Aaron Gleeman ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Ho hum : Mike Trout did another record - breaking thing / '' . NBCSports.com . Associated Press . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bartolo Colon takes shutout into seventh as A 's batter Angels '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bats go silent as Angels drop finale in Detroit '' . MLB.com . October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrys Morales ' 4 RBIs pace Angels ' rout of Mariners '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zack Greinke guides Angels to sixth straight win '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Santana 's dominant game is Angels ' gain '' . MLB.com . October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter stuns Rangers in ninth inning of Game 1 '' . MLB.com . September 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Mike Trout , Buster Posey , and the rest of the 2012 award winners '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jered Weaver first in AL to 20 wins as Angels prevail '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike Trout Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Associated Press . June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly League Leaders & Records for Stolen Bases '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Canó Statistics and History '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly League Leaders & Records for WAR Position Players '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Batting , Pitching , and Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Associated Press . June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alden Gonzalez ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Trout a unanimous selection as AL ROY '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Newman ( May 18 , 2013 ) . `` Trout adds Heart and Hustle Award to accolades '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heart & Hustle Award '' . mlbpaa.mlb.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Dub ( May 18 , 2013 ) . `` MLB Awards : Mike Trout Headlines List of Silver Slugger Winners '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 Awards '' . ACTA Sports . October 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate . `` The Statistical Case Against Cabrera for M.V.P. '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield , David . `` Cabrera wins on narrative , not numbers '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Caple , Jim . `` AL MVP : Way too close to call ! '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stark , Jayson . `` Time for year - end awards '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zinser , Lynn . `` M.V.P. Voters Trust Their Eyes '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Scott . `` Voters knock it out of park by correctly choosing Miguel Cabrera as MVP '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Alden ( September 30 , 2012 ) . `` Hunter stuns Rangers in ninth inning of Game 1 '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Scott . `` Numbers point to center , but Angels will move Mike Trout back to left '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike Trout 2013 Batting Splits '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout 's first career slam helps Angels rout Tigers '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gleeman , Aaron . `` Angels place Peter Bourjos on DL , will activate Erick Aybar '' . hardballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eric Goldstein ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Millville graduate Mike Trout has rebounded from sluggish start with Angels '' . South Jersey Times . NJ.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN : Mike Trout hits for cycle , collects 5 RBIs as Angels drub Mariners '' . ESPN.com . May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alden Gonzalez ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Scioscia defends decision to return Trout to left '' . MLB.com . MLB.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D.J. Short ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` Angels move Mike Trout back into the leadoff spot , bat Josh Hamilton second '' . NBCSports.com . Associated Press . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Trumbo , Angels knock off Red Sox in opener '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout to move to left as Peter Bourjos is activated '' . USA Today . Associated Press . June 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hamilton goes deep as Angels rout Mariners '' . MLB.com . October 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trout leads fresh crop of shining All - Stars '' . MLB.com . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Mike Trout update : Reaches base 3 times , scores twice in Angels ' 7 - 3 win over Blue Jays '' . The Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Major League Baseball Batting Leaders '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miguel Cabrera Goes Back - to - Back '' . bbwaa.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hooked : Mike Trout , Angels settle on one - year , $1 million contract '' . Sporting News . Associated Press . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trout , Angels agree to $144.5 million , six - year deal '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . Mike Trout and the Los Angeles Angels have agreed to a $144.5 million , six - year contract that runs through 2020 . The Angels announced the deal Friday night ... Jump up ^ Bertha , Mike . ' Iron Man ' heckles Mike Trout Mlb.com April 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout hit his first career walk - off home run and the celebration was spectacular '' . For The Win . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blum , Ronald ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Trout Named All - Star Game MVP As AL Tops NL 5 - 3 '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Axisa , Mike ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Trout named 2014 All - Star Game MVP '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Top Home Runs , True Distance -- Full List '' . ESPN Home Run Tracker Online . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trout 's monster home run '' . MLB.com Video . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` October 5 , 2014 American League Division Series ( ALDS ) Game 3 , Angels of Anaheim at Royals Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : González , Alden ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` No doubt as Trout unanimous AL MVP Award winner : Outfielder , 23 , is first Angel to take home honor since Vlad in 2004 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Alden ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` Trout goes deep ; youngest to 100 HRs , 100 SBs '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzalezwork = MLB.com , Alden ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Trout fourth to lead off All - Star Game with HR : Reigning AL MVP hits opposite - field blast off Greinke '' . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Austin , William ; Laymance , Boor ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` MVP Trout fuels AL 's third straight ASG win '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout hits 40th home run of the season '' . Major League Baseball . Jump up ^ `` MLB Wins Above Replacement -- 2015 '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Angels ' Mike Trout wins fourth Silver Slugger '' . Major League Baseball . ^ Jump up to : Berry , Adam ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` ESPYs honor Jeter , Trout for greatness '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Donaldson beats out Mike Trout for 2015 American League MVP Award '' . HardballTalk . Jump up ^ McGuire , Justin ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Trout edges Bryce Harper as MLB 's best player in SN50 poll '' . Sporting News . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thurm , Wendy ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Trout 's numbers prove he 's already great and is headed for place among greatest '' . Sporting News . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike Trout wins American League MVP Award '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Lee , Allyssa ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Trout joins Bonds as only man with five straight top two MVP finishes '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Footer , Alyson ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Grand finale : MLB Awards put cap on season : Trout is Best Major Leaguer ; Indians , Cubs win big '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout Stats '' . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guardado , María ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Trout elects surgery , out 6 -- 8 weeks '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kaelen ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Angels ' Mike Trout returns to lineup from DL '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guardado , María ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Trout undergoes successful surgery on thumb '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rapp , Timothy ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Trout will not play in 2017 MLB All - Star Game due to thumb injury '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Whitney ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Trout gets his 1,000 th career hit on his 26th birthday '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bleacher Report Milestones ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Trout breaks Los Angeles Angels record for consecutive games with a walk '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout 2017 batting gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Connor ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Watch : Mike Trout Belts 200th Career Home Run '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom . `` Mike Trout is the game 's best young player since Ted Williams '' . si.com . Jump up ^ Rosecrans , C. ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Al Kaline calls Mike Trout ' an outstanding player , ' compares him to Mickey Mantle '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major League Leaderboards '' 2016 '' Batters '' Custom Statistics FanGraphs Baseball `` . www.fangraphs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` How do you pitch to Trout / Hosmer ? '' . espn.go.com . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout : `` Low - ball specialist '' `` . espn.go.com . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : DiGiovanna , Mike ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Angels ' Mike Trout outlines goals for 2015 '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout Fixed His Only Problem FanGraphs Baseball '' . FanGraphs Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ DiGiovanna , Mike ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Angels ' Mike Trout hitting high pitches with more authority '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Angels coaches see MVP Mike Trout dialing back on strikeouts '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Leaderboards '' 2014 '' Batters '' Dashboard FanGraphs Baseball `` . www.fangraphs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Leaderboards '' 2015 '' Batters '' Dashboard FanGraphs Baseball `` . www.fangraphs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Leaderboards '' 2016 '' Batters '' Dashboard FanGraphs Baseball `` . www.fangraphs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout '' Statistics '' Batting FanGraphs Baseball `` . www.fangraphs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Fan Cave Article : Top Five Outfield Catches Of 2012 '' . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Howard . `` Book Review : ' Virtual Unreality ' by Charles Seife '' . News Corp . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels centerfielder Mike Trout is a phenom , but will it last ? '' . ESPN The Magazine . September 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Mike ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Phenom Trout brings his talents to Yankee Stadium '' . Newsday . New York . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Mark ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` President Obama compares farm bill to Mike Trout during visit to Michigan '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karcher , Andrew ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Who is Mike Trout ? '' . Halosdaily.com . Jump up ^ Lombardo , Matt ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` N.J. 's Mike Trout 's new Eagles season tickets have incredible view '' . New Jersey On - Line LLC . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Mike Trout signs first big endorsement deal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Josh ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Trout stars in Super Bowl ad '' . The Daily Journal . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Woods , Don E. ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` Mike Trout to be face of pit bull spay and neuter campaign '' . NJ.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Venegas , Natalie . `` Mike Trout shoe deal makes history '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` . Nike.com '' . store.nike.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mike Trout . Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Mike Trout on Twitter Awards and achievements Preceded by Chris Sale Youngest Player in the American League 2011 Succeeded by Jurickson Profar Preceded by Adrián Beltré Hitting for the cycle May 21 , 2013 Succeeded by Brandon Barnes Preceded by Miguel Cabrera American League Player of the Month April 2017 Succeeded by Carlos Correa Los Angeles Angels current roster Active roster 0 Yunel Escobar 2 Andrelton Simmons 4 Brandon Phillips 5 Albert Pujols 7 Cliff Pennington 8 Eric Young Jr . 9 Justin Upton 12 Martín Maldonado 13 Juan Graterol 17 Shane Robinson 18 Luis Valbuena 19 Jefry Marté 20 Bud Norris 22 Kaleb Cowart 24 C.J. Cron 25 Ben Revere 27 Mike Trout 28 Andrew Heaney 32 Cam Bedrosian 36 Yusmeiro Petit 38 Troy Scribner 39 Keynan Middleton 40 Jesse Chavez 43 Garrett Richards 45 Tyler Skaggs 46 Blake Wood 47 Ricky Nolasco 48 José Álvarez 49 Nolan Fontana 53 Blake Parker 54 Deolis Guerra 56 Kole Calhoun 58 Carlos Perez 59 Fernando Salas 60 Eduardo Paredes 62 Parker Bridwell 65 Noe Ramirez 73 Nate Smith -- Dayán Díaz -- Felix Pena Disabled list 16 Huston Street 23 Alex Meyer 35 Nick Tropeano 37 Andrew Bailey 52 Matt Shoemaker 66 J.C. Ramírez Coaching staff Manager 14 Mike Scioscia Bench 21 Dino Ebel First base 3 Alfredo Griffin Third base 10 Ron Roenicke Hitting 31 Dave Hansen Pitching 41 Charles Nagy Bullpen 63 Scott Radinsky Assistant hitting 55 Paul Sorrento Catching / information 61 Steve Soliz Bullpen catcher 92 Anel De Los Santos Bullpen catcher 70 Tom Gregorio Links to related articles Los Angeles Angels first - round draft picks 1965 : Spencer 1966 : DeNeff 1967 : Nunn 1968 : Allen 1969 : Bannister 1970 : Dade 1971 : Tanana 1972 : Chalk 1973 : Taylor 1974 : Miley 1975 : Goodwin 1976 : Landreaux 1977 : Dotson 1978 : Brunansky 1979 : None 1980 : Rasmussen 1981 : Schofield 1982 : Kipper 1983 : Doran 1984 : Pappas 1985 : Fraser , Cook 1986 : Hernández , Stevens , Carr , Fetters , Green 1987 : Orton , Holdridge 1988 : J. Abbott 1989 : K. Abbott 1990 : None 1991 : Pérez , Fábregas 1992 : Janicki , Schmidt 1993 : Anderson 1994 : Christensen 1995 : Erstad 1996 : None 1997 : Glaus 1998 : Etherton 1999 : None 2000 : Torres , Bootcheck 2001 : Kotchman , Mathis 2002 : Saunders 2003 : Wood 2004 : Weaver 2005 : Bell 2006 : Conger 2007 : Bachanov 2008 : None 2009 : Grichuk , Trout , Skaggs , Richards , Kehrer 2010 : Cowart , Bedrosian , Clarke , Lindsey , Bolden 2011 : Cron 2012 : None 2013 : None 2014 : Newcomb 2015 : Ward 2016 : Thaiss 2017 : Adell Baseball America Minor League Player of the Year Award 1981 : Marshall 1982 : Kittle 1983 : Gooden 1984 : Bielecki 1985 : Canseco 1986 : Jefferies 1987 : Jefferies 1988 : T. Gordon 1989 : Alomar 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Bell 1992 : Salmon 1993 : Ramirez 1994 : Jeter 1995 : Jones 1996 : Jones 1997 : Konerko 1998 : Chavez 1999 : Ankiel 2000 : Rauch 2001 : Beckett 2002 : Baldelli 2003 : Mauer 2004 : Francis 2005 : Young 2006 : A. 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Rodriguez 2008 : Pedroia 2009 : Mauer 2010 : Hamilton 2011 : Verlander 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : Cabrera 2014 : Trout 2015 : Donaldson 2016 : Trout American League Rookie of the Year Award 1949 : Sievers 1950 : Dropo 1951 : McDougald 1952 : Byrd 1953 : Kuenn 1954 : Grim 1955 : Score 1956 : Aparicio 1957 : Kubek 1958 : Pearson 1959 : Allison 1960 : Hansen 1961 : Schwall 1962 : Tresh 1963 : Peters 1964 : Oliva 1965 : Blefary 1966 : Agee 1967 : Carew 1968 : Bahnsen 1969 : Piniella 1970 : Munson 1971 : Chambliss 1972 : Fisk 1973 : Bumbry 1974 : Hargrove 1975 : Lynn 1976 : Fidrych 1977 : Murray 1978 : Whitaker 1979 : Castino & Griffin 1980 : Charboneau 1981 : Righetti 1982 : Ripken Jr . 1983 : Kittle 1984 : Davis 1985 : Guillén 1986 : Canseco 1987 : McGwire 1988 : Weiss 1989 : Olson 1990 : Alomar Jr . 1991 : Knoblauch 1992 : Listach 1993 : Salmon 1994 : Hamelin 1995 : Cordova 1996 : Jeter 1997 : Garciaparra 1998 : Grieve 1999 : Beltrán 2000 : Sasaki 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Hinske 2003 : Berroa 2004 : Crosby 2005 : Street 2006 : Verlander 2007 : Pedroia 2008 : Longoria 2009 : Bailey 2010 : Feliz 2011 : Hellickson 2012 : Trout 2013 : Myers 2014 : Abreu 2015 : Correa 2016 : Fulmer American League Outfielder Silver Slugger Award 1980 : Oglivie , Oliver , Wilson 1981 : Evans , Henderson , Winfield 1982 : Jackson , Wilson , Winfield 1983 : Moseby , Rice , Winfield 1984 : Armas , Rice , Winfield 1985 : Bell , Henderson , Winfield 1986 : Barfield , Bell , Puckett 1987 : Bell , Evans , Puckett 1988 : Canseco , Greenwell , Puckett 1989 : Puckett , Sierra , Yount 1990 : Burks , Canseco , Henderson 1991 : Canseco , Carter , Griffey Jr . 1992 : Carter , González , Puckett 1993 : Belle , González , Griffey Jr . 1994 : Belle , Griffey Jr. , Puckett 1995 : Belle , Ramirez , Salmon 1996 : Belle , González , Griffey Jr . 1997 : Griffey Jr. , González , Justice 1998 : Belle , González , Griffey Jr . 1999 : Green , Griffey Jr. , Ramirez 2000 : Erstad , Ordóñez , Ramirez 2001 : González , Ramirez , Suzuki 2002 : Anderson , Ordóñez , Williams 2003 : Anderson , Ramirez , Wells 2004 : Guerrero , Ramirez , Sheffield 2005 : Guerrero , Ramirez , Sheffield 2006 : Dye , Guerrero , Ramirez 2007 : Guerrero , Ordóñez , Suzuki 2008 : Hamilton , Quentin , Sizemore 2009 : Bay , Hunter , Suzuki 2010 : Bautista , Crawford , Hamilton 2011 : Bautista , Ellsbury , Granderson 2012 : Hamilton , Trout , Willingham 2013 : Hunter , Jones , Trout 2014 : Bautista , Brantley , Trout 2015 : Cruz , Martinez , Trout 2016 : Betts , Trout , Trumbo Major League Baseball All - Star Game MVP Award 1962 : Wills 1962 : Wagner 1963 : Mays 1964 : Callison 1965 : Marichal 1966 : B. 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1215048106375176333 | Central dogma of molecular biology | Central dogma of molecular biology - wikipedia Central dogma of molecular biology Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The central dogma of molecular biology is an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system . It is often stated as `` DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein , '' although this is an oversimplification . It was first stated by Francis Crick in 1958 : `` The Central Dogma . This states that once ' information ' has passed into protein it can not get out again . In more detail , the transfer of information from nucleic acid to nucleic acid , or from nucleic acid to protein may be possible , but transfer from protein to protein , or from protein to nucleic acid is impossible . Information means here the precise determination of sequence , either of bases in the nucleic acid or of amino acid residues in the protein . '' -- Francis Crick , 1958 and re-stated in a Nature paper published in 1970 : Information flow in biological systems `` The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residue - by - residue transfer of sequential information . It states that such information can not be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid . '' -- Francis Crick A second version of the central dogma is popular but incorrect . This is the simplistic DNA → RNA → protein pathway published by James Watson in the first edition of The Molecular Biology of the Gene ( 1965 ) . Watson 's version differs from Crick 's because Watson describes the two - step ( DNA → RNA and RNA → protein ) pathway as the central dogma . While the dogma , as originally stated by Crick , remains valid today , Watson 's version does not . The dogma is a framework for understanding the transfer of sequence information between information - carrying biopolymers , in the most common or general case , in living organisms . There are 3 major classes of such biopolymers : DNA and RNA ( both nucleic acids ) , and protein . There are 3 × 3 = 9 conceivable direct transfers of information that can occur between these . The dogma classes these into 3 groups of 3 : three general transfers ( believed to occur normally in most cells ) , three special transfers ( known to occur , but only under specific conditions in case of some viruses or in a laboratory ) , and three unknown transfers ( believed never to occur ) . The general transfers describe the normal flow of biological information : DNA can be copied to DNA ( DNA replication ) , DNA information can be copied into mRNA ( transcription ) , and proteins can be synthesized using the information in mRNA as a template ( translation ) . The special transfers describe : RNA being copied from RNA ( RNA replication ) , DNA being synthesised using an RNA template ( reverse transcription ) , and proteins being synthesised directly from a DNA template without the use of mRNA . The unknown transfers describe : a protein being copied from a protein , synthesis of RNA using the primary structure of a protein as a template , and DNA synthesis using the primary structure of a protein as a template - these are not thought to naturally occur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biological sequence information 2 General transfers of biological sequential information 2.1 DNA replications 2.2 Transcription 2.3 Translation 3 Special transfers of biological sequential information 3.1 Reverse transcription 3.2 RNA replication 3.3 Direct translation from DNA to protein 4 Transfers of information not explicitly covered in the theory 4.1 Posttranslational modification 4.2 Inteins 4.3 Methylation 4.4 Prions 4.5 Natural genetic engineering 5 Use of the term `` dogma '' 6 Comparison with the Weismann barrier 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Biological sequence information ( edit ) Main article : Primary structure The biopolymers that comprise DNA , RNA and ( poly ) peptides are linear polymers ( i.e. : each monomer is connected to at most two other monomers ) . The sequence of their monomers effectively encodes information . The transfers of information described by the central dogma ideally are faithful , deterministic transfers , wherein one biopolymer 's sequence is used as a template for the construction of another biopolymer with a sequence that is entirely dependent on the original biopolymer 's sequence . General transfers of biological sequential information ( edit ) Table of the three classes of information transfer suggested by the dogma General Special Unknown DNA → DNA RNA → DNA protein → DNA DNA → RNA RNA → RNA protein → RNA RNA → protein DNA → protein protein → protein DNA replications ( edit ) Main article : DNA replication In the sense that DNA replication must occur if genetic material is to be provided for the progeny of any cell , whether somatic or reproductive , the copying from DNA to DNA arguably is the fundamental step in the central dogma . A complex group of proteins called the replisome performs the replication of the information from the parent strand to the complementary daughter strand . The replisome comprises : a helicase that unwinds the superhelix as well as the double - stranded DNA helix to create a replication fork SSB protein that binds open the double - stranded DNA to prevent it from reassociating RNA primase that adds a complementary RNA primer to each template strand as a starting point for replication DNA polymerase III that reads the existing template chain from its 3 ' end to its 5 ' end and adds new complementary nucleotides from the 5 ' end to the 3 ' end of the daughter chain DNA polymerase I that removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA . DNA ligase that joins the two Okazaki fragments with phosphodiester bonds to produce a continuous chain . This process typically takes place during S phase of the cell cycle . Transcription ( edit ) Main article : Transcription ( genetics ) Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is replicated in the form of a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) . Enzymes facilitating the process include RNA polymerase and transcription factors . In eukaryotic cells the primary transcript is pre-mRNA . Pre-mRNA must be processed for translation to proceed . Processing includes the addition of a 5 ' cap and a poly - A tail to the pre-mRNA chain , followed by splicing . Alternative splicing occurs when appropriate , increasing the diversity of the proteins that any single mRNA can produce . The product of the entire transcription process ( that began with the production of the pre-mRNA chain ) is a mature mRNA chain . Translation ( edit ) Main article : Translation ( genetics ) The mature mRNA finds its way to a ribosome , where it gets translated . In prokaryotic cells , which have no nuclear compartment , the processes of transcription and translation may be linked together without clear separation . In eukaryotic cells , the site of transcription ( the cell nucleus ) is usually separated from the site of translation ( the cytoplasm ) , so the mRNA must be transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm , where it can be bound by ribosomes . The ribosome reads the mRNA triplet codons , usually beginning with an AUG ( adenine − uracil − guanine ) , or initiator methionine codon downstream of the ribosome binding site . Complexes of initiation factors and elongation factors bring aminoacylated transfer RNAs ( tRNAs ) into the ribosome - mRNA complex , matching the codon in the mRNA to the anti-codon on the tRNA . Each tRNA bears the appropriate amino acid residue to add to the polypeptide chain being synthesised . As the amino acids get linked into the growing peptide chain , the chain begins folding into the correct conformation . Translation ends with a stop codon which may be a UAA , UGA , or UAG triplet . The mRNA does not contain all the information for specifying the nature of the mature protein . The nascent polypeptide chain released from the ribosome commonly requires additional processing before the final product emerges . For one thing , the correct folding process is complex and vitally important . For most proteins it requires other chaperone proteins to control the form of the product . Some proteins then excise internal segments from their own peptide chains , splicing the free ends that border the gap ; in such processes the inside `` discarded '' sections are called inteins . Other proteins must be split into multiple sections without splicing . Some polypeptide chains need to be cross-linked , and others must be attached to cofactors such as haem ( heme ) before they become functional . Special transfers of biological sequential information ( edit ) Reverse transcription ( edit ) Unusual flows of information highlighted in green Main article : Reverse transcription Reverse transcription is the transfer of information from RNA to DNA ( the reverse of normal transcription ) . This is known to occur in the case of retroviruses , such as HIV , as well as in eukaryotes , in the case of retrotransposons and telomere synthesis . It is the process by which genetic information from RNA gets transcribed into new DNA . RNA replication ( edit ) RNA replication is the copying of one RNA to another . Many viruses replicate this way . The enzymes that copy RNA to new RNA , called RNA - dependent RNA polymerases , are also found in many eukaryotes where they are involved in RNA silencing . RNA editing , in which an RNA sequence is altered by a complex of proteins and a `` guide RNA '' , could also be seen as an RNA - to - RNA transfer . Direct translation from DNA to protein ( edit ) Direct translation from DNA to protein has been demonstrated in a cell - free system ( i.e. in a test tube ) , using extracts from E. coli that contained ribosomes , but not intact cells . These cell fragments could synthesize proteins from single - stranded DNA templates isolated from other organisms ( e , g. , mouse or toad ) , and neomycin was found to enhance this effect . However , it was unclear whether this mechanism of translation corresponded specifically to the genetic code . Transfers of information not explicitly covered in the theory ( edit ) Posttranslational modification ( edit ) Main article : Post-translational modification After protein amino acid sequences have been translated from nucleic acid chains , they can be edited by appropriate enzymes . Although this is a form of protein affecting protein sequence , not explicitly covered by the central dogma , there are not many clear examples where the associated concepts of the two fields have much to do with each other . Inteins ( edit ) Main article : Intein An intein is a `` parasitic '' segment of a protein that is able to excise itself from the chain of amino acids as they emerge from the ribosome and rejoin the remaining portions with a peptide bond in such a manner that the main protein `` backbone '' does not fall apart . This is a case of a protein changing its own primary sequence from the sequence originally encoded by the DNA of a gene . Additionally , most inteins contain a homing endonuclease or HEG domain which is capable of finding a copy of the parent gene that does not include the intein nucleotide sequence . On contact with the intein - free copy , the HEG domain initiates the DNA double - stranded break repair mechanism . This process causes the intein sequence to be copied from the original source gene to the intein - free gene . This is an example of protein directly editing DNA sequence , as well as increasing the sequence 's heritable propagation . Methylation ( edit ) Main article : Epigenetics Variation in methylation states of DNA can alter gene expression levels significantly . Methylation variation usually occurs through the action of DNA methylases . When the change is heritable , it is considered epigenetic . When the change in information status is not heritable , it would be a somatic epitype . The effective information content has been changed by means of the actions of a protein or proteins on DNA , but the primary DNA sequence is not altered . Prions ( edit ) Main article : Prion Prions are proteins of particular amino acid sequences in particular conformations . They propagate themselves in host cells by making conformational changes in other molecules of protein with the same amino acid sequence , but with a different conformation that is functionally important or detrimental to the organism . Once the protein has been transconformed to the prion folding it changes function . In turn it can convey information into new cells and reconfigure more functional molecules of that sequence into the alternate prion form . In some types of prion in fungi this change is continuous and direct ; the information flow is Protein → Protein . Some scientists such as Alain E. Bussard and Eugene Koonin have argued that prion - mediated inheritance violates the central dogma of molecular biology . However , Rosalind Ridley in Molecular Pathology of the Prions ( 2001 ) has written that `` The prion hypothesis is not heretical to the central dogma of molecular biology -- that the information necessary to manufacture proteins is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of nucleic acid -- because it does not claim that proteins replicate . Rather , it claims that there is a source of information within protein molecules that contributes to their biological function , and that this information can be passed on to other molecules . '' Natural genetic engineering ( edit ) James A. Shapiro argues that a superset of these examples should be classified as natural genetic engineering and are sufficient to falsify the central dogma . While Shapiro has received a respectful hearing for his view , his critics have not been convinced that his reading of the central dogma is in line with what Crick intended . Use of the term `` dogma '' ( edit ) In his autobiography , What Mad Pursuit , Crick wrote about his choice of the word dogma and some of the problems it caused him : `` I called this idea the central dogma , for two reasons , I suspect . I had already used the obvious word hypothesis in the sequence hypothesis , and in addition I wanted to suggest that this new assumption was more central and more powerful ... As it turned out , the use of the word dogma caused almost more trouble than it was worth . Many years later Jacques Monod pointed out to me that I did not appear to understand the correct use of the word dogma , which is a belief that can not be doubted . I did apprehend this in a vague sort of way but since I thought that all religious beliefs were without foundation , I used the word the way I myself thought about it , not as most of the world does , and simply applied it to a grand hypothesis that , however plausible , had little direct experimental support . '' Similarly , Horace Freeland Judson records in The Eighth Day of Creation : `` My mind was , that a dogma was an idea for which there was no reasonable evidence . You see ? ! '' And Crick gave a roar of delight . `` I just did n't know what dogma meant . And I could just as well have called it the ' Central Hypothesis , ' or -- you know . Which is what I meant to say . Dogma was just a catch phrase . '' Comparison with the Weismann barrier ( edit ) In August Weismann 's germ plasm theory , the hereditary material , the germ plasm , is confined to the gonads . Somatic cells ( of the body ) develop afresh in each generation from the germ plasm . Whatever may happen to those cells does not affect the next generation . The Weismann barrier , proposed by August Weismann in 1892 , distinguishes between the `` immortal '' germ cell lineages ( the germ plasm ) which produce gametes and the `` disposable '' somatic cells . Hereditary information moves only from germline cells to somatic cells ( that is , somatic mutations are not inherited ) . This , before the discovery of the role or structure of DNA , does not predict the central dogma , but does anticipate its gene - centric view of life , albeit in non-molecular terms . See also ( edit ) Alternative splicing Genetic code Riboswitch References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leavitt , Sarah A. ( June 2010 ) . `` Deciphering the Genetic Code : Marshall Nirenberg '' . Office of NIH History . Jump up ^ Crick , F.H.C. ( 1958 ) . `` On Protein Synthesis '' . In F.K. Sanders . Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology , Number XII : The Biological Replication of Macromolecules . Cambridge University Press . pp. 138 -- 163 . ^ Jump up to : Crick , Francis ( August 1970 ) . `` Central dogma of molecular biology '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 227 ( 5258 ) : 561 -- 3 . Bibcode : 1970Natur. 227 ... 561C . doi : 10.1038 / 227561a0 . PMID 4913914 . Jump up ^ Moran , Laurence A. ( 15 January 2007 ) . `` Sandwalk : Basic Concepts : The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology '' . sandwalk.blogspot.com . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahlquist P ( May 2002 ) . `` RNA - dependent RNA polymerases , viruses , and RNA silencing '' . Science . 296 ( 5571 ) : 1270 -- 3 . Bibcode : 2002Sci ... 296.1270 A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1069132 . PMID 12016304 . Jump up ^ B.J. McCarthy ; J.J. Holland ( September 15 , 1965 ) . `` Denatured DNA as a Direct Template for in vitro Protein Synthesis '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 54 ( 3 ) : 880 -- 886 . Bibcode : 1965PNAS ... 54 ... 880M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 54.3. 880 . PMC 219759 . PMID 4955657 . Jump up ^ . T. Uzawa ; A. Yamagishi ; T. Oshima ( 2002 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Polypeptide Synthesis Directed by DNA as a Messenger in Cell - Free Polypeptide Synthesis by Extreme Thermophiles , Thermus thermophilus HB27 and Sulfolobus tokodaii Strain 7 '' . The Journal of Biochemistry . 131 ( 6 ) : 849 -- 853 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. jbchem. a003174 . PMID 12038981 . Jump up ^ Bussard Alain E ( 2005 ) . `` A scientific revolution ? The prion anomaly may challenge the central dogma of molecular biology '' . EMBO Rep. 6 ( 8 ) : 691 -- 694 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. embor. 7400497 . PMC 1369155 . PMID 16065057 . Jump up ^ Koonin , Eugene . ( 2012 ) . Does the Central Dogma Still Stand ? Biology Direct 7 : 27 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Rosalind. ( 2001 ) . What Would Thomas Henry Huxley Have Made of Prion Diseases ? . In Harry F. Baker . Molecular Pathology of the Prions ( Methods in Molecular Medicine ) . Humana Press . pp. 1 - 16 . ISBN 0 - 89603 - 924 - 2 Jump up ^ Wilkins , Adam S. ( January 2012 ) . `` ( Review ) Evolution : A View from the 21st Century '' . Genome Biology and Evolution. 4 : 423 -- 426 . doi : 10.1093 / gbe / evs008 . Jump up ^ Moran , Laurence A. ( May -- June 2011 ) . `` ( Review ) Evolution : A View from the 21st Century '' . Reports of the National Center for Science Education . 32.3 ( 9 ) : 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Horace Freeland Judson ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 6 : My mind was , that a dogma was an idea for which there was no reasonable evidence . You see ? ! '' . The Eighth Day of Creation : Makers of the Revolution in Biology ( 25th anniversary edition ) . Cold Spring Harbor , NY : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 477 - 7 . Jump up ^ De Tiege , Alexis ; Tanghe , Koen ; Braeckman , Johan ; Van de Peer , Yves ( January 2014 ) . `` From DNA - to NA - centrism and the conditions for gene - centrism revisited '' . Biology & Philosophy. 29 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 69 . Further reading ( edit ) Bussard , Alain E. ( 2005 ) . `` A scientific revolution ? The prion anomaly may challenge the central dogma of molecular biology '' . EMBO Rep. 6 ( 8 ) : 691 -- 694 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. embor. 7400497 . PMC 1369155 . PMID 16065057 . Baker , Harry F. ( 2001 ) . Molecular Pathology of the Prions ( Methods in Molecular Medicine ) . Humana Press . ISBN 0 - 89603 - 924 - 2 Koonin , Eugene ( 2012 ) . `` Does the Central Dogma Still Stand ? '' . Biology Direct . 7 : 27 . doi : 10.1186 / 1745 - 6150 - 7 - 27 . Li , J.J. ; Biggin , M.D. ( 2015 ) . `` Gene expression . Statistics requantitates the central dogma '' . Science . 347 ( 6226 ) : 1066 -- 1067 . Bibcode : 2015Sci ... 347.1066 L . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaa8332 . PMID 25745146 . Piras , V. ; Tomita , M ; Selvarajoo , K. ( 2012 ) . `` Is central dogma a global property of cellular information flow ? '' . Frontiers in Physiology. 3 : 439 . doi : 10.3389 / fphys. 2012.00439 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Robinson , Victoria L. ( 2009 ) . `` Rethinking the Central Dogma : noncoding RNAs are biologically relevant '' . Urologic Oncology. 27 ( 3 ) : 304 -- 306 . doi : 10.1016 / j. urolonc. 2008.11. 004 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Central dogma of molecular biology . Biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal The Elaboration of the Central Dogma -- Scitable : By Nature education Animation of Central Dogma from RIKEN - NatureDocumentaries.org Discussion on challenges to the `` Central Dogma of Molecular Biology '' Explanation of the central dogma using a musical analogy `` Francis Harry Compton Crick ( 1916 -- 2004 ) '' by A. Andrei at the Embryo Project Encyclopedia Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod Molecular biology Computational biology Developmental biology Functional biology / medicine Overview Central dogma History of molecular biology DNA replication ( DNA ) Transcription ( RNA ) Translation ( protein ) Element Genetic Heredity Promoter Pribnow box TATA box Operon gal operon lac operon trp operon Intron Exon Terminator Enhancer Repressor lac repressor trp repressor Silencer Histone methylation Linked life Cell biology Biochemistry Computational biology Genetics Engineering Concepts Mitosis Cell signalling Post-transcriptional modification Post-translational modification Dry lab / Wet lab Techniques Cell culture Model organisms ( such as C57BL / 6 mice ) Methods Nucleic acid Protein Fluorescence , Pigment & Radioactivity High - throughput technique ( `` - omics '' ) DNA microarray Mass spectrometry Lab - on - a-chip Gene regulation Epigenetic Genetic Post-transcriptional Post-translational regulation Glossary Molecular biology Molecular and cellular biology WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology&oldid=838048214 '' Categories : Molecular biology Molecular genetics 1958 in biology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with attributed pull quotes CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 16 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the central dogma of molecular biology concerns the | [
"The central dogma of molecular biology is an explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It is often stated as \"DNA makes RNA and RNA makes protein,\"[1] although this is an oversimplification. It was first stated by Francis Crick in 1958:[2]"
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"flow of genetic information within a biological system"
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7508563103581400432 | List of Beyblade Burst Evolution episodes | List of Beyblade Burst Evolution episodes - wikipedia List of Beyblade Burst Evolution episodes Jump to : navigation , search Beyblade Burst Evolution is the 2017 sequel to the anime television series Beyblade Burst . It was adapted by OLM and aired in all TXN stations in Japan on April 3 , 2017 . The opening theme is `` EVOLUTION BURST ! '' . From episodes 1 - 26 the first ending theme is `` Beyxercise '' . From episodes 27 onwards the second ending theme is `` Beyxercise 2 '' . Episodes ( edit ) No . English title / Translated title Original airdate English airdate 01 `` Fresh Start ! Valtryek 's Evolution ! '' / To the World ! Valkyrie 's Evolution ! ! `` Sekai e ! Varukirī Shinka ! ! '' ( 世界 へ ! ヴァルキリー 進化 ! ! ) April 3 , 2017 November 4 , 2017 ( Canada ) December 4 , 2017 ( United States ) After being scouted by the world - renowned Beyblade team BC Sol , Valt Aoi arrives in Spain . 02 `` Fighting Spirit ! Berserk Roktavor ! '' / Manly Spirit ! Blaze Ragnaruk ! ! `` Otoko Tamashi ! Bureizu Ragunaruku ! ! '' ( 男 魂 ! ブレイズ ラグナ ルク ! ! ) April 10 , 2017 November 5 , 2017 ( Canada ) December 5 , 2017 ( United States ) After missing his first day at BC Sol , Valt must beat the fierce competition to earn his spot on the team . At tryouts , he reunites with a buddy from back home . 03 `` Drain Fafnir ! Winding Up ! '' / Shock ! Drain Fafnir ! ! `` Shōgeki ! Dorein Fabuniru ! ! '' ( 衝撃 ! ドレイン ファブニル ! ! ) April 17 , 2017 November 11 , 2017 ( Canada ) December 6 , 2017 ( United States ) With a match against Sunbat United coming up , BC Sol hosts internal tryouts to select their squad . Those who want a chance to represent the club must challenge team captain Free De La Hoya . 04 `` Whirlwind ! Tempest Wyvron ! '' / Whirlwind ! Tornado Wyvern ! ! `` Senpū ! Torunēdo Waibān ! ! '' ( 旋風 ! トルネード ワイバーン ! ! ) April 24 , 2017 November 12 , 2017 ( Canada ) December 7 , 2017 ( United States ) Thousands of miles away from home , Valt and Rantaro get the chance to face off against a familiar face . They 're both excited to show off their Beys ' new abilities , but Valtryek and Roktavor are n't the only ones to have evolved . 05 `` Surprise Attack ! Kinetic Satomb ! '' / Demonic Attack ! Kreis Satan ! ! `` Mashū ! Kureis Satan ! ! '' ( 魔 襲 ! クライス サタン ! ! ) May 1 , 2017 November 18 , 2017 ( Canada ) December 8 , 2017 ( United States ) BC Sol and Sunbat United lock horns in a friendly match , but the action is anything but . Valt may have gone up against Silas Karlisle before , but he 's never seen him launch like this . 06 `` Squad Shake Up ! '' / Severe Earthquake ! BC Sol ! ! `` Gekishin ! BC Sol ! ! '' ( 激震 ! BC ソル ! ! ) May 8 , 2017 November 19 , 2017 ( Canada ) December 9 , 2017 ( United States ) Honcho gets a second chance to take down an old rival . Meanwhile , veteran BC Sol Bladers start to feel the squeeze when they notice how quickly Valt and Rantaro are rising through the ranks . 07 `` Journey to the Top ! '' / Reach It ! The Top Team ! ! `` Tsukame ! Toppu Chīmu ! ! '' ( 掴め ! トップチーム ! ! ) May 15 , 2017 November 25 , 2017 ( Canada ) December 11 , 2017 ( United States ) After a teammate 's sudden departure , Valt finds himself in the middle of flaring tensions between new and old BC Sol members . Kris and Trad hold tryouts to decide which Bladers will make it on the first strong . 08 `` Season Opener : European League '' / It Begins ! The Europe League ! ! `` Kaimaku ! Yōroppa Rīgu ! ! '' ( 開幕 ! ヨーロッパ リーグ ! ! ) May 22 , 2017 November 26 , 2017 ( Canada ) December 12 , 2017 ( United States ) The European League is well underway . Valt finds a new friend who is full of laughs and positive vibes , but when they 're teams are forced to compete against one another , friendship quickly fades . 09 `` Alter Cognite ! The Shape Shifter ! '' / Time God ! Alter Kronos ! ! `` Tokigami ! Arutā Kuronosu ! ! '' ( 時 神 ! アルター クロノス ! ! ) May 29 , 2017 December 2 , 2017 ( Canada ) December 13 , 2017 ( United States ) An old friend tunes in to the faceoff between BC Sol and Top Wand . Valt gets a second chance to challenge a new foe . Behind the scenes , a bold offer is put on the table that risks changing BC Sol forever . 10 `` Free to Launch '' / Valt and Free `` Baruto to Furī '' ( バルト と フリー ) June 5 , 2017 December 3 , 2017 ( Canada ) December 14 , 2017 ( United States ) Valt and Rantaro celebrate their rising world rankings , but tension begins to brew within the club . 11 `` BC Sol : A Team Divided '' / The Collapse of BC Sol ! ! `` Hōkai ! BC Soru ! ! '' ( 崩壊 ! BC ソル ! ! ) June 12 , 2017 December 9 , 2017 ( Canada ) December 15 , 2017 ( United States ) A revamp finds Valt and Rantaro moving up to BC Sol 's first string . A missing key member results in a less than desirable losing streak . The team hopes to turn their luck around . 12 `` The Return of Doomscizor '' / Deathscyther 's Rebirth ! `` Desu Saizā Sairin ! '' ( 死神 ( デスサイザー ) 再臨 ! ) June 19 , 2017 December 10 , 2017 ( Canada ) December 16 , 2017 ( United States ) The current captain of the AS Gallus , Daigo , is an old pal of Valt and Rantaro 's . Valt and Rantaro get a chance to check out Doomscizor 's new skills prior to match . Unfortunately , their curiosity is misinterpreted by the management team at BC Sol . 13 `` Twin Scythes ! Double Strike ! '' / Twin Scythes ! Double Strike ! ! `` Sōkama ! Daburu Sutoraiku ! ! '' ( 双 鎌 ! ダブル ストライク ! ! ) June 26 , 2017 December 16 , 2017 ( Canada ) January 13 , 2018 ( United States ) Friends turn rivals as BC Sol comes up against AS Gallus in battle , in order to avoid elimination . 14 `` Attack , Maximus Garuda ! '' / Charge ! Maximum Garuda ! ! `` Shūgeki ! Makishimamu Garūda ! ! '' ( 蹴 撃 ! マキシマム ガルーダ ! ! ) July 3 , 2017 December 17 , 2017 ( Canada ) January 20 , 2018 ( United States ) BC Sol moves on and must defeat an opponent with not just a powerful secret weapon , but an intense grudge against Silas . 15 `` Ghasem ! The Airborne Blader ! '' / The Bird God Blader , Ghasem ! ! `` Torigami Burēdā Gazemu ! ! '' ( 鳥 神 闘士 ( ブレーダー ) ガゼム ! ! ) July 10 , 2017 December 23 , 2017 ( Canada ) January 27 , 2018 ( United States ) The threat of Ghasem and Garuda ; Valt finds Valtryek 's hidden power . 16 `` The Search For Shu '' / Finding Shu `` Shū wo Sagase '' ( シュウ を 探せ ) July 17 , 2017 December 24 , 2017 ( Canada ) February 3 , 2018 ( United States ) The gang follows Shu to Mexico . 17 `` Demon Cave ! Snake Pit ! ! '' `` Makyō ! Sunēku Pitto ! ! '' ( 魔境 ! スネーク ピット ! ! ) July 24 , 2017 TBA 18 `` Labyrinth ! Black Dungeon ! ! '' `` Meikyū ! Burakku Danjon ! ! '' ( 迷宮 ! ブラック ダンジョン ! ! ) July 31 , 2017 TBA 19 `` Fire God ! Red Eye ! ! '' `` Enshin ! Reddo Ai ! ! '' ( 炎 神 ! レッド アイ ! ! ) August 7 , 2017 TBA 20 `` Explosion ! BC Sol ! ! '' `` Bakushin ! BC Sol ! ! '' ( 爆進 ! BC ソル ! ! ) August 14 , 2017 TBA 21 `` Joshua VS Space Ninja '' `` Joshua VS Supēsu Ninja '' ( ジョシュア VS 宇宙 ( スペース ) 忍者 ) August 21 , 2017 TBA 22 `` Blast Jinnius Calling a Storm ! '' `` Arashi o Yobu Burasuto Jiniusu ! '' ( 嵐 を 呼ぶ ブラスト ジ ニウス ! ) August 28 , 2017 TBA 23 `` Challenge ! The Infinite Beystadium ! ! '' `` Chōsen ! Mugen Beisutajiamu ! ! '' ( 挑戦 ! 無限 ベイ スタジアム ! ! ) September 4 , 2017 TBA 24 `` Upheaval ! The World League ! ! '' `` Gekidō ! Wārudo Rīgu ! ! '' ( 激動 ! ワールド リーグ ! ! ) September 11 , 2017 TBA 25 `` Fighting Sword ! Sieg Xcalibur ! ! '' `` Tōken ! JĪgu Ekusukaribā ! ! '' ( 闘剣 ! ジーク エクスカリバー ! ! ) September 18 , 2017 TBA 26 `` Explosion ! God Reboot ! ! '' `` Bakuretsu ! Goddo Ribūto ! ! '' ( 炸裂 ! ゴッド リブート ! ! ) September 25 , 2017 TBA 27 `` Tokyo Battle ! Real VS Rios ! ! '' `` Tōkyō Batoru ! Rearu VS Riosu ! ! '' ( 東京 バトル ! レアル VS リオス ! ! ) October 2 , 2017 TBA 28 `` Vampire ! Deep Chaos ! ! '' `` Kyūketsuki ! Dīpu Kaosu ! ! '' ( 吸血鬼 ! ディープ カオス ! ! ) October 9 , 2017 TBA 29 `` Fortress ! Shelter Regulus ! ! '' `` Yōsai ! Sherutā Regurusu ! ! '' ( 要塞 ! シェルター レグルス ! ! ) October 16 , 2017 TBA 30 `` Clash ! Shoot to the Finals ! ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Kesshō he no Shūto ! ! '' ( 激突 ! 決勝 へ の シュート ! ! ) October 23 , 2017 TBA 31 `` Collapse ! The Big 5 's Wall ! ! '' `` Yabure ! Biggu Faibu no Kabe ! ! '' ( 破れ ! ビッグ 5 の 壁 ! ! ) October 30 , 2017 TBA 32 `` Peerless ! Triple Impact ! ! '' `` Tenka Musou ! Toriparu Inpakuto ! ! '' ( 天下 無双 ! トリプル インパクト ! ! ) November 6 , 2017 TBA 33 `` The Finals ! BC Sol VS New York Bulls ! '' `` Kesshō ! BC Soru VS NY Buruzu ! ! '' ( 決勝 ! BC ソル VS NY ブルズ ! ! ) November 13 , 2017 TBA 34 `` Full Power ! Bound Attack ! ! '' `` Zenryoku ! Boundo Attaku ! ! '' ( 全力 ! バウンド アタック ! ! ) November 20 , 2017 TBA 35 `` Our Final Match ! '' `` Ore - tachi no Kesshōsen ! '' ( 俺 たち の 決勝 戦 ! ) November 27 , 2017 TBA 36 `` Duel ! Longinus VS Spriggan ! '' `` Kettō ! Ronginusu VS Supurigan ! '' ( 決闘 ! ロンギヌス VS スプリガン ! ) December 4 , 2017 TBA 37 `` Let 's Go ! The God Bladers Cup ! ! '' `` Iku ze ! Goddo Burēdāzu Kappu ! ! '' ( いく ぜ っ ! ゴッド ブレーダー ズ カップ ! ! ) December 11 , 2017 TBA 38 `` A Deadly Weapon ! Spriggan Requiem ! ! '' `` Kyōki ! Supurigan Rekuiemu ! ! '' ( 凶 機 ! スプリガン レクイエム ! ! ) December 18 , 2017 TBA 39 `` The Underground Battle Emperor , Kurtz ! '' `` Chika Batoru Kōtei Kurutsu ! '' ( 地下 バトル 皇帝 クルツ ! ) December 25 , 2017 TBA 40 `` Tyrant ! Beat Kukulcan ! ! '' `` Bōkun ! Bīto Kukurukan ! ! '' ( 暴君 ! ビート ククルカン ! ! ) January 8 , 2018 TBA 41 `` Iron Hammer ! Twin Nemesis ! ! '' `` Tettsui ! Tsuin Nemeshisu ! ! '' ( 鉄槌 ! ツイン ネメシス ! ! ) January 15 , 2018 TBA 42 `` BC Sol 's Fierce Battle ! ! '' `` Shiretsu ! BC Soru no Tatakai ! ! '' ( 熾烈 ! BC ソル の 闘い ! ! ) January 22 , 2018 TBA 43 `` Climax ! Rival Great Clash ! ! '' `` Hakunetsu ! Raibaru Daigekitotsu ! ! '' ( 白熱 ! ライバル 大 激突 ! ! ) January 29 , 2018 TBA 44 `` Super Evolution ! Strike God Valkyrie ! ! '' `` Choushinka ! Sutoraiku Goddo Varukirii ! ! '' ( 超 進化 ! ストライク ゴッド ヴァルキリー ! ! ) February 5 , 2018 TBA 45 `` Destruction God Spriggan ! '' `` Hakaishin Supurigan ! '' ( 破壊 神 スプリガン ! ) February 12 , 2018 TBA 46 `` Beyond the Limit ! Free VS Lui ! ! '' `` Chougenkai ! Furī VS Lui ! ! '' ( 超 限界 ! フリー VS ルイ ! ! ) February 19 , 2018 TBA 47 `` The Ultimate Battle ! '' `` Arutimetto Batoru ! '' ( アル テイ メット バトル ! ) February 26 , 2018 TBA 48 `` The Decisive Battle of Friendship ! ! '' `` Yūjou ! Ketteisen he no Batoru ! ! '' ( 友情 ! 決定 戦へ の バトル ! ! ) March 5 , 2018 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Beyblade Burst God Anime to Premiere in April '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Beyblade by Takao Aoki & Takafumi Adachi Anime Original series ( episodes ) Characters Beyblade V - Force G - Revolution Metal series ( episodes ) Characters Metal Fusion chapters Metal Fusion Metal Masters Metal Fury Shogun Steel episodes BeyWarriors series BeyWheelz BeyWarriors : BeyRaiderz BeyWarriors : Cyborg Burst series Burst Burst Evolution Franchise Toys Films Beyblade : Fierce Battle Beyblade : Sol Blaze , the Scorching Hot Invader Games DreamMix TV World Fighters Super Tournament Battle VForce : Ultimate Blader Jam Metal Fusion video games Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Beyblade_Burst_Evolution_episodes&oldid=824973471 '' Categories : Beyblade episode lists Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 18 : 40 . About Wikipedia | how many episodes of beyblade burst god are there | [
"\n\nNo.\nEnglish title / Translated title\nOriginal airdate\nEnglish airdate\n\n\n01\n\"Fresh Start! Valtryek’s Evolution!\" / To the World! Valkyrie's Evolution!!\n\"Sekai e! Varukirī Shinka!!\" (世界へ!ヴァルキリー進化!!) \nApril 3, 2017\nNovember 4, 2017 (Canada)\nDecember 4, 2017 (United States)\n\n\nAfter being scouted by the world-renowned Beyblade team BC Sol, Valt Aoi arrives in Spain. \n\n\n02\n\"Fighting Spirit! Berserk Roktavor!\" / Manly Spirit! Blaze Ragnaruk!!\n\"Otoko Tamashi! Bureizu Ragunaruku!!\" (男魂!ブレイズラグナルク!!) \nApril 10, 2017\nNovember 5, 2017 (Canada)\nDecember 5, 2017 (United States)\n\n\nAfter missing his first day at BC Sol, Valt must beat the fierce competition to earn his spot on the team. At tryouts, he reunites with a buddy from back home. \n\n\n03\n\"Drain Fafnir! Winding Up!\" / Shock! Drain Fafnir!!\n\"Shōgeki! Dorein Fabuniru!!\" (衝撃!ドレインファブニル!!) \nApril 17, 2017\nNovember 11, 2017 (Canada)\nDecember 6, 2017 (United States)\n\n\nWith a match against Sunbat United coming up, BC Sol hosts internal tryouts to select their squad. Those who want a chance to represent the club must challenge team captain Free De La Hoya. \n\n\n04\n\"Whirlwind! Tempest Wyvron!\" / Whirlwind! Tornado Wyvern!!\n\"Senpū! Torunēdo Waibān!!\" (旋風!トルネードワイバーン!!) \nApril 24, 2017\nNovember 12, 2017 (Canada)\nDecember 7, 2017 (United States)\n\n\nThousands of miles away from home, Valt and Rantaro get the chance to face off against a familiar face. They’re both excited to show off their Beys’ new abilities, but Valtryek and Roktavor aren’t the only ones to have evolved. \n\n\n05\n\"Surprise Attack! Kinetic Satomb!\" / Demonic Attack! Kreis Satan!!\n\"Mashū! Kureis Satan!!\" (魔襲!クライスサタン!!) \nMay 1, 2017\nNovember 18, 2017 (Canada)\nDecember 8, 2017 (United States)\n\n\nBC Sol and Sunbat United lock horns in a friendly match, but the action is anything but. Valt may have gone up against Silas Karlisle before, but he’s never seen him launch like this. \n\n\n06\n\"Squad Shake Up!\" / Severe Earthquake! BC Sol!!\n\"Gekishin! BC Sol!!\" (激震!BCソル!!) \nMay 8, 2017\nNovember 19, 2017 (Canada)\nDecember 9, 2017 (United States)\n\n\nHoncho gets a second chance to take down an old rival. Meanwhile, veteran BC Sol Bladers start to feel the squeeze when they notice how quickly Valt and Rantaro are rising through the ranks. \n\n\n07\n\"Journey to the Top!\" / Reach It! The Top Team!!\n\"Tsukame! Toppu Chīmu!!\" (掴め!トップチーム!!) \nMay 15, 2017\nNovember 25, 2017 (Canada)\nDecember 11, 2017 (United States)\n\n\nAfter a teammate's sudden departure, Valt finds himself in the middle of flaring tensions between new and old BC Sol members. Kris and Trad hold tryouts to decide which Bladers will make it on the first strong. \n\n\n08\n\"Season Opener: European League\" / It Begins! The Europe League!!\n\"Kaimaku! Yōroppa Rīgu!!\" (開幕!ヨーロッパリーグ!!) \nMay 22, 2017\nNovember 26, 2017 (Canada)\nDecember 12, 2017 (United States)\n\n\nThe European League is well underway. Valt finds a new friend who is full of laughs and positive vibes, but when they're teams are forced to compete against one another, friendship quickly fades. \n\n\n09\n\"Alter Cognite! The Shape Shifter!\" / Time God! Alter Kronos!!\n\"Tokigami! Arutā Kuronosu!!\" (時神!アルタークロノス!!) \nMay 29, 2017\nDecember 2, 2017 (Canada)\nDecember 13, 2017 (United States)\n\n\nAn old friend tunes in to the faceoff between BC Sol and Top Wand. Valt gets a second chance to challenge a new foe. Behind the scenes, a bold offer is put on the table that risks changing BC Sol forever. \n\n\n10\n\"Free to Launch\" / Valt and Free\n\"Baruto to Furī\" (バルトとフリー) \nJune 5, 2017\nDecember 3, 2017 (Canada)\nDecember 14, 2017 (United States)\n\n\nValt and Rantaro celebrate their rising world rankings, but tension begins to brew within the club. \n\n\n11\n\"BC Sol: A Team Divided\" / The Collapse of BC Sol!!\n\"Hōkai! BC Soru!!\" (崩壊!BCソル!!) \nJune 12, 2017\nDecember 9, 2017 (Canada)\nDecember 15, 2017 (United States)\n\n\nA revamp finds Valt and Rantaro moving up to BC Sol's first string. A missing key member results in a less than desirable losing streak. The team hopes to turn their luck around. \n\n\n12\n\"The Return of Doomscizor\" / Deathscyther's Rebirth!\n\"Desu Saizā Sairin!\" (死神（デスサイザー）再臨!) \nJune 19, 2017\nDecember 10, 2017 (Canada)\nDecember 16, 2017 (United States)\n\n\nThe current captain of the AS Gallus, Daigo, is an old pal of Valt and Rantaro's. Valt and Rantaro get a chance to check out Doomscizor's new skills prior to match. Unfortunately, their curiosity is misinterpreted by the management team at BC Sol. \n\n\n13\n\"Twin Scythes! Double Strike!\" / Twin Scythes! Double Strike!!\n\"Sōkama! Daburu Sutoraiku!!\" (双鎌!ダブルストライク!!) \nJune 26, 2017\nDecember 16, 2017 (Canada)\nJanuary 13, 2018 (United States)\n\n\nFriends turn rivals as BC Sol comes up against AS Gallus in battle, in order to avoid elimination. \n\n\n14\n\"Attack, Maximus Garuda!\" / Charge! Maximum Garuda!!\n\"Shūgeki! Makishimamu Garūda!!\" (蹴撃!マキシマムガルーダ!!) \nJuly 3, 2017\nDecember 17, 2017 (Canada)\nJanuary 20, 2018 (United States)\n\n\nBC Sol moves on and must defeat an opponent with not just a powerful secret weapon, but an intense grudge against Silas. \n\n\n15\n\"Ghasem! The Airborne Blader!\" / The Bird God Blader, Ghasem!!\n\"Torigami Burēdā Gazemu!!\" (鳥神闘士（ブレーダー）ガゼム!!) \nJuly 10, 2017\nDecember 23, 2017 (Canada)\nJanuary 27, 2018 (United States)\n\n\nThe threat of Ghasem and Garuda; Valt finds Valtryek's hidden power. \n\n\n16\n\"The Search For Shu\" / Finding Shu\n\"Shū wo Sagase\" (シュウを探せ) \nJuly 17, 2017\nDecember 24, 2017 (Canada)\nFebruary 3, 2018 (United States)\n\n\nThe gang follows Shu to Mexico. \n\n\n17\n\"Demon Cave! Snake Pit!!\"\n\"Makyō! Sunēku Pitto!!\" (魔境!スネークピット!!) \nJuly 24, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n18\n\"Labyrinth! Black Dungeon!!\"\n\"Meikyū! Burakku Danjon!!\" (迷宮!ブラックダンジョン!!) \nJuly 31, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n19\n\"Fire God! Red Eye!!\"\n\"Enshin! Reddo Ai!!\" (炎神!レッドアイ!!) \nAugust 7, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n20\n\"Explosion! BC Sol!!\"\n\"Bakushin! BC Sol!!\" (爆進!BCソル!!) \nAugust 14, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n21\n\"Joshua VS Space Ninja\"\n\"Joshua VS Supēsu Ninja\" (ジョシュアVS宇宙（スペース）忍者) \nAugust 21, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n22\n\"Blast Jinnius Calling a Storm!\"\n\"Arashi o Yobu Burasuto Jiniusu!\" (嵐を呼ぶブラストジニウス!) \nAugust 28, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n23\n\"Challenge! The Infinite Beystadium!!\"\n\"Chōsen! Mugen Beisutajiamu!!\" (挑戦!無限ベイスタジアム!!) \nSeptember 4, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n24\n\"Upheaval! The World League!!\"\n\"Gekidō! Wārudo Rīgu!!\" (激動!ワールドリーグ!!) \nSeptember 11, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n25\n\"Fighting Sword! Sieg Xcalibur!!\"\n\"Tōken! JĪgu Ekusukaribā!!\" (闘剣!ジークエクスカリバー!!) \nSeptember 18, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n26\n\"Explosion! God Reboot!!\"\n\"Bakuretsu! Goddo Ribūto!!\" (炸裂!ゴッドリブート!!) \nSeptember 25, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n27\n\"Tokyo Battle! Real VS Rios!!\"\n\"Tōkyō Batoru! Rearu VS Riosu!!\" (東京バトル!レアルVSリオス!!) \nOctober 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n28\n\"Vampire! Deep Chaos!!\"\n\"Kyūketsuki! Dīpu Kaosu!!\" (吸血鬼!ディープカオス!!) \nOctober 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n29\n\"Fortress! Shelter Regulus!!\"\n\"Yōsai! Sherutā Regurusu!!\" (要塞!シェルターレグルス!!) \nOctober 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n30\n\"Clash! Shoot to the Finals!!\"\n\"Gekitotsu! Kesshō he no Shūto!!\" (激突!決勝へのシュート!!) \nOctober 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n31\n\"Collapse! The Big 5's Wall!!\"\n\"Yabure! Biggu Faibu no Kabe!!\" (破れ!ビッグ5の壁!!) \nOctober 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n32\n\"Peerless! Triple Impact!!\"\n\"Tenka Musou! Toriparu Inpakuto!!\" (天下無双!トリプルインパクト!!) \nNovember 6, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n33\n\"The Finals! BC Sol VS New York Bulls!\"\n\"Kesshō! BC Soru VS NY Buruzu!!\" (決勝!BCソル VS NYブルズ!!) \nNovember 13, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n34\n\"Full Power! Bound Attack!!\"\n\"Zenryoku! Boundo Attaku!!\" (全力!バウンドアタック!!) \nNovember 20, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n35\n\"Our Final Match!\"\n\"Ore-tachi no Kesshōsen!\" (俺たちの決勝戦!) \nNovember 27, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n36\n\"Duel! Longinus VS Spriggan!\"\n\"Kettō! Ronginusu VS Supurigan!\" (決闘!ロンギヌスVSスプリガン!) \nDecember 4, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n37\n\"Let's Go! The God Bladers Cup!!\"\n\"Iku ze! Goddo Burēdāzu Kappu!!\" (いくぜっ!ゴッドブレーダーズカップ!!) \nDecember 11, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n38\n\"A Deadly Weapon! Spriggan Requiem!!\"\n\"Kyōki! Supurigan Rekuiemu!!\" (凶機!スプリガンレクイエム!!) \nDecember 18, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n39\n\"The Underground Battle Emperor, Kurtz!\"\n\"Chika Batoru Kōtei Kurutsu!\" (地下バトル皇帝クルツ!) \nDecember 25, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n40\n\"Tyrant! Beat Kukulcan!!\"\n\"Bōkun! Bīto Kukurukan!!\" (暴君!ビートククルカン!!) \nJanuary 8, 2018\nTBA\n\n\n41\n\"Iron Hammer! Twin Nemesis!!\"\n\"Tettsui! Tsuin Nemeshisu!!\" (鉄槌!ツインネメシス!!) \nJanuary 15, 2018\nTBA\n\n\n42\n\"BC Sol's Fierce Battle!!\"\n\"Shiretsu! BC Soru no Tatakai!!\" (熾烈!BCソルの闘い!!) \nJanuary 22, 2018\nTBA\n\n\n43\n\"Climax! Rival Great Clash!!\"\n\"Hakunetsu! Raibaru Daigekitotsu!!\" (白熱!ライバル大激突!!) \nJanuary 29, 2018\nTBA\n\n\n44\n\"Super Evolution! Strike God Valkyrie!!\"\n\"Choushinka! Sutoraiku Goddo Varukirii!!\" (超進化!ストライクゴッドヴァルキリー!!) \nFebruary 5, 2018\nTBA\n\n\n45\n\"Destruction God Spriggan!\"\n\"Hakaishin Supurigan!\" (破壊神スプリガン!) \nFebruary 12, 2018\nTBA\n\n\n46\n\"Beyond the Limit! Free VS Lui!!\"\n\"Chougenkai! Furī VS Lui!!\" (超限界!フリーVSルイ!!) \nFebruary 19, 2018\nTBA\n\n\n47\n\"The Ultimate Battle!\"\n\"Arutimetto Batoru!\" (アルテイメットバトル!) \nFebruary 26, 2018\nTBA\n\n\n48\n\"The Decisive Battle of Friendship!!\"\n\"Yūjou! Ketteisen he no Batoru!!\" (友情!決定戦へのバトル!!) \nMarch 5, 2018\nTBA\n\n"
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-912783786953017309 | Chichen Itza | Chichen Itza - wikipedia Chichen Itza Jump to : navigation , search Chichen Itza El Castillo dominates the center of the archaeological site . Location within Mesoamerica Location Yucatán , Mexico Region Yucatán Coordinates 20 ° 40 ′ 59 '' N 88 ° 34 ′ 7 '' W / 20.68306 ° N 88.56861 ° W / 20.68306 ; - 88.56861 Coordinates : 20 ° 40 ′ 59 '' N 88 ° 34 ′ 7 '' W / 20.68306 ° N 88.56861 ° W / 20.68306 ; - 88.56861 History Periods Late Classic to Early Postclassic Cultures Maya civilization Site notes UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen - Itza Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( ii ) , ( iii ) Reference 483 Inscription 1989 ( 13th Session ) ( edit on Wikidata ) Chichen Itza ( / tʃ iː ˈtʃɛn iː ˈtsɑː / chee - CHEN eet - SAH , Spanish : Chichén Itzá ( tʃiˈtʃen iˈtsa ) , often with the emphasis reversed in English to / ˈtʃiːtʃɛn ˈiːtsə / CHEE - chen EET - sə ; from Yucatec Maya : Chi'ch'èen Ìitsha ' ( tɕhiʔtɕʼèːn ìːtshaʔ ) `` at the mouth of the well of the Itza people '' ) was a large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya people of the Terminal Classic period . The archaeological site is located in Tinúm Municipality , Yucatán State , Mexico . Chichen Itza was a major focal point in the Northern Maya Lowlands from the Late Classic ( c . AD 600 -- 900 ) through the Terminal Classic ( c . AD 800 -- 900 ) and into the early portion of the Postclassic period ( c . AD 900 -- 1200 ) . The site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles , reminiscent of styles seen in central Mexico and of the Puuc and Chenes styles of the Northern Maya lowlands . The presence of central Mexican styles was once thought to have been representative of direct migration or even conquest from central Mexico , but most contemporary interpretations view the presence of these non-Maya styles more as the result of cultural diffusion . Chichen Itza was one of the largest Maya cities and it was likely to have been one of the mythical great cities , or Tollans , referred to in later Mesoamerican literature . The city may have had the most diverse population in the Maya world , a factor that could have contributed to the variety of architectural styles at the site . The ruins of Chichen Itza are federal property , and the site 's stewardship is maintained by Mexico 's Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia ( National Institute of Anthropology and History ) . The land under the monuments had been privately owned until 29 March 2010 , when it was purchased by the state of Yucatán . Chichen Itza is one of the most visited archaeological sites in Mexico with over 2 million tourists in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name and orthography 2 Location 3 Political organization 4 Economy 5 History 5.1 Establishment 5.2 Ascendancy 5.3 Decline 5.4 Spanish conquest 5.5 Modern history 6 Site description 6.1 Architectural styles 6.2 Architectural groups 6.2. 1 Great North Platform 6.2. 1.1 El Castillo 6.2. 1.2 Great Ball Court 6.2. 1.3 Additional structures 6.2. 1.4 Sacred Cenote 6.2. 1.5 Temple of the Warriors 6.2. 1.6 Group of a Thousand Columns 6.2. 1.7 El Mercado 6.2. 2 Osario Group 6.2. 3 Casa Colorada Group 6.2. 4 Central Group 6.2. 5 Old Chichen 6.2. 6 Other structures 6.2. 7 Caves of Balankanche 7 Tourism 8 Photo gallery 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links Name and orthography A feathered serpent sculpture at the base of one of the stairways of El Castillo . The Maya name `` Chichen Itza '' means `` At the mouth of the well of the Itza . '' This derives from chi ' , meaning `` mouth '' or `` edge , '' and ch'en or ch'e'en , meaning `` well . '' Itzá is the name of an ethnic - lineage group that gained political and economic dominance of the northern peninsula . One possible translation for Itza is `` enchanter ( or enchantment ) of the water , '' from its , `` sorcerer , '' and ha , `` water . '' The name is spelled Chichén Itzá in Spanish , and the accents are sometimes maintained in other languages to show that both parts of the name are stressed on their final syllable . Other references prefer the Maya orthography , Chichen Itza ' ( pronounced ( tʃitʃʼen itsáʔ ) ) . This form preserves the phonemic distinction between ch ' and ch , since the base word ch'e'en ( which , however , is not stressed in Maya ) begins with a postalveolar ejective affricate consonant . The word `` Itza ' '' has a high tone on the `` a '' followed by a glottal stop ( indicated by the apostrophe ) . Evidence in the Chilam Balam books indicates another , earlier name for this city prior to the arrival of the Itza hegemony in northern Yucatán . While most sources agree the first word means seven , there is considerable debate as to the correct translation of the rest . This earlier name is difficult to define because of the absence of a single standard of orthography , but it is represented variously as Uuc Yabnal ( `` Seven Great House '' ) , Uuc Hab Nal ( `` Seven Bushy Places '' ) , Uucyabnal ( `` Seven Great Rulers '' ) or Uc Abnal ( `` Seven Lines of Abnal '' ) . This name , dating to the Late Classic Period , is recorded both in the book of Chilam Balam de Chumayel and in hieroglyphic texts in the ruins . Location See also : Pisté , Yucatán Aerial view of Chichen Itza Chichen Itza is located in the eastern portion of Yucatán state in Mexico . The northern Yucatán Peninsula is arid , and the rivers in the interior all run underground . There are two large , natural sink holes , called cenotes , that could have provided plentiful water year round at Chichen , making it attractive for settlement . Of the two cenotes , the `` Cenote Sagrado '' or Sacred Cenote ( also variously known as the Sacred Well or Well of Sacrifice ) , is the most famous . According to post-Conquest sources ( Maya and Spanish ) , pre-Columbian Maya sacrificed objects and human beings into the cenote as a form of worship to the Maya rain god Chaac . Edward Herbert Thompson dredged the Cenote Sagrado from 1904 to 1910 , and recovered artifacts of gold , jade , pottery and incense , as well as human remains . A study of human remains taken from the Cenote Sagrado found that they had wounds consistent with human sacrifice . Political organization Columns in the Temple of a Thousand Warriors Several archaeologists in the late 1980s suggested that unlike previous Maya polities of the Early Classic , Chichen Itza may not have been governed by an individual ruler or a single dynastic lineage . Instead , the city 's political organization could have been structured by a `` multepal '' system , which is characterized as rulership through council composed of members of elite ruling lineages . This theory was popular in the 1990s , but in recent years , the research that supported the concept of the `` multepal '' system has been called into question , if not discredited . The current belief trend in Maya scholarship is toward the more traditional model of the Maya kingdoms of the Classic Period southern lowlands in Mexico . Economy Chichen Itza was a major economic power in the northern Maya lowlands during its apogee . Participating in the water - borne circum - peninsular trade route through its port site of Isla Cerritos on the north coast , Chichen Itza was able to obtain locally unavailable resources from distant areas such as obsidian from central Mexico and gold from southern Central America . Between AD 900 and 1050 Chichen Itza expanded to become a powerful regional capital controlling north and central Yucatán . It established Isla Cerritos as a trading port . History The Jaguar Throne inside the `` El Castillo '' pyramid . The layout of Chichen Itza site core developed during its earlier phase of occupation , between 750 and 900 AD . Its final layout was developed after 900 AD , and the 10th century saw the rise of the city as a regional capital controlling the area from central Yucatán to the north coast , with its power extending down the east and west coasts of the peninsula . The earliest hieroglyphic date discovered at Chichen Itza is equivalent to 832 AD , while the last known date was recorded in the Osario temple in 998 . Establishment The Late Classic city was centered upon the area to the southwest of the Xtoloc cenote , with the main architecture represented by the substructures now underlying the Las Monjas and Observatorio and the basal platform upon which they were built . Ascendancy Chichen Itza rose to regional prominence towards the end of the Early Classic period ( roughly 600 AD ) . It was , however , towards the end of the Late Classic and into the early part of the Terminal Classic that the site became a major regional capital , centralizing and dominating political , sociocultural , economic , and ideological life in the northern Maya lowlands . The ascension of Chichen Itza roughly correlates with the decline and fragmentation of the major centers of the southern Maya lowlands . As Chichen Itza rose to prominence , the cities of Yaxuna ( to the south ) and Coba ( to the east ) were suffering decline . These two cities had been mutual allies , with Yaxuna dependent upon Coba . At some point in the 10th century Coba lost a significant portion of its territory , isolating Yaxuna , and Chichen Itza may have directly contributed to the collapse of both cities . Decline Maya civilization People Society Languages Writing Religion Mythology Sacrifice Cities Architecture Astronomy Calendar Stelae Art Textiles Trade Music Dance Medicine Cuisine History Preclassic Maya Classic Maya collapse Spanish conquest of the Maya Yucatán Chiapas Guatemala Petén According to some colonial Mayan sources ( e.g. , the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel ) , Hunac Ceel , ruler of Mayapan , conquered Chichen Itza in the 13th century . Hunac Ceel supposedly prophesied his own rise to power . According to custom at the time , individuals thrown into the Cenote Sagrado were believed to have the power of prophecy if they survived . During one such ceremony , the chronicles state , there were no survivors , so Hunac Ceel leaped into the Cenote Sagrado , and when removed , prophesied his own ascension . While there is some archaeological evidence that indicates Chichén Itzá was at one time looted and sacked , there appears to be greater evidence that it could not have been by Mayapan , at least not when Chichén Itzá was an active urban center . Archaeological data now indicates that Chichen Itza declined as a regional center by 1250 , before the rise of Mayapan . Ongoing research at the site of Mayapan may help resolve this chronological conundrum . After Chichén Itzá elite activities ceased , the city may not have been abandoned . When the Spanish arrived , they found a thriving local population , although it is not clear from Spanish sources if Maya were living in Chichen Itza or nearby . The relatively high population density in the region was a factor in the conquistadors ' decision to locate a capital there . According to post-Conquest sources , both Spanish and Maya , the Cenote Sagrado remained a place of pilgrimage . Spanish Conquest See also : Spanish conquest of Yucatán In 1526 Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo ( a veteran of the Grijalva and Cortés expeditions ) successfully petitioned the King of Spain for a charter to conquer Yucatán . His first campaign in 1527 , which covered much of the Yucatán Peninsula , decimated his forces but ended with the establishment of a small fort at Xaman Ha ' , south of what is today Cancún . Montejo returned to Yucatán in 1531 with reinforcements and established his main base at Campeche on the west coast . He sent his son , Francisco Montejo The Younger , in late 1532 to conquer the interior of the Yucatán Peninsula from the north . The objective from the beginning was to go to Chichén Itzá and establish a capital . Montejo the Younger eventually arrived at Chichen Itza , which he renamed Ciudad Real . At first he encountered no resistance , and set about dividing the lands around the city and awarding them to his soldiers . The Maya became more hostile over time , and eventually they laid siege to the Spanish , cutting off their supply line to the coast , and forcing them to barricade themselves among the ruins of the ancient city . Months passed , but no reinforcements arrived . Montejo the Younger attempted an all out assault against the Maya and lost 150 of his remaining troops . He was forced to abandon Chichén Itzá in 1534 under cover of darkness . By 1535 , all Spanish had been driven from the Yucatán Peninsula . Montejo eventually returned to Yucatán and , by recruiting Maya from Campeche and Champoton , built a large Indio - Spanish army and conquered the peninsula . The Spanish crown later issued a land grant that included Chichen Itza and by 1588 it was a working cattle ranch . Modern History The Castillo Temple , photograph by Teobert Maler , 1892 . Chichen Itza entered the popular imagination in 1843 with the book Incidents of Travel in Yucatan by John Lloyd Stephens ( with illustrations by Frederick Catherwood ) . The book recounted Stephens ' visit to Yucatán and his tour of Maya cities , including Chichén Itzá . The book prompted other explorations of the city . In 1860 , D ésiré Charnay surveyed Chichén Itzá and took numerous photographs that he published in Cités et ruines américaines ( 1863 ) . In 1875 , Augustus Le Plongeon and his wife Alice Dixon Le Plongeon visited Chichén , and excavated a statue of a figure on its back , knees drawn up , upper torso raised on its elbows with a plate on its stomach . Augustus Le Plongeon called it `` Chaacmol '' ( later renamed `` Chac Mool '' , which has been the term to describe all types of this statuary found in Mesoamerica ) . Teobert Maler and Alfred Maudslay explored Chichén in the 1880s and both spent several weeks at the site and took extensive photographs . Maudslay published the first long - form description of Chichen Itza in his book , Biologia Centrali - Americana . In 1894 the United States Consul to Yucatán , Edward Herbert Thompson , purchased the Hacienda Chichén , which included the ruins of Chichen Itza . For 30 years , Thompson explored the ancient city . His discoveries included the earliest dated carving upon a lintel in the Temple of the Initial Series and the excavation of several graves in the Osario ( High Priest 's Temple ) . Thompson is most famous for dredging the Cenote Sagrado ( Sacred Cenote ) from 1904 to 1910 , where he recovered artifacts of gold , copper and carved jade , as well as the first - ever examples of what were believed to be pre-Columbian Maya cloth and wooden weapons . Thompson shipped the bulk of the artifacts to the Peabody Museum at Harvard University . In 1913 , the Carnegie Institution accepted the proposal of archaeologist Sylvanus G. Morley and committed to conduct long - term archaeological research at Chichen Itza . The Mexican Revolution and the following government instability , as well as World War I , delayed the project by a decade . In 1923 , the Mexican government awarded the Carnegie Institution a 10 - year permit ( later extended another 10 years ) to allow U.S. archaeologists to conduct extensive excavation and restoration of Chichen Itza . Carnegie researchers excavated and restored the Temple of Warriors and the Caracol , among other major buildings . At the same time , the Mexican government excavated and restored El Castillo and the Great Ball Court . Excavations next to El Castillo began in 2009 . In 1926 , the Mexican government charged Edward Thompson with theft , claiming he stole the artifacts from the Cenote Sagrado and smuggled them out of the country . The government seized the Hacienda Chichén. Thompson , who was in the United States at the time , never returned to Yucatán . He wrote about his research and investigations of the Maya culture in a book People of the Serpent published in 1932 . He died in New Jersey in 1935 . In 1944 the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that Thompson had broken no laws and returned Chichen Itza to his heirs . The Thompsons sold the hacienda to tourism pioneer Fernando Barbachano Peon . There have been two later expeditions to recover artifacts from the Cenote Sagrado , in 1961 and 1967 . The first was sponsored by the National Geographic , and the second by private interests . Both projects were supervised by Mexico 's National Institute of Anthropology and History ( INAH ) . INAH has conducted an ongoing effort to excavate and restore other monuments in the archaeological zone , including the Osario , Akab D'zib , and several buildings in Chichén Viejo ( Old Chichen ) . In 2009 , to investigate construction that predated El Castillo , Yucatec archaeologists began excavations adjacent to El Castillo under the direction of Rafael ( Rach ) Cobos . Site description A map of central Chichen Itza . Chichen Itza was one of the largest Maya cities , with the relatively densely clustered architecture of the site core covering an area of at least 5 square kilometres ( 1.9 sq mi ) . Smaller scale residential architecture extends for an unknown distance beyond this . The city was built upon broken terrain , which was artificially levelled in order to build the major architectural groups , with the greatest effort being expended in the levelling of the areas for the Castillo pyramid , and the Las Monjas , Osario and Main Southwest groups . The site contains many fine stone buildings in various states of preservation , and many have been restored . The buildings were connected by a dense network of paved causeways , called sacbeob . Archaeologists have identified over 80 sacbeob criss - crossing the site , and extending in all directions from the city . Many of these stone buildings were originally painted in red , green , blue and purple colors . Pigments were chosen according to what was most easily available in the area . The site must be imagined as a colorful one , not like it is today . Just like gothic cathedrals in Europe , colors provided a greater sense of completeness and contributed greatly to the symbolic impact of the buildings . The architecture encompasses a number of styles , including the Puuc and Chenes styles of the northern Yucatán Peninsula . The buildings of Chichen Itza are grouped in a series of architectonic sets , and each set was at one time separated from the other by a series of low walls . The three best known of these complexes are the Great North Platform , which includes the monuments of El Castillo , Temple of Warriors and the Great Ball Court ; The Osario Group , which includes the pyramid of the same name as well as the Temple of Xtoloc ; and the Central Group , which includes the Caracol , Las Monjas , and Akab Dzib . South of Las Monjas , in an area known as Chichén Viejo ( Old Chichén ) and only open to archaeologists , are several other complexes , such as the Group of the Initial Series , Group of the Lintels , and Group of the Old Castle . Architectural styles The Puuc - style architecture is concentrated in the Old Chichen area , and also the earlier structures in the Nunnery Group ( including the Las Monjas , Annex and La Iglesia buildings ) ; it is also represented in the Akab Dzib structure . The Puuc - style building feature the usual mosaic - decorated upper façades characteristic of the style but differ from the architecture of the Puuc heartland in their block masonry walls , as opposed to the fine veneers of the Puuc region proper . At least one structure in the Las Monjas Group features an ornate façade and masked doorway that are typical examples of Chenes - style architecture , a style centred upon a region in the north of Campeche state , lying between the Puuc and Río Bec regions . Those structures with sculpted hieroglyphic script are concentrated in certain areas of the site , with the most important being the Las Monjas group . Architectural groups Great north Platform El Castillo The serpent effect demonstrated during the night show with artificial lighting . The serpent effect observed during the 2009 spring equinox . Main article : El Castillo , Chichen Itza Dominating the North Platform of Chichen Itza is the Temple of Kukulkan ( a Maya feathered serpent deity similar to the Aztec Quetzalcoatl ) , usually referred to as El Castillo ( `` the castle '' ) . This step pyramid stands about 30 metres ( 98 ft ) high and consists of a series of nine square terraces , each approximately 2.57 metres ( 8.4 ft ) high , with a 6 - metre ( 20 ft ) high temple upon the summit . The sides of the pyramid are approximately 55.3 metres ( 181 ft ) at the base and rise at an angle of 53 ° , although that varies slightly for each side . The four faces of the pyramid have protruding stairways that rise at an angle of 45 ° . The talud walls of each terrace slant at an angle of between 72 ° and 74 ° . At the base of the balustrades of the northeastern staircase are carved heads of a serpent . Mesoamerican cultures periodically superimposed larger structures over older ones , and El Castillo is one such example . In the mid-1930s , the Mexican government sponsored an excavation of El Castillo . After several false starts , they discovered a staircase under the north side of the pyramid . By digging from the top , they found another temple buried below the current one . Inside the temple chamber was a Chac Mool statue and a throne in the shape of Jaguar , painted red and with spots made of inlaid jade . The Mexican government excavated a tunnel from the base of the north staircase , up the earlier pyramid 's stairway to the hidden temple , and opened it to tourists . In 2006 , INAH closed the throne room to the public . On the Spring and Autumn equinoxes , in the late afternoon , the northwest corner of the pyramid casts a series of triangular shadows against the western balustrade on the north side that evokes the appearance of a serpent wriggling down the staircase , which some scholars have suggested is a representation of the feathered - serpent god Kukulkan . Great ball Court The Great Ball Court . Archaeologists have identified thirteen ballcourts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame in Chichen Itza , but the Great Ball Court about 150 metres ( 490 ft ) to the north - west of the Castillo is by far the most impressive . It is the largest and best preserved ball court in ancient Mesoamerica . It measures 168 by 70 metres ( 551 by 230 ft ) . The parallel platforms flanking the main playing area are each 95 metres ( 312 ft ) long . The walls of these platforms stand 8 metres ( 26 ft ) high ; set high up in the centre of each of these walls are rings carved with intertwined feathered serpents . At the base of the high interior walls are slanted benches with sculpted panels of teams of ball players . In one panel , one of the players has been decapitated ; the wound emits streams of blood in the form of wriggling snakes . At one end of the Great Ball Court is the North Temple , also known as the Temple of the Bearded Man ( Templo del Hombre Barbado ) . This small masonry building has detailed bas relief carving on the inner walls , including a center figure that has carving under his chin that resembles facial hair . At the south end is another , much bigger temple , but in ruins . Built into the east wall are the Temples of the Jaguar . The Upper Temple of the Jaguar overlooks the ball court and has an entrance guarded by two , large columns carved in the familiar feathered serpent motif . Inside there is a large mural , much destroyed , which depicts a battle scene . In the entrance to the Lower Temple of the Jaguar , which opens behind the ball court , is another Jaguar throne , similar to the one in the inner temple of El Castillo , except that it is well worn and missing paint or other decoration . The outer columns and the walls inside the temple are covered with elaborate bas - relief carvings . Additional structures The Tzompantli , or Skull Platform ( Plataforma de los Cráneos ) , shows the clear cultural influence of the central Mexican Plateau . Unlike the tzompantli of the highlands , however , the skulls were impaled vertically rather than horizontally as at Tenochtitlan . Chichén Itzá ; tzompantli or Skull Platform The Platform of the Eagles and the Jaguars ( Plataforma de Águilas y Jaguares ) is immediately to the east of the Great Ballcourt . It is built in a combination Maya and Toltec styles , with a staircase ascending each of its four sides . The sides are decorated with panels depicting eagles and jaguars consuming human hearts . This Platform of Venus is dedicated to the planet Venus . In its interior archaeologists discovered a collection of large cones carved out of stone , the purpose of which is unknown . This platform is located north of El Castillo , between it and the Cenote Sagrado . The Temple of the Tables is the northernmost of a series of buildings to the east of El Castillo . Its name comes from a series of altars at the top of the structure that are supported by small carved figures of men with upraised arms , called `` atlantes . '' The Steam Bath is a unique building with three parts : a waiting gallery , a water bath , and a steam chamber that operated by means of heated stones . Sacbe Number One is a causeway that leads to the Cenote Sagrado , is the largest and most elaborate at Chichen Itza . This `` white road '' is 270 metres ( 890 ft ) long with an average width of 9 metres ( 30 ft ) . It begins at a low wall a few metres from the Platform of Venus . According to archaeologists there once was an extensive building with columns at the beginning of the road . Sacred Cenote Main article : Sacred Cenote The Sacred Cenote . The Yucatán Peninsula is a limestone plain , with no rivers or streams . The region is pockmarked with natural sinkholes , called cenotes , which expose the water table to the surface . One of the most impressive of these is the Cenote Sagrado , which is 60 metres ( 200 ft ) in diameter and surrounded by sheer cliffs that drop to the water table some 27 metres ( 89 ft ) below . The Cenote Sagrado was a place of pilgrimage for ancient Maya people who , according to ethnohistoric sources , would conduct sacrifices during times of drought . Archaeological investigations support this as thousands of objects have been removed from the bottom of the cenote , including material such as gold , carved jade , copal , pottery , flint , obsidian , shell , wood , rubber , cloth , as well as skeletons of children and men . Temple of the Warriors Templo de los Guerreros ( Temple of the Warriors ) Detail of Temple of the Warriors , showing a statue of Chacmool . The Temple of the Warriors complex consists of a large stepped pyramid fronted and flanked by rows of carved columns depicting warriors . This complex is analogous to Temple B at the Toltec capital of Tula , and indicates some form of cultural contact between the two regions . The one at Chichen Itza , however , was constructed on a larger scale . At the top of the stairway on the pyramid 's summit ( and leading towards the entrance of the pyramid 's temple ) is a Chac Mool . This temple encases or entombs a former structure called The Temple of the Chac Mool . The archeological expedition and restoration of this building was done by the Carnegie Institution of Washington from 1925 to 1928 . A key member of this restoration was Earl H. Morris who published the work from this expedition in two volumes entitled Temple of the Warriors . Group of a thousand columns Along the south wall of the Temple of Warriors are a series of what are today exposed columns , although when the city was inhabited these would have supported an extensive roof system . The columns are in three distinct sections : A west group , that extends the lines of the front of the Temple of Warriors . A north group runs along the south wall of the Temple of Warriors and contains pillars with carvings of soldiers in bas - relief ; A northeast group , which apparently formed a small temple at the southeast corner of the Temple of Warriors , contains a rectangular decorated with carvings of people or gods , as well as animals and serpents . The northeast column temple also covers a small marvel of engineering , a channel that funnels all the rainwater from the complex some 40 metres ( 130 ft ) away to a rejollada , a former cenote . To the south of the Group of a Thousand Columns is a group of three , smaller , interconnected buildings . The Temple of the Carved Columns is a small elegant building that consists of a front gallery with an inner corridor that leads to an altar with a Chac Mool . There are also numerous columns with rich , bas - relief carvings of some 40 personages . A section of the upper façade with a motif of x 's and o 's is displayed in front of the structure . The Temple of the Small Tables which is an unrestored mound . And the Thompson 's Temple ( referred to in some sources as Palace of Ahau Balam Kauil ) , a small building with two levels that has friezes depicting Jaguars ( balam in Maya ) as well as glyphs of the Maya god Kahuil . El mercado This square structure anchors the southern end of the Temple of Warriors complex . It is so named for the shelf of stone that surrounds a large gallery and patio that early explorers theorized was used to display wares as in a marketplace . Today , archaeologists believe that its purpose was more ceremonial than commercial . Osario Group South of the North Group is a smaller platform that has many important structures , several of which appear to be oriented toward the second largest cenote at Chichen Itza , Xtoloc . The Osario pyramid . The Osario staircase . The Osario itself , like El Castillo , is a step - pyramid temple dominating its platform , only on a smaller scale . Like its larger neighbor , it has four sides with staircases on each side . There is a temple on top , but unlike El Castillo , at the center is an opening into the pyramid which leads to a natural cave 12 metres ( 39 ft ) below . Edward H. Thompson excavated this cave in the late 19th century , and because he found several skeletons and artifacts such as jade beads , he named the structure The High Priests ' Temple . Archaeologists today believe neither that the structure was a tomb nor that the personages buried in it were priests . The Temple of Xtoloc is a recently restored temple outside the Osario Platform is . It overlooks the other large cenote at Chichen Itza , named after the Maya word for iguana , `` Xtoloc . '' The temple contains a series of pilasters carved with images of people , as well as representations of plants , birds and mythological scenes . Between the Xtoloc temple and the Osario are several aligned structures : The Platform of Venus ( which is similar in design to the structure of the same name next to El Castillo ) , the Platform of the Tombs , and a small , round structure that is unnamed . These three structures were constructed in a row extending from the Osario . Beyond them the Osario platform terminates in a wall , which contains an opening to a sacbe that runs several hundred feet to the Xtoloc temple . South of the Osario , at the boundary of the platform , there are two small buildings that archaeologists believe were residences for important personages . These have been named as the House of the Metates and the House of the Mestizas . Casa Colorada Group South of the Osario Group is another small platform that has several structures that are among the oldest in the Chichen Itza archaeological zone . The Casa Colorada ( Spanish for `` Red House '' ) is one of the best preserved buildings at Chichen Itza . Its Maya name is Chichanchob , which according to INAH may mean `` small holes '' . In one chamber there are extensive carved hieroglyphs that mention rulers of Chichen Itza and possibly of the nearby city of Ek Balam , and contain a Maya date inscribed which correlates to 869 AD , one of the oldest such dates found in all of Chichen Itza . In 2009 , INAH restored a small ball court that adjoined the back wall of the Casa Colorada . While the Casa Colorada is in a good state of preservation , other buildings in the group , with one exception , are decrepit mounds . One building is half standing , named La Casa del Venado ( House of the Deer ) . This building 's name has been long used by the local Maya , and some authors mention that it was named after a deer painting over stucco that does n't exist anymore . Central Group `` La Iglesia '' in the Las Monjas complex . The `` El Caracol '' observatory temple . Las Monjas is one of the more notable structures at Chichen Itza . It is a complex of Terminal Classic buildings constructed in the Puuc architectural style . The Spanish named this complex Las Monjas ( `` The Nuns '' or `` The Nunnery '' ) but it was actually a governmental palace . Just to the east is a small temple ( known as the La Iglesia , `` The Church '' ) decorated with elaborate masks . The Las Monjas group is distinguished by its concentration of hieroglyphic texts dating to the Late to Terminal Classic . These texts frequently mention a ruler by the name of Kakupakal . El Caracol ( `` The Snail '' ) is located to the north of Las Monjas . It is a round building on a large square platform . It gets its name from the stone spiral staircase inside . The structure , with its unusual placement on the platform and its round shape ( the others are rectangular , in keeping with Maya practice ) , is theorized to have been a proto - observatory with doors and windows aligned to astronomical events , specifically around the path of Venus as it traverses the heavens . Akab Dzib is located to the east of the Caracol . The name means , in Yucatec Mayan , `` Dark Writing '' ; `` dark '' in the sense of `` mysterious '' . An earlier name of the building , according to a translation of glyphs in the Casa Colorada , is Wa ( k ) wak Puh Ak Na , `` the flat house with the excessive number of chambers , '' and it was the home of the administrator of Chichén Itzá , kokom Yahawal Cho ' K'ak ' . INAH completed a restoration of the building in 2007 . It is relatively short , only 6 metres ( 20 ft ) high , and is 50 metres ( 160 ft ) in length and 15 metres ( 49 ft ) wide . The long , western - facing façade has seven doorways . The eastern façade has only four doorways , broken by a large staircase that leads to the roof . This apparently was the front of the structure , and looks out over what is today a steep , dry , cenote . The southern end of the building has one entrance . The door opens into a small chamber and on the opposite wall is another doorway , above which on the lintel are intricately carved glyphs -- the `` mysterious '' or `` obscure '' writing that gives the building its name today . Under the lintel in the doorjamb is another carved panel of a seated figure surrounded by more glyphs . Inside one of the chambers , near the ceiling , is a painted hand print . Old Chichen Composite laser scan image of Chichen Itza 's Cave of Balankanche , showing how the shape of its great limestone column is strongly evocative of the World Tree in Maya mythological belief systems . Data from a National Science Foundation / CyArk research partnership . Old Chichen ( or Chichén Viejo in Spanish ) is the name given to a group of structures to the south of the central site , where most of the Puuc - style architecture of the city is concentrated . It includes the Initial Series Group , the Phallic Temple , the Platform of the Great Turtle , the Temple of the Owls , and the Temple of the Monkeys . Other structures Chichen Itza also has a variety of other structures densely packed in the ceremonial center of about 5 square kilometres ( 1.9 sq mi ) and several outlying subsidiary sites . Caves of Balankanche Approximately 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) south east of the Chichen Itza archaeological zone are a network of sacred caves known as Balankanche ( Spanish : Gruta de Balankanche ) , Balamka'anche ' in Yucatec Maya ) . In the caves , a large selection of ancient pottery and idols may be seen still in the positions where they were left in pre-Columbian times . The location of the cave has been well known in modern times . Edward Thompson and Alfred Tozzer visited it in 1905 . A.S. Pearse and a team of biologists explored the cave in 1932 and 1936 . E. Wyllys Andrews IV also explored the cave in the 1930s . Edwin Shook and R.E. Smith explored the cave on behalf of the Carnegie Institution in 1954 , and dug several trenches to recover potsherds and other artifacts . Shook determined that the cave had been inhabited over a long period , at least from the Preclassic to the post-conquest era . On 15 September 1959 , José Humberto Gómez , a local guide , discovered a false wall in the cave . Behind it he found an extended network of caves with significant quantities of undisturbed archaeological remains , including pottery and stone - carved censers , stone implements and jewelry . INAH converted the cave into an underground museum , and the objects after being catalogued were returned to their original place so visitors can see them in situ . Tourism A photo of Chichen Itza in 1859 - 1860 by Désiré Charnay before vegetation was removed . Chichen Itza is one of the most visited archaeological sites in Mexico ; in 2014 it was estimated to receive an average of 1.4 million visitors every year . Painting of a relief , lower terrace columns , Temple of the Warriors , by Octavio Medellin 1938 . Tourism has been a factor at Chichen Itza for more than a century . John Lloyd Stephens , who popularized the Maya Yucatán in the public 's imagination with his book Incidents of Travel in Yucatan , inspired many to make a pilgrimage to Chichén Itzá . Even before the book was published , Benjamin Norman and Baron Emanuel von Friedrichsthal traveled to Chichen after meeting Stephens , and both published the results of what they found . Friedrichsthal was the first to photograph Chichen Itza , using the recently invented daguerreotype . After Edward Thompson in 1894 purchased the Hacienda Chichén , which included Chichen Itza , he received a constant stream of visitors . In 1910 he announced his intention to construct a hotel on his property , but abandoned those plans , probably because of the Mexican Revolution . In the early 1920s , a group of Yucatecans , led by writer / photographer Francisco Gomez Rul , began working toward expanding tourism to Yucatán . They urged Governor Felipe Carrillo Puerto to build roads to the more famous monuments , including Chichen Itza . In 1923 , Governor Carrillo Puerto officially opened the highway to Chichen Itza . Gomez Rul published one of the first guidebooks to Yucatán and the ruins . Gomez Rul 's son - in - law , Fernando Barbachano Peon ( a grandnephew of former Yucatán Governor Miguel Barbachano ) , started Yucatán 's first official tourism business in the early 1920s . He began by meeting passengers who arrived by steamship at Progreso , the port north of Mérida , and persuading them to spend a week in Yucatán , after which they would catch the next steamship to their next destination . In his first year Barbachano Peon reportedly was only able to convince seven passengers to leave the ship and join him on a tour . In the mid-1920s Barbachano Peon persuaded Edward Thompson to sell 5 acres ( 20,000 m ) next to Chichen for a hotel . In 1930 , the Mayaland Hotel opened , just north of the Hacienda Chichén , which had been taken over by the Carnegie Institution . In 1944 , Barbachano Peon purchased all of the Hacienda Chichén , including Chichen Itza , from the heirs of Edward Thompson . Around that same time the Carnegie Institution completed its work at Chichen Itza and abandoned the Hacienda Chichén , which Barbachano turned into another seasonal hotel . In 1972 , Mexico enacted the Ley Federal Sobre Monumentos y Zonas Arqueológicas , Artísticas e Históricas ( Federal Law over Monuments and Archeological , Artistic and Historic Sites ) that put all the nation 's pre-Columbian monuments , including those at Chichen Itza , under federal ownership . There were now hundreds , if not thousands , of visitors every year to Chichen Itza , and more were expected with the development of the Cancún resort area to the east . In the 1980s , Chichen Itza began to receive an influx of visitors on the day of the spring equinox . Today several thousand show up to see the light - and - shadow effect on the Temple of Kukulcan in which the feathered serpent god appears to crawl down the side of the pyramid . Tourists are also amazed by the acoustics at Chichen Itza . For instance a handclap in front of the staircase of the El Castillo pyramid is followed by an echo that resembles the chirp of a quetzal as investigated by Declercq . Chichen Itza , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , is the second-most visited of Mexico 's archaeological sites . The archaeological site draws many visitors from the popular tourist resort of Cancún , who make a day trip on tour buses . In 2007 , Chichen Itza 's El Castillo was named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World after a worldwide vote . Despite the fact that the vote was sponsored by a commercial enterprise , and that its methodology was criticized , the vote was embraced by government and tourism officials in Mexico who project that as a result of the publicity the number of tourists expected to visit Chichen will double by 2012 . The ensuing publicity re-ignited debate in Mexico over the ownership of the site , which culminated on 29 March 2010 when the state of Yucatán purchased the land upon which the most recognized monuments rest from owner Hans Juergen Thies Barbachano . Over the past several years , INAH , which manages the site , has been closing monuments to public access . While visitors can walk around them , they can no longer climb them or go inside their chambers . The most recent was El Castillo , which was closed after a San Diego , California , woman fell to her death in 2006 . Photo gallery El Caracol , observatory of Chichen Itza Temple of the Warriors in 1986 . Note that the Temple of the Big Tables , immediately to the left , was unrestored at that time . Stone Ring located 9 m ( 30 ft ) above the floor of the Great Ballcourt Venus Platform in the Great Plaza Kukulcán pyramid Grand Ballcourt from El Castillo Mosaic mask on the western face of La Iglesia Elaborate mosaic masks See also List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country List of Mesoamerican pyramids Maya - Toltec controversy at Chichen Itza Tikal Uxmal Notes Jump up ^ Concerning the legal basis of the ownership of Chichen and other sites of patrimony , see Breglia ( 2006 ) , in particular Chapter 3 , `` Chichen Itza , a Century of Privatization '' . Regarding ongoing conflicts over the ownership of Chichen Itza , see Castañeda ( 2005 ) . Regarding purchase , see `` Yucatán : paga gobierno 220 mdp por terrenos de Chichén Itzá , '' La Jornada , 30 March 2010 , retrieved 30 March 2010 from jornada.unam.mx Jump up ^ Uuc Yabnal becomes Uc Abnal , meaning the `` Seven Abnals '' or `` Seven Lines of Abnal '' where Abnal is a family name , according to Ralph L. Roys ( Roys 1967 , p. 133n7 ) . Jump up ^ For summation of this re-dating proposal , see in particular Andrews et al. 2003 . Jump up ^ From Mayan : sakb'e , meaning `` white way / road '' . Plural form is sacbeob ( or in modern Maya orthography , sakb'eob ' ) . Jump up ^ A popular explanation is that the objective of the game was to pass a ball through one of the rings , however in other , smaller ball courts there is no ring , only a post . Jump up ^ See Quetzil Castaneda ( 1996 ) In The Museum of Maya Culture ( University of Minnesota Press ) for a book length study of tourism at Chichen , including a chapter on the equinox ritual . For a 90 - minute ethnographic documentary of new age spiritualism at the Equinox see Jeff Himpele and Castaneda ( 1997 ) ( Incidents of Travel in Chichen Itza ) ( Documentary Educational Resources ) . Jump up ^ Figure is attributed to Francisco López Mena , director of the Consejo de Promoción Turística de México ( CPTM - Council for the Promotion of Mexican Tourism ) . References Jump up ^ Barrera Vásquez et al. , 1980 . Jump up ^ Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Miller 1999 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Boot 2005 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Piña Chan 1980 , 1993 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Luxton 1996 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Koch 2006 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Osorio León 2006 , p. 458 . ^ Jump up to : Osorio León 2006 , p. 456 . ^ Jump up to : Coggins 1992 . Jump up ^ Anda Alanís 2007 . Jump up ^ Freidel , p. 6 . Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 581 . Jump up ^ Schmidt 2007 , pp. 166 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Cobos Plama 2004 , 2005 , pp. 539 - 540 . Jump up ^ Cobos Palma 2004 , 2005 , p. 540 . Jump up ^ Cobos Palma 2004 , 2005 , pp. 537 - 541 . Jump up ^ Cobos Palma 2004 , 2005 , p. 531 . Jump up ^ Cobos Palma 2004 , 2005 , pp. 531 - 533 . ^ Jump up to : Osorio León 2006 , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Osorio León 2006 , p. 461 . Jump up ^ Cobos Palama , 2004 , 2005 , p. 541 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1954 , 1966 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain 1948 , pp. 136 , 138 . Jump up ^ Restall 1998 , pp. 81 , 149 ; Landa 1937 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Clendinnen 2003 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain 1948 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 64 , 97 , 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain 1948 , pp. 132 -- 149 . Jump up ^ Clendinnen 2003 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Breglia 2006 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Morley 1913 , pp. 61 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Brunhouse 1971 , pp. 74 - 75 . Jump up ^ Brunhouse 1971 , pp. 195 - 196 ; Weeks and Hill 2006 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Brunhouse 1971 , pp. 195 - 196 ; Weeks and Hill 2006 , pp. 577 -- 653 . ^ Jump up to : Usborne ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Ruiz . Jump up ^ Kowalski 1981 , pp. 51 - 53 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , pp. 562 - 563 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 562 . Coe 1999 , pp. 100 , 139 . ^ Jump up to : Cano 2002 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : García Salgado 2010 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ García Salgado 2010 , pp. 119 , 122 . Jump up ^ Phillips 2006 , 2007 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Sharer and Traxler 2006 , p. 565 . ^ Jump up to : Willard 1941 . ^ Jump up to : Diario de Yucatan , 3 March 2006 . Jump up ^ García Salgado 2010 , pp. 121 - 122 . Jump up ^ Kurjack et al. 1991 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Piña Chan 1980 , 1993 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Piña Chan 1980 , 1993 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Cano 2002 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Cirerol Sansores 1948 , pp. 94 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Cano 2002 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Coggins 1984 , pp. 26 - 7 Jump up ^ Fry 2009 . Jump up ^ El Chichán Chob y la Casa del Venado , Chichén Itzá , Yucatán . William J. Folan ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Cano 2002 , pp. 84 , 87 . Jump up ^ Osorio León 2006 , pp. 457 , 460 . Jump up ^ Aveni 1997 , pp. 135 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Voss and Kremer 2000 . Jump up ^ Andrews 1961 , pp. 28 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Andrews 1970 . Jump up ^ SECTUR 2007 . Jump up ^ Palmquist and Kailbourn 2000 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Madeira 1931 , pp. 108 -- 109 , Jump up ^ Breglia 2006 , pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Ball , 14 December 2004 . Jump up ^ SECTUR 2006 . Jump up ^ EFE , 29 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Boffil Gómez , 30 March 2010 . Bibliography Andrews , Anthony P. ; E. Wyllys Andrews V. ; Fernando Robles Castellanos ( January 2003 ) . `` The Northern Maya Collapse and its Aftermath '' . Ancient Mesoamerica . New York : Cambridge University Press . 14 ( 1 ) : 151 -- 156 . doi : 10.1017 / S095653610314103X . ISSN 0956 - 5361 . OCLC 88518111 . Andrews , E. Wyllys , IV ( 1961 ) . `` Excavations at the Gruta De Balankanche , 1959 ( Appendix ) '' . Preliminary Report on the 1959 -- 60 Field Season National Geographic Society -- Tulane University Dzibilchaltun Program : with grants in aid from National Science Foundation and American Philosophical Society . Middle American Research Institute Miscellaneous Series No 11 . New Orleans : Middle American Research Institute , Tulane University . pp. 28 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 939238 - 66 - 7 . OCLC 5628735 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Andrews , E. Wyllys , IV ( 1970 ) . Balancanche : Throne of the Tiger Priest . Middle American Research Institute Publication No 32 . New Orleans : Middle American Research Institute , Tulane University . ISBN 0 - 939238 - 36 - 5 . OCLC 639140 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Anda Alanís ; Guillermo de ( 2007 ) . `` Sacrifice and Ritual Body Mutilation in Postclassical Maya Society : Taphonomy of the Human Remains from Chichén Itzá 's Cenote Sagrado '' . In Vera Tiesler ; Andrea Cucina . New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatments in Ancient Maya Society . Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology . Michael Jochim ( series ed . ) . New York : Springer Verlag . pp. 190 -- 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 48871 - 4 . ISSN 1568 - 2722 . OCLC 81452956 . Aveni , Anthony F. ( 1997 ) . Stairways to the Stars : Skywatching in Three Great Ancient Cultures . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 15942 - 5 . OCLC 35559005 . Ball , Philip ( 14 December 2004 ) . `` News : Mystery of ' chirping ' pyramid decoded '' . nature.com . Nature Publishing Group . doi : 10.1038 / news041213 - 5 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . Barrera Vásquez , Alfredo ( 1980 ) . Bastarrachea Manzano , Juan Ramón ; Brito Sansores , William , eds . Diccionario maya Cordemex : maya - español , español - maya . with collaborations by Refugio Vermont Salas , David Dzul Góngora , and Domingo Dzul Poot . Mérida , Mexico : Ediciones Cordemex . OCLC 7550928 . ( in Spanish ) ( in Yukatek Maya ) Beyer , Hermann ( 1937 ) . Studies on the Inscriptions of Chichen Itza ( PDF ) . Contributions to American Archaeology , No. 21 . Washington D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington . OCLC 3143732 . Archived from the original ( PDF Reprint ) on 11 March 2003 . Retrieved 22 November 2007 . Boffil Gómez ; Luis A. ( 30 March 2007 ) . `` Yucatán compra 80 has en la zona de Chichén Itzá '' ( Yucatán buys 80 hectares in the Chichen Itza zone ) . La Jornada ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : DEMOS , Desarollo de Medios , S.A. de C.V . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . Boot , Erik ( 2005 ) . Continuity and Change in Text and Image at Chichen Itza , Yucatan , Mexico : A Study of the Inscriptions , Iconography , and Architecture at a Late Classic to Early Postclassic Maya Site . CNWS Publications no . 135 . Leiden , The Netherlands : CNWS Publications . ISBN 90 - 5789 - 100 - X . OCLC 60520421 . Breglia , Lisa ( 2006 ) . Monumental Ambivalence : The Politics of Heritage . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71427 - 4 . OCLC 68416845 . Brunhouse , Robert ( 1971 ) . Sylvanus Morley and the World of the Ancient Mayas . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 0961 - 9 . OCLC 208428 . Cano , Olga ( January -- February 2002 ) . `` Chichén Itzá , Yucatán ( Guía de viajeros ) '' . Arqueología Mexicana ( in Spanish ) . Mexico : Editorial Raíces . IX ( 53 ) : 80 -- 87 . ISSN 0188 - 8218 . OCLC 29789840 . Castañeda , Quetzil E. ( 1996 ) . In the Museum of Maya Culture : Touring Chichén Itzá . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 2672 - 3 . OCLC 34191010 . Castañeda , Quetzil E. ( May 2005 ) . `` On the Tourism Wars of Yucatán : Tíich ' , the Maya Presentation of Heritage '' . Anthropology News . Arlington , VA : American Anthropological Association . 46 ( 5 ) : 8 -- 9 . doi : 10.1525 / an. 2005.46. 5.8. 2 . ISSN 1541 - 6151 . OCLC 42453678 . Archived from the original ( Reprinted online as `` Tourism `` Wars '' in the Yucatán `` , AN Commentaries ) on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 November 2007 . Chamberlain , Robert S. ( 1948 ) . The Conquest and Colonization of Yucatán 1517 -- 1550 . Washington D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington . OCLC 42251506 . Charnay , Désiré ( 1886 ) . `` Reis naar Yucatán '' . De Aarde en haar Volken , 1886 ( in Dutch ) . Haarlem , Netherlands : Kruseman & Tjeenk Willink . OCLC 12339106 . Project Gutenberg etext reproduction ( # 13346 ) . Retrieved 23 November 2007 . Charnay , Désiré ( 1887 ) . Ancient Cities of the New World : Being Voyages and Explorations in Mexico and Central America from 1857 -- 1882 . J. Gonino and Helen S. Conant ( trans . ) . New York : Harper & Brothers . OCLC 2364125 . Cirerol Sansores , Manuel ( 1948 ) . `` Chi Cheen Itsa '' : Archaeological Paradise of America . Mérida , Mexico : Talleres Graficos del Sudeste . OCLC 18029834 . Clendinnen , Inga ( 2003 ) . Ambivalent Conquests : Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán , 1517 -- 1570 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 37981 - 4 . OCLC 50868309 . Cobos Palma , Rafael ( 2005 ) ( 2004 ) . `` Chichén Itzá : Settlement and Hegemony During the Terminal Classic Period '' . In Arthur A. Demarest ; Prudence M. Rice ; Don S. Rice . The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands : Collapse , Transition , and Transformation ( paperback ed . ) . Boulder , Colorado : University Press of Colorado . pp. 517 -- 544 . ISBN 0 - 87081 - 822 - 8 . OCLC 61719499 . Coe , Michael D. ( 1987 ) . The Maya ( 4th edition , revised ed . ) . London and New York : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 27455 - X . OCLC 15895415 . Coe , Michael D. ( 1999 ) . The Maya . Ancient peoples and places series ( 6th edition , fully revised and expanded ed . ) . London and New York : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 28066 - 5 . OCLC 59432778 . Coggins , Clemency Chase ( 1984 ) . Cenote of Sacrifice : Maya Treasures from the Sacred Well at Chichen Itza . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71098 - 4 . Coggins , Clemency Chase ( 1992 ) . Artifacts from the Cenote of Sacrifice , Chichén Itzá , Yucatán : Textiles , Basketry , Stone , Bone , Shell , Ceramics , Wood , Copal , Rubber , Other Organic Materials , and Mammalian Remains . Cambridge , MA : Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology , Harvard University ; distributed by Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 87365 - 694 - 6 . OCLC 26913402 . Colas , Pierre R. ; Alexander Voss ( 2006 ) . `` A Game of Life and Death -- The Maya Ball Game '' . In Nikolai Grube . Maya : Divine Kings of the Rain Forest . Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel ( assistant eds . ) . Cologne , Germany : Könemann . pp. 186 -- 191 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8331 - 1957 - 6 . OCLC 71165439 . Cucina , Andrea ; Vera Tiesler ( 2007 ) . `` New perspectives on human sacrifice and postsacrifical body treatments in ancient Maya society : Introduction '' . In Vera Tiesler and Andrea Cucina ( eds . ) . New Perspectives on Human Sacrifice and Ritual Body Treatments in Ancient Maya Society . Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology . Michael Jochim ( series ed . ) . New York : Springer . pp. 1 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 48871 - 4 . ISSN 1568 - 2722 . OCLC 81452956 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Demarest , Arthur ( 2004 ) . Ancient Maya : The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization . Case Studies in Early Societies , No. 3 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59224 - 0 . OCLC 51438896 . Diario de Yucatán ( 2006 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Fin a una exención para los mexicanos : Pagarán el día del equinoccio en la zona arqueológica '' ( End to an exemption for Mexicans : They will have to pay entry to the archaeological zone on the equinox ) . Diario de Yucatán ( in Spanish ) . Mérida , Yucatán : Compañía Tipográfica Yucateca , S.A. de C.V. OCLC 29098719 . EFE ( 29 June 2007 ) . `` Chichén Itzá podría duplicar visitantes en 5 años si es declarada maravilla '' ( Chichen Itza could double visitors in 5 years if declared wonder ) ( in Spanish ) . Madrid , Spain . Agencia EFE , S.A. Freidel , David . `` Yaxuna Archaeological Survey : A Report of the 1988 Field Season '' ( PDF ) . Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 12 . Fry , Steven M. ( 2009 ) . `` The Casa Colorada Ball Court : INAH Turns Mounds into Monuments '' . www.americanegypt.com . Mystery Lane Press . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . García - Salgado , Tomás ( 2010 ) . `` The Sunlight Effect of the Kukulcán Pyramid or The History of a Line '' ( PDF ) . Nexus Network Journal . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán ( 2007 ) . `` Municipios de Yucatán : Tinum '' ( in Spanish ) . Mérida , Yucatán : Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 . Himpele , Jeffrey D. and Quetzil E. Castañeda ( Filmmakers and Producers ) ( 1997 ) . Incidents of Travel in Chichén Itzá : A Visual Ethnography ( Documentary ( VHS and DVD ) ) . Watertown , MA : Documentary Educational Resources . OCLC 38165182 . Koch , Peter O. ( 2006 ) . The Aztecs , the Conquistadors , and the Making of Mexican Culture . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2252 - 1 . OCLC 61362780 . Kowalski , Jeff K. ( 1985 ) . `` Painted architecture in the Northern Maya Area '' . Painted Architecture and Polychrome Monumental Sculpture in Mesoamerica : A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks , 10th to 11th October 1981 . Jefferson , North Carolina : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection . pp. 51 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 884 - 02142 - 4 . OCLC 611687168 . Kurjack , Edward B. ; Ruben Maldonado C. ; Merle Greene Robertson ( 1991 ) . `` Ballcourts of the Northern Maya Lowlands '' . In Vernon Scarborough and David R. Wilcox ( eds . ) . The Mesoamerican Ballgame . Tucson : University of Arizona Press . pp. 145 -- 159 . ISBN 0 - 8165 - 1360 - 0 . OCLC 51873028 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Landa , Diego de ( 1937 ) . William Gates ( trans . ) , ed . Yucatan Before and After the Conquest . Baltimore , Maryland : The Maya Society . OCLC 253690044 . Luxton , Richard N. ( trans . ) ( 1996 ) . The book of Chumayel : the counsel book of the Yucatec Maya , 1539 - 1638 . Walnut Creek , California : Aegean Park Press . ISBN 0 - 89412 - 244 - 4 . OCLC 33849348 . Madeira , Percy ( 1931 ) . An Aerial Expedition to Central America ( Reprint ed . ) . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania . OCLC 13437135 . Masson , Marilyn ( 2006 ) . `` The Dynamics of Maturing Statehood in Postclassic Maya Civilization '' . In Nikolai Grube . Maya : Divine Kings of the Rain Forest . Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel ( assistant eds . ) . Cologne , Germany : Könemann . pp. 340 -- 353 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8331 - 1957 - 6 . OCLC 71165439 . Miller , Mary Ellen ( 1999 ) . Maya Art and Architecture . London and New York : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 20327 - X . OCLC 41659173 . Morley , Sylvanus Griswold ( 1913 ) . W.H.R. Rivers ; A.E. Jenks ; S.G. Morley , eds . Archaeological Research at the Ruins of Chichen Itza , Yucatan . Reports upon the Present Condition and Future Needs of the Science of Anthropology . Washington , D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington . OCLC 562310877 . Osorio León , José ( 2006 ) . `` La presencia del Clásico Tardío en Chichen Itza ( 600 -- 800 / 830 DC ) '' . In J.P. Laporte , B. Arroyo y H. Mejía . XIX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala , 2005 ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Guatemala City , Guatemala : Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología . pp. 455 -- 462 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 15 . Palmquist , Peter E. ; Thomas R. Kailbourn ( 2000 ) . Pioneer Photographers of the Far West : A Biographical Dictionary , 1840 -- 1865 . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3883 - 1 . OCLC 44089346 . Pérez de Lara , Jorge ( n.d. ) . `` A Tour of Chichen Itza with a Brief History of the Site and its Archaeology '' . Mesoweb . Retrieved 23 November 2007 . Perry , Richard D. ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . Exploring Yucatan : A Traveler 's Anthology . Santa Barbara , CA : Espadaña Press . ISBN 0 - 9620811 - 4 - 0 . OCLC 48261466 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Phillips , Charles ( 2007 ) ( 2006 ) . The Complete Illustrated History of the Aztecs & Maya : The definitive chronicle of the ancient peoples of Central America & Mexico - including the Aztec , Maya , Olmec , Mixtec , Toltec & Zapotec . London : Anness Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84681 - 197 - X . OCLC 642211652 . Piña Chan , Román ( 1993 ) ( 1980 ) . Chichén Itzá : La ciudad de los brujos del agua ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Fondo de Cultura Económica . ISBN 968 - 16 - 0289 - 7 . OCLC 7947748 . Restall , Matthew ( 1998 ) . Maya Conquistador . Boston , Massachusetts : Beacon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5506 - 9 . OCLC 38746810 . Roys , Ralph L. ( trans . ) ( 1967 ) . The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . OCLC 224990 . Ruiz , Francisco Pérez . `` Walled Compounds : An Interpretation of the Defensive System at Chichen Itza , Yucatan '' ( PDF ) . Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Schele , Linda ; David Freidel ( 1990 ) . A Forest of Kings : The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya ( Reprint ed . ) . New York : Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 688 - 11204 - 8 . OCLC 145324300 . Schmidt , Peter J. ( 2007 ) . `` Birds , Ceramics , and Cacao : New Excavations at Chichén Itzá , Yucatan '' . In Jeff Karl Kowalski ; Cynthia Kristan - Graham . Twin Tollans : Chichén Itzá , Tula , and the Epiclassic to Early Postclassic Mesoamerican World . Washington D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection : Distributed by Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 88402 - 323 - 0 . OCLC 71243931 . SECTUR ( 2006 ) . Compendio Estadístico del Turismo en México 2006 . Mexico City : Secretaría de Turismo ( SECTUR ) . SECTUR ( 7 July 2007 ) . `` Boletín 069 : Declaran a Chichén Itzá Nueva Maravilla del Mundo Moderno '' ( in Spanish ) . Mexico City : Secretaría de Turismo . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 16 . Sharer , Robert J. ; Loa P. Traxler ( 2006 ) . The Ancient Maya ( 6th ( fully revised ) ed . ) . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 4817 - 9 . OCLC 57577446 . Thompson , J. Eric S. ( 1966 ) ( 1954 ) . The Rise and Fall of Maya Civilization . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 0301 - 9 . OCLC 6611739 . Tozzer , Alfred Marston ; Glover Morrill Allen ( 1910 ) . Animal figures in the Maya codices. 4 ( Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology , Harvard University ed . ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Museum . OCLC 2199473 . Usborne , David ( 7 November 2007 ) . `` Mexican standoff : the battle of Chichen Itza '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . Voss , Alexander W. ; H. Juergen Kremer ( 2000 ) . Pierre Robert Colas , ed . K'ak ' - u-pakal , Hun - pik - tok ' and the Kokom : The Political Organization of Chichén Itzá ( PDF ) . Markt Schwaben , Germany : Verlag Anton Saurwein . ISBN 3 - 931419 - 04 - 5 . OCLC 47871840 . Weeks , John M. ; Jane A. Hill ( 2006 ) . The Carnegie Maya : the Carnegie Institution of Washington Maya Research Program , 1913 -- 1957 . Boulder , Colorado : University Press of Colorado . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87081 - 833 - 2 . OCLC 470645719 . Willard , T.A. ( 1941 ) . Kukulcan , the Bearded Conqueror : New Mayan Discoveries . Hollywood , California : Murray and Gee . OCLC 3491500 . Further reading Holmes , William H. ( 1895 ) . Archeological Studies Among the Ancient Cities of Mexico . Chicago : Field Columbian Museum . OCLC 906592292 . Spinden , Herbert J. ( 1913 ) . A Study of Maya Art , Its Subject Matter and Historical Development . Cambridge , Mass. : The Museum . OCLC 1013513 . Stephens , John L. ( 1843 ) . Incidents of Travel in Yucatan . New York : Harper and Brothers . OCLC 656761248 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chichén Itzá . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chichén Itzá . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Chichén - Itzá . Chichen Itza at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Encyclopædia Britannica : Article on Chichen Itza Chichen Itza Digital Media Archive ( creative commons - licensed photos , laser scans , panoramas ) , with particularly detailed information on El Caracol and el Castillo , using data from a National Science Foundation / CyArk research partnership UNESCO page about Chichen Itza World Heritage site Ancient Observatories page on Chichen Itza Chichen Itza reconstructed in 3D Archaeological documentation for Chichen Itza created by non-profit group INSIGHT and funded by the National Science Foundation and Chabot Space and Science Center Virtual Tour of Chichen Itza World Heritage Sites in Mexico North West Archaeological Zone of Paquimé , Casas Grandes El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino North Central El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro Historic Centre of Zacatecas Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines Protected town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco West Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila Archipiélago de Revillagigedo Historic Centre of Morelia Hospicio Cabañas , Guadalajara Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve East Earliest 16th - century Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl Pre-Hispanic City of El Tajín Historic Centre of Puebla Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan South West Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque South Central Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque Hydraulic System Central University City Campus of the UNAM Earliest 16th - century Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Historic Centres of Mexico City and Xochimilco Luis Barragán House and Studio Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacán South East Ancient Maya City of Calakmul , Campeche Historic Fortified Town of Campeche Pre-Hispanic City of Chichén Itzá Sian Ka'an Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal Shared by more than one region Maya sites Belize Actun Tunichil Muknal Altun Ha Baking Pot Barton Creek Cave Cahal Pech Caracol Cerros Chaa Creek Colha Cuello El Pilar Ka'Kabish K'axob La Milpa Lamanai Louisville Lower Dover Lubaantun Marco Gonzalez Nim Li Punit Nohmul Nohoch Che'en Pusilha San Estevan Santa Rita Corozal Tipu Uxbenka Xnaheb Xunantunich Guatemala Aguateca Altar de Sacrificios Arroyo de Piedra Balberta Bejucal Cancuén Cerro Quiac Chama Chitinamit Chocolá Chutixtiox Cotzumalhuapa Dos Pilas El Baúl El Chal El Mirador El Perú El Porvenir El Temblor El Tintal El Zotz Guaytán Holmul Holtun Itzan Iximche Ixkun Ixlu Ixtonton Ixtutz Kaminaljuyu Kinal K'atepan La Amelia La Blanca La Corona La Joyanca La Muerta Machaquila Mixco Viejo Montana Motul de San José Naachtun Nakbe Nakum Naranjo Pajaral Piedras Negras Punta de Chimino Quiriguá Q'umarkaj Río Azul Sacul San Bartolo Seibal Takalik Abaj Tamarindito Tayasal Tikal Topoxte Tres Islas Uaxactun Ucanal Wajxaklajun Witzna Xultun Yaxha Zacpeten Zaculeu Zapote Bobal Honduras Copán El Puente Mexico Acanceh Aké Balamku Becan Bonampak Calakmul Chacchoben Chactún Chicanná Chinkultic Chichen Itza Chunchucmil Coba Comalcalco Dzibilchaltun Edzna Ek ' Balam Izamal Izapa Jaina Jolja ' Kabah Kiuic Kohunlich Komchen Labna La Mar Mayapan Maní Moral Reforma Muyil Oxkintok Palenque Plan de Ayutla ( Maya Site ) Pomona Punta Sur Río Bec San Gervasio Sayil Toniná Tortuguero Tulum Uxmal Uxul Xcaret Xelha Xlapak Xpuhil Yaxchilan Yaxuna Yula Yo'okop El Salvador Cara Sucia Casa Blanca Cihuatán Joya de Cerén San Andrés Tazumal See also : Pre-Columbian era VIAF : 236962589 GND : 4325635 - 1 BNF : cb119341194 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chichen_Itza&oldid=813150369 '' Categories : World Heritage Sites in Mexico Maya sites Chichen Itza Maya sites in Yucatán Maya Classic Period Archaeoastronomy Archaeological museums in Mexico Museums in Yucatán Itza National Monuments of Mexico Former populated places in Mexico Populated places established in the 8th century 8th - century establishments in the Maya civilization 750s establishments in North America 13th - century disestablishments in the Maya civilization 13th - century disestablishments in Mexico Tourist attractions in Yucatán Hidden categories : Articles containing Mayan - language text Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Yucatec Maya - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with Spanish - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the chichen itza located in mexico | [
"Chichen Itza (/tʃiːˈtʃɛn iːˈtsɑː/ chee-CHEN eet-SAH, Spanish: Chichén Itzá [tʃiˈtʃen iˈtsa], often with the emphasis reversed in English to /ˈtʃiːtʃɛn ˈiːtsə/ CHEE-chen EET-sə; from Yucatec Maya: Chi'ch'èen Ìitsha' [tɕʰiʔtɕʼèːn ìːtsʰaʔ][1] \"at the mouth of the well of the Itza people\") was a large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya people of the Terminal Classic period. The archaeological site is located in Tinúm Municipality, Yucatán State, Mexico.[2]"
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"Tinúm Municipality, Yucatán State, Mexico"
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2726065511392143164 | Invasion of Normandy | Invasion of Normandy - Wikipedia Invasion of Normandy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the first few weeks of the invasion of Normandy . The first day of the landings ( commonly known as D - Day ) is covered in more detail at Normandy landings . For earlier invasions of Normandy in other wars , see Invasions of Normandy ( disambiguation ) . It has been suggested that this article be merged with Operation Overlord . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2016 . This article may contain inappropriate self - references to the Wikipedia project or to itself . Please address the problem by removing references to Wikipedia or to the article as a document . Invasion of Normandy Part of Operation Overlord ( World War II ) Into the Jaws of Death by Robert F. Sargent . Assault craft land one of the first waves at Omaha Beach . The U.S. Coast Guard caption identifies the unit as Company E , 16th Infantry , 1st Infantry Division . Date 6 June 1944 -- mid-July 1944 Location Normandy , France Coordinates : 49 ° 20 ′ N 0 ° 34 ′ W / 49.333 ° N 0.567 ° W / 49.333 ; - 0.567 Result Allied victory : German army retreats south towards Paris Belligerents Allies United Kingdom United States Canada Free France Polish armed forces in the West Australia Free Belgian Forces New Zealand Dutch government - in - exile Norwegian government - in - exile Free Czechoslovak Forces Free Luxembourgish Forces Greek government - in - exile Axis Germany Commanders and leaders Dwight D. Eisenhower ( Supreme Allied Commander ) Arthur Tedder ( Deputy Supreme Allied Commander ) Bernard Montgomery ( 21st Army Group , Ground Forces Commander in Chief ) Trafford Leigh - Mallory ( Air Commander in Chief ) Bertram Ramsay ( Naval Commander in Chief ) Miles Dempsey ( British 2nd Army ) Omar Bradley ( U.S. 1st Army ) Gerd von Rundstedt ( Oberbefehlshaber West ) Erwin Rommel ( Heeresgruppe B) Friedrich Dollmann ( 7 Armeeoberkommando ) Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg ( Panzergruppe West ) Strength 1,332,000 ( by 24 July ) 380,000 ( by 23 July ) Casualties and losses by 24 July : ≈ 120,000 casualties by 24 July : 113,059 casualties Operation Overlord Invasion of Normandy Prelude Atlantic Wall Bodyguard Fortitude Zeppelin Titanic Taxable , Glimmer & Big Drum Combined Bomber Offensive Pointblank Transport Plan Postage Able Tarbrush Tiger Fabius Initial airborne assault British sector Tonga Deadstick Merville Battery Mallard American sector Albany Boston Chicago Detroit Elmira Normandy landings American sector Omaha Utah Pointe du Hoc Anglo - Canadian sector Gambit Sword Juno Gold Port - en - Bessin Initial ground campaign American sector Brécourt Manor Graignes Hill 30 Saint - Lô Carentan Cherbourg Anglo - Canadian sector Caen Bréville Perch Villers - Bocage Le Mesnil - Patry Douvres Martlet Epsom Windsor Charnwood Jupiter 2nd Odon Atlantic Goodwood Verrières Ridge Breakout Cobra Spring Bluecoat Totalize Lüttich Tractable Hill 262 Chambois Falaise Brest Paris Air and sea operations Ushant La Caine Cherbourg Pierres Noires Audierne Bay Supporting operations Dingson Samwest Titanic Cooney Jedburgh Pluto Mulberry Dragoon Aftermath Cemeteries West European Campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) Overlord Dragoon Paris Paris to the Rhine Channel Coast Market Garden Aachen Hürtgen Forest Scheldt Queen Bulge Nordwind Blackcock Colmar Pocket Reichswald Invasion of Germany End of World War II in Europe Western Front of World War II prelude 1939 Phoney War Saar The Heligoland Bight 1940 Luxembourg The Netherlands The Hague Rotterdam Zeeland Rotterdam Blitz Belgium Fort Eben - Emael Hannut Gembloux La Lys France Sedan Montcornet Arras Lille Boulogne Calais Abbeville Paula Dunkirk Dunkirk evacuation Italian Invasion of France Saumur Britain Kanalkampf Adlertag The Hardest Day Battle of Britain Day Sea Lion 1942 -- 1943 Cerberus and Donnerkeil St Nazaire Raid Dieppe Raid 1944 -- 1945 Overlord Dragoon Siegfried Line Market Garden Arnhem Hürtgen Forest Aachen Queen Scheldt Bulge Nordwind Bodenplatte Colmar Pocket Atlantic Pockets Invasion of Germany strategic campaigns The Blitz Defence of the Reich Raids on the Atlantic Wall Battle of Atlantic The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy , located on the northern coast of France , on 6 June 1944 . The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful `` D - Day , '' the first day of the invasion . Allied land forces came from the United States , Britain , Canada , and Free French forces . In the weeks following the invasion , Polish forces and contingents from Belgium , Czechoslovakia , Greece and the Netherlands participated in the ground campaign ; most also provided air and naval support alongside elements of the Royal Australian Air Force , the Royal New Zealand Air Force , and the Royal Norwegian Navy . The Normandy invasion began with overnight parachute and glider landings , massive air attacks and naval bombardments . In the early morning , amphibious landings commenced on five beaches codenamed Sword , Juno , Gold , Omaha and Utah , with troops from the United States landing on Omaha and Utah , Great Britain landing on Gold and Sword and Canada landing on Juno . During the evening the remaining elements of the airborne divisions landed . Land forces used on D - Day sailed from bases along the south coast of England , the most important of these being Portsmouth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Planning 2 Codenames 3 Allied order of battle 3.1 D - Day 3.2 Subsequent days 3.3 Naval participants 4 German order of battle 4.1 Atlantic Wall 4.1. 1 Divisional areas 4.1. 2 Adjacent divisional areas 4.2 Armoured reserves 4.2. 1 Army Group B reserve 4.2. 2 OKW reserve 5 Leaders 6 Landings 7 Allied establishment in France 8 Assessment of the battle 8.1 German leadership 9 War memorials and tourism 10 Dramatisations 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Planning ( edit ) U.S. soldiers march through Weymouth , Dorset en route to board landing ships for the invasion of France . Allied forces rehearsed their D - Day roles for months before the invasion . On 28 April 1944 , in south Devon on the English coast , 749 U.S. soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats surprised one of these landing exercises , Exercise Tiger . In the months leading up to the invasion , the Allied forces conducted a deception operation , Operation Fortitude , aimed at misleading the Germans with respect to the date and place of the invasion . There were several leaks prior to or on D - Day . Through the Cicero affair , the Germans obtained documents containing references to Overlord , but these documents lacked all detail . Double Cross agents , such as the Spaniard Juan Pujol ( code - named Garbo ) , played an important role in convincing the German High Command that Normandy was at best a diversionary attack . U.S. Major General Henry Miller , chief supply officer of the US 9th Air Force , during a party at Claridge 's Hotel in London complained to guests of the supply problems he was having but that after the invasion , which he told them would be before 15 June , supply would be easier . After being told , Eisenhower reduced Miller to lieutenant colonel ( Associated Press , June 10 , 1944 ) and sent him back to the U.S. where he retired . Another such leak was General Charles de Gaulle 's radio message after D - Day . He , unlike all the other leaders , stated that this invasion was the real invasion . This had the potential to ruin the Allied deceptions Fortitude North and Fortitude South . In contrast , Gen. Eisenhower referred to the landings as the initial invasion . Only ten days each month were suitable for launching the operation : a day near the full moon was needed both for illumination during the hours of darkness and for the spring tide , the former to illuminate navigational landmarks for the crews of aircraft , gliders and landing craft , and the latter to expose defensive obstacles placed by the German forces in the surf on the seaward approaches to the beaches . A full moon occurred on 6 June . Allied Expeditionary Force Supreme Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault . The weather was fine during most of May , but deteriorated in early June . On 4 June , conditions were clearly unsuitable for a landing ; wind and high seas would make it impossible to launch landing craft from larger ships at sea , low clouds would prevent aircraft finding their targets . The Allied troop convoys already at sea were forced to take shelter in bays and inlets on the south coast of Britain for the night . It seemed possible that everything would have to be cancelled and the troops returned to their embarkation camps ( which would be almost impossible , as the enormous movement of follow - up formations into them was already proceeding ) . The next full moon period would be nearly a month away . At a vital meeting on 5 June , Eisenhower 's chief meteorologist ( Group Captain J.M. Stagg ) forecast a brief improvement for 6 June . Commander of all land forces for the invasion General Bernard Montgomery and Eisenhower 's Chief of Staff General Walter Bedell Smith wished to proceed with the invasion . Commander of the Allied Air Forces Air Chief Marshal Leigh Mallory was doubtful , but Allied Naval Commander - in - Chief Admiral Bertram Ramsay believed that conditions would be marginally favorable . On the strength of Stagg 's forecast , Eisenhower ordered the invasion to proceed . As a result , prevailing overcast skies limited Allied air support , and no serious damage would be done to the beach defences on Omaha and Juno . The Germans meanwhile took comfort from the existing poor conditions , which were worse over Northern France than over the English Channel itself , and believed no invasion would be possible for several days . Some troops stood down and many senior officers were away for the weekend . Field Marshal Erwin Rommel took a few days ' leave to celebrate his wife 's birthday , while dozens of division , regimental and battalion commanders were away from their posts conducting war games just prior to the invasion . Codenames ( edit ) The Allies assigned codenames to the various operations involved in the invasion . Overlord was the name assigned to the establishment of a large - scale lodgement on the northern portion of the Continent . The first phase , the establishment of a secure foothold , was codenamed Neptune . According to the D - day museum : The armed forces use codenames to refer to the planning and execution of specific military operations . Operation Overlord was the codename for the Allied invasion of northwest Europe . The assault phase of Operation Overlord was known as Operation Neptune . ( ... ) Operation Neptune began on D - Day ( 6 June 1944 ) and ended on 30 June 1944 . By this time , the Allies had established a firm foothold in Normandy . Operation Overlord also began on D - Day , and continued until Allied forces crossed the River Seine on 19 August 1944 . Officers with knowledge of D - Day were not to be sent where there was the slightest danger of being captured . These officers were given the codename of `` Bigot '' , derived from the words `` To Gib '' ( To Gibraltar ) that was stamped on the papers of officers who took part in the North African invasion in 1942 . On the night of 27 April , during Exercise Tiger , a pre-invasion exercise off the coast of Slapton Sands beach , several American LSTs were attacked by German E boats and among the 638 Americans killed in the attack and a further 308 killed by friendly fire , ten `` Bigots '' were listed as missing . As the invasion would be cancelled if any were captured or unaccounted for , their fate was given the highest priority and eventually all ten bodies were recovered . Allied order of Battle ( edit ) D - day assault routes into Normandy . D - Day ( edit ) The following major units were landed on D - Day ( 6 June 1944 ) . A more detailed order of battle for D - Day itself can be found at Normandy landings and List of Allied forces in the Normandy Campaign . British 6th Airborne Division . British I Corps , 3rd British Infantry Division and the British 27th Armoured Brigade . 3rd Canadian Infantry Division , 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade British XXX Corps , British 50th Infantry Division and British 8th Armoured Brigade . British 79th Armoured Division U.S. V Corps , U.S. 1st Infantry Division and U.S. 29th Infantry Division . U.S. VII Corps , U.S. 4th Infantry Division , U.S. 101st Airborne Division , U.S. 82nd Airborne Division . The total number of troops landed on D - Day was around 130,000 -- 156,000 roughly half American and the other from the Commonwealth Realms . Subsequent days ( edit ) Main article : Mulberry harbour Off Omaha Beach , American Liberty ships -- ' Corn Cobs ' were scuttled to provide a makeshift breakwater during the early days of the invasion . The total troops , vehicles and supplies landed over the period of the invasion were : By the end of 11 June ( D + 5 ) , 326,547 troops , 54,186 vehicles and 104,428 tons of supplies . By 30 June ( D + 24 ) over 850,000 men , 148,000 vehicles , and 570,000 tons of supplies . By 4 July one million men had been landed . Naval participants ( edit ) Main article : Normandy landings Large landing craft convoy crosses the English Channel on 6 June 1944 . The invasion fleet was drawn from eight different navies , comprising 6,939 vessels : 1,213 warships , 4,126 transport vessels ( landing ships and landing craft ) , and 736 ancillary craft and 864 merchant vessels . The overall commander of the Allied Naval Expeditionary Force , providing close protection and bombardment at the beaches , was Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay . The Allied Naval Expeditionary Force was divided into two Naval Task Forces : Western ( Rear - Admiral Alan G Kirk ) and Eastern ( Rear - Admiral Sir Philip Vian ) . The warships provided cover for the transports against the enemy -- whether in the form of surface warships , submarines , or as an aerial attack -- and gave support to the landings through shore bombardment . These ships included the Allied Task Force `` O '' . German order of Battle ( edit ) The number of military forces at the disposal of Nazi Germany reached its peak during 1944 . Tanks on the east front peaked at 5,202 in November 1944 , while total aircraft in the Luftwaffe inventory peaked at 5,041 in December 1944 . By D - Day 157 German divisions were stationed in the Soviet Union , 6 in Finland , 12 in Norway , 6 in Denmark , 9 in Germany , 21 in the Balkans , 26 in Italy and 59 in France , Belgium and the Netherlands . However , these statistics are somewhat misleading since a significant number of the divisions in the east were depleted ; German records indicate that the average personnel complement was at about 50 % in the spring of 1944 . A more detailed order of battle for D - Day itself can be found at Normandy landings . Atlantic wall ( edit ) Main articles : Atlantic Wall and English Channel § Second World War A map of the Atlantic Wall . German Cross-Channel gun of the Atlantic Wall . One of three 40.6 cm guns at Batterie `` Lindemann '' Standing in the way of the Allies was the English Channel , an obstacle that had frustrated the ambitions of the Spanish Armada and Napoleon Bonaparte 's Navy . Compounding the difficulty of invasion was the extensive Atlantic Wall , ordered by Hitler in his Directive 51 . Believing that any forthcoming landings would be timed for high tide ( this caused the landings to be timed for low tide ) , Hitler had the entire wall fortified with tank top turrets and extensive barbed wire , and laid a million mines to deter landing craft . The sector that was attacked was guarded by four divisions . Divisional areas ( edit ) German infantrymen scan the skies for Allied aircraft in Normandy , 1944 The following units were deployed in a static defensive mode in the areas of the actual landings : 716th Infantry Division ( Static ) consisted mainly of those ' unfit for active duty ' and released prisoners . 352nd Infantry Division , a well - trained unit containing combat veterans . 91st Air Landing Division ( Luftlande -- air transported ) , a regular infantry division , trained , and equipped to be transported by air . 709th Infantry Division ( Static ) . Like the 716th , this division included a number of `` Ost '' battalions led by German personnel . Adjacent divisional areas ( edit ) Other divisions occupied the areas around the landing zones , including : 243rd Infantry Division ( Static ) , ( Generalleutnant Heinz Hellmich ) . This coastal defense division protected the western coast of the Cotentin Peninsula . 920th Infantry Regiment ( two battalions ) 921st Infantry Regiment 922nd Infantry Regiment . 711th Infantry Division ( Static ) ( Generalleutnant Josef Reichert ) . This division defended the western part of the Pays de Caux . 731st Infantry Regiment 744th Infantry Regiment . 30th Mobile Brigade ( Oberstleutnant Freiherr von und zu Aufsess ) , comprising three bicycle battalions . Armoured reserves ( edit ) Rommel 's defensive measures were frustrated by a dispute over armoured doctrine . In addition to his two army groups , Rundstedt also commanded the headquarters of Panzer Group West under General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg ( usually referred to as `` von Geyr '' ) . This formation was nominally an administrative HQ for Rundstedt 's armoured and mobile formations , but it was later to be brought into the line in Normandy and renamed Fifth Panzer Army . Geyr and Rommel disagreed over the deployment and use of the vital Panzer divisions . Rommel recognised that the Allies would possess air superiority and would be able to harass his movements from the air . He therefore proposed that the armoured formations be deployed close to the invasion beaches . In his words , it was better to have one Panzer division facing the invaders on the first day , than three Panzer divisions three days later when the Allies would already have established a firm beachhead . Geyr argued for the standard doctrine that the Panzer formations should be concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen , and deployed en masse against the main Allied beachhead when this had been identified . The argument was eventually brought before Hitler for arbitration . He characteristically imposed an unworkable compromise solution . Only three Panzer divisions were given to Rommel , too few to cover all the threatened sectors . The remainder , nominally under Geyr 's control , were actually designated as being in `` OKW Reserve '' . Only three of these were deployed close enough to intervene immediately against any invasion of Northern France ; the other four were dispersed in southern France and the Netherlands . Hitler reserved to himself the authority to move the divisions in OKW Reserve , or commit them to action . On 6 June many Panzer division commanders were unable to move because Hitler had not given the necessary authorisation , and his staff refused to wake him upon news of the invasion . Army Group B reserve ( edit ) 21st Panzer Division ( Generalmajor Edgar Feuchtinger ) , was deployed near Caen as a mobile striking force as part of the Army Group B reserve . However , Rommel placed it so close to the coastal defenses that , under standing orders in case of invasion , several of its infantry and anti-aircraft units would come under the orders of the fortress divisions on the coast , reducing the effective strength of the division . The other two armoured divisions over which Rommel had operational control , the 2nd Panzer Division and 116th Panzer Division , were deployed near the Pas de Calais in accordance with German views about the likely Allied landing sites . Neither was moved from the Pas de Calais for at least fourteen days after the invasion . OKW reserve ( edit ) The other mechanized divisions capable of intervening in Normandy were retained under the direct control of the German Armed Forces HQ ( OKW ) and were initially denied to Rommel : Four divisions were deployed to Normandy within seven days of the invasion : 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend ( Brigadeführer Fritz Witt ) was stationed to the southeast . Its officers and NCOs ( this division had a very weak core of NCOs in Normandy with only slightly more than 50 % of its authorised strength ) were long - serving veterans , but the junior soldiers had all been recruited directly from the Hitler Youth movement at the age of seventeen in 1943 . It was to acquire a reputation for ferocity and war crimes in the coming battle . Panzer - Lehr - Division ( Generalmajor Fritz Bayerlein ) . Further to the southwest was an elite unit , originally formed by amalgamating the instructing staff at various training establishments . Not only were its personnel of high quality , but the division also had unusually high numbers of the latest and most capable armoured vehicles . 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler was refitting in Belgium on the Netherlands border after being decimated on the Eastern Front . 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen ( Oberführer Werner Ostendorff ) was based on Thouars , south of the Loire River , and although equipped with Assault guns instead of tanks and lacking in other transport ( such that one battalion each from the 37th and 38th Panzergrenadier Regiments moved by bicycle ) , it provided the first major counterattack against the American advance at Carentan on 13 June . Landing supplies at Normandy Three other divisions ( the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich , which had been refitting at Montauban in Southern France , and the 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen and 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg which had been in transit from the Eastern Front on 6 June ) , were committed to battle in Normandy around twenty - one days after the first landings . One more armoured division ( the 9th Panzer Division ) saw action only after the American breakout from the beachhead . Two other armoured divisions which had been in the west on 6 June ( the 11th Panzer Division and 19th Panzer Division ) did not see action in Normandy . Leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of leaders in the Battle of Normandy . Battle of Normandy leaders Area Allied Powers Germany GHQ Dwight D. Eisenhower - SAC Sir Arthur Tedder - Deputy SAC Walter Bedell Smith - COSSAC Bernard Montgomery ( ground forces ) Trafford Leigh - Mallory ( air forces ) Bertram Ramsay ( naval forces ) Alfred Jodl Gerd von Rundstedt Günther Blumentritt Erwin Rommel Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg Günther von Kluge Hans Speidel Max Pemsel Erich Marcks Wolfgang Hager Hans von Salmuth Naval forces Alan G. Kirk ( US ) Utah Beach Omar Bradley Theodore Roosevelt Jr . Raymond O. Barton Robert Haines James M. Gavin ( airborne landings ) Omaha Beach Norman Cota Gold Beach Juno Beach Harry Crerar Guy Simonds Charles Foulkes Sword Beach Simon Fraser , 15th Lord Lovat Landings ( edit ) Main article : Normandy landings The build - up of Omaha Beach : reinforcements of men and equipment moving inland Allied establishment in France ( edit ) The Allied invasion plans had called for the capture of Saint - Lô , Caen , and Bayeux on the first day , with all the beaches linked except Utah , and Sword ( the last linked with paratroopers ) and a front line 10 to 16 kilometres ( 6 -- 10 mi ) from the beaches . However , practically none of these objectives had been achieved . It took six weeks for British and Canadian troops to capture Caen , as they faced seven Panzer divisions , while their American allies , although advancing more rapidly , faced only two of these divisions . Overall the casualties had not been as heavy as some had feared ( around 10,000 compared to the 20,000 Churchill had estimated ) and the bridgeheads had withstood the expected counterattacks . Once the beachhead was established , two artificial Mulberry harbours were towed across the English Channel in segments and made operational around D + 3 ( 9 June ) . One was constructed at Arromanches by British forces , the other at Omaha Beach by American forces . By 19 June , when severe storms interrupted the landing of supplies for several days and destroyed the Omaha harbour , the British had landed 314,547 men , 54,000 vehicles , and 102,000 tons of supplies , while the Americans put ashore 314,504 men , 41,000 vehicles , and 116,000 tons of supplies . Around 9,000 tons of materiel were landed daily at the Arromanches harbour until the end of August 1944 , by which time the port of Cherbourg had been secured by the Allies and had begun to return to service . In addition , with the installation of PLUTO in August 1944 the Allies had fuel piped over directly from England without having to rely on vulnerable tankers . Assessment of the Battle ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) La Cambe German war cemetery The Normandy landings were the first successful opposed landings across the English Channel in over eight centuries . They were costly in terms of men , but the defeat inflicted on the Germans was one of the largest of the war . Strategically , the campaign led to the loss of the German position in most of France and the secure establishment of a new major front . In larger context the Normandy landings helped the Soviets on the Eastern Front , who were facing the bulk of the German forces and , to a certain extent , contributed to the shortening of the conflict there . Although there was a shortage of artillery ammunition , at no time were the Allies critically short of any necessity . This was a remarkable achievement considering they did not hold a port until Cherbourg fell . By the time of the breakout the Allies also enjoyed a considerable superiority in numbers of troops ( approximately 7 : 2 ) and armoured vehicles ( approximately 4 : 1 ) which helped overcome the natural advantages the terrain gave to the German defenders . Allied intelligence and counterintelligence efforts were successful beyond expectations . The Operation Fortitude deception before the invasion kept German attention focused on the Pas de Calais , and indeed high - quality German forces were kept in this area , away from Normandy , until July . Prior to the invasion , few German reconnaissance flights took place over Britain , and those that did saw only the dummy staging areas . Ultra decrypts of German communications had been helpful as well , exposing German dispositions and revealing their plans such as the Mortain counterattack . General Bernard Montgomery with British troops in Normandy , July 1944 Allied air operations also contributed significantly to the invasion , via close tactical support , interdiction of German lines of communication ( preventing timely movement of supplies and reinforcements -- particularly the critical Panzer units ) , and rendering the Luftwaffe ineffective in Normandy . Although the impact upon armoured vehicles was less than expected , air activity intimidated these units and cut their supplies . Despite initial heavy losses in the assault phase , Allied morale remained high . Casualty rates among all the armies were tremendous , and the Commonwealth forces had to use a recently created category -- Double Intense -- to be able to describe them . German leadership ( edit ) German commanders at all levels failed to react to the assault phase in a timely manner . Communications problems exacerbated the difficulties caused by Allied air and naval firepower . Local commanders also seemed incapable of the task of fighting an aggressive defense on the beach , as Rommel had envisioned . The German High Command remained fixated on the Calais area , and von Rundstedt was not permitted to commit the armoured reserve . When it was finally released late in the day , its chance of success was greatly reduced . Overall , despite considerable Allied material superiority , the Germans kept the Allies bottled up in a small beachhead for nearly two months , aided immeasurably by terrain factors . Although there were several known disputes among the Allied commanders , their tactics and strategy were essentially determined by agreement among the main commanders . By contrast , the German leaders were bullied and their decisions interfered with by OKW . Field Marshals von Rundstedt and Rommel repeatedly asked Hitler for more discretion but were refused . Rundstedt was removed from his command on 29 June after he bluntly told the Chief of Staff at Hitler 's Armed Forces HQ ( Field Marshal Keitel ) to `` Make peace , you idiots ! '' Rommel was severely injured by Allied aircraft on 17 July . Sixty thousand of the 850,000 in Rundstedt 's command were raised from the many prisoners of war taken on the Eastern Front . Many surrendered or deserted at the first available opportunity . War memorials and tourism ( edit ) The Bény - sur - Mer Canadian War Cemetery The beaches at Normandy are still referred to on maps and signposts by their invasion codenames . There are several vast cemeteries in the area . The American cemetery , in Colleville - sur - Mer , contains row upon row of identical white crosses and Stars of David , immaculately kept , commemorating the American dead . Commonwealth graves , maintained in many locations by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , uses white headstones engraved with the person 's religious or medal ( Victoria Cross or George Cross only ) symbol and their unit insignia . The Bayeux War Cemetery , with 4,648 burials , is the largest British cemetery of the war . The largest cemetery in Normandy is the La Cambe German war cemetery , with 21,222 burials , which features granite stones almost flush with the ground and groups of low - set crosses . There is also a Polish cemetery . Paratroop memorial in Sainte - Mère - Église At the Bayeux Memorial , a monument erected by Britain has a Latin inscription on the memorial reads `` Nos a gulielmo victi victoris patriam liberavimus '' -- freely translated , this reads `` We , once conquered by William , have now set free the Conqueror 's native land '' . Streets near the beaches are still named after the units that fought there , and occasional markers commemorate notable incidents . At significant points , such as Pointe du Hoc and Pegasus Bridge , there are plaques , memorials or small museums . The Mulberry harbour still sits in the sea at Arromanches . In Sainte - Mère - Église , a dummy paratrooper hangs from the church spire . On Juno Beach , the Canadian government has built the Juno Beach Information Centre , commemorating one of the most significant events in Canadian military history . In England the most significant memorial is the D - Day Museum in Southsea , Hampshire . The Museum was opened in 1984 to commemorate the 40th anniversary of D - Day . Its centrepiece is the Overlord embroidery commissioned by Lord Dulverton of Batsford ( 1915 -- 92 ) as a tribute to the sacrifice and heroism of those men and women who took part in Operation Overlord . On 5 June 1994 a drumhead service was held on Southsea Common adjacent the D - Day Museum . This service was attended by US President Bill Clinton , Queen Elizabeth II and over 100,000 members of the public . Dramatisations ( edit ) The Battle of Normandy has been the topic of many films , television shows , songs , computer games and books . Many dramatisations focus on the initial landings , and these are covered at Normandy Landings . Some examples that cover the wider battle include : Films Le Bataillon du ciel ( sky 's battalion ) , a 1947 French film directed by Alexandre Esway based on the book of Joseph Kessel : Free French SAS paratroopers ( Special Air Service ) in Brittany from 5 June to August 1944 . The Longest Day , a 1962 film based on the book of the same name by Cornelius Ryan The Americanization of Emily , a 1964 film written by Paddy Chayefsky , directed by Arthur Hiller and starring James Garner and Julie Andrews . Overlord , a 1975 black - and - white film written and directed by Stuart Cooper , set around the D - Day invasion . The Big Red One , a 1980 film directed by Samuel Fuller and starring Lee Marvin . Un jour avant l'aube ( One day before dawn ) , a 1994 French television film directed by Jacques Ertaud : Free French SAS in Brittany . Saving Private Ryan , a 1998 Academy Award - winning American film directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Tom Hanks and Matt Damon . Band of Brothers , a 2001 American miniseries produced by Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks based on the book of the same name by Stephen Ambrose . Ike : Countdown to D - Day , a 2004 American television film directed by Robert Harmon and written by Lionel Chetwynd which emphasizes the difficult decisions General Dwight D. Eisenhower had to make , while dealing with the varied personalities of his direct subordinates , in order to lead Operation Overlord . My Way , a 2011 South Korean war film by Kang Je - gyu , starring Jang Dong - gun along with Japanese actor Joe Odagiri and Chinese actress Fan Bingbing . Notes ( edit ) See D - Day Daily Telegraph crossword security alarm . Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Defence against a mass U-boat attack relied on `` 19 Group of ( RAF ) Coastal Command ... ( it ) included one Czech , one Polish , one New Zealander , two Australian and three Canadian squadrons . Even the RAF 's own 224 Squadron was a mixed bag of nationalities with 137 Britons , forty - four Canadians , thirty - three Anzacs , two Americans , a Swiss , a Chilean , a South African and a Brazilian '' `` The D - Day air offensive was another ( RAF ) multinational operation . It included five New Zealander , seven Australian , twenty - eight Canadian , one Rhodesian , six French , fourteen Polish , three Czech , two Belgian , two Dutch and two Norwegian squadrons '' At 05 : 37 the Norwegian destroyer Sevenner , one of 37 destroyers in the Eastern Task Force , was sunk by a torpedo launched from a German E-boat . `` In addition to the Cruiser ORP Dragon , the Polish destroyers ORP Krakowiak and Slazak took part in beach support operations , while the destroyers OKP Blyskewica and Piorun were employed as part of the covering force '' Jump up ^ Following Normandy , a joke regarding their lack of air support became common and widely spread by Wehrmacht soldiers : `` If the plane in the sky is silver , it 's American , if it 's blue , it 's British , if it 's invisible , it 's ours ! '' Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Title : The Norwegian Navy in the Second World War '' . Resdal . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Luxembourg Army website . ^ Jump up to : Tamelander , M , Zetterling , N ( 2004 ) , Avgörandes Ögonblick : Invasionen i Normandie . Norstedts Förlag , p. 295 Jump up ^ Zetterling 2000 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jeffery ( 1988 ) . The long left flank : the hard fought way to the Reich , 1944 -- 1945 . London : Cooper . p. . ISBN 0 - 85052 - 880 - 1 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1989 . Jump up ^ Small , Ken ; Rogerson , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Forgotten Dead -- Why 946 American Servicemen Died Off The Coast Of Devon In 1944 -- And The Man Who Discovered Their True Story . London : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 0309 - 5 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1989 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ F Pogue , The Supreme Command , Department of the Army , 1954 , pp. 163 -- 64 ^ Jump up to : Wilmot 1997 , p. 225 Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 224 Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Juno Beach from The Canadian Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` D - Day , People & Events : Erwin Rommel ( 1891 -- 1944 ) '' . American Experience , PBS . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ David White ; Daniel P. Murphy . `` The Normandy Invasion '' . netplaces . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` D - Day and the Battle of Normandy : Your Questions Answered '' . D - Day Museum . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Untold Stories of D - Day , National Geographic , June 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , John . `` Britannica guide to D - Day 1944 '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John . `` Britannica guide to D - Day 1944 '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Map 81 , M.R.D. Foot ; I.C.B. Dear , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford University Press . p. 663 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280666 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bradley , John H. ( 2002 ) . The Second World War : Europe and the Mediterranean . Square One Publishers . p. 290 . ISBN 0 - 7570 - 0162 - 9 . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Patrick Elie -- Normandie -- France . `` D - Day : Normandy 1944 -- UTAH BEACH : U.S. Troops '' . 6juin1944.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : D - Day 6 June 1944 Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions for D - Day and the Battle of Normandy '' . Ddaymuseum.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` HyperWar : The War in Western Europe : Part 1 ( June to December , 1944 ) ( Chapter 3 ) '' . Ibiblio.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wilmot 1997 . Jump up ^ Tippelskirch , Kurt von , Gechichte der Zweiten Weltkrieg. 1956 Jump up ^ Zetterling 2000 , p. 350 . Jump up ^ Pogue , Forrest C. ( 1954 ) . `` The Supreme Command , '' . United States Army in World War II : European Theater of Operations . Washington D.C. : CMH Publication 7 -- 1 , Office of the chief of military history , Department of the Army . Jump up ^ Keegan 1994 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Paul . `` Normandy War Cemeteries : Bayeux Memorial '' . Battlefields of WW2 website . Retrieved 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2009 , p. 82 footnotes . References ( edit ) Beevor , Antony ( 2009 ) . D - Day : The Battle for Normandy ( First ed . ) . London : Viking an imprint of Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 88703 - 3 . Keegan , John ( 1994 ) ( 1982 ) . Six Armies in Normandy : From D - Day to the Liberation of Paris . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 023542 - 6 . Keegan , John ( 1989 ) . The Second World War . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 09 - 174011 - 8 ... Wilmot , Chester ( 1997 ) ( 1952 ) . The Struggle For Europe . Ware , Hertfordshire : Wordsworth Editions . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 677 - 9 . Zetterling , Niklas ( 2000 ) . Normandy 1944 : German Military Organisation , Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness . Winnipeg : J.J. Fedorowicz Publishing . ISBN 0 - 921991 - 56 - 8 ... Further reading ( edit ) Stephen Ambrose . D - Day June 6 , 1944 : The Climactic Battle of World War II . New york : Simon & Schuster , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 88403 - 4 . Stephen Badsey , Normandy 1944 : Allied Landings and Breakout . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 1990 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 921 - 0 . Carlo D'Este , Decision in Normandy : The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign . London : William Collins Sons , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217056 - 6 . M.R.D. Foot , SOE : An Outline History of the Special Operations Executive 1940 -- 46 ... BBC Publications , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 563 - 20193 - 2 . Ken Ford , D - Day 1944 ( 3 ) : Sword Beach & the British Airborne Landings . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 366 - 8 . Ken Ford , D - Day 1944 ( 4 ) : Gold & Juno Beaches . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 368 - 2 . John Herington , Air Power Over Europe , 1944 -- 1945 , 1st edition ( Official History of Australia in the Second World War Volume IV ) . Canberra : Australian War Memorial 1963 . Holderfield , Randal J. , and Michael J. Varhola . D - Day : The Invasion of Normandy , June 6 , 1944 . Mason City , Iowa : Savas Publishing , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 882810 - 45 - 7 , ISBN 1 - 882810 - 46 - 5 . Kershaw , Alex . The Bedford Boys : One American Town 's Ultimate D - Day Sacrifice . Cambridge , Mass. : Da Capo Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81355 - 6 . `` Morning : Normandy Invasion ( June -- August 1944 ) '' . The World at War episode 17 . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1974 . Neillands , Robin . The Battle of Normandy , 1944 . London : Cassell , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35837 - 1 . Rozhnov , Konstantin . Who won World War II ? . BBC News , 5 May 2005 . Stacey , C.P. Canada 's Battle in Normandy : The Canadian Army 's Share in the Operations , 6 June -- 1 September 1944 . Ottawa : King 's Printer , 1946 . Stacey , C.P. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War : Volume III . The Victory Campaign , The Operations in North - West Europe 1944 -- 1945 . Ottawa : Department of National Defence , 1960 . Tute , Warren , John Costello , Terry Hughes . D - Day . London : Pan Books Ltd , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 24418 - 3 . Whitlock , Flint . The Fighting First : The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D - Day . Boulder , Colo. : Westview Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4218 - X . Zaloga , Steven J. D - Day 1944 ( 1 ) : Omaha Beach . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 367 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J. D - Day 1944 ( 2 ) : Utah Beach & the US Airborne Landings . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 365 - 1 . Zaloga , Steven J. Operation Cobra 1944 : Breakout from Normandy . Botley , Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 296 - 8 . Numerous volumes in the U.S. Army in World War II series , produced by the United States Army Center of Military History , Gordon A. Harrison , Cross-Channel - Attack ( 1951 ) , remains a basic source , but several other studies bear heavily upon the operation . They include : Robert W. Coakley and Richard M. Leighton , Global Logistics and Strategy ( 1968 ) ; Martin Blumenson , Breakout and Pursuit ( 1961 ) ; Forrest C. Pogue , The Supreme Command ( 1954 ) ; Roland G. Ruppenthal , Logistical Support of the Armies ( 1953 ) ; and Graham A. Cosmas and Albert E. Cowdrey , The Medical Department : Medical Service in the European Theater of Operations ( 1992 ) . The Historical Division of the War Department produced three volumes on the event . All have been reprinted by the Center of Military History . Classified as the American Forces in Action series , they are : OMAHA Beachhead ( 1989 ) ; UTAH Beach to Cherbourg ( 1990 ) ; and St. Lo ( 1984 ) . The British Government following the war also issued an official history of the British involvement in the war to be researched and published , the final result being the massive series known as History of the Second World War . The following cover the Normandy Campaign : Major L.F. Ellis , Victory in the West : The Battle of Normandy , Official Campaign History v. I ( History of the Second World War : United Kingdom Military ) , Naval & Military Press Ltd ; New Ed edition ( Sep 2004 ). , 1 - 84574 - 058 - 0 Michael Howard , British Intelligence in the Second World War : Volume 5 , Strategic Deception , Cambridge University Press ( 26 October 1990 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40145 - 3 ( Series edited by F.H. Hinsley ) Grand Strategy , Volume 5 : August 1943 -- September 1944 , 1956 Numerous abbreviated histories have been written . Among the most useful are : Charles MacDonald , The Mighty Endeavor : American Armed Forces in the European Theater in World War II ( 1969 ) ; and Charles MacDonald and Martin Blumenson , `` Recovery of France '' , in Vincent J. Esposito , ed. , A Concise History of World War II ( 1965 ) . Memoirs by Allied commanders contain considerable information . Among the best are : Omar N. Bradley , A Soldier 's Story ( 1951 ) ; Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair , A General 's Life ( 1983 ) ; Dwight D. Eisenhower , Crusade in Europe ( 1948 ) ; Sir Bernard Law Montgomery of Alamein , Normandy to the Baltic ( 1948 ) ; Sir Bernard Law Montgomery of Alamein , The Memoirs of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein , K.G. , Collins ( 1958 ) . and Sir Frederick Edgeworth Morgan , Overture to Overlord ( 1950 ) . Memoirs by Allied and German soldiers of various ranks also give a good insight into the campaign . Kurt Meyer , Grenadiers , Stackpole Books , U.S. , New Ed edition ( 15 May 2005 ). , ISBN 0 - 8117 - 3197 - 9 Stuart Hills , By Tank Into Normandy , Cassell military ; New Ed edition ( 11 September 2003 ). , 0 - 30436 - 640 - 4 Hans von Luck , Panzer Commander : The Memoirs of Colonel Hans von Luck , Cassell military ; New Ed edition ( 9 March 2006 ). , ISBN 0 - 304 - 36401 - 0 Almost as useful are biographies of leading commanders . Among the most prominent are : Stephen E. Ambrose , The Supreme Commander : The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1970 ) , and Eisenhower , Soldier , General of the Army , President - Elect , 1890 -- 1952 ( 1983 ) ; Nigel Hamilton , Master of the Battlefield : Monty 's War Years , 1942 -- 1944 ( 1983 ) ; Richard Lamb , Montgomery in Europe , 1943 -- 1945 : Success or Failure ( 1984 ) ; Nigel Hamilton , `` Montgomery , Bernard Law '' in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861411 - X , ISBN 0 - 19 - 861351 - 2 . Ronald Lewin , Rommel as Military Commander ( 1968 ) . B.H. Liddell Hart , The Rommel Papers ( section on Normandy written by Lt. Gen Fritz Bayerlein ) Hans Speidel , Invasion 1944 : Rommel and the Normandy Campaign . Chicago : Henry Regnery ( 1950 ) ( Speidel was Rommel 's chief of staff ) . Numerous general histories also exist , many centering on the controversies that continue to surround the campaign and its commanders : John Colby , War From the Ground Up : The 90th Division in World War II ( 1989 ) ; Carlo D'Este , Decision in Normandy : The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign ( 1983 ) ; Max Hastings , Overlord , D - Day , June 6 , 1944 ( 1984 ) ; John Keegan , Six Armies in Normandy : From D - Day to the Liberation of Paris ( 1982 ) ; Robin Neillands , The Battle of Normandy 1944 ( 2002 ) ; Stephen T. Powers , `` Battle of Normandy : The Lingering Controversy '' , Journal of Military History 56 ( 1992 ) : 455 -- 71 . Russell F. Weigley , Eisenhower 's Lieutenants : The Campaign of France and Germany , 1944 -- 45 ( 1981 ) ; Cornelius Ryan , The Longest Day ' , ( 1959 ) ; Stephen Ambrose , D - Day : June 6 , 1944 , The Battle for the Normandy Beaches , ( 1994 ) ; Milton Shulman , Defeat in the West , ( New Ed edition 2003 ) Richard Holmes , The D - Day Experience : From the Invasion to the Liberation of Paris with Other and Map and CD , ( 2004 ) ; Chester Wilmot , The Struggle for Europe , ( New Ed edition 1997 ) , and Stephen Ashley Hart , Colossal Cracks : Montgomery 's 21st Army Group in Northwest Europe , 1944 -- 45 , ( 2007 ) Journalists were among the foremost observers of the invasion : Barney Oldfield , Never a Shot in Anger ( 1956 ) ; and Richard Collier , Fighting Words : The Correspondents of World War II ( 1989 ) . CMH Pub 72 -- 18 External links ( edit ) DDay - Overlord : a fight for freedom The Normandy campaign : history , documents , testimonies , maps U.S. Army 's official interactive D - Day website The Normandy Invasion at the United States Army Center of Military History U.S. Navy Online Library of Selected Images : Normandy invasion Original Document : D - Day Statement from Dwight D. Eisenhower D - Day Museum Portsmouth Omar Nelson Bradley , Lt. General FUSAG 12TH AG -- Omar Bradley 's D - Day June 6 , 1944 Maps restored , preserved and displayed at Historical Registry BBC Archive of personal recollections of D - Day Justin Museum of Military History , First Hand Accounts of D - Day Illustrated article about Omaha Beach at ' Battlefields Europe ' World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the liberation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Bibliography Portal Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy , Western Front , World War II Operations Locations See also Operation Overlord ( The overall invasion plan ) Operation Neptune ( The assault plan ) American airborne landings in Normandy Operation Deadstick ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Tonga ( UK 6th Airborne ) Battle of Merville Gun Battery ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Mallard ( UK 6th Airborne ) Battle of Bréville ( UK 6th Airborne ) Operation Pluto ( Pipe - Line Under The Ocean ) Operation Fortitude ( Deception plan ) Operation Perch ( UK ) Operation Martlet ( UK ) Operation Epsom ( UK ) Operation Windsor ( Canada ) Operation Charnwood ( UK ) Operation Jupiter ( UK ) Operations Greenline , Pomegranate and Express ( UK ) Operation Goodwood ( UK ) Operation Atlantic ( Canada ) Operation Spring ( Canada ) Operation Cobra ( US ) Operation Bluecoat ( UK ) Operation Totalize ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Operation Lüttich ( German ) Operation Tractable ( Canada , Poland , UK ) Battle for Brest ( US ) Battle for Caen ( UK , Canada ) Battle of Verriéres Ridge ( Canada ) Battle of Carentan ( US ) Battle of Cherbourg ( US ) Battle of Villers - Bocage ( UK ) Landing points ( W → E ) : Utah Beach ( US ) Omaha Beach ( US ) Pointe du Hoc ( US ) Gold Beach ( UK ) Juno Beach ( Canada ) Sword Beach ( UK ) Other : Crisbecq Battery Falaise Pocket Hill 262 Hillman Fortress Houlgate battery Longues - sur - Mer battery Maisy battery Merville Gun Battery Mont Canisy battery Pegasus Bridge Category : Operation Overlord Category : Operation Overlord people Atlantic Wall D - Day Dieppe Raid Hobart 's Funnies Rhino tank Allied forces in Normandy Mulberry harbour Liberation of Paris ( France ) Operation Dragoon ( France , UK , US ) Operation Jedburgh ( France , UK , US ) Normandy US Cemetery & Memorial Brittany US Cemetery & Memorial More information on Battle of Normandy : D - day from Wiktionary D - day Textbooks from Wikibooks D - day Quotations from Wikiquote D - day Source texts from Wikisource D - day Images and media from Commons D - day from Wikinews Portals Access related topics British Army portal Military of Germany portal Military of the United States portal Normandy portal World War II portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Normandy&oldid=802793366 '' Categories : World War II invasions Operation Overlord World War II orders of battle Battles of World War II involving Australia Battles of World War II involving Canada Military history of Canada during World War II Invasions by Canada Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States Battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom Battles of World War II involving France Battles and operations of World War II involving Poland Battles and operations of World War II involving Belgium Battles and operations of World War II involving New Zealand Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands Battles and operations of World War II involving Norway Battles and operations of World War II involving Czechoslovakia Battles and operations of World War II involving Greece Invasions of France 1944 in France 1944 in military history History of Normandy June 1944 events July 1944 events Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be merged from December 2016 All articles to be merged Articles containing self - references Use dmy dates from June 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Čeština Eesti فارسی Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Magyar Македонски مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Napulitano Occitan Português Română Scots Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 14 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the invasion of normandy take place | [
"The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944. The invaders were able to establish a beachhead as part of Operation Overlord after a successful \"D-Day,\" the first day of the invasion."
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-1836492961379753450 | John Bell (Scottish actor) | John Bell ( Scottish actor ) - wikipedia John Bell ( Scottish actor ) Jump to : navigation , search John Bell Bell at the Hobbitcon III convention in Bonn , Germany on April 5 , 2015 ( 1997 - 10 - 20 ) October 20 , 1997 ( age 20 ) Paisley , Renfrewshire , Scotland , U.K. Occupation Actor Years active 2007 -- present John Bell ( born October 20 , 1997 ) is a Scottish actor who played Bain in two installments of the Hobbit film series , Angus in Battleship , Helius in Wrath of the Titans and as Toby Coleman in Tracy Beaker Returns . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 Audio drama 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Bell made his TV debut in 2007 when he played Creet in the episode `` Utopia '' of Doctor Who after he won the role in a Blue Peter competition . In March 2008 , he was the lead singing boy in a promotional trailer for the BBC 1 talent show ' I 'd Do Anything ' . In 2009 , Bell played the lead role of Connor in Transit , a short drama . Bell appeared in his first film role in 2009 when he starred as young orphan Tomas in A Shine of Rainbows . From 2009 - 2010 , he portrayed Anthony Weaver in TV series Life of Riley , and , in 2011 , appeared in TV movie Hattie as Robin Le Mesurier . From 2010 - 2011 , Bell starred as Toby Coleman in BAFTA winning children 's television series , Tracy Beaker Returns . In July 2011 , he was named by Screenterrier as one of the top 12 British rising stars . In 2012 , Bell portrayed Helius in the fantasy film Wrath of the Titans and then as Angus in the science fiction war film Battleship . He then appeared as Billy Bempsy in TV mini series Hatfields & McCoys . In 2013 and 2014 , he portrayed Bain , son of Bard the Bowman , in epic adventure fantasy films The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . Also in 2013 , he portrayed Jamie Carr in an episode of TV series Midsomer Murders . Bell is currently playing a teenage `` Young '' Ian Murray in Outlander Series 3 . His character first appears in Episode 6 : `` A. Malcolm '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Transit Connor Short film 2009 A Shine of Rainbows Tomas 2012 Wrath of the Titans Helius Battleship ( film ) Angus 2013 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Bain 2014 Tracks Ed Short film The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Bain 2015 Billy the Kid Billy Short film 2017 T2 Trainspotting Young Spud Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Doctor Who Creet Episode : `` Utopia '' 2009 - 2010 Life of Riley Anthony Weaver 2010 - 2011 Tracy Beaker Returns Toby Coleman 2011 Hattie Robin Le Mesurier TV Movie 2013 Midsomer Murders Jamie Carr Episode : `` The Sicilian Defence '' 2017 Into the Badlands Gabriel 2017 - present Outlander Ian Murray Audio drama ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2015 The Extraordinary Adventures of G.A. Henty : The Dragon And The Raven Young Harold References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Bell Q&A '' . Kidzworld.com. 1 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Shine of Rainbows '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Doan , Brian . `` A Shine of Rainbows Movie Review ( 2010 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ScreenTerrier : Tracy Beaker Returns '' . Screenterrier.blogspot.co.uk. 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Categorized as ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Wrath Of The Titans DVD Review '' . The Hollywood News . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Wrath of the Titans '' . Slackerwood. 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wrath Of The Titans Review : Epic , Visually Breathtaking , But Lacks Depth '' . Whatculture.com. 26 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ ScreenTerrier ( 19 November 2010 ) . `` ScreenTerrier : Tracy Beaker 's John Bell joins Battleship '' . Screenterrier.blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive ! Q&A with Hobbit Actor John Bell Middle - earth News '' . News.mymiddleearth.com . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch The Hobbit World Premiere Live '' . Cinemovie.tv . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` And So it Begins : First Screen Shot from The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug '' . SciFi Mafia . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) John Bell on IMDb LCCN : no2013081401 VIAF : 305044480 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bell_(Scottish_actor)&oldid=826896515 '' Categories : 1997 births 21st - century Scottish male actors Living people People from Paisley , Renfrewshire Scottish male child actors Scottish male film actors Scottish male television actors Scottish male voice actors Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 16 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the hobbit desolation of smaug bard's son | [
"John Bell (born October 20, 1997) is a Scottish actor who played Bain in two installments of the Hobbit film series, Angus in Battleship, Helius in Wrath of the Titans and as Toby Coleman in Tracy Beaker Returns."
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-2191467598234978731 | Kepler's laws of planetary motion | Kepler 's laws of planetary motion - wikipedia Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Jump to : navigation , search For a more historical approach , see in particular the articles Astronomia nova and Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae . In astronomy , Kepler 's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun . Figure 1 : Illustration of Kepler 's three laws with two planetary orbits . ( 1 ) The orbits are ellipses , with focal points F and F for the first planet and F and F for the second planet . The Sun is placed in focal point F . ( 2 ) The two shaded sectors A and A have the same surface area and the time for planet 1 to cover segment A is equal to the time to cover segment A . ( 3 ) The total orbit times for planet 1 and planet 2 have a ratio ( a / a ) . Astrodynamics Orbital mechanics Equations ( hide ) Kepler 's laws Tsiolkovsky rocket equation Vis - viva equation Efficiency measures ( show ) Payload fraction Propellant mass fraction Mass ratio The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci . A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time . The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit . Most planetary orbits are nearly circular , and careful observation and calculation are required in order to establish that they are not perfectly circular . Calculations of the orbit of Mars , whose published values are somewhat suspect , indicated an elliptical orbit . From this , Johannes Kepler inferred that other bodies in the Solar System , including those farther away from the Sun , also have elliptical orbits . Kepler 's work ( published between 1609 and 1619 ) improved the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus , explaining how the planets ' speeds varied , and using elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits with epicycles . Isaac Newton showed in 1687 that relationships like Kepler 's would apply in the Solar System to a good approximation , as a consequence of his own laws of motion and law of universal gravitation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparison to Copernicus 2 Nomenclature 3 History 4 Formulary 4.1 First law 4.2 Second law 4.3 Third law Of Kepler 's 5 Planetary acceleration 5.1 Acceleration vector 5.2 The inverse square law 5.3 Newton 's law of gravitation 6 Position as a function of time 6.1 Mean anomaly , M 6.2 Eccentric anomaly , E 6.3 True anomaly , θ 6.4 Distance , r 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Comparison to Copernicus ( edit ) Kepler 's laws improve the model of Copernicus . If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero , then Kepler basically agrees with Copernicus : The planetary orbit is a circle The Sun is at the center of the orbit The speed of the planet in the orbit is constant The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small , so the foregoing rules give good approximations of planetary motion ; but Kepler 's laws fit the observations better than Copernicus ' . Kepler 's corrections are not at all obvious : The planetary orbit is not a circle , but an ellipse . The Sun is not at the center but at a focal point of the elliptical orbit . Neither the linear speed nor the angular speed of the planet in the orbit is constant , but the area speed is constant . The eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth makes the time from the March equinox to the September equinox , around 186 days , unequal to the time from the September equinox to the March equinox , around 179 days . A diameter would cut the orbit into equal parts , but the plane through the Sun parallel to the equator of the Earth cuts the orbit into two parts with areas in a 186 to 179 ratio , so the eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth is approximately ε ≈ π 4 186 − 179 186 + 179 ≈ 0.015 , ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon \ approx ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) ( \ frac ( 186 - 179 ) ( 186 + 179 ) ) \ approx 0.015 , ) which is close to the correct value ( 0.016710219 ) ( see Earth 's orbit ) . The calculation is correct when perihelion , the date the Earth is closest to the Sun , falls on a solstice . The current perihelion , near January 4 , is fairly close to the solstice of December 21 or 22 . Nomenclature ( edit ) It took nearly two centuries for the current formulation of Kepler 's work to take on its settled form . Voltaire 's Eléments de la philosophie de Newton ( Elements of Newton 's Philosophy ) of 1738 was the first publication to use the terminology of `` laws '' . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers in its article on Kepler ( p. 620 ) states that the terminology of scientific laws for these discoveries was current at least from the time of Joseph de Lalande . It was the exposition of Robert Small , in An account of the astronomical discoveries of Kepler ( 1804 ) that made up the set of three laws , by adding in the third . Small also claimed , against the history , that these were empirical laws , based on inductive reasoning . Further , the current usage of `` Kepler 's Second Law '' is something of a misnomer . Kepler had two versions , related in a qualitative sense : the `` distance law '' and the `` area law . '' The `` area law '' is what became the Second Law in the set of three ; but Kepler did himself not privilege it in that way . History ( edit ) Johannes Kepler published his first two laws about planetary motion in 1609 , having found them by analyzing the astronomical observations of Tycho Brahe . Kepler 's third law was published in 1619 . Notably , Kepler had believed in the Copernican model of the solar system , which called for circular orbits , but could not reconcile Brahe 's highly precise observations with a circular fit to Mars ' orbit ( Mars coincidentally having the highest eccentricity of all planets except Mercury ) . His first law reflected this discovery . Kepler in 1621 and Godefroy Wendelin in 1643 noted that Kepler 's third law applies to the four brightest moons of Jupiter . The second law , in the `` area law '' form , was contested by Nicolaus Mercator in a book from 1664 , but by 1670 his Philosophical Transactions were in its favour . As the century proceeded it became more widely accepted . The reception in Germany changed noticeably between 1688 , the year in which Newton 's Principia was published and was taken to be basically Copernican , and 1690 , by which time work of Gottfried Leibniz on Kepler had been published . Newton is credited with understanding that the second law is not special to the inverse square law of gravitation , being a consequence just of the radial nature of that law ; while the other laws do depend on the inverse square form of the attraction . Carl Runge and Wilhelm Lenz much later identified a symmetry principle in the phase space of planetary motion ( the orthogonal group O ( 4 ) acting ) which accounts for the first and third laws in the case of Newtonian gravitation , as conservation of angular momentum does via rotational symmetry for the second law . Formulary ( edit ) The mathematical model of the kinematics of a planet subject to the laws allows a large range of further calculations . First law ( edit ) The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci . Figure 2 : Kepler 's first law placing the Sun at the focus of an elliptical orbit Figure 4 : Heliocentric coordinate system ( r , θ ) for ellipse . Also shown are : semi-major axis a , semi-minor axis b and semi-latus rectum p ; center of ellipse and its two foci marked by large dots . For θ = 0 ° , r = r and for θ = 180 ° , r = r . Mathematically , an ellipse can be represented by the formula : r = p 1 + ε cos θ , ( \ displaystyle r = ( \ frac ( p ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ , \ cos \ theta ) ) , ) where p ( \ displaystyle p ) is the semi-latus rectum , ε is the eccentricity of the ellipse , r is the distance from the Sun to the planet , and θ is the angle to the planet 's current position from its closest approach , as seen from the Sun . So ( r , θ ) are polar coordinates . For an ellipse 0 < ε < 1 ; in the limiting case ε = 0 , the orbit is a circle with the sun at the centre ( i.e. where there is zero eccentricity ) . At θ = 0 ° , perihelion , the distance is minimum r min = p 1 + ε ( \ displaystyle r_ ( \ min ) = ( \ frac ( p ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon ) ) ) At θ = 90 ° and at θ = 270 ° the distance is equal to p ( \ displaystyle p ) . At θ = 180 ° , aphelion , the distance is maximum ( by definition , aphelion is -- invariably -- perihelion plus 180 ° ) r max = p 1 − ε ( \ displaystyle r_ ( \ max ) = ( \ frac ( p ) ( 1 - \ varepsilon ) ) ) The semi-major axis a is the arithmetic mean between r and r : r max − a = a − r min ( \ displaystyle \ , r_ ( \ max ) - a = a-r_ ( \ min ) ) a = p 1 − ε 2 ( \ displaystyle a = ( \ frac ( p ) ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) The semi-minor axis b is the geometric mean between r and r : r max b = b r min ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( r_ ( \ max ) ) ( b ) ) = ( \ frac ( b ) ( r_ ( \ min ) ) ) ) b = p 1 − ε 2 ( \ displaystyle b = ( \ frac ( p ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) The semi-latus rectum p is the harmonic mean between r and r : 1 r min − 1 p = 1 p − 1 r max ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( r_ ( \ min ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( p ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( p ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( r_ ( \ max ) ) ) ) p a = r max r min = b 2 ( \ displaystyle pa = r_ ( \ max ) r_ ( \ min ) = b ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) The eccentricity ε is the coefficient of variation between r and r : ε = r max − r min r max + r min . ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon = ( \ frac ( r_ ( \ max ) - r_ ( \ min ) ) ( r_ ( \ max ) + r_ ( \ min ) ) ) . ) The area of the ellipse is A = π a b . ( \ displaystyle A = \ pi ab \ , . ) The special case of a circle is ε = 0 , resulting in r = p = r = r = a = b and A = πr . Second law ( edit ) A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time . The same ( blue ) area is swept out in a fixed time period . The green arrow is velocity . The purple arrow directed towards the Sun is the acceleration . The other two purple arrows are acceleration components parallel and perpendicular to the velocity . The orbital radius and angular velocity of the planet in the elliptical orbit will vary . This is shown in the animation : the planet travels faster when closer to the sun , then slower when farther from the sun . Kepler 's second law states that the blue sector has constant area . In a small time d t ( \ displaystyle dt \ , ) the planet sweeps out a small triangle having base line r ( \ displaystyle r \ , ) and height r d θ ( \ displaystyle r \ , d \ theta ) and area d A = 1 2 ⋅ r ⋅ r d θ ( \ displaystyle dA = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdot r \ cdot rd \ theta ) and so the constant areal velocity is d A d t = 1 2 r 2 d θ d t . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dA ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) r ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( d \ theta ) ( dt ) ) . ) The area enclosed by the elliptical orbit is π a b . ( \ displaystyle \ pi ab. \ , ) So the period P ( \ displaystyle P \ , ) satisfies P ⋅ 1 2 r 2 d θ d t = π a b ( \ displaystyle P \ cdot ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) r ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( d \ theta ) ( dt ) ) = \ pi ab ) and the mean motion of the planet around the Sun n = 2 π / P ( \ displaystyle n = 2 \ pi / P ) satisfies r 2 d θ = a b n d t . ( \ displaystyle r ^ ( 2 ) \ , d \ theta = abn \ , dt . ) Third law of Kepler 's ( edit ) The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit . This captures the relationship between the distance of planets from the Sun , and their orbital periods . Kepler enunciated in 1619 this third law in a laborious attempt to determine what he viewed as the `` music of the spheres '' according to precise laws , and express it in terms of musical notation . So it was known as the harmonic law . According to this law the expression P a has the same value for all the planets in the solar system . Here P is the time taken for a planet to complete an orbit round the sun , and a is the mean value between the maximum and minimum distances between the planet and sun . The corresponding formula in Newtonian mechanics is P 2 a 3 = 4 π 2 G ( M + m ) ≈ 4 π 2 G M = c o n s t a n t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( P ^ ( 2 ) ) ( a ^ ( 3 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( G ( M + m ) ) ) \ approx ( \ frac ( 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( GM ) ) = \ mathrm ( constant ) ) where M is the mass of the sun , m is the mass of the planet , and G is the gravitational constant . As the Sun is much more massive than any planet , Kepler 's third law is approximately correct in Newtonian mechanics . Planetary acceleration ( edit ) Isaac Newton computed in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica the acceleration of a planet moving according to Kepler 's first and second law . The direction of the acceleration is towards the Sun . The magnitude of the acceleration is inversely proportional to the square of the planet 's distance from the Sun ( the inverse square law ) . This implies that the Sun may be the physical cause of the acceleration of planets . However , Newton states in his Principia that he considers forces from a mathematical point of view , not a physical , thereby taking an instrumentalist view . Moreover , he does not assign a cause to gravity . Newton defined the force acting on a planet to be the product of its mass and the acceleration ( see Newton 's laws of motion ) . So : Every planet is attracted towards the Sun . The force acting on a planet is in direct proportion to the mass of the planet and in inverse proportion to the square of its distance from the Sun . The Sun plays an unsymmetrical part , which is unjustified . So he assumed , in Newton 's law of universal gravitation : All bodies in the solar system attract one another . The force between two bodies is in direct proportion to the product of their masses and in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between them . As the planets have small masses compared to that of the Sun , the orbits conform approximately to Kepler 's laws . Newton 's model improves upon Kepler 's model , and fits actual observations more accurately ( see two - body problem ) . Below comes the detailed calculation of the acceleration of a planet moving according to Kepler 's first and second laws . Acceleration vector ( edit ) See also : Polar coordinate § Vector calculus , and Mechanics of planar particle motion From the heliocentric point of view consider the vector to the planet r = r r ^ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) = r ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) where r ( \ displaystyle r ) is the distance to the planet and r ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) is a unit vector pointing towards the planet . d r ^ d t = r ^ _̇ = θ _̇ θ ^ , d θ ^ d t = θ ^ _̇ = − θ _̇ r ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ dot ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) = ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) , \ qquad ( \ frac ( d ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ dot ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) ) = - ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) where θ ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) ) is the unit vector whose direction is 90 degrees counterclockwise of r ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) , and θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) is the polar angle , and where a dot on top of the variable signifies differentiation with respect to time . Differentiate the position vector twice to obtain the velocity vector and the acceleration vector : r _̇ = r _̇ r ^ + r r ^ _̇ = r _̇ r ^ + r θ _̇ θ ^ , ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) = ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) + r ( \ dot ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) = ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) + r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) , ) r _̈ = ( r _̈ r ^ + r _̇ r ^ _̇ ) + ( r _̇ θ _̇ θ ^ + r θ _̈ θ ^ + r θ _̇ θ ^ _̇ ) = ( r _̈ − r θ _̇ 2 ) r ^ + ( r θ _̈ + 2 r _̇ θ _̇ ) θ ^ . ( \ displaystyle ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) = ( ( \ ddot ( r ) ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) + ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ dot ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) ) + ( ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) + r ( \ ddot ( \ theta ) ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) + r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ( \ dot ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) ) ) = ( ( \ ddot ( r ) ) - r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) + ( r ( \ ddot ( \ theta ) ) + 2 ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) . ) So r _̈ = a r r ^ + a θ θ ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) = a_ ( r ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( r ) ) ) + a_ ( \ theta ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) ) where the radial acceleration is a r = r _̈ − r θ _̇ 2 ( \ displaystyle a_ ( r ) = ( \ ddot ( r ) ) - r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) and the transversal acceleration is a θ = r θ _̈ + 2 r _̇ θ _̇ . ( \ displaystyle a_ ( \ theta ) = r ( \ ddot ( \ theta ) ) + 2 ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) . ) The inverse square law ( edit ) Kepler 's second law says that r 2 θ _̇ = n a b ( \ displaystyle r ^ ( 2 ) ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) = nab ) is constant . The transversal acceleration a θ ( \ displaystyle a_ ( \ theta ) ) is zero : d ( r 2 θ _̇ ) d t = r ( 2 r _̇ θ _̇ + r θ _̈ ) = r a θ = 0 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ( r ^ ( 2 ) ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = r ( 2 ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) + r ( \ ddot ( \ theta ) ) ) = ra_ ( \ theta ) = 0 . ) So the acceleration of a planet obeying Kepler 's second law is directed towards the sun . The radial acceleration a r ( \ displaystyle a_ ( r ) ) is a r = r _̈ − r θ _̇ 2 = r _̈ − r ( n a b r 2 ) 2 = r _̈ − n 2 a 2 b 2 r 3 . ( \ displaystyle a_ ( r ) = ( \ ddot ( r ) ) - r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ ddot ( r ) ) - r \ left ( ( \ frac ( nab ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ ddot ( r ) ) - ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) . ) Kepler 's first law states that the orbit is described by the equation : p r = 1 + ε cos θ . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( p ) ( r ) ) = 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta . ) Differentiating with respect to time − p r _̇ r 2 = − ε sin θ θ _̇ ( \ displaystyle - ( \ frac ( p ( \ dot ( r ) ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = - \ varepsilon \ sin \ theta \ , ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ) or p r _̇ = n a b ε sin θ . ( \ displaystyle p ( \ dot ( r ) ) = nab \ , \ varepsilon \ sin \ theta . ) Differentiating once more p r _̈ = n a b ε cos θ θ _̇ = n a b ε cos θ n a b r 2 = n 2 a 2 b 2 r 2 ε cos θ . ( \ displaystyle p ( \ ddot ( r ) ) = nab \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta \ , ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) = nab \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta \ , ( \ frac ( nab ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta . ) The radial acceleration a r ( \ displaystyle a_ ( r ) ) satisfies p a r = n 2 a 2 b 2 r 2 ε cos θ − p n 2 a 2 b 2 r 3 = n 2 a 2 b 2 r 2 ( ε cos θ − p r ) . ( \ displaystyle pa_ ( r ) = ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta - p ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ left ( \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta - ( \ frac ( p ) ( r ) ) \ right ) . ) Substituting the equation of the ellipse gives p a r = n 2 a 2 b 2 r 2 ( p r − 1 − p r ) = − n 2 a 2 r 2 b 2 . ( \ displaystyle pa_ ( r ) = ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( p ) ( r ) ) - 1 - ( \ frac ( p ) ( r ) ) \ right ) = - ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) b ^ ( 2 ) . ) The relation b 2 = p a ( \ displaystyle b ^ ( 2 ) = pa ) gives the simple final result a r = − n 2 a 3 r 2 . ( \ displaystyle a_ ( r ) = - ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 3 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) This means that the acceleration vector r _̈ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) ) of any planet obeying Kepler 's first and second law satisfies the inverse square law r _̈ = − α r 2 r ^ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) = - ( \ frac ( \ alpha ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) where α = n 2 a 3 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 3 ) \ , ) is a constant , and r ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) is the unit vector pointing from the Sun towards the planet , and r ( \ displaystyle r \ , ) is the distance between the planet and the Sun . According to Kepler 's third law , α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) has the same value for all the planets . So the inverse square law for planetary accelerations applies throughout the entire solar system . The inverse square law is a differential equation . The solutions to this differential equation include the Keplerian motions , as shown , but they also include motions where the orbit is a hyperbola or parabola or a straight line . See Kepler orbit . Newton 's law of gravitation ( edit ) By Newton 's second law , the gravitational force that acts on the planet is : F = m planet r _̈ = − m planet α r − 2 r ^ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = m_ ( \ text ( planet ) ) \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) = - m_ ( \ text ( planet ) ) \ alpha r ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) where m planet ( \ displaystyle m_ ( \ text ( planet ) ) ) is the mass of the planet and α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) has the same value for all planets in the solar system . According to Newton 's third Law , the Sun is attracted to the planet by a force of the same magnitude . Since the force is proportional to the mass of the planet , under the symmetric consideration , it should also be proportional to the mass of the Sun , m Sun ( \ displaystyle m_ ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) . So α = G m Sun ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = Gm_ ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) where G ( \ displaystyle G ) is the gravitational constant . The acceleration of solar system body number i is , according to Newton 's laws : r _̈ i = G ∑ j ≠ i m j r i j − 2 r ^ i j ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( ( \ ddot ( r ) ) _ ( i ) ) = G \ sum _ ( j \ neq i ) m_ ( j ) r_ ( ij ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ij ) ) where m j ( \ displaystyle m_ ( j ) ) is the mass of body j , r i j ( \ displaystyle r_ ( ij ) ) is the distance between body i and body j , r ^ i j ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ij ) ) is the unit vector from body i towards body j , and the vector summation is over all bodies in the world , besides i itself . In the special case where there are only two bodies in the world , Earth and Sun , the acceleration becomes r _̈ Earth = G m Sun r Earth , Sun − 2 r ^ Earth , Sun ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) _ ( \ text ( Earth ) ) = Gm_ ( \ text ( Sun ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Earth ) ) , ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Earth ) ) , ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) ) which is the acceleration of the Kepler motion . So this Earth moves around the Sun according to Kepler 's laws . If the two bodies in the world are Moon and Earth the acceleration of the Moon becomes r _̈ Moon = G m Earth r Moon , Earth − 2 r ^ Moon , Earth ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) _ ( \ text ( Moon ) ) = Gm_ ( \ text ( Earth ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Moon ) ) , ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Moon ) ) , ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) ) So in this approximation the Moon moves around the Earth according to Kepler 's laws . In the three - body case the accelerations are r _̈ Sun = G m Earth r Sun , Earth − 2 r ^ Sun , Earth + G m Moon r Sun , Moon − 2 r ^ Sun , Moon ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) _ ( \ text ( Sun ) ) = Gm_ ( \ text ( Earth ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Sun ) ) , ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Sun ) ) , ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) + Gm_ ( \ text ( Moon ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Sun ) ) , ( \ text ( Moon ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Sun ) ) , ( \ text ( Moon ) ) ) ) r _̈ Earth = G m Sun r Earth , Sun − 2 r ^ Earth , Sun + G m Moon r Earth , Moon − 2 r ^ Earth , Moon ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) _ ( \ text ( Earth ) ) = Gm_ ( \ text ( Sun ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Earth ) ) , ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Earth ) ) , ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) + Gm_ ( \ text ( Moon ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Earth ) ) , ( \ text ( Moon ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Earth ) ) , ( \ text ( Moon ) ) ) ) r _̈ Moon = G m Sun r Moon , Sun − 2 r ^ Moon , Sun + G m Earth r Moon , Earth − 2 r ^ Moon , Earth ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) _ ( \ text ( Moon ) ) = Gm_ ( \ text ( Sun ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Moon ) ) , ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Moon ) ) , ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) + Gm_ ( \ text ( Earth ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Moon ) ) , ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Moon ) ) , ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) ) These accelerations are not those of Kepler orbits , and the three - body problem is complicated . But Keplerian approximation is the basis for perturbation calculations . See Lunar theory . Position as a function of time ( edit ) Kepler used his two first laws to compute the position of a planet as a function of time . His method involves the solution of a transcendental equation called Kepler 's equation . The procedure for calculating the heliocentric polar coordinates ( r , θ ) of a planet as a function of the time t since perihelion , is the following four steps : 1 . Compute the mean anomaly M = nt where n is the mean motion . n ⋅ P = 2 π ( \ displaystyle n \ cdot P = 2 \ pi ) radians where P is the period . 2 . Compute the eccentric anomaly E by solving Kepler 's equation : M = E − ε sin E ( \ displaystyle \ M = E - \ varepsilon \ sin E ) 3 . Compute the true anomaly θ by the equation : ( 1 − ε ) tan 2 θ 2 = ( 1 + ε ) tan 2 E 2 ( \ displaystyle ( 1 - \ varepsilon ) \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( \ theta ) ( 2 ) ) = ( 1 + \ varepsilon ) \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( E ) ( 2 ) ) ) 4 . Compute the heliocentric distance r = a ( 1 − ε cos E ) . ( \ displaystyle r = a ( 1 - \ varepsilon \ cos E ) . ) The important special case of circular orbit , ε = 0 , gives θ = E = M. Because the uniform circular motion was considered to be normal , a deviation from this motion was considered an anomaly . The proof of this procedure is shown below . Mean anomaly , M ( edit ) FIgure 5 : Geometric construction for Kepler 's calculation of θ . The Sun ( located at the focus ) is labeled S and the planet P . The auxiliary circle is an aid to calculation . Line xd is perpendicular to the base and through the planet P . The shaded sectors are arranged to have equal areas by positioning of point y . The Keplerian problem assumes an elliptical orbit and the four points : s the Sun ( at one focus of ellipse ) ; z the perihelion c the center of the ellipse p the planet and a = c z , ( \ displaystyle \ a = cz , ) distance between center and perihelion , the semimajor axis , ε = c s a , ( \ displaystyle \ \ varepsilon = ( cs \ over a ) , ) the eccentricity , b = a 1 − ε 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ b = a ( \ sqrt ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) the semiminor axis , r = s p , ( \ displaystyle \ r = sp , ) the distance between Sun and planet . θ = ∠ z s p , ( \ displaystyle \ theta = \ angle zsp , ) the direction to the planet as seen from the Sun , the true anomaly . The problem is to compute the polar coordinates ( r , θ ) of the planet from the time since perihelion , t . It is solved in steps . Kepler considered the circle with the major axis as a diameter , and x , ( \ displaystyle \ x , ) the projection of the planet to the auxiliary circle y , ( \ displaystyle \ y , ) the point on the circle such that the sector areas zcy and zsx are equal , M = ∠ z c y , ( \ displaystyle M = \ angle zcy , ) the mean anomaly . The sector areas are related by z s p = b a ⋅ z s x . ( \ displaystyle zsp = ( \ frac ( b ) ( a ) ) \ cdot zsx . ) The circular sector area z c y = a 2 M 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ zcy = ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) M ) ( 2 ) ) . ) The area swept since perihelion , z s p = b a ⋅ z s x = b a ⋅ z c y = b a ⋅ a 2 M 2 = a b M 2 , ( \ displaystyle zsp = ( \ frac ( b ) ( a ) ) \ cdot zsx = ( \ frac ( b ) ( a ) ) \ cdot zcy = ( \ frac ( b ) ( a ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) M ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( abM ) ( 2 ) ) , ) is by Kepler 's second law proportional to time since perihelion . So the mean anomaly , M , is proportional to time since perihelion , t . M = n t , ( \ displaystyle M = nt , \ , ) where n is the mean motion . Eccentric anomaly , E ( edit ) When the mean anomaly M is computed , the goal is to compute the true anomaly θ . The function θ = f ( M ) is , however , not elementary . Kepler 's solution is to use E = ∠ z c x ( \ displaystyle E = \ angle zcx ) , x as seen from the centre , the eccentric anomaly as an intermediate variable , and first compute E as a function of M by solving Kepler 's equation below , and then compute the true anomaly θ from the eccentric anomaly E. Here are the details . z c y = z s x = z c x − s c x ( \ displaystyle \ zcy = zsx = zcx - scx ) a 2 M 2 = a 2 E 2 − a ε ⋅ a sin E 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) M ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) E ) ( 2 ) ) - ( \ frac ( a \ varepsilon \ cdot a \ sin E ) ( 2 ) ) ) Division by a / 2 gives Kepler 's equation M = E − ε sin E . ( \ displaystyle M = E - \ varepsilon \ sin E . ) This equation gives M as a function of E. Determining E for a given M is the inverse problem . Iterative numerical algorithms are commonly used . Having computed the eccentric anomaly E , the next step is to calculate the true anomaly θ . True anomaly , θ ( edit ) Note from the figure that c d → = c s → + s d → ( \ displaystyle ( \ overrightarrow ( cd ) ) = ( \ overrightarrow ( cs ) ) + ( \ overrightarrow ( sd ) ) ) so that a cos E = a ε + r cos θ . ( \ displaystyle a \ cos E = a \ varepsilon + r \ cos \ theta . ) Dividing by a ( \ displaystyle a ) and inserting from Kepler 's first law r a = 1 − ε 2 1 + ε cos θ ( \ displaystyle \ ( \ frac ( r ) ( a ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) ) ) to get cos E = ε + 1 − ε 2 1 + ε cos θ cos θ ( \ displaystyle \ cos E = \ varepsilon + ( \ frac ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) ) \ cos \ theta ) = ε ( 1 + ε cos θ ) + ( 1 − ε 2 ) cos θ 1 + ε cos θ ( \ displaystyle = ( \ frac ( \ varepsilon ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) + ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) \ cos \ theta ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) ) ) = ε + cos θ 1 + ε cos θ . ( \ displaystyle = ( \ frac ( \ varepsilon + \ cos \ theta ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) ) . ) The result is a usable relationship between the eccentric anomaly E and the true anomaly θ . A computationally more convenient form follows by substituting into the trigonometric identity : tan 2 x 2 = 1 − cos x 1 + cos x . ( \ displaystyle \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( x ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - \ cos x ) ( 1 + \ cos x ) ) . ) Get tan 2 E 2 = 1 − cos E 1 + cos E = 1 − ε + cos θ 1 + ε cos θ 1 + ε + cos θ 1 + ε cos θ = ( 1 + ε cos θ ) − ( ε + cos θ ) ( 1 + ε cos θ ) + ( ε + cos θ ) = 1 − ε 1 + ε ⋅ 1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ = 1 − ε 1 + ε tan 2 θ 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) & \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( E ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - \ cos E ) ( 1 + \ cos E ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - ( \ frac ( \ varepsilon + \ cos \ theta ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) ) ) ( 1 + ( \ frac ( \ varepsilon + \ cos \ theta ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) ) ) ) \ \ ( 8pt ) = ( ) & ( \ frac ( ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) - ( \ varepsilon + \ cos \ theta ) ) ( ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) + ( \ varepsilon + \ cos \ theta ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - \ varepsilon ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 1 - \ cos \ theta ) ( 1 + \ cos \ theta ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - \ varepsilon ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon ) ) \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( \ theta ) ( 2 ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Multiplying by 1 + ε gives the result ( 1 − ε ) tan 2 θ 2 = ( 1 + ε ) tan 2 E 2 ( \ displaystyle ( 1 - \ varepsilon ) \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( \ theta ) ( 2 ) ) = ( 1 + \ varepsilon ) \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( E ) ( 2 ) ) ) This is the third step in the connection between time and position in the orbit . Distance , r ( edit ) The fourth step is to compute the heliocentric distance r from the true anomaly θ by Kepler 's first law : r ( 1 + ε cos θ ) = a ( 1 − ε 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ r ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) = a ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) ) Using the relation above between θ and E the final equation for the distance r is : r = a ( 1 − ε cos E ) . ( \ displaystyle \ r = a ( 1 - \ varepsilon \ cos E ) . ) See also ( edit ) Circular motion Free - fall time Gravity Kepler orbit Kepler problem Kepler 's equation Laplace -- Runge -- Lenz vector Specific relative angular momentum , relatively easy derivation of Kepler 's laws starting with conservation of angular momentum Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Godefroy Wendelin wrote a letter to Giovanni Battista Riccioli about the relationship between the distances of the Jovian moons from Jupiter and the periods of their orbits , showing that the periods and distances conformed to Kepler 's third law . See : Joanne Baptista Riccioli , Almagestum novum ... ( Bologna ( Bononia ) , ( Italy ) : Victor Benati , 1651 ) , volume 1 , page 492 Scholia III . In the margin beside the relevant paragraph is printed : Vendelini ingeniosa speculatio circa motus & intervalla satellitum Jovis . ( Wendelin 's clever speculation about the movement and distances of Jupiter 's satellites . ) In 1621 , Johannes Kepler had noted that Jupiter 's moons obey ( approximately ) his third law in his Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae ( Epitome of Copernican Astronomy ) ( Linz ( `` Lentiis ad Danubium `` ) , ( Austria ) : Johann Planck , 1622 ) , book 4 , part 2 , page 554 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jeff ; Pavlyk , Oleksandr . `` Kepler 's Second Law '' , Wolfram Demonstrations Project . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/23/science/after-400-years-a-challenge-to-kepler-he-fabricated-his-data-scholar-says.html?pagewanted=1 ^ Jump up to : Holton , Gerald James ; Brush , Stephen G. ( 2001 ) . Physics , the Human Adventure : From Copernicus to Einstein and Beyond ( 3rd paperback ed . ) . Piscataway , NJ : Rutgers University Press . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2908 - 5 . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , Eléments de la philosophie de Newton ( Elements of Newton 's Philosophy ) ( London , England : 1738 ) . See , for example : From p. 162 : `` Par une des grandes loix de Kepler , toute Planete décrit des aires égales en temp égaux : par une autre loi non moins sûre , chaque Planete fait sa révolution autour du Soleil en telle sort , que si , sa moyenne distance au Soleil est 10 . prenez le cube de ce nombre , ce qui sera 1000. , & le tems de la révolution de cette Planete autour du Soleil sera proportionné à la racine quarrée de ce nombre 1000 . '' ( By one of the great laws of Kepler , each planet describes equal areas in equal times ; by another law no less certain , each planet makes its revolution around the sun in such a way that if its mean distance from the sun is 10 , take the cube of that number , which will be 1000 , and the time of the revolution of that planet around the sun will be proportional to the square root of that number 1000 . ) From p. 205 : `` Il est donc prouvé par la loi de Kepler & par celle de Neuton , que chaque Planete gravite vers le Soleil , ... '' ( It is thus proved by the law of Kepler and by that of Newton , that each planet revolves around the sun ... ) ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Curtis ( May 1994 ) . `` Kepler 's Laws , So - Called '' ( PDF ) . HAD News . Washington , DC : Historical Astronomy Division , American Astronomical Society ( 31 ) : 1 -- 2 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ De la Lande , Astronomie , vol. 1 ( Paris , France : Desaint & Saillant , 1764 ) . See , for example : From page 390 : `` ... mais suivant la fameuse loi de Kepler , qui sera expliquée dans le Livre suivant ( 892 ) , le rapport des temps périodiques est toujours plus grand que celui des distances , une planete cinq fois plus éloignée du soleil , emploie à faire sa révolution douze fois plus de temps ou environ ; ... '' ( ... but according to the famous law of Kepler , which will be explained in the following book ( i.e. , chapter ) ( paragraph 892 ) , the ratio of the periods is always greater than that of the distances ( so that , for example , ) a planet five times farther from the sun , requires about twelve times or so more time to make its revolution ( around the sun ) ; ... ) From page 429 : `` Les Quarrés des Temps périodiques sont comme les Cubes des Distances. 892 . La plus fameuse loi du mouvement des planetes découverte par Kepler , est celle du repport qu'il ya entre les grandeurs de leurs orbites , & le temps qu'elles emploient à les parcourir ; ... '' ( The squares of the periods are as the cubes of the distances . 892 . The most famous law of the movement of the planets discovered by Kepler is that of the relation between the sizes of their orbits and the times that the ( planets ) require to traverse them ; ... ) From page 430 : `` Les Aires sont proportionnelles au Temps. 895 . Cette loi générale du mouvement des planetes devenue si importante dans l'Astronomie , sçavior , que les aires sont proportionnelles au temps , est encore une des découvertes de Kepler ; ... '' ( Areas are proportional to times . 895 . This general law of the movement of the planets ( which has ) become so important in astronomy , namely , that areas are proportional to times , is one of Kepler 's discoveries ; ... ) From page 435 : `` On a appellé cette loi des aires proportionnelles aux temps , Loi de Kepler , aussi bien que celle de l'article 892 , du nome de ce célebre Inventeur ; ... '' ( One called this law of areas proportional to times ( the law of Kepler ) as well as that of paragraph 892 , by the name of that celebrated inventor ; ... ) Jump up ^ Robert Small , An account of the astronomical discoveries of Kepler ( London , England : J Mawman , 1804 ) , pp. 298 -- 299 . Jump up ^ Robert Small , An account of the astronomical discoveries of Kepler ( London , England : J. Mawman , 1804 ) . Jump up ^ Bruce Stephenson ( 1994 ) . Kepler 's Physical Astronomy . Princeton University Press . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03652 - 7 . Jump up ^ In his Astronomia nova , Kepler presented only a proof that Mars ' orbit is elliptical . Evidence that the other known planets ' orbits are elliptical was presented only in 1621 . See : Johannes Kepler , Astronomia nova ... ( 1609 ) , p. 285 . After having rejected circular and oval orbits , Kepler concluded that Mars ' orbit must be elliptical . From the top of page 285 : `` Ergo ellipsis est Planetæ iter ; ... '' ( Thus , an ellipse is the planet 's ( i.e. , Mars ' ) path ; ... ) Later on the same page : `` ... ut sequenti capite patescet : ubi simul etiam demonstrabitur , nullam Planetæ relinqui figuram Orbitæ , præterquam perfecte ellipticam ; ... '' ( ... as will be revealed in the next chapter : where it will also then be proved that any figure of the planet 's orbit must be relinquished , except a perfect ellipse ; ... ) And then : `` Caput LIX . Demonstratio , quod orbita Martis , ... , fiat perfecta ellipsis : ... '' ( Chapter 59 . Proof that Mars ' orbit , ... , is a perfect ellipse : ... ) The geometric proof that Mars ' orbit is an ellipse appears as Protheorema XI on pages 289 -- 290 . Kepler stated that every planet travels in elliptical orbits having the Sun at one focus in : Johannes Kepler , Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae ( Summary of Copernican Astronomy ) ( Linz ( `` Lentiis ad Danubium '' ) , ( Austria ) : Johann Planck , 1622 ) , book 5 , part 1 , III . De Figura Orbitæ ( III . On the figure ( i.e. , shape ) of orbits ) , pages 658 -- 665 . From p. 658 : `` Ellipsin fieri orbitam planetæ ... '' ( Of an ellipse is made a planet 's orbit ... ) . From p. 659 : `` ... Sole ( Foco altero huius ellipsis ) ... '' ( ... the Sun ( the other focus of this ellipse ) ... ) . Jump up ^ In his Astronomia nova ... ( 1609 ) , Kepler did not present his second law in its modern form . He did that only in his Epitome of 1621 . Furthermore , in 1609 , he presented his second law in two different forms , which scholars call the `` distance law '' and the `` area law '' . His `` distance law '' is presented in : `` Caput XXXII . Virtutem quam Planetam movet in circulum attenuari cum discessu a fonte . '' ( Chapter 32 . The force that moves a planet circularly weakens with distance from the source . ) See : Johannes Kepler , Astronomia nova ... ( 1609 ) , pp. 165 -- 167 . On page 167 , Kepler states : `` ... , quanto longior est αδ quam αε , tanto diutius moratur Planeta in certo aliquo arcui excentrici apud δ , quam in æquali arcu excentrici apud ε . '' ( ... , as αδ is longer than αε , so much longer will a planet remain on a certain arc of the eccentric near δ than on an equal arc of the eccentric near ε . ) That is , the farther a planet is from the Sun ( at the point α ) , the slower it moves along its orbit , so a radius from the Sun to a planet passes through equal areas in equal times . However , as Kepler presented it , his argument is accurate only for circles , not ellipses . His `` area law '' is presented in : `` Caput LIX . Demonstratio , quod orbita Martis , ... , fiat perfecta ellipsis : ... '' ( Chapter 59 . Proof that Mars ' orbit , ... , is a perfect ellipse : ... ) , Protheorema XIV and XV , pp. 291 -- 295 . On the top p. 294 , it reads : `` Arcum ellipseos , cujus moras metitur area AKN , debere terminari in LK , ut sit AM . '' ( The arc of the ellipse , of which the duration is delimited ( i.e. , measured ) by the area AKM , should be terminated in LK , so that it ( i.e. , the arc ) is AM . ) In other words , the time that Mars requires to move along an arc AM of its elliptical orbit is measured by the area of the segment AMN of the ellipse ( where N is the position of the Sun ) , which in turn is proportional to the section AKN of the circle that encircles the ellipse and that is tangent to it . Therefore , the area that is swept out by a radius from the Sun to Mars as Mars moves along an arc of its elliptical orbit is proportional to the time that Mars requires to move along that arc . Thus , a radius from the Sun to Mars sweeps out equal areas in equal times . In 1621 , Kepler restated his second law for any planet : Johannes Kepler , Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae ( Summary of Copernican Astronomy ) ( Linz ( `` Lentiis ad Danubium '' ) , ( Austria ) : Johann Planck , 1622 ) , book 5 , page 668 . From page 668 : `` Dictum quidem est in superioribus , divisa orbita in particulas minutissimas æquales : accrescete iis moras planetæ per eas , in proportione intervallorum inter eas & Solem . '' ( It has been said above that , if the orbit of the planet is divided into the smallest equal parts , the times of the planet in them increase in the ratio of the distances between them and the sun . ) That is , a planet 's speed along its orbit is inversely proportional to its distance from the Sun . ( The remainder of the paragraph makes clear that Kepler was referring to what is now called angular velocity . ) ^ Jump up to : Johannes Kepler , Harmonices Mundi ( The Harmony of the World ) ( Linz , ( Austria ) : Johann Planck , 1619 ) , book 5 , chapter 3 , p. 189 . From the bottom of p. 189 : `` Sed res est certissima exactissimaque quod proportio qua est inter binorum quorumcunque Planetarum tempora periodica , sit præcise sesquialtera proportionis mediarum distantiarum , ... '' ( But it is absolutely certain and exact that the proportion between the periodic times of any two planets is precisely the sesquialternate proportion ( i.e. , the ratio of 3 : 2 ) of their mean distances , ... `` ) An English translation of Kepler 's Harmonices Mundi is available as : Johannes Kepler with E.J. Aiton , A.M. Duncan , and J.V. Field , trans. , The Harmony of the World ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : American Philosophical Society , 1997 ) ; see especially p. 411 . Jump up ^ http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/planets_table.html Jump up ^ Wilbur Applebaum ( 13 June 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution : From Copernicus to Newton . Routledge . p. 603 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 58255 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roy Porter ( 25 September 1992 ) . The Scientific Revolution in National Context . Cambridge University Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39699 - 8 . Jump up ^ Victor Guillemin ; Shlomo Sternberg ( 2006 ) . Variations on a Theme by Kepler . American Mathematical Soc . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8218 - 4184 - 6 . Jump up ^ Burtt , Edwin . The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Gerald James Holton , Stephen G. Brush ( 2001 ) . Physics , the Human Adventure . Rutgers University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2908 - 5 . Jump up ^ I. Newton , Principia , p. 408 in the translation of I.B. Cohen and A. Whitman Jump up ^ I. Newton , Principia , p. 943 in the translation of I.B. Cohen and A. Whitman Jump up ^ MÜLLER , M ( 1995 ) . `` EQUATION OF TIME -- PROBLEM IN ASTRONOMY '' . Acta Physica Polonica A. Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Kepler 's life is summarized on pages 523 -- 627 and Book Five of his magnum opus , Harmonice Mundi ( harmonies of the world ) , is reprinted on pages 635 -- 732 of On the Shoulders of Giants : The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy ( works by Copernicus , Kepler , Galileo , Newton , and Einstein ) . Stephen Hawking , ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7624 - 1348 - 4 A derivation of Kepler 's third law of planetary motion is a standard topic in engineering mechanics classes . See , for example , pages 161 -- 164 of Meriam , J.L. ( 1971 ) ( 1966 ) . `` Dynamics , 2nd ed '' . New York : John Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 59601 - 9 ... Murray and Dermott , Solar System Dynamics , Cambridge University Press 1999 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 57597 - 4 V.I. Arnold , Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics , Chapter 2 . Springer 1989 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 96890 - 3 External links ( edit ) B. Surendranath Reddy ; animation of Kepler 's laws : applet `` Derivation of Kepler 's Laws '' ( from Newton 's laws ) at Physics Stack Exchange . Crowell , Benjamin , Light and Matter , an online book that gives a proof of the first law without the use of calculus ( see section 15.7 ) David McNamara and Gianfranco Vidali , Kepler 's Second Law -- Java Interactive Tutorial , http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/java/mc_html/kepler.html , an interactive Java applet that aids in the understanding of Kepler 's Second Law . Audio -- Cain / Gay ( 2010 ) Astronomy Cast Johannes Kepler and His Laws of Planetary Motion University of Tennessee 's Dept . Physics & Astronomy : Astronomy 161 page on Johannes Kepler : The Laws of Planetary Motion ( 1 ) Equant compared to Kepler : interactive model ( 2 ) Kepler 's Third Law : interactive model ( 3 ) Solar System Simulator ( Interactive Applet ) Kepler and His Laws , educational web pages by David P. Stern Gravitational orbits Types General Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Graveyard Horseshoe Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Sun - synchronous Low Earth Medium Earth High Earth Molniya Near - equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Tundra About other points Areosynchronous Areostationary Halo Lissajous Lunar Heliocentric Heliosynchronous Parameters Shape Size e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q , q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis π Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t Epoch Maneuvers Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) Delta - v Delta - v budget Bi-elliptic transfer Geostationary transfer Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Low energy transfer Oberth effect Inclination change Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Transposition , docking , and extraction Orbital mechanics Celestial coordinate system Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n - body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific relative angular momentum Two - line elements List of orbits Johannes Kepler Scientific career Kepler conjecture Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Kepler orbit Kepler triangle Kepler 's equation Kepler polyhedra Kepler 's Supernova Keplerian telescope Works Mysterium Cosmographicum ( 1596 ) Astronomia nova ( 1609 ) Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 21 ) Harmonices Mundi ( 1619 ) Rudolphine Tables ( 1627 ) Somnium ( 1634 ) Family Katharina Kepler ( mother ) Jakob Bartsch ( son - in - law ) Isaac Newton Publications De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas ( 1669 , published 1711 ) Method of Fluxions ( 1671 ) De motu corporum in gyrum ( 1684 ) Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) General Scholium ( 1713 ) Opticks ( 1704 ) The Queries ( 1704 ) Arithmetica Universalis ( 1707 ) Other writings Notes on the Jewish Temple Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ( 1728 ) An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture ( 1754 ) Discoveries and inventions Calculus Newton disc Newton polygon Newton -- Okounkov body Newton 's reflector Newtonian telescope Newton scale Newton 's metal Newton 's cradle Sextant Theory expansions Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Problem of Apollonius Newtonianism Bucket argument Newton 's inequalities Newton 's law of cooling Newton 's law of universal gravitation Post-Newtonian expansion Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism Newton -- Cartan theory Schrödinger -- Newton equation Gravitational constant Newton 's laws of motion Newtonian dynamics Newton 's method in optimization Gauss -- Newton algorithm Truncated Newton method Newton 's rings Newton 's theorem about ovals Newton -- Pepys problem Newtonian potential Newtonian fluid Classical mechanics Newtonian fluid Corpuscular theory of light Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy Newton 's notation Rotating spheres Newton 's cannonball Newton -- Cotes formulas Newton 's method Newton fractal Generalized Gauss -- Newton method Newton 's identities Newton polynomial Newton 's theorem of revolving orbits Newton -- Euler equations Newton number Kissing number problem Power number Newton 's quotient Newton -- Puiseux theorem Solar mass Dynamics Absolute space and time Finite difference Table of Newtonian series Impact depth Structural coloration Inertia Phrases `` Hypotheses non fingo '' `` Standing on the shoulders of giants '' Life Cranbury Park Woolsthorpe Manor Early life Later life Religious views Occult studies The Mysteryes of Nature and Art Scientific revolution Copernican Revolution Friends and family Catherine Barton John Conduitt William Clarke Benjamin Pulleyn William Stukeley William Jones Isaac Barrow Abraham de Moivre John Keill Cultural depictions Newton ( Blake ) Newton ( Paolozzi ) In popular culture Related Writing of Principia Mathematica List of things names after Newton Isaac Newton Institute Isaac Newton Medal Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes Isaac Newton Telescope Newton ( unit ) Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Isaac Newton S / O Philipose GND : 4365820 - 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-3989062004152931515 | Stock (food) | Stock ( food ) - wikipedia Stock ( food ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stock ( disambiguation ) . `` Fond '' redirects here . For the archival term , see Fonds . For other uses , see Wiktionary : fond . Making stock in a pot on a stove top Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Cooking Stocks Stock is a flavored liquid preparation . It forms the basis of many dishes , particularly soups and sauces . Making stocks involves simmering animal bones or meat , seafood , or vegetables in water or wine , adding mirepoix or other aromatics for more flavor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparation 2 Stock versus broth 3 Types 4 Preparation 5 See also 6 Bibliography 7 References Preparation ( edit ) Traditionally , stock is made by simmering various ingredients in water . A newer approach is to use a pressure cooker . The ingredients may include some or all of the following : Meat Leftover cooked meat , such as that remaining on poultry carcasses , is often used along with the bones of the bird or joint . Fresh meat makes a superior stock , and cuts rich in connective tissue such as shin or shoulder of beef or veal are commonly recommended , either alone or added in lower proportions to the remains of cooked poultry , to provide a richer and fresher - tasting stock . Quantities recommended are in the ratio of 1 part fresh meat to 2 parts water . Pork , although a popular base for stock in Chinese cuisine , is considered unsuitable for stock in European cooking due to its greasiness ( although 19th - century recipes for consomme and traditional aspic included slices of mild ham ) , and mutton was traditionally avoided due to the difficulty of avoiding the strong tallowy taint imparted from the fat . Bones Veal , beef , and chicken bones are most commonly used . The flavour of the stock comes from the cartilage and other connective tissue , like the bone . Connective tissue has collagen in it , which gets converted into gelatin that thickens the liquid . Stock made from bones needs to be simmered for longer than stock made from meat . Pressure cooking methods shorten the time necessary to extract the flavour from the bones . Mirepoix Mirepoix is a combination of onions , carrots , celery , and sometimes other vegetables . Often , the less desirable parts of the vegetables that may not otherwise be eaten ( such as carrot skins and celery cores and leaves ) are used . The use of these parts is highly dependent upon the chef , as many do not appreciate the flavours that these portions impart . Herbs and spices The herbs and spices used depend on availability and local traditions . In classical cuisine , the use of a bouquet garni ( or bag of herbs ) consisting of parsley , bay leaves , a sprig of thyme , and possibly other herbs , is common . This is often placed in a sachet to make it easier to remove once the stock is cooked . Today , ready - made stock and stock cubes consisting of dried , compressed stock ingredients are readily available . These are commonly known as bouillon cubes , as cooking base in the US , or as Oxo cubes in Britain , after a common brand of stock cube sold there . Stock versus broth ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Broth . ( edit history ) The difference between broth and stock is one of both cultural and colloquial terminology but certain definitions prevail . Stock is the liquid produced by simmering raw ingredients : solids are removed , leaving a highly flavored liquid . This yields classic stock as made from beef , veal , chicken , fish and vegetables . Broth differs in that it is a basic soup where the solid pieces of flavoring meat or fish , along with some vegetables , remain . It is often made more substantial by adding starches such as rice , barley or pulses . Traditionally , broth contained some form of meat or fish ; however , nowadays it is acceptable to refer to a strictly vegetable soup as a broth . Many cooks and food writers use the terms broth and stock interchangeably , and even when distinctions are made , they often vary from person to person . In 1974 , James Beard wrote more emphatically that `` they 're all the same thing '' . However , a traditional distinction between stock and broth is that stocks are made primarily from animal bones , as opposed to meat , and therefore contain more gelatin , giving them a thicker texture . Another distinction that is sometimes made is that stock is cooked longer than broth and therefore has a more intense flavor . A third possible distinction is that stock is left unseasoned for use in other recipes , while broth is salted and otherwise seasoned and can be eaten alone . Bouillon is the French word for `` broth '' , and is usually used as a synonym for it . Types ( edit ) Pouring fish stock on a stuffed fish Chicken stock is usually cooked for several hours . Fish stock is made with fish bones and finely chopped mirepoix . Fish stock should be cooked for 20 -- 25 minutes -- cooking any longer spoils the flavour . Concentrated fish stock is called `` fish fumet . '' In Japanese cooking , a fish and kelp stock called dashi is made by briefly ( a few minutes ) cooking skipjack tuna ( bonito ) flakes called katsuobushi in nearly boiling water . Fond blanc , or white stock , is made by using raw bones and white mirepoix . Chicken bones are the most common for fond blanc . Fond brun , or brown stock . The brown color is achieved by roasting the bones and mirepoix . This also adds a rich , full flavour . Veal bones are the most common type used in a fond brun . Tomato paste is often added ( sometimes thinned tomato paste is painted onto the roasting bones ) . The acid in the paste helps break down the connective tissue helping accelerating the formation of gelatin , as well as giving color to the stock . Glace viande is stock made from bones , usually from veal , that is highly concentrated by reduction . Ham stock , common in Cajun cooking , is made from ham hocks . Jus is a rich , lightly reduced stock used as a sauce for roasted meats . Many of these are started by deglazing the roasting pan , then reducing to achieve the rich flavour desired . Lamb stock is cooked for several hours . To make a lamb jus , start with a chicken stock and roasted lamb necks and bones . Master stock is a special Chinese stock used primarily for poaching meats , flavoured with soy sauce , sugar , ginger , garlic , and other aromatics . Prawn stock is made from boiling prawn shells . It is used in Southeast Asian dishes such as laksa . Veal stock is usually cooked for several hours . Vegetable stock is made only of vegetables . Remouillage is a second stock made from the same set of bones . Preparation ( edit ) A few basic rules are commonly prescribed for preparing stock : The stock ingredients are simmered starting with cold water . The collagen from connective tissue and skin is denatured into gelatin through gentle , long simmering , thickening the stock somewhat . Stocks are simmered gently , with bubbles just breaking the surface , and not boiled . If a stock is boiled , it will be cloudy . Salt is usually not added or only minimally added to the stock , since most stocks are reduced to make soups and sauces , and excessive salt will make the final dish too salty . Meat is added to a stock before vegetables , and the `` scum '' that rises to the surface is skimmed off before further ingredients are added . If the cook wants to remove the fat , after the stock is finished it is cooled and the fat , which floats , separates and solidifies into globs within the stock , which can be removed with ease . Stocks can be frozen and kept indefinitely but are better fresh . The refrigerator shelf life of a stock is three to four days , but the stock can be boiled at the end of this period and the life extended another three to four days . Stock can be kept for extended periods in this manner . See also ( edit ) Food portal Abgoosht Bouillon ( broth ) Bouillon cube Bouillon ( soup ) Broth Master stock Soup Bibliography ( edit ) Escoffier , Auguste ( 1903 ) . Le Guide culinaire . Aide mémoire de cuisine pratique . Paris , France : Flammarion . Escoffier , A ( 1941 ) . The Escoffier Cook Book . New York , NY , USA : Crown Publishers . Fannie Merritt Farmer ( 1896 ) . The Boston Cooking - School Cook Book . Boston , MA , USA : Little , Brown and Company . Beck , Simone ; Louisette Bertholle ; Julia Child ( 1961 ) . Mastering the Art of French Cooking . New York , NY , USA : Alfred A. Knopf . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spaull , Susan ; Lucinda Bruce - Gardyne ( 2003 ) . Leith 's Techniques Bible . Bloomsbury Publishing Plc , 38 Soho Square , London W1D 3 HB : Bloomsbury . p. 683 . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 6046 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barham , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Science of Cooking . Springer - Verlag , Berlin / Heidelberg : Springer . p. 127 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 67466 - 7 . Jump up ^ Smith , Delia ( 1992 ) . Delia Smith 's Complete Cookery Course . BBC Enterprises Ltd. , Woodlands , 80 Wood Lane , London W12 0TT : BBC Books . p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 563 - 36286 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Clifford A. ( 2011 ) . The Best Soups in the World . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0544177797 . I use the terms ' broth ' and ' stock ' interchangeably , as do many people , although technically there is a very small difference -- not important to the home cook ... Some English - speaking writers make a distinction between broth and bouillon , but bouillon is simply the French word for broth . Jump up ^ López - Alt , J. Kenji . `` How To Make Great Vegan Soups '' . Serious Eats . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . I do n't really want to get into the muddy details of nomenclature between broth and stock ... I use the words pretty much interchangeably , though I lean towards ' stock ' if I mean something pretty rich that I 'm gon na cook with and ' broth ' if I mean something my noodles or peas are already floating in . ^ Jump up to : Souder , Amy ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` What 's the Difference Between Chicken Stock and Chicken Broth ? '' . Chowhound . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Professional chefs and experienced cooks like us spout the broth and stock terms interchangeably . Jump up ^ Ruhlman , Michael ( 2009 ) . Ratio . Scribner . p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 6612 - 0 . Anytime you add liquid to vegetables and meat and heat it , you 're making stock whether or not you want to recognize it as such . Jump up ^ Beard , James ( 2015 ) . `` A stock is a broth is a bouillon '' . The Armchair James Beard . Open Road Media . ISBN 9781504004558 . The other morning my old friend Helen McCully called me at an early hour and said , ' Now that you 're revising your fish book , for heaven 's sake , define the difference between a stock , a broth and a bouillon . No book does . ' The reason no book does is that they are all the same thing . A stock , which is also a broth or a bouillon , is basically some meat , game , poultry , or fish simmered in water with bones , seasonings , and vegetables . Jump up ^ `` Broth Basics '' . Martha Stewart . 2011 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Emma . `` What 's the Difference Between Stock and Broth ? -- Word of Mouth '' . The Kitchn . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Alan ( 2014 ) . The Oxford Companion to Food ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 112 . ISBN 9780191040726 . broth : a term which usually means the liquid in which meat has been cooked or a simple soup based thereon . It is a close equivalent to the French bouillon and the Italian brodo ... It could be said that broth occupies an intermediate position between stock and soup . A broth ... can be eaten as is , whereas a stock ... would normally be consumed only as an ingredient in something more complex . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_(food)&oldid=837276589 '' Categories : Food ingredients Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English 粵語 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 20 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | other than water what is the most important ingredient of brown stock | [
"Fond brun, or brown stock. The brown color is achieved by roasting the bones and mirepoix. This also adds a rich, full flavour. Veal bones are the most common type used in a fond brun. Tomato paste is often added (sometimes thinned tomato paste is painted onto the roasting bones). The acid in the paste helps break down the connective tissue helping accelerating the formation of gelatin, as well as giving color to the stock."
] | [
"bones"
] |
-425898207196935233 | Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series) | Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( TV series ) - wikipedia Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Buck Rogers in the 25th Century Region 1 US DVD cover ( 2004 ) Developed by Glen A. Larson Leslie Stevens Starring Gil Gerard Erin Gray Pamela Hensley ( Season 1 ) Tim O'Connor ( Season 1 ) Felix Silla Mel Blanc Eric Server ( Season 1 ) Thom Christopher ( Season 2 ) Jay Garner ( Season 2 ) Wilfrid Hyde - White ( Season 2 ) Composer ( s ) Stu Phillips ( theme ) Johnny Harris ( theme ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 37 ( List of episodes ) Production Running time 60 min . ( with commercials ) Production company ( s ) Glen A. Larson Productions Leisure Concepts Universal Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Original release September 20 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 20 ) -- April 16 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 16 ) Buck Rogers in the 25th Century is an American science - fiction adventure television series produced by Universal Studios . The series ran for two seasons between 1979 and 1981 , and the feature - length pilot episode for the series was released as a theatrical film , before the series aired . The film and series were developed by Glen A. Larson and Leslie Stevens , based on the character Buck Rogers created in 1928 by Philip Francis Nowlan that had previously been featured in comic strips , novellas , a serial film , and on television and radio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and broadcast history 2 Film 3 Series 3.1 Second season 4 Cast 5 Episodes 5.1 International broadcast 6 Reception 7 Merchandise 8 Home video releases 9 References 10 External links Concept and broadcast history ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Inspired by the success of Star Wars , Universal began developing Buck Rogers for television , spearheaded by Glen A. Larson , who had a production deal with the studio . Production began in 1978 . Initially , Larson and Universal had planned on making a series of Buck Rogers TV movies for NBC . The pilot for Larson 's other science - fiction series , Battlestar Galactica ( 1978 ) , had been released theatrically in some countries and in key locations in North America , and had done well at the box office . Universal then opted to release the first Buck Rogers TV movie theatrically on March 30 , 1979 . Good box - office returns led NBC to commission a weekly series , which began on September 20 , 1979 , with a slightly modified version of the theatrical release . The production recycled many of the props , effects shots , and costumes from Battlestar Galactica , which was still in production at the time the pilot for Buck Rogers was being filmed . For example , the `` landram '' vehicle was made for the Galactica series , and the control sticks used in the Terran starfighters in the pilot movie were the same as those used in Galactica 's Viper craft . The Terran starfighters were also concept designer Ralph McQuarrie 's original vision of the Colonial Vipers . The new series centered on Captain William Anthony `` Buck '' Rogers , played by Gil Gerard , a NASA / USAF pilot who commands Ranger 3 , a spacecraft that is launched in May 1987 . Due to a life - support malfunction , Buck is accidentally frozen for 504 years before his spacecraft is discovered adrift in the year 2491 . The combination of gases that froze his body coincidentally comes close to the formula commonly used in the 25th century for cryopreservation , and his rescuers are able to revive him . He learns that civilization on Earth was rebuilt following a devastating nuclear war that occurred on November 22 , 1987 , and is now under the protection of the Earth Defense Directorate . The series followed him as he tried ( not always successfully ) to fit into 25th - century culture . As no traceable personal records of him remained , he was uniquely placed , due to his pilot and combat skills and personal ingenuity , to help Earth Defense foil assorted evil plots to conquer the planet . In many respects , this version of Buck Rogers was more similar to James Bond or Steve Austin than Nowlan 's original character , and Buck would often go under cover on various covert missions . Buck is aided in his adventures by his friend and sometimes romantic interest , Colonel Wilma Deering ( played by Erin Gray ) , a high - ranking officer and starfighter pilot . He is also assisted by Twiki , a small robot or `` ambuquad '' , as they were known . Twiki was played mainly by Felix Silla and voiced mainly by Mel Blanc ( who had previously voiced Daffy Duck as Duck Dodgers in spoofs of the early Buck Rogers and other science - fiction serials ) using a gruff voice very similar to the one he used for Barnyard Dawg . Twiki became Buck 's comic sidekick and communicated with an electronic noise that sounded like `` biddi - biddi - biddi '' , but also spoke English ( usually after saying `` biddi - biddi - biddi - biddi '' for several seconds ) . Also aiding Buck was Dr. Theopolis or `` Theo '' ( voiced by Eric Server ) , a sentient computer in the shape of a disk about 9 inches wide with an illuminated face . He was capable of understanding Twiki 's electronic language , and was often carried around by him . Theo was a member of Earth 's `` computer council '' and one of the planet 's scientific leaders . During the first season , Buck and Wilma took their orders from Dr. Elias Huer , played by Tim O'Connor , the head of the Defense Directorate . Some episodes suggested Huer was the leader of the entire planet , though this was never made completely clear . The series ' chief villain ( at least in the first season ) was Princess Ardala ( played by Pamela Hensley ) , whose goal was to conquer the Earth while making Buck her consort . She was aided by her henchman Kane ( played in the pilot film by Henry Silva and in the series by Michael Ansara ) . All of these characters were featured in the original comic strip , except for Dr. Theopolis and Twiki ( whose closest counterpart in earlier versions would likely be Buck 's human sidekick , Buddy Wade ) . Kane ( or Killer Kane as he was then known ) was also featured in the 1939 film serial and was actually the chief villain himself , rather than Ardala 's henchman ( Ardala did not appear in the film serial ) . The pilot film depicted human civilization as fairly insular , with an invisible defense shield that surrounded the entire planet , protecting it from invaders . Civilization was restricted to a few cities ; the main city seen in the pilot and weekly series was New Chicago , which was also known as the Inner City . Travel beyond the Inner City was hazardous , as much of the planet was said to be a radioactive wasteland inhabited by violent mutants ( as Buck discovered when he visited the derelict remains of old Chicago ) . Film ( edit ) Main article : Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( film ) The first made - for - TV movie was released theatrically in March 1979 as Buck Rogers in the 25th Century . The film made $21 million at the North American box office , prompting Universal to move ahead with a weekly series later that year . The film , which was also released internationally , featured all of the main protagonist characters who would appear in the weekly series , including Princess Ardala of the planet Draconia , and her henchman , Kane . Series ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The theatrical film also served as a pilot and two - part first episode for the series , entitled `` Awakening '' . Several scenes were edited , some to remove the more adult dialogue in the film ( including when Buck refers to Wilma as `` ballsy '' , and later when he says `` shit '' ) , and a scene in which Buck kills Ardala 's henchman , Tigerman , was edited to allow the character to return in later episodes ( the TV version of the pilot for Battlestar Galactica had similarly removed the death of a supporting character ( Baltar ) to allow the character to become a regular in the TV series ) . Also , some new and extended scenes were added for the TV version , including several scenes within Buck 's new apartment , which was the setting for a new final scene in which Dr. Huer and Wilma try to persuade Buck to join the Defense Directorate . This scene ends with Buck actually declining their offer , though he opts to join them in an unofficial capacity by the first episode of the series proper , `` Planet of the Slave Girls '' . Including the two - part pilot episode , the first season comprised 24 episodes , with four of the stories being two - parters . The tone of the series was lighter than the pilot movie , and showed a more positive picture of future Earth . The Inner City was now known as New Chicago , and it was established that human civilization had spread once again across the planet , and also to the stars . After the movie pilot , no reference to barren radioactive wastelands was made , and in several episodes , the world outside is shown as lush and green . The mutants seen in the pilot film were no longer seen , and Buck sometimes ventured outside New Chicago with no hazards encountered . As opposed to the isolationist planet seen in the film , Earth no longer has an invisible defense shield surrounding it and is shown to be the center of an interstellar human - dominated government , sometimes called `` the Federation '' of `` the Alliance '' , with its capital at New Chicago . During the first season , references were also made to other `` new '' Earth cities such as New Detroit , New Manhattan , New Phoenix , New Tulsa , Boston Complex , and New London . A `` City - on - the - Sea '' was also seen , mentioned as being the former New Orleans . Wilma Deering and Dr. Huer were the only Defense Directorate personnel seen in every episode , though several others were seen in individual episodes . Most Defense Directorate personnel regard Buck as being at least an ' honorary ' captain , in reference to his 20th - century American military rank , but his membership in Earth 's defense forces is unofficial . Nevertheless , Buck often flies with the fighter squadrons , and uses his 20th - century U.S. Air Force background to assist in their training . Dr. Huer regularly meets , greets , and otherwise deals with representatives of other sovereign powers . Huer was also seen in military uniform ( at formal occasions ) , thus indicating he is or was a member of the military . Travel between the stars was accomplished with the use of stargates : artificially created portals in space ( similar in appearance to wormholes ) , but referred to as `` warp '' travel on at least one occasion by Wilma Deering . Stargates appear as a diamond - shaped quartet of brilliant lights in space that shimmered when a vessel was making transit . Some people find the transit through a stargate to be physically unpleasant ( transit resembling a `` spinning '' of the spacecraft ) . Buck 's dislike of them is shown in part one of the episode `` Planet of the Slave Girls '' and again in part two of the episode `` The Plot to Kill a City '' . To portray futuristic - looking buildings on Earth , the show used stock shots of the remaining national pavilions of Expo 67 , particularly the French and British pavilions as well as shots of the Bonaventure Hotel in downtown Los Angeles . Juanin Clay , who played Major Marla Landers in the first - season episode `` Vegas in Space '' , was originally cast as Wilma for the TV series ( Erin Gray had initially opted not to return after the pilot film , but she later changed her mind ) . A relationship between Buck and Wilma was hinted at , but rarely expanded upon , and in the first season , Buck was involved ( to some degree ) with a different woman almost every week . Producers demanded that Wilma have blonde hair and dye jobs were needed to lighten Erin Gray 's brunette locks . During the final episodes of the first season , Gray was allowed to return to her natural hair color , and Wilma was dark - haired thereafter . Buck 's best - known enemy during the first season was Princess Ardala , played by Pamela Hensley , whose desire was to conquer and possess both Earth and Buck himself . She appeared in four separate stories , including the pilot film , two single episodes ( `` Escape from Wedded Bliss '' and `` Ardala Returns '' ) , and the two - part first - season finale ( `` Flight of the War Witch '' ) . The opening title sequence for the series included stock footage from the Apollo 4 and Apollo 6 launches . The series had an overall budget of $800,000 per hour of air time , according to Starlog issue # 32 ( March 1980 ) . Former actor Jock Gaynor served as producer for 20 episodes . Although reasonably popular with viewers , the first season failed to receive much critical acclaim . One vocal critic of the series was Gerard himself , who pushed for more serious storytelling and often clashed with the producers and the network ( NBC ) over the show 's tone and handling . In the November 1980 issue of Starlog , even Gerard said he had hoped the series would not be picked up for a second season because he had no wish to go through another season like the first one . Second season ( edit ) Production of the second season was delayed by several months due to an actors ' strike . When production resumed in the fall of 1980 , the series had a new set of producers ( headed by John Mantley , who had primarily worked on television westerns ) and the format of the series was changed . Instead of defending the Earth from external threats , Buck , Wilma and Twiki were now a part of a crew aboard an Earth spaceship called the Searcher . The Searcher , which displayed the Latin motto `` Per ardua ad astra '' ( `` through adversity to the stars '' or `` through work to the stars '' ) on its side , had a mission to seek out the lost `` tribes '' of humanity who had scattered in the five centuries since Earth 's 20th - century nuclear war . ( This is a theme present in Glen A. Larson 's previous science - fiction television series , Battlestar Galactica . ) Another notable change in the second season was the disappearance of many of the regular characters of the first season , such as Dr. Huer , Dr. Theopolis , Princess Ardala , and Kane . However , several new characters were added : Admiral Efram Asimov ( Jay Garner ) , commander of the Searcher and a descendant of the famous science fiction author Isaac Asimov Hawk ( Thom Christopher ) , an alien character who represents the last of the nearly extinct bird people Dr. Goodfellow ( Wilfrid Hyde - White ) , an elderly scientist with insatiable curiosity Crichton ( voiced by Jeff David ) , a snobbish robot , built by Goodfellow , but who finds it difficult to believe that lowly humans could have ever built him The character of Wilma Deering was `` softened '' in the second season as the producers attempted to tone down the militaristic `` Colonel Deering '' image , who often gave Buck orders , and tried to make her more `` feminine '' . Another change in the second season was the sound of Twiki 's voice . Mel Blanc left the series after the end of the first season and another actor , Bob Elyea , supplied Twiki 's voice . Blanc returned for the final six episodes of the second season , though no explanation was given for the change in Twiki 's voice . The opening narrative was also modified for the second season , both in terms of the narrator 's voice and content . In the first season , William Conrad delivered the following opening narrative : The year is 1987 , and NASA launches the last of America 's deep space probes . In a freak mishap , Ranger 3 and its pilot , Captain William `` Buck '' Rogers , are blown out of their trajectory into an orbit which freezes his life - support systems , and returns Buck Rogers to Earth , 500 years later . In the second season , Hank Simms ( best known for his announcing work on many of the programs produced by Quinn Martin Productions ) delivered the following alternate narrative : In the year 1987 , NASA launched the last of America 's deep space probes . Aboard this compact starship , a lone astronaut , Captain William `` Buck '' Rogers , was to experience cosmic forces beyond all comprehension . In a freak mishap , his life - support systems were frozen by temperatures beyond imagination . Ranger 3 was blown out of its planned trajectory into an orbit one thousand times more vast , an orbit which was to return Buck Rogers to Earth , 500 years later . These were abbreviated and altered versions of the narrative heard in the original pilot movie , delivered by Conrad : In the year 1987 , at the John F. Kennedy Space Center , NASA launched the last of America 's deep space probes . The payload , perched on the nosecone of the NASA rocket , was a one - man exploration vessel : Ranger 3 . Aboard this compact starship , a lone astronaut , Captain William `` Buck '' Rogers , was to experience cosmic forces beyond all comprehension : an awesome brush with death . In the blink of an eye , his life - support systems were frozen by temperatures beyond imagination . Ranger 3 was blown out of its planned trajectory into an orbit a thousand times more vast , an orbit which was to return the ship full circle to its point of origin , its mother Earth , not in five months ... but in 500 years . For 500 years , Buck Rogers drifted through a world in which reality and fantasy merged into a timeless dream . The introduction narrative from the pilot episode ( `` Awakening '' ) was also different : For 500 years , Captain William `` Buck '' Rogers has been miraculously preserved , frozen by temperatures beyond imagination . Now , in Earth year 2491 , he is rudely awakened by the sinister forces of the Draconian realm . The substance of the storylines also changed in the second season . Less emphasis was placed on militaristic ideals and , with a few exceptions , Gerard scaled back the humor in the second season in favor of more serious episodes . Buck 's and Wilma 's relationship became slightly more romantic during the second year , though most romantic activity was implied and took place off - screen . Moreover , the second season deals with more serious concepts such as evolution , ecology , racism , pollution , war , nuclear power , identity , the self , and religion . It also draws on mythology as exemplified by Hawk 's people , who are variants on the bird people found in mythologies around the world and makes special reference to the moai of Easter Island . An episode also included a story about mythical satyr creatures . As well as its parallels to Larson 's previous television series Battlestar Galactica , the second season is similar in theme to Star Trek , with the Searcher roaming through space much like the USS Enterprise had , Buck being the maverick explorer true to the style of Captain James T. Kirk , and the serious , rather stoic Hawk being a revamped version of Mr. Spock . Even Wilma had , to some extent , been remodeled after Lt. Uhura from Star Trek , often dressed in a miniskirt uniform and regularly sat at a communications console on the bridge of the Searcher . Ratings dropped significantly after the season premiere . NBC canceled the series at the end of an 11 - episode strike - abbreviated season . No finale storyline was produced , with the final episode broadcast being a normal standalone episode . Cast ( edit ) Gil Gerard - Captain William `` Buck '' Rogers Erin Gray - Colonel Wilma Deering Tim O'Connor - Dr. Elias Huer ( first season ) Pamela Hensley as Princess Ardala ( first season ) Michael Ansara as Kane ( first season ) ( played by Henry Silva in the theatrical film ) Wilfrid Hyde - White - Dr. Goodfellow ( second season ) Thom Christopher - Hawk ( second season ) Jay Garner - Admiral Efram Asimov ( second season ) Paul Carr - Lt. Devlin ( second season ) Felix Silla - Twiki ( physical performance ) Patty Maloney - Twiki ( physical performance , 3 episodes ) Mel Blanc - Voice of Twiki ( first season , plus second - season episodes starting with `` The Crystals '' through `` Testimony of a Traitor '' ) Bob Elyea - Voice of Twiki ( second - season episodes `` Time of the Hawk '' to `` The Golden Man '' ) Eric Server - Voice of Dr. Theopolis ( first season ) ( voiced by Howard F. Flynn in the pilot ) Jeff David - Voice of Crichton ( second season ) William Conrad - Narrator ( first season ) Hank Simms - Narrator ( second season ) Guest stars throughout the series included Jamie Lee Curtis , Markie Post , Dorothy Stratten , Leigh McCloskey , Trisha Noble , Richard Moll , Jerry Orbach , Gary Coleman , Jack Palance , Sam Jaffe , Vera Miles , and Buster Crabbe ( who had played Buck Rogers in the 1930s film serial ) . Joseph Wiseman also appeared in one episode of the series , and was also briefly seen in the theatrical version of the pilot as Emperor Draco ( Princess Ardala 's father ) , but his appearance was edited out of the television version . Several actors who had played villains in the 1960s Batman television series also guest - starred , including Cesar Romero , Frank Gorshin , Roddy McDowell , and Julie Newmar . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Buck Rogers in the 25th Century episodes International broadcast ( edit ) The series was shown in the UK by ITV , beginning in late August 1980 , with the feature - length two - part episode `` Planet of the Slave Girls '' ( the pilot film , which had been released theatrically in Britain in summer 1979 , was not actually shown on British television until 1982 ) . ITV broadcast Buck Rogers in an early Saturday evening slot , where it competed against , and beat , the BBC 's long - running science fiction series Doctor Who , which started its 18th season on the same day . As a similar effect had occurred a few years earlier when several ITV stations screened Man from Atlantis against Doctor Who ; this prompted the BBC to move Doctor Who to a new weekday slot for its next season in 1982 , though Buck Rogers had been cancelled in the US by then . The BBC would repeat the Buck Rogers series on BBC Two in 1989 and again in 1995 - 96 . The series also aired in Canada on CTV , on the same day and time as the NBC airings . Reception ( edit ) Contemporary assessments of Buck Rogers in the 25th Century were generally mixed . In his book Sci - Fi TV from Twilight Zone to Deep Space Nine , writer James van Hise claimed the show 's scripts `` just never took advantage of what they had at hand '' and criticized Larson 's version of Buck Rogers as a cynical attempt to exploit one of the most loved characters in American popular culture . John Javna 's book The Best of Science Fiction TV included Buck Rogers in the 25th Century on its list of the `` Worst Science Fiction Shows of All Time '' ( along with The Starlost , Space : 1999 and Manimal ) . Journalist Bill Lengeman also strongly criticized the program , stating `` the acting is so wooden that Ed Wood himself ( no pun intended ) would surely have gone weak in the knees and wept openly upon witnessing it '' . Lengemen also called the Buck Rogers episode `` Space Rockers '' the worst episode of TV science fiction he had ever seen . On a more positive note , writing in the UK 's Observer newspaper in October 1980 ( shortly after the series began showing there ) , journalist Clive James stated `` the best comic - strip science fiction on at the moment is Buck Rogers in the 25th Century . The hardware looks good and Wilma Deering looks simply sensational , like Wonder Woman with brains . '' Merchandise ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Two novels were published by Dell Publishing based on this series , both by Addison E. Steele . The first ( ISBN 0 - 440 - 10843 - 8 ) was a novelization of the pilot film . The second , That Man on Beta ( ISBN 0 - 440 - 10948 - 5 ) , was adapted from an unproduced episode script . A fumetti book entitled Buck Rogers in the 25th Century was published by Fotonovel Publications in 1979 . Gold Key Comics published fourteen issues of a Buck Rogers in the 25th Century comic book based upon the show . The comic book started with issue number two , picking up the numbering from an issue published in 1964 in the style of the old comic strips . Starting with issue five , new adventures were created in the series continuity . The first three issues ( two - four ) were reprinted in a `` Giant Movie Edition '' which was distributed by Marvel Comics . Artists on the series included Al McWilliams , Frank Bolle and José Delbo . The comic outlived the series by several months . Issue number ten was never published and this comic book series was cancelled after issue number sixteen . The comic book remained within the continuity of Season 1 and did not feature any characters from Season 2 . A strip based on the television series also ran in two publications in the UK : Look - In with 64 weekly installments covering 10 separate adventures between autumn 1980 and early 1982 , and TV Tops , which picked up the rights from 1982 for two shorter runs . Both were based on the format of the first year of the series . Two sets of action figures were produced by Mego , including a 12 '' line and a series of 3.75 '' figures and scaled spaceships . Milton - Bradley produced a Buck Rogers board game and a series of jigsaw puzzles . Other companies produced a variety of tie - ins , including model kits of the spaceships from Monogram , die - cast toys from Corgi , Topps trading cards , and a painted metal lunch box . In 2011 , Zica Toys began production of a new line of action figures based on the TV series . These 8 '' action figures are loosely based on Mego designs , but as noted above , Mego did not produce an 8 '' line of Buck Rogers figures , so Zica 's line is actually the first line of 8 `` , cloth - costumed action figures based on the TV series . Characters planned include Buck Rogers , Hawk , Killer Kane , Tigerman , and Draconian Warriors . The popularity of the TV series led to the revival of the Buck Rogers newspaper strip , daily and Sunday , drawn by Gray Morrow and written by Jim Lawrence . The strip ran from September 9 , 1979 to October 26 , 1980 , and was reprinted in its entirety , with the Sundays in color , in a large trade paperback . Home video releases ( edit ) Though the theatrical version of the pilot film was released on home video in the 1980s , the series was not released on home video until the late 1990s . In the U.S. , each episode was released individually on a VHS cassette . In other countries , such as the UK , two episodes were released on a single cassette . Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in North America ( Region 1 ) on November 16 , 2004 . While it does contain every episode ( from both seasons ) , the pilot episode included is the theatrical version and not the TV version . The set contains five double - sided discs . The series was released on DVD in Europe ( Region 2 ) , though each season was released separately as opposed to in one set like the Region 1 release . Season 1 was released on November 22 , 2004 and season 2 on October 31 , 2005 , neither of which had the same cover artwork or menu screens as the Region 1 release . Notable differences are the addition of subtitles for various European languages . On January 24 , 2012 , Universal Studios re-released Season One by itself in North America , as a six disc set . The discs were single - sided for this release , in contrast to the double - sided discs released in 2004 . Season Two was re-released with single - sided discs on January 8 , 2013 . As a bonus feature , the second season set includes the television version of the original pilot film , `` Awakening '' , the first time this version has been released on DVD . On August 17 , 2016 , Madman Entertainment ( a company that produces titles for release in Australia and New Zealand ) released the series on Blu - ray Disc in 1080p . The eight - disc set includes each episode in HD . Extras include : theatrical version of the Pilot episode and feature - length version of `` Flight Of The War Witch '' ( both in standard definition ) , the syndicated two - part version of `` Journey to Oasis '' ( in HD ) , textless opening and closing credits sequences , opening credits without voice - over narration , and isolated music & effects audio tracks on each episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Buck Rogers in the 25th Century '' . AFI . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Canby , Vincent ( March 30 , 1979 ) . `` Screen : ' Buck Rogers ' Glides on Automatic Pilot : ' Millionaire 's Row ' Tour '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Buck Rogers in the 25th Century : The Complete Epic Series '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Houston , David ( April 1979 ) . `` Buck Rogers Becomes The Movie '' . Starlog . Starlog Group , Inc. ( 21 ) . Jump up ^ Leyland , Andrew ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Revisiting Buck Rogers in the 25th Century '' . Den of Geek . Dennis Publishing . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . 1 ) `` The fight between Buck and the mutants is longer in the theatrical version and a little more violent , and a line of dialogue in which Buck describes Wilma as `` ballsy '' was omitted from the TV Version . '' 2 ) `` The theatrical version differs again here from the TV version with Buck saying `` shit '' at one point during the fight and then clearly taking Tiger Man out with a well - placed kick to the Johnson and then , rather brutally , blowing him to pieces . Needless to say , these moments were trimmed for TV . '' Jump up ^ McDonnell , David ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` John Colicos : Full Expression '' . Star Trek.com . CBS Studios . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . `` Colicos ' performance was so engaging that Galactica creator Glen Larson reshot an execution scene ( in the pilot 's original cut and a theatrical release edition , Baltar had been beheaded ) . Instead , the futuristic quisling lived on to indulge in further deviltry ( as Colicos did in the subsequent TV series ) Jump up ^ Houston , David ( March 1980 ) . `` Paul Peter : Art Director for Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( interview ) '' . Starlog . Starlog Group , Inc. ( 32 ) : 41 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Willson , Karen E. ( November 1980 ) . `` The 25th Century That Almost Was n't - An Interview with Gil Gerard '' . Starlog . Starlog Group , Inc. ( 40 ) : 52 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Hofstede , David ( 2006 ) . 5000 Episodes and No Commercials : The Ultimate Guide to TV Shows On DVD . Google Books . Back Stage Books . Jump up ^ Willson , Karen E. ( October 1980 ) . `` With Changes Coming Fast and Heavy ... ( interview with Erin Gray ) '' . Starlog . Starlog Group , Inc. ( 39 ) : 17 -- 20 . Jump up ^ TV listings for Saturday 30 August 1980 , available from BBC Genome ( http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/ ) for BBC and various newspaper online archives for ITV . Jump up ^ James Van Hise. Sci - Fi TV from Twilight Zone to Deep Space Nine . New York , Pioneer Books , 1993 ISBN 155698362X Jump up ^ John Javna , The Best of Science Fiction TV : the critics ' choice . New York : Harmony Books , 1987 . ISBN 0517566508 ( p. 76 - 77 ) . Jump up ^ Twiki Love and Space Rock : Ruminations on The Worst SF TV Episode Ever Bill Lengemen , The Internet Review of Science Fiction . January 2007 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Clive James ( 5 October 1980 ) . `` Television : Torture by Telethon '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ `` Buck Rogers '' . BugEyedMonster.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 ... Buckrogers.org Jump up ^ `` Buck Rogers in the 25th Century - The Complete Series '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Buck Rogers in the 25th Century : The Complete Series '' . IGN . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Buck Rogers in the 25th Century - Release Date Flies Into the Future for ' Season 2 ' on DVD '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buck Rogers in the 25th Century : The Complete Series ( Blu Ray ) '' . External links ( edit ) Television portal Science fiction portal Interview with Erin Gray on the podcast The Future and You ( anecdotes about how she broke into Hollywood and how she feels about being remembered as Wilma Deering ) Buck Rogers in the 25th Century on IMDb Buck Rogers in the 25th Century at Rotten Tomatoes Buck Rogers in the 25th Century at TV.com Official Site ( Syfy Channel ) . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2004 . ( hide ) Buck Rogers Novels Armageddon 2419 A.D. ( 1928 ) Buck Rogers : A Life in the Future ( 1995 ) Comic Strips List of Buck Rogers comic strips ( 1930 - 1965 , 1979 - 1984 ) Film , radio and television adaptations Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( radio series ) ( 1932 - 1936 , 1939 , 1940 , 1946 - 1947 ) Buck Rogers ( serial film - 12 parts ) ( 1939 ) Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( film ) ( 1979 ) Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( TV series - 37 episodes ) ( 1979 - 81 ) Board games Buck Rogers XXVC ( 1988 ) Video games Buck Rogers : Planet of Zoom ( 1982 ) Buck Rogers : Countdown to Doomsday ( 1990 ) Buck Rogers : Matrix Cubed ( 1992 ) Other Wilma Deering Killer Kane High Adventure Cliffhangers Buck Rogers Adventure Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buck_Rogers_in_the_25th_Century_(TV_series)&oldid=843571100 '' Categories : Buck Rogers 1979 American television series debuts 1981 American television series endings 1970s American science fiction television series 1980s American science fiction television series American science fiction television series NBC network shows English - language television programs Space adventure television series Television programs based on comic strips Television series created by Glen A. Larson Television series by Universal Television Television series set in the 25th century 25th century in fiction Teleportation in fiction Utopian films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Italiano Nederlands Português Русский ไทย 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 01 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played buck rogers in the 25th century | [
"\nGil Gerard - Captain William \"Buck\" Rogers\nErin Gray - Colonel Wilma Deering\nTim O'Connor - Dr. Elias Huer (first season)\nPamela Hensley as Princess Ardala (first season)\nMichael Ansara as Kane (first season) (played by Henry Silva in the theatrical film)[2]\nWilfrid Hyde-White - Dr. Goodfellow (second season)\nThom Christopher - Hawk (second season)\nJay Garner - Admiral Efram Asimov (second season)\nPaul Carr - Lt. Devlin (second season)\nFelix Silla - Twiki (physical performance)\nPatty Maloney - Twiki (physical performance, 3 episodes)\nMel Blanc - Voice of Twiki (first season, plus second-season episodes starting with \"The Crystals\" through \"Testimony of a Traitor\")\nBob Elyea - Voice of Twiki (second-season episodes \"Time of the Hawk\" to \"The Golden Man\")\nEric Server - Voice of Dr. Theopolis (first season) (voiced by Howard F. Flynn in the pilot)\nJeff David - Voice of Crichton (second season)\nWilliam Conrad - Narrator (first season)\nHank Simms - Narrator (second season)\n"
] | [
"Gil Gerard"
] |
7529664723722237664 | 2018 Ryder Cup | 2018 Ryder Cup - wikipedia 2018 Ryder Cup 42nd Ryder Cup Matches Dates 28 -- 30 September 2018 Venue Le Golf National , Albatros Course Location Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines , Île - de-France , France Captains Thomas Bjørn ( Europe ) Jim Furyk ( USA ) ← 2016 2020 → Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Location in France The 42nd Ryder Cup Matches will be held in France from 28 -- 30 September 2018 on the Albatros Course of Le Golf National in Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines , a suburb southwest of Paris . It will be the second Ryder Cup to be held in Continental Europe , after the 1997 contest , which was held in Spain . The United States is the defending champion , but has lost the last five matches in Europe , having last won there in 1993 . Contents 1 Format 2 Bidding for the 2018 Ryder Cup 3 Course 4 Team qualification and selection 4.1 Europe 4.2 United States 5 Teams 5.1 Captains 5.2 Vice-captains 5.3 Players 6 References 7 External links Format ( edit ) The Ryder Cup is a match play event , with each match worth one point . The competition format will be as follows : Day 1 ( Friday ) -- 4 foursome ( alternate shot ) matches and 4 fourball ( better ball ) matches Day 2 ( Saturday ) -- 4 foursome matches and 4 fourball matches Day 3 ( Sunday ) -- 12 singles matches On the first two days there will be 4 fourball matches in the morning and 4 foursome matches in the afternoon . With a total of 28 points available , 141⁄2 points are required to win the Cup , and 14 points are required for the defending champion , the United States , to retain the Cup . All matches are played to a maximum of 18 holes . Bidding for the 2018 Ryder Cup ( edit ) Ryder Cup Europe confirmed originally six countries -- France , Germany , the Netherlands , Portugal , Spain and Sweden -- to be interested in bidding for the 2018 Ryder Cup . The deadline for the submission of bids was set for 30 April 2010 ; Sweden withdrew from the bidding early that month , while the Spanish bidding host city of Tres Cantos showed poor popular support . There were five bids to host the event : France : Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Germany : Neuburg / Rohrenfeld Portugal : Lisbon / Comporta , Alentejo Coast Spain : Madrid / Guadarrama Netherlands : Rotterdam / Lingewaal France was announced as host on 17 May 2011 , despite calls for the Cup to be held in Spain , as a tribute to the late Seve Ballesteros . Course ( edit ) Main article : Le Golf National Hole 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Metre 380 195 515 445 370 350 440 190 545 3,430 350 175 405 390 555 365 160 443 430 3,273 6,703 Yards 416 213 563 487 405 383 481 208 596 3,752 383 191 443 427 607 399 175 484 470 3,579 7,331 Par 5 5 36 5 35 71 Team qualification and selection ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) The European team qualification rules were announced on 18 January 2017 . There were a number of changes compared to 2016 with an increase in the number of captain 's picks from three to four . The team will consist of : The leading four players on the Race to Dubai Points List Points earned in all Race to Dubai tournaments starting with the 2017 D + D Real Czech Masters and ending with the 2018 Made in Denmark that finishes on 2 September 2018 . Points earned from the 2018 BMW PGA Championship onwards , will be multiplied by 1.5 . The leading four players , not qualified above , on the World Points List Total World Points earned in Official World Golf Ranking events starting on 31 August 2017 ( the start date of the D + D Real Czech Masters ) and ending on 26 August 2018 and thereafter only at the Made in Denmark tournament . Points earned from the date of the 2018 BMW PGA Championship onwards , will be multiplied by 1.5 . No World points will be earned from tournaments staged opposite Rolex Series tournaments in both 2017 and 2018 . Four captain 's picks Membership criteria for the European Tour have been reduced from five tournaments to four ( outside the majors and WGCs ) for the 2018 season . As in previous Ryder Cups , all players must be members of the European Tour to be eligible to play for Europe . Changes were also made to the eligibility of future captains and vice-captains . Current points lists : http://www.rydercup.com/rankings Paul Casey became a member of the European Tour at the start of 2018 . Since he was not a member during 2017 he did not earn points until the start of 2018 . The leading 10 players in the current Ryder Cup European point list are : Position Name Points Francesco Molinari 6,182,450.35 Justin Rose 4,518,651.42 Tyrrell Hatton 4,326,297.77 Tommy Fleetwood 3,668,310.57 5 Jon Rahm 3,617,769.82 6 Thorbjørn Olesen 3,609,983.32 + 7 Rory McIlroy 3,482,791.06 8 Alex Norén 3,444,442.21 9 Russell Knox 2,659,683.33 10 Eddie Pepperell 2,503,672.42 + Players currently in qualifying places are shown in green . There is only one more event at which points can be gained , the Made in Denmark tournament . Players entered in this event are marked with a + . The winner receives 375,000 points . The leading 15 players in the current Ryder Cup world point list are : Position Name Points Francesco Molinari 373.12 Justin Rose 366.69 Jon Rahm 327.18 Rory McIlroy 309.29 5 Tommy Fleetwood 308.71 6 Tyrrell Hatton 252.68 7 Alex Norén 252.62 8 Thorbjørn Olesen 177.01 + 9 Ian Poulter 170.87 10 Rafa Cabrera - Bello 168.75 11 Paul Casey 167.05 12 Matthew Fitzpatrick 152.93 + 13 Sergio García 146.93 14 Eddie Pepperell 145.24 + 15 Russell Knox 144.71 Players currently in qualifying places are shown in green . Players written in italics currently qualify through the European points list above . There is only one more event at which points can be gained , the Made in Denmark tournament . Players entered in this event are marked with a + . The winner receives 36 points . United States ( edit ) The United States qualification rules were announced on 8 February 2017 . The majority of the team will be selected from the Ryder Cup points list which is based on prize money won in important tournaments . Generally one point is awarded for every $1,000 earned . The team will consist of : The leading eight players on the Ryder Cup points list , gained in the following events 2017 major championships 2017 World Golf Championship events and The Players Championship ( half points ) 2018 major championships ( double points for the winner , 50 % extra for those who make the cut ) 2018 PGA Tour events . Qualifying events in this category are those played between 1 January and 12 August 2018 , the date of the PGA Championship , and including the Zurich Classic of New Orleans team event . `` Alternate '' events ( those played opposite a major or WGC event ) did not earn points Four captain 's picks Three announced after the 2018 Dell Technologies Championship , which concludes on 3 September . One announced after the 2018 BMW Championship , which concludes on 9 September . The qualification rules were similar to those used for the 2016 Ryder Cup . The points given for the current season major championships have been reduced from double to 50 % extra ( except for the winner who still gets double points ) . The dates on which the captain 's picks are made has been brought forward by one or two weeks . The leading 15 players in the final points list after the final qualifying event , the 2018 PGA Championship were : Position Name Points Brooks Koepka 13298.472 Dustin Johnson 9549.287 Justin Thomas 8929.122 Patrick Reed 7821.880 5 Bubba Watson 5584.137 6 Jordan Spieth 5481.427 7 Rickie Fowler 5006.112 8 Webb Simpson 4534.745 9 Bryson DeChambeau 4316.108 10 Phil Mickelson 4207.953 11 Tiger Woods 4196.794 12 Xander Schauffele 3924.096 13 Matt Kuchar 3843.696 14 Kevin Kisner 3680.121 15 Tony Finau 3512.021 Players in qualifying places are shown in green . Teams ( edit ) Captains ( edit ) Thomas Bjørn was named as the European captain on 6 December 2016 . He was chosen by a five - man panel made up of the three most recent European Ryder Cup captains ( Darren Clarke , Paul McGinley and José María Olazábal ) , the Chief Executive of the European Tour , Keith Pelley and European Tour Tournament Committee member Henrik Stenson . Jim Furyk was named as the USA captain on 11 January 2017 . Vice-captains ( edit ) Each captain selects a number of vice-captains to assist him during the tournament . Bjørn selected Robert Karlsson as his first vice-captain in May 2017 . In May 2018 he selected four more vice-captains : Luke Donald , Pádraig Harrington , Graeme McDowell and Lee Westwood . Furyk named Davis Love III as a vice-captain , soon after his appointment in January 2017 . He later added Steve Stricker and Tiger Woods in February 2018 . Players ( edit ) Seven players are guaranteed places on the European team , although their positions in the points tables may change after the final event . Europe team Name Country Age Points rank ( European ) Points rank ( World ) World ranking Previous Ryder Cups Matches W -- L -- H Winning percentage Thomas Bjørn Denmark 47 Non-playing captain Francesco Molinari Italy 35 6 6 0 -- 4 -- 2 16.67 Justin Rose England 38 19 11 -- 6 -- 2 63.16 Tyrrell Hatton England 26 6 25 0 Rookie Tommy Fleetwood England 27 5 11 0 Rookie Jon Rahm Spain 23 5 5 0 Rookie Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 29 7 7 19 9 -- 6 -- 4 57.89 Alex Norén Sweden 36 8 7 15 0 Rookie The 8th qualifying pace will be decided after the Made in Denmark event with a further four captain 's picks to be announced on 5 September . United States team Name Age Points rank World ranking Previous Ryder Cups Matches W -- L -- H Winning percentage Jim Furyk 48 Non-playing captain Brooks Koepka 28 3 -- 1 -- 0 75.00 Dustin Johnson 34 11 6 -- 5 -- 0 54.55 Justin Thomas 25 0 Rookie Patrick Reed 28 13 9 6 -- 1 -- 2 77.78 Bubba Watson 39 5 14 11 3 -- 8 -- 0 27.27 Jordan Spieth 25 6 9 9 4 -- 3 -- 2 55.56 Rickie Fowler 29 7 8 11 2 -- 4 -- 5 40.91 Webb Simpson 33 8 17 6 2 -- 3 -- 1 41.67 Three captain 's picks will be announced after the 2018 Dell Technologies Championship , which concludes on 3 September , and a final one after the 2018 BMW Championship , which concludes on 9 September . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 2010 Ryder Cup -- Bidding nations for 2018 Ryder Cup announced '' . Ryder Cup . Jump up ^ `` News & Events '' . PGA of America . 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Unas 500 personas participan en una marcha contra la construcción de un campo de golf '' ( Some 500 people participate in a march against the construction of a golf course ) . Qué ! ( in Spanish ) . 10 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New demonstration at Tres Cantos against the golf course project '' . Jump up ^ `` French bid website '' . Jump up ^ `` French golf federation bid press kit '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` France beats favourites Spain to host 2018 Ryder Cup '' . BBC Sport. 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup 2018 : Europe to increase wildcards from three to four '' . BBC Sport. 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Changes make to membership criteria and 2018 Ryder Cup qualification process '' . European Tour . 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Casey to restart European Tour career '' . European Tour . 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup captain Jim Furyk announces selection criteria for 2018 U.S. Ryder Cup team '' . PGA of America . 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup Points '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Bjørn named 2018 European Ryder Cup Captain '' . Ryder Cup . 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Auclair , T.J. ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` Jim Furyk FAQs : Everything you need to know about the 2018 Ryder Cup USA Captain '' . Ryder Cup . Jump up ^ `` Robert Karlsson named as Vice Captain '' . Ryder Cup . 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods , Steve Stricker named Vice Captains for 2018 USA Ryder Cup team '' . Ryder Cup . 20 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Ryder Cup 2018 website Ryder Cup 2018 website French Ryder Cup United States vs. Great Britain 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 United States vs. Great Britain and Ireland 1973 1977 United States vs. Europe 1979 1981 1985 1991 1993 1995 1999 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Statistics and lists Matches Records Broadcasters American golfers European golfers Coordinates : 48 ° 45 ′ 02 '' N 2 ° 04 ′ 40 '' E / 48.7505 ° N 2.0779 ° E / 48.7505 ; 2.0779 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Ryder_Cup&oldid=857137702 '' Categories : Ryder Cup Golf tournaments in France Sport in Île - de-France Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines 2018 in golf 2018 in French sport September 2018 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hCards Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the ryder cup golf tournament being played | [
"The 42nd Ryder Cup Matches will be held in France from 28–30 September 2018 on the Albatros Course of Le Golf National in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, a suburb southwest of Paris. It will be the second Ryder Cup to be held in Continental Europe, after the 1997 contest, which was held in Spain. The United States is the defending champion, but has lost the last five matches in Europe, having last won there in 1993.\n"
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"on the Albatros Course of Le Golf National in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, a suburb southwest of Paris"
] |
7885521836723516702 | San Andreas Fault | San Andreas fault - wikipedia San Andreas fault A continental transform fault through California between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate For other uses , see San Andreas ( disambiguation ) . San Andreas Fault The fault , right , and the Carrizo Plain , left Arrows show relative motion of the two plates Named by Andrew Lawson Year defined 1895 Country United States State California Cities San Francisco , San Bernardino Characteristics Segments Calaveras , Hayward , Elsinore , Imperial , Laguna Salada , San Jacinto Length 1,200 km ( 750 mi ) Displacement 20 -- 35 mm ( 0.79 -- 1.38 in ) / yr Tectonics Plate North American & Pacific Status Active Earthquakes 1857 , 1906 ( M ~ 7.8 ) , 1957 ( M 5.7 ) , 1989 ( M ~ 6.9 ) , 2004 Type Transform fault Movement Dextral Age Neogene - Holocene Orogeny Gorda - California - Nevada The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that extends roughly 1,200 kilometers ( 750 mi ) through California . It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate , and its motion is right - lateral strike - slip ( horizontal ) . The fault divides into three segments , each with different characteristics and a different degree of earthquake risk . The slip rate along the fault ranges from 20 to 35 mm ( 0.79 to 1.38 in ) / yr . The fault was identified in 1895 by Professor Andrew Lawson of UC Berkeley , who discovered the northern zone . It is often described as having been named after San Andreas Lake , a small body of water that was formed in a valley between the two plates . However , according to some of his reports from 1895 and 1908 , Lawson actually named it after the surrounding San Andreas Valley . Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , Lawson concluded that the fault extended all the way into southern California . In 1953 , geologist Thomas Dibblee concluded that hundreds of miles of lateral movement could occur along the fault . A project called the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth ( SAFOD ) near Parkfield , Monterey County , was drilled through the fault during 2004 - 2007 to collect material and make physical and chemical observations to better understand fault behavior . Contents 1 Fault zones 1.1 Northern 1.2 Central 1.3 Southern 2 Plate boundaries 3 Formation 4 Study 4.1 Early years 4.2 Current research 4.3 The next `` Big One '' 4.4 Cascadia connection 5 Earthquakes 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Fault zones ( edit ) Northern ( edit ) See also : Calaveras Fault and Hayward Fault Zone A map displaying each of the seven major fault lines in the San Francisco Bay Area , and the probability of an M6. 7 earthquake or higher occurring on each fault line between 2003 and 2032 . The northern segment of the fault runs from Hollister , through the Santa Cruz Mountains , epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , then up the San Francisco Peninsula , where it was first identified by Professor Lawson in 1895 , then offshore at Daly City near Mussel Rock . This is the approximate location of the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . The fault returns onshore at Bolinas Lagoon just north of Stinson Beach in Marin County . It returns underwater through the linear trough of Tomales Bay which separates the Point Reyes Peninsula from the mainland , runs just east of Bodega Head through Bodega Bay and back underwater , returning onshore at Fort Ross . ( In this region around the San Francisco Bay Area several significant `` sister faults '' run more - or-less parallel , and each of these can create significantly destructive earthquakes . ) From Fort Ross , the northern segment continues overland , forming in part a linear valley through which the Gualala River flows . It goes back offshore at Point Arena . After that , it runs underwater along the coast until it nears Cape Mendocino , where it begins to bend to the west , terminating at the Mendocino Triple Junction . Central ( edit ) The central segment of the San Andreas Fault runs in a northwestern direction from Parkfield to Hollister . While the southern section of the fault and the parts through Parkfield experience earthquakes , the rest of the central section of the fault exhibits a phenomenon called aseismic creep , where the fault slips continuously without causing earthquakes . Southern ( edit ) Los Angeles San Diego Mexicali Salton Sea Tijuana Alamo River mouth Colorado River mouth Laguna Salada Yuma Gulf of California Colorado River Valley Cerro Prieto volcano Southern San Andreas Fault . The red lines are simplified faults . Right - lateral direction of motion of the transform fault is shown ( pink arrows ) . The red rhombs are pull - apart basins ; the northern one is the site of the Niland geothermal field , the southern the Cerro Prieto geothermal field . See also : Elsinore Fault Zone , Imperial Fault , Laguna Salada Fault , and San Jacinto Fault Zone Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the Carrizo Plain The Vasquez Rocks in Agua Dulce , California are evidence of the San Andreas Fault line and part of the 2,650 - mile Pacific Crest Trail . The Mormon Rocks within Cajon Pass show the physical movement of the San Andreas fault in southern California . 3 - D perspective view of Earth 's San Andreas Fault in the Temblor Range The southern segment ( also known as the Mojave segment ) begins near Bombay Beach , California . Box Canyon , near the Salton Sea , contains upturned strata associated with that section of the fault . The fault then runs along the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains , crosses through the Cajon Pass and continues northwest along the northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains . These mountains are a result of movement along the San Andreas Fault and are commonly called the Transverse Range . In Palmdale , a portion of the fault is easily examined at a roadcut for the Antelope Valley Freeway . The fault continues northwest alongside the Elizabeth Lake Road to the town of Elizabeth Lake . As it passes the towns of Gorman , Tejon Pass and Frazier Park , the fault begins to bend northward , forming the `` Big Bend '' . This restraining bend is thought to be where the fault locks up in Southern California , with an earthquake - recurrence interval of roughly 140 -- 160 years . Northwest of Frazier Park , the fault runs through the Carrizo Plain , a long , treeless plain where much of the fault is plainly visible . The Elkhorn Scarp defines the fault trace along much of its length within the plain . The southern segment , which stretches from Parkfield in Monterey County all the way to the Salton Sea , is capable of an 8.1 - magnitude earthquake . At its closest , this fault passes about 35 miles ( 56 km ) to the northeast of Los Angeles . Such a large earthquake on this southern segment would kill thousands of people in Los Angeles , San Bernardino , Riverside , and surrounding areas , and cause hundreds of billions of dollars in damage . Plate boundaries ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Pacific Plate , to the west of the fault , is moving in a northwest direction while the North American Plate to the east is moving toward the southwest , but relatively southeast under the influence of plate tectonics . The rate of slippage averages about 33 to 37 millimeters ( 1.3 to 1.5 in ) a year across California . The southwestward motion of the North American Plate towards the Pacific is creating compressional forces along the eastern side of the fault . The effect is expressed as the Coast Ranges . The northwest movement of the Pacific Plate is also creating significant compressional forces which are especially pronounced where the North American Plate has forced the San Andreas to jog westward . This has led to the formation of the Transverse Ranges in Southern California , and to a lesser but still significant extent , the Santa Cruz Mountains ( the location of the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 ) . Studies of the relative motions of the Pacific and North American plates have shown that only about 75 percent of the motion can be accounted for in the movements of the San Andreas and its various branch faults . The rest of the motion has been found in an area east of the Sierra Nevada mountains called the Walker Lane or Eastern California Shear Zone . The reason for this is not clear . Several hypotheses have been offered and research is ongoing . One hypothesis -- which gained interest following the Landers earthquake in 1992 -- suggests the plate boundary may be shifting eastward away from the San Andreas towards Walker Lane . Assuming the plate boundary does not change as hypothesized , projected motion indicates that the landmass west of the San Andreas Fault , including Los Angeles , will eventually slide past San Francisco , then continue northwestward toward the Aleutian Trench , over a period of perhaps twenty million years . Formation ( edit ) Tectonic evolution of the San Andreas Fault . The San Andreas began to form in the mid Cenozoic about 30 Mya ( million years ago ) . At this time , a spreading center between the Pacific Plate and the Farallon Plate ( which is now mostly subducted , with remnants including the Juan de Fuca Plate , Rivera Plate , Cocos Plate , and the Nazca Plate ) was beginning to reach the subduction zone off the western coast of North America . As the relative motion between the Pacific and North American Plates was different from the relative motion between the Farallon and North American Plates , the spreading ridge began to be `` subducted '' , creating a new relative motion and a new style of deformation along the plate boundaries . These geological features are what are chiefly seen along San Andreas Fault . It also includes a possible driver for the deformation of the Basin and Range , separation of the Baja California Peninsula , and rotation of the Transverse Range . The main southern section of the San Andreas Fault proper has only existed for about 5 million years . The first known incarnation of the southern part of the fault was Clemens Well - Fenner - San Francisquito fault zone around 22 -- 13 Ma . This system added the San Gabriel Fault as a primary focus of movement between 10 -- 5 Ma . Currently , it is believed that the modern San Andreas will eventually transfer its motion toward a fault within the Eastern California Shear Zone . This complicated evolution , especially along the southern segment , is mostly caused by either the `` Big Bend '' and / or a difference in the motion vector between the plates and the trend of the fault and its surrounding branches . Study ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) The fault was first identified in Northern California by UC Berkeley geology professor Andrew Lawson in 1895 and named by him after the Laguna de San Andreas , a small lake which lies in a linear valley formed by the fault just south of San Francisco . Eleven years later , Lawson discovered that the San Andreas Fault stretched southward into southern California after reviewing the effects of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Large - scale ( hundreds of miles ) lateral movement along the fault was first proposed in a 1953 paper by geologists Mason Hill and Thomas Dibblee . This idea , which was considered radical at the time , has since been vindicated by modern plate tectonics . Current research ( edit ) Seismologists discovered that the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield in central California consistently produces a magnitude 6.0 earthquake approximately once every 22 years . Following recorded seismic events in 1857 , 1881 , 1901 , 1922 , 1934 , and 1966 , scientists predicted that another earthquake should occur in Parkfield in 1993 . It eventually occurred in 2004 . Due to the frequency of predictable activity , Parkfield has become one of the most important areas in the world for large earthquake research . In 2004 , work began just north of Parkfield on the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth ( SAFOD ) . The goal of SAFOD is to drill a hole nearly 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) into the Earth 's crust and into the San Andreas Fault . An array of sensors will be installed to record earthquakes that happen near this area . The San Andreas Fault System has been the subject of a flood of studies . In particular , scientific research performed during the last 23 years has given rise to about 3,400 publications . The next `` Big one '' ( edit ) Radar generated 3 - D view of the San Andreas Fault , at Crystal Springs Reservoir near San Mateo , California . A study published in 2006 in the journal Nature found that the San Andreas fault has reached a sufficient stress level for an earthquake of magnitude greater than 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale to occur . This study also found that the risk of a large earthquake may be increasing more rapidly than scientists had previously believed . Moreover , the risk is currently concentrated on the southern section of the fault , i.e. the region around Los Angeles , because massive earthquakes have occurred relatively recently on the central ( 1857 ) and northern ( 1906 ) segments of the fault , while the southern section has not seen any similar rupture for at least 300 years . According to this study , a massive earthquake on that southern section of the San Andreas fault would result in major damage to the Palm Springs - Indio metropolitan area and other cities in San Bernardino , Riverside and Imperial counties in California , and Mexicali Municipality in Baja California . It would be strongly felt ( and potentially cause significant damage ) throughout much of Southern California , including densely populated areas of Los Angeles County , Ventura County , Orange County , San Diego County , Ensenada Municipality and Tijuana Municipality , Baja California , San Luis Rio Colorado in Sonora and Yuma , Arizona . Older buildings would be especially prone to damage or collapse , as would buildings built on unconsolidated gravel or in coastal areas where water tables are high ( and thus subject to soil liquefaction ) . The paper concluded : The information available suggests that the fault is ready for the next big earthquake but exactly when the triggering will happen and when the earthquake will occur we can not tell ( ... ) It could be tomorrow or it could be 10 years or more from now . Nevertheless , in the 12 years since that publication there has not been a substantial quake in the Los Angeles area , and two major reports issued by the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) have made variable predictions as to the risk of future seismic events . The ability to predict major earthquakes with sufficient precision to warrant increased precautions has remained elusive . The U.S. Geological Survey most recent forecast , known as UCERF3 ( Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast 3 ) , released in November 2013 , estimated that an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 M or greater ( i.e. equal to or greater than the 1994 Northridge earthquake ) occurs about once every 6.7 years statewide . The same report also estimated there is a 7 % probability that an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or greater will occur in the next 30 years somewhere along the San Andreas Fault . A different USGS study in 2008 tried to assess the physical , social and economic consequences of a major earthquake in southern California . That study predicted that a magnitude 7.8 earthquake along the southern San Andreas Fault could cause about 1,800 deaths and $213 billion in damage . Cascadia connection ( edit ) A 2008 paper , studying past earthquakes along the Pacific coastal zone , found a correlation in time between seismic events on the northern San Andreas Fault and the southern part of the Cascadia subduction zone ( which stretches from Vancouver Island to northern California ) . Scientists believe quakes on the Cascadia subduction zone may have triggered most of the major quakes on the northern San Andreas within the past 3,000 years . The evidence also shows the rupture direction going from north to south in each of these time - correlated events . However the 1906 San Francisco earthquake seems to have been the exception to this correlation because the plate movement was moved mostly from south to north and it was not preceded by a major quake in the Cascadia zone . Earthquakes ( edit ) See also : List of earthquakes in California The San Andreas Fault has had some notable earthquakes in historic times : 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake : About 350 kilometers ( 220 mi ) were ruptured in central and southern California . Though it is known as the Fort Tejon earthquake , the epicenter is thought to have been located far to the north , just south of Parkfield . Two deaths were reported . The magnitude was about 7.9 . 1906 San Francisco earthquake : About 430 kilometers ( 270 mi ) were ruptured in Northern California . The epicenter was near San Francisco . At least 3,000 people died in the earthquake and subsequent fires . The magnitude was estimated to be 7.8 . 1957 San Francisco earthquake : A magnitude 5.7 quake with an epicenter on the San Andreas fault in the ocean west of San Francisco and Daly City . 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake : About 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) were ruptured ( although the rupture did not reach the surface ) near Santa Cruz , California , causing 63 deaths and moderate damage in certain vulnerable locations in the San Francisco Bay Area . Moment magnitude was about 6.9 . This quake occurred on October 17 , 1989 , at approximately 5 : 04 PM PDT . 2004 Parkfield earthquake : On September 28 , 2004 at 10 : 15 a.m. PDT , a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Parkfield area . It was felt across the state , including the San Francisco Bay Area . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal Earthquakes portal California earthquake forecast Central Valley ( California ) Coast Range Geomorphic Province Garlock Fault Geologic timeline of Western North America North Anatolian Fault San Andreas ( film ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` San Andreas Fault Zone '' . CalTech . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake Facts '' . earthquake.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth '' . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Americansouthwest.net `` Box Canyon '' Jump up ^ Rong - Gong Lin II ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` San Andreas fault capable of magnitude 8.1 earthquake over 340 - mile swath of California , researchers say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Robert E. `` Present - Day Crustal Movements and the Mechanics of Cyclic Deformation '' . The San Andreas Fault System , California . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Atwater , T. , 1970 , Implications of Plate Tectonics for the Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Western North America Jump up ^ Powell , R.E. ; Weldon , R.J. ( 1992 ) . `` Evolution of the San Andreas fault '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 20 : 431 -- 468 . Jump up ^ Mason L. Hill ; Thomas Dibblee ( April 1953 ) . `` San Andreas , Garlock , and Big faults , California '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin : 443 -- 458 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8137 - 2338 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth '' . USGS Earthquake Hazards Program . USGS . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gizzi F.T. ( 2015 ) . `` Worldwide trends in research on the San Andreas Fault System '' ( PDF ) . Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 8 ( 12 ) : 10893 -- 10909 . doi : 10.1007 / s12517 - 015 - 1878 - 4 . Jump up ^ NASA ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` NASA Radar Provides 3 - D View of San Andreas Fault '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Fialko , Yuri ( 2006 ) . `` Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault System '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 441 ( 7096 ) : 968 -- 971 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 441 ... 968F . doi : 10.1038 / nature04797 . PMID 16791192 . Jump up ^ Geller , Robert J. ( Dec 1997 ) . `` Earthquake prediction : a critical review '' . Geophysical Journal International . 131 ( 3 ) : 425 -- 450 . Bibcode : 1997GeoJI. 131 ... 425G . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1997. tb06588. x . Jump up ^ `` New Long - Term Earthquake Forecast for California '' . USGS . Jump up ^ `` The ShakeOut Scenario '' . USGS . Jump up ^ BSSA ( April 3 , 2008 ) . `` Earthquakes Along The Cascadia And San Andreas Faults May Be Linked , Affecting Risk To San Francisco Bay Region '' . Seismological Society of America . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Collier , Michael ( December 1 , 1999 ) . A Land in Motion . UC Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21897 - 3 . Stoffer , Philip W. ( 2006 ) . Where 's the San Andreas fault ? A guidebook to tracing the fault on public lands in the San Francisco Bay region . USGS . General Interest Publication 16 . The California Earthquake of April 18 , 1906 : Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission , Andrew C. Lawson , chairman , Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 87 , 2 vols. ( 1908 ) . Available online at this USGS webpage . Lynch , David K. ( 2006 ) . Field Guide to the San Andreas Fault : See and Touch the World 's Most Famous Fault on any one of Twelve Easy Day Trips . Thule Scientific . ISBN 0 - 9779935 - 0 - 7 . Full color , GPS coordinates , . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Andreas Fault . The Parkfield , California , Earthquake Experiment at the USGS San Andreas Fault Zone Observatory at Depth at the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program The San Andreas Fault by Sandra S. Schulz and Robert E. Wallace Complete Report for San Andreas fault zone , Peninsula section ( Class A ) No. 1c from the USGS New Scripps Study Reveals San Andreas Fault Set for the ' Big One ' at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography San Andreas Fault at Wallace Creek -- Kite Aerial Photography from the USGS `` Scientists Search for a Pulse in Skies Above Earthquake Country '' at JPL The Day California Cracks at Bloomberg Businessweek Google Maps Satellite View on Geology.com San Andreas Fault in Southern California Thule Scientific Interactive Map of the San Andreas Fault Seismically active fault zones and tectonic blocks of California Statewide Faults San Andreas Fault Southern California Brawley Seismic Zone Chino Fault Elsinore Fault Zone Elysian Park Fault Garlock Fault Hollywood fault Hosgri Fault Imperial Fault Zone Laguna Salada Fault Newport -- Inglewood Fault Peninsular Ranges Puente Hills Fault Raymond Fault Rose Canyon Fault Salton Trough Salinian Block San Cayetano Fault San Felipe Fault Zone San Gabriel Fault San Jacinto Fault Zone Santa Maria River Fault Santa Ynez Fault Shoreline Fault Sierra Madre Fault Zone Ventura Fault White Wolf Fault Whittier Fault Yorba Linda Fault Northern California Bartlett Springs Fault Calaveras Fault Clayton - Marsh Creek - Greenville Fault Concord Fault Hayward Fault Zone Healdsburg Fault Maacama Fault Mendocino Fracture Zone Mendocino Triple Junction Mount Diablo Thrust Fault Monta Vista Fault Nacimiento Fault Pleasanton Fault Rinconada Fault San Gregorio Fault San Pablo Fault Seal Cove Fault Serra Fault Silver Creek Fault Tesla Fault West Napa Fault Sierra Nevada Death Valley Fault Zone Furnace Creek Fault Zone Honey Lake Fault Zone Kern Canyon Fault Maria fold and thrust belt Owens Valley Fault Rescue Lineament - Bear Mountains fault zone Sierra Nevada Batholith Sierra Nevada Fault Sierra Nevada - Great Valley Block Smartville Block Walker Lane California Geological Survey Seismic Hazards Mapping Act Mexico ( list ) State of California Sacramento ( capital ) Topics Culture Food Music Myth Sports Demographics Earthquakes Economy Education Environment Geography Climate Ecology Flora Fauna Government Capitol Districts Governor Legislature Supreme Court Healthcare History Law National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks NRHP listings Politics Congressional delegations Elections People Protected areas State Parks State Historic Landmarks Symbols Transportation Water Index of articles Regions Antelope Valley Big Sur California Coast Ranges Cascade Range Central California Central Coast Central Valley Channel Islands Coachella Valley Coastal California Conejo Valley Cucamonga Valley Death Valley East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) East County ( SD ) Eastern California Emerald Triangle Gold Country Great Basin Greater San Bernardino Inland Empire Klamath Basin Lake Tahoe Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Basin Lost Coast Mojave Desert Mountain Empire North Bay ( SF ) North Coast North Coast ( SD ) Northern California Owens Valley Oxnard Plain Peninsular Ranges Pomona Valley Sacramento Valley Salinas Valley San Fernando Valley San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Peninsula San Gabriel Valley San Joaquin Valley Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara River Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ynez Valley Shasta Cascade Sierra Nevada Silicon Valley South Bay ( LA ) South Bay ( SD ) South Bay ( SF ) South Coast Southern Border Region Southern California Transverse Ranges Tri-Valley Victor Valley Wine Country Metro regions Metropolitan Fresno Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Sacramento San Bernardino - Riverside metropolitan area San Francisco metropolitan area San Diego -- Tijuana Counties Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Most populous cities Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Major seismically active faults of North America North America ( crosses national borders ) Alaska - Aleutian megathrust ( US - RU ) Basin and Range Province ( US - MX ) Cascadia subduction zone ( US - CA ) Clarendon - Linden fault system ( US - CA ) Denali Fault ( US - CA ) Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( CA - US ) Puget Sound faults ( US - CA ) Rio Grande rift ( US - MX ) San Andreas Fault ( US - MX ) Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone ( US - CA ) Tintina Fault ( US - CA ) Canada Charlevoix Seismic Zone Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone Leech River Fault Queen Charlotte Fault Saguenay Graben Saint Lawrence rift system Timiskaming Graben Western Quebec Seismic Zone United States Washington and Oregon Brothers Fault Zone Olympic - Wallowa Lineament Puget Sound ( Seattle Fault , Tacoma Fault ) Walker Lane California Calaveras Fault Garlock Fault Hayward Fault Zone Mendocino Fracture Zone Newport -- Inglewood Fault Puente Hills Fault Rose Canyon Fault San Jacinto Fault Zone ( Elsinore Fault Zone ) Great Basin Independence Valley fault system Moab Fault Teton Fault Wasatch Fault Great Plains Central Oklahoma Fault Zone Humboldt Fault Long Point -- Eureka Heights fault system Nemaha Fault Zone Wilzetta Fault Midwest Marianna Fault New Madrid Seismic Zone Sandwich Fault Zone Wabash Valley Seismic Zone Appalachian Mountains and Atlantic Coast Aiken - Augusta Fault Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone Middleton Place - Summerville Seismic Zone ( Woodstock Fault ) Northern Appalachians Seismic Zone Ramapo Fault Virginia Seismic Zone Caribbean & Mexico Cayman Trough Chixoy - Polochic Fault Enriquillo -- Plantain Garden fault zone ( Cuba ) Gulf of California Rift Zone Lesser Antilles subduction zone Middle America Trench ( Central America ) Motagua Fault ( Central America ) Pedro Miguel Fault Puerto Rico Trench WorldCat Identities GND : 4105280 - 8 NARA : 10046904 VIAF : 233720329 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Andreas_Fault&oldid=864815299 '' Categories : 1906 San Francisco earthquake Geography of Kern County , California Geography of Los Angeles County , California Geography of Marin County , California Geography of Monterey County , California Geography of Palmdale , California Geography of San Bernardino County , California Geography of San Francisco Geography of San Mateo County , California Geography of Santa Clara County , California Geography of Sonoma County , California Geography of the San Francisco Bay Area Geology of Imperial County , California Geology of Los Angeles County , California Geology of Riverside County , California Geology of San Bernardino County , California History of Southern California Landforms of Humboldt County , California National Natural Landmarks in California Salton Trough Seismic faults of California Strike - slip faults Active faults Hidden categories : Articles with short description M w Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 17 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how far south does the san andreas fault run | [
"The fault was identified in 1895 by Professor Andrew Lawson of UC Berkeley, who discovered the northern zone. It is often described as having been named after San Andreas Lake, a small body of water that was formed in a valley between the two plates. However, according to some of his reports from 1895 and 1908, Lawson actually named it after the surrounding San Andreas Valley.[2] Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Lawson concluded that the fault extended all the way into southern California.\n"
] | [
"southern California"
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-3871419997204532114 | Phoebe Halliwell | Phoebe Halliwell - wikipedia Phoebe Halliwell Jump to : navigation , search Phoebe Halliwell Charmed character First appearance October 7 , 1998 ( episode 1.01 ; `` Something Wicca This Way Comes '' ) Last appearance May 21 , 2006 ( episode 8.22 ; `` Forever Charmed '' Created by Constance M. Burge Portrayed by Alyssa Milano Lori Rom ( unaired pilot ) Information Aliases Julie Bennett Occupation Advice columnist Spouse ( s ) Cole Turner ( ex-husband ; deceased ) Dex Lawson ( ex-husband ) Coop ( 2006 -- present ) Children Prudence Johnna `` PJ '' Halliwell Parker Halliwell Peyton Halliwell ( with Coop ) unborn son ( with Cole ) Species Charmed One , Witch , Empath Notable powers Premonitions Levitation Empathy Pathokinesis Extended Family Grandparents Penny Halliwell ( grandmother ; deceased ) Allen Halliwell ( grandfather ; deceased ) Parents Patty Halliwell ( mother ; deceased ) Victor Bennett ( father ) Siblings Prue Halliwell ( sister ; deceased ) Piper Halliwell ( sister ) Paige Matthews ( half - sister ) Other Relatives Melinda Warren ( ancestor ) Phoebe Halliwell is a fictional character from the American television series Charmed , played by Alyssa Milano from October 7 , 1998 until May 21 , 2006 . The character was originally played by Lori Rom in the unaired pilot episode . However , Rom quit the series , and a new pilot was filmed with Milano in the role of Phoebe . The character was created by Constance M. Burge and is based on Burge herself . Phoebe is introduced into Charmed as the youngest sister to Prue ( Shannen Doherty ) and Piper Halliwell ( Holly Marie Combs ) . She is one of the original featured leads and , more specifically , a Charmed One -- one of the most powerful witches of all time . Phoebe initially possesses the power of premonition , which enables her to see into the future and the past . To make up for initially only having a passive power , Phoebe develops martial arts skills in order to better assist her sisters when they fight evil beings . As the series progresses , she also gains the active powers of levitation and empathy . Phoebe was originally portrayed as the `` free - spirited '' , `` carefree '' , and most rebellious sister . However , Phoebe 's progression as a witch helps her become more responsible and grow as a person . She later becomes the middle sister after Prue dies and the series introduces their younger half - sister Paige Matthews ( Rose McGowan ) . This results in Phoebe often playing mediator between Piper and Paige , much like Piper used to be for her and Prue . Phoebe 's various romantic relationships have been central to most of her storylines . Her longest on - screen relationship is with half - demon Cole Turner ( Julian McMahon ) ; they have a turbulent marriage in the fourth season , and in the fifth , following their divorce , she is compelled to vanquish him . In subsequent seasons , Phoebe has romantic relationships with her boss Jason Dean ( Eric Dane ) , fellow employee Leslie St. Claire ( Nick Lachey ) , and artist Dex Lawson ( Jason Lewis ) . In the eighth and final season , she marries a cupid named Coop ( Victor Webster ) . The character was mostly well received by television critics , who praised Phoebe 's comedic side and felt that Milano was a better fit for the role than Rom . They also commented on the outfits worn by Phoebe in the later seasons , with some critics describing them as `` revealing and ridiculous costumes '' , `` sexy '' and `` skimpy . '' Milano 's portrayal of Phoebe earned her several awards and nominations ; she was nominated for a Spacey Award , Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Award , and a Teen Choice Award . In 2007 and 2008 , AOL TV ranked Phoebe at number seven on their list of the Top TV Witches . In addition to the television series , the character has also appeared in numerous expanded universe material , such as the Charmed novels and its comic book adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and development 2 Appearances 2.1 Television 2.2 Literature 3 Powers and abilities 3.1 Magical powers 3.1. 1 Premonitions 3.1. 2 Levitation 3.1. 3 Empathy 3.1. 4 Pathokinesis 3.2 Natural abilities 4 Reception 5 Cultural impact 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Casting and development ( edit ) In 1998 , The WB began searching for a drama series , and looked to Spelling Television , which had produced the network 's most successful series 7th Heaven , to create it . Expanding on the popularity of supernatural - themed dramas , the production company explored forms of mythology to find mythological characters they could focus on with contemporary storytelling . In order to create the series , Constance M. Burge was hired as the creator as she was under contract with 20th Century Fox and Spelling Television after conceiving the drama Savannah . The character of Phoebe Halliwell was conceived by Burge , who wrote the pilot script for Charmed . The pilot script was based around three mismatched sisters who are initially based on Burge and her two older sisters , Laura and Edie Burge . Phoebe is based on Burge herself . On creating the Halliwell sisters , Burge stated `` Phoebe was honestly the easiest . It just grew from within . '' Executive producer Brad Kern claimed Phoebe was written into the series as the classic younger sibling and stated that at the start of series Phoebe is `` trying to find her own identity by living life large and not really having a care in the world . '' When the series was in its first development stages , actress Lori Rom was cast in the role of Phoebe . Rom played the role in a 28 - minute test pilot ( the `` unaired pilot '' never aired on television ) with which the series was picked up by The WB . Rom later pulled out from the series before a 45 - minute version of the pilot could be filmed for proper network television , leaving the role of Phoebe vacant . Executive producer Aaron Spelling then turned to actress Alyssa Milano , who was previously cast in another television series produced by Spelling Television , Melrose Place . While Milano was in Hawaii shooting an episode for Fantasy Island , Spelling phoned Milano and asked her to consider joining the series . After receiving a copy of the original pilot and the script , five days later Milano began shooting the re-shot pilot episode . Appearances ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Main article : List of Charmed episodes Phoebe enters the series as the youngest Halliwell sister . She was first portrayed by Lori Rom in the unaired pilot , which the role was later given and portrayed by Alyssa Milano in all of the show 's aired 178 episodes . At the start of season one ( 1998 -- 99 ) , six months have passed since the death of her Grams , Penny Halliwell ( Jennifer Rhodes ) . A jobless Phoebe returns from New York City and moves back into her family 's Victorian Manor with her two sisters Prue ( Shannen Doherty ) and Piper ( Holly Marie Combs ) . On the night of Phoebe 's return , she finds a book called the Book of Shadows within the Manor 's attic . After Phoebe unknowingly recites aloud what turns out to be an incantation from the book , the three sisters each receive a magical power and discover their destiny as The Charmed Ones -- the most powerful good witches the world has ever known . Phoebe obtains the power to `` see the future '' which contrasts with her known reckless persona . Because of her free - spirited nature , Phoebe often brings conflict into the Halliwell Manor , more often with Prue during the first season -- this is especially in regards to their witchcraft . Initially drawn apart due to Prue 's speculation of Phoebe being the cause of her failed engagement to Roger ( Matthew Ashford ) , the two sisters mend their relationship over the course of the season . In season two ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Phoebe is seen re-entering college and majoring in psychology . She continues to embrace her destiny as a witch and is noted by her sisters as being the best at writing new spells . In the absence of an active power , Phoebe becomes progressively adept at martial arts in order to better fight demons and warlocks . Throughout the season , Phoebe struggles to open herself up to love and attempts to find a love interest who can live up to her `` ideal guy '' as portrayed in her favorite in - verse movie , Kill It Before It Dies by the character Billy ( Chris Payne Gilbert ) . In the season two finale , Phoebe and her sisters discover that the many attacks on their lives by evil beings have been orchestrated by a demonic force known as The Council . In the show 's third season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , Phoebe receives the active power of levitation and enters a relationship with Cole Turner ( Julian McMahon ) , who is actually the demon mercenary Belthazor that was sent by The Triad ( who have replaced The Council ) to kill The Charmed Ones . Upon this discovery , Phoebe struggles between her loyalty to her sisters and her love for Cole . After a tumultuous love affair , often deterred due to Cole 's frequent struggle between good and evil , Phoebe manages to graduate from college . Phoebe and her sisters eventually learn that The Triad work for an even greater evil , The Source of All Evil who is the leader of the demonic realm known as The Underworld . In the season three finale , Phoebe ventures into The Underworld to save Cole from his dark side , while her sisters face dire consequences in the world above . Prue and Piper unwittingly expose themselves as witches to the world after being caught on camera by a local news crew fighting with The Source 's personal assassin Shax . This results in Piper 's catastrophic death in the arms of Prue , and Phoebe unable to help them . In order to save Piper 's life , Prue orders Leo Wyatt ( Brian Krause ) to find Phoebe and pass on a deal to The Source to turn back time . The Source agrees , knowing that he plans to double cross her in the end as Phoebe will be immune to the time reset while in The Underworld . Time is reversed to the sisters ' first encounter with Shax , however Phoebe no longer answers when Prue calls for help , as she was never sent back . The season ends on a cliffhanger with Piper and Prue left for dead after losing in the fight against Shax . Meanwhile , Phoebe remains trapped in The Underworld . The opening episode of the fourth season ( 2001 -- 02 ) , `` Charmed Again ( Part 1 ) '' , reveals that Phoebe was rescued from The Underworld by Leo and Cole . However , because of this they arrived too late and were only able to heal Piper of her injuries from the season three finale . Prue 's injuries from Shax were too severe and was unable to be saved . Later in the episode , while attending Prue 's funeral , Phoebe meets Paige Matthews ( Rose McGowan ) and receives a premonition of the woman being attacked by Shax . This incident leads to Phoebe and Piper discovering that Paige is their younger half - sister . By the end of the season premiere , Paige helps to restore the Power of Three and avenge Prue 's death in vanquishing her murderer Shax . During this season , Phoebe finds herself forced into the role of the middle sister as she attempts to play mediator between Piper and Paige , much like Piper was once for her and Prue . Alongside continuing her Charmed role , Phoebe receives a marriage proposal from Cole , accepting after he becomes stripped of his demon half . Phoebe eventually pens the spell to vanquish The Source , whom escapes a final vanquish by possessing the now human Cole . For the remainder of the season , Phoebe plans to marry Cole unaware that he has become the new Source of All Evil and ruler of The Underworld . After being tricked by Cole and The Seer ( Debbie Morgan ) into participating in a dark marriage ceremony , Phoebe lands a job as an advice columnist for the newspaper The Bay Mirror . Soon after she discovers that she is pregnant and subsequently chooses to join Cole as his queen in The Underworld . As season four draws to a close , Phoebe is forced to choose between her husband and her sisters . She mournfully sides with her sisters to vanquish Cole . Later , her unborn child is magically stolen by The Seer who claims that the child is rightfully hers and was never Phoebe 's . About to be sacrificed as human offerings during The Seer 's coronation as the new Source , Phoebe and her sisters tap into `` The Power of Three '' and vanquish The Seer and the entire Underworld council . In the season finale , the Angel of Destiny ( Dakin Matthews ) visits and gives the sisters an offer to live a normal life without magical powers or the threat of demons . After some contemplation Phoebe declines alongside her sisters , but the Angel of Destiny is not done with the sisters ' and makes hints about Piper 's pregnancy , which only Phoebe takes the hint and announces it . For season five ( 2002 -- 03 ) , Phoebe attempts to live a life without Cole where she can focus on her career . This plan is stunted when a resurrected Cole returns to San Francisco eager to reconcile with Phoebe . After a series of attempts to win back Phoebe 's affections , even trying to seduce her to evil once again , Cole is vanquished in the 100th episode of the series , `` Centennial Charmed '' . Later in the season , Phoebe helps to deliver Piper and Leo 's first child , Wyatt Matthew Halliwell . Soon after she begins a romantic relationship with her new boss , multi-millionaire Jason Dean ( Eric Dane ) . In season six ( 2003 -- 04 ) , Phoebe continues her relationship with Jason and also sees her magical abilities grow to include the power of empathy . Phoebe eventually becomes more serious with Jason , moving with him to Hong Kong . After a year of dating , Jason discovers Phoebe 's secret identity as a witch by accident and , unable to handle the revelation , breaks up with her . Phoebe subsequently moves back to San Francisco and into the Manor . In the episode `` The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell '' , Phoebe experiences a vision quest and not only discovers that her new time - traveling whitelighter Chris ( Drew Fuller ) is actually the second child of Piper and Leo , but that she is also destined to have a child of her own . This puts Phoebe on a selfish path of using her psychic powers to find the father of her child to the neglect of her other duties . For this , Phoebe is stripped of her unique powers by a Tribunal Council made up of both high - powered demons and Elders , though she retains her basic abilities as a witch and Charmed One . In the sixth season finale , the sisters , Leo and Chris discover that a powerful Elder named Gideon ( Gildart Jackson ) wishes to destroy the Twice - Blessed Wyatt , an act which causes Wyatt to turn his back on good in the future . At the start of season seven ( 2004 -- 05 ) , Phoebe is still stripped of her powers . After she begins to feel disconnected from her advice column audience , Phoebe takes a sabbatical from work and is temporarily replaced by a ghost - writer Leslie St. Claire ( Nick Lachey ) . Phoebe and Leslie enter a brief romance , but it does not last long as Leslie moves to Los Angeles . In the episode `` Styx Feet Under '' , Phoebe only regains her power of premonitions . In the hopes of having a demon - free life , Phoebe and her sisters join forces with The Avatars , powerful beings who are neither good nor evil , in their plan to turn the world into a utopia . Phoebe is the first of the sisters to regret this when her premonition powers show her how much the world has been robbed of its free will . The Charmed Ones team up with The Underworld 's new leader , Zankou ( Oded Fehr ) to defeat The Avatars . However , Zankou then turns on the sisters , becoming their adversary for the remainder of the season . During this season Cole , while stuck in Limbo , arranges for the good - natured demon Drake De'mon ( Billy Zane ) to enter Phoebe 's life and keep her from giving up on love . In the season seven finale , during a suicide mission to vanquish Zankou , Phoebe and her sisters fake their deaths in order to escape the constant threat of demon attacks , as well as police and government investigations . For the eighth and final season ( 2005 -- 2006 ) , Phoebe takes on the false identity of Julie Bennett ( Monica Allgeier ) and begins a relationship with an artist named Dex Lawson ( Jason Lewis ) . While under the influence of a spell cast by the prodigy of the Charmed Ones , Billie Jenkins ( Kaley Cuoco ) , Phoebe marries Dex under the alias of Julie . Unsure if she could ever have a lasting marriage with someone she is not completely honest with , Phoebe reveals the truth of her hidden identity to Dex . The pair eventually break up and agree to get an annulment . Phoebe later meets a cupid named Coop ( Victor Webster ) , who was sent by The Elders to help her find love again . When Phoebe discovers that Billie and her sister , Christy ( Marnette Patterson ) are the ultimate power The Charmed Ones must defeat to save Leo from the Angel of Death ( Simon Templeman ) , she has reservations because the women are human and not demons . In the end , Phoebe participates in the ultimate battle between The Charmed Ones and the Jenkins sisters , which destroys the Halliwell Manor , and only Piper and Billie survive . In the series finale `` Forever Charmed '' , Piper uses Coop 's time - traveling ring to call upon her mother and grandmother and save Phoebe and Paige . After Christy is defeated , Phoebe and her sisters write about their lives in the Book of Shadows . An epilogue shows Phoebe and Coop getting married and that their marriage will produce three children , all daughters . Phoebe also becomes a successful author , writing a self - help book on finding love . Literature ( edit ) Main articles : List of Charmed books and Charmed ( comic book ) As one of the central characters throughout the entire series , Phoebe appears in the majority of Charmed literature . These appearances first began in the series of novels . The novels follow no strict continuity with the series or each other , and are often considered to be non-canon . However , the television series producers have final approval of everything in the novels , which could indicate the literature fitting into the established canon of the series and the so - called `` Charmed universe '' . Phoebe 's first appearance in Charmed literature takes place within the novel The Power of Three by Eliza Willard on November 1 , 1999 , which acts as a novelised version of the series premiere episode . Her last appearance in a Charmed novel takes place within Trickery Treat by Diana G. Gallagher on January 1 , 2008 . In 2010 , Charmed gained an officially licensed continuation in the form of a comic book , which is often billed as Charmed : Season 9 . The series is published monthly by Zenescope Entertainment . Set eighteen - months after the series finale , the sisters are seen living happy demon free lives and have each entered into motherhood . Phoebe has had her first daughter with her husband Coop , who is named Prudence Johnna and nicknamed P.J. by Grams . Phoebe is also seen preparing to return to work as an advice columnist for The Bay Mirror . In the second issue of the comic , Phoebe regains her previously stripped powers of Levitation and Empathy . In Issue # 6 of the comic , Morality Bites Back , Phoebe learns that she used Advanced Empathy to murder Cal Greene in a previously visited future of February 26 , 2009 by reflecting his emotions back onto him which caused his brain to overload . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Magical powers ( edit ) In Charmed it is revealed that magical witches can develop and master a variety of magical skills and powers which include ; scrying , spell casting , and brewing potent potions . As a magical witch Phoebe can utilize scrying , a divination art form that allows one to locate a missing object or person . Phoebe can also cast spells , often written in iambic pentameter or as a rhyming couplet , to influence others or the world around her . She can also brew potions , most often used to vanquish foes or to achieve other magical feats similar to the effects of a spell . As a witch and Charmed One , Phoebe has also developed a number of magical powers which include premonitions , levitation , empathy and pathokinesis . Premonitions ( edit ) When Phoebe first comes into her powers , the first power she develops is the ability to see the future in the form of premonitions . Premonitions are considered to be a passive power . She triggers this power when she touches or is in the presence of something that is related to the subject of her premonitions , making them a form of psychometry . This originally only encompassed precognition , to see the future , but grew to include retrocognition , to see the past , as well . This power was initially uncontrollable , but in later seasons she learns to summon premonitions at will . While her premonitions are initially shown as black and white in the show , it is mentioned several times that Phoebe experiences them in color . As her power grows , her premonitions become more vivid to where they become slightly colored and she can hear and feel what is taking place . Phoebe 's premonition powers also allow her visions to reveal the truth . For instance , in the season one finale , `` Deja Vu All Over Again '' , when the world is caught within a recurring time loop by the time sorcerer Tempus ( David Carradine ) , Phoebe is able to realize that the same day is repeating over and over again because of her premonition powers . By season five , her power evolves to enable her to experience aspects of astral projection allowing her to interact with the environment of her premonitions . This aspect of her power is highlighted in the season five episodes `` The Eyes Have It '' and `` Sand Francisco Dreamin ' '' , as well as the season eight episode `` Hulkus Pocus '' . Her premonition powers also evolve to allow Phoebe to anticipate the actions of others as in many instances Phoebe has sidestepped and jumped out the way of incoming fireballs and energy balls with perfect timing . Examples of this can be seen in the season seven episodes `` Freaky Phoebe '' , where Phoebe is able to sense a demon who is behind her with a pair of scissors , and in the episode `` Ordinary Witches '' , where Ronnie ( Brian Howe ) , a cab driver Phoebe loses her powers to , is able to sense when and where the next fireball of a demon is going to be launched using her power of premonitions . Phoebe also develops the power to trigger a vision in someone else with similar powers , `` sharing '' visions with Elders and knowing how to trigger a specific `` trap '' premonition in the evil witch Mitzy ( Jenny McCarthy ) , who has temporary possession of her powers . Kyra ( Charisma Carpenter ) , a powerful demonic seer , tells Phoebe her powers were once limited to psychometry but they grew , like Phoebe 's will in time . Levitation ( edit ) At the start of season three , in the episode `` The Honeymoon 's Over '' , Phoebe obtains her first active power in the form of levitation , the power to defy gravity and float in the air . This power is uncontrollable when she first obtains it , but she later learns to maintain complete control over it . When new to her power , Phoebe is unable to move horizontally , and in the season three episode `` Once Upon a Time '' , Prue uses telekinesis to guide Phoebe across a cavern while she is levitating . Later in the series , Phoebe often mixes her martial arts and kick boxing with her levitating power to knock out her enemies . In season four , the power advances so that Phoebe is able to glide short distances while levitating and she even learns to use her power to walk on walls . During the fifth season , she is able to propel herself while levitating , as seen when she propels herself through a ventilation duct with her levitation powers in the episode `` The Importance of Being Phoebe '' . In the season six episode `` Forget Me ... Not '' , Phoebe showcases a form of projective levitation , when she levitates herself and a weatherman . Phoebe displays projective levitation again in the episode `` Love 's a Witch '' when she levitates the pillow she is sitting on along with her . In the Charmed comic books , specifically in issue # 16 `` The Heavens Can Wait '' , her power has been shown to have grown stronger , allowing Phoebe to levitate Paige 's orb - shield which contained herself , her two sisters and Leo . While inside the Nexus of The All , Phoebe became able to use her power to its full potential , allowing her to not only fly but also to carry Piper and Paige with ease . Later , Prue tells Phoebe that her power will advance to this stage naturally at some point in the future . Empathy ( edit ) Season six sees Phoebe develop the power of empathy , the power to sense and experience the emotions of others . Being an empath allows Phoebe to directly channel the emotions of those around her . This initially causes considerable problems , as after encountering the emotions of others Phoebe would sometimes act on their whims or amplify and broadcast her own feelings , such as once triggering a fight in the Bay Mirror offices by accident ( Although this could have unintended advantages ; when the Halliwells were attacked by a demon that trapped them in their ideal worlds , Phoebe quickly realized something was wrong because her empathy powers caused her to tap into her boyfriend 's desire for her to be a large - scale success where Phoebe was content being a local celebrity ) . In the Charmed series , magical powers are tied to the user 's emotions , and because Phoebe can feel the emotions of others , her empathy allows her to sometimes tap into other characters ' magical powers . This is first seen in the second half of the two - part season six premiere , `` Valhalley of the Dolls ( Part 2 ) '' . When a Valkyrie - turned - Piper attacks Phoebe , she channels Piper 's telekinetic Valkyrie powers to where she can use them herself . This channeling of Valkyrie Piper 's powers , also made her powers , when used against Phoebe , ineffective . In later episodes , Phoebe also uses empathy to deflect energy balls and fireballs , causing them to backfire on their users . Pathokinesis ( edit ) In the season two episode , `` Morality Bites '' , when the sisters travel to the future , it is revealed that Phoebe uses a magical power to kill a man named Cal Greene out of revenge . In the Charmed comics issue # 6 , `` Morality Bites Back '' , Phoebe learns that this power is an advanced form of empathy , which is called Pathokinesis . Phoebe discovers that her empathy powers grow to allow her to incapacitate or even kill another person . In the comics , Phoebe realizes that she murders Cal Greene by reflecting his emotions back onto him , flooding his mind with painful emotions and memories of the women he had hurt , which causes his brain to overload . Natural abilities ( edit ) Early in the series , Phoebe is revealed to be a skilled pick - pocket ; having picked up the technique during her rebellious teen years . Also , to make up for initially only having a passive power , Phoebe takes classes in self - defense . Her skills in hand - to - hand combat which includes Kung - Fu , Jeet Kune Do , & Kickboxing have advanced to the point where Phoebe is capable of beating multiple adversaries , most notably demonic wrestlers , furies , and vampires . Reception ( edit ) Milano and Doherty 's rumored off - screen feud earned them a nomination for Best Fight at the 2001 Wand Awards . In 2004 , she was nominated for Favorite Female TV Character at the Spacey Awards in Canada . At the 2005 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards , Milano was nominated for Favorite Television Actress . The following year , she was nominated for Television -- Choice Actress at the Teen Choice Awards . Kristin Sample of AOL TV called Phoebe `` the hottest '' witch out of the Halliwell sisters . In his review of the pilot episode , Ray Richmond of Variety magazine described Phoebe as `` a free - spirited , self - absorbed conspiracy buff . '' In another review of the pilot episode , John Levesque of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer also labelled Phoebe `` free - spirited '' , but felt that Milano 's acting needed `` seasoning . '' PopMatters ' Michael Abernethy wrote that Milano provided `` a lighter touch '' to Charmed and noted that her `` comic training '' in sitcoms was `` ideal for her carefree character '' Phoebe . Angelica Bastien of Bustle magazine called Phoebe a `` fan favorite '' and commented that Milano `` definitely fits the role much better than Lori ( Rom ) did . Just check out the Youtube video comparing their different takes on the character to see why it 's best Milano took on the role . '' Brett Cullum of DVD Verdict named Phoebe `` a wacky free spirit spitfire '' and also believed that Milano was the right choice for Phoebe as she `` provided an innate sense of comedy that rounded out the cast well . '' Rob Lineberger of the same publication felt that Milano 's acting in the fifth season was `` over the top in every way '' and noted that she had a `` hysterical physical presence . '' In his review of the sixth season , Lineberger wrote that Milano was `` still singularly , blissfully goofy . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Gillian Flynn also praised the comedy moments in the sixth season , writing `` Milano has turned exasperation into an art form , as she 's morphed into everything from Mata Hari to her combat - booted former teen self this season . '' Iona Kirby of the Daily Mail praised Milano 's wardrobe choices on the show , noting that Phoebe `` was always seen in sexy -- and often bizarre -- outfits that were in fashion at that time . '' BuzzFeed 's Jarett Wieselman also commented on Phoebe 's outfits in the later seasons , noting that many of the episodes featured her wearing `` a series of progressively revealing and ridiculous costumes in the name of vanquishing . '' Joshua Levs of CNN labelled the costumes worn by Phoebe and her sisters `` so skimpy '' , and noted that some of her memorable costumes included being a mermaid , `` a leather - clad comic - book hero '' , and `` topless on a horse . '' Levs also added that casting directors should pay attention because `` Milano can act . '' A writer for MovieWeb described Phoebe as a `` great , interesting , and relateable character . '' The writer also praised Milano for delivering an `` incredibly convincing and believable performance '' , further adding that she `` was another great casting choice '' for Charmed . Hypable. com 's Tariq Kyle felt that Phoebe was the best character on the show , adding `` She 's sweet and innocent in a lot of ways , but she 's also strong and realistic . She 's smart , but she 's relatable . She still fails and makes mistakes , but she constantly grows . '' Cultural impact ( edit ) In 2007 , AOL TV ranked Phoebe at number seven on their list of the Top TV Witches . She also ranked seventh on the same list the following year . Virgin Media placed Phoebe at number 11 on their list of TV Temptresses , writing `` As one of the trio of glamorous witches on ghostly drama Charmed , Phoebe can use her psychic premonitions for all sorts of japery including romance . '' Milano was referenced in the 2002 teen comedy film Big Fat Liar due to her portrayal as a witch in Charmed . In the film , Kaylee ( Amanda Bynes ) recalls watching an episode of Charmed on The WB where Milano `` was about to cast a spell on her cute demon boyfriend . '' In his review of the television series Witches of East End being too similar to Charmed , Christian Cintron of Hollywood.com noted that Jenna Dewan - Tatum 's `` ne'er - do - well , bed - hopping character '' Freya Beauchamp is a lot like Phoebe . See also ( edit ) Woman warrior References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Genesis '' Documentary , Charmed : The Complete Final Season Region 1 DVD ^ Jump up to : `` E ! Special : The Women of Charmed Transcript '' . E ! Special : The Women of Charmed . Charmed Scripts ( fansite ) . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : P. Lucas , Michael ( February 3 , 1999 ) . `` The Real Stories Behind a Trio of ' Charmed ' Lives '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Something Wicca This Way Comes '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Awakened '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Murphy 's Luck '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Heartbreak City '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Chick Flick '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Be Careful What You Witch For '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : The Honeymoon 's Over '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Magic Hour '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Sleuthing With the Enemy '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Demon Who Came in from the Cold '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : All Hell Breaks Loose '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Charmed Again ( Part 1 ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Hell Hath No Furies '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Black as Cole '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : A Paige from the Past '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Charmed and Dangerous '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Marry - Go - Round '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : The Fifth Halliwell '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : We 're Off to See the Wizard '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Long Live the Queen '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Womb Raider '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Witch Way Now ? '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : A Witch 's Tail ( Part 1 ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Happily Ever After '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Witches in Tights '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Y Tu Mummy Tambien '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : The Importance of Being Phoebe '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Centennial Charmed '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Day The Magic Died '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Lucky Charmed '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Valhalley of the Dolls ( Part 1 ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Chris - Crossed '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Used Karma '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Crimes and Witch Demeanors '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : It 's a , Bad , Bad , Bad , Bad World ( Part 2 ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : A Call To Arms '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Styx Feet Under '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Once in a Blue Moon '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Extreme Makeover : World Edition '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Charmageddon '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Seven Year Witch '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Something Wicca This Way Goes ... ? '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Still Charmed & Kicking '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Rewitched '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Torn Identity '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Kill Billie : Vol. 2 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Forever Charmed '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Haag , Andrea V. , `` Interview with Diana G. Gallagher '' , CharmedOnes.com ( fansite ) , February 2002 Jump up ^ The name of the Charmed expanded universe , `` Charmed universe '' , is used by both fans and in published material , such as Charmed Magazine and its official website Jump up ^ Reisinger , Adam . `` Charmed Comic Review , Issue # 1 '' . Adam Reisinger . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Adam . `` Charmed Comic Review , Issue # 5 : Unnatural Resources '' . Adam Reisinger . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Adam . `` Charmed Comic Review , Issue # 2 '' . Adam Reisinger . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Reisinger , Adam . `` Charmed Comic Review , Issue # 6 : Morality Bites Back '' . Adam Reisinger . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : That Old Black Magic '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : The Witch Is Back '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Spin City '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Truth Is Out There ... and It Hurts '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Deja Vu All Over Again '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : The Eyes Have It '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Sand Francisco Dreamin ' '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Hulkus Pocus '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Freaky Phoebe ' '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Ordinary Witches '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Witchness Protection '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Power of Three ... Blondes '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Once Upon a Time '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Forget Me ... Not '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Love 's a Witch '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Phoebe revealed that her power has indeed grown stronger in the Charmed Season 9 comic book issue `` The Heavens Can Wait '' . Jump up ^ Phoebe displays the power of flight in the Charmed Season 9 comic book issue `` The Power of 300 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Valhalley of the Dolls ( Part 2 ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Soul Survivor '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Morality Bites '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Painted World '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Which Prue Is It , Anyway ? '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Ms. Hellfire '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Wrestling With Demons '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Bite Me '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed -- Series -- Awards '' . TV Tango . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Host / Nominee Release '' . Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . February 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards -- 2006 '' . Awardsandwinners.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sample , Kristin ( October 22 , 2007 ) . `` Top TV Witches '' . AOL TV . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( October 7 , 1998 ) . `` Review : ' Charmed ' '' . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abernethy , Michael . `` Demonic Drive - Bys '' . PopMatters . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2004 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` 10 Things From The ' Charmed ' Pilot You Never Noticed Because Alyssa Milano Was n't Always Phoebe '' . Bustle . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cullum , Brett ( February 2 , 2005 ) . `` DVD Verdict Review - Charmed : The Compelete First Season '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lineberger , Rob . `` Charmed : The Complete Fifth Season '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lineberger , Rob . `` Charmed : The Complete Sixth Season '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Gillian ( April 9 , 2004 ) . `` Charmed '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Iona ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Channeling Charmed ? New mother Alyssa Milano bewitches in a cleavage - baring ensemble at Into The Woods premiere '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` 7 Reasons ' Charmed ' Fans Should Be Watching ' Witches Of East End ' '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levs , Joshua ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` Commentary : The guilty pleasure of ' Charmed ' '' . CNN . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed Review '' . MovieWeb . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Tariq ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Introducing : Fandom Flashbacks , a Hypable weekly feature '' . Hypable.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Witches '' . AOL TV . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` AOL Picks TV 's Best Witches '' . Comic Mix . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV temptresses - Charmed 's Phoebe Halliwell - Alyssa Milano '' . Virgin Media . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) '' . Quotes.net . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cintron , Christian ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` ' Witches of East End ' Is Just Way Too Much Like ' Charmed ' '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Phoebe Halliwell on IMDb ( hide ) Charmed Awards and nominations Series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Comics and novels and short stories Season 9 10 Characters Prue Halliwell Piper Halliwell Phoebe Halliwell Paige Matthews Darryl Morris Leo Wyatt Cole Turner Billie Jenkins Coop Kyra Barbas Christy Jenkins Episodes `` Something Wicca This Way Comes '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Charmed Again '' `` Forever Charmed '' Other media Board games Merchandise Video game Music `` How Soon Is Now ? '' The Soundtrack The Book of Shadows Related articles Power of Three Book of Shadows Magical beings Category : Charmed ( TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoebe_Halliwell&oldid=801776780 '' Categories : Charmed ( TV series ) characters Fictional characters with precognition Fictional empaths Fictional Jeet Kune Do practitioners Fictional Shaolin kung fu practitioners Fictional kickboxers Charmed ( TV series ) witches Fictional writers Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Fictional demon hunters Fictional characters from San Francisco Revived fictional characters Fictional college students Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does phoebe from charmed end up with | [
"Phoebe was originally portrayed as the \"free-spirited\", \"carefree\", and most rebellious sister. However, Phoebe's progression as a witch helps her become more responsible and grow as a person. She later becomes the middle sister after Prue dies and the series introduces their younger half-sister Paige Matthews (Rose McGowan). This results in Phoebe often playing mediator between Piper and Paige, much like Piper used to be for her and Prue. Phoebe's various romantic relationships have been central to most of her storylines. Her longest on-screen relationship is with half-demon Cole Turner (Julian McMahon); they have a turbulent marriage in the fourth season, and in the fifth, following their divorce, she is compelled to vanquish him. In subsequent seasons, Phoebe has romantic relationships with her boss Jason Dean (Eric Dane), fellow employee Leslie St. Claire (Nick Lachey), and artist Dex Lawson (Jason Lewis). In the eighth and final season, she marries a cupid named Coop (Victor Webster)."
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-84900405132328197 | Air on the G String | Air on the G string - wikipedia Air on the G string Not to be confused with `` Air '' from Johann Sebastian Bach 's Orchestral Suite No. 3 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Air on the G String '' is August Wilhelmj 's arrangement of the second movement in Johann Sebastian Bach 's Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D major , BWV 1068 . The arrangement differs from the original in that the part of the first violins is transposed down so that it can be played entirely on a violin 's lowest string , i.e. , the G string . It is played by a single violin ( instead of by the first violins as a group ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bach 's original 2 Wilhelmj 's arrangement 3 References 4 External links 4.1 Video clips Bach 's original ( edit ) `` Air '' from Bach 's Orchestral Suite No. 3 String orchestra ( 2000 ) performed by the United States Air Force Band Strings ( not an historically informed performance , but no transpositions ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Further information : Orchestral Suite No. 3 ( Bach ) Bach 's third Orchestral Suite in D major , composed in the first half of the 18th century , has an `` Air '' as second movement , following its French overture opening movement . The suite is composed for three trumpets , timpani , two oboes , strings ( two violin parts and a viola part ) , and basso continuo . In the second movement of the suite however only the strings and the continuo play . This is the only movement of the suite where all other instruments are silent . The music of the `` Air '' is written on four staves , for first violins , second violins , violas , and continuo . The interweaving melody lines of the high strings contrasts with the pronounced rhythmic drive in the bass . Wilhelmj 's arrangement ( edit ) `` Air on the G String '' Violin and piano ( 1920 ) performed by Joel Belov ( violin ) and Robert Gayler ( piano ) Violin and string orchestra ( 1990 ) performed by Takako Nishizaki ( violin ) , Capella Istropolitana , Oliver von Dohnányi ( conductor ) ; courtesy of Naxos Records Saxophone and piano performed by David Hernando Vitores ( alto saxophone ) -- `` on the G String '' - like arrangement for a solo instrument without strings Problems playing these files ? See media help . In the late 19th century violinist August Wilhelmj arranged the second movement of Bach 's third Orchestral Suite for violin and an accompaniment of strings , piano or organ ( harmonium ) . On the score he had printed auf der G - Saite ( on the G string ) above the stave for the solo violin , which gave the arrangement its nickname . In Wilhelmj 's version the piece is transposed down from its original key ( D major ) to C major . Then the part of the first violins is transposed down a further octave and given to a solo violin that can play the entire melody on its lowest string , the G string . The dynamic markings added by Wilhelmj are more in line with a romantic interpretation than with the baroque original . As a violin ca n't play very loudly in its lowest register , all the other parts of Bach 's music were firmly reduced in Wilhelmj 's version : the keyboard part is to be played staccato and pianissimo , causing the effects of interweaving melodies and of drive in the bass part to go lost . In the strings accompaniment version the violins and violas play muted ( con sordino ) , and the bass part for cellos and double basses is to be played pizzicato and sempre pianissimo , with the same change in effect compared to Bach 's original . Later , a spurious story was put about that the melody was always intended to be played on the G string alone . The violin solo part of Wilhelmj 's arrangement is sometimes played on the counter-tenor violoncello . As a result of the popularity of the piece , on the G string remained in the name of various arrangements whether or not a string instrument playing on its G string was involved . Most of these versions have in common that the original melody of the first violins is played in the low register of a solo instrument , accompanied by a reduction of the material of the other parts of Bach 's piece , although occasionally versions that stay more in line with Bach 's original can go by the same name . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grove 's Dictionary of Music and Musicians , 5th edition , 1954 , Vol . IX , p. 298 , `` Wilhelmj , August '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air on the G string . `` Air on the G String '' ( Wilhelmj arrangement ) : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Free sheet music of `` Air on the G String '' from Cantorion.org `` Air on the G String '' sheet music on musescore.com Video clips ( edit ) `` Air on the G String '' on YouTube , performance by the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber hide Chamber music and orchestral works by , and transcriptions after , Johann Sebastian Bach Solo Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin , BWV 1001 -- 1006 Partita No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Cello Suites , BWV 1007 -- 1012 Partita for Solo Flute , BWV 1013 Ensemble Six Sonatas for Violin and Harpsichord , BWV 1014 -- 1019 Sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord , BWV 1027 -- 1029 Flute Sonatas in B minor , BWV 1030 in E ♭ major , BWV 1031 ( doubtful ) in A major , BWV 1032 in C major , BWV 1033 ( doubtful ) in E minor , BWV 1034 in E major , BWV 1035 for two flutes and continuo , BWV 1039 Canonic Trio Sonata , BWV 1040 Concertos Violin Concerto in A minor , BWV 1041 Violin Concerto in E major , BWV 1042 Concerto for Two Violins , BWV 1043 Triple Concerto , BWV 1044 Sinfonia for violin and orchestra , BWV 1045 Brandenburg Concertos , BWV 1046 -- 1051 No. 5 Keyboard concertos , BWV 1052 -- 1065 No. 1 in D minor , BWV 1052 No. 2 in E major , BWV 1053 No. 4 in A major , BWV 1055 For two harpsichords in C minor , BWV 1060 Suites Orchestral Suites , BWV 1066 -- 1069 Orchestral Suite in G minor , BWV 1070 ( doubtful ) Fugal The Musical Offering , BWV 1079 The Art of Fugue , BWV 1080 discography Adaptations `` Air on the G String '' `` Alphabet '' `` Ave Maria '' Bach - Busoni Editions `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' `` Jesu , Joy of Man 's Desiring '' `` Lady Lynda '' `` They '' Albums Bach 's Greatest Hits Back to Bach Jazz Sebastian Bach Switched - On Bach Switched - On Bach II List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_on_the_G_String&oldid=837520010 '' Categories : Arrangements of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی 한국어 עברית Magyar Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português ไทย 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 10 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why is it called air on a g string | [
"The arrangement differs from the original in that the part of the first violins is transposed down so that it can be played entirely on a violin's lowest string, i.e., the G string. It is played by a single violin (instead of by the first violins as a group)."
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"transposed down so that it can be played entirely on a violin's lowest string, i.e., the G string"
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